English language - Knowledge

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largest in the world after the US and UK. However, English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world, but the number of English speakers in India is uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India.

11931: 12957:, p. 2: "Other changes such as the spread and regularisation of do support began in the thirteenth century and were more or less complete in the nineteenth. Although do coexisted with the simple verb forms in negative statements from the early ninth century, obligatoriness was not complete until the nineteenth. The increasing use of do periphrasis coincides with the fixing of SVO word order. Not surprisingly, do is first widely used in interrogatives, where the word order is disrupted, and then later spread to negatives." 25331: 3172: 2719: 1725: 26134: 26230: 3433:

born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner-circle countries, and they may show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries.

10584: 2887: 3774:). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. 26110: 26122: 26162: 9085:, and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages. That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. Among varieties of English, it is especially American English that influences other languages. Some languages, such as Chinese, write words borrowed from English mostly as 26213: 26196: 26247: 21181: 9544:

advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound-symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words. Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English. Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English.

21172: 26179: 9275:. While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal", there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns. The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world. Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word. 10551: 11280: 3292:

the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world.

11567:(SAE) as a first language. SAE is a non-rhotic variety that tends to follow RP as a norm. It is one of the few non-rhotic English varieties that lack intrusive R. The second-language varieties of South Africa differ based on the native languages of their speakers. Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels. Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce 10040:

along class lines between Upper and Middle-class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life. Within Britain, there is also considerable variation along lines of social class; some traits, though exceedingly common, are nonetheless considered "non-standard" and associated with lower-class speakers and identities. An example of this is

11281: 21163: 3516:, which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their 8851:, collections of actual written texts and spoken passages. Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available. 10032:, has been traditionally used as a broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of British accents. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the 1950-61 3763:(APEC) set English as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. 11129: 11582:. It has traditionally been based on British English, but in recent years, because of influence from the United States, some words of American English origin have made it into Nigerian English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from the variety out of a need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation (e.g. 11009: 3446:

and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in the world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries. This is particularly true of the shared vocabulary of mathematics and the sciences.

3381:(3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the world. 11283: 9907: 11475: 11131: 9784: 9703: 11787: 11010: 10331: 9944: 7993:, is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause. Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterite form. In clauses with auxiliary verbs, they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause. For example, 10413: 11012: 11438: 10500: 9908: 9741: 9656: 3697:. Use of English is growing country-by-country internally and for international communication. Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons. Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. 11513: 11476: 9826: 2811:

related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative

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Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng,

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Nonetheless, this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary. In fact, only 3% of the English population actually speak RP, the remainder speaking in regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence. There is also variability within RP, particularly

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The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read and write can be challenging in English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, and German. Nonetheless, there is an

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with which the orthography has not kept pace. Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation, and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a

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In English a sentence may be composed of one or more clauses, that may, in turn, be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and Prepositional Phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any NPs and PPs. Within a sentence, there is always

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An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun, in which case it is doubly marked, both by word order and by case inflection, where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form, and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective

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among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third

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opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the

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had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English was adopted in parts

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of New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels: many short vowels are fronted or raised, whereas many long vowels have diphthongised. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. Australian English

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otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words

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English has also borrowed many words directly from Latin, the ancestor of the Romance languages, during all stages of its development. Many of these words had earlier been borrowed into Latin from Greek. Latin or Greek are still highly productive sources of stems used to form vocabulary of subjects

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structure, where the known information (topic) precedes the new information (comment). Because of the strict SVO syntax, the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence. In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, it is often promoted

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American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world. Both standard

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and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used

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The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around

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Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange

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Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently, most are non-rhotic, except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic. Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax

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English, besides forming new words from existing words and their roots, also borrows words from other languages. This borrowing is commonplace in many world languages, but English has been especially open to borrowing of foreign words throughout the last 1,000 years. Nevertheless, most of the

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Many users of English in the expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use the language. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication,

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to a more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers

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invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility, although probably the northern dialects of Old English were more similar to Old Norse than the southern dialects. Theoretically, as late as the 900s AD, a commoner from certain

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But one of the consequences of long language contact between French and English in all stages of their development is that the vocabulary of English has a very high percentage of "Latinate" words (derived from French, especially, and also from other Romance languages and Latin). French words from

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between them is frequent. Indeed, a way to conceptualise the relationship between such creole and standard varieties is to view them as a spectrum of language registers in which the most creole-like forms serve as the "basilect" and the most RP-like forms serve as the "acrolect", the most formal

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has traditionally been perceived as relatively homogeneous, at least in comparison with British dialects. However, modern scholars have strongly opposed this notion, arguing that North American English shows a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and geographic variability. This becomes all the more

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dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the South East led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had been

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Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs. A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase, and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument

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Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native

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In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign

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to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins. AAVE's important commonalities with Southern accents suggest it developed into a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century. AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of "broken" or

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Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one-to-one correspondence in standard English spelling, spelling rules that take into account syllable structure, phonetic changes in derived words, and word accent are reliable for most English words. Moreover, standard English spelling shows

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is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. By the 12th century Middle English was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes

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In most sentences, English only marks grammatical relations through word order. The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The example below demonstrates how the grammatical roles of each constituent are marked only by the position relative to the verb:

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language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer, but unstressed syllables (syllables between stresses) are shortened. Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well, and vowel shortening causes changes in

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English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in English is conversion, using a word with a different grammatical role, for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive

8029:, verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle that follows the verb. The phrase then functions as a single predicate. In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb, but in writing it is written as a separate word. Examples of phrasal verbs are 20690: 11516: 9829: 11051: 9945: 3089:

to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes.

10414: 9984: 11316:, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946 and remains an official language of the Philippines. Today, the use of English is ubiquitous in the Philippines, being found on 11439: 11094: 10501: 11712: 9742: 9657: 7574:. Prepositions have a wide range of uses in English. They are used to describe movement, place, and other relations between different entities, but they also have many syntactic uses such as introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs. For example, in the phrase 11054: 16989:

MacDonald, Marguerite (1989), "The influence of Spanish phonology on the English spoken by United States Hispanics", in Bjarkman, Peter; Hammond, Robert (eds.), American Spanish pronunciation: Theoretical and applied perspectives, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press,

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and marquees, in government documents and forms, in courtrooms, in the media and entertainment industries, in the business sector, and in various other aspects of daily life. One particularly prominent form of English usage in the country is found in everyday speech: most

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marks that is similar to those used in most alphabetic languages around the world. The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud.

7586:. Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded, for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form, "with her", "to me", "for us". But some contemporary grammars such as that of 3717:. English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. English is, by international treaty, the basis for the required 11279: 10373: 3442:

for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language.

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are stressed, while others are unstressed. Stress is a combination of duration, intensity, vowel quality, and sometimes changes in pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently

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is thus close to the most complex syllable possible in English. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters: a stop and approximant, as in

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of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew 8:20 says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests." This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of

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Most verbs have six inflectional forms. The primary forms are a plain present, a third-person singular present, and a preterite (past) form. The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive, a gerund-participle and a past participle. The copula verb

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English syntax relies on auxiliary verbs for many functions including the expression of tense, aspect, and mood. Auxiliary verbs form main clauses, and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb. For example, in the sentence

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A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing. English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by

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Note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in

11128: 8073::274), do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term "phrasal verb". Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, i.e. 3535:

forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers.

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is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages.

10047:, which was historically a feature of lower-class London English, particularly Cockney, and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England. However, it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society. 10282: 6446:. English distinguishes at least seven major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners (including articles), prepositions, and conjunctions. Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns, and subdivide conjunctions into 11121: 6867:(this NP uses conjunctions, prepositions, specifiers, and modifiers). Regardless of length, an NP functions as a syntactic unit. For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in 3700:

As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the

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The only appearances of their and them in Chaucer's works are in the Reeve's Tale, where they form part of the Northern dialect spoken by the two Cambridge students, Aleyn and John, demonstrating that at this time they were still perceived to be

20686: 5159:. Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas. Clusters of obstruents always agree in voicing, and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited. Several consonants have limited distributions: 3420:

with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and official interactions with the government.

11130: 11008: 10374: 8729:(contrasting with another possibility, for example that it was the boy). Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation, either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause. For example, 2699:

include "give", "get", "sky", "skirt", "egg", and "cake", typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones.

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Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in "inner circle" English-speaking countries. Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of English (not counted in this chart).

3813:, and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives. 2548:(northern) parts of England could hold a conversation with a commoner from certain parts of Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the myriad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts between them. 11239: 3744:, English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. Many other worldwide international organisations, including the 7065:. There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form. 3121:, have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. Now, do-support with the verb 11474: 10330: 9906: 9066:; informal registers, including child-directed speech, tend to be made up predominantly of words of Anglo-Saxon origin, while the percentage of vocabulary that is of Latinate origin is higher in legal, scientific, and academic texts. 794: 20707: 13518:

The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official

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tends to take RP as its ideal, and how well this ideal is realised in an individual's speech reflects class distinctions among Indian English speakers. Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as

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from 1989. Over half of these words are nouns, a quarter adjectives, and a seventh verbs. There is one count that puts the English vocabulary at about 1 million words—but that count presumably includes words such as Latin

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have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally. Some differences between the various dialects are shown in the table "Varieties of Standard English and their features".

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language, in which the standard form unifies speakers from around the world. English is used as the language for wider communication in countries around the world. Thus English has grown in worldwide use much more than any

9740: 9655: 9089:, while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script. Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe. 11512: 11001: 10452: 9080:

English has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages. The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language, the role of English as a world

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Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the

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Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels. The best-known national varieties used as standards for education in non-English-speaking countries are British (BrE) and American (AmE). Countries such as

3149:). British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the United States as a world power. 3793:

uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. Other examples include

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The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs. Many adverbs are derived from adjectives by appending the suffix

11090: 8915:) is a highly productive process in English and in most modern European languages, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, American lexicographer 622: 9035:

various periods of the development of French now make up one-third of the vocabulary of English. Linguist Anthony Lacoudre estimated that over 40,000 English words are of French origin and may be understood without

3598:, there is no official language at the federal level. English has official or co-official status in 32 states, as well as all five territories. Eighteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language. 11754: 21143:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. 11050: 10686:. American accent variation is increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level, though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents, known collectively as 1990:. Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language. 13033: 11396: 10097:). Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking invasions of England, Northern English dialects, particularly the Yorkshire dialect, retain Norse features not found in other English varieties. 3770:. In the countries of the EU, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and 325: 9578:, which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate 3348:

Kachru based his model on the history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time.

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For the vowel sounds of the English language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are single vowel letters

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at least one main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to a main clause. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase

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Old English is essentially a distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German:

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has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language. Australian and New Zealand English are each other's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics, followed by

10281: 11011: 7590::598–600) no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions, rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases. 6898:

an indefinite one. A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor, whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known. Quantifiers, which include

18864: 10226:, the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots, and various dialects of the Republic of Ireland. Like Scottish and most North American accents, almost all Irish accents preserve the 11755: 11621:. In Central America, English-based creoles are spoken on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama. Locals are often fluent in both the local English variety and the local creole languages, and 10968: 10323: 9776: 9695: 3524:. The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. 11779: 10450: 9909: 13956: 11850: 9119:

are only short inscriptions. The great majority of literary works in Old English that survive to today are written in the Roman alphabet. The modern English alphabet contains 26 letters of the

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An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in

3341:"outer circle" countries have small communities of native speakers of English but widespread use of English as a second language in education or broadcasting or for local official purposes, and 3158: 1599: 13824: 11477: 16491: 7620:

tenses, aspects, and moods. Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation, and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence.

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showing how the pronunciation of the long vowels gradually shifted with the high vowels i: and u: breaking into diphthongs and the lower vowels each shifting their pronunciation up one level

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Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated, the development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly

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Though some mention a possibility of divergence of English dialects into mutually unintelligible languages, most think a more likely outcome is that English will continue to function as a

20714: 9936: 8775:, also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion. Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences. Discourse markers are also used for 17185:. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2. Vol. 2 (2nd completely revised and extended ed.). de Gruyter. 11238: 10933:"uneducated" English, as are white Southern accents, but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by large speech communities. 10405: 10333: 4965:

compiled by linguists. The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications.

3016:

were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English.

2807:. Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking English, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of 15179: 9946: 8709:). Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects, English is able to maintain both a topic-comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax. 11430: 10966: 10492: 10415: 10279: 9039:

change by French speakers. Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and

3554:

at the federal level. English has official or co-official status in six provinces and three territories, while three provinces have none and Quebec's only official language is French.

11863: 11440: 10502: 10100:

Since the 15th century, South East England varieties have centred on London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the

1916:, are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related, and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the 25311: 11704: 9743: 9733: 9658: 9648: 3066:

and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been.

3069:

As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755

11515: 9828: 7766:

English has two primary tenses, past (preterite) and non-past. The preterite is inflected by using the preterite form of the verb, which for the regular verbs includes the suffix

6807:

also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive -s is separated from a singular noun with an apostrophe. If the noun is plural formed with -s the apostrophe follows the -s.

9866: 2985:

to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from the Early Modern period includes the works of

11505: 10451: 9818: 8715:

emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence, generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent. For example,

9983: 9059:("loan translations") from languages all over the world, and words from languages other than the ancestral Anglo-Saxon language make up about 60% of the vocabulary of English. 9027:

core vocabulary and the most common words in English are still West Germanic. The English words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly Germanic words from

17183:

Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft

9856: 8795:

expressing emphasis). While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English, they are also used in written and formal registers.

3392:

estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model, the "outer circle" countries are countries such as the

2126:. The printing press greatly standardised English spelling, which has remained largely unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects. 20088: 11986: 11093: 9238:, of English is multi-layered and complex, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system. Further complications have arisen through 3528:

and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers.

25270: 17389: 11613:. Each of these areas is home both to a local variety of English and a local English-based creole, combining English and African languages. The most prominent varieties are 3789:, with an emphasis on vocabulary suitable for their domain of interest. This has led some scholars to develop the study of English as an auxiliary language. The trademarked 1947:, the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not 11395: 8843:

Due to its status as an international language, English adopts foreign words quickly and borrows vocabulary from many other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by

19406: 14634: 11053: 9973: 3782:

in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995.

20760: 8256:

case form. The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject are represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun:

6831:(NPs) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions or adjectives. Noun phrases can be short, such as 7202:). The English system of grammatical person no longer has a distinction between formal and informal pronouns of address (the old second person singular familiar pronoun 5039:. Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable, vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis. 18928: 15582: 12038: 10280: 8847:, the scholars who formally study vocabulary, compile dictionaries, or both, were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from good-quality 2644:

in some regions. The waves of Norse (Viking) colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with

1974:. These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic 13029: 11083: 7544:. The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact"). 18597: 7121:

English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons (

17170: 10967: 7628:

is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation, and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject. The first-person present-tense form is

13760:

The United States does not have an official language. English is the most widely used language in the U.S., and some states designate it as their official language.

25068: 11747: 3859:(i.e. speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes. This overview mainly describes the 3855:

of the English language differ from one dialect to another, usually without interfering with mutual communication. Phonological variation affects the inventory of

936: 10905:), the "Southern breaking" of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables (e.g. pronouncing the word "press" almost like "pray-us"), the 10375: 5320:. Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases, so that a compound word receives a single stress unit, but the corresponding phrase has two: e.g. 4957:

The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker's accent. The table below lists the vowel

25404: 17228: 11043: 9031:. It is not possible to speak or write English without Germanic words, but it is possible to write or speak many sentences in English without foreign loanwords. 8964: 8470:

The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions—inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say

1614:). In some other countries, it is the sole or dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law (such as in the United States and 1193: 17138:"Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests" 15326: 10024:

The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500 years explains why England has a great wealth of regional dialects. Within the United Kingdom,

7145:

from the three sets of animate third person singular pronouns) and an optional gender distinction in the animate third person singular (distinguishing between

3728:

of seafaring and aviation. English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research, but now it dominates that field. It achieved parity with

2872:. In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. 25304: 25137: 17437: 9255:

etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling—for example, the words

8380:(which can also be omitted.) In contrast to many other Germanic languages there are no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses. 7179:

of a transitive verb). The subjective is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used. While grammarians such as

6223:, which changed the pronunciation of long vowels, but a few dialects have slightly different results. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the 1924:, which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other Anglic languages, including 18990: 18848: 2816:. The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. 25025: 23404: 22709: 18565: 10920:(AAVE) is also largely non-rhotic and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-rhotic, non-standard 2318:, brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. At this time, these dialects generally resisted influence from the then-local Brittonic and Latin languages. 13846: 6663:

English nouns are only inflected for number and possession. New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding. They are semantically divided into

22649: 18485: 2731: 3388:

and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist

25263: 21609: 21571: 21558: 21550: 20404: 13778:

The United States has never had an official language and attempts to declare English its official language have been unsuccessful in the U.S. Congress.

1515: 18906:. International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau. 2011. In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency?. 13948: 10909:, and other distinctive phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later. 2133:

and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language of international

25204: 24814: 21566: 18373: 17652:

Carr, Philip; Honeybone, Patrick (2007). "English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology'".

15041: 13820: 12702: 9244: 3588: 18907: 14237: 25399: 25297: 21586: 21314: 16506: 8140:(a noun phrase), the verb is "sat", and "on the mat" is a prepositional phrase composed of a noun phrase "the mat", headed by the preposition "on". 8061:

meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement (e.g.

3162: 2795:

With the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the now-Norsified Old English language was subject to another wave of intense contact, this time with

1489: 961: 8184:(SVO). The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as 6968:). As modifiers, they come before the nouns they modify and after determiners. English adjectives also function as predicative complements (e.g., 25110: 25096: 24949: 13629:

1 The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 2 The English language is recognised as a second official language.

8925: 7604:

English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with present-tense third-person singular subject. Only the copula verb

6391: 16858: 16740:

Dayag, Danilo (2008). "English-language media in the Philippines: Description and research". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.).

15689: 2346:

have been proposed, but whether most of these supposed Brittonicisms are actually a direct result of Brittonic substrate influence is disputed.

26307: 10365: 1580: 896: 10889:. Southern accents are colloquially described as a "drawl" or "twang", being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift initiated by 15171: 10191:

comprises the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland; most varieties are Northern English accents, with some influence from Scots.

9400:

are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include

3285: 3053:

of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent

1564: 18288: 17181:

Ammon, Ulrich (2008). "Pluricentric and Divided Languages". In Ammon, Ulrich N.; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; et al. (eds.).

15101:, p. 52: "But in that special class of nouns called personal pronouns we find a totally different system of case-inflection, namely, a 13978: 8872:. A process more common in Old English than in Modern English, but still productive in Modern English, is the use of derivational suffixes ( 25592: 25449: 24908: 23779: 22857: 21426: 19942: 17969: 11184:

grammar aligns closely with British and American English; like American English, collective plural subjects take on a singular verb (as in

10924:. A minority of linguists, contrarily, propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a 8889: 1681: 976: 759: 10764:

Separate from General American English are American dialects with clearly distinct sound systems that have developed over time, including

2812:

cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating

23577: 17462: 13003: 12872: 11575:

pronounced rather than as as in most other varieties), while r is often pronounced as a flap instead of as the more common fricative.

11230: 10885:, the most populous American "accent group" outside of General American English, rhoticity now strongly prevails, replacing the region's 21281: 20265: 20230: 11589:

Several varieties of English are also spoken in the Caribbean islands that were colonial possessions of Britain, including Jamaica, the

2042: 25256: 25242: 22744: 21717: 21601: 21576: 20734: 17673:

Cassidy, Frederic G. (1982). "Geographical Variation of English in the United States". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

14468: 13165: 10036:, grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear. 19985:

Nevalainen, Terttu; Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2006). "Chapter 5: Standardization". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

10567:

found over 50% non-rhoticity with at least one local speaker in each US metropolitan area (designated with a red dot) and non-rhotic

2696: 16230: 7194:

Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun (as in

3531:

The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce

2672:. After 920 CE, when Lindsey was reincorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, English spread extensively throughout the region. 1978:—but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have argued that English can be considered a 19145: 19097: 18652: 11166:

has developed as the first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent, its standard accent being

9590:(NAE). There also exists a third common major grouping of English varieties: Southern Hemisphere English, the most prominent being 9278:

Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or

8904: 1619: 18408: 17415: 6686:, but a few nouns have irregular plural forms. Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier, e.g. 25277: 25233: 25075: 17826: 11811: 6387: 1157: 20005: 19387: 14642: 12736: 11894: 11547:

English is spoken widely in southern Africa and is an official or co-official language in several of the region's countries. In

10665:

Due to the relatively strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéization that occurred during the colonial period,

7528:. A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation—for example, the pronoun 5123:. This gives an English syllable the following structure, (CCC)V(CCCCC), where C represents a consonant and V a vowel; the word 1963:, although some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages. 25378: 21535: 20741: 19762: 17248:

Bailey, Guy (2001). "Chapter 3: The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars". In Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.).

8960: 7187:

noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin-based system, some contemporary grammars, for example

4423: 3756: 3614: 2170: 1673: 1508: 13553: 10183:

in early Northern Middle English and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly

10105:

influencing neighbouring regions throughout history. Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of

6405:. In addition, the words that have each vowel vary by dialect. The table "Dialects and open vowels" shows this variation with 6397:. These four vowels are only distinguished in RP, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In GA, these vowels merge to three 3573: 2898:

The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the

25427: 24807: 22794: 22579: 21674: 21655: 21635: 21345: 21235: 21208: 21126: 21099: 21041: 21020: 21001: 20974: 20943: 20922: 20903: 20884: 20856: 20818: 20784: 20754: 20675: 20644: 20582: 20549: 20516: 20464: 20437: 20386: 20359: 20332: 20306: 20259: 20224: 20203: 20176: 20149: 20077: 20046: 19994: 19975: 19915: 19891: 19864: 19748: 19709: 19685: 19666: 19625: 19579: 19534: 19515: 19488: 19400: 19354: 19335: 19308: 19282: 19254: 19227: 19181: 19131: 19083: 19062: 19035: 18964: 18932: 18858: 18817: 18782: 18755: 18736: 18709: 18690: 18646: 18610: 18551: 18524: 18474: 18455: 18436: 18350: 18323: 18253: 18234: 18207: 18159: 18120: 18099: 18056: 18023: 18002: 17938: 17902: 17878: 17851: 17820: 17797: 17770: 17703: 17682: 17642: 17612: 17585: 17552: 17546: 17490: 17456: 17409: 17378: 17357: 17338: 17311: 17265: 17217: 17190: 17126: 17095: 17068: 17049: 16805: 16757: 16604: 16333: 15785: 15746: 15590: 14980: 14856: 14828: 13991: 12866: 12678: 12350: 12281: 12127: 12064: 12028: 11404: 7540:

refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence

5176: 4733: 2675:

An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with

21047: 20949: 20650: 20588: 20555: 20522: 20475: 20052: 19921: 19715: 19631: 18126: 18062: 18029: 17944: 17908: 17717: 16610: 15791: 15752: 8492:. Just as with questions, many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do-support, thus in Modern English 3623: 1692:

per its historical origin; much of English's most basic vocabulary remains identifiably Germanic, as well as aspects of its

24915: 23394: 22814: 21887: 21772: 21543: 21307: 18616: 11691: 10722: 10058: 9615: 9055:

learned in higher education such as the sciences, philosophy, and mathematics. English continues to gain new loanwords and

8701:. Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g., 6914:, are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number. The noun must agree with the number of the determiner, e.g. 6244: 3075: 2661: 25721: 10061:. Within each of these regions, several local dialects exist: within the Northern region, there is a division between the 8430:

shut the fridge." However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English

8348:

are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence

1420: 1094: Countries and territories where English is an official or administrative language but not a majority native language 26150: 25249: 25229: 22295: 18831: 16437: 15840: 15404: 15148: 10917: 10781: 10568: 10563: 10443: 10251: 8920: 7774:

or a change in the stem vowel. The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular, which takes the suffix

7240: 6424: 6316: 5197:

while vowels in stressed syllables are not. Some words, primarily short function words but also some modal verbs such as

4360:

or pre-glottalised at the end of a syllable. In a single-syllable word, a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened: thus

4278: 4252: 1113: 926: 24306: 20116: 18271: 8294:(IO) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction (S V IO O), such as 7840:

English does not have future verb forms. The future tense is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs

25171: 25144: 24940: 22400: 21156: 18948: 13129: 6982:

in form with the noun they modify, as adjectives in most other Indo-European languages do. For example, in the phrases

5046:

only occurs in unstressed syllables and is more open in quality in stem-final positions. Some dialects do not contrast

4886: 4475:) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent, and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word. 3801:

The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some English words

2299: 20894:

Toon, Thomas E. (1982). "Variation in Contemporary American English". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

17232: 11179:

and the English of South East England, all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents, aside from some accents in the

10535:

Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each public usage microdata area (PUMA) of the 50 states,

25103: 25039: 25032: 19554: 19208: 18893: 17288: 17022: 16995: 15318: 13790: 12620: 12546: 12135: 6219:, some of them affecting all varieties, and others affecting only a few. Most standard varieties are affected by the 5300: 5254: 3760: 2656:

area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in

2291: 2129:

Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of the worldwide influence of the

1560: 1501: 981: 18244:

Eagleson, Robert D. (1982). "English in Australia and New Zealand". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

8426:

can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I

6667:(names) and common nouns. Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns, and grammatically into 6481:

Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected

3766:

Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a

25572: 24800: 22850: 22199: 21419: 21355: 21178: 21169: 21160: 17013:

Aarts, Bas; Haegeman, Liliane (2006). "6. English Word classes and Phrases". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.).

9582:. The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of 9248: 5202: 4173: 4100: 3826: 3786: 3725: 2037:. English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the 1987: 522: 17: 20604:

Schönweitz, Thomas (2001). "Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis".

11670:

with dentals and . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling-based pronunciations where the silent

11646:

pronounced and ). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced and "wind" .

8888:) to derive new words from existing words (especially those of Germanic origin) or stems (especially for words of 8508:

introduced in a prepositional phrase. They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb

7099:, occurring most typically in noun phrases before the head nouns and any modifiers and marking the noun phrase as 2803:, influencing it as a superstrate. The Norman French spoken by the elite in England eventually developed into the 184: 26312: 26302: 25368: 25082: 22447: 22243: 21523: 21380: 21300: 21252: 20290: 18975: 10921: 10886: 8560: 8416: 8397: 6475: 6216: 4772: 4131: 3887: 3752: 3745: 3580: 3551: 3547: 1623: 1218: 1103: 916: 891: 18574: 17736:; Myres, J. N. L. (1936). "Chapter XX. The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent". 2396:

developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the early period of Old English were written using a

26185: 25997: 25089: 24972: 24892: 22764: 22204: 21710: 19808: 19376: 18495: 17519: 13850: 12377:

Baugh, Albert (1951). A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 60–83, 110–130

11873: 11822:

of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in

11387: 10843: 7608:

is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects. Auxiliary verbs such as

7175:(for a patient, or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or 6803:

possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use -

4756: 4647: 3595: 3429: 2713: 1635: 1544: 654: 26168: 20186:

Payne, John; Huddleston, Rodney (2002). "5. Nouns and noun phrases". In Huddleston, R.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.).

3093:

In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now only found in pronouns, such as

24823: 24673: 22804: 22497: 22459: 20396: 18953:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

16468: 11317: 10629: 10180: 9665: 8893: 4180: 4107: 3618: 2832:, which highlights the blending of both Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in English for the first time. 2038: 1005: 971: 21271: 21064: 13641: 9498: 2750:, the world's second-oldest English-speaking university and world's third-oldest university, founded in 1209 1023: 25616: 25178: 25018: 24703: 23873: 23835: 23820: 22799: 22452: 22272: 22089: 21910: 21446: 18446:

Gneuss, Helmut (2013). "Chapter 2: The Old English Language". In Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.).

18333:

Fischer, Olga; van der Wurff, Wim (2006). "Chapter 3: Syntax". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17622: 11835: 11826:. They may create innovative pronunciations for English sounds, not found in the speaker's first language. 11309: 10975: 10608: 8970: 5180: 4356:

when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable, often unaspirated in other cases, and often

4159: 4138: 3693:

English has ceased to be an "English language" in the sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically

3237: 2738: 2633: 2295: 1779: 1250: 1198: 1070: 881: 784: 215: 23147: 21560: 21552: 15033: 12695: 12323: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11635: 11631: 11568: 10894: 10798:, are generally considered to fall under the General American English continuum, although they often show 10222:, however, has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century. Today Irish English is divided into 10162: 10150: 10135: 10117: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9441: 9433: 9425: 9421: 9413: 9405: 9389: 9378: 9367: 9363: 9351: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6380: 6379:

in that position. English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide

6376: 6372: 6360: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6298: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6182: 6158: 6153: 6141: 6117: 6093: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6055: 5993: 5985: 5911: 5317: 5313: 5164: 5160: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5098: 5094: 5079: 5075: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5004: 5000: 4977: 4961:

in Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GA), with examples of words in which they occur from

4671: 4666: 4653: 4633: 4628: 4593: 4580: 4567: 4553: 4548: 4535: 4472: 4468: 4411: 4349: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4306: 4297: 3001: 26292: 26287: 26277: 25196: 24683: 24543: 23893: 23852: 23842: 22843: 22175: 22165: 21763: 21730: 21726: 21412: 18903: 14229: 12668: 10777: 9607: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9561: 9063: 8181: 6224: 5538: 4848: 4826: 4717: 4710: 4233: 4200: 3718: 3218:

Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Microdata Area (PUMA) of the 50 states,

1472: 1315: 886: 26236: 26219: 20687:"Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories" 16450:

Chambers, Jack K. (2010). "English in Canada" (PDF). Kingston, Ontario. p. 14. Retrieved July 20, 2012.

2997:. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the 26100: 25627: 25431:

Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority

25130: 25048: 24999: 24884: 23059: 22759: 22474: 22332: 21743: 21288:

International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents

19291:

Lass, Roger (2006). "Chapter 2: Phonology and Morphology". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

18956: 11823: 10769: 10750: 10272: 10199: 10033: 4243: 4145: 4036: 4018: 3608: 2401: 2009:. These shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor called 1772: 1178: 21695: 16866: 14579: 12328: 10053:

can be divided into four major dialect regions: South East English, South West English (also known as

8779:

in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said, for example,

8673:

to subject position through syntactic means. One way of doing this is through a passive construction,

7191:, retain traditional labels for the cases, calling them nominative and accusative cases respectively. 1912:/Low Saxon on the continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the 26282: 26272: 25011: 24858: 24851: 24844: 24400: 22739: 22265: 22223: 22194: 22126: 22094: 21703: 19345:

Lawton, David L. (1982). "English in the Caribbean". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

18800:

Hogg, Richard M. (2006). "Chapter7: English in Britain". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17509: 15836: 15697: 15006: 10882: 10839: 10835: 10784:; all of these, aside from certain subdialects of the American South, were historically non-rhotic. 10765: 10636: 10599: 10588: 10544: 10259: 10247: 7236: 6835:, composed only of a determiner and a noun. They can also include modifiers such as adjectives (e.g. 6427: 6242: 5308:) for most meanings (for example, "reduce in size") when used as a verb. Here stress is connected to 4832: 4795: 4788: 4749: 4190: 4166: 3517: 3227: 25725:

Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language

19498:

Maclagan, Margaret (2010). "Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.).

19446:

Li, David C. S. (2003). "Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language?".

18387: 11930: 7231:) in most dialects. Some dialects have introduced innovative second person plural pronouns, such as 3583:

does not have an official language. In Wales and Northern Ireland, English is co-official alongside

2652:

language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the

26013: 25604: 25151: 24932: 24900: 24678: 24632: 24627: 24551: 24161: 24145: 24024: 23883: 23774: 23769: 22464: 22418: 22317: 22290: 22255: 22150: 22021: 21481: 17985:

Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17604: 11451: 10754: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10671: 10513: 10345: 10243: 6122: 4870: 4863: 3795: 3565: 3521: 3437:

language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the

3331: 2813: 2354: 2343: 1320: 1064: 956: 779: 739: 21118: 8759:

used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event).

8128: 6855:). But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP, using conjunctions such as 3649: 26297: 25889: 24925: 24617: 24561: 24556: 24476: 24149: 24099: 23399: 23217: 22973: 22901: 22889: 22676: 22509: 22327: 22302: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21284:. Sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world. 19218:

Lanham, L. W. (1982). "English in South Africa". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

18490: 18295: 17634: 15011: 11618: 11201: 11023: 10959: 10293: 10211: 10106: 8660:

serving as the objective case form, although this form may be going out of use in many contexts.

8393: 8058: 6979: 4902: 4810: 4152: 4056: 4043: 4025: 3584: 3569: 3344:"expanding circle" countries are countries where many people learn English as a foreign language. 3085: 2743: 2480: 2158: 1913: 1862: 1796: 1750: 1661: 1572: 1536: 871: 674: 295: 283: 220: 179: 169: 159: 24739: 24459: 23857: 20323:

Romaine, Suzanne (1982). "English in Scotland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

19938: 19425:

Levine, L.; Crockett, H. J. (1966). "Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*".

17961: 17348:

Barry, Michael V. (1982). "English in Ireland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

11192:). New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English. 10218:

developed as offshoots from Early Middle English and were spoken until the 19th century. Modern

3899: 2243:("Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings...") 25503: 25363: 24622: 24104: 24070: 23688: 23504: 23364: 23204: 23099: 22591: 22569: 22373: 22070: 22039: 21917: 20636:

Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level

19507: 19054: 19045:

Kastovsky, Dieter (2006). "Chapter 4: Vocabulary". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

18809: 18382: 18342: 17994: 13667: 13531: 11840: 10666: 10558: 10025: 9587: 8817: 8744: 8740: 6356: 4694: 4613: 4520: 3943: 3904:

Most English dialects share the same 24 (or 26 if marginal /x/ and glottal stop (/ʔ/) included)

3872: 3810: 3166: 2918: 2536: 2202: 2123: 1870: 1768: 1532: 1445: 1430: 1152: 659: 302: 138: 82: 22487: 19300: 18091: 17446: 17276: 17257: 16749: 12856: 12134:

Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the

10710:-dropping) being associated with lower prestige and social class, especially since the end of 10531: 8733:, emphasises the girl by preposition, but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition, 8454:) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary 7640:

is used in the second-person singular and all three plurals. The only verb past participle is

6454:, and add the class of interjections. English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs, such as 6430:. Unlike other Indo-European languages though, English has largely abandoned the inflectional 4348:

at the beginning and end of utterances, and fully voiced between vowels. Fortis stops such as

3805:

into the vocabularies of other languages. This influence of English has led to concerns about

3288:. English is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans. 3214: 2072:

dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old English dialects were later influenced by

25941: 25562: 24965: 24780: 24744: 24012: 24005: 23957: 23727: 23698: 23667: 23630: 23555: 23312: 23225: 23086: 23048: 22789: 22574: 22469: 22182: 22116: 21870: 21860: 21855: 21493: 20247: 20214: 17299: 17106: 15019: 14276: 13997: 11845: 11564: 11354: 11176: 10773: 10714:. This contrasts with the situation in England, where non-rhoticity has become the standard. 10622: 10029: 9279: 8643: 8318: 7558:

Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g.

6447: 6258: 6208: 6074: 5548: 3988: 3975: 3928: 3513: 2974: 2804: 2789: 2535:, but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration, Old English retained considerable 2339: 1948: 1764: 1440: 1325: 941: 629: 512: 24245: 23120: 22782: 19701:

Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading

19499: 19292: 19046: 18801: 18334: 18083: 17986: 17596: 17249: 17063:. Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies; no. 4. Edinburgh: Chambers. 14464: 7286:) are used in both plural and singular, and are the only pronouns available for the plural. 4507: 3790: 25671: 25185: 24749: 24729: 24698: 24571: 24431: 24177: 23995: 23587: 23414: 23376: 23371: 23245: 23192: 22950: 22211: 22104: 22044: 21922: 21895: 21812: 21642: 21503: 19658: 18765:

Hogg, Richard M. (1992). "Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).

14603: 10847: 10831: 10699: 10683: 10654: 10554: 10464: 10383: 10227: 10074: 10054: 8776: 8419:

is used in many constructions, including focus, negation, and interrogative constructions.

7553: 6998: 6510: 6451: 6368: 5863: 5730: 5569: 5185: 4992: 4063: 3822: 3733: 3558: 3233: 3179: 2881: 2868: 2858: 2723: 2219: 2095: 2014: 1886: 1631: 1626:, and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto 846: 235: 24405: 20874: 5316:, but in the verb "contract" the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to 4336:

are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants, such as

3300: 3205: Secondary language: spoken as a second language by more than 20% of the population, 8: 26070: 25642: 25598: 25475: 25440: 24992: 24876: 24688: 23924: 23878: 23812: 23565: 23212: 23125: 22923: 22809: 22639: 22631: 22529: 22492: 22378: 22363: 22238: 22228: 22155: 21994: 21471: 21370: 21350: 17597: 17401: 16226: 14975:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. 13612: 12542:

Old English and Old Norse: An Inquiry into Intelligibility and Categorization Methodology

12307: 12305: 11598: 11374: 11313: 11246: 11171: 10946: 10878:

have a wide variety of phrases and words not spoken outside of their respective regions.

10761:

and establishing the United States as an independent sovereign nation in September 1783.

10746: 10726: 10070: 9595: 9106: 8712: 8549: 7967: 7525: 7074: 6204: 6163: 6098: 5989: 5560: 4353: 3374: 3058: 2986: 2785: 2476: 2358: 2026: 1952: 1607: 1400: 1295: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1183: 966: 577: 332: 102: 26202: 24235: 24080: 23327: 20829: 19119: 19073: 18636: 13717: 10009: 8668:

While English is a subject-prominent language, at the discourse level it tends to use a

5205:

depending on whether they occur in stressed or non-stressed position within a sentence.

3133:

are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g.

3028:

instead of the non-possessive genitive), and the introduction of loanwords from French (

2388: 1971: 1669: 1634:, technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the 26126: 25162: 24957: 24734: 24658: 24586: 24576: 24531: 24293: 24220: 24117: 23962: 23937: 23932: 23825: 23653: 23538: 23359: 23137: 23132: 23111: 23072: 22876: 22866: 22699: 22666: 22601: 22584: 22439: 22260: 21807: 21797: 21591: 21486: 21435: 21375: 21266: 20773: 20621: 20295: 19835: 19602: 19438: 19187: 19137: 19089: 18788: 18511:

Gordon, Elizabeth; Campbell, Lyle; Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Sudbury, Angela;

18400: 18361: 18079: 17811:

Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990

17741: 17709: 17515: 17431: 17160: 16901: 16797: 12033: 11290: 11209: 11167: 11163: 11138: 11101: 10942: 10906: 10875: 10791: 10289: 10086: 10078: 10050: 9591: 8848: 8681:

where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a

8631: 8587: 8484:, which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb. A contracted form of not 8165: 8149: 8145: 7248: 7104: 6931: 6196: 5555: 4001: 3938: 3923: 3909: 3020: 2990: 2954: 2669: 2528: 2524: 2362: 2267: 2186: 2069: 2054: 2018: 1940: 1917: 1878: 1857: 1465: 1450: 1415: 1255: 1162: 174: 164: 23888: 21292: 17809: 17595:

Burridge, Kate (2010). "Chapter 7: English in Australia". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.).

14591: 14102: 13690:

Huws, Catrin Fflur (June 2006). "The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success?".

12302: 9231:

forms: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z).

8656:

is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case, with the variant

6257:, but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced , a dialect feature called 6238:

than the standard varieties. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a

3785:

International communities such as international business people may use English as an

3312: 1056: 25873: 24708: 24507: 24423: 24416: 24371: 24315: 24075: 24065: 24048: 24043: 23947: 23709: 23509: 23470: 23450: 23288: 23180: 23162: 23014: 22704: 22689: 22661: 22621: 22413: 22350: 22099: 21875: 21839: 21581: 21340: 21231: 21227: 21204: 21200: 21122: 21095: 21037: 21016: 20997: 20993: 20970: 20939: 20918: 20917:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–451. 20899: 20880: 20852: 20839:

Thomas, Erik R. (2008). "Rural Southern white accents". In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

20814: 20810: 20780: 20750: 20671: 20640: 20625: 20578: 20545: 20512: 20460: 20456: 20433: 20429: 20382: 20378: 20355: 20328: 20302: 20255: 20220: 20199: 20172: 20168: 20145: 20141: 20073: 20042: 20016: 19990: 19971: 19967: 19911: 19887: 19883: 19860: 19856: 19839: 19804: 19744: 19740: 19705: 19681: 19662: 19648: 19621: 19606: 19575: 19530: 19525:

MacMahon, M. K. (2006). "16. English Phonetics". In Bas Aarts; April McMahon (eds.).

19511: 19500: 19484: 19480: 19459: 19396: 19372: 19350: 19331: 19327: 19304: 19293: 19278: 19250: 19223: 19204: 19191: 19177: 19127: 19114:, John Ole Askedal, Erik Andersson, Neil Jacobs, Silke Van Ness, and Suzanne Romaine. 19110:

The survey of the Germanic branch languages includes chapters by Winfred P. Lehmann,

19079: 19058: 19047: 19031: 19027: 18960: 18889: 18854: 18813: 18802: 18792: 18778: 18751: 18732: 18705: 18686: 18642: 18606: 18547: 18543: 18520: 18470: 18451: 18432: 18404: 18346: 18335: 18319: 18249: 18230: 18226: 18203: 18155: 18151: 18116: 18095: 18084: 18052: 18019: 17998: 17987: 17934: 17898: 17874: 17847: 17816: 17793: 17789: 17766: 17749: 17733: 17699: 17678: 17638: 17608: 17581: 17577: 17542: 17486: 17452: 17405: 17374: 17368: 17353: 17334: 17330: 17307: 17284: 17261: 17250: 17213: 17209: 17186: 17165: 17156: 17122: 17091: 17087: 17064: 17045: 17041: 17018: 16991: 16801: 16753: 16600: 16502: 16329: 15781: 15742: 14976: 14852: 14824: 13987: 12862: 12728: 12674: 12616: 12346: 12277: 12123: 12060: 11886: 11815: 11370: 11362: 11338: 11213: 11205: 10913: 10742: 10647: 10572: 10187:

and Old Norse. Scots itself has a number of regional dialects. In addition to Scots,

10062: 9116: 8669: 8344:

shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted.

8161: 7849: 7299: 7141:) as well as an animateness distinction in the third person singular (distinguishing 6482: 6435: 6235: 6220: 5691: 5071: 4941: 4918: 4345: 4263: 4216: 3960: 3950: 3860: 3842: 3425: 2998: 2970: 2958: 2899: 2891: 2800: 2397: 2374: 2166: 2150: 2099: 1905: 1760: 1713: 1701: 1697: 1685: 1639: 1435: 1410: 1375: 1305: 1280: 1245: 1240: 1214: 876: 273: 22395: 19758: 18769:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–168. 18635:

Graddol, David; Leith, Dick; Swann, Joan; Rhys, Martin; Gillen, Julia, eds. (2007).

18567:

English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language'

14384: 13583: 13561: 13105: 8933:, words formed by pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words, e.g. 8360:, the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns 5312:: in the noun "contract" the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel 3817: 3532: 3141:), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. 2905:

The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a

2392:, is written in Northumbrian. Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the 1109: 1088: Countries and territories where English is the native language of the majority 26024: 25992: 25882: 25697: 25527: 25209: 25121: 25059: 24663: 24454: 24388: 24344: 24339: 24299: 24288: 24280: 24085: 24053: 24000: 23989: 23902: 23611: 23550: 23340: 23322: 23157: 22910: 22824: 22777: 22656: 22564: 22554: 22549: 22539: 22385: 22358: 22216: 22136: 22081: 21979: 21961: 21948: 21785: 21780: 21647: 21360: 21223: 21196: 21144: 21114: 20989: 20870: 20844: 20806: 20613: 20452: 20425: 20374: 20347: 20191: 20164: 20137: 19963: 19879: 19852: 19827: 19787: 19736: 19695: 19654: 19594: 19476: 19451: 19434: 19323: 19242: 19169: 19111: 19023: 18770: 18724: 18539: 18392: 18222: 18195: 18178: 18147: 17866: 17785: 17661: 17573: 17397: 17326: 17306:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–66. 17205: 17152: 17114: 17083: 17037: 16897: 16789: 16745: 14677: 13699: 13507: 12493: 12269: 12115: 11614: 11594: 11485: 11447: 11358: 11334: 10819: 10805: 10799: 10787: 10536: 10255: 10239: 10188: 10121: 9916: 9836: 9798: 9623: 9098: 9040: 8760: 7974:, both based on the plain form of the verb (i.e. without the third person singular 7116: 6439: 6352: 6192: 5943: 5869: 5768: 5651: 5607: 5533: 5514: 5507: 5434: 5398: 5360: 5327: 5265: 5219: 4973: 4699: 4618: 4525: 4329: 3933: 3876: 3767: 3219: 2853: 2637: 2488: 2307: 2190: 2119: 2006: 1944: 1897: 1729: 1588: 1584: 1556: 1425: 1405: 1395: 1370: 1365: 1355: 1340: 1335: 1300: 1275: 1235: 1079: 744: 689: 669: 497: 457: 267: 45: 24500: 20486: 20351: 20297:

Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages

19791: 19551:

Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online | Macquarie Dictionary

19246: 17665: 17536: 17118: 16774: 12782: 12119: 7211:

Both the second and third persons share pronouns between the plural and singular:

3748:, specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. 3338:

the "inner circle" countries have large communities of native speakers of English,

2953:

English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of

2819:

The transition from Old to Middle English can be placed during the writing of the

26114: 26034: 24983: 24693: 24653: 24486: 24393: 24376: 24361: 24356: 24349: 24058: 23967: 23952: 23907: 23759: 23722: 23714: 23693: 23680: 23660: 23646: 23409: 23386: 23317: 23307: 23299: 23079: 22694: 22596: 22534: 22504: 22312: 22187: 22008: 21984: 21956: 21927: 21900: 21865: 21752: 21476: 21365: 21335: 21031: 20933: 20634: 20572: 20539: 20506: 20036: 19905: 19778:

Mesthrie, Rajend (November 2010). "New Englishes and the native speaker debate".

19699: 19615: 19264:

Lass, Roger (2000). "Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology". In Lass, Roger (ed.).

19173: 18670: 18110: 18046: 18013: 17928: 17892: 17693: 17500: 16594: 15775: 15736: 14567: 12610: 11590: 11560: 11523: 11337:

and English. A similar code-switching method is used by urban native speakers of

11019: 10863: 10851: 10758: 10730: 10690:(GA), with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves, including 10675: 10517: 10219: 10184: 9991: 9754: 9669: 9635: 9611: 9583: 9565: 9382: 9102: 8821: 8345: 8291: 8090: 7971: 7860: 7256: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 6418: 6343: 6335:. Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as 6320: 6200: 5822: 5519: 5485: 5309: 5194: 5083: 4925: 4357: 3967: 3955: 3729: 3385: 3171: 2484: 2350: 2311: 2162: 2146: 2085: 2034: 2002: 1994: 1983: 1816: 1693: 1689: 1592: 1455: 1385: 1350: 1330: 1310: 1285: 946: 547: 279: 151: 128: 14090: 8860:

word-formation process is nominal compounding, producing compound words such as

7934:

For the expression of mood, English uses a number of modal auxiliaries, such as

3175:

Percentage of native speakers of English and English creoles globally as of 2017

2013:. Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into 26138: 25964: 25690: 25661: 25578: 25515: 25373: 24835: 24774: 24668: 24648: 24600: 24492: 24366: 24036: 23803: 23742: 23521: 23478: 23435: 23352: 23347: 23236: 23186: 23037: 22988: 22943: 22936: 22769: 22684: 22644: 22544: 22368: 22121: 22026: 22016: 21932: 21734: 21627: 21508: 21498: 20866: 20848: 20342:

Romaine, Suzanne (1999). "Chapter 1: Introduction". In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.).

20003: 19364: 19164:(1972). "The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores". 18881: 18827: 18512: 17740:. Vol. Book V: The English Settlements. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. 17478: 16888:

Adegbija, Efurosibina (1989). "Lexico-semantic variation in Nigerian English".

16590: 15690:"What is the proportion of English words of French, Latin, or Germanic origin?" 13512: 13495: 13135: 11662:(often pronounced with retroflex articulation as and ) and the replacement of 11650: 11622: 11606: 11556: 11527: 11366: 11217: 11105: 10929: 10867: 10615: 10468: 10223: 10203: 10176: 10014: 9953: 9794: 9713: 9631: 9627: 9112: 9075: 9036: 8678: 8488:

can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb

8435: 8157: 7616:

are paired with verbs in the infinitive, past, or progressive forms. They form

7184: 7168: 6865:

the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles

6678:

Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural

6228: 5526: 3864: 3806: 3802: 3737: 3714: 3702: 3694: 3358: 3281: 3070: 3054: 3049: 2994: 2982: 2978: 2926: 2709: 2657: 2649: 2428: 2393: 2279: 2174: 2130: 2115: 2111: 2081: 2077: 2030: 2010: 1998: 1979: 1925: 1921: 1829: 1806: 1744: 1705: 1665: 1615: 1568: 1552: 1360: 1345: 1290: 1188: 866: 861: 734: 664: 634: 592: 253: 230: 116: 86: 20617: 20252:

Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication

20195: 19598: 18774: 18396: 18182: 17448:

Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses

15828: 15396: 15144: 13743: 13703: 12273: 6882:

The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of

6799:. Historically the -s possessive has been used for animate nouns, whereas the 5212:, and some pairs of words are distinguished by stress. For instance, the word 3540: 2718: 2539:

with other Germanic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the

1724: 26266: 25610: 25556: 25460: 24724: 24566: 24322: 24273: 24090: 24029: 23942: 23847: 23785: 23732: 23616: 23543: 22819: 22734: 22390: 22307: 22248: 22160: 22111: 21989: 21971: 21152: 21148: 21136: 20112: 19463: 19161: 18728: 18593: 18561: 17924: 17888: 17870: 17032:

Abercrombie, D.; Daniels, P.T. (2006). "Spelling Reform Proposals: English".

16432: 12440: 11797: 11679: 11531: 11065: 11027: 10855: 10718: 10679: 10670:

apparent considering social, ethnolinguistic, and regional varieties such as

10423: 9995: 9877: 9758: 9619: 8804: 8682: 8652: 8177: 7989:

An infinitive form, that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition

7599: 7401: 7287: 7151: 6658: 6364: 6239: 5543: 5481: 4352:

have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects: they are

4341: 3868: 3710: 3389: 3354: 2863: 2568: 2315: 2303: 2263: 2259: 2198: 2194: 2154: 2138: 1933: 1901: 1874: 1837: 1627: 1576: 1548: 1460: 769: 597: 90: 21391: 20843:. Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. de Gruyter. pp. 87–114. 20369:

Romaine, S. (2006). "Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts".

18263: 14819:

Carter, Ronald; McCarthey, Michael; Mark, Geraldine; O'Keeffe, Anne (2016).

14705: 13662: 8929:(1961). Another active word-formation process in English is the creation of 8803:

It is generally stated that English has around 170,000 words, or 220,000 if

6994:

does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun.

2909:, meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. 1598:

English is either the official language or one of the official languages in

26133: 25970: 25815: 25805: 25585: 24593: 24017: 23981: 23914: 23737: 23560: 23533: 23516: 23460: 23419: 23001: 22980: 22322: 22170: 22049: 21094:. Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics; 4 (Sixth ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 20913:

Toon, Thomas E. (1992). "Old English Dialects". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).

19386:

Leech, Geoffrey; Hundt, Marianne; Mair, Christian; Smith, Nicholas (2009).

19237:

Lass, Roger (1992). "2. Phonology and Morphology". In Blake, Norman (ed.).

13821:"Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject" 13153: 11721: 11548: 11180: 10859: 10738: 10711: 10476: 10460: 9920: 9802: 9239: 9120: 8844: 8813: 8722:(emphasising it was a bee and not, for example, a wasp that stung her), or 8451: 8026: 7853: 7303: 7100: 6883: 6505:). Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system ( 6336: 5476: 4969: 4071: 3741: 3370: 3080: 2826: 2770: 2552: 1846: 1653: 1380: 764: 679: 552: 537: 263: 24792: 24240: 20250:. In Richter, Dagmar; Richter, Ingo; Toivanen, Reeta; et al. (eds.). 19831: 19545: 19455: 18826: 18199: 18109:

Denning, Keith; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (17 February 2007).

12540: 12311: 11918: 7302:

set of pronouns. These pronouns are becoming more accepted as part of the

3209:

working language of government, language of instruction in education, etc.

3062:

Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the

2902:(1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. 1920:

languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into

1040: 25912: 25862: 25820: 25684: 25648: 25567: 25480: 25383: 25289: 24831: 24410: 24383: 24201: 24109: 23791: 23752: 23335: 23030: 22994: 22929: 21667: 21662: 21466: 20544:. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. 19901: 18902: 14108: 13496:"'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific" 11305: 10890: 10540: 10427: 10349: 10297: 10139: 9957: 9873: 9840: 9717: 9548: 9235: 9228: 9028: 8916: 8619: 8553: 8443: 7617: 7198:), while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun (e.g. 7180: 7038: 6828: 6664: 6467: 6431: 6406: 6309: 6302: 6031: 4962: 4364:

has a noticeably shorter vowel (phonetically, but not phonemically) than

4210: 3627:

Countries in which English language is a mandatory or an optional subject

3438: 3393: 3378: 3327: 3316: 3223: 3079:, which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, 2962: 2922: 2906: 2532: 2523:), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more 2405: 2366: 2248: 2234: 2214: 2103: 2065: 1882: 1820: 1649: 1540: 841: 749: 714: 557: 517: 502: 477: 342: 225: 106: 24255: 19273:

Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),

19241:. Vol. II: 1066–1476. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–154. 17483:

The English language in Canada: Status, history and comparative analysis

15065:, p. 69: "Nominative is a traditional name for the subjective case" 15000: 13718:"Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament" 13117: 8638:-word is the subject or forms part of the subject, no inversion occurs: 8112:. Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms, such as 7915:, which show the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ( 6462:, expressing the categories of mood and aspect. Questions are marked by 6231:

have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents.

3284:, and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is the 3125:

is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in

3117:), and SVO word order is mostly fixed. Some changes, such as the use of 25810: 25755: 25549: 25214: 24250: 24230: 23595: 23265: 22966: 22233: 21725: 21619: 20346:. Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 01–56. 19141: 19126:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. pp. 532–562. 19093: 17745: 17713: 17113:. Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–91. 16793: 15777:

Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages

14682: 14665: 13600:

French is the official language of Québec. Only French has that status.

11923: 11851:

List of countries and territories where English is an official language

11763: 11733: 11416: 11258: 11061: 10987: 10387: 10309: 10215: 10082: 10041: 9881: 9681: 8572: 8516:, although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with 8389: 8153: 7907:

Further aspectual distinctions are shown by auxiliary verbs, primarily

7208:

acquired a pejorative or inferior tinge of meaning and was abandoned).

7022: 6953: 6668: 6463: 6443: 6291: 3159:

List of countries and territories where English is an official language

3118: 2914: 2796: 2560: 2556: 2408: 2230: 2178: 2142: 2089: 2022: 1929: 1909: 1833: 1789: 1709: 1643: 1595:

in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers.

801: 724: 532: 462: 392: 14186: 13174:, Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). 12648: 12608: 12110:

Burnley, David (1992). "Lexis and Semantics". In Blake, Norman (ed.).

10583: 8025:

English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called

6375:

at the end of a syllable, but RP is non-rhotic, meaning that it loses

2886: 2338:) are both named after the Angles. English may have a small amount of 684: 25934: 25917: 25896: 25785: 25679: 24436: 24184: 23830: 23747: 23528: 23483: 23455: 23281: 22835: 21790: 21404: 19617:

The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience

17078:

Alcaraz Ariza, M.Á.; Navarro, F. (2006). "Medicine: Use of English".

16721: 15626: 15277: 15275: 11819: 11552: 11322: 10871: 10472: 10341: 10090: 8990: Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin (28.24%) 8947: 8900: 8743:

between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as

7294:(sometimes with the addition of the singular-specific reflexive form 6795:(also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition 6672: 5619: 4415: 4313: 4123: 4082: 3908:

consonant phonemes. The consonant inventory shown below is valid for

3852: 3848: 3830: 3591:

respectively. Neither Scotland nor England have an official language.

3409: 3366: 2930: 2910: 2835:

In Wycliff'e Bible of the 1380s, the verse Matthew 8:20 was written:

2747: 2645: 2641: 2378: 2134: 2073: 2064:

The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known as

1967: 1960: 1893: 1810: 1657: 1049: 1033: 1015: 997: 836: 826: 709: 694: 542: 337: 98: 24260: 19570:

Mair, C.; Leech, G. (2006). "14 Current Changes in English Syntax".

19266:

The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776

18048:

Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention

17504: 15515: 15479: 15260: 14971:

Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022).

13774:

Language Rights and the Law in the United States and Its Territories

12960: 12609:

Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011).

12392: 8807:

are counted; this estimate is based on the last full edition of the

4332:(strong) and the second is lenis (weak). Fortis obstruents, such as 3520:, but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international 2092:

vocabulary was incorporated into English over some three centuries.

26121: 26109: 25987: 25907: 25845: 25830: 25750: 25745: 25740: 25636: 25521: 25485: 25469: 24225: 23573: 21817: 21614: 21084:

The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French.

21033:

International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English

21013:

International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English

18926: 16596:

Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English

16460: 15879: 15287: 15124: 14096: 11602: 11563:. Today, about nine percent of the South African population speaks 11142: 10550: 10509: 9526: 9069: 9043:. Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as 8737:, where reference to the girl is established as an "afterthought". 6957: 6788: 5785: 5189: 4996: 4464: 3721: 3413: 3405: 2808: 2792:

in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1150 to 1500.

2665: 2564: 1567:

in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former

1121: 821: 704: 639: 612: 567: 487: 432: 382: 377: 367: 357: 347: 26253: 21287: 21282:

Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh)

18947: 18431:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 17256:. Varieties of English around the World. John Benjamins. pp. 16029: 16027: 15299: 15272: 15226: 15224: 15211: 15209: 14889: 14573: 14390: 14360: 13980:

Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition

13177: 12578: 12206: 12057:

Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon

11638:

are monophthongs and or even the reverse diphthongs and (e.g.

8069:). In spite of the idiomatic meaning, some grammarians, including 3129:, appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as 2784:

Middle English is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the

2349:

Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects (

1656:. Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from 26051: 26040: 25795: 25790: 25775: 25770: 25543: 25533: 25496: 25219: 24266: 23862: 23764: 22754: 22749: 22559: 21905: 21832: 21827: 19591:

Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization

17252:

Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English

16956: 16932: 15704: 15539: 15527: 14913: 14695: 14693: 14210: 14198: 14138: 14051: 12921: 11814:

may pronounce words differently due to having not fully mastered

11579: 11342: 11330: 11159: 10734: 10717:

The English language is far and away the most widely used in the

10195: 10179:

is today considered a separate language from English, but it has

10101: 10066: 10018: 8930: 8837: 6287: 5209: 4958: 4012: 3856: 3417: 3397: 2821: 2653: 2540: 2382: 2298:. By the 7th century, this Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons 2275: 2225: 1851: 1390: 1117: 774: 649: 644: 602: 482: 467: 442: 437: 422: 417: 402: 362: 20801:

Swan, M. (2006). "English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900)".

20006:"Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" 19984: 18169:

Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). "The grammar of English phrasal verbs".

18082:(2006). "Overview". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.). 17753: 16839: 16697: 16673: 16014: 16012: 16010: 16008: 15855: 15503: 15467: 15353: 15194: 15172:"The Pedant: The sheer usefulness of singular 'they' is obvious" 14444: 12788: 8836:, foreign words of extremely limited English use, and technical 6922:(pl.). Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase. 6520:

The seven word-classes are exemplified in this sample sentence:

3308:

residents for whom English was their primary language as of 2021

2842: 2836: 2756: 2690: 2684: 2575: 2464: 2449: 2434: 2419: 2333: 2327: 2238: 2041:

of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see

26046: 25840: 25835: 25800: 25780: 25655: 25538: 25509: 25490: 23569: 21822: 21802: 21065:"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations" 20159:

Patrick, P.L. (2006b). "English, African-American Vernacular".

20111: 18450:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–49. 17630: 17568:

Brutt-Griffler, J. (2006). "Languages of Wider Communication".

17321:

Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English".

17300:"Chapter 2: The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European" 17226: 16024: 15248: 15221: 15206: 14925: 14901: 14818: 14793: 14585: 13307: 13159: 12673:. Early English text society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12242: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11869: 11610: 11326: 10925: 10834:

and have distinct norms for writing and pronunciation as well.

10795: 10207: 10094: 9371: 9086: 9056: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8431: 7521: 6679: 6486: 5472: 3362: 3305: 2727: 2544: 2370: 2283: 2271: 2182: 1993:

English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares

1956: 1890: 1646:

estimated that there were 1.4 billion speakers worldwide.

1611: 816: 811: 806: 754: 719: 607: 587: 582: 507: 447: 407: 372: 352: 94: 20086: 19471:

Lim, L.; Ansaldo, U. (2006). "Singapore: Language Situation".

19009:

Jespersen, Otto (2007) . "Case: The number of English cases".

16920: 15915: 14690: 14666:"Duration, vowel quality, and the rhythmic pattern of English" 13949:"Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language – The Times of India" 13451: 13285: 13283: 13111: 12093: 12091: 8996: Germanic languages (Old English, Old Norse, Dutch) (25%) 8434:

permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present.

3295: 2240:

Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon...

26144: 26029: 26019: 26002: 25947: 25902: 25825: 25765: 25760: 23487: 19818:

Montgomery, M. (1993). "The Southern Accent—Alive and Well".

19201:

Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change

16281: 16207: 16195: 16183: 16063: 16051: 16005: 15112: 14865: 14615: 14543: 14483: 14432: 14420: 14408: 13439: 13403: 13141: 13065: 13063: 12143: 12078: 12076: 12010: 12008: 10822: 9750: 8941: 8646:

can also be fronted when they are the question's theme, e.g.

8160:

mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the

5380: 5342: 4316:(stops, affricates, and fricatives) appear in pairs, such as 3771: 3568:

is majority English-speaking, its two official languages are

3401: 2730:, the world's oldest English-speaking university and world's 2287: 2107: 1975: 1677: 1652:

emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the

1638:. English accounts for at least 70% of total speakers of the 1603: 951: 911: 831: 572: 562: 527: 492: 472: 452: 427: 412: 397: 19936: 19731:

Meierkord, C. (2006). "Lingua Francas as Second Languages".

16171: 15891: 15670: 15080: 14877: 14507: 13123: 12838: 12836: 12481: 12380: 11937: 8504:, although this construction may be found in older English. 6423:

As is typical of an Indo-European language, English follows

5654: 5369: 5336: 26007: 25981: 25975: 20190:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–522. 19199:

Labov, W. (2012). "1. About Language and Language Change".

18519:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. 17780:

Connell, B.A. (2006). "Nigeria : Language Situation".

17485:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. 16523: 15956: 15954: 15829:"L'incroyable histoire des mots français en anglais !" 15811: 15809: 15660: 15658: 15077:: "English has subjective, objective and possessive cases." 14769: 14336: 14300: 14162: 13869: 13427: 13367: 13355: 13295: 13280: 13030:"Which countries are best at English as a second language?" 12088: 10808: 9501:" are often indicated by combinations of letters (like the 9115:(also called Roman alphabet). Earlier Old English texts in 8935: 7204: 5271: 3736:

negotiations in 1919. By the time of the foundation of the

3280:

As of 2016, 400 million people spoke English as their

2966: 2829: 2825:. The oldest Middle English texts that were written by the 2413: 2141:

in many regions and professional contexts such as science,

931: 921: 901: 729: 699: 387: 54: 16269: 15551: 14495: 14348: 13095: 13093: 13060: 12938: 12936: 12416: 12218: 12073: 12005: 7107:. They do not typically inflect for degree of comparison. 5610: 5457: 5443: 5416: 5407: 5228: 2632:

From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Old English gradually

2458: 2342:

influence from Common Brittonic, and a number of possible

2278:

by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the

1120:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

66: 19268:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–186. 16968: 16944: 16744:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 49–66. 16464: 16111: 16039: 15645: 15643: 15641: 14555: 14324: 14126: 14039: 13893: 12833: 12823: 12821: 12404: 12184: 12182: 9245:

spelling differences between British and American English

8336:, but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause 6978:

In Modern English, adjectives are not inflected so as to

5460: 5419: 5286: 5240: 3063: 2443: 2386:

is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem,

2114:

words and roots, concurrent with the introduction of the

2043:

Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization

906: 63: 57: 51: 21218:

Wolfram, W. (2006). "Variation and Language: Overview".

20004:

Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2012).

18634: 18510: 18289:

Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages

17897:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 16742:

Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives

16727: 16559: 16159: 16135: 15951: 15939: 15927: 15806: 15655: 15491: 15431: 15068: 14970: 14942: 14940: 14733: 14068: 14066: 13905: 13080: 13078: 12770: 12568: 12566: 12564: 12398: 12264:

Short, Ian (1 January 2002). "Language and Literature".

12167: 12054: 11348: 10028:(RP), an educated accent associated originally with the 8005:

is in the infinitive, or in a complement clause such as

6234:

Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and

3709:

Modern English, sometimes described as the first global

3543:

has no official languages at the federal or state level.

2765:

stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.

1684:. While the majority of English vocabulary derives from 937:

GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

25405:

List of countries where English is an official language

21322: 20732: 20070:

Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position

19676:

McCrum, Robert; MacNeil, Robert; Cran, William (2003).

18314:

Fasold, Ralph W.; Connor-Linton, Jeffrey, eds. (2014).

18294:(Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. Archived from 16775:"Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse" 16547: 16535: 16257: 16147: 16087: 15971: 15969: 15903: 14952: 13929: 13475: 13463: 13171: 13090: 13048: 12933: 12911: 12909: 12907: 12636: 12590: 12471: 12469: 12467: 11551:, English has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with 10741:, English was ultimately widely adopted throughout the 9392:. The differences in the pronunciations of the letters 9111:

Since the ninth century, English has been written in a

8965:

Lists of English words by country or language of origin

6497:) and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as 6442:

retain morphological case more strongly than any other

6386:

There is complex dialectal variation in words with the

3330:

distinguished countries where English is spoken with a

2369:

in the 9th century and the influence of the kingdom of

20876:

Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics

20705: 20447:

Rubino, C. (2006). "Philippines: Language Situation".

20132:

Patrick, P.L. (2006a). "Jamaica: Language Situation".

19168:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–178. 16123: 15981: 15716: 15638: 15563: 14150: 14078: 13917: 13881: 13391: 13244: 13208: 13183: 12894: 12892: 12890: 12818: 12806: 12794: 12517: 12290: 12179: 11966: 10230:

which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP.

10198:, various forms of English have been spoken since the 7227:) in the second person (except in the reflexive form: 6489:(i.e. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs 3751:

Many regional international organisations such as the

2969:, and a new standard form of Middle English, known as 26098: 19847:

Mountford, J. (2006). "English Spelling: Rationale".

19078:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. 19072:

König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994).

17387: 16709: 16685: 16661: 16649: 16099: 15867: 15616: 15614: 15612: 15610: 15608: 15455: 15443: 15419: 15377: 15365: 15236: 14937: 14781: 14531: 14519: 14396: 14372: 14366: 14174: 14063: 13857: 13415: 13331: 13319: 13268: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13075: 12972: 12561: 12428: 11993: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 7978:), for use in subordinate clauses (e.g. subjunctive: 6787:

Possession can be expressed either by the possessive

5372: 5339: 5301: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5255: 5243: 5231: 5225: 5116:, and end with up to five, as in (for some dialects) 4418:(pronunciation variants): the clear or plain , as in 2098:

began in the late 15th century with the start of the

1951:

with any continental Germanic language, differing in

20420:

Rowicka, G.J. (2006). "Canada: Language Situation".

19543: 19122:. In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). 18332: 17077: 16390: 16366: 16354: 16293: 16075: 15966: 15092: 15056: 14757: 14721: 14609: 14288: 14252: 14204: 14027: 14015: 13232: 13136:

Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012

12948: 12904: 12858:

Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education

12654: 12464: 12452: 12359: 12155: 11954: 8755:

refers to some fact known to both interlocutors, or

7582:

marks the recipient, or Indirect Object of the verb

5946: 5872: 5777: 5771: 5454: 5446: 5413: 5410: 5383: 5366: 5345: 5333: 5292: 5283: 5280: 5246: 5237: 5234: 3880: 3424:

Those countries have millions of native speakers of

60: 20511:. Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press. 19389:

Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study

19385: 19071: 18672:

African American English: a linguistic introduction

18313: 18286: 18108: 17200:Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation". 16908: 16815: 16625: 16571: 16414: 16305: 16245: 15885: 15861: 15710: 15632: 15583:"How many words are there in the English language?" 14264: 14192: 14114: 13379: 13313: 13256: 12966: 12887: 12760: 12758: 12248: 12230: 12194: 11578:Nigerian English is a variety of English spoken in 8630:appears as the first constituent despite being the 8438:does not allow the addition of the negating adverb 5451: 5440: 5437: 5404: 5401: 5377: 5363: 5330: 5277: 5222: 48: 25330: 25264:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 20898:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 210–250. 20772: 20735:"Population by first language spoken and province" 20294: 19937:National Records of Scotland (26 September 2013). 19544: 19448:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 19349:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 251–280. 19222:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 324–352. 18669: 18599:English Next India: The future of English in India 18248:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 415–438. 17930:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 17808: 17677:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 177–210. 17031: 16637: 16402: 16342: 16033: 15993: 15605: 15341: 14999: 14745: 13554:"Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)" 13500:Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 13220: 13189: 12667:Johannesson, Nils-Lennart; Cooper, Andrew (2023). 12612:A Practical Introduction to the History of English 11586:). Over 150 million Nigerians speak English. 11308:to the English language occurred in 1762 when the 10698:. In most American and Canadian English dialects, 9555: 7923:), and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ( 6272:is found in Scottish English, which distinguishes 4980:⟩ in the table above, such as the vowel of 2838:Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis 2169:pattern with little inflection and a fairly fixed 1896:coast, whose languages gradually evolved into the 25205:Collaborative International Dictionary of English 20749:. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. p. 23. 20684: 20395: 20216:English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy 19680:(Third Revised ed.). London: Penguin Books. 19675: 18448:The Cambridge companion to Old English literature 18374:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 18012:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). 17806: 17695:Shakespeare's works and Elizabethan pronunciation 17436:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 17352:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 84–134. 17227:Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013). 16827: 16378: 14230:"Globish – a language of international business?" 14144: 13147: 12927: 12733:The Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales 12666: 12505: 12259: 12257: 11948: 10725:, which began with the settlement in present-day 10081:dialects, which include the urban subdialects of 7103:or indefinite. They often agree with the noun in 6327:, but replace them with dental or alveolar stops 5497:Varieties of Standard English and their features 5262:) when used as a noun, but on the last syllable ( 5163:can only occur in syllable-initial position, and 3245: "Very High Proficiency" (score 63.07–70.27) 2582:Fox-as habb-að hol-u and heofon-an fugl-as nest-∅ 26264: 25400:List of countries by English-speaking population 20574:Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World 20327:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 56–83. 18847:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). 18846: 17732: 17388:Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo; McMahon, April (2006). 15545: 15533: 15521: 15509: 15485: 15473: 15305: 15293: 15281: 15266: 15254: 15230: 15215: 15200: 15130: 14931: 14919: 14907: 14895: 14799: 12984: 12755: 12386: 12268:. Boydell and Brewer Limited. pp. 191–214. 11818:. This can happen either because they apply the 11329:use or, at the very least, have been exposed to 9070:English loanwords and calques in other languages 8070: 8057:, etc. The phrasal verb frequently has a highly 7587: 7188: 7001:, with the positive degree unmarked, the suffix 5170: 5070:are homophonous, a dialectal feature called the 3653:English Proficiency Index by country as of 2014 3269: "Very Low Proficiency" (score 40.87–48.19) 3257: "Moderate Proficiency" (score 52.50–57.38) 3163:List of countries by English-speaking population 2973:, developed from the dialects of London and the 2623:"Foxes have holes and the birds of heaven nests" 2208: 20865: 20185: 20087:Office for National Statistics (4 March 2013). 19757: 19018:Kachru, B. (2006). "English: World Englishes". 18983:Journal of English as an International Language 18680: 18359: 18318:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. 15696:. Oxford University Press. 2008. Archived from 15086: 14883: 14597: 14513: 14312: 13343: 12584: 12312:How English evolved into a global language 2010 12212: 11762:An example of a Japanese man speaking English ( 8383: 8176:English word order has moved from the Germanic 7037:. Other adjectives have comparatives formed by 6363:after a vowel at the end of a syllable (in the 5135:; a voiceless fricative and approximant, as in 3602: 3353:English speakers are, in descending order, the 2683:) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with 25320: 21062: 21029: 21010: 20670:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 20015:. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Archived from 19553:. Macmillan Publishers Group Australia. 2015. 19424: 18976:"English Language Imperialism: Points of View" 18879: 18517:New Zealand English: its origins and evolution 18142:Deumert, A. (2006). "Migration and Language". 17567: 17535:Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010). 17534: 17499: 17390:"Chapter 17: English phonology and morphology" 17058: 16962: 16938: 16926: 16845: 16703: 16679: 16529: 16287: 16213: 16201: 16189: 16177: 15921: 14998: 14699: 14621: 14549: 14450: 14438: 14426: 14306: 14216: 14168: 14109:International Civil Aviation Organization 2011 14057: 13457: 13409: 13373: 13361: 13301: 13289: 12422: 12341:Upward, Christopher; Davidson, George (2011). 12340: 12254: 12029:"How the English Language Conquered the World" 11630:vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs 10912:Spoken primarily by working- and middle-class 10706:-fulness) is dominant, with non-rhoticity (or 10013:A map showing the main dialect regions in the 9243:word is pronounced. There are also systematic 5155:, a voiceless stop, and an approximant, as in 3193: Co-official and majority native language 3036:originally meaning "nestling" had replaced OE 2296:the Roman economy and administration collapsed 2118:to London. This era notably culminated in the 25305: 24808: 22851: 21711: 21420: 21396: 21308: 21191:Wojcik, R.H. (2006). "Controlled Languages". 20932:Trask, Larry; Trask, Robert Lawrence (2010). 20915:The Cambridge History of the English Language 20770: 18850:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 18767:The Cambridge History of the English Language 18699: 18534:Gottlieb, H. (2006). "Linguistic Influence". 18360:Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie (2007). 18190:Donoghue, D. (2008). Donoghue, Daniel (ed.). 18011: 17807:Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (1996). 17651: 17444: 17304:The Cambridge History of the English Language 17012: 16985: 16983: 16069: 16018: 15557: 14871: 14354: 14282: 13875: 13445: 13069: 12410: 12112:The Cambridge History of the English Language 12097: 11887:"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?" 11796:An example of a German man speaking English ( 10737:immigrants, who arrived primarily in eastern 8984: French, including Anglo-Norman (28.30%) 8144:Modern English syntax language is moderately 7770:, and for the strong verbs either the suffix 7110: 6401:, and in Canadian English, they merge to two 5097:), which in RP is realised as (phonemically 3886:The phonetic symbols used below are from the 2664:. The centre of Norsified English was in the 1509: 25593:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 25450:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 24909:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary 22069: 20708:"2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity" 19650:The Oxford Companion to the English Language 19613: 18927:International Maritime Organization (2011). 18828:"How English evolved into a global language" 18748:Irish English: History and present-day forms 18192:Old English Literature: A Short Introduction 17933:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 17297: 17176:on 2 January 2011 – via DYLAN project. 17145:International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13899: 12789:Nevalainen & Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2006 12660: 12149: 12082: 11914: 11912: 10936: 9282:used to spell consonant sounds. The letters 8926:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 8735:she was stung by a bee, that girl over there 8731:That girl over there, she was stung by a bee 7536:, the addressee. Anaphoric pronouns such as 5188:plays an important role in English. Certain 3251: "High Proficiency" (score 58.26–61.86) 3152: 2270:, and originally spoken along the coasts of 1688:, it is considered a member of the Germanic 760:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 24822: 20067: 19910:. Cambridge University Press. p. 477. 18929:"IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases" 18700:Halliday, M. A. K.; Hasan, Ruqaiya (1976). 18316:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics 18077: 17761:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) . 17760: 17059:Aitken, A. J.; McArthur, Tom, eds. (1979). 15780:. Cambridge University Press. p. 196. 15074: 14994: 14992: 14973:A student's introduction to English grammar 14489: 14414: 12545:(MA thesis). University of South Carolina. 12534: 12532: 12487: 12055:Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). 9990:An example of a woman with one of the many 8978:Source languages of the English vocabulary 8854: 7025:comparative and superlative forms, such as 6847:) and specifiers such as determiners (e.g. 6470:(fronting of question words beginning with 4991:In both RP and GA, vowels are phonetically 3557:English is the official second language of 3296:Three circles of English-speaking countries 3263: "Low Proficiency" (score 48.69–52.39) 3199: Official but minority native language 3086:American Dictionary of the English language 3043: 2941:is today, and the second vowel in the word 2487:than in Modern English. Modern English has 25319: 25312: 25298: 25257:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 24815: 24801: 22858: 22844: 22745:Comparison of American and British English 21718: 21704: 21427: 21413: 21315: 21301: 21220:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 21193:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 21015:(4th ed.). London: Hodder Education. 20986:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20931: 20803:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20603: 20449:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20422:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20371:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20212: 20161:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20134:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19960:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19876:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19849:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19817: 19733:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19694: 19473:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19470: 19320:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19020:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18536:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18262: 18219:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18217:Durrell, M. (2006). "Germanic Languages". 18144:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17841: 17782:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17765:(5th ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. 17691: 17570:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17538:The linguistic structure of modern English 17366: 17323:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17277:"When did southern American English begin" 17202:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17080:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17034:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 16980: 16553: 16541: 16441:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 141, 148. 16093: 14846: 14501: 14132: 13797:. Central Intelligence Agency. 29 May 2024 13613:"Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland" 13590:. Québec Official Publisher. 26 March 2024 13397: 13250: 12800: 12523: 11999: 11555:and various African languages such as the 9547:English writing also includes a system of 9452:in Greek-derived words. The single letter 8450:—it can only be added to an auxiliary (or 8171: 8108:is derived in this way from the adjective 7423:himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves 7215:Plural and singular are always identical ( 7171:is used in the sense both of the previous 6359:vary in their pronunciation of historical 5019:are noticeably shorter than the vowels of 5007:or in open syllables: thus, the vowels of 4988:. In GA, vowel length is non-distinctive. 2577:Foxas habbað holu and heofonan fuglas nest 2555:from 1000 shows examples of case endings ( 2088:of England, when a considerable amount of 2068:or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of 1620:co-official language of the United Nations 1516: 1502: 1078: 21119:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001 21111:Language Myths and the History of English 21089: 20570: 20537: 20476:"Language Use in the United States: 2011" 20344:Cambridge History of the English Language 20072:(2nd ed.). Canada: Broadview Press. 19874:Mufwene, S.S. (2006). "Language Spread". 19846: 19730: 19569: 19502:The Routledge handbook of world Englishes 19239:Cambridge History of the English Language 19044: 19008: 18853:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18426: 18386: 17738:Roman Britain and the English Settlements 17599:The Routledge handbook of world Englishes 17199: 17164: 17111:Cambridge History of the English Language 16589: 16117: 16057: 16045: 15987: 15649: 15569: 15118: 14739: 14681: 14330: 14045: 13923: 13511: 13274: 12978: 12615:. : Universitat de València. p. 21. 11972: 11909: 11064:man with a cultivated Australian accent ( 9915:An example of a man with one of the many 8663: 7761: 7593: 6652: 2627: 2290:. From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons 2149:is the result of a gradual change from a 2084:began in the late 11th century after the 2080:, starting in the 8th and 9th centuries. 22438: 21522: 20983: 20964: 20632: 20289: 20158: 20131: 20034: 19777: 19646: 19524: 19497: 18533: 18243: 18189: 17923: 17887: 17621: 17594: 17367:Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). 16887: 16772: 16715: 16691: 16667: 16655: 16499:Atlas of North American English (online) 16461:"Do You Speak American: What Lies Ahead" 16275: 16263: 16165: 16153: 16141: 16105: 15960: 15945: 15933: 15897: 15815: 15676: 15664: 15359: 14989: 14842: 14840: 14378: 14097:International Maritime Organization 2011 14072: 13911: 13771: 13744:"Official language of the United States" 13532:"40 Years of the Official Languages Act" 13421: 13238: 13214: 13054: 12915: 12842: 12529: 12458: 12434: 12296: 12161: 12050: 12048: 12014: 11987:The Rise of English as a Global Language 11960: 10549: 10530: 10008: 9835:An example of a man with a contemporary 9664:An example of a man with a contemporary 9249:proposals for spelling reform in English 8350:I saw the letter that you received today 8328:, the main clause is headed by the verb 8127: 8001:is inflected for time and the main verb 7532:identifies the speaker, and the pronoun 3648: 3622: 3311: 3299: 3232: 3213: 3178: 3170: 2885: 2737: 2717: 2218: 1997:with other Germanic languages including 1856: 1723: 1708:and is then most closely related to the 21217: 20771:Svartvik, Jan; Leech, Geoffrey (2006). 20504: 20419: 20368: 20341: 20322: 20245: 19907:Learning Vocabulary in Another Language 19873: 19614:Mazrui, Ali A.; Mazrui, Alamin (1998). 19529:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 359–382. 19299:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19053:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18808:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18718: 18592: 18560: 18464: 18341:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18216: 18141: 18090:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18044: 17993:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17984: 17959: 17860: 17779: 17672: 17396:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 382–410. 16974: 16750:10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.003.0004 16396: 16372: 16299: 16081: 15873: 15773: 15741:. Oxford University Press. p. 34. 15734: 14814: 14812: 14810: 14808: 14574:International Phonetic Association 1999 14465:"IPA transcription systems for English" 14391:International Phonetic Association 1999 14342: 14294: 14258: 14156: 14033: 14021: 13935: 13863: 13560:. Department of Justice. Archived from 13481: 13469: 13385: 13262: 12954: 12942: 12898: 12827: 12812: 12776: 12345:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 84. 12324:English language: Historical background 12236: 12200: 12173: 12109: 11685: 11446:An example of a woman with an educated 11158:Since 1788, English has been spoken in 10543:. according to the 2016–2021 five-year 9014: Derived from proper names (3.28%) 8699:there was a girl who was stung by a bee 7520:Pronouns are used to refer to entities 6349:, and reduction of consonant clusters. 5181:Intonation (linguistics) § English 5003:, but not before lenis consonants like 3449: 3226:, according to the 2016–2021 five-year 2875: 2258:). Old English developed from a set of 2247:The earliest form of English is called 1114:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 26265: 25379:English in the Commonwealth of Nations 22865: 21434: 21190: 21030:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2008). 21011:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002). 20838: 20766:from the original on 13 November 2015. 20668:Old English: A Linguistic Introduction 20446: 20038:How English Became the Global Language 19900: 19798: 19344: 19317: 19217: 19017: 18973: 18834:from the original on 25 September 2015 18745: 18484:Gordin, Michael D. (4 February 2015). 18483: 18445: 18414:from the original on 19 September 2018 17829:from the original on 24 September 2015 17477: 17392:. In Bas Aarts; April McMahon (eds.). 17274: 17247: 16950: 16914: 16821: 16728:Gordon, Campbell & Hay et al. 2004 16631: 16577: 16565: 16489: 16471:from the original on 14 September 2007 16420: 16311: 16129: 15722: 15497: 15437: 15147:. American Psychological Association. 14663: 14471:from the original on 19 September 2018 14285:, Chapter 12: English into the Future. 14270: 14120: 14084: 13887: 13337: 13325: 13226: 13084: 13027: 12502:, Chapter 3. Phonology and Morphology. 12475: 12399:Graddol, Leith & Swann et al. 2007 11304:The first significant exposure of the 9601: 9350:represent, respectively, the phonemes 8961:Foreign-language influences in English 8496:is the correct answer to the question 8411:is the complement of the negated verb 8302:or in a prepositional phrase, such as 7079:English determiners are words such as 6268:. The voiceless velar fricative sound 5475:, English is generally described as a 3881:§ Dialects, accents and varieties 3757:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 3615:Foreign-language influences in English 3286:largest language by number of speakers 2937:was originally pronounced as the word 2477:nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs 2365:). Through the educational reforms of 2059: 1885:originated from a Germanic tribal and 1551:. The namesake of the language is the 25345: 25293: 24796: 24529: 24143: 22887: 22839: 21699: 21521: 21408: 21395: 21296: 21135: 21108: 20827: 20706:Statistics New Zealand (April 2014). 20665: 20280: 20089:"Language in England and Wales, 2011" 19958:Neijt, A. (2006). "Spelling Reform". 19957: 19761:. Merriam Webster. 26 February 2015. 19363: 19198: 19160: 19117: 18996:from the original on 11 December 2023 18910:from the original on 20 December 2014 18867:from the original on 12 February 2015 18667: 18655:from the original on 24 February 2015 18573:. The British Council. Archived from 18366:: reduced vowels in American English" 18274:from the original on 26 December 2018 18168: 17522:from the original on 21 December 2012 17445:Blench, R.; Spriggs, Matthew (1999). 17347: 17180: 17135: 17104: 16739: 16643: 16435:; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006). 16408: 16360: 16348: 16251: 15999: 15909: 15843:from the original on 25 November 2020 15620: 15461: 15449: 15425: 15407:from the original on 16 November 2019 15383: 15371: 15347: 15242: 15151:from the original on 14 February 2020 15098: 15062: 14946: 14847:Baugh, Albert; Cable, Thomas (2012). 14837: 14787: 14775: 14751: 14727: 14561: 14537: 14525: 14462: 14402: 14240:from the original on 18 February 2020 14180: 13433: 13036:from the original on 25 November 2016 12861:. Multilingual Matters. p. 311. 12854: 12549:from the original on 16 December 2022 12511: 12365: 12266:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World 12263: 12224: 12188: 12045: 11349:Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 11245:An example of a male teenager with a 10571:pronunciations found primarily among 10131:is pronounced with a glottal stop as 8650:. The personal interrogative pronoun 8648:To whose house did you go last night? 7980:It is important that he run every day 7241:African-American (Vernacular) English 6936:English adjectives are words such as 6822:The child of the husband of the woman 5491: 5177:Stress and vowel reduction in English 3658: Very high proficiency (80–100%) 1591:; it is also the most widely learned 1490:Teaching English as a second language 26151: 25271:Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's 24918:A Dictionary of the English Language 22815:Non-native pronunciations of English 20912: 20893: 20800: 20685:Statistics Canada (22 August 2014). 20473: 20407:from the original on 24 October 2015 20213:Phillipson, Robert (28 April 2004). 20119:from the original on 9 February 2015 19659:10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001 19588: 19290: 19272: 19263: 19236: 18799: 18764: 18467:Introduction to Early Modern English 17402:10.1111/b.9781405113823.2006.00018.x 17283:. John Benjamins. pp. 255–275. 16833: 16384: 16233:from the original on 11 January 2010 15975: 15329:from the original on 7 December 2019 15169: 15044:from the original on 21 October 2020 15020:participating institution membership 14958: 14805: 14763: 14715: 14711: 13827:from the original on 31 October 2022 13689: 13493: 13160:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013 13099: 12996: 12990: 12875:from the original on 6 November 2023 12764: 12739:from the original on 3 December 2019 12708:from the original on 2 February 2017 12693: 12642: 12596: 12572: 12499: 12446: 12026: 11692:Non-native pronunciations of English 9616:English language in Northern England 9352:/b,d,f,h,dʒ,k,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,v,w,j,z/ 8520:. For example, putting the sentence 8156:as resources for conveying meaning. 8148:. It has developed features such as 8013:, which is in a preterite form, and 7632:, the third person singular form is 3682: Very low proficiency (0.1–20%) 3638: English is an optional subject 3632: English is a mandatory subject 3076:A Dictionary of the English Language 2373:, the West Saxon dialect became the 23420:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 21092:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 20969:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. 19572:The Handbook of English Linguistics 19527:The Handbook of English Linguistics 18888:(3rd ed.). Arnold Publishers. 17394:The Handbook of English Linguistics 17320: 17229:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" 17015:The Handbook of English Linguistics 16773:Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (2004). 16438:The Atlas of North American English 15142: 13349: 13202: 13112:Office for National Statistics 2013 13004:"EF English Proficiency Index 2019" 12726: 12538: 11990:. Oxford University Press, pp. 6-7. 11484:An example of a woman and man with 11333:, a form of code-switching between 11172:English of neighbouring New Zealand 10918:African-American Vernacular English 10790:varieties, except for those of the 10782:African-American Vernacular English 10733:was the predominant language among 10569:African-American Vernacular English 10564:The Atlas of North American English 10252:African-American Vernacular English 8921:international scientific vocabulary 8919:attributed many such words to the " 8559:in English are mostly formed using 6253:that contrasts with the voiced in 5216:is stressed on the first syllable ( 5054:in unstressed positions, such that 3900:English phonology § Consonants 3670: Moderate proficiency (40–60%) 2237:script between 975 AD and 1025 AD: 24: 25329: 25145:Dictionary of Newfoundland English 24779:Languages between parentheses are 24144: 21074:from the original on 17 March 2023 21050:from the original on 17 March 2023 20952:from the original on 17 March 2023 20879:. University of California Press. 20653:from the original on 17 March 2023 20591:from the original on 17 March 2023 20558:from the original on 17 March 2023 20525:from the original on 17 March 2023 20268:from the original on 17 March 2023 20233:from the original on 17 March 2023 20055:from the original on 17 March 2023 19924:from the original on 17 March 2023 19765:from the original on 25 March 2015 19718:from the original on 17 March 2023 19634:from the original on 17 March 2023 19445: 19439:10.1111/j.1475-682x.1966.tb00625.x 19318:Lawler, J. (2006). "Punctuation". 18949:International Phonetic Association 18683:An introduction to English grammar 18681:Greenbaum, S.; Nelson, G. (2002). 18429:English Phonology: An Introduction 18268:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 18129:from the original on 17 March 2023 18065:from the original on 17 March 2023 18032:from the original on 17 March 2023 17972:from the original on 17 April 2008 17947:from the original on 17 March 2023 17911:from the original on 17 March 2023 17763:The Phonetics of English and Dutch 17720:from the original on 17 March 2023 17465:from the original on 17 March 2023 16902:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00652.x 16613:from the original on 17 March 2023 15794:from the original on 20 March 2024 15755:from the original on 17 March 2023 14463:Wells, John C. (8 February 2001). 14318: 13959:from the original on 22 April 2016 13028:Breene, Keith (15 November 2019). 12041:from the original on 1 March 2022. 10745:that ultimately launched both the 9992:accents of the Republic of Ireland 8695:it was the girl that the bee stung 8356:specifies the meaning of the word 6997:Some adjectives are inflected for 6952:that most typically modify nouns, 6323:do not have the dental fricatives 4993:shortened before fortis consonants 3732:as a language of diplomacy at the 2503:) and has a few verb inflections ( 2025:, and the sound changes affecting 25: 26324: 25346: 25111:Webster's Third New International 21246: 20775:English – One Tongue, Many Voices 20693:from the original on 26 July 2018 20483:American Community Survey Reports 20099:from the original on 2 April 2015 19987:A History of the English language 19945:from the original on 2 April 2015 19801:An Introduction to English Syntax 19557:from the original on 21 July 2019 19412:from the original on 2 April 2015 19295:A History of the English language 19148:from the original on 2 April 2015 19100:from the original on 2 April 2015 19049:A History of the English language 18804:A History of the English language 18337:A History of the English language 18287:European Commission (June 2012). 18171:Australian Journal of Linguistics 18086:A History of the English language 17989:A History of the English Language 17844:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 17370:A History of the English Language 16811:from the original on 15 May 2022. 15862:Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 15711:Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 15182:from the original on 19 June 2019 15170:Kamm, Oliver (12 December 2015). 14849:A history of the English language 14641:. British Council. Archived from 14367:Bermúdez-Otero & McMahon 2006 13986:. Oxford University Press. 2005. 13124:National Records of Scotland 2013 12136:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 11897:from the original on 18 June 2023 11289:Examples of a man and woman with 11195: 9247:. These situations have prompted 8707:there are many cars on the street 8480:Negation is done with the adverb 7021:. Some adjectives have irregular 5167:only in syllable-final position. 4968:In RP, vowel length is phonemic; 4940: 4924: 4917: 4901: 4885: 4869: 4862: 4847: 4831: 4825: 4809: 4794: 4787: 4771: 4755: 4748: 4732: 4716: 4709: 4646: 4277: 4251: 4242: 4232: 4199: 4189: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4106: 4099: 4070: 4062: 4055: 4042: 4035: 4024: 4017: 4000: 3987: 3974: 3761:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 3357:(at least 231 million), the 2703: 2531:endings. Its closest relative is 2441:, and the modified Latin letters 1719: 1581:third-most spoken native language 26245: 26228: 26211: 26194: 26177: 26160: 26132: 26120: 26108: 25573:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21036:(5th ed.). London: Arnold. 20188:The Cambridge Grammar of English 19203:. University of Virginia Press. 17157:10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x 16881: 16851: 16766: 16733: 16583: 16483: 16453: 16444: 16426: 16317: 16219: 15821: 15767: 15728: 15682: 15575: 15389: 15311: 15163: 15143:Lee, Chelsea (31 October 2019). 15136: 15026: 14964: 14657: 14627: 14586:Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 14456: 14222: 14205:Alcaraz Ariza & Navarro 2006 13971: 13941: 13839: 13813: 13783: 13765: 13736: 13710: 13683: 13655: 13634: 13605: 13584:"Charter of the French language" 13576: 13546: 13524: 13487: 12655:Fischer & van der Wurff 2006 12449:, Chapter: Old English Dialects. 11929: 11870:Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 11784: 11752: 11732:Problems playing this file? See 11709: 11510: 11472: 11435: 11415:Problems playing this file? See 11392: 11277: 11257:Problems playing this file? See 11235: 11126: 11088: 11048: 11006: 10986:Problems playing this file? See 10964: 10818: 10804: 10582: 10497: 10448: 10410: 10370: 10328: 10308:Problems playing this file? See 10277: 10233: 10210:, two extinct dialects known as 9978: 9941: 9904: 9861: 9823: 9781: 9738: 9700: 9680:Problems playing this file? See 9653: 9460:in word-initial position and as 9062:English has formal and informal 9008: No etymology given (4.03%) 8458:is used, to produce a form like 8340:. The subordinating conjunction 8312: 8020: 7015:the boy is smaller than the girl 5942: 5868: 5767: 5650: 5606: 5433: 5397: 5359: 5326: 5264: 5218: 3827:international auxiliary language 3713:, is also regarded as the first 2411:. It included the runic letters 2173:. Modern English relies more on 2124:the works of William Shakespeare 1988:Middle English creole hypothesis 1682:the source for an additional 28% 1674:28% of Modern English vocabulary 1668:borrowed words extensively from 523:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 44: 25369:History of the English language 20984:Trudgill, P. (2006). "Accent". 20283:English Phonetics and Phonology 20113:"Oxford Learner's Dictionaries" 19620:. University of Chicago Press. 17962:"Subcontinent Raises Its Voice" 17555:from the original on 1 May 2015 17503:; Toller, T. Northcote (1921). 17451:. Routledge. pp. 285–286. 17279:. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). 17005: 16326:The Handbook of World Englishes 16227:"Estuary English Q and A – JCW" 15886:Fasold & Connor-Linton 2014 15837:Université Paris Dauphine - PSL 13663:"Recognition for sign language" 13138:, Table KS207NI: Main Language. 13021: 12928:McCrum, MacNeil & Cran 2003 12848: 12720: 12687: 12602: 12371: 12343:The History of English Spelling 12334: 12317: 12249:König & van der Auwera 1994 12138:(Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973) 12103: 12020: 9556:Dialects, accents and varieties 8954: 8899:Formation of new words, called 8622:. For example, in the question 8116:, which has the adverbial form 7547: 7163:corresponds to the Old English 6509:) and in the inflection of the 5104: 4508:English phonology § Vowels 4410:In RP, the lateral approximant 3888:International Phonetic Alphabet 3753:European Free Trade Association 3746:International Olympic Committee 3664: High proficiency (60–80%) 24973:Dictionary of American English 24893:The New World of English Words 24783:of the language on their left. 22765:English-based creole languages 21228:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 21201:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 20994:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6 20938:. Cambridge University Press. 20811:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05058-6 20577:. Cambridge University Press. 20457:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01736-3 20430:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 20379:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5 20169:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 20142:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 19989:. Cambridge University Press. 19968:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0 19884:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 19857:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5 19803:. Edinburgh University Press. 19741:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6 19593:. Cambridge University Press. 19481:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6 19395:. Cambridge University Press. 19371:. Edinburgh University Press. 19328:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9 19277:, Cambridge University Press, 19028:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3 18830:. BBC News. 20 December 2010. 18750:. Cambridge University Press. 18544:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2 18469:. Cambridge University Press. 18227:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1 18152:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01294-3 17790:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01655-2 17578:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00644-1 17331:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7 17210:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3 17088:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8 17042:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1 16492:"Rural White Southern Accents" 16034:Abercrombie & Daniels 2006 15319:"Finite and Nonfinite Clauses" 13823:. The University of Winnipeg. 13776:. Lexington Books. p. 8. 13558:Act current to July 11th, 2010 13534:. Department of Justice Canada 12735:. Louisiana State University. 11978: 11879: 10887:historical non-rhotic prestige 10850:. It was mostly influenced by 10721:. Its roots trace back to the 9574:Dialectologists identify many 9092: 8186:he had hoped to try to open it 8081:are syntactically equivalent. 8067:terminate someone's employment 7997:where only the auxiliary verb 7189:Huddleston & Pullum (2002) 7068: 4344:. Lenis consonants are partly 4305:** Conventionally transcribed 3676: Low proficiency (20–40%) 3550:, English and French share an 3187: Majority native language 3048:By the late 18th century, the 2890:Graphic representation of the 2714:Influence of French on English 2481:inflectional endings and forms 2181:for the expression of complex 2171:subject–verb–object word order 1672:, which make up approximately 655:British Indian Ocean Territory 13: 1: 26308:Subject–verb–object languages 24674:Germanic substrate hypothesis 24530: 22805:List of English-based pidgins 20834:. Cambridge University Press. 20474:Ryan, Camille (August 2013). 20352:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002 20301:. Stanford University Press. 19792:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002 19369:A glossary of English grammar 19247:10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003 18676:. Cambridge University Press. 17666:10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.018 17404:(inactive 2 September 2024). 17302:. In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.). 17298:Bammesberger, Alfred (1992). 17119:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003 17109:. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.). 16782:Asia Pacific Education Review 15397:"Cases of Nouns and Pronouns" 14467:. University College London. 13772:Faingold, Eduardo D. (2018). 12120:10.1017/chol9780521264754.006 12027:Chua, Amy (18 January 2022). 11856: 11100:An example of a woman with a 10768:, the English of the coastal 9666:Received Pronunciation accent 9525:), or the historically based 8798: 8705:) or in existential clauses ( 8675:the girl was stung by the bee 8405:the dog did not find its bone 8100:. For example, in the phrase 8071:Huddleston & Pullum (2002 7644:and its gerund-participle is 7588:Huddleston & Pullum (2002 7045:marking the comparative, and 7005:marking the comparative, and 6925: 6871:, where the enclitic follows 6869:The President of India's wife 6409:in which these sounds occur. 6371:, meaning that it pronounces 6297:" lack the glottal fricative 5171:Stress, rhythm and intonation 3893: 3619:Study of global communication 2774: 2567:singular) and a verb ending ( 2302:, replacing the languages of 2252: 2209:Proto-Germanic to Old English 1537:Indo-European language family 972:Organization of Turkic States 25617:United States Virgin Islands 25243:Cambridge Advanced Learner's 24704:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 23395:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 22800:Linguistic purism in English 21272:Resources in other libraries 20743:Census 2011: Census in Brief 20713:. p. 23. Archived from 19174:10.1007/978-1-349-25582-5_14 18886:English Accents and Dialects 18685:(Second ed.). Longman. 18427:Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). 17894:English as a Global Language 17017:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 16599:. Basic Books. p. 162. 16505:, p. 16, archived from 15546:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15534:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15522:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15510:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15486:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15474:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15401:Guide to Grammar and Writing 15306:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15294:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15282:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15267:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15255:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15231:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15216:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15201:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15131:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14932:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14920:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14908:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14896:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14800:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 13172:Statistics South Africa 2012 12387:Collingwood & Myres 1936 11836:Linguistic purism in English 10206:and in the area surrounding 9872:An example of a man with a ( 9793:An example of a man with a ( 8971:Linguistic purism in English 8543: 8474:; grammatical rules require 8384:Auxiliary verb constructions 8326:I think (that) you are lying 8180:to being almost exclusively 7848:. Many varieties also use a 6722:Irregular plural formation: 6383:like RP or keep it like GA. 5147:and a voiceless stop, as in 3836: 3719:controlled natural languages 3603:English as a global language 3384:Estimates of the numbers of 3369:(at least 17 million), 3275: Not included in report 3238:EF English Proficiency Index 2274:, Lower Saxony and southern 2078:Viking invaders and settlers 1780:North Sea Germanic languages 785:United States Virgin Islands 7: 24684:High German consonant shift 21901:London & Thames Estuary 21113:. Oxford University Press. 20896:English as a World Language 20733:Lehohla, Pali, ed. (2012). 20633:Shaywitz, Sally E. (2003). 20538:Schiffrin, Deborah (1988). 20485:. p. 1. Archived from 20325:English as a World Language 19653:. Oxford University Press. 19647:McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992). 19347:English as a World Language 19220:English as a World Language 18246:English as a World Language 18115:. Oxford University Press. 18112:English Vocabulary Elements 18045:Dehaene, Stanislas (2009). 18018:. Oxford University Press. 18015:The World's Writing Systems 17846:(8th ed.). Routledge. 17815:. de Gruyter. p. 261. 17692:Cercignani, Fausto (1981). 17675:English as a World Language 17350:English as a World Language 16865:. Microsoft. Archived from 16328:. Wiley. 2020. p. 45. 15738:English Vocabulary Elements 15087:Greenbaum & Nelson 2002 14884:Payne & Huddleston 2002 14872:Aarts & Haegeman (2006) 14851:(6th ed.). Routledge. 14514:Flemming & Johnson 2007 13184:Statistics New Zealand 2014 12585:Thomason & Kaufman 1988 12213:Thomason & Kaufman 1988 11829: 11812:Non-native English speakers 11678:is pronounced as an Indian 11403:An example of a man with a 11137:An example of a man with a 10974:An example of a man with a 10846:(or Maritimer English) and 10778:Eastern New England English 10471:) and the interviewee from 10459:An example of two men with 10422:An example of a man with a 10382:An example of a man with a 9952:An example of a man with a 9712:An example of a man with a 9608:English language in England 9570:Regional accents of English 9562:List of dialects of English 9456:is generally pronounced as 8749:that is exactly what I mean 8677:. Another way is through a 8634:of the sentence. (When the 8561:subject–auxiliary inversion 8417:Subject–auxiliary inversion 8398:Subject–auxiliary inversion 8178:verb-second (V2) word order 7652:English inflectional forms 6816:The woman's husband's child 6317:African-American Vernacular 6225:Northern Cities Vowel Shift 6215:English has undergone many 4369: 3561:, while Irish is the first. 2965:began using English in its 2945:was pronounced as the word 2262:dialects, often grouped as 2229:, an Old English epic poem 2106:trend of borrowing further 1473:List of dialects of English 10: 26329: 25334:English speaking countries 25138:Dictionary of Canadianisms 24885:The English Schoole-Master 23222:Westlauwers–Terschellings 22875:According to contemporary 22760:English as a lingua franca 21109:Watts, Richard J. (2011). 21090:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2010). 20849:10.1515/9783110208405.1.87 20285:(4th ed.). Cambridge. 19941:. Scotland's Census 2011. 18957:Cambridge University Press 18264:"Summary by language size" 17281:Englishes around the world 16963:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16939:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16927:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16846:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16704:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16680:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16530:Levine & Crockett 1966 16288:Aitken & McArthur 1979 16214:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16202:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16190:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16178:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 15145:"Welcome, singular "they"" 14700:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 14622:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14550:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14451:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14439:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 14427:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13513:10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510 13458:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13410:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13374:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13362:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13302:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13290:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 12729:"Chaucer's Middle English" 12423:Bosworth & Toller 1921 11824:first language acquisition 11689: 11352: 11199: 10940: 10770:Northeastern United States 10751:American Revolutionary War 10344:woman with a contemporary 10237: 10145:, or the pronunciation of 10034:Survey of English Dialects 9605: 9559: 9096: 9073: 8968: 8958: 8787:expressing disbelief), or 8387: 8316: 8088: 8084: 8079:he ran up in the mountains 7597: 7551: 7311:English personal pronouns 7114: 7111:Pronouns, case, and person 7072: 7039:periphrastic constructions 6929: 6890:marks a definite noun and 6859:, or prepositions such as 6810:Possessive constructions: 6697:Regular plural formation: 6656: 6416: 6412: 6331:or labiodental fricatives 5954:can always be pronounced 5174: 4505: 3897: 3840: 3612: 3609:English as a lingua franca 3606: 3156: 2879: 2707: 2404:was adopted, written with 2357:) and the Saxon dialects ( 2300:became dominant in Britain 2212: 2052: 2048: 1179:English as a lingua franca 26068: 25956: 25926: 25872: 25854: 25733: 25720: 25711: 25670: 25626: 25459: 25439: 25426: 25417: 25413: 25392: 25356: 25352: 25341: 25327: 25278:Oxford Advanced Learner's 25228: 25195: 25161: 25120: 25058: 24982: 24868: 24859:Middle English Dictionary 24852:Dictionary of Old English 24845:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 24830: 24766: 24717: 24641: 24610: 24542: 24538: 24525: 24474: 24447: 24401:Southern Schleswig Danish 24332: 24213: 24169: 24160: 24156: 24139: 23980: 23923: 23811: 23802: 23707: 23679: 23638: 23629: 23604: 23586: 23497: 23469: 23443: 23434: 23385: 23298: 23273: 23264: 23203: 23098: 23047: 23022: 23013: 22909: 22900: 22896: 22883: 22873: 22740:Broad and general accents 22722: 22675: 22650:regional and occupational 22630: 22617: 22610: 22522: 22483: 22431: 22409: 22349: 22281: 22146: 22135: 22080: 22062: 22035: 22007: 21970: 21947: 21886: 21848: 21771: 21762: 21751: 21742: 21600: 21534: 21530: 21517: 21442: 21402: 21397:Links to related articles 21346:Stress and reduced vowels 21331: 21267:Resources in your library 20666:Smith, Jeremy J. (2009). 20618:10.1215/00031283-76-3-259 20571:Schneider, Edgar (2007). 20505:Sailaja, Pingali (2009). 20196:10.1017/9781316423530.006 20068:O'Dwyer, Bernard (2006). 19939:"Census 2011: Release 2A" 19599:10.1017/S1360674307002420 19011:The Philosophy of Grammar 18904:"Personnel Licensing FAQ" 18775:10.1017/CHOL9780521264747 18704:. Pearson Education ltd. 18465:Görlach, Manfred (1991). 18397:10.1017/S0025100306002817 18183:10.1080/07268608208599280 17842:Cruttenden, Alan (2014). 17734:Collingwood, Robin George 17510:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 17373:(5th ed.). Longman. 16070:Daniels & Bright 1996 16019:Daniels & Bright 1996 15558:Halliday & Hasan 1976 15007:Oxford English Dictionary 14714:, pp. 90, 118, 610; 14610:Macquarie Dictionary 2015 14355:Carr & Honeybone 2007 14283:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13876:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13704:10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0 13642:"Maori Language Act 1987" 13446:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13070:Svartvik & Leech 2006 12539:Gay, Eric Martin (2014). 12411:Blench & Spriggs 1999 12274:10.1017/9781846150463.011 12098:Svartvik & Leech 2006 11984:Salome, Rosemary (2022). 11571:without aspiration (e.g. 10976:general Australian accent 10937:Australia and New Zealand 10883:Southern American English 10840:Standard Canadian English 10836:Atlantic Canadian English 10766:Southern American English 10581: 10545:American Community Survey 10260:Atlantic Canadian English 10248:Southern American English 9753:man with a working-class 8809:Oxford English Dictionary 8524:into the passive becomes 8123: 8075:he woke up in the morning 8009:, where the main verb is 7950:and the past tense forms 7895: 7885: 7875: 7870: 7868: 7823: 7808: 7793: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7744: 7729: 7714: 7699: 7682: 7667: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7488: 7458: 7428: 7395: 7365: 7335: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7262:In the third person, the 7237:Southern American English 7049:marking the superlative: 7009:marking the superlative: 6956:characteristics of their 6428:morphosyntactic alignment 6162: 6157: 6152: 6140: 6121: 6116: 6092: 6068: 6059: 4939: 4900: 4884: 4824: 4808: 4793: 4770: 4731: 4592: 4579: 4566: 4534: 4501: 4300:can only occur as a coda. 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4257: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4209: 4185: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4096: 4090: 4081: 4052: 4032: 4030: 4011: 4007: 3995: 3993: 3982: 3980: 3966: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3574:New Zealand Sign Language 3488: South Africa (1.3%) 3228:American Community Survey 3153:Geographical distribution 3032:) and word replacements ( 2841:. Here the plural suffix 1539:, whose speakers, called 1100: 1077: 1063: 1047: 1031: 1013: 995: 990: 623:31 non-sovereign entities 318:Official language in 316: 311: 292: 250: 208: 148: 112: 77: 39: 34: 26014:Northern Mariana Islands 25605:Turks and Caicos Islands 25250:Collins COBUILD Advanced 24901:A New English Dictionary 24679:West Germanic gemination 24633:Ancient Belgian language 24628:Germanic parent language 24572:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 23694:Austrian Standard German 22888: 21559:Changes before historic 21551:Changes before historic 21153:10.1017/CBO9780511611766 21149:10.1017/CBO9780511611759 20965:Trudgill, Peter (1999). 20935:Why Do Languages Change? 20035:Northrup, David (2013). 19589:Mair, Christian (2006). 19275:Language in South Africa 19166:Sociolinguistic patterns 19118:König, Ekkehard (1994). 18974:Jambor, Paul Z. (2007). 18729:10.1017/CBO9780511755071 17871:10.1017/CBO9781139106856 16490:Thomas, Erik R. (2003), 15774:Solodow, Joseph (2010). 14193:European Commission 2012 13900:Mazrui & Mazrui 1998 13314:European Commission 2012 13032:. World Economic Forum. 11649:As a historical legacy, 11452:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 10897:vowel (e.g. pronouncing 10838:, notably distinct from 10755:Kingdom of Great Britain 10696:Western American English 10688:General American English 10672:African American English 10514:Standard Canadian accent 10346:Southern American accent 10244:General American English 10202:of the 11th century. In 10057:), Midlands English and 9234:The spelling system, or 8905:Greek and/or Latin roots 8855:Word-formation processes 8132:In the English sentence 8102:the woman walked quickly 7019:that boy is the smallest 6485:stems inflected through 6438:constructions. Only the 6217:historical sound changes 6026:Dialects and low vowels 5880:-dropping after vowels) 5035:is shorter than that of 3522:standard written English 3377:(4.2 million), and 3321:Three Circles of English 3044:Spread of Modern English 2991:translation of the Bible 2933:. For example, the word 2759:and garryng grisbytting. 2732:second-oldest university 2400:. By the 6th century, a 2375:standard written variety 2344:Brittonicisms in English 1642:branch, and as of 2021, 957:ASEAN Economic Community 780:Turks and Caicos Islands 740:Northern Mariana Islands 25890:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 24824:Dictionaries of English 21462:Anglo-Frisian languages 21063:United Nations (2010). 20967:The Dialects of England 20759:. Report No. 03‑01‑41. 20397:"The Routes of English" 18719:Harbert, Wayne (2006). 18668:Green, Lisa J. (2002). 18605:. The British Council. 17960:Crystal, David (2004). 17861:Crystal, David (2000). 17635:Oxford University Press 15735:Denning, Keith (2007). 15362:, pp. 64, 610–611. 15012:Oxford University Press 14490:Collins & Mees 2003 14415:Collins & Mees 2003 12488:Denison & Hogg 2006 12329:Encyclopædia Britannica 11874:English – Pronunciation 11674:found in words such as 11310:British occupied Manila 11202:Southeast Asian English 11024:broad Australian accent 10922:older Southern dialects 10575:regardless of location. 10463:, the interviewer from 10294:General American accent 10069:dialect (spoken around 8923:" (ISV) when compiling 8394:English auxiliary verbs 8354:that you received today 8172:Basic constituent order 7927:) and present perfect ( 7542:I already told you that 3861:standard pronunciations 3726:international languages 2843: 2837: 2757: 2744:University of Cambridge 2691: 2685: 2576: 2465: 2450: 2435: 2420: 2334: 2328: 2239: 2159:inflectional morphology 1914:Anglo-Frisian languages 1797:West Germanic languages 1751:Anglo-Frisian languages 1662:North Germanic language 1573:Commonwealth of Nations 1133:Part of a series on the 872:Commonwealth of Nations 675:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 284:Unified English Braille 26313:Cultural globalization 26303:Stress-timed languages 25504:British Virgin Islands 25364:English-speaking world 25335: 25321:English-speaking world 25097:Random House Webster's 24740:Preterite-present verb 24623:Proto-Germanic grammar 24577:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 23689:German Standard German 23365:East Frisian Low Saxon 21918:Received Pronunciation 20828:Sweet, Henry (2014) . 20779:. Palgrave Macmillan. 20246:Richter, Ingo (2012). 20041:. Palgrave Macmillan. 19704:. Simon and Schuster. 19546:"Macquarie Dictionary" 19506:. Routledge. pp. 19124:The Germanic Languages 19075:The Germanic Languages 18721:The Germanic Languages 17603:. Routledge. pp. 17136:Ammon, Ulrich (2006). 17107:"Chapter 2:Vocabulary" 14145:ConradRubal-Lopez 1996 13668:Television New Zealand 13398:Baugh & Cable 2002 13251:Lim & Ansaldo 2006 13148:Statistics Canada 2014 12524:Trask & Trask 2010 11841:English-speaking world 10667:North American English 10576: 10559:North American English 10547: 10026:Received Pronunciation 10021: 9755:Estuary English accent 9588:North American English 9497:). As a result, some " 9370:, but there is also a 8818:scientific terminology 8783:(the idiomatic marker 8717:the girl was stung by 8664:Discourse level syntax 8352:, the relative clause 8141: 8134:The cat sat on the mat 8017:is in the infinitive. 7762:Tense, aspect and mood 7594:Verbs and verb phrases 7328:Independent possessive 6653:Nouns and noun phrases 6357:Received Pronunciation 3873:Received Pronunciation 3811:linguistic imperialism 3724:and Airspeak, used as 3690: 3646: 3500: New Zealand (1%) 3482: Australia (4.7%) 3323: 3309: 3277: 3230: 3211: 3176: 3167:English-speaking world 2895: 2767: 2751: 2735: 2628:Influence of Old Norse 2537:mutual intelligibility 2244: 1871:Indo-European language 1866: 1854: 1700:. English exists on a 1545:early medieval England 1533:West Germanic language 1421:San Andrés–Providencia 1153:English-speaking world 1102:This article contains 660:British Virgin Islands 303:Manually coded English 83:English-speaking world 27:West Germanic language 25942:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 25563:Saint Kitts and Nevis 25333: 24966:World Book Dictionary 24745:Grammatischer Wechsel 23728:Namibian Black German 23699:Swiss Standard German 23668:Early New High German 23226:Mainland West Frisian 23087:Harlingerland Frisian 22112:Multicultural Toronto 21494:Anglo-Norman language 20831:A new English grammar 20281:Roach, Peter (2009). 19832:10.1353/scu.1993.0006 19456:10.1515/ijsl.2003.055 18200:10.1002/9780470776025 17061:Languages of Scotland 14823:. Cambridge Univ Pr. 14821:English Grammar Today 14778:, pp. xviii–xix. 14664:Lunden, Anya (2017). 13494:Ward, Rowena (2019). 13436:, pp. 1537–1539. 12979:Mair & Leech 2006 12855:Baker, Colin (1998). 11949:The Routes of English 11846:English-only movement 11816:English pronunciation 11724:man speaking English. 11565:South African English 11355:South African English 11177:South African English 10774:New York City English 10553: 10534: 10030:South East of England 10012: 9954:Northern Irish accent 8644:Prepositional phrases 8571:), which may require 8319:English clause syntax 8131: 7852:constructed with the 7288:In the singular, the 5208:Stress in English is 5203:weak and strong forms 4479:voiceless sonorants: 3652: 3626: 3514:pluricentric language 3315: 3303: 3236: 3217: 3182: 3174: 2889: 2805:Anglo-Norman language 2790:William the Conqueror 2754: 2741: 2721: 2483:, and word order was 2222: 2195:passive constructions 2029:consonants, known as 1986:—a theory called the 1949:mutually intelligible 1861:A family tree of the 1860: 1800:, which also include 1783:, which also include 1754:, which also include 1727: 1555:, one of the ancient 1251:Antiguan and Barbudan 856:Various organisations 630:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 513:Saint Kitts and Nevis 24926:Webster's Dictionary 24750:Indo-European ablaut 24730:Germanic strong verb 24699:Germanic spirant law 23836:Southeast Limburgish 23332:Gelders-Overijssels 22961:Irish Middle English 22951:Early Modern English 22273:Western Pennsylvania 21524:Phonological history 21504:Early Modern English 21381:Phonological history 21222:. pp. 333–341. 21195:. pp. 139–142. 20841:Varieties of English 20805:. pp. 149–156. 20451:. pp. 323–326. 20424:. pp. 194–195. 20373:. pp. 584–596. 20163:. pp. 159–163. 20093:2011 Census Analysis 19878:. pp. 613–616. 19851:. pp. 156–159. 19799:Miller, Jim (2002). 19735:. pp. 163–171. 19678:The Story of English 19475:. pp. 387–389. 19427:Sociological Inquiry 19322:. pp. 290–291. 19022:. pp. 195–202. 18538:. pp. 196–206. 18146:. pp. 129–133. 17784:. pp. 635–637. 17572:. pp. 690–697. 17325:. pp. 377–380. 17204:. pp. 610–613. 17105:Algeo, John (1999). 17082:. pp. 752–759. 15323:MyEnglishGrammar.com 14670:Laboratory Phonology 14598:Merriam Webster 2015 13847:"World Factbook CIA" 12114:. pp. 409–499. 11686:Non-native varieties 11405:South African accent 10848:Newfoundland English 10832:voiceless consonants 10723:British colonial era 10684:Newfoundland English 10384:New York City accent 10055:West Country English 9465:of Germanic origin. 8781:no way is that true! 8565:Am I going tomorrow? 8446:lexical verb, as in 8338:(that) you are lying 7554:English prepositions 7325:Dependent possessive 7266:series of pronouns ( 6999:degree of comparison 6301:, and dialects with 4608:Centring diphthongs 4490:syllabic sonorants: 3823:constructed language 3734:Treaty of Versailles 3494: Ireland (1.1%) 3450:Pluricentric English 3430:English-based creole 3373:(4.8 million), 3326:The Indian linguist 3131:had been being built 3059:indigenous languages 2882:Early Modern English 2876:Early Modern English 2859:The Canterbury Tales 2724:University of Oxford 2096:Early Modern English 2021:classes, the use of 1887:linguistic continuum 1565:most spoken language 1158:As a second language 847:United Arab Emirates 236:Early Modern English 25599:Trinidad and Tobago 25476:Antigua and Barbuda 25172:Australian National 25104:Webster's New World 25090:New Oxford American 24950:Imperial Dictionary 24877:Catholicon Anglicum 24718:Synchronic features 24689:Germanic a-mutation 24642:Diachronic features 23992:in the broad sense 23925:East Central German 23879:Lorraine Franconian 23853:Transylvanian Saxon 23813:West Central German 23588:East Low Franconian 23498:West Low Franconian 22810:Mid-Atlantic accent 22401:Trinidad and Tobago 21457:Proto-West-Germanic 21447:Proto-Indo-European 21323:Description of the 20022:on 24 December 2012 20013:Statistics Bulletin 18746:Hickey, R. (2007). 18702:Cohesion in English 18622:on 12 February 2015 18580:on 12 February 2015 17698:. Clarendon Press. 17627:Old English Grammar 17275:Bailey, G. (1997). 16869:on 9 September 2010 16512:on 22 December 2014 16060:, pp. 157–158. 15922:Brutt-Griffler 2006 15900:, pp. 124–127. 15679:, pp. 120–121. 15593:on 9 September 2017 15587:Oxford Dictionaries 15524:, pp. 1365–70. 15488:, pp. 786–790. 15269:, pp. 208–210. 15121:, pp. 173–185. 15010:(Online ed.). 14718:, pp. 80, 656. 14612:, Entry "contract". 14600:, Entry "contract". 14588:, Entry "contract". 14564:, pp. 537–538. 14345:, pp. 334–335. 14307:Brutt-Griffler 2006 14217:Brutt-Griffler 2006 14169:United Nations 2010 14058:Brutt-Griffler 2006 14003:on 11 December 2015 12645:, pp. 103–123. 12599:, pp. 360–361. 12587:, pp. 284–290. 12215:, pp. 264–265. 12017:, pp. 108–109. 11599:Trinidad and Tobago 11375:Bangladeshi English 10947:New Zealand English 10747:American Revolution 10727:Jamestown, Virginia 10610:Aboriginal Canadian 10290:Midwestern American 9917:accents of Scotland 9602:Britain and Ireland 9596:New Zealand English 9362:normally represent 9107:English orthography 9020: Other (5.83%) 9002: Greek (5.32%) 8713:Focus constructions 8588:interrogative words 8182:subject–verb–object 7929:I have been running 7715:Plain (infinitive) 7653: 7418:his/hers/its/theirs 7312: 7229:yourself/yourselves 7075:English determiners 6692:two loaves of bread 6027: 5498: 5082:are realised as an 5031:, and the vowel of 4690: 4609: 4516: 4515:Closing diphthongs 4312:In the table, when 3917: 3916:Consonant phonemes 3809:, and to claims of 3476: Canada (5.3%) 3365:(19 million), 3361:(60 million), 3332:three circles model 2987:William Shakespeare 2957:. Around 1430, the 2786:conquest of England 2551:The translation of 2153:pattern typical of 2060:Overview of history 2027:Proto-Indo-European 1873:and belongs to the 1600:59 sovereign states 1561:migrated to Britain 967:Caribbean Community 578:Trinidad and Tobago 333:Antigua and Barbuda 216:Proto-Indo-European 26293:Germanic languages 26288:Fusional languages 26278:Analytic languages 25336: 25163:Australian English 24958:Century Dictionary 24735:Germanic weak verb 24544:Language subgroups 23894:Pennsylvania Dutch 23843:Moselle Franconian 23821:Central Franconian 23654:Middle High German 23405:Central Pomeranian 23360:Northern Low Saxon 23073:Wangerooge Frisian 22867:Germanic languages 22333:Pennsylvania Dutch 21592:Trisyllabic laxing 21572:Close front vowels 21436:History of English 21141:Accents of English 20867:Thomason, Sarah G. 20720:on 15 January 2015 20492:on 5 February 2016 20136:. pp. 88–90. 19962:. pp. 68–71. 18498:on 7 February 2015 18486:"Absolute English" 18221:. pp. 53–55. 17623:Campbell, Alistair 17541:. John Benjamins. 17516:Charles University 17235:on 6 November 2015 17036:. pp. 72–75. 16965:, pp. 115–16. 16941:, pp. 117–18. 16859:"Nigerian English" 16794:10.1007/BF03024960 16591:McWhorter, John H. 16229:. Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 15839:. 23 March 2016 . 15700:on 17 August 2008. 15296:, pp. 210–11. 14961:, pp. 148–49. 14683:10.5334/labphon.37 14645:on 3 December 2019 14219:, pp. 694–95. 14195:, pp. 21, 19. 14060:, pp. 690–91. 13953:The Times of India 13795:The World Factbook 13750:. 27 December 2023 13617:Irish Statute Book 12791:, pp. 274–79. 12657:, pp. 111–13. 12034:The New York Times 11341:under the name of 11247:Singaporean accent 11210:Philippine English 11168:General Australian 11164:Australian English 11139:New Zealand accent 11102:New Zealand accent 10943:Australian English 10876:Cape Breton Island 10870:. Regions such as 10792:Atlantic provinces 10577: 10548: 10051:English in England 10022: 8849:linguistic corpora 8727:was stung by a bee 8632:grammatical object 8586:). In most cases, 8142: 7925:I had been running 7730:Gerund–participle 7651: 7578:, the preposition 7310: 7249:Australian English 7041:, with the adverb 6988:many slender girls 6932:English adjectives 6474:-) and word order 6025: 5496: 5492:Regional variation 4972:are marked with a 4688: 4607: 4514: 4422:, and the dark or 3915: 3910:California English 3787:auxiliary language 3780:Chemical Abstracts 3691: 3647: 3506: Other (5.6%) 3324: 3310: 3278: 3231: 3212: 3177: 3057:that had multiple 3021:King James Version 2999:consonant clusters 2967:official documents 2896: 2752: 2736: 2268:North Sea Germanic 2245: 2070:North Sea Germanic 2055:History of English 1918:North Sea Germanic 1879:Germanic languages 1867: 1855: 1571:(succeeded by the 306:(multiple systems) 175:North Sea Germanic 26096: 26095: 26090: 26089: 26086: 26085: 26082: 26081: 26064: 26063: 26060: 26059: 25707: 25706: 25287: 25286: 25179:Australian Oxford 25076:American Regional 25069:American Heritage 24790: 24789: 24775:extinct languages 24762: 24761: 24758: 24757: 24709:Great Vowel Shift 24521: 24520: 24517: 24516: 24470: 24469: 24316:Greenlandic Norse 24135: 24134: 24131: 24130: 24127: 24126: 24066:Southern Bavarian 24049:Northern Bavarian 24025:Highest Alemannic 23976: 23975: 23710:standard variants 23625: 23624: 23471:Standard variants 23430: 23429: 23289:Middle Low German 23260: 23259: 23256: 23255: 23060:Saterland Frisian 22833: 22832: 22718: 22717: 22518: 22517: 22427: 22426: 22345: 22344: 22341: 22340: 22266:Pacific Northwest 22127:Standard Canadian 22058: 22057: 22003: 22002: 21943: 21942: 21693: 21692: 21689: 21688: 21685: 21684: 21582:Great Vowel Shift 21567:Close back vowels 21389: 21388: 21253:Library resources 21237:978-0-08-044854-1 21210:978-0-08-044854-1 21128:978-0-19-532760-1 21101:978-1-4051-8668-1 21043:978-0-340-97161-1 21022:978-0-340-80834-4 21003:978-0-08-044854-1 20976:978-0-631-21815-9 20945:978-0-521-83802-3 20924:978-0-521-26474-7 20905:978-3-12-533872-2 20886:978-0-520-91279-3 20871:Kaufman, Terrence 20858:978-3-11-020840-5 20820:978-0-08-044854-1 20786:978-1-4039-1830-7 20756:978-0-621-41388-5 20677:978-0-521-86677-4 20646:978-0-375-40012-4 20584:978-0-521-53901-2 20551:978-0-521-35718-0 20541:Discourse Markers 20518:978-0-7486-2595-6 20466:978-0-08-044854-1 20439:978-0-08-044854-1 20403:. 1 August 2015. 20388:978-0-08-044854-1 20361:978-0-521-26477-8 20334:978-3-12-533872-2 20308:978-0-8047-2221-6 20261:978-3-8305-2809-8 20226:978-1-134-44349-9 20205:978-0-521-43146-0 20178:978-0-08-044854-1 20151:978-0-08-044854-1 20079:978-1-5511-1763-8 20048:978-1-137-30306-6 19996:978-0-521-71799-1 19977:978-0-08-044854-1 19917:978-0-521-80498-1 19893:978-0-08-044854-1 19866:978-0-08-044854-1 19820:Southern Cultures 19780:Language Sciences 19750:978-0-08-044854-1 19711:978-0-684-83161-9 19696:McGuinness, Diane 19687:978-0-14-200231-5 19668:978-0-19-214183-5 19627:978-0-226-51429-1 19581:978-1-405-16425-2 19536:978-1-4051-6425-2 19517:978-0-203-84932-3 19490:978-0-08-044854-1 19402:978-0-521-86722-1 19356:978-3-12-533872-2 19337:978-0-08-044854-1 19310:978-0-521-71799-1 19284:978-0-521-79105-2 19256:978-1-139-05553-6 19229:978-3-12-533872-2 19183:978-0-333-61180-7 19133:978-0-415-28079-2 19085:978-0-415-28079-2 19064:978-0-521-71799-1 19037:978-0-08-044854-1 18966:978-0-521-65236-0 18935:on 3 October 2011 18860:978-0-521-43146-0 18819:978-0-521-71799-1 18784:978-0-521-26474-7 18757:978-0-521-85299-9 18738:978-0-521-80825-5 18711:978-0-582-55041-4 18692:978-0-582-43741-8 18648:978-0-415-37679-2 18612:978-0-86355-627-2 18553:978-0-08-044854-1 18526:978-0-521-10895-9 18476:978-0-521-32529-5 18457:978-0-521-15402-4 18438:978-0-521-33603-1 18352:978-0-521-71799-1 18325:978-1-316-06185-5 18301:on 6 January 2016 18255:978-3-12-533872-2 18236:978-0-08-044854-1 18209:978-0-631-23486-9 18161:978-0-08-044854-1 18122:978-0-19-516803-7 18101:978-0-521-71799-1 18058:978-0-670-02110-9 18025:978-0-19-507993-7 18004:978-0-511-16893-2 17940:978-0-521-53033-0 17904:978-0-521-53032-3 17880:978-0-521-65321-3 17853:978-1-4441-8309-2 17822:978-3-11-087218-7 17799:978-0-08-044854-1 17772:978-90-04-10340-5 17705:978-0-19-811937-1 17684:978-3-12-533872-2 17654:Language Sciences 17644:978-0-19-811943-2 17614:978-0-415-62264-6 17587:978-0-08-044854-1 17548:978-90-272-8824-0 17492:978-1-139-49144-0 17458:978-0-415-11761-6 17411:978-1-4051-6425-2 17380:978-0-13-015166-7 17359:978-3-12-533872-2 17340:978-0-08-044854-1 17313:978-0-521-26474-7 17267:978-1-58811-046-6 17219:978-0-08-044854-1 17192:978-3-11-019425-8 17128:978-0-521-26477-8 17097:978-0-08-044854-1 17070:978-0-550-20261-1 17051:978-0-08-044854-1 16977:, pp. 19–24. 16953:, p. 256–60. 16848:, pp. 30–31. 16759:978-962-209-947-0 16706:, pp. 24–26. 16682:, pp. 16–21. 16606:978-0-7382-0446-8 16503:Mouton de Gruyter 16335:978-1-119-16421-0 16278:, pp. 80–81. 15912:, pp. 80–81. 15787:978-0-5215-1575-7 15748:978-0-1951-6802-0 15635:, pp. 24–50. 15633:Leech et al. 2009 15500:, pp. 26–27. 15440:, pp. 60–69. 15133:, p. 425–26. 15105:case (he) and an 15034:"Singular "They"" 15018:(Subscription or 14982:978-1-316-51464-1 14858:978-0-415-65596-5 14830:978-1-316-61739-7 14635:"Sentence stress" 14492:, pp. 46–50. 14453:, pp. 56–59. 14417:, pp. 47–53. 14393:, pp. 41–42. 13993:978-0-19-806512-8 13955:. 14 March 2010. 13853:on 22 March 2016. 13724:. 26 October 2022 13564:on 5 January 2011 12969:, pp. 18–19. 12967:Leech et al. 2009 12868:978-1-85359-362-8 12845:, pp. 81–86. 12779:, pp. 66–70. 12680:978-0-19-289043-6 12575:, pp. 46–47. 12490:, pp. 30–31. 12352:978-1-405-19024-4 12283:978-1-84615-046-3 12191:, pp. 86–87. 12176:, pp. 56–65. 12152:, pp. 29–30. 12150:Bammesberger 1992 12129:978-1-139-05553-6 12083:Bammesberger 1992 12066:978-3-533-02253-4 11927:(26th ed., 2023) 11809: 11808: 11791: 11757: 11715: 11672:⟨h⟩ 11545: 11544: 11517: 11479: 11441: 11398: 11371:Pakistani English 11363:Caribbean English 11339:Bisayan languages 11302: 11301: 11284: 11240: 11214:Malaysian English 11206:Singapore English 11186:the government is 11156: 11155: 11132: 11095: 11055: 11013: 10969: 10914:African Americans 10743:Thirteen Colonies 10640:ATLANTIC CANADIAN 10592:STANDARD CANADIAN 10573:African Americans 10529: 10528: 10508:An example of an 10503: 10454: 10417: 10377: 10340:An example of an 10335: 10283: 10007: 10006: 9985: 9947: 9910: 9867: 9830: 9788: 9749:An example of an 9744: 9707: 9659: 9227:(which also have 9117:Anglo-Saxon runes 8761:Discourse markers 8624:What did you see? 8569:Where can we eat? 8332:, the subject is 8289: 8288: 8253: 8252: 8136:, the subject is 7966:. There are also 7905: 7904: 7838: 7837: 7759: 7758: 7518: 7517: 7413:his/her/its/their 7200:the chair is mine 6688:one loaf of bread 6650: 6649: 6478:with some verbs. 6440:personal pronouns 6221:Great Vowel Shift 6188: 6187: 6023: 6022: 5910:close vowels for 5072:weak vowel merger 4954: 4953: 4683: 4682: 4605: 4604: 4340:, and are always 4309: 4301: 4293: 4292: 4266: 4219: 3843:English phonology 3803:being assimilated 2971:Chancery Standard 2959:Court of Chancery 2900:Great Vowel Shift 2892:Great Vowel Shift 2869:Le Morte d'Arthur 2827:Augustinian canon 2801:Old Norman French 2734:, founded in 1096 2681:they, them, their 2151:dependent-marking 2100:Great Vowel Shift 1906:Frisian languages 1714:Frisian languages 1702:dialect continuum 1686:Romance languages 1640:Germanic language 1579:. English is the 1547:on the island of 1526: 1525: 1199:Linguistic purism 1184:European language 1128: 1127: 1110:rendering support 1106:phonetic symbols. 877:Council of Europe 274:Anglo-Saxon runes 16:(Redirected from 26320: 26283:Anglic languages 26273:English language 26258: 26250: 26249: 26248: 26241: 26240:from Wikiversity 26233: 26232: 26231: 26224: 26216: 26215: 26214: 26207: 26199: 26198: 26197: 26190: 26182: 26181: 26180: 26173: 26165: 26164: 26163: 26153: 26147:English language 26137: 26136: 26125: 26124: 26113: 26112: 26104: 26025:Papua New Guinea 25993:Marshall Islands 25883:Christmas Island 25718: 25717: 25714: 25698:Pitcairn Islands 25528:Falkland Islands 25424: 25423: 25420: 25415: 25414: 25354: 25353: 25343: 25342: 25332: 25314: 25307: 25300: 25291: 25290: 25210:Urban Dictionary 25122:Canadian English 25060:American English 24817: 24810: 24803: 24794: 24793: 24567:Elbe (Irminonic) 24540: 24539: 24527: 24526: 24455:Mainland Gutnish 24345:Swedish dialects 24307:Middle Icelandic 24281:Middle Norwegian 24170:Historical forms 24167: 24166: 24158: 24157: 24141: 24140: 24100:South Franconian 24086:Hutterite German 24054:Central Bavarian 23874:Rhine Franconian 23809: 23808: 23639:Historical forms 23636: 23635: 23551:Surinamese Dutch 23444:Historical forms 23441: 23440: 23274:Historical forms 23271: 23270: 23023:Historical forms 23020: 23019: 22907: 22906: 22898: 22897: 22885: 22884: 22860: 22853: 22846: 22837: 22836: 22730:English language 22615: 22614: 22436: 22435: 22419:Falkland Islands 22318:General American 22291:African-American 22144: 22143: 22078: 22077: 22067: 22066: 21769: 21768: 21760: 21759: 21749: 21748: 21720: 21713: 21706: 21697: 21696: 21587:Open back vowels 21562: 21554: 21532: 21531: 21519: 21518: 21429: 21422: 21415: 21406: 21405: 21393: 21392: 21376:Language history 21325:English language 21317: 21310: 21303: 21294: 21293: 21258:English language 21241: 21214: 21187: 21185: 21184: 21176: 21175: 21167: 21166: 21132: 21105: 21086: 21081: 21079: 21069: 21059: 21057: 21055: 21026: 21007: 20980: 20961: 20959: 20957: 20928: 20909: 20890: 20862: 20835: 20824: 20797: 20795: 20793: 20778: 20767: 20765: 20748: 20739: 20729: 20727: 20725: 20719: 20712: 20702: 20700: 20698: 20681: 20662: 20660: 20658: 20629: 20600: 20598: 20596: 20567: 20565: 20563: 20534: 20532: 20530: 20501: 20499: 20497: 20491: 20480: 20470: 20443: 20416: 20414: 20412: 20392: 20365: 20338: 20319: 20317: 20315: 20300: 20286: 20277: 20275: 20273: 20242: 20240: 20238: 20209: 20182: 20155: 20128: 20126: 20124: 20108: 20106: 20104: 20083: 20064: 20062: 20060: 20031: 20029: 20027: 20021: 20010: 20000: 19981: 19954: 19952: 19950: 19933: 19931: 19929: 19902:Nation, I. S. P. 19897: 19870: 19843: 19814: 19795: 19774: 19772: 19770: 19754: 19727: 19725: 19723: 19691: 19672: 19643: 19641: 19639: 19610: 19585: 19566: 19564: 19562: 19548: 19540: 19521: 19505: 19494: 19467: 19442: 19421: 19419: 19417: 19411: 19394: 19382: 19360: 19341: 19314: 19298: 19287: 19269: 19260: 19233: 19214: 19195: 19157: 19155: 19153: 19112:Ans van Kemenade 19109: 19107: 19105: 19068: 19052: 19041: 19014: 19005: 19003: 19001: 18995: 18980: 18970: 18944: 18942: 18940: 18931:. Archived from 18923: 18917: 18915: 18899: 18880:Hughes, Arthur; 18876: 18874: 18872: 18843: 18841: 18839: 18823: 18807: 18796: 18761: 18742: 18715: 18696: 18677: 18675: 18664: 18662: 18660: 18638:Changing English 18631: 18629: 18627: 18621: 18615:. Archived from 18604: 18589: 18587: 18585: 18579: 18572: 18557: 18530: 18507: 18505: 18503: 18494:. Archived from 18480: 18461: 18442: 18423: 18421: 18419: 18413: 18390: 18370: 18356: 18340: 18329: 18310: 18308: 18306: 18300: 18293: 18283: 18281: 18279: 18259: 18240: 18213: 18186: 18165: 18138: 18136: 18134: 18105: 18089: 18080:Hogg, Richard M. 18078:Denison, David; 18074: 18072: 18070: 18041: 18039: 18037: 18008: 17992: 17981: 17979: 17977: 17956: 17954: 17952: 17920: 17918: 17916: 17884: 17857: 17838: 17836: 17834: 17814: 17803: 17776: 17757: 17729: 17727: 17725: 17688: 17669: 17648: 17618: 17602: 17591: 17564: 17562: 17560: 17531: 17529: 17527: 17501:Bosworth, Joseph 17496: 17474: 17472: 17470: 17441: 17435: 17427: 17425: 17423: 17414:. Archived from 17384: 17363: 17344: 17317: 17294: 17271: 17255: 17244: 17242: 17240: 17231:. Archived from 17223: 17196: 17177: 17175: 17169:. Archived from 17168: 17142: 17132: 17101: 17074: 17055: 17028: 16999: 16987: 16978: 16972: 16966: 16960: 16954: 16948: 16942: 16936: 16930: 16924: 16918: 16912: 16906: 16905: 16885: 16879: 16878: 16876: 16874: 16855: 16849: 16843: 16837: 16831: 16825: 16819: 16813: 16812: 16810: 16779: 16770: 16764: 16763: 16737: 16731: 16725: 16719: 16713: 16707: 16701: 16695: 16689: 16683: 16677: 16671: 16665: 16659: 16653: 16647: 16641: 16635: 16629: 16623: 16622: 16620: 16618: 16587: 16581: 16575: 16569: 16568:, p. 95–96. 16563: 16557: 16551: 16545: 16539: 16533: 16527: 16521: 16520: 16519: 16517: 16511: 16496: 16487: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16476: 16457: 16451: 16448: 16442: 16430: 16424: 16418: 16412: 16406: 16400: 16394: 16388: 16382: 16376: 16370: 16364: 16358: 16352: 16346: 16340: 16339: 16321: 16315: 16309: 16303: 16297: 16291: 16285: 16279: 16273: 16267: 16261: 16255: 16249: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16223: 16217: 16211: 16205: 16199: 16193: 16187: 16181: 16175: 16169: 16163: 16157: 16151: 16145: 16139: 16133: 16127: 16121: 16115: 16109: 16103: 16097: 16091: 16085: 16079: 16073: 16067: 16061: 16055: 16049: 16043: 16037: 16031: 16022: 16016: 16003: 15997: 15991: 15985: 15979: 15973: 15964: 15958: 15949: 15943: 15937: 15931: 15925: 15919: 15913: 15907: 15901: 15895: 15889: 15883: 15877: 15871: 15865: 15859: 15853: 15852: 15850: 15848: 15825: 15819: 15813: 15804: 15803: 15801: 15799: 15771: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15732: 15726: 15720: 15714: 15708: 15702: 15701: 15686: 15680: 15674: 15668: 15662: 15653: 15647: 15636: 15630: 15624: 15618: 15603: 15602: 15600: 15598: 15589:. Archived from 15579: 15573: 15567: 15561: 15555: 15549: 15543: 15537: 15531: 15525: 15519: 15513: 15507: 15501: 15495: 15489: 15483: 15477: 15471: 15465: 15459: 15453: 15447: 15441: 15435: 15429: 15423: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15412: 15393: 15387: 15381: 15375: 15369: 15363: 15357: 15351: 15345: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15334: 15315: 15309: 15308:, p. 50–51. 15303: 15297: 15291: 15285: 15284:, p. 51–52. 15279: 15270: 15264: 15258: 15252: 15246: 15240: 15234: 15228: 15219: 15213: 15204: 15198: 15192: 15191: 15189: 15187: 15167: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15156: 15140: 15134: 15128: 15122: 15116: 15110: 15096: 15090: 15084: 15078: 15072: 15066: 15060: 15054: 15053: 15051: 15049: 15030: 15024: 15023: 15015: 15003: 14996: 14987: 14986: 14968: 14962: 14956: 14950: 14944: 14935: 14929: 14923: 14922:, pp. 54–5. 14917: 14911: 14905: 14899: 14898:, p. 56–57. 14893: 14887: 14881: 14875: 14869: 14863: 14862: 14844: 14835: 14834: 14816: 14803: 14797: 14791: 14785: 14779: 14773: 14767: 14761: 14755: 14749: 14743: 14737: 14731: 14725: 14719: 14709: 14703: 14697: 14688: 14687: 14685: 14661: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14650: 14631: 14625: 14619: 14613: 14607: 14601: 14595: 14589: 14583: 14577: 14571: 14565: 14559: 14553: 14547: 14541: 14535: 14529: 14523: 14517: 14511: 14505: 14499: 14493: 14487: 14481: 14480: 14478: 14476: 14460: 14454: 14448: 14442: 14436: 14430: 14424: 14418: 14412: 14406: 14400: 14394: 14388: 14382: 14376: 14370: 14364: 14358: 14352: 14346: 14340: 14334: 14328: 14322: 14316: 14310: 14304: 14298: 14292: 14286: 14280: 14274: 14268: 14262: 14256: 14250: 14249: 14247: 14245: 14236:. 2 April 2012. 14226: 14220: 14214: 14208: 14202: 14196: 14190: 14184: 14178: 14172: 14166: 14160: 14154: 14148: 14142: 14136: 14130: 14124: 14118: 14112: 14106: 14100: 14094: 14088: 14082: 14076: 14070: 14061: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14037: 14031: 14025: 14019: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14008: 14002: 13996:. Archived from 13985: 13975: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13945: 13939: 13933: 13927: 13921: 13915: 13909: 13903: 13897: 13891: 13885: 13879: 13873: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13854: 13849:. Archived from 13843: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13832: 13817: 13811: 13810: 13804: 13802: 13787: 13781: 13780: 13769: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13755: 13740: 13734: 13733: 13731: 13729: 13714: 13708: 13707: 13687: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13648: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13626: 13624: 13609: 13603: 13602: 13597: 13595: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13550: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13539: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13515: 13491: 13485: 13479: 13473: 13467: 13461: 13455: 13449: 13443: 13437: 13431: 13425: 13419: 13413: 13407: 13401: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13377: 13371: 13365: 13359: 13353: 13347: 13341: 13335: 13329: 13323: 13317: 13311: 13305: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13278: 13272: 13266: 13260: 13254: 13248: 13242: 13236: 13230: 13224: 13218: 13212: 13206: 13200: 13187: 13181: 13175: 13169: 13163: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13139: 13133: 13127: 13121: 13115: 13109: 13103: 13097: 13088: 13082: 13073: 13067: 13058: 13052: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13025: 13019: 13017: 13015: 13013: 13008: 13000: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12976: 12970: 12964: 12958: 12952: 12946: 12945:, pp. 1–56. 12940: 12931: 12930:, pp. 9–10. 12925: 12919: 12913: 12902: 12896: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12831: 12825: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12798: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12774: 12768: 12762: 12753: 12752: 12746: 12744: 12727:Horobin, Simon. 12724: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12713: 12707: 12700: 12694:Wycliffe, John. 12691: 12685: 12684: 12664: 12658: 12652: 12646: 12640: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12606: 12600: 12594: 12588: 12582: 12576: 12570: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12536: 12527: 12521: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12473: 12462: 12456: 12450: 12444: 12438: 12432: 12426: 12420: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12378: 12375: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12338: 12332: 12321: 12315: 12309: 12300: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12261: 12252: 12246: 12240: 12234: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12198: 12192: 12186: 12177: 12171: 12165: 12159: 12153: 12147: 12141: 12140: 12107: 12101: 12095: 12086: 12080: 12071: 12070: 12052: 12043: 12042: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11982: 11976: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11952: 11946: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11916: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11883: 11877: 11867: 11793: 11792: 11759: 11758: 11720:An example of a 11717: 11716: 11696: 11695: 11680:voiced aspirated 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11637: 11633: 11615:Jamaican English 11595:Windward Islands 11570: 11524:Northeast Indian 11522:An example of a 11519: 11518: 11486:Jamaican accents 11481: 11480: 11443: 11442: 11400: 11399: 11379: 11378: 11359:Nigerian English 11314:Seven Years' War 11291:Filipino accents 11286: 11285: 11242: 11241: 11222: 11221: 11134: 11133: 11097: 11096: 11060:An example of a 11057: 11056: 11020:South Australian 11018:An example of a 11015: 11014: 10971: 10970: 10951: 10950: 10896: 10844:Maritime English 10829: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10788:Canadian English 10757:, then ruled by 10657: 10650: 10643: 10642: 10632: 10625: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10595: 10594: 10586: 10537:Washington, D.C. 10505: 10504: 10456: 10455: 10419: 10418: 10379: 10378: 10337: 10336: 10288:An example of a 10285: 10284: 10264: 10263: 10256:Canadian English 10240:American English 10200:Norman invasions 10189:Scottish English 10164: 10152: 10137: 10119: 10059:Northern English 9987: 9986: 9949: 9948: 9912: 9911: 9869: 9868: 9837:Liverpool accent 9832: 9831: 9799:Yorkshire accent 9790: 9789: 9746: 9745: 9709: 9708: 9661: 9660: 9640: 9639: 9624:Scottish English 9580:regional accents 9576:English dialects 9463: 9459: 9451: 9443: 9435: 9427: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9391: 9380: 9369: 9365: 9353: 9099:English alphabet 9064:speech registers 9041:northern England 9019: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8640:Who saw the cat? 8620:fronted position 8584:Where did he go? 8580:Do you like her? 8550:yes–no questions 8498:Do you know him? 8494:I don't know him 8476:Do you know him? 8346:Relative clauses 8304:I gave the book 8292:Indirect objects 8259: 8258: 8195: 8194: 8164:and progressive 7972:imperative moods 7866: 7865: 7781: 7780: 7745:Past participle 7654: 7650: 7576:I gave it to him 7313: 7309: 7117:English pronouns 6990:, the adjective 6523: 6522: 6507:he/him, who/whom 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392:open back vowels 6382: 6378: 6374: 6362: 6353:General American 6334: 6330: 6326: 6300: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6248: 6184: 6179: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6119: 6114: 6095: 6090: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6028: 6024: 5995: 5987: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5913: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5499: 5495: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5166: 5162: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5100: 5096: 5081: 5077: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5006: 5002: 4979: 4974:triangular colon 4944: 4928: 4921: 4905: 4889: 4873: 4866: 4851: 4835: 4829: 4813: 4798: 4791: 4775: 4759: 4752: 4736: 4720: 4713: 4691: 4687: 4673: 4668: 4655: 4650: 4635: 4630: 4610: 4606: 4595: 4582: 4569: 4555: 4550: 4537: 4517: 4513: 4474: 4470: 4413: 4351: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4281: 4262: 4255: 4246: 4236: 4215: 4203: 4193: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4134: 4110: 4103: 4074: 4066: 4059: 4046: 4039: 4028: 4021: 4004: 3991: 3978: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3877:General American 3768:foreign language 3703:English language 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3470: UK (16.7%) 3469: 3464: US (64.3%) 3463: 3428:ranging from an 3426:dialect continua 3334:. In his model, 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3240:2019 in Europe: 3220:Washington, D.C. 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3003: 2993:commissioned by 2854:Geoffrey Chaucer 2846: 2840: 2799:, in particular 2780: 2779: 2776: 2761: 2694: 2688: 2662:Northern English 2638:language contact 2620: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2579: 2470: 2468: 2455: 2453: 2440: 2438: 2425: 2423: 2337: 2331: 2308:Common Brittonic 2257: 2254: 2251:or Anglo-Saxon ( 2242: 2120:King James Bible 1928:and the extinct 1898:Anglic languages 1844: 1827: 1804: 1787: 1758: 1742: 1736: 1730:Anglic languages 1585:Standard Chinese 1557:Germanic peoples 1543:, originated in 1518: 1511: 1504: 1321:Falkland Islands 1139:English language 1130: 1129: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1073: 1059: 1043: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1009: 1008: 1000: 795:Working language 745:Pitcairn Islands 690:Falkland Islands 670:Christmas Island 498:Papua New Guinea 458:Marshall Islands 307: 298: 268:English alphabet 256: 154: 134: 122: 85:, including the 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 62: 59: 56: 53: 50: 32: 31: 21: 18:English-language 26328: 26327: 26323: 26322: 26321: 26319: 26318: 26317: 26263: 26262: 26261: 26251: 26246: 26244: 26234: 26229: 26227: 26217: 26212: 26210: 26200: 26195: 26193: 26183: 26178: 26176: 26172:from Wiktionary 26166: 26161: 26159: 26156: 26152:sister projects 26149:at Knowledge's 26143: 26131: 26119: 26107: 26099: 26097: 26092: 26091: 26078: 26056: 26035:Solomon Islands 25952: 25922: 25868: 25850: 25729: 25712: 25703: 25666: 25622: 25455: 25435: 25418: 25409: 25388: 25348: 25337: 25323: 25318: 25288: 25283: 25224: 25191: 25157: 25131:Canadian Oxford 25116: 25054: 24984:British English 24978: 24864: 24826: 24821: 24791: 24786: 24754: 24713: 24694:Germanic umlaut 24659:Holtzmann's law 24637: 24606: 24534: 24513: 24466: 24443: 24377:South Jutlandic 24362:Danish dialects 24328: 24209: 24152: 24123: 24105:East Franconian 24059:Viennese German 23972: 23953:Silesian German 23919: 23908:Central Hessian 23798: 23723:Namibian German 23712: 23703: 23681:Standard German 23675: 23661:New High German 23647:Old High German 23621: 23600: 23582: 23493: 23465: 23426: 23410:East Pomeranian 23400:Brandenburgisch 23387:East Low German 23381: 23308:Dutch Low Saxon 23300:West Low German 23294: 23252: 23218:Schiermonnikoog 23199: 23094: 23080:Wursten Frisian 23043: 23009: 22892: 22879: 22869: 22864: 22834: 22829: 22714: 22671: 22626: 22606: 22514: 22510:Solomon Islands 22479: 22423: 22405: 22337: 22328:New York Latino 22303:American Indian 22283: 22277: 22138: 22131: 22072: 22054: 22040:Channel Islands 22031: 21999: 21966: 21939: 21882: 21844: 21754: 21738: 21724: 21694: 21681: 21651:-glottalization 21596: 21526: 21513: 21438: 21433: 21398: 21390: 21385: 21356:Spelling reform 21327: 21321: 21278: 21277: 21276: 21261: 21260: 21256: 21249: 21244: 21238: 21211: 21182: 21173: 21164: 21129: 21102: 21077: 21075: 21067: 21053: 21051: 21044: 21023: 21004: 20977: 20955: 20953: 20946: 20925: 20906: 20887: 20859: 20821: 20791: 20789: 20787: 20763: 20757: 20746: 20737: 20723: 20721: 20717: 20710: 20696: 20694: 20678: 20656: 20654: 20647: 20606:American Speech 20594: 20592: 20585: 20561: 20559: 20552: 20528: 20526: 20519: 20495: 20493: 20489: 20478: 20467: 20440: 20410: 20408: 20389: 20362: 20335: 20313: 20311: 20309: 20291:Robinson, Orrin 20271: 20269: 20262: 20236: 20234: 20227: 20206: 20179: 20152: 20122: 20120: 20102: 20100: 20080: 20058: 20056: 20049: 20025: 20023: 20019: 20008: 19997: 19978: 19948: 19946: 19927: 19925: 19918: 19894: 19867: 19811: 19768: 19766: 19751: 19721: 19719: 19712: 19688: 19669: 19637: 19635: 19628: 19582: 19560: 19558: 19537: 19518: 19491: 19415: 19413: 19409: 19403: 19392: 19379: 19357: 19338: 19311: 19285: 19257: 19230: 19211: 19184: 19151: 19149: 19134: 19103: 19101: 19086: 19065: 19038: 18999: 18997: 18993: 18978: 18967: 18938: 18936: 18913: 18911: 18896: 18882:Trudgill, Peter 18870: 18868: 18861: 18837: 18835: 18820: 18785: 18758: 18739: 18712: 18693: 18658: 18656: 18649: 18625: 18623: 18619: 18613: 18602: 18583: 18581: 18577: 18570: 18554: 18527: 18513:Trudgill, Peter 18501: 18499: 18477: 18458: 18439: 18417: 18415: 18411: 18388:10.1.1.536.1989 18368: 18353: 18326: 18304: 18302: 18298: 18291: 18277: 18275: 18256: 18237: 18210: 18162: 18132: 18130: 18123: 18102: 18068: 18066: 18059: 18035: 18033: 18026: 18005: 17975: 17973: 17950: 17948: 17941: 17914: 17912: 17905: 17881: 17854: 17832: 17830: 17823: 17800: 17773: 17723: 17721: 17706: 17685: 17645: 17615: 17588: 17558: 17556: 17549: 17525: 17523: 17493: 17479:Boberg, Charles 17468: 17466: 17459: 17429: 17428: 17421: 17419: 17418:on 3 April 2017 17412: 17381: 17360: 17341: 17314: 17291: 17268: 17238: 17236: 17220: 17193: 17173: 17140: 17129: 17098: 17071: 17052: 17025: 17008: 17003: 17002: 16988: 16981: 16973: 16969: 16961: 16957: 16949: 16945: 16937: 16933: 16925: 16921: 16913: 16909: 16890:World Englishes 16886: 16882: 16872: 16870: 16857: 16856: 16852: 16844: 16840: 16832: 16828: 16820: 16816: 16808: 16777: 16771: 16767: 16760: 16738: 16734: 16726: 16722: 16714: 16710: 16702: 16698: 16690: 16686: 16678: 16674: 16666: 16662: 16654: 16650: 16642: 16638: 16630: 16626: 16616: 16614: 16607: 16588: 16584: 16576: 16572: 16564: 16560: 16554:Montgomery 1993 16552: 16548: 16542:Schönweitz 2001 16540: 16536: 16528: 16524: 16515: 16513: 16509: 16494: 16488: 16484: 16474: 16472: 16459: 16458: 16454: 16449: 16445: 16431: 16427: 16419: 16415: 16407: 16403: 16395: 16391: 16383: 16379: 16371: 16367: 16359: 16355: 16347: 16343: 16336: 16323: 16322: 16318: 16310: 16306: 16298: 16294: 16286: 16282: 16274: 16270: 16262: 16258: 16250: 16246: 16236: 16234: 16225: 16224: 16220: 16212: 16208: 16200: 16196: 16188: 16184: 16176: 16172: 16164: 16160: 16152: 16148: 16140: 16136: 16128: 16124: 16116: 16112: 16104: 16100: 16094:McGuinness 1997 16092: 16088: 16080: 16076: 16068: 16064: 16056: 16052: 16044: 16040: 16032: 16025: 16017: 16006: 15998: 15994: 15986: 15982: 15974: 15967: 15959: 15952: 15944: 15940: 15932: 15928: 15920: 15916: 15908: 15904: 15896: 15892: 15884: 15880: 15872: 15868: 15860: 15856: 15846: 15844: 15827: 15826: 15822: 15814: 15807: 15797: 15795: 15788: 15772: 15768: 15758: 15756: 15749: 15733: 15729: 15721: 15717: 15709: 15705: 15694:Ask the experts 15688: 15687: 15683: 15675: 15671: 15663: 15656: 15648: 15639: 15631: 15627: 15619: 15606: 15596: 15594: 15581: 15580: 15576: 15568: 15564: 15556: 15552: 15548:, p. 1366. 15544: 15540: 15536:, p. 1370. 15532: 15528: 15520: 15516: 15512:, pp. 7–8. 15508: 15504: 15496: 15492: 15484: 15480: 15472: 15468: 15460: 15456: 15448: 15444: 15436: 15432: 15424: 15420: 15410: 15408: 15395: 15394: 15390: 15382: 15378: 15370: 15366: 15358: 15354: 15346: 15342: 15332: 15330: 15317: 15316: 15312: 15304: 15300: 15292: 15288: 15280: 15273: 15265: 15261: 15253: 15249: 15241: 15237: 15229: 15222: 15214: 15207: 15199: 15195: 15185: 15183: 15168: 15164: 15154: 15152: 15141: 15137: 15129: 15125: 15117: 15113: 15097: 15093: 15085: 15081: 15073: 15069: 15061: 15057: 15047: 15045: 15032: 15031: 15027: 15017: 14997: 14990: 14983: 14969: 14965: 14957: 14953: 14945: 14938: 14930: 14926: 14918: 14914: 14906: 14902: 14894: 14890: 14882: 14878: 14870: 14866: 14859: 14845: 14838: 14831: 14817: 14806: 14798: 14794: 14786: 14782: 14774: 14770: 14762: 14758: 14750: 14746: 14738: 14734: 14726: 14722: 14710: 14706: 14702:, pp. 4–6. 14698: 14691: 14662: 14658: 14648: 14646: 14633: 14632: 14628: 14620: 14616: 14608: 14604: 14596: 14592: 14584: 14580: 14572: 14568: 14560: 14556: 14548: 14544: 14536: 14532: 14524: 14520: 14512: 14508: 14502:Cruttenden 2014 14500: 14496: 14488: 14484: 14474: 14472: 14461: 14457: 14449: 14445: 14437: 14433: 14425: 14421: 14413: 14409: 14401: 14397: 14389: 14385: 14377: 14373: 14365: 14361: 14353: 14349: 14341: 14337: 14329: 14325: 14317: 14313: 14305: 14301: 14293: 14289: 14281: 14277: 14269: 14265: 14257: 14253: 14243: 14241: 14228: 14227: 14223: 14215: 14211: 14203: 14199: 14191: 14187: 14179: 14175: 14167: 14163: 14155: 14151: 14143: 14139: 14133:Phillipson 2004 14131: 14127: 14119: 14115: 14107: 14103: 14095: 14091: 14083: 14079: 14071: 14064: 14056: 14052: 14044: 14040: 14032: 14028: 14020: 14016: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13994: 13983: 13977: 13976: 13972: 13962: 13960: 13947: 13946: 13942: 13938:, pp. 2–9. 13934: 13930: 13922: 13918: 13910: 13906: 13898: 13894: 13886: 13882: 13874: 13870: 13862: 13858: 13845: 13844: 13840: 13830: 13828: 13819: 13818: 13814: 13800: 13798: 13791:"United States" 13789: 13788: 13784: 13770: 13766: 13753: 13751: 13742: 13741: 13737: 13727: 13725: 13716: 13715: 13711: 13692:Language Policy 13688: 13684: 13674: 13672: 13661: 13660: 13656: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13639: 13635: 13622: 13620: 13611: 13610: 13606: 13593: 13591: 13582: 13581: 13577: 13567: 13565: 13552: 13551: 13547: 13537: 13535: 13530: 13529: 13525: 13492: 13488: 13480: 13476: 13468: 13464: 13460:, pp. 5–6. 13456: 13452: 13444: 13440: 13432: 13428: 13420: 13416: 13412:, pp. 8–9. 13408: 13404: 13396: 13392: 13384: 13380: 13372: 13368: 13360: 13356: 13348: 13344: 13336: 13332: 13324: 13320: 13312: 13308: 13300: 13296: 13288: 13281: 13273: 13269: 13261: 13257: 13249: 13245: 13237: 13233: 13225: 13221: 13213: 13209: 13201: 13190: 13182: 13178: 13170: 13166: 13158: 13154: 13146: 13142: 13134: 13130: 13122: 13118: 13110: 13106: 13098: 13091: 13083: 13076: 13068: 13061: 13053: 13049: 13039: 13037: 13026: 13022: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13002: 13001: 12997: 12989: 12985: 12977: 12973: 12965: 12961: 12953: 12949: 12941: 12934: 12926: 12922: 12914: 12905: 12897: 12888: 12878: 12876: 12869: 12853: 12849: 12841: 12834: 12826: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12801:Cercignani 1981 12799: 12795: 12787: 12783: 12775: 12771: 12763: 12756: 12742: 12740: 12725: 12721: 12711: 12709: 12705: 12698: 12692: 12688: 12681: 12665: 12661: 12653: 12649: 12641: 12637: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12607: 12603: 12595: 12591: 12583: 12579: 12571: 12562: 12552: 12550: 12537: 12530: 12522: 12518: 12510: 12506: 12498: 12494: 12486: 12482: 12474: 12465: 12457: 12453: 12445: 12441: 12433: 12429: 12421: 12417: 12409: 12405: 12397: 12393: 12385: 12381: 12376: 12372: 12364: 12360: 12353: 12339: 12335: 12322: 12318: 12310: 12303: 12295: 12291: 12284: 12262: 12255: 12247: 12243: 12235: 12231: 12223: 12219: 12211: 12207: 12199: 12195: 12187: 12180: 12172: 12168: 12160: 12156: 12148: 12144: 12130: 12108: 12104: 12096: 12089: 12081: 12074: 12067: 12053: 12046: 12025: 12021: 12013: 12006: 12000:Ethnologue 2010 11998: 11994: 11983: 11979: 11971: 11967: 11959: 11955: 11947: 11938: 11928: 11917: 11910: 11900: 11898: 11885: 11884: 11880: 11868: 11864: 11859: 11832: 11805: 11804: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11794: 11785: 11782: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11767: 11760: 11753: 11750: 11739: 11738: 11730: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11718: 11710: 11707: 11694: 11688: 11671: 11619:Jamaican Creole 11561:Bantu languages 11539: 11538: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11520: 11511: 11508: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11482: 11473: 11470: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11448:Nigerian accent 11444: 11436: 11433: 11422: 11421: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11390: 11377: 11351: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11287: 11278: 11275: 11273:Speech examples 11264: 11263: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11243: 11236: 11233: 11220: 11200:Main articles: 11198: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11135: 11127: 11124: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11098: 11089: 11086: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11058: 11049: 11046: 11035: 11034: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11016: 11007: 11004: 10993: 10992: 10984: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10972: 10965: 10962: 10949: 10941:Main articles: 10939: 10864:Scottish Gaelic 10821: 10817: 10807: 10803: 10759:King George III 10729:in 1607. While 10676:Chicano English 10663: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10648: 10645: 10638: 10637: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10590: 10589: 10525: 10524: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10518:Margaret Atwood 10506: 10498: 10495: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10457: 10449: 10446: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10420: 10411: 10408: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10380: 10371: 10368: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10338: 10329: 10326: 10315: 10314: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10286: 10278: 10275: 10262: 10238:Main articles: 10236: 10212:Forth and Bargy 10125:-glottalisation 10003: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9999: 9988: 9979: 9976: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9950: 9942: 9939: 9928: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9913: 9905: 9902: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9870: 9862: 9859: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9833: 9824: 9821: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9791: 9782: 9779: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9747: 9739: 9736: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9721: 9710: 9701: 9698: 9687: 9686: 9678: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9673: 9670:Alain de Botton 9662: 9654: 9651: 9638: 9636:Hiberno-English 9612:Estuary English 9604: 9584:British English 9572: 9566:World Englishes 9560:Main articles: 9558: 9267:, or the words 9109: 9103:English Braille 9095: 9078: 9072: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9009: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8973: 8967: 8959:Main articles: 8957: 8857: 8822:botanical terms 8801: 8789:boy! I'm hungry 8666: 8546: 8502:*I know him not 8442:to an ordinary 8400: 8388:Main articles: 8386: 8321: 8315: 8174: 8158:Auxiliary verbs 8126: 8093: 8091:English adverbs 8087: 8047:to get together 8023: 8007:I saw him leave 7861:going-to future 7764: 7684: 7636:, and the form 7602: 7596: 7556: 7550: 7408:him/her/it/them 7319:Subjective case 7257:Hiberno-English 7177:indirect object 7173:accusative case 7165:nominative case 7161:subjective case 7119: 7113: 7077: 7071: 6984:the slender boy 6934: 6928: 6827:Nouns can form 6661: 6655: 6421: 6419:English grammar 6415: 6321:Estuary English 6286:. Accents like 6177: 6148: 6136: 6112: 6088: 6050: 5945: 5941: 5871: 5867: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5662:is pronounced 5653: 5649: 5609: 5605: 5562: 5550: 5528: 5521: 5509: 5503: 5494: 5486:vowel reduction 5450: 5436: 5432: 5400: 5396: 5376: 5362: 5358: 5329: 5325: 5310:vowel reduction 5303: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5221: 5217: 5183: 5173: 5107: 5087:-coloured vowel 4955: 4685: 4684: 4510: 4504: 4434:in most cases. 4414:, has two main 4328:, the first is 3945: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3845: 3839: 3825:proposed as an 3689: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3611: 3605: 3552:official status 3510: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3452: 3386:second language 3298: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3210: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3169: 3155: 3046: 2981:introduced the 2884: 2878: 2782: 2777: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2716: 2708:Main articles: 2706: 2697:Norse loanwords 2630: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2462: 2447: 2432: 2417: 2312:Celtic language 2292:settled Britain 2256: 450–1150 2255: 2223:The opening of 2217: 2211: 2175:auxiliary verbs 2163:free word order 2161:and relatively 2145:, and law. Its 2086:Norman Conquest 2062: 2057: 2051: 1972:French dialects 1904:, and into the 1865:language family 1849: 1842: 1840: 1825: 1814: 1802: 1793: 1785: 1776: 1756: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1722: 1690:language family 1670:French dialects 1593:second language 1522: 1171:Advanced topics 1108:Without proper 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1069: 1055: 1039: 1032: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1004: 1003: 996: 986: 947:UKUSA Agreement 858: 857: 852: 851: 798: 797: 790: 789: 626: 625: 618: 617: 548:Solomon Islands 329: 328: 319: 312:Official status 305: 299: 294: 288: 280:English Braille 257: 252: 246: 211: 204: 155: 152:Language family 150: 144: 141:: 1.457 billion 132: 124: 120: 47: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26326: 26316: 26315: 26310: 26305: 26300: 26298:Lingua francas 26295: 26290: 26285: 26280: 26275: 26260: 26259: 26242: 26225: 26223:from Wikibooks 26208: 26206:from Wikiquote 26191: 26174: 26145: 26142: 26141: 26129: 26117: 26094: 26093: 26088: 26087: 26084: 26083: 26080: 26079: 26069: 26066: 26065: 26062: 26061: 26058: 26057: 26055: 26054: 26049: 26044: 26037: 26032: 26027: 26022: 26017: 26010: 26005: 26000: 25995: 25990: 25985: 25978: 25973: 25968: 25965:American Samoa 25960: 25958: 25954: 25953: 25951: 25950: 25945: 25938: 25930: 25928: 25924: 25923: 25921: 25920: 25915: 25910: 25905: 25900: 25893: 25886: 25878: 25876: 25870: 25869: 25867: 25866: 25858: 25856: 25852: 25851: 25849: 25848: 25843: 25838: 25833: 25828: 25823: 25818: 25813: 25808: 25803: 25798: 25793: 25788: 25783: 25778: 25773: 25768: 25763: 25758: 25753: 25748: 25743: 25737: 25735: 25731: 25730: 25728: 25727: 25715: 25709: 25708: 25705: 25704: 25702: 25701: 25694: 25691:Norfolk Island 25687: 25682: 25676: 25674: 25668: 25667: 25665: 25664: 25662:United Kingdom 25659: 25652: 25645: 25640: 25632: 25630: 25624: 25623: 25621: 25620: 25613: 25608: 25601: 25596: 25589: 25582: 25579:Sint Eustatius 25575: 25570: 25565: 25560: 25553: 25546: 25541: 25536: 25531: 25524: 25519: 25516:Cayman Islands 25512: 25507: 25500: 25493: 25488: 25483: 25478: 25473: 25465: 25463: 25457: 25456: 25454: 25453: 25445: 25443: 25437: 25436: 25434: 25433: 25421: 25411: 25410: 25408: 25407: 25402: 25396: 25394: 25390: 25389: 25387: 25386: 25381: 25376: 25374:British Empire 25371: 25366: 25360: 25358: 25350: 25349: 25339: 25338: 25328: 25325: 25324: 25317: 25316: 25309: 25302: 25294: 25285: 25284: 25282: 25281: 25274: 25267: 25260: 25253: 25246: 25238: 25236: 25226: 25225: 25223: 25222: 25217: 25212: 25207: 25201: 25199: 25193: 25192: 25190: 25189: 25182: 25175: 25167: 25165: 25159: 25158: 25156: 25155: 25148: 25141: 25134: 25126: 25124: 25118: 25117: 25115: 25114: 25107: 25100: 25093: 25086: 25079: 25072: 25064: 25062: 25056: 25055: 25053: 25052: 25045: 25044: 25043: 25036: 25029: 25022: 25015: 25003: 24996: 24988: 24986: 24980: 24979: 24977: 24976: 24969: 24962: 24954: 24946: 24943:New Dictionary 24938: 24930: 24922: 24913: 24905: 24897: 24889: 24881: 24872: 24870: 24866: 24865: 24863: 24862: 24855: 24848: 24840: 24838: 24836:Middle English 24828: 24827: 24820: 24819: 24812: 24805: 24797: 24788: 24787: 24785: 24784: 24777: 24767: 24764: 24763: 24760: 24759: 24756: 24755: 24753: 24752: 24747: 24742: 24737: 24732: 24727: 24721: 24719: 24715: 24714: 24712: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24645: 24643: 24639: 24638: 24636: 24635: 24630: 24625: 24620: 24618:Proto-Germanic 24614: 24612: 24608: 24607: 24605: 24604: 24597: 24590: 24582: 24581: 24580: 24579: 24574: 24569: 24559: 24554: 24548: 24546: 24536: 24535: 24523: 24522: 24519: 24518: 24515: 24514: 24512: 24511: 24504: 24497: 24493:Crimean Gothic 24482: 24480: 24472: 24471: 24468: 24467: 24465: 24464: 24463: 24462: 24457: 24448: 24445: 24444: 24442: 24441: 24440: 24439: 24429: 24428: 24427: 24420: 24413: 24408: 24403: 24398: 24397: 24396: 24391: 24381: 24380: 24379: 24369: 24367:Insular Danish 24364: 24354: 24353: 24352: 24350:Rinkebysvenska 24347: 24336: 24334: 24330: 24329: 24327: 24326: 24319: 24312: 24311: 24310: 24303: 24291: 24286: 24285: 24284: 24277: 24270: 24264: 24258: 24253: 24248: 24243: 24238: 24233: 24228: 24217: 24215: 24211: 24210: 24208: 24207: 24206: 24205: 24198: 24196:Old East Norse 24193: 24191:Old West Norse 24181: 24173: 24171: 24164: 24154: 24153: 24137: 24136: 24133: 24132: 24129: 24128: 24125: 24124: 24122: 24121: 24114: 24113: 24112: 24102: 24097: 24096: 24095: 24094: 24093: 24088: 24083: 24078: 24073: 24071:South Tyrolean 24063: 24062: 24061: 24051: 24041: 24040: 24039: 24034: 24033: 24032: 24022: 24021: 24020: 24013:High Alemannic 24010: 24009: 24008: 24003: 23986: 23984: 23978: 23977: 23974: 23973: 23971: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23955: 23950: 23945: 23940: 23935: 23929: 23927: 23921: 23920: 23918: 23917: 23912: 23911: 23910: 23900: 23899: 23898: 23897: 23896: 23891: 23881: 23871: 23870: 23869: 23868: 23867: 23866: 23865: 23855: 23850: 23840: 23839: 23838: 23833: 23817: 23815: 23806: 23804:Central German 23800: 23799: 23797: 23796: 23795: 23794: 23789: 23782: 23777: 23772: 23762: 23757: 23756: 23755: 23745: 23743:Barossa German 23740: 23735: 23730: 23725: 23719: 23717: 23705: 23704: 23702: 23701: 23696: 23691: 23685: 23683: 23677: 23676: 23674: 23673: 23672: 23671: 23657: 23650: 23642: 23640: 23633: 23627: 23626: 23623: 23622: 23620: 23619: 23614: 23608: 23606: 23602: 23601: 23599: 23598: 23592: 23590: 23584: 23583: 23581: 23580: 23563: 23558: 23553: 23547: 23546: 23541: 23536: 23531: 23526: 23525: 23524: 23522:French Flemish 23514: 23513: 23512: 23501: 23499: 23495: 23494: 23492: 23491: 23481: 23475: 23473: 23467: 23466: 23464: 23463: 23458: 23453: 23447: 23445: 23438: 23436:Low Franconian 23432: 23431: 23428: 23427: 23425: 23424: 23423: 23422: 23412: 23407: 23402: 23397: 23391: 23389: 23383: 23382: 23380: 23379: 23374: 23369: 23368: 23367: 23357: 23356: 23355: 23350: 23345: 23344: 23343: 23338: 23330: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23304: 23302: 23296: 23295: 23293: 23292: 23285: 23277: 23275: 23268: 23262: 23261: 23258: 23257: 23254: 23253: 23251: 23250: 23249: 23248: 23243: 23242: 23241: 23240: 23239: 23237:Westereendersk 23231: 23220: 23215: 23209: 23207: 23201: 23200: 23198: 23197: 23196: 23195: 23190: 23183: 23178: 23177: 23176: 23171: 23168: 23160: 23155: 23154: 23153: 23142: 23141: 23140: 23135: 23130: 23129: 23128: 23123: 23115: 23104: 23102: 23096: 23095: 23093: 23092: 23091: 23090: 23083: 23076: 23064: 23063: 23062: 23053: 23051: 23045: 23044: 23042: 23041: 23038:Middle Frisian 23034: 23026: 23024: 23017: 23011: 23010: 23008: 23007: 23006: 23005: 22998: 22986: 22985: 22984: 22977: 22970: 22958: 22957: 22956: 22955: 22954: 22944:Modern English 22940: 22937:Middle English 22933: 22926: 22915: 22913: 22904: 22894: 22893: 22881: 22880: 22874: 22871: 22870: 22863: 22862: 22855: 22848: 22840: 22831: 22830: 22828: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22792: 22787: 22786: 22785: 22780: 22772: 22770:Englishisation 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22726: 22724: 22720: 22719: 22716: 22715: 22713: 22712: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22687: 22681: 22679: 22677:Southeast Asia 22673: 22672: 22670: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22653: 22652: 22642: 22636: 22634: 22628: 22627: 22625: 22624: 22618: 22612: 22608: 22607: 22605: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22592:South Atlantic 22589: 22588: 22587: 22582: 22572: 22567: 22562: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22526: 22524: 22520: 22519: 22516: 22515: 22513: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22501: 22500: 22490: 22484: 22481: 22480: 22478: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22456: 22455: 22444: 22442: 22433: 22429: 22428: 22425: 22424: 22422: 22421: 22416: 22410: 22407: 22406: 22404: 22403: 22398: 22393: 22388: 22383: 22382: 22381: 22374:Cayman Islands 22371: 22366: 22361: 22355: 22353: 22347: 22346: 22343: 22342: 22339: 22338: 22336: 22335: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22299: 22298: 22287: 22285: 22284:ethno-cultural 22279: 22278: 22276: 22275: 22270: 22269: 22268: 22263: 22253: 22252: 22251: 22246: 22241: 22236: 22231: 22221: 22220: 22219: 22209: 22208: 22207: 22202: 22192: 22191: 22190: 22180: 22179: 22178: 22173: 22168: 22163: 22153: 22147: 22141: 22133: 22132: 22130: 22129: 22124: 22119: 22114: 22109: 22108: 22107: 22102: 22092: 22086: 22084: 22075: 22064: 22060: 22059: 22056: 22055: 22053: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22036: 22033: 22032: 22030: 22029: 22024: 22019: 22013: 22011: 22005: 22004: 22001: 22000: 21998: 21997: 21992: 21987: 21982: 21976: 21974: 21968: 21967: 21965: 21964: 21959: 21953: 21951: 21945: 21944: 21941: 21940: 21938: 21937: 21936: 21935: 21930: 21920: 21915: 21914: 21913: 21908: 21898: 21892: 21890: 21884: 21883: 21881: 21880: 21879: 21878: 21876:Stoke-on-Trent 21873: 21868: 21858: 21852: 21850: 21846: 21845: 21843: 21842: 21837: 21836: 21835: 21830: 21825: 21820: 21810: 21805: 21800: 21795: 21794: 21793: 21783: 21777: 21775: 21766: 21757: 21746: 21740: 21739: 21735:Modern English 21723: 21722: 21715: 21708: 21700: 21691: 21690: 21687: 21686: 21683: 21682: 21680: 21679: 21672: 21671: 21670: 21665: 21653: 21645: 21640: 21633: 21625: 21617: 21612: 21606: 21604: 21598: 21597: 21595: 21594: 21589: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21569: 21564: 21556: 21548: 21540: 21538: 21528: 21527: 21515: 21514: 21512: 21511: 21509:Modern English 21506: 21501: 21499:Middle English 21496: 21491: 21490: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21452:Proto-Germanic 21449: 21443: 21440: 21439: 21432: 21431: 21424: 21417: 21409: 21403: 21400: 21399: 21387: 21386: 21384: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21338: 21332: 21329: 21328: 21320: 21319: 21312: 21305: 21297: 21291: 21290: 21285: 21275: 21274: 21269: 21263: 21262: 21251: 21250: 21248: 21247:External links 21245: 21243: 21242: 21236: 21215: 21209: 21188: 21137:Wells, John C. 21133: 21127: 21106: 21100: 21087: 21060: 21042: 21027: 21021: 21008: 21002: 20988:. p. 14. 20981: 20975: 20962: 20944: 20929: 20923: 20910: 20904: 20891: 20885: 20863: 20857: 20836: 20825: 20819: 20798: 20785: 20768: 20755: 20730: 20703: 20682: 20676: 20663: 20645: 20639:. A.A. Knopf. 20630: 20612:(3): 259–285. 20601: 20583: 20568: 20550: 20535: 20517: 20508:Indian English 20502: 20471: 20465: 20444: 20438: 20417: 20393: 20387: 20366: 20360: 20339: 20333: 20320: 20307: 20287: 20278: 20260: 20254:. BWV Verlag. 20248:"Introduction" 20243: 20225: 20210: 20204: 20183: 20177: 20156: 20150: 20129: 20109: 20084: 20078: 20065: 20047: 20032: 20001: 19995: 19982: 19976: 19955: 19934: 19916: 19898: 19892: 19871: 19865: 19844: 19815: 19809: 19796: 19786:(6): 594–601. 19775: 19755: 19749: 19728: 19710: 19692: 19686: 19673: 19667: 19644: 19626: 19611: 19586: 19580: 19567: 19541: 19535: 19522: 19516: 19495: 19489: 19468: 19450:(164): 33–63. 19443: 19433:(2): 204–226. 19422: 19401: 19383: 19377: 19361: 19355: 19342: 19336: 19315: 19309: 19288: 19283: 19270: 19261: 19255: 19234: 19228: 19215: 19209: 19196: 19182: 19158: 19132: 19115: 19084: 19069: 19063: 19042: 19036: 19015: 19006: 18971: 18965: 18945: 18924: 18900: 18894: 18877: 18859: 18844: 18824: 18818: 18797: 18783: 18762: 18756: 18743: 18737: 18716: 18710: 18697: 18691: 18678: 18665: 18647: 18632: 18611: 18594:Graddol, David 18590: 18562:Graddol, David 18558: 18552: 18531: 18525: 18508: 18481: 18475: 18462: 18456: 18443: 18437: 18424: 18357: 18351: 18330: 18324: 18311: 18284: 18260: 18254: 18241: 18235: 18214: 18208: 18187: 18166: 18160: 18139: 18121: 18106: 18100: 18075: 18057: 18042: 18024: 18009: 18003: 17982: 17957: 17939: 17925:Crystal, David 17921: 17903: 17889:Crystal, David 17885: 17879: 17863:Language Death 17858: 17852: 17839: 17821: 17804: 17798: 17777: 17771: 17758: 17730: 17704: 17689: 17683: 17670: 17660:(2): 117–153. 17649: 17643: 17619: 17613: 17592: 17586: 17565: 17547: 17532: 17497: 17491: 17475: 17457: 17442: 17410: 17385: 17379: 17364: 17358: 17345: 17339: 17318: 17312: 17295: 17289: 17272: 17266: 17245: 17224: 17218: 17197: 17191: 17178: 17151:(3): 319–338. 17133: 17127: 17102: 17096: 17075: 17069: 17056: 17050: 17029: 17023: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17001: 17000: 16979: 16967: 16955: 16943: 16931: 16929:, p. 115. 16919: 16907: 16896:(2): 165–177. 16880: 16850: 16838: 16826: 16814: 16788:(2): 226–233. 16765: 16758: 16732: 16720: 16708: 16696: 16684: 16672: 16660: 16648: 16636: 16624: 16605: 16582: 16570: 16558: 16546: 16534: 16522: 16482: 16452: 16443: 16433:Labov, William 16425: 16413: 16401: 16389: 16377: 16365: 16353: 16341: 16334: 16316: 16304: 16292: 16280: 16268: 16256: 16244: 16218: 16206: 16194: 16182: 16170: 16168:, p. 125. 16158: 16146: 16144:, p. 107. 16134: 16132:, p. 290. 16122: 16120:, p. 159. 16118:Mountford 2006 16110: 16098: 16086: 16074: 16072:, p. 654. 16062: 16058:Mountford 2006 16050: 16048:, p. 156. 16046:Mountford 2006 16038: 16023: 16021:, p. 653. 16004: 15992: 15988:Mountford 2006 15980: 15978:, p. 149. 15965: 15963:, p. 202. 15950: 15948:, p. 198. 15938: 15936:, p. 197. 15926: 15924:, p. 692. 15914: 15902: 15890: 15888:, p. 302. 15878: 15866: 15854: 15820: 15818:, p. 196. 15805: 15786: 15766: 15747: 15727: 15725:, p. 265. 15715: 15703: 15681: 15669: 15667:, p. 129. 15654: 15650:Kastovsky 2006 15637: 15625: 15604: 15574: 15570:Schiffrin 1988 15562: 15550: 15538: 15526: 15514: 15502: 15490: 15478: 15476:, p. 114. 15466: 15464:, p. 557. 15454: 15452:, p. 545. 15442: 15430: 15428:, p. 551. 15418: 15388: 15386:, p. 550. 15376: 15374:, p. 553. 15364: 15352: 15340: 15310: 15298: 15286: 15271: 15259: 15247: 15245:, p. 541. 15235: 15220: 15205: 15203:, p. 426. 15193: 15162: 15135: 15123: 15119:Jespersen 2007 15111: 15091: 15079: 15067: 15055: 15025: 14988: 14981: 14963: 14951: 14949:, p. 540. 14936: 14924: 14912: 14900: 14888: 14876: 14874:, p. 118. 14864: 14857: 14836: 14829: 14804: 14792: 14790:, p. 493. 14780: 14768: 14766:, p. 114. 14756: 14744: 14740:Giegerich 1992 14732: 14720: 14704: 14689: 14656: 14626: 14614: 14602: 14590: 14578: 14566: 14554: 14542: 14540:, p. 121. 14530: 14528:, p. 167. 14518: 14506: 14504:, p. 138. 14494: 14482: 14455: 14443: 14431: 14419: 14407: 14405:, p. 534. 14395: 14383: 14371: 14359: 14347: 14335: 14333:, p. 163. 14331:Meierkord 2006 14323: 14311: 14299: 14287: 14275: 14263: 14251: 14221: 14209: 14197: 14185: 14183:, p. 321. 14173: 14161: 14149: 14147:, p. 261. 14137: 14125: 14113: 14101: 14089: 14087:, p. 139. 14077: 14062: 14050: 14048:, p. 165. 14046:Meierkord 2006 14038: 14026: 14014: 13992: 13970: 13940: 13928: 13924:Annamalai 2006 13916: 13914:, p. 594. 13904: 13892: 13890:, p. 195. 13880: 13868: 13856: 13838: 13812: 13782: 13764: 13735: 13709: 13698:(2): 141–160. 13682: 13671:. 6 April 2006 13654: 13633: 13619:. January 2020 13604: 13575: 13545: 13523: 13486: 13484:, p. 131. 13474: 13472:, p. 130. 13462: 13450: 13448:, p. 122. 13438: 13426: 13414: 13402: 13390: 13378: 13366: 13354: 13342: 13340:, p. 198. 13330: 13328:, p. 197. 13318: 13306: 13294: 13279: 13275:Schneider 2007 13267: 13255: 13243: 13231: 13219: 13207: 13205:, p. 377. 13188: 13176: 13164: 13152: 13140: 13128: 13116: 13104: 13089: 13087:, p. 196. 13074: 13059: 13057:, p. 106. 13047: 13020: 12995: 12983: 12971: 12959: 12947: 12932: 12920: 12903: 12886: 12867: 12847: 12832: 12830:, p. 614. 12817: 12815:, p. 586. 12805: 12793: 12781: 12769: 12754: 12719: 12701:. Wesley NNU. 12686: 12679: 12659: 12647: 12635: 12621: 12601: 12589: 12577: 12560: 12528: 12516: 12504: 12492: 12480: 12463: 12451: 12439: 12427: 12415: 12403: 12391: 12379: 12370: 12368:, p. 539. 12358: 12351: 12333: 12316: 12301: 12289: 12282: 12253: 12241: 12229: 12217: 12205: 12193: 12178: 12166: 12154: 12142: 12128: 12102: 12087: 12072: 12065: 12044: 12019: 12004: 11992: 11977: 11973:Wardhaugh 2010 11965: 11953: 11936: 11908: 11878: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11831: 11828: 11807: 11806: 11795: 11783: 11780:Speech example 11778: 11777: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11761: 11751: 11748:Speech example 11746: 11745: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11729: 11719: 11708: 11705:Speech example 11703: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11699: 11690:Main article: 11687: 11684: 11651:Indian English 11623:code-switching 11607:Cayman Islands 11543: 11542: 11540: 11526:woman with an 11521: 11509: 11506:Speech example 11504: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11483: 11471: 11468:Speech example 11466: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11445: 11434: 11431:Speech example 11429: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11412: 11402: 11391: 11388:Speech example 11386: 11385: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11367:Indian English 11350: 11347: 11300: 11299: 11288: 11276: 11271: 11270: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11254: 11244: 11234: 11231:Speech example 11229: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11218:Brunei English 11197: 11196:Southeast Asia 11194: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11136: 11125: 11122:Speech example 11120: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11106:Eleanor Catton 11099: 11087: 11084:Speech example 11082: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11059: 11047: 11044:Speech example 11042: 11041: 11040: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11017: 11005: 11002:Speech example 11000: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10983: 10973: 10963: 10960:Speech example 10958: 10957: 10956: 10955: 10954: 10938: 10935: 10930:Creole English 10907:pin–pen merger 10891:glide-deleting 10868:Acadian French 10802:of the vowels 10653: 10646: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10614: 10607: 10598: 10587: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10527: 10526: 10507: 10496: 10493:Speech example 10491: 10490: 10489: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10469:D. J. Shockley 10458: 10447: 10444:Speech example 10442: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10421: 10409: 10406:Speech example 10404: 10403: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10381: 10369: 10366:Speech example 10364: 10363: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10339: 10327: 10324:Speech example 10322: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10305: 10287: 10276: 10273:Speech example 10271: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10235: 10232: 10224:Ulster English 10204:County Wexford 10113:is pronounced 10065:dialects, the 10015:United Kingdom 10005: 10004: 9989: 9977: 9974:Speech example 9972: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9951: 9940: 9937:Speech example 9935: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9914: 9903: 9900:Speech example 9898: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9871: 9860: 9857:Speech example 9855: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9834: 9822: 9819:Speech example 9817: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9792: 9780: 9777:Speech example 9775: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9748: 9737: 9734:Speech example 9732: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9714:Cockney accent 9711: 9699: 9696:Speech example 9694: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9677: 9663: 9652: 9649:Speech example 9647: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9643: 9632:Ulster English 9628:Scots language 9603: 9600: 9557: 9554: 9354:. The letters 9113:Latin alphabet 9094: 9091: 9076:Englishization 9074:Main article: 9071: 9068: 9037:orthographical 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8956: 8953: 8856: 8853: 8845:lexicographers 8805:obsolete words 8800: 8797: 8679:cleft sentence 8665: 8662: 8618:) appear in a 8545: 8542: 8472:*Know you him? 8436:Modern English 8385: 8382: 8376:as well as by 8317:Main article: 8314: 8311: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8173: 8170: 8125: 8122: 8089:Main article: 8086: 8083: 8055:to put up with 8022: 8019: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7886:Second person 7883: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7809:Second person 7806: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7683:3rd person sg. 7680: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7668:Plain present 7665: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7598:Main article: 7595: 7592: 7552:Main article: 7549: 7546: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7397: 7396:3rd, singular 7393: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7366:2nd, singular 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7336:1st, singular 7333: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7322:Objective case 7320: 7317: 7308: 7307: 7300:gender-neutral 7260: 7185:Otto Jespersen 7169:objective case 7115:Main article: 7112: 7109: 7073:Main article: 7070: 7067: 6930:Main article: 6927: 6924: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6785: 6784: 6754: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6657:Main article: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6600: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6417:Main article: 6414: 6411: 6369:rhotic dialect 6229:Canadian Shift 6186: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6072: 6067: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5493: 5490: 5172: 5169: 5106: 5103: 5093:(phonemically 4984:as opposed to 4952: 4951: 4945: 4937: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4745: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4697: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4656: 4651: 4643: 4642: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4603: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4512: 4511: 4506:Main article: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4488: 4461: 4460: 4446: 4430:. GA has dark 4408: 4407: 4390:fortis stops: 4388: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4197: 4195: 4186: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4022: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3912:, and for RP. 3898:Main article: 3895: 3892: 3865:United Kingdom 3841:Main article: 3838: 3835: 3807:language death 3796:Simple English 3740:at the end of 3738:United Nations 3715:world language 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3607:Main article: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3581:United Kingdom 3577: 3562: 3555: 3544: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3359:United Kingdom 3346: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3304:Percentage of 3297: 3294: 3282:first language 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3154: 3151: 3083:published the 3073:published his 3071:Samuel Johnson 3050:British Empire 3045: 3042: 2983:printing press 2979:William Caxton 2880:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2753: 2710:Middle English 2705: 2704:Middle English 2702: 2695:). Other core 2692:hie, him, hera 2650:North Germanic 2629: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2583: 2580: 2479:had many more 2402:Latin alphabet 2394:Scots language 2213:Main article: 2210: 2207: 2199:interrogatives 2147:modern grammar 2131:British Empire 2116:printing press 2082:Middle English 2061: 2058: 2053:Main article: 2050: 2047: 2039:palatalisation 2011:Proto-Germanic 1980:mixed language 1922:Middle English 1869:English is an 1841: 1824: 1809:in Europe and 1801: 1784: 1755: 1739: 1733: 1721: 1720:Classification 1718: 1666:Middle English 1630:of diplomacy, 1624:European Union 1616:United Kingdom 1569:British Empire 1524: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1513: 1506: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1446:South Atlantic 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189:Modern English 1186: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1112:, you may see 1098: 1097: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1001: 993: 992: 991:Language codes 988: 987: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 867:European Union 864: 862:United Nations 855: 854: 853: 850: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 793: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 735:Norfolk Island 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 665:Cayman Islands 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 635:American Samoa 632: 621: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 593:United Kingdom 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 324: 323: 322: 320: 317: 314: 313: 309: 308: 300: 293: 290: 289: 287: 286: 277: 271: 260: 258: 254:Writing system 251: 248: 247: 245: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 231:Middle English 221:Proto-Germanic 214: 212: 209: 206: 205: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 158: 156: 149: 146: 145: 143: 142: 136: 125: 114: 110: 109: 87:United Kingdom 79: 78:Native to 75: 74: 41: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26325: 26314: 26311: 26309: 26306: 26304: 26301: 26299: 26296: 26294: 26291: 26289: 26286: 26284: 26281: 26279: 26276: 26274: 26271: 26270: 26268: 26257:from Wikidata 26256: 26255: 26243: 26239: 26238: 26226: 26222: 26221: 26209: 26205: 26204: 26192: 26188: 26187: 26175: 26171: 26170: 26158: 26157: 26154: 26148: 26140: 26135: 26130: 26128: 26123: 26118: 26116: 26111: 26106: 26105: 26102: 26076: 26072: 26067: 26053: 26050: 26048: 26045: 26043: 26042: 26038: 26036: 26033: 26031: 26028: 26026: 26023: 26021: 26018: 26016: 26015: 26011: 26009: 26006: 26004: 26001: 25999: 25996: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25986: 25984: 25983: 25979: 25977: 25974: 25972: 25969: 25967: 25966: 25962: 25961: 25959: 25955: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25943: 25939: 25937: 25936: 25932: 25931: 25929: 25925: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25909: 25906: 25904: 25901: 25899: 25898: 25894: 25892: 25891: 25887: 25885: 25884: 25880: 25879: 25877: 25875: 25871: 25865: 25864: 25860: 25859: 25857: 25853: 25847: 25844: 25842: 25839: 25837: 25834: 25832: 25829: 25827: 25824: 25822: 25819: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25792: 25789: 25787: 25784: 25782: 25779: 25777: 25774: 25772: 25769: 25767: 25764: 25762: 25759: 25757: 25754: 25752: 25749: 25747: 25744: 25742: 25739: 25738: 25736: 25732: 25726: 25723: 25722: 25719: 25716: 25710: 25700: 25699: 25695: 25693: 25692: 25688: 25686: 25683: 25681: 25678: 25677: 25675: 25673: 25669: 25663: 25660: 25658: 25657: 25653: 25651: 25650: 25646: 25644: 25641: 25639: 25638: 25634: 25633: 25631: 25629: 25625: 25619: 25618: 25614: 25612: 25611:United States 25609: 25607: 25606: 25602: 25600: 25597: 25595: 25594: 25590: 25588: 25587: 25583: 25581: 25580: 25576: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25558: 25554: 25552: 25551: 25547: 25545: 25542: 25540: 25537: 25535: 25532: 25530: 25529: 25525: 25523: 25520: 25518: 25517: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25506: 25505: 25501: 25499: 25498: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25487: 25484: 25482: 25479: 25477: 25474: 25472: 25471: 25467: 25466: 25464: 25462: 25458: 25452: 25451: 25447: 25446: 25444: 25442: 25438: 25432: 25429: 25428: 25425: 25422: 25416: 25412: 25406: 25403: 25401: 25398: 25397: 25395: 25391: 25385: 25382: 25380: 25377: 25375: 25372: 25370: 25367: 25365: 25362: 25361: 25359: 25355: 25351: 25347:Further links 25344: 25340: 25326: 25322: 25315: 25310: 25308: 25303: 25301: 25296: 25295: 25292: 25280: 25279: 25275: 25273: 25272: 25268: 25266: 25265: 25261: 25259: 25258: 25254: 25252: 25251: 25247: 25245: 25244: 25240: 25239: 25237: 25235: 25231: 25227: 25221: 25218: 25216: 25213: 25211: 25208: 25206: 25203: 25202: 25200: 25198: 25194: 25188: 25187: 25183: 25181: 25180: 25176: 25174: 25173: 25169: 25168: 25166: 25164: 25160: 25154: 25153: 25152:Gage Canadian 25149: 25147: 25146: 25142: 25140: 25139: 25135: 25133: 25132: 25128: 25127: 25125: 25123: 25119: 25113: 25112: 25108: 25106: 25105: 25101: 25099: 25098: 25094: 25092: 25091: 25087: 25085: 25084: 25080: 25078: 25077: 25073: 25071: 25070: 25066: 25065: 25063: 25061: 25057: 25051: 25050: 25046: 25042: 25041: 25037: 25035: 25034: 25030: 25028: 25027: 25023: 25021: 25020: 25016: 25014: 25013: 25009: 25008: 25007: 25004: 25002: 25001: 24997: 24995: 24994: 24990: 24989: 24987: 24985: 24981: 24975: 24974: 24970: 24968: 24967: 24963: 24960: 24959: 24955: 24952: 24951: 24947: 24945: 24944: 24941:Richardson's 24939: 24937: 24936: 24931: 24928: 24927: 24923: 24920: 24919: 24914: 24911: 24910: 24906: 24903: 24902: 24898: 24895: 24894: 24890: 24887: 24886: 24882: 24879: 24878: 24874: 24873: 24871: 24867: 24861: 24860: 24856: 24854: 24853: 24849: 24847: 24846: 24842: 24841: 24839: 24837: 24833: 24829: 24825: 24818: 24813: 24811: 24806: 24804: 24799: 24798: 24795: 24782: 24778: 24776: 24772: 24769: 24768: 24765: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24743: 24741: 24738: 24736: 24733: 24731: 24728: 24726: 24725:Germanic verb 24723: 24722: 24720: 24716: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24664:Sievers's law 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24646: 24644: 24640: 24634: 24631: 24629: 24626: 24624: 24621: 24619: 24616: 24615: 24613: 24611:Reconstructed 24609: 24603: 24602: 24598: 24596: 24595: 24591: 24589: 24588: 24584: 24583: 24578: 24575: 24573: 24570: 24568: 24565: 24564: 24563: 24560: 24558: 24555: 24553: 24550: 24549: 24547: 24545: 24541: 24537: 24533: 24528: 24524: 24510: 24509: 24505: 24503: 24502: 24498: 24495: 24494: 24489: 24488: 24484: 24483: 24481: 24479: 24478: 24473: 24461: 24458: 24456: 24453: 24452: 24450: 24449: 24446: 24438: 24435: 24434: 24433: 24430: 24426: 24425: 24424:Middle Danish 24421: 24419: 24418: 24414: 24412: 24409: 24407: 24404: 24402: 24399: 24395: 24392: 24390: 24387: 24386: 24385: 24382: 24378: 24375: 24374: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24363: 24360: 24359: 24358: 24355: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24342: 24341: 24338: 24337: 24335: 24331: 24325: 24324: 24320: 24318: 24317: 24313: 24309: 24308: 24304: 24302: 24301: 24300:Old Icelandic 24297: 24296: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24283: 24282: 24278: 24276: 24275: 24274:Old Norwegian 24271: 24268: 24265: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24254: 24252: 24249: 24247: 24244: 24242: 24239: 24237: 24234: 24232: 24229: 24227: 24224: 24223: 24222: 24219: 24218: 24216: 24212: 24204: 24203: 24199: 24197: 24194: 24192: 24189: 24188: 24187: 24186: 24182: 24180: 24179: 24175: 24174: 24172: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24159: 24155: 24151: 24147: 24142: 24138: 24120: 24119: 24115: 24111: 24108: 24107: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24092: 24091:Gottscheerish 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24079: 24077: 24074: 24072: 24069: 24068: 24067: 24064: 24060: 24057: 24056: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24046: 24045: 24042: 24038: 24035: 24031: 24030:Walser German 24028: 24027: 24026: 24023: 24019: 24016: 24015: 24014: 24011: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23998: 23997: 23996:Low Alemannic 23994: 23993: 23991: 23988: 23987: 23985: 23983: 23979: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23958:High Prussian 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23943:Erzgebirgisch 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23930: 23928: 23926: 23922: 23916: 23913: 23909: 23906: 23905: 23904: 23901: 23895: 23892: 23890: 23887: 23886: 23885: 23882: 23880: 23877: 23876: 23875: 23872: 23864: 23861: 23860: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23851: 23849: 23848:Luxembourgish 23846: 23845: 23844: 23841: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23828: 23827: 23824: 23823: 23822: 23819: 23818: 23816: 23814: 23810: 23807: 23805: 23801: 23793: 23790: 23788: 23787: 23786:Klezmer-loshn 23783: 23781: 23780:Scots Yiddish 23778: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23767: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23754: 23751: 23750: 23749: 23746: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23736: 23734: 23731: 23729: 23726: 23724: 23721: 23720: 23718: 23716: 23711: 23706: 23700: 23697: 23695: 23692: 23690: 23687: 23686: 23684: 23682: 23678: 23670: 23669: 23665: 23664: 23663: 23662: 23658: 23656: 23655: 23651: 23649: 23648: 23644: 23643: 23641: 23637: 23634: 23632: 23628: 23618: 23617:Meuse-Rhenish 23615: 23613: 23610: 23609: 23607: 23603: 23597: 23594: 23593: 23591: 23589: 23585: 23579: 23575: 23571: 23567: 23564: 23562: 23559: 23557: 23554: 23552: 23549: 23548: 23545: 23544:Kleverlandish 23542: 23540: 23537: 23535: 23532: 23530: 23527: 23523: 23520: 23519: 23518: 23515: 23511: 23508: 23507: 23506: 23505:Central Dutch 23503: 23502: 23500: 23496: 23489: 23485: 23482: 23480: 23477: 23476: 23474: 23472: 23468: 23462: 23459: 23457: 23454: 23452: 23449: 23448: 23446: 23442: 23439: 23437: 23433: 23421: 23418: 23417: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23401: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23392: 23390: 23388: 23384: 23378: 23375: 23373: 23370: 23366: 23363: 23362: 23361: 23358: 23354: 23351: 23349: 23346: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23333: 23331: 23329: 23326: 23324: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23313:Stellingwarfs 23311: 23310: 23309: 23306: 23305: 23303: 23301: 23297: 23291: 23290: 23286: 23284: 23283: 23279: 23278: 23276: 23272: 23269: 23267: 23263: 23247: 23244: 23238: 23235: 23234: 23233:Wood Frisian 23232: 23229: 23228: 23227: 23224: 23223: 23221: 23219: 23216: 23214: 23211: 23210: 23208: 23206: 23202: 23194: 23191: 23189: 23188: 23184: 23182: 23179: 23175: 23172: 23169: 23166: 23165: 23164: 23161: 23159: 23156: 23151: 23150: 23149: 23146: 23145: 23143: 23139: 23136: 23134: 23131: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23118: 23116: 23114: 23113: 23109: 23108: 23106: 23105: 23103: 23101: 23100:North Frisian 23097: 23089: 23088: 23084: 23082: 23081: 23077: 23075: 23074: 23070: 23069: 23068: 23065: 23061: 23058: 23057: 23055: 23054: 23052: 23050: 23046: 23040: 23039: 23035: 23033: 23032: 23028: 23027: 23025: 23021: 23018: 23016: 23012: 23004: 23003: 22999: 22997: 22996: 22992: 22991: 22990: 22987: 22983: 22982: 22978: 22976: 22975: 22971: 22969: 22968: 22964: 22963: 22962: 22959: 22953: 22952: 22948: 22947: 22946: 22945: 22941: 22939: 22938: 22934: 22932: 22931: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22921: 22920: 22917: 22916: 22914: 22912: 22908: 22905: 22903: 22902:Anglo-Frisian 22899: 22895: 22891: 22886: 22882: 22878: 22872: 22868: 22861: 22856: 22854: 22849: 22847: 22842: 22841: 22838: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22791: 22790:International 22788: 22784: 22781: 22779: 22776: 22775: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22727: 22725: 22721: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22691: 22688: 22686: 22683: 22682: 22680: 22678: 22674: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22651: 22648: 22647: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22637: 22635: 22633: 22629: 22623: 22620: 22619: 22616: 22613: 22609: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22577: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22527: 22525: 22521: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22499: 22496: 22495: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22485: 22482: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22470:Torres Strait 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22454: 22451: 22450: 22449: 22446: 22445: 22443: 22441: 22437: 22434: 22430: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22411: 22408: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22384: 22380: 22377: 22376: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22356: 22354: 22352: 22348: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22297: 22294: 22293: 22292: 22289: 22288: 22286: 22280: 22274: 22271: 22267: 22264: 22262: 22259: 22258: 22257: 22254: 22250: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22232: 22230: 22227: 22226: 22225: 22222: 22218: 22215: 22214: 22213: 22210: 22206: 22205:North-Central 22203: 22201: 22198: 22197: 22196: 22193: 22189: 22186: 22185: 22184: 22183:New York City 22181: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22159: 22158: 22157: 22154: 22152: 22149: 22148: 22145: 22142: 22140: 22134: 22128: 22125: 22123: 22120: 22118: 22117:Ottawa Valley 22115: 22113: 22110: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22097: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22088: 22087: 22085: 22083: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22068: 22065: 22061: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22038: 22037: 22034: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22014: 22012: 22010: 22006: 21996: 21993: 21991: 21988: 21986: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21977: 21975: 21973: 21969: 21963: 21960: 21958: 21955: 21954: 21952: 21950: 21946: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21925: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21912: 21911:Multicultural 21909: 21907: 21904: 21903: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21893: 21891: 21889: 21885: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21871:Black Country 21869: 21867: 21864: 21863: 21862: 21861:West Midlands 21859: 21857: 21856:East Midlands 21854: 21853: 21851: 21847: 21841: 21838: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21819: 21816: 21815: 21814: 21811: 21809: 21806: 21804: 21801: 21799: 21796: 21792: 21789: 21788: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21778: 21776: 21774: 21770: 21767: 21765: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21741: 21736: 21732: 21728: 21721: 21716: 21714: 21709: 21707: 21702: 21701: 21698: 21678: 21677: 21673: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21660: 21659: 21658: 21654: 21652: 21650: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21638: 21634: 21632: 21631:-vocalization 21630: 21626: 21624: 21622: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21611: 21608: 21607: 21605: 21603: 21599: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21557: 21555: 21549: 21547: 21546: 21542: 21541: 21539: 21537: 21533: 21529: 21525: 21520: 21516: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21469: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21444: 21441: 21437: 21430: 21425: 21423: 21418: 21416: 21411: 21410: 21407: 21401: 21394: 21382: 21379: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21333: 21330: 21326: 21318: 21313: 21311: 21306: 21304: 21299: 21298: 21295: 21289: 21286: 21283: 21280: 21279: 21273: 21270: 21268: 21265: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21239: 21233: 21229: 21225: 21221: 21216: 21212: 21206: 21202: 21198: 21194: 21189: 21180: 21171: 21162: 21158: 21154: 21150: 21146: 21142: 21138: 21134: 21130: 21124: 21120: 21116: 21112: 21107: 21103: 21097: 21093: 21088: 21085: 21073: 21066: 21061: 21049: 21045: 21039: 21035: 21034: 21028: 21024: 21018: 21014: 21009: 21005: 20999: 20995: 20991: 20987: 20982: 20978: 20972: 20968: 20963: 20951: 20947: 20941: 20937: 20936: 20930: 20926: 20920: 20916: 20911: 20907: 20901: 20897: 20892: 20888: 20882: 20878: 20877: 20872: 20868: 20864: 20860: 20854: 20850: 20846: 20842: 20837: 20833: 20832: 20826: 20822: 20816: 20812: 20808: 20804: 20799: 20788: 20782: 20777: 20776: 20769: 20762: 20758: 20752: 20745: 20744: 20736: 20731: 20716: 20709: 20704: 20692: 20688: 20683: 20679: 20673: 20669: 20664: 20652: 20648: 20642: 20638: 20637: 20631: 20627: 20623: 20619: 20615: 20611: 20607: 20602: 20590: 20586: 20580: 20576: 20575: 20569: 20557: 20553: 20547: 20543: 20542: 20536: 20524: 20520: 20514: 20510: 20509: 20503: 20488: 20484: 20477: 20472: 20468: 20462: 20458: 20454: 20450: 20445: 20441: 20435: 20431: 20427: 20423: 20418: 20406: 20402: 20398: 20394: 20390: 20384: 20380: 20376: 20372: 20367: 20363: 20357: 20353: 20349: 20345: 20340: 20336: 20330: 20326: 20321: 20310: 20304: 20299: 20298: 20292: 20288: 20284: 20279: 20267: 20263: 20257: 20253: 20249: 20244: 20232: 20228: 20222: 20219:. Routledge. 20218: 20217: 20211: 20207: 20201: 20197: 20193: 20189: 20184: 20180: 20174: 20170: 20166: 20162: 20157: 20153: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20135: 20130: 20118: 20114: 20110: 20098: 20094: 20090: 20085: 20081: 20075: 20071: 20066: 20054: 20050: 20044: 20040: 20039: 20033: 20018: 20014: 20007: 20002: 19998: 19992: 19988: 19983: 19979: 19973: 19969: 19965: 19961: 19956: 19944: 19940: 19935: 19923: 19919: 19913: 19909: 19908: 19903: 19899: 19895: 19889: 19885: 19881: 19877: 19872: 19868: 19862: 19858: 19854: 19850: 19845: 19841: 19837: 19833: 19829: 19825: 19821: 19816: 19812: 19806: 19802: 19797: 19793: 19789: 19785: 19781: 19776: 19764: 19760: 19756: 19752: 19746: 19742: 19738: 19734: 19729: 19717: 19713: 19707: 19703: 19702: 19697: 19693: 19689: 19683: 19679: 19674: 19670: 19664: 19660: 19656: 19652: 19651: 19645: 19633: 19629: 19623: 19619: 19618: 19612: 19608: 19604: 19600: 19596: 19592: 19587: 19583: 19577: 19574:. Blackwell. 19573: 19568: 19556: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19538: 19532: 19528: 19523: 19519: 19513: 19509: 19504: 19503: 19496: 19492: 19486: 19482: 19478: 19474: 19469: 19465: 19461: 19457: 19453: 19449: 19444: 19440: 19436: 19432: 19428: 19423: 19408: 19404: 19398: 19391: 19390: 19384: 19380: 19374: 19370: 19366: 19362: 19358: 19352: 19348: 19343: 19339: 19333: 19329: 19325: 19321: 19316: 19312: 19306: 19302: 19297: 19296: 19289: 19286: 19280: 19276: 19271: 19267: 19262: 19258: 19252: 19248: 19244: 19240: 19235: 19231: 19225: 19221: 19216: 19212: 19210:9780813933276 19206: 19202: 19197: 19193: 19189: 19185: 19179: 19175: 19171: 19167: 19163: 19159: 19147: 19143: 19139: 19135: 19129: 19125: 19121: 19120:"17. English" 19116: 19113: 19099: 19095: 19091: 19087: 19081: 19077: 19076: 19070: 19066: 19060: 19056: 19051: 19050: 19043: 19039: 19033: 19029: 19025: 19021: 19016: 19012: 19007: 18992: 18988: 18984: 18977: 18972: 18968: 18962: 18958: 18955:. Cambridge: 18954: 18950: 18946: 18934: 18930: 18925: 18922: 18909: 18905: 18901: 18897: 18895:9780340614457 18891: 18887: 18883: 18878: 18866: 18862: 18856: 18852: 18851: 18845: 18833: 18829: 18825: 18821: 18815: 18811: 18806: 18805: 18798: 18794: 18790: 18786: 18780: 18776: 18772: 18768: 18763: 18759: 18753: 18749: 18744: 18740: 18734: 18730: 18726: 18722: 18717: 18713: 18707: 18703: 18698: 18694: 18688: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18673: 18666: 18654: 18650: 18644: 18641:. Routledge. 18640: 18639: 18633: 18618: 18614: 18608: 18601: 18600: 18595: 18591: 18576: 18569: 18568: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18549: 18545: 18541: 18537: 18532: 18528: 18522: 18518: 18514: 18509: 18497: 18493: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18478: 18472: 18468: 18463: 18459: 18453: 18449: 18444: 18440: 18434: 18430: 18425: 18410: 18406: 18402: 18398: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18380: 18376: 18375: 18367: 18365: 18358: 18354: 18348: 18344: 18339: 18338: 18331: 18327: 18321: 18317: 18312: 18297: 18290: 18285: 18273: 18269: 18265: 18261: 18257: 18251: 18247: 18242: 18238: 18232: 18228: 18224: 18220: 18215: 18211: 18205: 18201: 18197: 18193: 18188: 18184: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18167: 18163: 18157: 18153: 18149: 18145: 18140: 18128: 18124: 18118: 18114: 18113: 18107: 18103: 18097: 18093: 18088: 18087: 18081: 18076: 18064: 18060: 18054: 18050: 18049: 18043: 18031: 18027: 18021: 18017: 18016: 18010: 18006: 18000: 17996: 17991: 17990: 17983: 17971: 17967: 17963: 17958: 17946: 17942: 17936: 17932: 17931: 17926: 17922: 17910: 17906: 17900: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17886: 17882: 17876: 17872: 17868: 17864: 17859: 17855: 17849: 17845: 17840: 17828: 17824: 17818: 17813: 17812: 17805: 17801: 17795: 17791: 17787: 17783: 17778: 17774: 17768: 17764: 17759: 17755: 17751: 17747: 17743: 17739: 17735: 17731: 17719: 17715: 17711: 17707: 17701: 17697: 17696: 17690: 17686: 17680: 17676: 17671: 17667: 17663: 17659: 17655: 17650: 17646: 17640: 17636: 17632: 17628: 17624: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17606: 17601: 17600: 17593: 17589: 17583: 17579: 17575: 17571: 17566: 17554: 17550: 17544: 17540: 17539: 17533: 17521: 17517: 17513: 17511: 17506: 17502: 17498: 17494: 17488: 17484: 17480: 17476: 17464: 17460: 17454: 17450: 17449: 17443: 17439: 17433: 17417: 17413: 17407: 17403: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17386: 17382: 17376: 17372: 17371: 17365: 17361: 17355: 17351: 17346: 17342: 17336: 17332: 17328: 17324: 17319: 17315: 17309: 17305: 17301: 17296: 17292: 17290:9789027248763 17286: 17282: 17278: 17273: 17269: 17263: 17259: 17254: 17253: 17246: 17234: 17230: 17225: 17221: 17215: 17211: 17207: 17203: 17198: 17194: 17188: 17184: 17179: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17139: 17134: 17130: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17103: 17099: 17093: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17076: 17072: 17066: 17062: 17057: 17053: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17030: 17026: 17024:9781405164252 17020: 17016: 17011: 17010: 16997: 16996:9780878400997 16993: 16986: 16984: 16976: 16971: 16964: 16959: 16952: 16947: 16940: 16935: 16928: 16923: 16916: 16911: 16903: 16899: 16895: 16891: 16884: 16868: 16864: 16860: 16854: 16847: 16842: 16835: 16830: 16823: 16818: 16807: 16803: 16799: 16795: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16776: 16769: 16761: 16755: 16751: 16747: 16743: 16736: 16729: 16724: 16717: 16716:Maclagan 2010 16712: 16705: 16700: 16693: 16692:Burridge 2010 16688: 16681: 16676: 16669: 16668:Eagleson 1982 16664: 16657: 16656:Patrick 2006b 16652: 16645: 16640: 16633: 16628: 16612: 16608: 16602: 16598: 16597: 16592: 16586: 16579: 16574: 16567: 16562: 16555: 16550: 16543: 16538: 16531: 16526: 16508: 16504: 16500: 16493: 16486: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16456: 16447: 16440: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16422: 16417: 16410: 16405: 16398: 16393: 16386: 16381: 16374: 16369: 16363:, p. 34. 16362: 16357: 16350: 16345: 16337: 16331: 16327: 16320: 16313: 16308: 16301: 16296: 16290:, p. 81. 16289: 16284: 16277: 16276:Trudgill 1999 16272: 16266:, p. 80. 16265: 16264:Trudgill 1999 16260: 16253: 16248: 16232: 16228: 16222: 16216:, p. 31. 16215: 16210: 16204:, p. 40. 16203: 16198: 16192:, p. 37. 16191: 16186: 16179: 16174: 16167: 16166:Trudgill 1999 16162: 16156:, p. 10. 16155: 16154:Trudgill 1999 16150: 16143: 16142:Crystal 2003b 16138: 16131: 16126: 16119: 16114: 16107: 16106:Shaywitz 2003 16102: 16095: 16090: 16083: 16078: 16071: 16066: 16059: 16054: 16047: 16042: 16035: 16030: 16028: 16020: 16015: 16013: 16011: 16009: 16001: 15996: 15989: 15984: 15977: 15972: 15970: 15962: 15961:Gottlieb 2006 15957: 15955: 15947: 15946:Gottlieb 2006 15942: 15935: 15934:Gottlieb 2006 15930: 15923: 15918: 15911: 15906: 15899: 15898:Crystal 2003b 15894: 15887: 15882: 15875: 15870: 15863: 15858: 15842: 15838: 15835:(in French). 15834: 15830: 15824: 15817: 15816:Gottlieb 2006 15812: 15810: 15793: 15789: 15783: 15779: 15778: 15770: 15754: 15750: 15744: 15740: 15739: 15731: 15724: 15719: 15712: 15707: 15699: 15695: 15691: 15685: 15678: 15677:Crystal 2003b 15673: 15666: 15665:Crystal 2003b 15661: 15659: 15651: 15646: 15644: 15642: 15634: 15629: 15622: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15611: 15609: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15578: 15571: 15566: 15559: 15554: 15547: 15542: 15535: 15530: 15523: 15518: 15511: 15506: 15499: 15494: 15487: 15482: 15475: 15470: 15463: 15458: 15451: 15446: 15439: 15434: 15427: 15422: 15406: 15402: 15398: 15392: 15385: 15380: 15373: 15368: 15361: 15360:McArthur 1992 15356: 15349: 15344: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15314: 15307: 15302: 15295: 15290: 15283: 15278: 15276: 15268: 15263: 15257:, p. 50. 15256: 15251: 15244: 15239: 15233:, p. 51. 15232: 15227: 15225: 15218:, p. 58. 15217: 15212: 15210: 15202: 15197: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15166: 15150: 15146: 15139: 15132: 15127: 15120: 15115: 15108: 15104: 15100: 15095: 15088: 15083: 15076: 15071: 15064: 15059: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15029: 15021: 15013: 15009: 15008: 15002: 14995: 14993: 14984: 14978: 14974: 14967: 14960: 14955: 14948: 14943: 14941: 14934:, p. 57. 14933: 14928: 14921: 14916: 14910:, p. 55. 14909: 14904: 14897: 14892: 14885: 14880: 14873: 14868: 14860: 14854: 14850: 14843: 14841: 14832: 14826: 14822: 14815: 14813: 14811: 14809: 14802:, p. 22. 14801: 14796: 14789: 14784: 14777: 14772: 14765: 14760: 14753: 14748: 14742:, p. 36. 14741: 14736: 14730:, p. 53. 14729: 14724: 14717: 14713: 14708: 14701: 14696: 14694: 14684: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14667: 14660: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14630: 14624:, p. 66. 14623: 14618: 14611: 14606: 14599: 14594: 14587: 14582: 14576:, p. 42. 14575: 14570: 14563: 14558: 14552:, p. 60. 14551: 14546: 14539: 14534: 14527: 14522: 14515: 14510: 14503: 14498: 14491: 14486: 14470: 14466: 14459: 14452: 14447: 14441:, p. 41. 14440: 14435: 14429:, p. 13. 14428: 14423: 14416: 14411: 14404: 14399: 14392: 14387: 14380: 14379:MacMahon 2006 14375: 14368: 14363: 14356: 14351: 14344: 14339: 14332: 14327: 14320: 14315: 14308: 14303: 14296: 14291: 14284: 14279: 14272: 14267: 14260: 14255: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14225: 14218: 14213: 14206: 14201: 14194: 14189: 14182: 14177: 14170: 14165: 14159:, p. 29. 14158: 14153: 14146: 14141: 14135:, p. 47. 14134: 14129: 14122: 14117: 14110: 14105: 14098: 14093: 14086: 14081: 14074: 14073:Northrup 2013 14069: 14067: 14059: 14054: 14047: 14042: 14035: 14030: 14023: 14018: 13999: 13995: 13989: 13982: 13981: 13974: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13944: 13937: 13932: 13925: 13920: 13913: 13912:Mesthrie 2010 13908: 13901: 13896: 13889: 13884: 13877: 13872: 13865: 13860: 13852: 13848: 13842: 13826: 13822: 13816: 13809: 13796: 13792: 13786: 13779: 13775: 13768: 13761: 13749: 13745: 13739: 13723: 13719: 13713: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13686: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13658: 13643: 13637: 13630: 13618: 13614: 13608: 13601: 13589: 13585: 13579: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13549: 13533: 13527: 13520: 13514: 13509: 13506:(1/2): 83–4. 13505: 13501: 13497: 13490: 13483: 13478: 13471: 13466: 13459: 13454: 13447: 13442: 13435: 13430: 13423: 13422:Trudgill 2006 13418: 13411: 13406: 13399: 13394: 13387: 13382: 13375: 13370: 13363: 13358: 13351: 13346: 13339: 13334: 13327: 13322: 13315: 13310: 13303: 13298: 13291: 13286: 13284: 13276: 13271: 13264: 13259: 13252: 13247: 13240: 13239:Patrick 2006a 13235: 13228: 13223: 13217:, p. 69. 13216: 13215:Crystal 2003a 13211: 13204: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13185: 13180: 13173: 13168: 13161: 13156: 13149: 13144: 13137: 13132: 13125: 13120: 13114:, Key Points. 13113: 13108: 13101: 13096: 13094: 13086: 13081: 13079: 13071: 13066: 13064: 13056: 13055:Crystal 2003b 13051: 13035: 13031: 13024: 13005: 12999: 12992: 12987: 12980: 12975: 12968: 12963: 12956: 12951: 12944: 12939: 12937: 12929: 12924: 12917: 12916:Crystal 2003a 12912: 12910: 12908: 12900: 12895: 12893: 12891: 12874: 12870: 12864: 12860: 12859: 12851: 12844: 12843:Northrup 2013 12839: 12837: 12829: 12824: 12822: 12814: 12809: 12802: 12797: 12790: 12785: 12778: 12773: 12766: 12761: 12759: 12751: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12723: 12704: 12697: 12690: 12682: 12676: 12672: 12671: 12663: 12656: 12651: 12644: 12639: 12624: 12622:9788437083216 12618: 12614: 12613: 12605: 12598: 12593: 12586: 12581: 12574: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12548: 12544: 12543: 12535: 12533: 12525: 12520: 12513: 12508: 12501: 12496: 12489: 12484: 12478:, p. 23. 12477: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12460: 12459:Donoghue 2008 12455: 12448: 12443: 12436: 12435:Campbell 1959 12431: 12424: 12419: 12412: 12407: 12400: 12395: 12388: 12383: 12374: 12367: 12362: 12354: 12348: 12344: 12337: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12313: 12308: 12306: 12299:, p. 30. 12298: 12297:Crystal 2003b 12293: 12285: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12258: 12250: 12245: 12238: 12233: 12226: 12221: 12214: 12209: 12202: 12197: 12190: 12185: 12183: 12175: 12170: 12163: 12162:Robinson 1992 12158: 12151: 12146: 12139: 12137: 12131: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12106: 12100:, p. 39. 12099: 12094: 12092: 12085:, p. 30. 12084: 12079: 12077: 12068: 12062: 12059:. C. Winter. 12058: 12051: 12049: 12040: 12036: 12035: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12015:Crystal 2003b 12011: 12009: 12001: 11996: 11989: 11988: 11981: 11975:, p. 55. 11974: 11969: 11962: 11961:Crystal 2003a 11957: 11950: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11932: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11913: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11882: 11875: 11871: 11866: 11862: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11827: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11799: 11798:Werner Herzog 11781: 11773: 11765: 11749: 11741: 11737: 11735: 11723: 11706: 11698: 11697: 11693: 11683: 11681: 11677: 11652: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11587: 11585: 11581: 11576: 11574: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11541: 11533: 11532:Arundhati Roy 11529: 11528:Indian accent 11525: 11507: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11487: 11469: 11461: 11453: 11449: 11432: 11424: 11420: 11418: 11406: 11389: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11292: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11260: 11248: 11232: 11224: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11152: 11144: 11140: 11123: 11115: 11107: 11103: 11085: 11077: 11076: 11067: 11066:Geoffrey Rush 11063: 11045: 11037: 11029: 11028:Julia Gillard 11025: 11022:woman with a 11021: 11003: 10995: 10991: 10989: 10977: 10961: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10934: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10856:Irish English 10853: 10849: 10845: 10842:, comprises 10841: 10837: 10833: 10827: 10813: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10720: 10719:United States 10715: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10680:Cajun English 10677: 10673: 10668: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10641: 10633: 10626: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10596: 10593: 10585: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10560: 10557:dominates in 10556: 10552: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10533: 10519: 10515: 10512:woman with a 10511: 10494: 10486: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10445: 10437: 10429: 10425: 10424:Boston accent 10407: 10399: 10398: 10389: 10385: 10367: 10359: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10325: 10317: 10313: 10311: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10274: 10266: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10234:North America 10231: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10220:Irish English 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10148: 10144: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10124: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10016: 10011: 9997: 9996:Mary Robinson 9993: 9975: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9938: 9930: 9922: 9918: 9901: 9893: 9892: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9858: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9820: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9778: 9770: 9769: 9760: 9759:Russell Brand 9756: 9752: 9735: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9683: 9671: 9667: 9650: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9620:Welsh English 9617: 9613: 9609: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9553: 9550: 9545: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9455: 9447: 9439: 9431: 9419: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9387: 9386: 9376: 9375: 9361: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9276: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9240:sound changes 9237: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9083:lingua franca 9077: 9067: 9065: 9060: 9058: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9032: 9030: 8979: 8972: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8907:(for example 8906: 8902: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8814:species names 8810: 8806: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8777:stance taking 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8726: 8721: 8720: 8714: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8703:it is raining 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8683:dummy subject 8680: 8676: 8671: 8670:topic-comment 8661: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8594:-words; e.g. 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8556: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8478: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8420: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8409:find its bone 8407:, the clause 8406: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8313:Clause syntax 8310: 8308: 8307: 8301: 8299: 8293: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8162:passive voice 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8104:, the adverb 8103: 8099: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8027:phrasal verbs 8021:Phrasal verbs 8018: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7985: 7982:; imperative 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7921:I was running 7918: 7914: 7910: 7901: 7900:John will run 7898: 7896:Third person 7894: 7891: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7876:First person 7874: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824:Third person 7822: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794:First person 7792: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7666: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7600:English verbs 7591: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7564:for my friend 7561: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7526:anaphorically 7523: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7314: 7305: 7301: 7298:) serve as a 7297: 7293: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6970:the child is 6967: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6659:English nouns 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6448:subordinators 6445: 6441: 6437: 6434:in favour of 6433: 6429: 6426: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6370: 6366: 6365:syllable coda 6358: 6354: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6312: 6307: 6305: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6147: 6146: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6054: 6049: 6048: 6045:Sound change 6044: 6041: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5877: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5615: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5482:vowel quality 5478: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5430: 5424: 5394: 5388: 5356: 5350: 5323: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5297: 5261: 5260: 5251: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5102: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4689:Monophthongs 4679: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4376:lenis stops: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4331: 4315: 4310: 4302: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4218: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869:United States 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3759:(ASEAN), and 3758: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3711:lingua franca 3707: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3688: No data 3651: 3644: No data 3625: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3597: 3596:United States 3593: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3512:English is a 3459: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390:David Crystal 3387: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355:United States 3350: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3208: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975:East Midlands 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2864:Thomas Malory 2861: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2622: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491:in pronouns ( 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2389:Cædmon's Hymn 2385: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:British Latin 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:Roman Britain 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:Anglo-Frisian 2261: 2260:West Germanic 2250: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2193:, as well as 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155:Indo-European 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139:lingua franca 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035:Verner's laws 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1934:Yola language 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:British Isles 1899: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877:group of the 1876: 1875:West Germanic 1872: 1864: 1863:West Germanic 1859: 1853: 1848: 1839: 1838:Luxembourgish 1835: 1831: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1737: English 1732: 1731: 1726: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:lingua franca 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:United States 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:Great Britain 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1441:South African 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1099: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 999: 994: 989: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 796: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 770:South Georgia 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 598:United States 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 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25881: 25861: 25816:South Africa 25806:Sierra Leone 25724: 25696: 25689: 25654: 25647: 25635: 25615: 25603: 25591: 25586:Sint Maarten 25584: 25577: 25555: 25548: 25526: 25514: 25502: 25495: 25468: 25448: 25430: 25276: 25269: 25262: 25255: 25248: 25241: 25184: 25177: 25170: 25150: 25143: 25136: 25129: 25109: 25102: 25095: 25088: 25081: 25074: 25067: 25047: 25038: 25031: 25024: 25017: 25010: 25005: 24998: 24991: 24971: 24964: 24956: 24948: 24942: 24934: 24933:Worcester's 24924: 24917: 24907: 24899: 24891: 24883: 24875: 24857: 24850: 24843: 24770: 24654:Verner's law 24599: 24594:Gotho-Nordic 24592: 24585: 24506: 24499: 24491: 24485: 24475: 24460:Fårö Gutnish 24422: 24415: 24321: 24314: 24305: 24298: 24279: 24272: 24200: 24195: 24190: 24183: 24176: 24116: 24018:Swiss German 23982:Upper German 23915:Amana German 23889:Volga German 23858:Hunsrückisch 23784: 23738:Unserdeutsch 23733:Berlinerisch 23666: 23659: 23652: 23645: 23605:Cover groups 23561:Mohawk Dutch 23556:Jersey Dutch 23534:East Flemish 23517:West Flemish 23461:Middle Dutch 23415:Low Prussian 23287: 23280: 23246:Terschelling 23230:Clay Frisian 23205:West Frisian 23193:Wiedingharde 23185: 23173: 23133:Heligolandic 23110: 23085: 23078: 23071: 23066: 23049:East Frisian 23036: 23029: 23002:Middle Scots 23000: 22993: 22979: 22972: 22965: 22960: 22949: 22942: 22935: 22928: 22918: 22729: 22575:South Africa 22570:Sierra Leone 22323:Miami Latino 22212:Philadelphia 22200:Inland North 22105:Newfoundland 21923:West Country 21737:by continent 21675: 21656: 21648: 21636: 21628: 21620: 21544: 21482:Northumbrian 21324: 21257: 21219: 21192: 21179:0-52128541-0 21170:0-52128540-2 21161:0-52129719-2 21140: 21110: 21091: 21083: 21076:. Retrieved 21052:. Retrieved 21032: 21012: 20985: 20966: 20954:. Retrieved 20934: 20914: 20895: 20875: 20840: 20830: 20802: 20790:. Retrieved 20774: 20742: 20722:. Retrieved 20715:the original 20695:. Retrieved 20667: 20655:. Retrieved 20635: 20609: 20605: 20593:. Retrieved 20573: 20560:. Retrieved 20540: 20527:. Retrieved 20507: 20494:. Retrieved 20487:the original 20482: 20448: 20421: 20409:. Retrieved 20400: 20370: 20343: 20324: 20312:. Retrieved 20296: 20282: 20270:. Retrieved 20251: 20235:. Retrieved 20215: 20187: 20160: 20133: 20121:. Retrieved 20101:. Retrieved 20092: 20069: 20057:. Retrieved 20037: 20024:. Retrieved 20017:the original 20012: 19986: 19959: 19947:. Retrieved 19926:. Retrieved 19906: 19875: 19848: 19826:(1): 47–64. 19823: 19819: 19800: 19783: 19779: 19767:. Retrieved 19732: 19720:. Retrieved 19700: 19677: 19649: 19636:. Retrieved 19616: 19590: 19571: 19559:. Retrieved 19550: 19526: 19501: 19472: 19447: 19430: 19426: 19416:22 September 19414:. Retrieved 19388: 19368: 19365:Leech, G. N. 19346: 19319: 19294: 19274: 19265: 19238: 19219: 19200: 19165: 19150:. Retrieved 19123: 19102:. Retrieved 19074: 19048: 19019: 19013:. Routledge. 19010: 18998:. Retrieved 18986: 18982: 18952: 18937:. Retrieved 18933:the original 18919: 18912:. Retrieved 18885: 18869:. Retrieved 18849: 18836:. Retrieved 18803: 18766: 18747: 18720: 18701: 18682: 18671: 18657:. Retrieved 18637: 18624:. Retrieved 18617:the original 18598: 18582:. Retrieved 18575:the original 18566: 18535: 18516: 18500:. Retrieved 18496:the original 18489: 18466: 18447: 18428: 18416:. Retrieved 18381:(1): 83–96. 18378: 18372: 18364:Rosa's roses 18363: 18336: 18315: 18303:. Retrieved 18296:the original 18276:. Retrieved 18267: 18245: 18218: 18191: 18174: 18170: 18143: 18131:. Retrieved 18111: 18085: 18067:. Retrieved 18047: 18034:. Retrieved 18014: 17988: 17974:. Retrieved 17966:The Guardian 17965: 17949:. Retrieved 17929: 17913:. Retrieved 17893: 17862: 17843: 17831:. Retrieved 17810: 17781: 17762: 17737: 17722:. Retrieved 17694: 17674: 17657: 17653: 17626: 17598: 17569: 17557:. Retrieved 17537: 17524:. Retrieved 17508: 17505:"Engla land" 17482: 17467:. Retrieved 17447: 17420:. Retrieved 17416:the original 17393: 17369: 17349: 17322: 17303: 17280: 17251: 17237:. Retrieved 17233:the original 17201: 17182: 17171:the original 17148: 17144: 17110: 17079: 17060: 17033: 17014: 17006:Bibliography 16975:Sailaja 2009 16970: 16958: 16946: 16934: 16922: 16910: 16893: 16889: 16883: 16871:. Retrieved 16867:the original 16862: 16853: 16841: 16829: 16817: 16785: 16781: 16768: 16741: 16735: 16723: 16711: 16699: 16687: 16675: 16663: 16651: 16639: 16627: 16615:. Retrieved 16595: 16585: 16573: 16561: 16549: 16537: 16525: 16514:, retrieved 16507:the original 16498: 16485: 16473:. Retrieved 16455: 16446: 16436: 16428: 16416: 16404: 16397:Cassidy 1982 16392: 16380: 16373:Rowicka 2006 16368: 16356: 16344: 16325: 16319: 16307: 16300:Romaine 1982 16295: 16283: 16271: 16259: 16254:, p. 4. 16247: 16235:. Retrieved 16221: 16209: 16197: 16185: 16180:, p. 3. 16173: 16161: 16149: 16137: 16125: 16113: 16101: 16089: 16082:Dehaene 2009 16077: 16065: 16053: 16041: 15995: 15983: 15941: 15929: 15917: 15905: 15893: 15881: 15876:, p. 4. 15874:Romaine 1999 15869: 15857: 15845:. Retrieved 15832: 15823: 15796:. Retrieved 15776: 15769: 15757:. Retrieved 15737: 15730: 15718: 15713:, p. 7. 15706: 15698:the original 15693: 15684: 15672: 15628: 15597:13 September 15595:. Retrieved 15591:the original 15586: 15577: 15565: 15553: 15541: 15529: 15517: 15505: 15493: 15481: 15469: 15457: 15445: 15433: 15421: 15409:. Retrieved 15400: 15391: 15379: 15367: 15355: 15343: 15331:. Retrieved 15322: 15313: 15301: 15289: 15262: 15250: 15238: 15196: 15184:. Retrieved 15175: 15165: 15153:. Retrieved 15138: 15126: 15114: 15106: 15102: 15094: 15082: 15075:O'Dwyer 2006 15070: 15058: 15046:. Retrieved 15037: 15028: 15005: 14972: 14966: 14954: 14927: 14915: 14903: 14891: 14879: 14867: 14848: 14820: 14795: 14783: 14771: 14759: 14747: 14735: 14723: 14707: 14673: 14669: 14659: 14647:. Retrieved 14643:the original 14638: 14629: 14617: 14605: 14593: 14581: 14569: 14557: 14545: 14533: 14521: 14509: 14497: 14485: 14473:. Retrieved 14458: 14446: 14434: 14422: 14410: 14398: 14386: 14374: 14362: 14350: 14343:Wolfram 2006 14338: 14326: 14314: 14302: 14295:Crystal 2006 14290: 14278: 14266: 14259:Crystal 2000 14254: 14242:. Retrieved 14234:Global Lingo 14233: 14224: 14212: 14200: 14188: 14176: 14164: 14157:Richter 2012 14152: 14140: 14128: 14116: 14104: 14092: 14080: 14053: 14041: 14034:Graddol 2010 14029: 14022:Crystal 2004 14017: 14005:. Retrieved 13998:the original 13979: 13973: 13961:. Retrieved 13952: 13943: 13936:Sailaja 2009 13931: 13919: 13907: 13895: 13883: 13878:, p. 1. 13871: 13866:, p. 5. 13864:Romaine 1999 13859: 13851:the original 13841: 13829:. Retrieved 13815: 13806: 13799:. Retrieved 13794: 13785: 13777: 13773: 13767: 13759: 13752:. Retrieved 13747: 13738: 13726:. Retrieved 13721: 13712: 13695: 13691: 13685: 13673:. Retrieved 13666: 13657: 13645:. Retrieved 13636: 13628: 13621:. Retrieved 13616: 13607: 13599: 13592:. Retrieved 13588:Légis Québec 13587: 13578: 13566:. Retrieved 13562:the original 13557: 13548: 13536:. Retrieved 13526: 13517: 13503: 13499: 13489: 13482:Deumert 2006 13477: 13470:Deumert 2006 13465: 13453: 13441: 13429: 13417: 13405: 13393: 13386:Romaine 1999 13381: 13376:, p. 2. 13369: 13364:, p. 7. 13357: 13345: 13333: 13321: 13309: 13304:, p. 4. 13297: 13292:, p. 5. 13270: 13263:Connell 2006 13258: 13246: 13234: 13222: 13210: 13179: 13167: 13155: 13143: 13131: 13119: 13107: 13072:, p. 2. 13050: 13038:. Retrieved 13023: 13010:. Retrieved 12998: 12986: 12974: 12962: 12955:Romaine 1999 12950: 12943:Romaine 1999 12923: 12899:Graddol 2006 12877:. Retrieved 12857: 12850: 12828:Mufwene 2006 12813:Romaine 2006 12808: 12796: 12784: 12777:Görlach 1991 12772: 12750:Northernisms 12748: 12741:. Retrieved 12732: 12722: 12710:. Retrieved 12689: 12669: 12662: 12650: 12638: 12626:. Retrieved 12611: 12604: 12592: 12580: 12551:. Retrieved 12541: 12519: 12507: 12495: 12483: 12454: 12442: 12437:, p. 4. 12430: 12418: 12406: 12394: 12382: 12373: 12361: 12342: 12336: 12327: 12319: 12292: 12265: 12244: 12237:Durrell 2006 12232: 12227:, Chapter 4. 12220: 12208: 12201:Harbert 2006 12196: 12174:Romaine 1982 12169: 12157: 12145: 12133: 12111: 12105: 12056: 12032: 12022: 11995: 11985: 11980: 11968: 11963:, p. 6. 11956: 11922: 11899:. Retrieved 11890: 11881: 11865: 11820:speech rules 11810: 11731: 11722:Hispanophone 11675: 11648: 11643: 11639: 11628: 11588: 11583: 11577: 11572: 11549:South Africa 11546: 11414: 11318:street signs 11303: 11256: 11189: 11188:rather than 11185: 11181:South Island 11157: 10985: 10911: 10902: 10901:almost like 10898: 10880: 10794:and perhaps 10786: 10763: 10753:against the 10739:Pennsylvania 10716: 10712:World War II 10707: 10703: 10664: 10656:Newfoundland 10639: 10591: 10562: 10477:Russell Gage 10461:AAVE accents 10307: 10193: 10185:Scots Gaelic 10175: 10170: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10140: 10132: 10128: 10122: 10114: 10110: 10099: 10049: 10042: 10038: 10023: 9921:Alex Salmond 9878:Wales accent 9803:Damien Hirst 9679: 9573: 9546: 9542: 9537: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9453: 9445: 9437: 9429: 9417: 9409: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9384: 9373: 9359: 9355: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9265:photographic 9264: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9233: 9121:Latin script 9110: 9082: 9079: 9061: 9053: 9048: 9044: 9033: 9025: 8977: 8955:Word origins 8946: 8940: 8934: 8924: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8894:Greek origin 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8842: 8808: 8802: 8792: 8791:(the marker 8788: 8784: 8780: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8674: 8667: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8554: 8547: 8537: 8534:he gets seen 8533: 8529: 8525: 8522:she sees him 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8439: 8427: 8423: 8421: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8305: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8290: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8254: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8190: 8185: 8175: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7995:he has to go 7994: 7990: 7988: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7906: 7899: 7890:You will run 7889: 7879: 7856: 7854:phrasal verb 7845: 7841: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7817: 7812: 7802: 7797: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7765: 7753: 7748: 7738: 7733: 7723: 7718: 7708: 7703: 7693: 7688: 7676: 7671: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7622: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7603: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7560:with the dog 7559: 7557: 7548:Prepositions 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7489:3rd, plural 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7459:2nd, plural 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7429:1st, plural 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7399: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7304:LGBT culture 7295: 7289: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7252: 7244: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7193: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7120: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7078: 7062: 7059:the happiest 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6949: 6946:interesting, 6945: 6941: 6937: 6935: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6884:definiteness 6881: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6829:noun phrases 6826: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6665:proper nouns 6662: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6471: 6459: 6455: 6452:coordinators 6422: 6407:lexical sets 6385: 6351: 6347:-coalescence 6344: 6337: 6310: 6303: 6292: 6280: 6273: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6233: 6214: 6209:South Africa 6189: 6168: 6164: 6127: 6123: 6103: 6099: 6079: 6075: 5827: 5823: 5735: 5731: 5696: 5692: 5574: 5570: 5502:Phonological 5477:stress-timed 5471:In terms of 5470: 5428: 5392: 5354: 5321: 5213: 5207: 5198: 5184: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5108: 5105:Phonotactics 5090: 5084: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 4995:in the same 4990: 4985: 4981: 4967: 4963:lexical sets 4956: 4948: 4932: 4909: 4893: 4877: 4855: 4839: 4817: 4802: 4779: 4763: 4740: 4724: 4677: 4659: 4639: 4599: 4586: 4573: 4559: 4541: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4480: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4452:: RP and GA 4449: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4361: 4311: 4303: 4296:* The sound 4294: 3903: 3885: 3846: 3829:, including 3815: 3800: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3765: 3750: 3742:World War II 3708: 3699: 3692: 3530: 3526: 3511: 3456: 3444: 3435: 3423: 3383: 3371:South Africa 3351: 3347: 3325: 3320: 3290: 3279: 3206: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3081:Noah Webster 3074: 3068: 3047: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3019:In the 1611 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2995:King James I 2952: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2923:close vowels 2904: 2897: 2867: 2857: 2848: 2847:on the verb 2834: 2820: 2818: 2794: 2783: 2771:John Trevisa 2768: 2755: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2631: 2553:Matthew 8:20 2550: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2473: 2457: 2442: 2427: 2412: 2398:runic script 2387: 2381: 2355:Northumbrian 2348: 2326:(originally 2323: 2319: 2246: 2224: 2165:to a mostly 2157:with a rich 2128: 2094: 2063: 1992: 1965: 1938: 1936:of Ireland. 1932:dialect and 1868: 1795: 1778: 1749: 1728: 1654:Anglo-Saxons 1648: 1597: 1563:. It is the 1528: 1527: 1470: 1431:Sierra Leone 1138: 1101: 1065:Linguasphere 1048: 765:Sint Maarten 680:Cook Islands 553:South Africa 538:Sierra Leone 326:57 countries 296:Signed forms 276:(historical) 189: 123: (2021) 29: 26169:Definitions 26127:Linguistics 25913:Philippines 25863:Puerto Rico 25821:South Sudan 25685:New Zealand 25649:Isle of Man 25568:Saint Lucia 25481:The Bahamas 25384:Anglosphere 24961:(1889–1891) 24953:(1847–1850) 24669:Kluge's law 24649:Grimm's law 24432:Dalecarlian 24411:Perkerdansk 24384:East Danish 24202:Old Gutnish 24178:Proto-Norse 24118:Langobardic 24110:Vogtlandian 23938:Upper Saxon 23792:Lachoudisch 23753:Lotegorisch 23631:High German 23377:Westphalian 23372:Eastphalian 23336:Achterhooks 23213:Hindeloopen 23148:Bökingharde 23117:Föhr–Amrum 23031:Old Frisian 22995:Early Scots 22930:Old English 22700:Philippines 22493:New Zealand 22379:Bay Islands 22359:The Bahamas 22282:Social and 22239:New Orleans 22156:New England 22050:Isle of Man 21995:Port Talbot 21896:East Anglia 21813:Northumbria 21467:Old English 21351:Orthography 21078:10 December 20496:16 December 20237:15 February 20123:25 February 20103:16 December 20026:16 December 19769:26 February 19638:15 February 19561:15 February 19152:26 February 19104:26 February 19000:11 December 18989:: 103–123. 18939:16 December 18914:16 December 18871:10 February 18659:11 February 18502:16 February 18418:2 September 18305:12 February 18278:10 February 18177:(1): 1–42. 18133:25 February 18036:23 February 16951:Lawton 1982 16915:Lawton 1982 16822:Lanham 1982 16632:Bailey 2001 16617:22 November 16578:Bailey 1997 16566:Thomas 2008 16516:11 November 16421:Boberg 2010 16312:Hickey 2007 16130:Lawler 2006 15723:Nation 2001 15498:Miller 2002 15438:Miller 2002 15411:24 November 15186:24 November 15155:24 November 15109:case (him)" 15048:24 November 14649:24 November 14475:3 September 14271:Jambor 2007 14244:24 November 14121:Gordin 2015 14085:Wojcik 2006 13888:Kachru 2006 13647:18 December 13338:Kachru 2006 13326:Kachru 2006 13227:Rubino 2006 13085:Kachru 2006 13040:29 November 12743:24 November 12628:19 December 12553:16 December 12476:Gneuss 2013 11584:senior wife 11569:/p,t,t͡ʃ,k/ 11312:during the 11306:Philippines 10866:, and some 10772:—including 10541:Puerto Rico 10428:Marty Walsh 10350:Martha Roby 10298:Emery Emery 10292:man with a 10181:its origins 10169:pronounced 10157:pronounced 10107:intrusive R 10075:Northumbria 9958:George Best 9841:John Bishop 9718:Danny Baker 9549:punctuation 9499:long vowels 9388:pronounced 9377:pronounced 9269:electricity 9261:photography 9236:orthography 9093:Orthography 9029:Old English 8917:Philip Gove 8903:, based on 8626:, the word 8448:*I know not 8150:modal verbs 8051:to hang out 7968:subjunctive 7857:be going to 7850:near future 7522:deictically 7181:Henry Sweet 7069:Determiners 7011:a small boy 6669:count nouns 6491:speak/spoke 6468:wh-movement 6432:case system 6367:). GA is a 6205:New Zealand 6032:Lexical set 5355:to burn out 4970:long vowels 4471:and nasals 4211:Approximant 3929:Labiodental 3879:(GA). (See 3566:New Zealand 3439:Netherlands 3394:Philippines 3379:New Zealand 3328:Braj Kachru 3317:Braj Kachru 3224:Puerto Rico 3145:instead of 3143:more polite 3137:instead of 2977:. In 1476, 2963:Westminster 2915:open vowels 2907:chain shift 2778: 1385 2634:transformed 2603:and heaven- 2533:Old Frisian 2409:letterforms 2406:half-uncial 2367:King Alfred 2249:Old English 2235:half-uncial 2231:handwritten 2215:Old English 2201:, and some 2104:Renaissance 2066:Old English 2023:modal verbs 1995:innovations 1883:Old English 1794:within the 1777:within the 1748:within the 1680:, which is 1676:, and from 1650:Old English 1618:). It is a 1541:Anglophones 1401:New Zealand 1296:Cameroonian 1271:Bay Islands 1266:Bangladeshi 1116:instead of 842:Timor-Leste 750:Puerto Rico 715:Isle of Man 558:South Sudan 518:Saint Lucia 503:Philippines 478:New Zealand 343:The Bahamas 226:Old English 210:Early forms 121:380 million 107:New Zealand 26267:Categories 26203:Quotations 25998:Micronesia 25811:Somaliland 25756:The Gambia 25550:Montserrat 25215:Wiktionary 24935:Dictionary 24916:Johnson's 24501:Burgundian 24417:Old Danish 24406:Gøtudanskt 24389:Bornholmsk 24251:Vestlandsk 24231:Kebabnorsk 23968:Halcnovian 23933:Thuringian 23596:Limburgish 23566:Stadsfries 23539:Brabantian 23266:Low German 23112:Eiderstedt 22967:Fingallian 22640:Bangladesh 22632:South Asia 22585:Cape Flats 22535:The Gambia 22460:Aboriginal 22296:vernacular 22261:California 22234:High Tider 22229:Appalachia 22090:Aboriginal 22022:South-West 21866:Birmingham 21823:Sunderland 21808:Manchester 21798:Lancashire 21602:Consonants 21577:Diphthongs 21487:West Saxon 20115:. Oxford. 19928:4 February 19810:0748612548 19378:0748624066 18626:7 February 18584:7 February 18051:. Viking. 17976:4 February 17951:4 February 17915:4 February 16644:Green 2002 16409:Labov 1972 16361:Wells 1982 16349:Labov 2012 16252:Roach 2009 16000:Neijt 2006 15910:Algeo 1999 15847:14 January 15798:6 December 15621:Algeo 1999 15462:König 1994 15450:König 1994 15426:König 1994 15384:König 1994 15372:König 1994 15348:Dixon 1982 15333:7 December 15243:König 1994 15103:nominative 15099:Sweet 2014 15063:Leech 2006 15022:required.) 14947:König 1994 14788:Wells 1982 14776:Wells 1982 14752:Wells 1982 14728:Roach 2009 14639:ESOL Nexus 14562:König 1994 14538:Wells 1982 14526:Wells 1982 14403:König 1994 14181:Ammon 2006 13831:30 October 13728:27 October 13675:30 October 13434:Ammon 2008 13102:, Table 1. 13018:(pp. 6–7). 12512:Smith 2009 12366:König 1994 12225:Watts 2011 12189:Barry 1982 11924:Ethnologue 11891:Ethnologue 11857:References 11764:Shinzo Abe 11734:media help 11626:register. 11417:media help 11353:See also: 11259:media help 11062:Queensland 10988:media help 10388:Chuck Zito 10310:media help 10216:Fingallian 10118:/ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/ 10083:Manchester 10079:Lancashire 10077:) and the 9882:Rob Brydon 9682:media help 9606:See also: 9592:Australian 9586:(BrE) and 9517:, and the 9273:electrical 9257:photograph 9097:See also: 8969:See also: 8909:television 8901:neologisms 8862:babysitter 8799:Vocabulary 8557:-questions 8500:, but not 8390:Do-support 8154:word order 8043:to give up 8039:to back up 8035:to ask out 7917:I have run 7880:I will run 7789:Preterite 7700:Preterite 7657:Inflection 7572:in England 7513:themselves 7483:yourselves 7400:he/she/it/ 7331:Reflexive 7284:themselves 7247:(found in 7235:(found in 7167:, and the 7063:most happy 7055:more happy 7023:suppletive 6926:Adjectives 6918:(sg.) but 6726:Singular: 6701:Singular: 6673:mass nouns 6567:politician 6562:loquacious 6503:hand/hands 6499:love/loved 6464:do-support 6444:word class 6425:accusative 6388:open front 5864:non-rhotic 5522:of Ireland 5175:See also: 5128:/strɛŋkθs/ 5062:rhyme and 5042:The vowel 4416:allophones 4358:unreleased 4314:obstruents 3894:Consonants 3883:, below.) 3613:See also: 3157:See also: 3119:do-support 2931:diphthongs 2814:possession 2797:Old French 2561:accusative 2557:nominative 2543:and other 2489:case forms 2485:much freer 2363:West Saxon 2306:(43–409): 2179:word order 2143:navigation 2090:Old French 2076:-speaking 1953:vocabulary 1930:Fingallian 1910:Low German 1889:along the 1790:Low German 1644:Ethnologue 1575:) and the 1471:see also: 1466:Zimbabwean 1451:Sri Lankan 1416:Philippine 1256:Australian 1241:Anguillian 802:Bangladesh 725:Montserrat 533:Seychelles 463:Micronesia 393:The Gambia 26237:Resources 26220:Textbooks 26073:shown in 25935:Gibraltar 25918:Singapore 25897:Hong Kong 25786:Mauritius 25680:Australia 25186:Macquarie 24781:varieties 24773:indicate 24587:Northwest 24532:Philology 24437:Elfdalian 24372:Jutlandic 24294:Icelandic 24269:(written) 24263:(written) 24241:Trøndersk 24221:Norwegian 24185:Old Norse 24006:Coloniero 23990:Alemannic 23963:Wymysorys 23831:Colognian 23826:Ripuarian 23748:Rotwelsch 23578:Midslands 23529:Zeelandic 23510:Hollandic 23484:Afrikaans 23456:Old Dutch 23282:Old Saxon 23181:Karrharde 23163:Goesharde 23144:Mainland 22877:philology 22705:Singapore 22667:Sri Lanka 22622:Hong Kong 22448:variation 22440:Australia 22351:Caribbean 22217:Baltimore 22100:Lunenburg 22045:Gibraltar 21962:Highlands 21840:Yorkshire 21803:Liverpool 21643:Rhoticity 21623:-dropping 21341:Phonology 20626:144403823 19840:143984864 19759:"English" 19607:120824612 19464:0165-2516 19192:107967883 19162:Labov, W. 18793:161881054 18405:145535175 18383:CiteSeerX 18194:. Wiley. 17927:(2003b). 17891:(2003a). 17432:cite book 17166:142692741 16834:Lass 2002 16802:145684166 16475:15 August 16385:Toon 1982 16237:16 August 15976:Swan 2006 15176:The Times 15107:objective 15038:APA Style 14959:Mair 2006 14764:Lass 2000 14716:Lass 2000 14712:Lass 1992 14007:5 January 13963:5 January 13568:15 August 13519:language. 13100:Ryan 2013 13012:15 August 12991:Mair 2006 12879:27 August 12765:Lass 2000 12643:Lass 1992 12597:Hogg 2006 12573:Lass 2006 12500:Hogg 1992 12447:Toon 1992 11901:3 October 11872:, Entry: 11553:Afrikaans 11323:Filipinos 10872:Miramichi 10700:rhoticity 10649:Lunenburg 10603:Northwest 10555:Rhoticity 10473:Louisiana 10342:Alabamian 10228:rhoticity 10143:-fronting 10091:Liverpool 10087:Mancunian 10071:Newcastle 10063:Yorkshire 10045:-dropping 8913:optometry 8866:ice cream 8544:Questions 8422:The verb 8059:idiomatic 8031:to get up 7828:John runs 7568:to school 7453:ourselves 7290:they/them 7264:they/them 7152:they/them 7139:they/them 6958:referents 6877:President 6820:With of: 6814:With -s: 6577:violently 6547:committee 6495:foot/feet 6476:inversion 6340:-dropping 6313:-fronting 6306:-stopping 6295:-dropping 6249:sound in 6240:voiceless 6197:Australia 5620:unrounded 5556:Australia 5429:a hot dog 5427:) versus 5353:) versus 5322:a burnout 5190:syllables 5125:strengths 5095:/ˈfɜrðər/ 4467:(liquids 4465:sonorants 4424:velarised 4370:see below 4354:aspirated 4342:voiceless 4124:Fricative 4083:Affricate 3875:(RP) and 3853:phonology 3849:phonetics 3837:Phonology 3831:Esperanto 3818:koineised 3541:Australia 3533:koineised 3410:Singapore 3367:Australia 2809:loanwords 2748:Cambridge 2646:Old Norse 2642:Old Norse 2571:plural): 2379:epic poem 2340:substrate 2329:Ænglaland 2135:discourse 2074:Old Norse 1968:Old Norse 1961:phonology 1941:Icelandic 1894:North Sea 1813:in Africa 1811:Afrikaans 1773:Saterland 1710:Low Saxon 1698:phonology 1658:Old Norse 1602:(such as 1436:Singapore 1411:Pakistani 1376:Malaysian 1306:Caribbean 1281:Bermudian 1246:Antarctic 1215:Phonology 1207:Phonology 1194:Loanwords 1050:Glottolog 1034:ISO 639-3 1016:ISO 639-2 998:ISO 639-1 837:Sri Lanka 827:Mauritius 710:Hong Kong 695:Gibraltar 543:Singapore 338:Australia 99:Australia 26115:Language 25988:Kiribati 25908:Pakistan 25855:Americas 25846:Zimbabwe 25831:Tanzania 25751:Eswatini 25746:Cameroon 25741:Botswana 25637:Guernsey 25522:Dominica 25486:Barbados 25470:Anguilla 25461:Americas 25357:Articles 25230:Learners 24993:Chambers 24869:Historic 24508:Vandalic 24451:Gutnish 24256:Vikværsk 24236:Sognamål 24226:Bergensk 24076:Cimbrian 24044:Bavarian 24001:Alsatian 23948:Lusatian 23884:Palatine 23574:Amelands 23451:Frankish 23341:Sallaans 23323:Gronings 23174:Southern 23167:Northern 23158:Halligen 23107:Insular 22924:dialects 22825:Standard 22795:Learning 22783:Nerrière 22774:Globish 22690:Malaysia 22662:Pakistan 22602:Zimbabwe 22530:Cameroon 22364:Barbados 22095:Atlantic 22063:Americas 21980:Abercraf 21949:Scotland 21928:Cornwall 21849:Midlands 21833:Teesside 21828:Tyneside 21818:Pitmatic 21781:Cheshire 21727:Dialects 21668:stopping 21663:fronting 21615:Flapping 21610:Clusters 21371:Dialects 21361:Alphabet 21139:(1982). 21072:Archived 21054:26 March 21048:Archived 20950:Archived 20873:(1988). 20761:Archived 20724:25 March 20697:25 March 20691:Archived 20651:Archived 20589:Archived 20556:Archived 20523:Archived 20411:9 August 20405:Archived 20293:(1992). 20266:Archived 20231:Archived 20117:Archived 20097:Archived 20059:25 March 20053:Archived 19949:25 March 19943:Archived 19922:Archived 19904:(2001). 19763:Archived 19716:Archived 19698:(1997). 19632:Archived 19555:Archived 19407:Archived 19367:(2006). 19146:Archived 19098:Archived 18991:Archived 18951:(1999). 18908:Archived 18884:(1996). 18865:Archived 18838:9 August 18832:Archived 18653:Archived 18596:(2010). 18564:(2006). 18515:(2004). 18409:Archived 18272:Archived 18127:Archived 18063:Archived 18030:Archived 17970:Archived 17945:Archived 17909:Archived 17827:Archived 17754:37002621 17724:14 March 17718:Archived 17625:(1959). 17553:Archived 17520:Archived 17512:(Online) 17481:(2010). 17463:Archived 17239:25 March 16806:Archived 16611:Archived 16593:(2001). 16469:Archived 16231:Archived 15841:Archived 15792:Archived 15753:Archived 15405:Archived 15327:Archived 15180:Archived 15149:Archived 15042:Archived 14469:Archived 14238:Archived 13957:Archived 13825:Archived 13722:BBC News 13538:24 March 13350:Bao 2006 13203:Bao 2006 13034:Archived 12873:Archived 12737:Archived 12703:Archived 12547:Archived 12039:Archived 11895:Archived 11893:. 2023. 11830:See also 11603:Barbados 11143:John Key 10601:Pacific 10510:Ontarian 10115:drawring 9381:, and a 9280:digraphs 8931:acronyms 8870:homesick 8838:acronyms 8830:suffixed 8826:prefixed 8763:such as 8745:anaphora 8741:Cohesion 8725:The girl 8685:such as 8576:-support 8460:I do not 8300:the book 8146:analytic 8065:meaning 7833:John ran 7685:present 7663:Regular 7390:yourself 7296:themself 7196:my chair 7101:definite 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Then, 1636:Internet 1583:, after 1482:Teaching 1426:Scottish 1406:Nigerian 1391:Namibian 1371:Malawian 1366:Liberian 1356:Jamaican 1341:Gustavia 1336:Ghanaian 1301:Canadian 1276:Belizean 1236:American 1228:Dialects 1122:Help:IPA 1057:stan1293 822:Malaysia 705:Guernsey 640:Anguilla 613:Zimbabwe 568:Tanzania 488:Pakistan 433:Kiribati 383:Eswatini 378:Dominica 368:Cameroon 358:Botswana 348:Barbados 165:Germanic 113:Speakers 26139:Writing 26101:Portals 26075:italics 26052:Vanuatu 26041:Tokelau 25957:Oceania 25796:Nigeria 25791:Namibia 25776:Liberia 25771:Lesotho 25672:Oceania 25643:Ireland 25544:Jamaica 25534:Grenada 25497:Bermuda 25220:Wordnik 25083:Encarta 25049:Penguin 25040:Shorter 25033:Concise 25026:Compact 25000:Collins 24771:Italics 24394:Scanian 24340:Swedish 24289:Faroese 24267:Nynorsk 24246:Valdris 24081:Mòcheno 24037:Swabian 23903:Hessian 23863:Hunsrik 23775:Western 23770:Eastern 23765:Yiddish 23715:creoles 23612:Bergish 23328:Drèents 23318:Tweants 23170:Central 23152:Mooring 23015:Frisian 22974:Kildare 22919:English 22755:Engrish 22750:E-Prime 22723:Related 22710:Vietnam 22695:Myanmar 22565:Nigeria 22560:Namibia 22550:Liberia 22432:Oceania 22414:Bermuda 22386:Jamaica 22313:Chicano 22151:Midland 22137:United 22073:America 22009:Ireland 21985:Cardiff 21957:Glasgow 21906:Cockney 21786:Cumbria 21764:England 21755:Britain 21731:accents 21477:Mercian 21472:Kentish 21366:Braille 21336:Grammar 20956:5 March 20792:5 March 20657:3 April 20595:5 April 20562:5 April 20529:5 April 20314:5 April 20272:2 April 19722:3 April 19142:4176538 19094:4176538 18921:ground. 18069:3 April 17833:2 April 17746:2143838 17714:3728688 17559:2 April 17526:6 March 17422:2 April 16873:17 July 16863:Encarta 15833:YouTube 15759:16 June 14319:Li 2003 13808:Alaska. 12712:9 April 12696:"Bible" 12670:Ormulum 12326:at the 11919:English 11682:stop . 11591:Leeward 11580:Nigeria 11343:Bislish 11335:Tagalog 11331:Taglish 11160:Oceania 10893:in the 10852:British 10830:before 10800:raising 10692:Midland 10465:Georgia 10196:Ireland 10136:/ˈpɒʔə/ 10111:drawing 10102:Cockney 10067:Geordie 10019:Ireland 9532:(as in 9527:silent 9229:capital 9087:calques 9057:calques 8832:words, 8785:no way! 8693:, e.g. 8526:he is s 8452:copular 8413:did not 8306:to Jane 8296:I gave 8237:the dog 8227:The man 8209:the man 8199:The dog 8138:the cat 8106:quickly 8085:Adverbs 8063:lay off 7871:Future 7818:You ran 7813:You run 7786:Present 7618:complex 7584:to give 7159:). 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