Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy

2571:"Today, Indian people must still struggle in order to survive in America. We must battle against forces that have dealt us among the lowest educational opportunities, lowest income levels, lowest standards of health, lowest housing conditions, lowest political representation and highest mortality rates in America. Even as these grave hardships exist for the living Indian people, a mockery is made of us by reducing our tribal names and images to the level of insulting sports team mascots, brand name automobiles, camping equipment, city and state names, and various other commercial products produced by the dominate culture. This strange and insensitive custom is particularly insulting when one considers the great lack of attention that is given to real Indian concerns. It must be understood that no human being should be identified as subservient to another culture. To be overpowered and manipulated in such a way as to thought to become a team mascot is totally unthinkable." 2764:"I got my first lesson in Indians portrayed as sports team mascots in the early 1950s when my father took me to a Cleveland Indians-New York Yankees game. Dad gave me money to buy a baseball cap, and I was conflicted. I loved the Yankees, primarily because fellow Oklahoman Mickey Mantle had just come up and was being touted as rookie of the year. But being mixed-blood Muscogee/Creek, I felt a (misplaced) loyalty to the Indians. So I bought the Cleveland cap with the famous Chief Wahoo logo on it. When we got back to Oklahoma, my mother took one look at the cap with its leering, big-nosed, buck-toothed redskin caricature just above the brim, jerked it off my head and threw it in the trash. She had been fighting against Indian stereotypes all her life, and I had just worn one home. I was only 10 years old, but the look of betrayal in my Creek mother's eyes is seared in my memory forever." 2624:

year since 1973. The size of the protests grew in the 1990s. In 1991, a group called the Committee of 500 Years of Dignity and Resistance was formed to protest quincentennial Columbus Day celebrations. The next year, the group shifted its efforts, and since then has focused on protesting the Indians' team name and logo. In its early years, the group drew national media attention as it negotiated with team management over whether Chief Wahoo would continue to be used once the Indians moved to their new stadium. When the team moved to its new ballpark, the stadium manager, Gateway Economic Development Corporation, attempted to prohibit demonstrations there, and protesters sued for access. The logo drew renewed scrutiny during the 1995 World Series, when the Cleveland Indians played the

2322:" that hardly differs from the caricatures of Blacks popular in the Jim Crow era in which Wahoo was created, when such depictions of minority races were popularly used to inflame prejudice and justify discriminatory laws and behavior. Pilgrim explains how the exaggerated features serve their discriminatory purpose by emphasizing the differences of the depicted race, thereby reinforcing the idea that the caricaturized race is inferior. Bob DiBiasio, the team's then-Vice President of Public Relations, defended the use of Chief Wahoo, saying that fans only associate the Chief Wahoo image with baseball, while framing the team's decision to no longer "animate or humanize the logo" in terms of their "acknowledgement of the sensitivities involved." 2604:"Chief Wahoo," which the Penobscot Nation and many other Americans consider racist and disrespectful to the memory of Louis Sockalexis ... respectfully urge and request that the Cleveland Indians baseball team immediately drop the use of the mascot "Chief Wahoo," which would demonstrate the team understands the disrespect this symbol represents to the Penobscot Nation, the citizens of Maine and the legacy of Louis Sockalexis. Donna Loring, the Penobscot Indian Nation's representative to the Maine State Legislature, has criticized the logo, saying that it "denigrated the contribution that Sockalexis made to the team and to professional sports." 2290:(ASA) sent a letter to Commissioner Manfred stating that the ASA and many other scholarly organizations have issued policies based upon scientific research that the use of Native American names and logos reinforces stereotypes and creates a hostile environment for Native Americans. Discussions between the team and MLB continued at the beginning of the 2017 season, with pressure from Manfred that there should be progress towards elimination of the logo. In 2019, the Chief Wahoo logo was removed from uniforms and stadium signs. Merchandise featuring the logo continues to be sold at the Indians' ballpark and retail stores in Ohio to prevent 2485: 2303: 3039:

detail: "It frankly bothers me when I see protestors out there, every opening day. Invariably in the last few days, they want to go to the court to say they ought to be able to protest closer to where the folks are. Now, people who are serious about what they're about don't do it that way. It's difficult for me to give them a whole lot of credence when they just show up, television cameras are there, they do their thing, and they're gone. I'm not encouraging them to come back, you understand, but if we're going to have a possible dialogue, they need to understand where we're coming from."

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people in the past, separate from our contemporary cultural existence." It also said that the logo "emphasizes a tragic part of our history—focusing on wartime survival while ignoring the strength and beauty of Indian cultures during times of peace." Tribal Governor Barry Dana predicted that "reasoned discussion" would be productive and that the Cleveland franchise would be willing to talk with the Penobscot Nation. However, although Indians vice-president of public relations Bob DiBiasio received a hand-delivered copy, as of 2009 the team had not acknowledged the resolution.

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the logo should be a priority in light of the other issues facing Native Americans. Those who felt most strongly negative about the use of the logo tended to have lived in both cities and reservations. Participants were drawn from two groups, Native People Reclaiming Indian Identities (NatPride) and Relocated Indians of Ohio (RelOH). A 1995 survey asked college students whether the logo should be retained and whether its use was discriminatory. Indian and black students were most likely to believe that the logo was discriminatory and should not be retained.

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to call the Clevelanders the "Indians." It was an honorable name, and while it stuck the team made an excellent record. It has now been decided to revive this name. The Clevelands of 1915 will be the "Indians." There will be no real red Indians on the roster, but the name will recall fine traditions. It is looking backward to a time when Cleveland had one of the most popular teams of the United States. It also serves to revive the memory of a single great player who has been gathered to his fathers in the happy hunting grounds of the Abenakis.

19: 2206: 3080:"I think you always want to be sensitive to anybody that finds it offensive, that, you know ultimately the Indians name and the team, ah, is in recognition of our pride and affiliation with the first Native American baseball player. So I think what we choose to do is celebrate, you know, Louis Sockalexis and his history and tradition with the Indians and, and not to focus on uh anything that we would view, that, you know, anything that we don't view and certainly don't want to put, uh, be offensive to anyone." 2731:: "This image should have gone by the wayside along with Little Black Sambo and the Frito Bandito. ... That this image honors neither Indian or non-Indian people, and that I think anyone who looks at this can recognize it as a blatant racist caricature, tells you, really, again, our place in the society. ... If it is trivial, as they like to say, then why is there any objection whatsoever to changing these images? I really feel that it has to do more with power than it has to do with money." 2554:. The Indians' spokesman had no comment on the matter, while the chairman of the institute's board explained that he was offended by the piece and said, "I don't think that's art." Eventually, the school reversed its position after determining that it was contractually obligated to fund the work. Heap of Birds decided to attend the opening, and the piece was eventually shown. He produced at least two different variations on the work, referred to in a journal as 2644:

characterized fans as "ambivalent and sometimes belligerent". According to researchers, "it is the protestors whose phenotypic traits correspond with stereotypical representations of Indians that receive the most negative attention ... most vocal fans make darker-skinned protestors the targets of their most disparaging remarks". Physical confrontations have included fans throwing beer on protestors, and participants have described derogatory remarks:

55: 2794:, was asked in an interview whether "native people can be more readily imagined than known". Treuer replied that this was the case, and cited sports mascots as an example. He went on to describe the persistence of Chief Wahoo: "We've come a long way since, you know, Little Black Sambo, you know, effigies and things like that kind of dominated the cultural landscape in America, but for some reason Chief Wahoo has persisted." 2550:. Among the pieces he designed for the exhibition was a 25-by-12-foot (7.6 by 3.7 m) billboard featuring an image based upon Chief Wahoo and the text "Smile for Racism". Amidst controversy, the school initially announced that the piece would not be funded or shown. Heap of Birds announced his intent not to attend the opening, and alleged that the school was afraid of losing donations from Indians owner 3076:

It's not about representing a person or a group, it's about our history." In 2007, while working as general manager of the team, Mark Shapiro stated, "It's not an area I have control over or choose to focus." In 2013, after becoming president of the Indians, Shapiro was asked by an interviewer about "the official position of the club on the, on the whole, you know, Chief Wahoo thing". He explained:

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Teters goes on to say, "What I do is collect these things and put them in a context for people to examine them. I think that we become so desensitized to them that we don't even see them for what they are. And so what I'm doing is putting them in a very concentrated space for people to feel the bombardment. The purpose for me is to create a forum for people to debate the issue." In a work titled

2476:: "How is it that our society can agree to get rid of the image of 'Little Black Sambo', but allow our schools to continue to use caricatures like 'Chief Wahoo' or the sacred symbolism of a chief's headdress? In an age when we are teaching our children to be morally responsible and racially sensitive, we cannot continue to let this form of institutional racism be a matter of choice." 6227: 2648:"Each year for the past six or seven years I have joined our native American brothers and sisters and others from the Cleveland area in protesting the use of the racist symbol of Chief Wahoo. Each year we stand outside the stadium, and hear people yell at us to 'go back home.' The irony of telling a native American to go back home is never understood by them it seems." 2852:... Such a heavy burden for such a little guy to carry. The 'racism' behind Chief Wahoo will be news to the millions of people who have followed the baseball Indians over the years, and who no more associated their symbol with real Indians than they believe that Englishmen are short, pot-bellied, run around in knee breeches and wear a Union Jack for a vest." 6235: 2975:, calling the use of Chief Wahoo "insulting and racially insensitive marketing," succeeded in pressuring various companies to stop using the logo. As a result of their efforts, Anheuser-Busch stopped using Chief Wahoo in their Ohio beer ads, and Denny's Restaurants barred its Ohio employees from wearing the logo to work. 2891:. The author indicated that this approach would face significant legal hurdles. An alternative and perhaps more successful approach would be to challenge the validity of the trademark, because trademark law bars the registration of disparaging or scandalous marks. A 1999 article in the Harvard Law Review also outlined an 3334:

With the going of Nap Lajoie to the Athletics, a new name had to be selected for the Cleveland American league club. President Somers invited the Cleveland baseball writers to make the selection. The title of Indians was their choice, it having been one of the names applied to the old National league

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passed a resolution condemning the use of Chief Wahoo, saying that "the use and misuse of Native American imagery affronts basic human rights and dignity and has a negative impact on human self worth". The Native American head of the group's Indian council criticized the logo, saying, "The image that

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once condemned the logo as a racist caricature and proposed a referendum to strip it from all city-owned property, but the suggestion went nowhere. However, Juan Reyna, chairperson of a local activist group, criticized White's reasoning, saying, "There will never be a majority in favor of getting rid

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Native American artist Charlene Teters has incorporated Chief Wahoo merchandise into installation pieces. She describes this art as "an extension of the work that I've been doing on the front lines, of the struggle to remove stereotypes and symbols that reinforce the stereotype of the Native people".

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that these results were due to the relative absence of alternative positive images of Native Americans in contemporary society. Instead, mainstream characterizations of American Indians often invoke stereotypes such as alcoholism, higher school dropout and suicide rates; while sports mascots relegate

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Many years ago there was an Indian named Sockalexis who was the star player of the Cleveland baseball club. As a batter, fielder and base runner he was a marvel. Sockalexis so far outshone his teammates that he naturally came to be regarded as the whole team. The "fans" throughout the country began

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Russell Means described receiving hate mail for the only time in his career after a TV appearance on the subject, including letters advocating the "ethnic cleansing" of Indians, and the legal process lasted over a decade. In 1982, both sides announced that they were near an agreement; one method of

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Protests remain a regular feature, but are smaller than they were in the 1990s. Today, the Committee of 500 Years of Dignity and Resistance has 8 to 12 core members and a total membership of approximately 150 people. Researchers have suggested that Cleveland's low Native American population and its

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When local Native Americans were asked to participate in the 175th anniversary of the founding of Cleveland in 1971, they used the occasion to protest the history of native mistreatment by non-natives, from massacres to Chief Wahoo. Protests have continued on Opening Day of the baseball season each

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formally asked the Cleveland Indians to stop using the Chief Wahoo logo in 2000, unanimously passing a resolution calling on the team to retire the logo. The resolution stated that the Penobscot Nation found Chief Wahoo "to be an offensive, degrading, and racist stereotype that firmly places Indian

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Surveys from a 2012 dissertation on Native American identity in northeast Ohio identified several different American Indian viewpoints about Chief Wahoo. The majority of participants thought that the logo was harmful. However, there was disagreement among this group over whether the elimination of

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magazine, Alexie compared the logo to Little Black Sambo: "A lot of people think it's a minor issue. Google search Chief Wahoo, put it up on one side of your screen, and then Google search Sambo, and put it on your screen. And this horribly racist, vile depiction of African Americans looks exactly

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of Chief Wahoo, police arrested him and ordered others to leave. Later, the police arrested two other protesters who had moved to another part of the stadium. Officials claimed all three had actively resisted arrest. Bellecourt was charged with criminal endangerment and resisting arrest, while the

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Protests continued as Cleveland returned to the World Series for the first time in 19 years. In August 2016, a team spokesman said the team was "very cognizant and sensitive to both sides of the conversation" but had "no plans of making a change." Hundreds of Native Americans protested outside the

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Statements from other members of Cleveland management have ranged from noncommittal to very supportive. Kurt Schloss, former director of merchandising and now vice president of concessions, has defended the use of the logo as part of the team's identity: "Chief Wahoo is a piece of who we are. ...

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sardonically interpreted these results to mean that "looking at Chief Wahoo, the mere existence of Chief Wahoo, can change your opinions of a whole separate ethnicity", adding that the study "probably confirms that Clevelanders and Indians fans are inclined to stereotype and hate just about every

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and colleagues studied the effects on American Indian high school students of exposure to Chief Wahoo and other depictions of Native Americans. While reporting positive associations to the images, effects included lower self-esteem, community worth, and fewer achievement-related possibilities for

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Stereotypical and historically inaccurate images of Indians in general interfere with learning about them by creating, supporting and maintaining oversimplified and inaccurate views of indigenous peoples and their cultures. When stereotypical representations are taken as factual information, they

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avoided the issue of trademark protection, but raised questions about how Chief Wahoo might affect Major League Baseball's antitrust exemption. One of the editorials concludes that money, not legal issues, will be the ultimate cause of change: "But private schools and private businesses like the

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Newspapers and other publications have described a tense atmosphere surrounding these protests, some of which resulted in legal actions (see below). Reporters have described antagonistic behavior from game attendees (e.g, shouting "You killed Custer!", or directing war whoops at protesters), and

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then passed a bill that condemned the logo, making explicit reference to the team's failure to acknowledge the Penobscot resolution. The bill read in part: "WHEREAS, the Cleveland Indians team ignored a petition by the Penobscot Nation in 2000 to cease and desist the use of its caricature mascot

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passed a resolution urging "the Planning Committee and the Board of Trustees to consult and cooperate" with the UCC's struggle against the use of the Chief Wahoo. At a 2012 Unitarian Universalist workshop in Cleveland, participants suggested joining again with the yearly protests against Chief

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Team spokesman Bob DiBiasio has defended the use of Chief Wahoo, saying that while the logo is a caricature, it is "not meant to represent anyone or any group." He has also stated that Chief Wahoo is not meant to be racist, and asked "if there is no intent to demean, how can something demean?"

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Asked if the strength of the argument was more important than the size of the protest, team owner Larry Dolan agreed that it was, and said that "you can whip a group of non-thoughtful people to come up and protest anything". Later, in the same interview, Dolan described the protests in greater

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denounced the use of the logo in a statement by their Commission on Catholic Community Action to Promote Justice. The statement cited a 1988 Vatican document saying that acts "which lead to contempt and to the phenomena of exclusion must be denounced and brought to light without hesitation and

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The Oberlin student newspaper recorded the interview and quoted Dolan as saying, "I firmly reject that Wahoo is racist. I see that it makes some Natives uncomfortable—clearly not all. I think I understand racism when I see it." The paper reported that Dolan claimed his incentive to action was

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Charlene Teters, a Native American artist and activist, was interviewed for a 1997 story on Chief Wahoo and remarked, "We are the only group of people still used as mascots. You wouldn't have someone painted in blackface run on the field." Teters again discussed the logo in a 2009 documentary

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Subsequent research has found that exposure to the Chief Wahoo image "activated negative, but not positive, American Indian stereotypes", and that the predominantly European-American study participants' "motivation to control prejudice, prejudice level, and experience did not predict negative

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After the Indians' management chose to retain Chief Wahoo in 1993, Clark Hosick, executive director of the North American Indian Cultural Center in Akron, Ohio, explained his position on the logo. Hosick said he believed that the logo encouraged stereotypical comments, such as sports reports

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reported the results of two studies on the effects of American Indian mascots on observers. According to the authors, "both studies show that participants primed with an American Indian sports mascot increased their stereotyping of a different ethnic minority group." The alternative weekly

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stated in 2001: "The Cleveland Indians are probably the least offensively named professional team, until you meet Chief Wahoo. It is like naming a team the 'African-American Freedom Fighters' and then making Sambo the mascot. It is like naming a team 'La Raza' and then resurrecting the

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discussed the logo's use in 2001 with team owner Larry Dolan, who formerly served on Oberlin's board of trustees. The head of the American Indian Council at Oberlin presented Dolan with a packet "containing historical, scholarly and position papers about American Indian team mascots".

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In 1993, an Ohio state lawmaker promised to introduce legislation that would have blocked the use of public funds for a new stadium if the Indians did not change their logo. A similar measure had been introduced in 1992, but it failed to pass by six votes. Former Cleveland Mayor

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A small number of fans promoted "de-chiefing" of their team apparel by removing the Chief Wahoo logo as a silent protest while maintaining their support of the team. Team management declined to comment on the phenomenon, but pro-Wahoo fans made angry comments on social media.

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it depicts looks kind of sub-human. It doesn't look like someone I would consider to be Indian." In an article on the resolution, the team spokesman defended the use of the logo, describing the team's relationship with the local Native American community as "very positive".

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denounced the use of Chief Wahoo in a vote taken during their quadrennial General Conference that took place in Cleveland in 2000. The measure passed without debate by a vote of 610-293, and was similar to previous resolutions that did not specifically mention Chief Wahoo.

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weakened by the fact that Native Americans do not universally find the logo offensive. Larry Dolan's son, Paul Dolan, was at the meeting, and was quoted as saying, "Whether or not is offensive is not really a debate. Whether it's racist is really the crux of the issue."

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announced that the renaming process would begin. The team continued to play as the Indians for the 2021 season while a new name was selected and other activities necessary for rebranding were implemented. During the 2021 season face paint and headdresses were banned from

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Defenders often claim there is an intention to honor Native Americans and that there are ways to do so while retaining their current representations. Opponents of Native American mascots make no distinction between respectful or disparaging usage, both being based upon

5598:"Statement of Suzan Shown Harjo, President, The Morning Star Institute, for the oversight hearing on "Stolen Identities: The impact of racist stereotypes on indigenous people," before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, Washington, D.C., May 5, 2011" 2857:

settlement being considered was an annual "Indian Day" at Cleveland Municipal Stadium. A lawyer for the defense said that an out-of-court settlement was preferred, but that he doubted a financial agreement would be part of it. The suit was finally settled in 1983.

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Former owner Richard Jacobs vowed not to drop the logo as long as he owned the team. When owner Larry Dolan bought the team in 2000, he said, "I have no problem with Chief Wahoo. I don't think there is any disrespect meant. If I did, I would consider a change."

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to many Native American tribes. Ellen Baird, a Native American professor of sociology, says that the feather depicted in the logo is traditionally given to a warrior wounded in battle, and alleges that institutional racism prevents people from learning of this.

3137: 2588:, it's more insulting than anything. I think they should change the whole thing to something else. It won't break my heart. It won't break anybody's." Paul's son, Kenneth Jr., has said of Chief Wahoo, "I wish they'd get rid of that smiling Indian head." 3005:

has joined the UCC in their efforts. According to Mark Pelavin, the associate director of the organization, said that the UCC "asked us to sign letters to team owners and to join in some quiet meetings with team officials, and we were glad to do so".

2685:. They were booked and jailed for aggravated arson. However, no formal charges were filed after the booking, and the protesters were released the next day. The protesters, led by Bellecourt, later sued the city for violating their free speech rights. 2216:

Native American protesters in Cleveland also state that "retiring" Chief Wahoo would not be a sufficient solution to the issue, since both the name and logo would need to be changed to something that does not reference Native Americans in any way.

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Native American activists used one of these strategies—suing to remove trademark protection on disparaging marks—against the Washington Redskins in the 1990s. After early victories for the activists, newspapers including the Ohio State University

2706:, O'Connor also wrote that "the windy conditions coupled with the spraying of additional accelerant on the already burning effigies created a hazard" and that "the police were obligated to protect the public, including the protesters themselves." 2813:, on its face, is not overtly defamatory. Sometimes the context, not the name itself, is the problem. In the case of the Cleveland Indians, face value is the clincher — the face, that is, of the stupidly grinning, single-feathered Chief Wahoo." 1014: 2919:

Cleveland Indians and Washington Redskins have a constitutional right to call themselves whatever they want and, if they wish, they may use logos and mascots that offend people. When it no longer makes them any money they will change."

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James Fenelon, a researcher and member of the Dakota tribe, has described Chief Wahoo as an "unambiguous racial icon meant to symbolize stereotypical and usually negative images of Native people as "wild" but "friendly" savages."

2260:, filed a human rights complaints with Ontario's Superior Court of Justice and human rights tribunal seeking to ban the use of both the name and logo, as well as names and logos of other sports teams deemed offensive, in Ontario. 2713:

decided that the sidewalks near Jacobs Field were a public forum and the owner could not place content-sensitive restrictions on its use. Demonstrators had moved their protests to a nearby public area while the case was pending.

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The Youth "Indian" Mascot and Logo Task Force is a group in Wisconsin that has asked high schools to retire Native American mascots. In a statement, the group has contrasted the relative acceptance of Chief Wahoo versus that of

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DiBiasio has described conversations about Chief Wahoo with the Cleveland American Indian Movement and others as "an exchange of ideas, concepts, philosophies". The Cleveland American Indian Movement also sought comment from

7183: 2336:'s Cleveland branch, lamented the lack of response to Chief Wahoo's use. In a 2008 interview, Miller said that if black Americans were depicted in an image akin to Chief Wahoo, "the NAACP would be up in arms about it. The 2997:

suit. A 2005 editorial appearing in Religion News Services said the UCC had been active against Chief Wahoo since the 1980s, and added that "no other major-league city has a logo with such an offensive stereotype".

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transient status, traveling to and from reservations, have contributed to recruiting difficulties. American Indian Movement chapters elsewhere in the country have sometimes held protests at Cleveland's away games.

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Chief Wahoo hats continued to be worn by the players with home white jerseys and alternate navy blue jerseys both at home and on the road. This drew attention in both the United States and Canada during both the

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began discussing a change in 2016–2017, members of the Penobscot Nation again voiced their opposition to the logo as being derogatory, and distorting rather than honoring the legacy of Louis Sockalexis.

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themselves. Follow-up research on American Indian college students again found that exposure to Chief Wahoo resulted in depressed predictions of future achievement. The researchers concluded based upon

3599:"Architect Douglas Cardinal files human rights complaint against use of Cleveland's name, logo: Major League Baseball 'does not give baseball teams license for such wanton discrimination,' lawyer says" 2527:, large black and white portraits of the artists' family members are "blocked" by brightly colored overlays of mass-media depictions of Native Americans. Teters' childhood portrait is overlaid with a 2278:

that members of the Native American community be included in any discussion; the request was in response to Commissioner Manfred's announcement that he planned to meet with Cleveland Indians owner

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Russell Means has criticized Chief Wahoo, saying, "It epitomizes the stereotyped image of the American Indian. It attacks the cultural heritage of the American Indian and destroys Indian pride."

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During opening day protests in 1998, Cleveland police arrested three protesters for burning an effigy of Chief Wahoo, and shortly thereafter arrested two more protesters for burning an effigy of

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appears before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs during a May 5, 2011 hearing. Teters has called Chief Wahoo a "blatant racist caricature" that "honors neither Indian or non-Indian people".

3458: 2584:' oldest surviving relative, described his reaction to being photographed in a Chief Wahoo hat, saying, "They made me look like a fool." On the subject of the logo itself, he said, "Wahoo or 2821:

makes a similar point, writing that the "use of laudatory nicknames contrasts sharply with the practice of using racial caricatures as mascots—such as Chief Wahoo of the Cleveland Indians".

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drew international attention to the team. Local groups said they would continue to advocate for a change of the team name, and object to the sale of merchandise with the Chief Wahoo image.

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did an editorial about the Jeep Cherokee and concluded that something cannot be demeaned if there is no intent to demean. We still believe the vast majority of our fans like Chief Wahoo."

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which has led over 115 professional organizations representing civil rights, educational, athletic, and scientific experts to publish resolutions or policies that state that any use of

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The United Church of Christ reaffirmed their position in 2000, when Bernice Powell Jackson, the executive director of the UCC Commission for Racial Justice and executive minister of

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On July 23, 2021, the team announced that beginning in the 2022 season, their new name would be the Cleveland Guardians. The name change was made official on November 19, 2021.

4938:"JOINT RESOLUTION MEMORIALIZING Certain National Private Entities to Honor Maine Baseball Great Louis Sockalexis and to Afford Appropriate Respect to Native American Athletes" 3598: 5757: 3850: 2787:

described Alexie's point of view that white people have the privilege of being appalled at logos like Chief Wahoo, but that being appalled never feels like being humiliated.

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outlined several possible legal challenges to the use and validity of the Chief Wahoo trademark. Among the possible arguments was the notion that the Indians' actions in

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called upon the media outlets in Canada to stop using the name in view of the commission's general policy opposing the use of indigenous names and images in sports.

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Through the decades of protest, team representatives defended both the name and logo as part of their tradition, with no intention to disparage Native Americans.

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of it. There are more people at a single Indians game than all the Indians in the whole tri-state area. It needs to be done because it's the right thing to do."

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Native Americans to the past, leaving little space for Native students to define a positive identity or think of themselves in terms of everyday social roles.

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announced a $ 9 million suit by the Cleveland American Indian Center against the team for libel, slander, and defamation from the use of Chief Wahoo. Writer

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Tribe of Maine, is generally discredited given the discriminatory treatment of Native Americans in general, and Sockalexis in particular during that era.

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describing how "the Indians scalped" their opponents. He also said that he believed some of these comments would disappear if the team dropped the logo.

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The Praeger Handbook on Contemporary Issues in Native America: Linguistic, Ethnic, and Economic Revival, Volume 1 (Native America: Yesterday and Today)

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Freng, S.; Willis-Esqueda, C. (2011). "A question of honor: Chief Wahoo and American Indian stereotype activation among a university based sample".

6946: 6829: 3481: 2026: 684: 9067: 4962: 4372: 3393: 2556: 3687: 9092: 6415: 5008: 597: 5034: 7353: 7105: 6266: 5650:"Proud Traditions: Reflections of a Lifelong Washington Redskins Fan on the Harjo Decisions & the use of Native American Names in Sports" 2972: 2774: 2628:. The games were marked by protests in both cities. The 1997 All-Star game was also home to protests; these were attended by a descendant of 9077: 6998: 5792: 5515: 3732: 3668: 1260: 9082: 7295: 6939: 2428: 1230: 826: 352: 6859: 6317: 5401: 5286: 3951: 3877: 3641: 2696:

wrote in the majority opinion that "without question, the effigy burnings were constitutionally protected speech," but, citing the 1968

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Often citing a long held myth by non-Native people that 'Indian' mascots 'honor Native people,' American sports businesses such as the

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who coined the word. But the suit is real enough, and it reads like something that might have been brought against a defendant at the

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also framed the study in terms of the Indians' logo, headlining their story "Chief Wahoo's Revenge: One Stereotype Begets Another".

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for mascot duty. No one can make the honor claim with a straight face, unless they seriously think Chief Wahoo is a straight face."

9097: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7618: 7603: 7484: 7444: 6659: 5765: 4551: 3273: 2234: 434: 322: 3822: 3366:

Staurowsky, Ellen J. (1998). "An Act of Honor or Exploitation? The Cleveland Indians' Use of the Louis Francis Sockalexis Story".

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like the Chief Wahoo mascot of the Cleveland Indians. Exactly. And why is one acceptable and the other isn't?" An article in the

2201:, continue to profit from harmful stereotypes originated during a time when white superiority and segregation were common place. 6146:

Guggenheim, Jack A. (1998). "The Indians' Chief Problem: Chief Wahoo as State Sponsored Discrimination and a Disparaging Mark".

2318:

in Michigan. For Dr. David Pilgrim, a sociology professor at Ferris State and an expert in racial imagery, the symbol is a "red

7469: 7052: 5449: 2883: 2516: 2511:. The exhibit featured "difficult" objects from Ohio Historical Society collections, including a vintage Chief Wahoo jacket, a 2257: 2136:

An oft-repeated legend is that the name "Indians" was chosen because it was one of the nicknames previously applied to the old

1995: 689: 444: 272: 257: 252: 82: 7578: 7047: 5858: 5828: 5686: 5601: 5321: 4858: 4614: 4528: 4256: 3788: 2311: 2268: 2166: 2077: 512: 237: 6349: 4222: 3115:"Legislative efforts to eliminate native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos: Slow but steady progress post-APA resolution" 3051:"We believe this is an issue of perception. We think people look at the logo and they think about baseball—they think about 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7459: 7125: 7037: 5260: 2674:

other two were charged with criminal trespass and aggravated disorderly conduct. Charges against the defendants were later

2435: 2387: 2144:, a Native American, played in Cleveland. The attribution of the new name as being in honor of Sockalexis, a member of the 2019: 1036: 327: 141: 7157: 6882: 2887:. If there was also an implicit discriminatory intent in the design of the logo, then its use would be a violation of the 7588: 7449: 7439: 7010: 6228:"INDIANS COULD STRIKE OUT RULING THAT UNDERMINES NFL'S REDSKINS' NAME, LOGO MAY LEAD TO SAME FOR CLEVELAND BASEBALL CLUB" 4315: 2742:"), describing the logo as one of several prominent "hideous, inhuman, insulting or just plain dumb-looking" depictions. 2519:

advertised a daylong seminar on racist stereotypes in American sport with a handout that featured the Chief Wahoo image.

1696: 1352: 1265: 1156: 816: 634: 262: 247: 5374: 4403: 3138:"As the All-Star Game Goes on Without Chief Wahoo, Local Groups Say They'll Continue Pushing for Indians to Change Name" 2087:

Protest of both the logo and name started in the 1970s, but moved quickly toward the retirement of Chief Wahoo when the

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There have been multiple failed legal and legislative attempts to end the use of Chief Wahoo. In 1972, Indian activist

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protested the decision, and the legal director for ACLU Ohio said that the issue was one of free speech, not racism.

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At the beginning of 2014, the use of Chief Wahoo was officially reduced to secondary status in favor of a block "C",

890: 721: 193: 171: 3222: 2564:, both of which used the same design. The billboard itself was installed in 1998 near the approach to Jacobs Field. 8161: 7285: 3714: 1649: 1478: 1372: 821: 711: 6745: 6202: 9087: 9017: 9012: 9006: 7887: 7882: 6711: 6685: 2778:: "To break Indians out of museums and movies and Chief Wahoo—that's a legacy for any book." In an interview for 2473: 2245: 2012: 1225: 728: 482: 277: 4937: 4477: 8269: 8259: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 7593: 6771: 2987: 2710: 2461: 2097:

The Cleveland Indians officially announced on July 3, 2020, that the club would review its name in the wake of

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In 2004, ruling on a lawsuit brought by protesters who wished to demonstrate against Chief Wahoo's use, the

2244:

During Cleveland's 2016 playoff series with the Toronto Blue Jays, Renu Mandhane, chief commissioner of the

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When stadium management made efforts to exclude protesters, the United Church of Christ joined others in a

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that promote misunderstanding and prejudice which contributes to other problems faced by Native Americans.

1183: 1131: 72: 6494: 6423: 6013: 4156:"Effect of Exposure to an American Indian Mascot on the Tendency to Stereotype a Different Minority Group" 3926: 3870:"The Curse of Chief Wahoo: Are we paying the price for embracing America's last acceptable racist symbol?" 2738:

cited Chief Wahoo as an example of the "savage savage" stereotype of Native Americans (as opposed to the "

2665:, protesters demonstrated against the team's use of the Chief Wahoo mascot. When American Indian activist 8264: 7613: 7520: 7178: 5961: 5624: 2702: 2543: 1837: 1681: 1086: 679: 617: 5148: 2934:—Bernice Powell Jackson, executive director of the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice 2688:

In 2004, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled in a 5–2 decision that the arrest did not violate the protesters'

2129:

to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace "Naps" following the departure of their star player

8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 4639:"Searching for Sockalexis: Exploring the Myth at the core of Cleveland's 'Indian' Image", appearing in 4004: 2845: 2844:"$ 9-million is 'umpteen' dollars in anybody's vocabulary, including that of the original Chief Wahoo, 2539: 2495: 1946: 701: 372: 87: 5475: 4280:"The Context of Racial Microaggressions Against Indigenous Peoples: Same Old Racism or Something New?" 3581:"Don't use Cleveland's team name when covering next Blue Jays series, human rights commissioner urges" 3400: 3241: 7540: 6389: 4911: 1277: 1091: 985: 870: 529: 497: 151: 77: 6117:"Protesting the Misappropriation of Native American Terms and Images by the Cleveland Baseball Team" 4061:"Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots" 2449:

passed a resolution in 2004 objecting to the use of Chief Wahoo by members of the school community.

7785: 2608: 2326: 2272: 2174: 1543: 1431: 1272: 1041: 970: 798: 753: 607: 492: 472: 402: 332: 208: 6014:"Native American Mascots in Secondary Schools, Professional Sports, and Colleges and Universities" 5845: 4341:"Indian Education for All: Evaluating American Indian Materials & Resources for the Classroom" 3552: 2484: 2169:, the oldest and largest organization representing enrolled tribal citizens in the United States: 7640: 7608: 7244: 7135: 6546: 4428: 2979: 2952: 2675: 2600: 2315: 1842: 1822: 1676: 1666: 1624: 1240: 1081: 935: 905: 900: 843: 778: 763: 696: 669: 654: 38: 5788: 5523: 2840:

criticized both the dollar amount and the grounds for the suit in an editorial article, saying,

880: 7719: 7635: 7280: 4155: 2941:"I would cease being a United Methodist before I would cease wearing my Chief Wahoo clothing." 2802: 2547: 2532: 2416: 2310:

The Chief Wahoo image was the Indians logo beginning in 1947, and is part of an exhibit at the

2194: 2102: 1941: 1914: 1904: 1362: 1342: 1205: 1076: 965: 915: 885: 865: 793: 773: 748: 743: 738: 649: 612: 585: 561: 556: 136: 126: 5818: 5309: 4678: 4636: 4153: 3901:"Native Americans to mark Cleveland Indians 1st games with annual protest of Chief Wahoo logo" 3168: 9057: 7773: 7726: 7029: 4846: 4820: 4604: 3955: 3531: 3086: 2446: 2374: 2337: 2279: 2182: 2106: 2098: 2050: 1909: 1869: 1802: 1691: 1639: 1558: 1307: 1071: 975: 950: 945: 930: 925: 920: 860: 808: 768: 674: 644: 539: 146: 6575: 5498:

UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST v. GATEWAY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION OF GREATER CLEVELAND INC

3451:"Standing Up And Staying Put: Four Decades of Protesting the Cleveland Indians' Chief Wahoo" 2302: 8149: 7713: 7667: 7651: 7535: 7140: 4347: 3978: 3688:"Top Native American Group Wants To Meet With MLB, Cleveland Indians Over Chief Wahoo Logo" 2964: 2528: 2512: 1780: 1292: 1166: 875: 833: 783: 758: 571: 534: 267: 121: 6373: 5502: 4034: 3301: 2946:—Delegate at the 1998 annual meeting of the United Methodist Church's East Ohio Conference 8: 8064: 7708: 7678: 7573: 7550: 7424: 7362: 7249: 7083: 7067: 6524: 4985: 4805: 3851:"Cleveland Indians' removal of Chief Wahoo reignites debate over controversial nicknames" 2693: 2500: 2319: 2081: 2054: 1956: 1817: 1436: 1332: 1312: 1101: 1009: 960: 940: 910: 803: 590: 397: 4555: 4154:

Kim-Prieto, Chu; Goldstein, Lizabeth A.; Okazaki, Sumie; Kirschner, Blake (March 2010).

8155: 7239: 7005: 6993: 6804: 5123: 4775: 4666: 4577: 4506: 4133: 4083: 3766: 3672: 3618: 3251: 3176: 2697: 2682: 2291: 2198: 2178: 1721: 1716: 1706: 1654: 1644: 1619: 1553: 1511: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1317: 602: 5730: 5427: 4886:"Penobscots Seeking Ban of Cleveland's Mascot: Chief Wahoo found as offensive, racist" 3642:"Chief Wahoo, Cleveland Indians' logo, heads to the World Series. Prepare for outrage" 3425:"Ending the Legacy of Racism in Sports & the Era of Harmful Indian Sports Mascots" 2515:, and 19th-century prints that stereotyped African Americans. The following year, the 2438:

has described Chief Wahoo as an example of a disrespectful image of Native Americans.

2329:

has described the use of the mascot as "exploitative, bigoted, racist, and shameful."

8143: 8137: 8023: 8016: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7556: 7511: 7505: 7234: 7224: 7214: 7199: 6931: 6569:"The Beacon: A monthly newsletter of the Unitarian Universalist Society of Cleveland" 6549:. Cleveland, Ohio: Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations. June 21, 2001 5854: 5824: 5814: 5317: 5127: 5104:"Challenges of Multiracial Antiracist Activism: Racial Consciousness and Chief Wahoo" 5103: 4956: 4854: 4779: 4645: 4610: 4455:"Ohio Library Can't Ban Workers From Wearing Cleveland Indians Logo, ACLU Says Share" 4287: 4174: 4125: 4056: 3796: 2735: 2666: 2662: 2369: 2356: 2238: 2210: 2186: 2137: 2111: 2088: 2072:

was officially removed in 2018, the Indian-themed name continued to be a part of the

1988: 1899: 1827: 1812: 1595: 1538: 1337: 1245: 1136: 1056: 895: 176: 5453: 4137: 4087: 3047:

DiBiasio has expanded on these statements elsewhere. In another interview, he said:

2507:

The Chief Wahoo image was featured in a 2012 Ohio Historical Society exhibit called

7692: 7545: 6986: 5345: 5115: 4765: 4635:

Staurowsky, Ellen J. (1998). Thomas L. Altherr, series editor Alvin L. Hall (ed.).

4170: 4117: 4075: 4055: 3375: 3278: 2892: 2849: 2629: 2592: 2581: 2434:

In a 2009 guidebook on evaluating American Indian resources for classroom use, the

2401: 2249: 2141: 1951: 1936: 1864: 1785: 1755: 1570: 1406: 1106: 664: 659: 502: 392: 4536: 3328:"Baseball writers select "Indians" as the best name to apply to the former Naps". 2368:

In a 2008 journal article "Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses", psychologist

2049:

referred to the controversy surrounding the club name and logo previously used by

18: 7958: 7953: 7779: 7748: 7685: 7629: 7525: 7254: 7130: 4316:"Schools' Use of Native American Mascots: Report to the State Board of Education" 4279: 4121: 3646: 2960: 2689: 2637: 2488: 2453: 2394: 2344: 2205: 1966: 1874: 1770: 1711: 1563: 1548: 1528: 1493: 1200: 1111: 1046: 838: 788: 566: 417: 6796: 6602:"Series Will Be Offensive To Many -- Team Nicknames, Mascots Object Of Protests" 4429:"Wahoo is Out of Style at Library: County system's staff can't sport Tribe logo" 8050: 7645: 7229: 7145: 6976: 6830:"Cleveland Indians President Mark Shapiro: "Chief Wahoo isn't going anywhere."" 6471: 3197: 2899:) strategy for suits against teams that use native American names and symbols. 2769: 2636:

covered the Chief Wahoo protests and named Native American activist and artist

2625: 2442: 2355:

A particular problem with Chief Wahoo is that it includes a feather, which has

2190: 2156:. The resolution issued by the Society of Indian Psychologists in 1999 states: 2126: 1961: 1919: 1889: 1879: 1797: 1790: 1775: 1765: 1585: 1521: 1463: 1458: 1443: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1096: 1031: 544: 517: 362: 46: 23: 6374:

Commission on Catholic Community Action to Promote Justice (August 17, 1993).

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described Chief Wahoo as an example of a stereotypical Native American image.

9036: 7320: 7204: 7100: 6921: 5908: 5119: 3800: 3482:"The Indians are changing their primary logo from Chief Wahoo to the block C" 2833: 2349: 1973: 1580: 1516: 1501: 1357: 1322: 1302: 1173: 1116: 1051: 439: 342: 6124: 5066:"New baseball season brings fresh protests against Cleveland Indians mascot" 4609:(First paperback ed.). New York and London: New York University Press. 4606:

Dancing at Halftime: Sports and the Controversy Over American Indian Mascots

3017: 2824:

Indian Country Today Media Network has called the logo "grossly offensive".

8106: 8060: 8045: 8040: 7791: 7530: 7259: 4129: 3064: 2874: 2753: 2739: 1807: 1686: 1506: 1473: 1453: 1377: 1367: 1347: 1327: 955: 853: 848: 576: 551: 407: 347: 312: 282: 6090: 4277: 2911:

suggested that trademark protection for Chief Wahoo might be in jeopardy.

2415:

An article in a 2010 psychology text cited Chief Wahoo as an example of a

8080: 8075: 7767: 7623: 7500: 7219: 7093: 5450:"Workers World Nov. 6, 1997: Native leaders arrested during World Series" 4818: 4481: 3379: 3052: 2878: 2611: 2275: 2069: 1701: 1661: 1629: 1488: 1448: 1282: 1195: 1146: 1121: 1021: 706: 429: 412: 367: 287: 27: 6922:

National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media poster with Chief Wahoo

6574:. Unitarian Universalist Society of Cleveland. July 2012. Archived from 2734:

In a 2011 statement before the Senate, Morning Star Institute president

8116: 8101: 8091: 8086: 8070: 8055: 7657: 7300: 7209: 6905: 5883:"Yank's Joba to Become First American Indian Braves Player Since 1974?" 4853:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 86. 3485: 3060: 3056: 2837: 2130: 1983: 1978: 1859: 1854: 1750: 1726: 1575: 1468: 1426: 1382: 1190: 1178: 1151: 1141: 1061: 456: 451: 422: 357: 198: 7331: 8111: 8096: 7411: 7062: 5546:"Around The Majors -- Thrown Away: Canseco Admits His Season Is Over" 4284:

Microaggressions and Marginality: Manifestation, Dynamics, and Impact

2253: 2145: 2080:

names and/or symbols by non-native sports teams is a harmful form of

2062: 1884: 1832: 1533: 1126: 232: 5915:. Case Western University and the Western Reserve Historical Society 4197:"Scientific Study: Looking at Chief Wahoo Will Make You Hate Asians" 7743: 5987:"Settlement Near in Long Dispute over Tribe's use of 'Chief Wahoo'" 5398:"AIM-West Leads Protests against "Chief Wahoo" at Oakland Coliseum" 5289:. ABC News, appearing in Associated Press archives. October 4, 1997 4770: 3827: 3692: 3557: 2058: 1849: 1671: 1590: 1235: 1161: 1066: 1026: 387: 382: 377: 302: 297: 242: 5516:"Appeals court orders reconsideration in Chief Wahoo protest case" 2792:

Everything You Wanted to Know About Indians But Were Afraid to Ask

2772:

has referenced Chief Wahoo when describing the impact of his book

2546:, a half-Arapaho, half-Cheyenne associate professor of art at the 2464:

barred its workers from wearing the Chief Wahoo logo to work. The

7316:

Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States

7310: 7305: 3306: 3246: 2728: 2535:, and another portrait is overlaid with an image of Chief Wahoo. 2503:

that appeared on a billboard near the Cleveland Indians' ballpark

2161:

contribute to the development of cultural biases and prejudices…

307: 203: 183: 156: 131: 54: 6908:. Presented at American Sociological Association annual meeting. 4641:

The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture, 1998

4554:. George Mason University's History News Network. Archived from 6088: 5837: 4751:"Artistic displacements: An interview with Edgar Heap of Birds" 2670: 1287: 292: 188: 166: 161: 111: 5713:""The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven" Turns Twenty" 3614:"Battle Over Indians' Name and Logo Moves to the World Series" 2760:

editorial that criticized the use of Native American mascots:

2422: 4935: 2799:

The Praeger Handbook on Contemporary Issues in Native America

2333: 1297: 116: 6738:"A chief beef: Some teams still seem insensitive to Indians" 4346:. Montana Office of Public Instruction. 2009. Archived from 2881:

according to the symbiotic relationship test established in

6390:"Coalition of Religious Investors Fight Baseball Team Logo" 5789:"Everything You Wanted To Know About 'Indians' (Interview)" 4799: 3789:"Cleveland Indians Will Abandon Chief Wahoo Logo Next Year" 3733:"Commissioner Starts to Press Cleveland Indians About Logo" 3223:"Cleveland Indians ban headdresses, painted faces at games" 2968:

strongly rejected in order to promote equitable behavior."

2465: 2427:

A 2012 report on the use of Native American mascots by the

2125:

The name "Indians" originated from a request by club owner

1931: 1760: 6884:

Negotiating American Indian Identity in the Land of Wahoo

6852:"Chief Wahoo still a divisive symbol in Cleveland sports" 6222: 6220: 5600:. The Morning Star Institute. May 5, 2011. Archived from 5009:"From Maine tribe to Cleveland Indians: Enough is enough" 3018:

Response to protests by Cleveland management and partners

2756:

described his childhood purchase of Chief Wahoo hat in a

2220: 7276:

Contemporary Native American issues in the United States

6521:"We Can't Go It Alone: A Conversation with Mark Pelavin" 5205:"Sports of The Times: This Series Could Prove Offensive" 4630: 4628: 4626: 3823:"Cleveland Indians will remove Chief Wahoo logo in 2019" 3669:"Cleveland Indians: Native Americans rally against logo" 6789: 6683: 6514: 6512: 5853:. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Macmillan Reference USA. 5102:

Jacobs, Michelle R.; Taylor, Tiffany (September 2012).

4724:"Chief Wahoo billboard dropped from art school opening" 4278:

Hill, Jill S.; Kim, Suah; Williams, Chantea D. (2010).

4149: 4147: 4107: 7699:

Philadelphia Athletics 18, Cleveland Indians 17 (1932)

6961: 6376:"Resolution on Cleveland's Professional Baseball Team" 6217: 4223:"Chief Wahoo's Revenge: One Stereotype Begets Another" 2580:

Kenneth Paul, who at the time of a 1993 interview was

2120: 6677: 6347: 6263:

Akron Law Café, published by The Akron Beacon Journal

6089:

Mark Vorsburgh; Christopher Quinn (August 18, 2000).

5538: 5522:. Associated Press. September 1, 2004. Archived from 5101: 4726:. Associated Press. December 10, 1996. Archived from 4700:. Associated Press. December 12, 1996. Archived from 4623: 3274:"Cleveland Indians choose Guardians as new team name" 2297: 6874: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6509: 5885:. Indian Country Today Media Network. Archived from 5314:

Team Spirits: The Native American Mascot Controversy

5301: 4144: 4059:; Markus, H. R.; Oyserman, D.; Stone, J. M. (2008). 2332:

Stanley Miller, while the executive director of the

6495:"Despite Religious Opposition, Chief Wahoo Remains" 5843: 5375:"Living in the New Millennium: Chief Wahoo Must Go" 4005:"Indigenous speaker discusses forced sterilization" 3011:

Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations

2827: 2286:. In advance of this meeting, the president of the 6259:"Does Chief Wahoo Deserve an Antitrust Exemption?" 5710: 5501: (6th Circuit Court of Appeals 2004), 5172: 5170: 4819:Deborah Wood, quoting Edgar Heap of Birds (1998). 4692: 4690: 4688: 3759:"Indians to stop using Wahoo logo starting in '19" 6686:"Lovable or Horrifying? Wahoo According to Dolan" 6646: 5823:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. p. 147. 5813: 5577:USA Weekend, appearing in The Kingman Daily Miner 5508: 5231:"Chief Wahoo and his ilk have overstayed welcome" 4851:The Ashes of Lou Gehrig and Other Baseball Essays 4698:"Chief Wahoo billboard gets art school's funding" 4027:"Filmmaker screens attack on Tribe's Chief Wahoo" 3444: 3442: 3169:"Indians weigh 'best path forward' for team name" 3117:. American Psychological Association. August 2010 3009:At their 2001 general assembly in Cleveland, the 2385:In 2010, the authors of a paper published in the 2294:, but is no longer sold on the league's website. 1895:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 9034: 6827: 6729: 6189: 6187: 6139: 6108: 5711:Alexie, Sherman; Walter, Jess (August 6, 2013). 5006: 4742: 4457:. American Civil Liberties Union. April 22, 1999 4404:"Dominguez Says Dolan Meeting Just a First Step" 4020: 4018: 2282:about the issue following the conclusion of the 9043:20th-century controversies in the United States 7384:Former names (all in Cleveland unless noted) - 6823: 6821: 6684:Heron, Liz; Leung, Adrian (December 15, 2000). 6438: 6422:. Associated Press. May 9, 2000. Archived from 5452:. Workers.org. November 6, 1997. Archived from 5167: 4879: 4877: 4716: 4685: 4535:. Ohio Historical Society. 2012. Archived from 4002: 3892: 3359: 3302:"Guardians era officially arrives in Cleveland" 1539:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6712:"Dolan Defends Logo That Students Call Racist" 6593: 6518: 6250: 6005: 5758:"Wallace Baine, Baine Street: Nobody's mascot" 5642: 5337: 5222: 4395: 4188: 3578: 3439: 2717: 2575: 2343:Legal scholar Steve Russell, a citizen of the 2165:This point of view echoes the position of the 1015:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7347: 6947: 6897: 6765: 6763: 6703: 6184: 5807: 5564: 5316:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 253. 4758:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 4478:"Freedom Fighter of the Month: December 1999" 4307: 4015: 3979:"Ethics, Alterity, Incommensurability, Honor" 3861: 2973:Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility 2775:The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven 2264:stadium during the first game of the series. 2020: 6818: 6561: 6486: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6158: 6082: 5953: 5678: 5389: 4874: 4596: 4249:"Cleveland's nickname a continual sore spot" 4049: 3970: 3507:"Uni Watch: Some removing Chief Wahoo logos" 2656: 7296:Native American mascot laws and regulations 6657: 6619: 6312: 6310: 6030: 5880: 5723: 5704: 5616: 5368: 5366: 5279: 5196: 5141: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5026: 4961:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4543: 4240: 4214: 3944: 3242:"New for '22: Meet the Cleveland Guardians" 3135: 3107: 2988:one of the UCC's five covenanted ministries 2877:(since renamed "Progressive Field") were a 2567:Heap of Birds later wrote of his artwork: 2429:Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction 2423:Ban of Chief Wahoo in schools and libraries 2047:Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy 1231:List of people killed for being transgender 7354: 7340: 6954: 6940: 6797:"Cleveland Indians Front Office Directory" 6760: 6735: 6464: 6367: 6281: 6145: 6114: 6056: 5749: 5590: 5373:Jackson, Bernice Powell (April 24, 2000). 5307: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 4978:"Penobscots: Cleveland insults Sockalexis" 4838: 4634: 4501: 4499: 4480:. Rage Against the Machine. Archived from 4101: 3952:"Steve Russell Biography and Bibliography" 3898: 3750: 3479: 3365: 3198:"Team Name Update: Letter from Paul Dolan" 2990:, called for the logo to be discontinued. 2914:A pair of editorials published in 2009 by 2363: 2027: 2013: 8172:Dominican Summer League Guardians Mendoza 6843: 6539: 6474:. United Church of Christ. March 10, 2000 6336: 6167:"Activist on Mascot: 'It's About Racism'" 6038:"Ohio lawmaker wants Chief Wahoo's scalp" 5927: 5847:Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, Volume 1 5780: 5346:"Has Chief Wahoo again cursed Cleveland?" 5343: 5310:"In Whose Honor?, Mascots, and the Media" 5228: 4969: 4903: 4812: 4769: 4469: 4447: 4401: 4365: 4271: 4194: 3918: 3820: 3786: 3730: 3611: 3448: 3003:Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism 2661:When the Cleveland Indians played in the 2509:Controversy 2: Pieces We Don't Talk About 9053:2010s controversies in the United States 9048:2000s controversies in the United States 6906:"Wahoo: Window into the world of racism" 6849: 6709: 6599: 6446:"Methodists tear after Chief Wahoo logo" 6408: 6348:Religion News Service (September 2000). 6307: 6256: 6115:Sangiacomo, Michael (November 5, 1999). 6011: 5979: 5570: 5363: 5052: 4847:"Imagine Life as a Cartoon's Descendent" 4578:"Colores: False Traditions, False Idols" 4570: 4521: 4507:"Colores: False Traditions, False Idols" 4333: 4313: 4024: 3867: 2542:opened an exhibit featuring the work of 2494: 2483: 2479: 2301: 2235:2016 American League Championship Series 2204: 323:Social determinants of health in poverty 17: 8167:Dominican Summer League Guardians Goryl 7361: 6903: 6523:. Reform Judaism Online. Archived from 6472:"UCC leaders join Ohio ACLU in lawsuit" 6195:"Chief Wahoo needs an early retirement" 5684: 5424:"Court TV Verdicts: Ohio v. Bellecourt" 5395: 5372: 5253: 5178:"Native Americans Protest 'Wahoo' Logo" 5084: 4883: 4804:. Ohio State University. Archived from 4748: 4602: 4496: 4421: 4286:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1931. 3976: 3848: 3756: 3685: 9068:Native American cultural appropriation 9035: 6880: 6772:"Indians unveil new uniforms for 2008" 6492: 6257:Padfield, Stefan (February 19, 2009). 6164: 5959: 5786: 5622: 5476:"Supreme Court of Ohio Case Summaries" 5202: 5032: 4936:124th Maine State Legislature (2009). 4929: 4552:"New Opposition to Old Sports Mascots" 4549: 4475: 4247:Chacon, Daniel J. (October 20, 2007). 4246: 4220: 4025:Greening, Bryant (November 11, 2006). 3924: 3640:Cox, John Woodrow (October 24, 2016). 3271: 2884:Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority 2618: 2517:National Museum of the American Indian 2258:National Museum of the American Indian 2221:Decline and elimination of Chief Wahoo 30:logo on his cap and sweatshirt in 2013 9093:Native American-related controversies 8184: 7619:Armando Galarraga's near-perfect game 7335: 6935: 6658:Shaughnessy, Dan (October 12, 2007). 6625: 6396:. Catholic Culture.org. July 10, 1997 6290:"Chief Wahoo and the First Amendment" 5913:The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History 5795:from the original on October 29, 2013 5756:Baine, Wallace (September 28, 2013). 5755: 5400:. Indian News Network. Archived from 5287:"Person of the Week: Charlene Teters" 4844: 4003:Samantha Taylor (February 25, 2005). 3899:Sangiacomo, Michael (April 1, 2012). 3821:Siemaszko, Corky (January 29, 2018). 3787:Waldstein, David (January 29, 2018). 3612:Waldstein, David (October 23, 2016). 3550: 3480:Calcaterra, Craig (January 8, 2014). 3449:Schilling, Vincent (April 17, 2012). 3351:. Cleveland, Ohio. January 18, 1915. 3332:. Cleveland, Ohio. January 17, 1915. 2768:Native American writer and filmmaker 2312:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia 2269:National Congress of American Indians 2167:National Congress of American Indians 7126:NCAA Native American mascot decision 6769: 6736:Barrientos, Tonya (March 16, 2002). 6519:Hirt-Manheimer, Aron (Winter 2005). 6287: 5063: 4975: 4909: 4163:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 3757:Bastian, Jordan (January 29, 2018). 3715:"ASA Letter to Commissioner Manfred" 3686:Waldron, Travis (November 1, 2016). 3299: 3239: 3166: 2436:Montana Office of Public Instruction 2388:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1037:Capital punishment for homosexuality 328:Social determinants of mental health 9078:Major League Baseball controversies 6881:Jacobs, Michelle R. (August 2012), 6828:Cleveland Frowns (April 11, 2013). 6710:Stillman, Nick (February 9, 2001). 6600:Ferguson, Doug (October 19, 1995). 6547:"Opening Celebration and Plenary I" 5962:"Indian unit on warpath over Wahoo" 5787:Martin, Michael (October 8, 2012). 5229:Rosenthal, Ken (October 24, 1995). 5203:Vecsey, George (October 19, 1995). 4476:Munson, Christine (December 1999). 4195:Grzegorek, Vince (April 26, 2010). 4068:Basic and Applied Social Psychology 3731:Waldstein, David (April 12, 2017). 3639: 3579:Ashley Csanady (October 11, 2016). 3551:Adler, Lindsey (October 17, 2016). 3229:. Associated Press. March 31, 2021. 2922: 2819:The Encyclopedia of Race and Racism 2140:baseball club during the time when 2121:Origin and significance of the name 2105:. On December 14, 2020, team owner 1157:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 9083:Major League Baseball team mascots 6982:Tomahawk chop and name controversy 6963:Native American mascot controversy 6288:Huhn, Wilson (February 24, 2009). 6165:Tilove, Jonathon (April 3, 1999). 6012:Fletcher, David W. (Spring 2005). 5909:"Cleveland American Indian Center" 5657:United States Patents Quarterly 2d 5344:Wasserman, Harvey (July 9, 2010). 4884:Holyoke, John (December 8, 2000). 4402:Dominguez, Susan (March 9, 2001). 4379:. December 8, 2004. Archived from 4373:"Chief Wahoo banned at Kent State" 3868:Pattakos, Peter (April 25, 2012). 3849:Sheinin, Dave (January 29, 2018). 3814: 3780: 3532:"Uni Watch – De-Chiefers-in-Chief" 3455:Indian Country Today Media Network 3399:. January 27, 1999. Archived from 3029:—CEO Paul Dolan, December 19, 2000 2797:The issue was framed similarly in 2408:Richard Lapchick, director of the 2399:group in the world." The magazine 2298:Chief Wahoo as a racial caricature 2074:Native American mascot controversy 2041:Native American mascot controversy 14: 9109: 8185: 7663:Indians name and logo controversy 6915: 6904:Fenelon, James V. (August 1997). 6660:"They've had some chief concerns" 6628:"It's Time for Chief Wahoo to Go" 6493:Briggs, David (August 30, 2005). 6416:"Methodists denounce Chief Wahoo" 6324:. Associated Press. July 20, 1991 6091:"City ponders official Wahoo ban" 5844:John Hartwell Moore, ed. (2008). 5731:"10 Questions for Sherman Alexie" 5685:Shakely, Jack (August 25, 2011). 5064:Siek, Stephanie (April 6, 2012). 4976:Aull, Elbert (October 18, 2007). 4800:American Indian Studies Program. 4314:Castillo, Susan (March 8, 2012). 3553:"The Cleveland Indians Are Liars" 3394:"Society of Indian Psychologists" 3335:club of Cleveland many years ago. 3300:Bell, Mandy (November 19, 2021). 3092: 2288:American Sociological Association 2284:2016 Major League Baseball season 8162:Arizona Complex League Guardians 7286:Indigenous intellectual property 6626:Pluto, Terry (August 20, 1998). 6452:. Associated Press. May 10, 2000 6382: 6318:"Baseball team's logo miffs UCC" 5993:. Associated Press. June 3, 1982 5936:"Suit planned against Cleveland" 5901: 5623:Berkow, Ira (January 31, 1972). 5552:. Associated Press. July 2, 1993 5396:Rickert, Levi (April 23, 2012). 5267:. Associated Press. July 9, 1997 5007:Brian MacQuarrie (May 9, 2017). 4175:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00586.x 2828:Legislative and legal challenges 2068:Although the controversial logo 1650:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1479:Law for Protection of the Nation 1373:White genocide conspiracy theory 53: 9098:Native American history of Ohio 7153:Fighting Sioux name controversy 6770:Crow, Kim (November 19, 2007). 6234:. April 6, 1999. Archived from 6201:. April 7, 1999. Archived from 5933: 5874: 5490: 5468: 5442: 5416: 5184:. Associated Press. May 6, 1995 5033:Oakley, Don (August 21, 1971). 5000: 4793: 3996: 3925:Briggs, David (April 5, 2008). 3842: 3724: 3707: 3679: 3661: 3633: 3605: 3591: 3572: 3544: 3524: 3499: 3473: 3417: 3386: 3340: 2340:would be up in arms about it." 2246:Ontario Human Rights Commission 1484:MSM blood donation restrictions 1226:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 9063:Anti-Indigenous racism in Ohio 8009:World Series championships (2) 7594:2021 MLB Little League Classic 7184:List of secondary school teams 6850:Podolski, Mark (May 5, 2013). 5571:McNichol, Tom (July 6, 1997). 4910:Rice, Ed (December 25, 2009). 4221:Jacobs, Tom (April 22, 2010). 3977:Russell, Steve (Spring 2003). 3321: 3293: 3272:Hoynes, Paul (July 23, 2021). 3265: 3233: 3215: 3190: 3160: 3129: 2711:Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals 2462:Cuyahoga County Public Library 2306:Cleveland Indians logo in 1946 2209:The Indians Sign Removed From 1497:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 7465:Opening Day starting pitchers 7158:San Diego State Aztec Warrior 7058:Original Americans Foundation 5687:"Indian mascots — you're out" 4828:Issues in Integrative Studies 4282:. In Sue, Derald Wing (ed.). 3601:. CBC News. October 14, 2016. 3240:Bell, Mandy (July 23, 2021). 3101: 2410:University of Central Florida 2357:special cultural significance 2256:descent and architect of the 1927:Second-generation gender bias 1635:Constitutional colorblindness 318:Social determinants of health 7968:American League pennants (6) 5881:ICTMN Staff (July 3, 2013). 5312:. In C. Richard King (ed.). 4122:10.1080/00224545.2010.507265 4110:Journal of Social Psychology 3167:Bell, Mandy (July 3, 2020). 3136:Nick Pedone (July 9, 2019). 2375:Social Representation Theory 7: 7897:Division championships (12) 7801:Postseason appearances (17) 7179:Sports teams named Redskins 5960:Oakley, Don (May 8, 1972). 2718:Individual Native Americans 2576:Penobscot Nation opposition 2544:Hachivi Edgar Heap of Birds 2057:, an American professional 1838:Medical model of disability 1682:Hate speech laws by country 10: 9114: 6927:Vernon Bellecourt obituary 6148:Cleveland State Law Review 4845:Kirst, Sean Peter (2003). 3931:The Cleveland Plain Dealer 3368:Sociology of Sport Journal 2871:Cleveland State Law Review 2640:their person of the week. 2540:Cleveland Institute of Art 2525:What We Know About Indians 2325:The head of the Cleveland 2038: 1947:Social model of disability 373:Discrimination against men 8988: 8927: 8866: 8805: 8744: 8683: 8622: 8561: 8498: 8437: 8374: 8313: 8252: 8191: 8180: 8125: 8033: 8008: 7967: 7896: 7800: 7759: 7736: 7673:Len Barker's perfect game 7604:The Longest Scoreless Tie 7566: 7541:Clearwater Athletic Field 7493: 7423: 7371: 7268: 7192: 7171: 7118: 7089:name and logo controversy 7076: 7028: 7021: 6999:name and logo controversy 6970:Professional sports teams 6969: 5377:. United Church of Christ 4080:10.1080/01973530802375003 2846:the comic strip character 2657:Arrests and legal appeals 1278:Opposition to immigration 167:Race / Ethnicity 7614:Addie Joss' perfect game 7584:1994 corked bat incident 7579:1948 AL tie-breaker game 5573:"A Major-League Insult?" 5308:Rosenstein, Jay (2001). 5120:10.1177/0896920511407357 4821:"Art and Transformation" 2916:The Akron Beacon Journal 2909:The Akron Beacon Journal 2790:Anton Treuer, author of 2703:United States v. O'Brien 2694:Justice Maureen O'Connor 2609:Commissioner of Baseball 2382:stereotype activation". 2327:American Indian Movement 2273:Commissioner of Baseball 1273:Occupational segregation 1042:Compulsory sterilization 7641:Curse of Rocky Colavito 7609:Addie Joss Benefit Game 7480:First-round draft picks 7136:Florida State Seminoles 6378:. Diocese of Cleveland. 5478:. Supremecourt.ohio.gov 4912:"Indians facing curse?" 4603:Spindel, Carol (2002). 3927:"Chief Wahoo should go" 3069:The Wall Street Journal 2980:United Methodist Church 2953:United Church of Christ 2601:Maine State Legislature 2593:Penobscot Indian Nation 2364:Social science research 2316:Ferris State University 2133:after the 1914 season. 1823:Internalized oppression 1677:Fighting Discrimination 1667:Fat acceptance movement 1625:Anti-discrimination law 1251:Native American mascots 9088:Native American topics 7720:The Kid from Cleveland 7636:Cleveland sports curse 7589:2013 AL Wild Card Game 7281:Cultural appropriation 7172:Youth and school teams 6634:. Akron Beacon-Journal 6121:Cleveland Plain Dealer 6095:Cleveland Plain Dealer 5625:"Chief Wahoo Attacked" 5035:"Dilemmas Dog Indians" 4749:Blomley, Nick (2004). 4550:Loewen, James (2013). 4533:Looks at Stereotyping" 4433:Cleveland Plain Dealer 3082: 3073: 3026: 2943: 2931: 2869:A 1998 article in the 2854: 2815: 2803:Bruce Elliott Johansen 2766: 2650: 2548:University of Oklahoma 2504: 2492: 2417:racial microaggression 2307: 2213: 2203: 2163: 2103:murder of George Floyd 1942:Social identity threat 1915:Reverse discrimination 1905:Racial color blindness 1363:Violence against women 1343:Sex-selective abortion 31: 7727:The Pitch That Killed 7455:Owners and executives 7386:Grand Rapids Rustlers 7163:List of college teams 7106:Golden State Warriors 7043:Name change advocates 6742:Philadelphia Inquirer 6499:Religion News Service 6450:The Nevada Daily Mail 6064:"Cleveland objection" 5691:The Los Angeles Times 5526:on September 17, 2004 5068:. CNN. Archived from 3986:The Cream City Review 3347:"Looking Backwards". 3087:Progressive Insurance 3078: 3049: 3022: 2959:Two years later, the 2939: 2927: 2842: 2807: 2762: 2646: 2498: 2487: 2480:Depictions in artwork 2447:Kent State University 2305: 2208: 2171: 2158: 2051:Major League Baseball 1910:Religious intolerance 1870:Political correctness 1692:Intersex human rights 1640:Cultural assimilation 1308:Religious persecution 1072:Disability hate crime 849:Jewish / Antisemitism 21: 8150:Lake County Captains 7652:Guardians of Traffic 7536:Terry Park Ballfield 7141:Osceola and Renegade 6294:Akron Beacon Journal 6232:Akron Beacon Journal 6205:on September 1, 2013 6068:The Post and Courier 5991:St. Petersburg Times 5966:The Prescott Courier 5659:(50). Archived from 5604:on February 20, 2013 5039:The Portsmouth Times 4808:on October 29, 2013. 4730:on December 21, 1996 4704:on December 20, 1996 4644:. pp. 138–153. 4484:on September 6, 2013 4259:on September 2, 2013 3720:. November 15, 2016. 3380:10.1123/ssj.15.4.299 2965:Diocese of Cleveland 2897:Fourteenth Amendment 2889:Fourteenth Amendment 2179:Kansas City 'Chiefs' 1293:Political repression 278:Anti-left handedness 268:Anti-intellectualism 9073:Cleveland Guardians 7709:Ten Cent Beer Night 7574:1910 Chalmers Award 7551:Chain of Lakes Park 7364:Cleveland Guardians 7068:Washington Redhawks 7030:Washington Redskins 6856:The Morning Journal 6505:on August 30, 2005. 6394:Catholic World News 6269:on October 18, 2010 6238:on October 29, 2013 6127:on December 3, 2008 5762:Santa Cruz Sentinel 5456:on November 5, 2012 5430:on October 12, 2007 5404:on November 9, 2012 4802:"Beyond Ohio State" 4253:Rocky Mountain News 4037:on October 16, 2007 3958:on January 29, 2013 3880:on January 20, 2013 3675:. October 25, 2016. 3406:on October 31, 2015 2805:. Johansen writes: 2785:Santa Cruz Sentinel 2619:History of protests 2501:Edgar Heap of Birds 2187:Cleveland 'Indians' 2099:nationwide protests 2082:ethnic stereotyping 2055:Cleveland Guardians 1818:Historical eugenics 1333:Segregation academy 1313:Religious terrorism 1102:Enemy of the people 1010:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 513:Jehovah's Witnesses 398:Perpetual foreigner 8156:Lynchburg Hillcats 7599:22-game win streak 7240:Mary Kathryn Nagle 7006:Kansas City Chiefs 6994:Chicago Blackhawks 6805:MLB Advanced Media 6716:The Oberlin Review 6690:The Oberlin Review 6527:on October 5, 2007 6420:Sports Illustrated 5768:on October 1, 2013 5737:. October 18, 2012 5209:The New York Times 5108:Critical Sociology 4677:has generic name ( 4408:The Oberlin Review 4383:on August 29, 2013 4009:The Oberlin Review 3855:Washingtonpost.com 3793:The New York Times 3767:MLB Advanced Media 3737:The New York Times 3619:The New York Times 3461:on August 27, 2013 3252:MLB Advanced Media 3177:MLB Advanced Media 3148:on January 9, 2021 2698:U.S. Supreme Court 2683:Little Black Sambo 2562:American Leagues 2 2557:American Leagues 1 2505: 2493: 2474:Little Black Sambo 2308: 2292:trademark dilution 2271:sent a request to 2214: 2199:Chicago Blackhawks 1722:Social integration 1717:Self-determination 1707:Racial integration 1655:Diversity training 1645:Cultural pluralism 1620:Affirmative action 1512:Racial segregation 1422:Crime of apartheid 1318:Religious violence 813:Indigenous people 194:Sexual orientation 32: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 8144:Akron RubberDucks 8138:Columbus Clippers 7784:General manager: 7557:Goodyear Ballpark 7519:Spring training: 7512:Progressive Field 7506:Cleveland Stadium 7329: 7328: 7235:Jacqueline Keeler 7225:Suzan Shown Harjo 7215:Stephanie Fryberg 7200:Amanda Blackhorse 7114: 7113: 7084:Cleveland Indians 7048:Trademark dispute 6606:The Seattle Times 6322:Dayton Daily News 6171:The Seattle Times 5860:978-0-02-866021-9 5830:978-0-275-99139-5 5815:Bruce E. Johansen 5550:The Seattle Times 5323:978-0-8032-7798-4 5265:The Albany Herald 5235:The Baltimore Sun 5182:The Seattle Times 5149:"Briefs Baseball" 4916:Bangor Daily News 4890:Bangor Daily News 4860:978-0-7864-1578-6 4616:978-0-8147-8127-2 4558:on April 19, 2013 4539:on March 9, 2012. 4321:. State of Oregon 2758:Los Angeles Times 2736:Suzan Shown Harjo 2667:Vernon Bellecourt 2663:1997 World Series 2370:Stephanie Fryberg 2239:2016 World Series 2211:Progressive Field 2138:Cleveland Spiders 2112:Progressive Field 2089:2016 World Series 2037: 2036: 1900:Racism by country 1828:Intersectionality 1813:Heteronormativity 1596:Voter suppression 1338:Sexual harassment 1137:Forced conversion 1057:Cultural genocide 712:African Americans 523:post–Cold War era 508:Eastern Orthodoxy 263:Anti-drug addicts 258:Anti-homelessness 177:Scientific racism 9105: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8182: 8181: 8129: 7567:Culture and lore 7546:Hi Corbett Field 7427: 7414: 7380: 7365: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7333: 7332: 7193:Change advocates 7101:Edmonton Eskimos 7038:Name controversy 7026: 7025: 7011:name controversy 6987:Chief Noc-A-Homa 6956: 6949: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6910: 6909: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6862:on June 15, 2013 6858:. Archived from 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6776:The Plain Dealer 6767: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6748:on June 18, 2004 6744:. Archived from 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6664:The Boston Globe 6655: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6516: 6507: 6506: 6501:. Archived from 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6426:on June 15, 2013 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6345: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6265:. Archived from 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6224: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6123:. 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Archived from 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5237:. Archived from 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5099: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5072:on April 8, 2012 5061: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5013:The Boston Globe 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4988:on April 8, 2014 4984:. Archived from 4982:Kennebec Journal 4973: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4943:. State of Maine 4942: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4773: 4755: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4694: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4670: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4632: 4621: 4620: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4435:. April 20, 1999 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4255:. Archived from 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4227:Pacific Standard 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4065: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4033:. Archived from 4022: 4013: 4012: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3954:. Archived from 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3905:The Plain Dealer 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3876:. Archived from 3865: 3859: 3858: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3457:. Archived from 3446: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3349:The Plain Dealer 3344: 3338: 3337: 3330:The Plain Dealer 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3279:The Plain Dealer 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3144:. Archived from 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3030: 2947: 2935: 2923:Religious groups 2893:equal protection 2863:Michael R. White 2850:Nuremberg trials 2630:Louis Sockalexis 2582:Louis Sockalexis 2402:Pacific Standard 2250:Douglas Cardinal 2191:Atlanta 'Braves' 2142:Louis Sockalexis 2029: 2022: 2015: 1952:Social privilege 1937:Social exclusion 1865:Police brutality 1786:Multiculturalism 1756:Amatonormativity 1571:Social exclusion 1407:Age of candidacy 1201:Homeless dumping 1107:Ethnic cleansing 57: 34: 33: 22:Indians manager 9113: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9022: 8984: 8923: 8862: 8801: 8740: 8679: 8618: 8557: 8494: 8433: 8370: 8309: 8248: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8187: 8176: 8127: 8121: 8029: 8004: 7963: 7892: 7796: 7780:Chris Antonetti 7755: 7749:Cincinnati Reds 7732: 7686:Major League II 7630:Cleveland Rocks 7562: 7489: 7425: 7419: 7413:Cleveland, Ohio 7412: 7408: 7383: 7378: 7375:Established in 7367: 7363: 7360: 7330: 7325: 7264: 7255:Charlene Teters 7188: 7167: 7131:Chief Illiniwek 7110: 7072: 7017: 6965: 6960: 6918: 6913: 6902: 6898: 6889: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6848: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6826: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6768: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6682: 6678: 6668: 6666: 6656: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6608: 6598: 6594: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6552: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 6517: 6510: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6346: 6337: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6286: 6282: 6272: 6270: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6226: 6225: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6193: 6192: 6185: 6175: 6173: 6163: 6159: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6128: 6113: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6070:. July 27, 1993 6062: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5889:on July 9, 2013 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5785: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5709: 5705: 5695: 5693: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5529: 5527: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5261:"Chief protest" 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5241:on June 6, 2013 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5100: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5062: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4974: 4970: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4882: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4843: 4839: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4695: 4686: 4674: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4633: 4624: 4617: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4548: 4544: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4509:. KNME-TV. 2009 4505: 4504: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4353:on May 28, 2013 4350: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4201:Cleveland Scene 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4063: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4031:The Athens News 4023: 4016: 4001: 3997: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3874:Cleveland Scene 3866: 3862: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3684: 3680: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3647:Chicago Tribune 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3610: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3462: 3447: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3374:(15): 299–316. 3364: 3360: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3238: 3234: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3142:Cleveland Scene 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3032: 3028: 3020: 2995:First Amendment 2961:Catholic Church 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2830: 2720: 2690:First Amendment 2659: 2638:Charlene Teters 2621: 2578: 2489:Charlene Teters 2482: 2454:Oberlin College 2425: 2395:Cleveland Scene 2366: 2345:Cherokee Nation 2300: 2223: 2123: 2078:Native American 2063:Cleveland, Ohio 2043: 2033: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1875:Polyculturalism 1771:Civil liberties 1743: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1712:Reappropriation 1612: 1611:Countermeasures 1604: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1529:Racial steering 1495:Numerus clausus 1399: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1112:Ethnic conflict 1047:Corrective rape 1002: 994: 993: 992: 991: 990: 637: 626: 625: 624: 623: 622: 475: 465: 464: 463: 462: 461: 353:HIV/AIDS stigma 225: 217: 216: 215: 214: 213: 162:Mental disorder 104: 96: 95: 94: 93: 92: 65: 12: 11: 5: 9111: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8870: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8809: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8502: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8133: 8131: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8034:Hall of Famers 8031: 8030: 8028: 8027: 8020: 8012: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7772:Chairman/CEO: 7770: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7751: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7648: 7646:Frank Robinson 7643: 7638: 7633: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7526:Heinemann Park 7523: 7516: 7515: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7336: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7230:Adrienne Keene 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7146:Sammy Seminole 7143: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6977:Atlanta Braves 6973: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6916:External links 6914: 6912: 6911: 6896: 6873: 6842: 6817: 6788: 6759: 6728: 6702: 6676: 6645: 6618: 6592: 6560: 6538: 6508: 6485: 6463: 6437: 6407: 6381: 6366: 6335: 6306: 6280: 6249: 6216: 6183: 6157: 6138: 6107: 6081: 6055: 6044:. July 6, 1993 6029: 6004: 5978: 5952: 5926: 5900: 5873: 5859: 5836: 5829: 5806: 5779: 5748: 5722: 5717:The New Yorker 5703: 5677: 5641: 5615: 5589: 5563: 5537: 5507: 5489: 5467: 5441: 5415: 5388: 5362: 5350:The Free Press 5336: 5322: 5300: 5278: 5252: 5221: 5195: 5166: 5140: 5114:(5): 687–706. 5083: 5051: 5025: 4999: 4968: 4928: 4902: 4873: 4859: 4837: 4811: 4792: 4771:10.1068/d2206i 4764:(6): 799–807. 4741: 4715: 4684: 4650: 4622: 4615: 4595: 4569: 4542: 4520: 4495: 4468: 4446: 4420: 4394: 4364: 4332: 4306: 4292: 4270: 4239: 4213: 4187: 4169:(3): 534–553. 4143: 4116:(5): 577–591. 4100: 4074:(3): 208–218. 4057:Fryberg, S. A. 4048: 4014: 3995: 3969: 3943: 3917: 3891: 3860: 3841: 3813: 3779: 3749: 3723: 3706: 3678: 3660: 3632: 3604: 3590: 3571: 3543: 3523: 3498: 3472: 3438: 3416: 3385: 3358: 3339: 3320: 3292: 3264: 3232: 3214: 3189: 3159: 3128: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3093:Public opinion 3091: 3021: 3019: 3016: 2938: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2829: 2826: 2770:Sherman Alexie 2729:New Mexico PBS 2719: 2716: 2658: 2655: 2626:Atlanta Braves 2620: 2617: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2552:Richard Jacobs 2481: 2478: 2443:faculty senate 2424: 2421: 2365: 2362: 2314:maintained by 2299: 2296: 2222: 2219: 2127:Charles Somers 2122: 2119: 2061:team based in 2039:Main article: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2017: 2009: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1920:Reverse racism 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1890:Prisoner abuse 1887: 1882: 1880:Power distance 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1798:Ethnic penalty 1795: 1794: 1793: 1791:Neurodiversity 1788: 1778: 1776:Dehumanization 1773: 1768: 1766:Cisnormativity 1763: 1758: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1742:Related topics 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1586:State religion 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1522:Nuremberg Laws 1519: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1464:Ghetto benches 1461: 1459:Gerrymandering 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444:Gender pay gap 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1221:Lavender scare 1218: 1216:Kill Haole Day 1213: 1211:Indian rolling 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1097:Eliminationism 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1032:Cancel culture 1029: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1001:Manifestations 1000: 999: 996: 995: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 891:Middle Eastern 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 857: 856: 846: 841: 836: 831: 830: 829: 824: 819: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 725: 724: 719: 714: 704: 699: 694: 693: 692: 687: 682: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 641: 640: 639: 638: 632: 631: 628: 627: 621: 620: 618:Zoroastrianism 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 594: 593: 583: 582: 581: 580: 579: 574: 569: 564: 549: 548: 547: 545:Untouchability 542: 532: 527: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 495: 490: 485: 479: 478: 477: 476: 471: 470: 467: 466: 460: 459: 454: 449: 448: 447: 442: 437: 427: 426: 425: 420: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 363:Leprosy stigma 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 229: 228: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 180: 179: 174: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 108: 107: 106: 105: 102: 101: 98: 97: 91: 90: 85: 80: 75: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 47:Discrimination 43: 42: 24:Terry Francona 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9110: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8865: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8621: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8186:Seasons (130) 8183: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7787: 7786:Mike Chernoff 7783: 7781: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760:Key personnel 7758: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7521:Athletic Park 7518: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7475:Award winners 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7357: 7352: 7350: 7345: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7322: 7321:Tomahawk chop 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7291:List of teams 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:Brett Chapman 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119:College teams 7117: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7053:Opinion polls 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6907: 6900: 6886: 6885: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6831: 6824: 6822: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6764: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6581:on 2013-10-29 6577: 6570: 6564: 6548: 6542: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6513: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6473: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6377: 6370: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6299:September 13, 6295: 6291: 6284: 6273:September 13, 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6188: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6015: 6008: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5666:on 2013-09-09 5662: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5630: 5629:Gadsden Times 5626: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5477: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5376: 5369: 5367: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5288: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5155:. May 6, 1995 5154: 5150: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4939: 4932: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4862: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4675:|editor= 4668: 4653: 4651:9780786409549 4647: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4532: 4531:Controversy 2 4524: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4456: 4450: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4349: 4342: 4336: 4317: 4310: 4295: 4293:9780470627204 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3716: 3710: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3585:National Post 3582: 3575: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3533: 3527: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3443: 3431:September 23, 3426: 3420: 3402: 3395: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3285:September 26, 3281: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3257:September 26, 3253: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2951:In 1991, the 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2834:Russell Means 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817:A writer for 2814: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2538:In 1996, the 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2371: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2350:Frito Bandito 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974:Social stigma 1972: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1608: 1607: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1581:State atheism 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1517:Jim Crow laws 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1502:One-drop rule 1500: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1417:Blood quantum 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1358:Victimisation 1356: 1354: 1353:Trans bashing 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Religious war 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1303:Racialization 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1174:Glass ceiling 1172: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1117:Ethnic hatred 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1052:Counter-jihad 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 998: 997: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 855: 852: 851: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 828: 827:United States 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 691: 690:United States 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 636: 630: 629: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 603:Protestantism 601: 599: 596: 592: 589: 588: 587: 584: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 533: 531: 528: 524: 521: 519: 518:LDS or Mormon 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 474: 469: 468: 458: 455: 453: 450: 446: 443: 441: 440:Transmisogyny 438: 436: 433: 432: 431: 428: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 343:Gerontophobia 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 273:Anti-intersex 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 248:Anti-albinism 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 230: 221: 220: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 100: 99: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 73:Institutional 71: 70: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 29: 26:sporting the 25: 20: 16: 9058:2021 endings 9005: 8545: 8381: 8022: 8015: 7792:Stephen Vogt 7725: 7718: 7691: 7684: 7679:Major League 7677: 7662: 7650: 7555: 7531:Henley Field 7510: 7485:Broadcasters 7410: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7376: 7260:Philip Yenyo 7245:Robert Roche 7088: 6899: 6888:, retrieved 6883: 6876: 6864:. 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