3613:
2728:
8118:
3639:
3302:
10521:
3204:
3169:
1847:
3223:
3290:
21060:
2209:
9999:
1069:
3695:
largest in the world after the US and UK. However, English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent
English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world, but the number of English speakers in India is uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India.
11920:
12946:, p. 2: "Other changes such as the spread and regularisation of do support began in the thirteenth century and were more or less complete in the nineteenth. Although do coexisted with the simple verb forms in negative statements from the early ninth century, obligatoriness was not complete until the nineteenth. The increasing use of do periphrasis coincides with the fixing of SVO word order. Not surprisingly, do is first widely used in interrogatives, where the word order is disrupted, and then later spread to negatives."
25320:
3161:
2708:
1714:
26123:
26219:
3422:
born to
English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner-circle countries, and they may show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries.
10573:
2876:
3763:). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents.
26099:
26111:
26151:
9074:, and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages. That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. Among varieties of English, it is especially American English that influences other languages. Some languages, such as Chinese, write words borrowed from English mostly as
26202:
26185:
26236:
21170:
9533:
advantage for learners of
English reading in learning the specific sound-symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words. Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English. Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English.
21161:
26168:
9264:. While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal", there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns. The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world. Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word.
10540:
11269:
3281:
the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of
English settlers. English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world.
11556:(SAE) as a first language. SAE is a non-rhotic variety that tends to follow RP as a norm. It is one of the few non-rhotic English varieties that lack intrusive R. The second-language varieties of South Africa differ based on the native languages of their speakers. Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels. Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce
10029:
along class lines between Upper and Middle-class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life. Within
Britain, there is also considerable variation along lines of social class; some traits, though exceedingly common, are nonetheless considered "non-standard" and associated with lower-class speakers and identities. An example of this is
11270:
21152:
3505:, which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their
8840:, collections of actual written texts and spoken passages. Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available.
10021:, has been traditionally used as a broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of British accents. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the 1950-61
3752:(APEC) set English as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations.
11118:
11571:. It has traditionally been based on British English, but in recent years, because of influence from the United States, some words of American English origin have made it into Nigerian English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from the variety out of a need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation (e.g.
10998:
3435:
and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in
English anywhere in the world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries. This is particularly true of the shared vocabulary of mathematics and the sciences.
3370:(3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the world.
11272:
9896:
11464:
11120:
9773:
9692:
11776:
10999:
10320:
9933:
7982:, is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause. Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterite form. In clauses with auxiliary verbs, they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause. For example,
10402:
11001:
11427:
10489:
9897:
9730:
9645:
3686:. Use of English is growing country-by-country internally and for international communication. Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons. Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries.
11502:
11465:
9815:
2800:
related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. Middle
English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative
2747:
Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng,
11467:
10028:
Nonetheless, this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary. In fact, only 3% of the
English population actually speak RP, the remainder speaking in regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence. There is also variability within RP, particularly
9853:
9532:
The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read and write can be challenging in
English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, and German. Nonetheless, there is an
9231:
with which the orthography has not kept pace. Compared to
European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation, and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a
8312:
In English a sentence may be composed of one or more clauses, that may, in turn, be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and Prepositional Phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any NPs and PPs. Within a sentence, there is always
8244:
An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun, in which case it is doubly marked, both by word order and by case inflection, where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form, and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective
3694:
among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third
3050:
opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the
3041:
had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English was adopted in parts
11172:
of New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels: many short vowels are fronted or raised, whereas many long vowels have diphthongised. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. Australian English
9453:
otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words
9043:
English has also borrowed many words directly from Latin, the ancestor of the Romance languages, during all stages of its development. Many of these words had earlier been borrowed into Latin from Greek. Latin or Greek are still highly productive sources of stems used to form vocabulary of subjects
8661:
structure, where the known information (topic) precedes the new information (comment). Because of the strict SVO syntax, the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence. In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, it is often promoted
3516:
American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world. Both standard
3430:
and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used
3280:
The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around
2753:
Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange
11618:
Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently, most are non-rhotic, except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic. Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax
9015:
English, besides forming new words from existing words and their roots, also borrows words from other languages. This borrowing is commonplace in many world languages, but English has been especially open to borrowing of foreign words throughout the last 1,000 years. Nevertheless, most of the
3434:
Many users of English in the expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use the language. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication,
3421:
to a more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers
2536:
invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility, although probably the northern dialects of Old English were more similar to Old Norse than the southern dialects. Theoretically, as late as the 900s AD, a commoner from certain
9776:
9695:
9023:
But one of the consequences of long language contact between French and English in all stages of their development is that the vocabulary of English has a very high percentage of "Latinate" words (derived from French, especially, and also from other Romance languages and Latin). French words from
11779:
11614:
between them is frequent. Indeed, a way to conceptualise the relationship between such creole and standard varieties is to view them as a spectrum of language registers in which the most creole-like forms serve as the "basilect" and the most RP-like forms serve as the "acrolect", the most formal
10658:
has traditionally been perceived as relatively homogeneous, at least in comparison with British dialects. However, modern scholars have strongly opposed this notion, arguing that North American English shows a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and geographic variability. This becomes all the more
10093:
dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the South East led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had been
9970:
9774:
9693:
8496:
Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs. A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase, and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument
3341:
Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native
11777:
3425:
In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign
10921:
to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins. AAVE's important commonalities with Southern accents suggest it developed into a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century. AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of "broken" or
10323:
11080:
9243:
Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one-to-one correspondence in standard English spelling, spelling rules that take into account syllable structure, phonetic changes in derived words, and word accent are reliable for most English words. Moreover, standard English spelling shows
2840:
is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. By the 12th century Middle English was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes
10405:
8180:
In most sentences, English only marks grammatical relations through word order. The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The example below demonstrates how the grammatical roles of each constituent are marked only by the position relative to the verb:
5468:
language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer, but unstressed syllables (syllables between stresses) are shortened. Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well, and vowel shortening causes changes in
11703:
10321:
8848:
English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in English is conversion, using a word with a different grammatical role, for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive
8018:, verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle that follows the verb. The phrase then functions as a single predicate. In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb, but in writing it is written as a separate word. Examples of phrasal verbs are
20679:
11505:
9818:
11040:
9934:
3078:
to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes.
10403:
9973:
11305:, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946 and remains an official language of the Philippines. Today, the use of English is ubiquitous in the Philippines, being found on
11428:
11083:
10490:
11701:
9731:
9646:
7563:. Prepositions have a wide range of uses in English. They are used to describe movement, place, and other relations between different entities, but they also have many syntactic uses such as introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs. For example, in the phrase
11043:
16978:
MacDonald, Marguerite (1989), "The influence of Spanish phonology on the English spoken by United States Hispanics", in Bjarkman, Peter; Hammond, Robert (eds.), American Spanish pronunciation: Theoretical and applied perspectives, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press,
11503:
9816:
9854:
11309:
and marquees, in government documents and forms, in courtrooms, in the media and entertainment industries, in the business sector, and in various other aspects of daily life. One particularly prominent form of English usage in the country is found in everyday speech: most
11261:
10365:
9971:
9540:
marks that is similar to those used in most alphabetic languages around the world. The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud.
7575:. Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded, for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form, "with her", "to me", "for us". But some contemporary grammars such as that of
3706:. English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. English is, by international treaty, the basis for the required
11268:
10362:
3431:
for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language.
11081:
5181:
are stressed, while others are unstressed. Stress is a combination of duration, intensity, vowel quality, and sometimes changes in pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently
5119:
is thus close to the most complex syllable possible in English. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters: a stop and approximant, as in
3012:
of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew 8:20 says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests." This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of
11745:
7612:
Most verbs have six inflectional forms. The primary forms are a plain present, a third-person singular present, and a preterite (past) form. The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive, a gerund-participle and a past participle. The copula verb
11041:
8391:
English syntax relies on auxiliary verbs for many functions including the expression of tense, aspect, and mood. Auxiliary verbs form main clauses, and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb. For example, in the sentence
10442:
3766:
A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing. English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by
13796:
Note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in
11117:
8062::274), do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term "phrasal verb". Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, i.e.
3524:
forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers.
11386:
2938:
is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages.
10036:, which was historically a feature of lower-class London English, particularly Cockney, and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England. However, it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society.
10271:
6435:. English distinguishes at least seven major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners (including articles), prepositions, and conjunctions. Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns, and subdivide conjunctions into
11110:
6856:(this NP uses conjunctions, prepositions, specifiers, and modifiers). Regardless of length, an NP functions as a syntactic unit. For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in
3689:
As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the
12738:
The only appearances of their and them in Chaucer's works are in the Reeve's Tale, where they form part of the Northern dialect spoken by the two Cambridge students, Aleyn and John, demonstrating that at this time they were still perceived to be
20675:
5148:. Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas. Clusters of obstruents always agree in voicing, and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited. Several consonants have limited distributions:
3409:
with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and official interactions with the government.
11119:
10997:
10363:
8718:(contrasting with another possibility, for example that it was the boy). Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation, either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause. For example,
2688:
include "give", "get", "sky", "skirt", "egg", and "cake", typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones.
3446:
Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in "inner circle" English-speaking countries. Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of English (not counted in this chart).
3802:, and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives.
2537:(northern) parts of England could hold a conversation with a commoner from certain parts of Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the myriad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts between them.
11228:
3733:, English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. Many other worldwide international organisations, including the
7054:. There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form.
3110:, have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. Now, do-support with the verb
11463:
10319:
9895:
9055:; informal registers, including child-directed speech, tend to be made up predominantly of words of Anglo-Saxon origin, while the percentage of vocabulary that is of Latinate origin is higher in legal, scientific, and academic texts.
783:
20696:
13507:
The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official
11775:
9772:
9691:
11642:
tends to take RP as its ideal, and how well this ideal is realised in an individual's speech reflects class distinctions among Indian English speakers. Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as
11271:
8800:
from 1989. Over half of these words are nouns, a quarter adjectives, and a seventh verbs. There is one count that puts the English vocabulary at about 1 million words—but that count presumably includes words such as Latin
10401:
9932:
6200:
have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally. Some differences between the various dialects are shown in the table "Varieties of Standard English and their features".
11426:
10488:
11700:
3809:
language, in which the standard form unifies speakers from around the world. English is used as the language for wider communication in countries around the world. Thus English has grown in worldwide use much more than any
9729:
9644:
9078:, while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script. Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe.
11501:
10990:
10441:
9069:
English has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages. The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language, the role of English as a world
9814:
18909:
Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the
9852:
6179:
Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels. The best-known national varieties used as standards for education in non-English-speaking countries are British (BrE) and American (AmE). Countries such as
3138:). British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the United States as a world power.
3782:
uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. Other examples include
20085:
9969:
8084:
The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs. Many adverbs are derived from adjectives by appending the suffix
11079:
8904:) is a highly productive process in English and in most modern European languages, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, American lexicographer
611:
9024:
various periods of the development of French now make up one-third of the vocabulary of English. Linguist Anthony Lacoudre estimated that over 40,000 English words are of French origin and may be understood without
3587:, there is no official language at the federal level. English has official or co-official status in 32 states, as well as all five territories. Eighteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language.
11743:
21132:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
11039:
10675:. American accent variation is increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level, though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents, known collectively as
1979:. Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language.
13022:
11385:
10086:). Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking invasions of England, Northern English dialects, particularly the Yorkshire dialect, retain Norse features not found in other English varieties.
3759:. In the countries of the EU, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and
314:
9567:, which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate
3337:
Kachru based his model on the history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time.
17126:
9457:
For the vowel sounds of the English language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are single vowel letters
11702:
9888:
8313:
at least one main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to a main clause. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase
10361:
2463:
Old English is essentially a distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German:
11456:
11226:
11163:
has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language. Australian and New Zealand English are each other's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics, followed by
10270:
11000:
7579::598–600) no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions, rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases.
6887:
an indefinite one. A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor, whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known. Quantifiers, which include
18853:
10215:, the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots, and various dialects of the Republic of Ireland. Like Scottish and most North American accents, almost all Irish accents preserve the
11744:
11610:. In Central America, English-based creoles are spoken on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama. Locals are often fluent in both the local English variety and the local creole languages, and
10957:
10312:
9765:
9684:
3513:. The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation.
11768:
10439:
9898:
13945:
11839:
9108:
are only short inscriptions. The great majority of literary works in Old English that survive to today are written in the Roman alphabet. The modern English alphabet contains 26 letters of the
5098:
An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in
3330:"outer circle" countries have small communities of native speakers of English but widespread use of English as a second language in education or broadcasting or for local official purposes, and
3147:
1588:
13813:
11466:
16480:
7609:
tenses, aspects, and moods. Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation, and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence.
2883:
showing how the pronunciation of the long vowels gradually shifted with the high vowels i: and u: breaking into diphthongs and the lower vowels each shifting their pronunciation up one level
9775:
9694:
1955:
Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated, the development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly
11778:
11383:
3805:
Though some mention a possibility of divergence of English dialects into mutually unintelligible languages, most think a more likely outcome is that English will continue to function as a
20703:
9925:
8764:, also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion. Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences. Discourse markers are also used for
17174:. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2. Vol. 2 (2nd completely revised and extended ed.). de Gruyter.
11227:
10922:"uneducated" English, as are white Southern accents, but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by large speech communities.
10394:
10322:
4954:
compiled by linguists. The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications.
3005:
were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English.
2796:. Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking English, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of
15168:
9935:
8698:). Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects, English is able to maintain both a topic-comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax.
11419:
10955:
10481:
10404:
10268:
9028:
change by French speakers. Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and
3543:
at the federal level. English has official or co-official status in six provinces and three territories, while three provinces have none and Quebec's only official language is French.
11852:
11429:
10491:
10089:
Since the 15th century, South East England varieties have centred on London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the
1905:, are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related, and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the
25300:
11693:
9732:
9722:
9647:
9637:
3055:
and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been.
3058:
As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755
11504:
9817:
7755:
English has two primary tenses, past (preterite) and non-past. The preterite is inflected by using the preterite form of the verb, which for the regular verbs includes the suffix
6796:
also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive -s is separated from a singular noun with an apostrophe. If the noun is plural formed with -s the apostrophe follows the -s.
9855:
2974:
to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from the Early Modern period includes the works of
11494:
10440:
9807:
8704:
emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence, generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent. For example,
9972:
9048:("loan translations") from languages all over the world, and words from languages other than the ancestral Anglo-Saxon language make up about 60% of the vocabulary of English.
9016:
core vocabulary and the most common words in English are still West Germanic. The English words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly Germanic words from
17172:
Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft
9845:
8784:
expressing emphasis). While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English, they are also used in written and formal registers.
3381:
estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model, the "outer circle" countries are countries such as the
2115:. The printing press greatly standardised English spelling, which has remained largely unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects.
20077:
11975:
11082:
9227:, of English is multi-layered and complex, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system. Further complications have arisen through
3517:
and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers.
25259:
17378:
11602:. Each of these areas is home both to a local variety of English and a local English-based creole, combining English and African languages. The most prominent varieties are
3778:, with an emphasis on vocabulary suitable for their domain of interest. This has led some scholars to develop the study of English as an auxiliary language. The trademarked
1936:, the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not
11384:
8832:
Due to its status as an international language, English adopts foreign words quickly and borrows vocabulary from many other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by
19395:
14623:
11042:
9962:
3771:
in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995.
20749:
8245:
case form. The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject are represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun:
6820:(NPs) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions or adjectives. Noun phrases can be short, such as
7191:). The English system of grammatical person no longer has a distinction between formal and informal pronouns of address (the old second person singular familiar pronoun
5028:. Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable, vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis.
18917:
15571:
12027:
10269:
8836:, the scholars who formally study vocabulary, compile dictionaries, or both, were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from good-quality
2633:
in some regions. The waves of Norse (Viking) colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with
1963:. These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic
13018:
11072:
7533:. The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact").
18586:
7110:
English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons (
17159:
10956:
7617:
is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation, and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject. The first-person present-tense form is
13749:
The United States does not have an official language. English is the most widely used language in the U.S., and some states designate it as their official language.
25057:
11736:
3848:(i.e. speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes. This overview mainly describes the
3844:
of the English language differ from one dialect to another, usually without interfering with mutual communication. Phonological variation affects the inventory of
925:
10894:), the "Southern breaking" of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables (e.g. pronouncing the word "press" almost like "pray-us"), the
10364:
5309:. Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases, so that a compound word receives a single stress unit, but the corresponding phrase has two: e.g.
4946:
The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker's accent. The table below lists the vowel
25393:
17217:
11032:
9020:. It is not possible to speak or write English without Germanic words, but it is possible to write or speak many sentences in English without foreign loanwords.
8953:
8459:
The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions—inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say
1603:). In some other countries, it is the sole or dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law (such as in the United States and
1182:
17127:"Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests"
15315:
10013:
The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500 years explains why England has a great wealth of regional dialects. Within the United Kingdom,
7134:
from the three sets of animate third person singular pronouns) and an optional gender distinction in the animate third person singular (distinguishing between
3717:
of seafaring and aviation. English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research, but now it dominates that field. It achieved parity with
2861:. In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer.
25293:
25126:
17426:
9244:
etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling—for example, the words
8369:(which can also be omitted.) In contrast to many other Germanic languages there are no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses.
7168:
of a transitive verb). The subjective is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used. While grammarians such as
6212:, which changed the pronunciation of long vowels, but a few dialects have slightly different results. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the
1913:, which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other Anglic languages, including
18979:
18837:
2805:. The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible.
25014:
23393:
22698:
18554:
10909:(AAVE) is also largely non-rhotic and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-rhotic, non-standard
2307:, brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. At this time, these dialects generally resisted influence from the then-local Brittonic and Latin languages.
13835:
6652:
English nouns are only inflected for number and possession. New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding. They are semantically divided into
22638:
18474:
2720:
3377:
and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist
25252:
21598:
21560:
21547:
21539:
20393:
13767:
The United States has never had an official language and attempts to declare English its official language have been unsuccessful in the U.S. Congress.
1504:
18895:. International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau. 2011. In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency?.
13937:
10898:, and other distinctive phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later.
2122:
and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language of international
25193:
24803:
21555:
18362:
17641:
Carr, Philip; Honeybone, Patrick (2007). "English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology'".
15030:
13809:
12691:
9233:
3577:
18896:
14226:
25388:
25286:
21575:
21303:
16495:
8129:(a noun phrase), the verb is "sat", and "on the mat" is a prepositional phrase composed of a noun phrase "the mat", headed by the preposition "on".
8050:
meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement (e.g.
3151:
2784:
With the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the now-Norsified Old English language was subject to another wave of intense contact, this time with
1478:
950:
8173:(SVO). The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as
6957:). As modifiers, they come before the nouns they modify and after determiners. English adjectives also function as predicative complements (e.g.,
25099:
25085:
24938:
13618:
1 The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 2 The English language is recognised as a second official language.
8914:
7593:
English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with present-tense third-person singular subject. Only the copula verb
6380:
16847:
16729:
Dayag, Danilo (2008). "English-language media in the Philippines: Description and research". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.).
15678:
2335:
have been proposed, but whether most of these supposed Brittonicisms are actually a direct result of Brittonic substrate influence is disputed.
26296:
10354:
1569:
885:
10878:. Southern accents are colloquially described as a "drawl" or "twang", being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift initiated by
15160:
10180:
comprises the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland; most varieties are Northern English accents, with some influence from Scots.
9389:
are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include
3274:
3042:
of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent
1553:
18277:
17170:
Ammon, Ulrich (2008). "Pluricentric and Divided Languages". In Ammon, Ulrich N.; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; et al. (eds.).
15090:, p. 52: "But in that special class of nouns called personal pronouns we find a totally different system of case-inflection, namely, a
13967:
8861:. A process more common in Old English than in Modern English, but still productive in Modern English, is the use of derivational suffixes (
25581:
25438:
24897:
23768:
22846:
21415:
19931:
17958:
11173:
grammar aligns closely with British and American English; like American English, collective plural subjects take on a singular verb (as in
10913:. A minority of linguists, contrarily, propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a
8878:
1670:
965:
748:
10753:
Separate from General American English are American dialects with clearly distinct sound systems that have developed over time, including
2801:
cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating
23566:
17451:
12992:
12861:
11564:
pronounced rather than as as in most other varieties), while r is often pronounced as a flap instead of as the more common fricative.
11219:
10874:, the most populous American "accent group" outside of General American English, rhoticity now strongly prevails, replacing the region's
21270:
20254:
20219:
11578:
Several varieties of English are also spoken in the Caribbean islands that were colonial possessions of Britain, including Jamaica, the
2031:
25245:
25231:
22733:
21706:
21590:
21565:
20723:
17662:
Cassidy, Frederic G. (1982). "Geographical Variation of English in the United States". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).
14457:
13154:
10025:, grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear.
19974:
Nevalainen, Terttu; Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2006). "Chapter 5: Standardization". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).
10556:
found over 50% non-rhoticity with at least one local speaker in each US metropolitan area (designated with a red dot) and non-rhotic
2685:
16219:
7183:
Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun (as in
3520:
The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce
2661:. After 920 CE, when Lindsey was reincorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, English spread extensively throughout the region.
1967:—but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have argued that English can be considered a
19134:
19086:
18641:
11155:
has developed as the first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent, its standard accent being
9579:(NAE). There also exists a third common major grouping of English varieties: Southern Hemisphere English, the most prominent being
9267:
Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or
8893:
1608:
18397:
17404:
6675:, but a few nouns have irregular plural forms. Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier, e.g.
25266:
25222:
25064:
17815:
11800:
6376:
1146:
19994:
19376:
14631:
12725:
11883:
11536:
English is spoken widely in southern Africa and is an official or co-official language in several of the region's countries. In
10654:
Due to the relatively strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéization that occurred during the colonial period,
7517:. A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation—for example, the pronoun
5112:. This gives an English syllable the following structure, (CCC)V(CCCCC), where C represents a consonant and V a vowel; the word
1952:, although some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages.
25367:
21524:
20730:
19751:
17237:
Bailey, Guy (2001). "Chapter 3: The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars". In Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.).
8949:
7176:
noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin-based system, some contemporary grammars, for example
4412:
3745:
3603:
2159:
1662:
1497:
13542:
10172:
in early Northern Middle English and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly
10094:
influencing neighbouring regions throughout history. Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of
6394:. In addition, the words that have each vowel vary by dialect. The table "Dialects and open vowels" shows this variation with
6386:. These four vowels are only distinguished in RP, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In GA, these vowels merge to three
3562:
2887:
The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the
25416:
24796:
22783:
22568:
21663:
21644:
21624:
21334:
21224:
21197:
21115:
21088:
21030:
21009:
20990:
20963:
20932:
20911:
20892:
20873:
20845:
20807:
20773:
20743:
20664:
20633:
20571:
20538:
20505:
20453:
20426:
20375:
20348:
20321:
20295:
20248:
20213:
20192:
20165:
20138:
20066:
20035:
19983:
19964:
19904:
19880:
19853:
19737:
19698:
19674:
19655:
19614:
19568:
19523:
19504:
19477:
19389:
19343:
19324:
19297:
19271:
19243:
19216:
19170:
19120:
19072:
19051:
19024:
18953:
18921:
18847:
18806:
18771:
18744:
18725:
18698:
18679:
18635:
18599:
18540:
18513:
18463:
18444:
18425:
18339:
18312:
18242:
18223:
18196:
18148:
18109:
18088:
18045:
18012:
17991:
17927:
17891:
17867:
17840:
17809:
17786:
17759:
17692:
17671:
17631:
17601:
17574:
17541:
17535:
17479:
17445:
17398:
17367:
17346:
17327:
17300:
17254:
17206:
17179:
17115:
17084:
17057:
17038:
16794:
16746:
16593:
16322:
15774:
15735:
15579:
14969:
14845:
14817:
13980:
12855:
12667:
12339:
12270:
12116:
12053:
12017:
11393:
7529:
refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence
5165:
4722:
2664:
An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with
21036:
20938:
20639:
20577:
20544:
20511:
20464:
20041:
19910:
19704:
19620:
18115:
18051:
18018:
17933:
17897:
17706:
16599:
15780:
15741:
8481:. Just as with questions, many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do-support, thus in Modern English
3612:
1681:
per its historical origin; much of English's most basic vocabulary remains identifiably Germanic, as well as aspects of its
24904:
23383:
22803:
21876:
21761:
21532:
21296:
18605:
11680:
10711:
10047:
9604:
9044:
learned in higher education such as the sciences, philosophy, and mathematics. English continues to gain new loanwords and
8690:. Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g.,
6903:, are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number. The noun must agree with the number of the determiner, e.g.
6233:
3064:
2650:
25710:
10050:. Within each of these regions, several local dialects exist: within the Northern region, there is a division between the
8419:
shut the fridge." However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English
8337:
are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence
1409:
1083: Countries and territories where English is an official or administrative language but not a majority native language
26139:
25238:
25218:
22284:
18820:
16426:
15829:
15393:
15137:
10906:
10770:
10557:
10552:
10432:
10240:
8909:
7763:
or a change in the stem vowel. The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular, which takes the suffix
7229:
6413:
6305:
5186:
while vowels in stressed syllables are not. Some words, primarily short function words but also some modal verbs such as
4349:
or pre-glottalised at the end of a syllable. In a single-syllable word, a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened: thus
4267:
4241:
1102:
915:
24295:
20105:
18260:
8283:(IO) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction (S V IO O), such as
7829:
English does not have future verb forms. The future tense is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs
25160:
25133:
24929:
22389:
21145:
18937:
13118:
6971:
in form with the noun they modify, as adjectives in most other Indo-European languages do. For example, in the phrases
5035:
only occurs in unstressed syllables and is more open in quality in stem-final positions. Some dialects do not contrast
4875:
4464:) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent, and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word.
3790:
The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some English words
2288:
20883:
Toon, Thomas E. (1982). "Variation in Contemporary American English". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).
17221:
11168:
and the English of South East England, all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents, aside from some accents in the
10524:
Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each public usage microdata area (PUMA) of the 50 states,
25092:
25028:
25021:
19543:
19197:
18882:
17277:
17011:
16984:
15307:
13779:
12609:
12535:
12124:
6208:, some of them affecting all varieties, and others affecting only a few. Most standard varieties are affected by the
5289:
5243:
3749:
2645:
area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in
2280:
2118:
Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of the worldwide influence of the
1549:
1490:
970:
18233:
Eagleson, Robert D. (1982). "English in Australia and New Zealand". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).
8415:
can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I
6656:(names) and common nouns. Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns, and grammatically into
6470:
Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected
3755:
Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a
25561:
24789:
22839:
22188:
21408:
21344:
21167:
21158:
21149:
17002:
Aarts, Bas; Haegeman, Liliane (2006). "6. English Word classes and Phrases". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.).
9571:. The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of
9237:
5191:
4162:
4089:
3815:
3775:
3714:
2026:. English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the
1976:
511:
20593:
Schönweitz, Thomas (2001). "Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis".
11659:
with dentals and . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling-based pronunciations where the silent
11635:
pronounced and ). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced and "wind" .
8877:) to derive new words from existing words (especially those of Germanic origin) or stems (especially for words of
8497:
introduced in a prepositional phrase. They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb
7088:, occurring most typically in noun phrases before the head nouns and any modifiers and marking the noun phrase as
2792:, influencing it as a superstrate. The Norman French spoken by the elite in England eventually developed into the
173:
26301:
26291:
25357:
25071:
22436:
22232:
21512:
21369:
21289:
21241:
20279:
18964:
10910:
10875:
8549:
8405:
8386:
6464:
6205:
4761:
4120:
3876:
3741:
3734:
3569:
3540:
3536:
1612:
1207:
1092:
905:
880:
18563:
17725:; Myres, J. N. L. (1936). "Chapter XX. The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent".
2385:
developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the early period of Old English were written using a
26174:
25986:
25078:
24961:
24881:
22753:
22193:
21699:
19797:
19365:
18484:
17508:
13839:
12366:
Baugh, Albert (1951). A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 60–83, 110–130
11862:
11811:
of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in
11376:
10832:
7597:
is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects. Auxiliary verbs such as
7164:(for a patient, or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or
6792:
possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use -
4745:
4636:
3584:
3418:
2702:
1624:
1533:
643:
26157:
20175:
Payne, John; Huddleston, Rodney (2002). "5. Nouns and noun phrases". In Huddleston, R.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.).
3082:
In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now only found in pronouns, such as
24812:
24662:
22793:
22486:
22448:
20385:
18942:
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
16457:
11306:
10618:
10169:
9654:
8882:
4169:
4096:
3607:
2821:, which highlights the blending of both Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in English for the first time.
2027:
994:
960:
21260:
21053:
13630:
9487:
2739:, the world's second-oldest English-speaking university and world's third-oldest university, founded in 1209
1012:
25605:
25167:
25007:
24692:
23862:
23824:
23809:
22788:
22441:
22261:
22078:
21899:
21435:
18435:
Gneuss, Helmut (2013). "Chapter 2: The Old English Language". In Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.).
18322:
Fischer, Olga; van der Wurff, Wim (2006). "Chapter 3: Syntax". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).
17611:
11824:
11815:. They may create innovative pronunciations for English sounds, not found in the speaker's first language.
11298:
10964:
10597:
8959:
5169:
4345:
when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable, often unaspirated in other cases, and often
4148:
4127:
3682:
English has ceased to be an "English language" in the sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically
3226:
2727:
2622:
2284:
1768:
1239:
1187:
1059:
870:
773:
204:
23136:
21549:
21541:
15022:
12684:
12312:
11656:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11624:
11620:
11557:
10883:
10787:, are generally considered to fall under the General American English continuum, although they often show
10211:, however, has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century. Today Irish English is divided into
10151:
10139:
10124:
10106:
9450:
9446:
9438:
9430:
9422:
9414:
9410:
9402:
9394:
9378:
9367:
9356:
9352:
9340:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6369:
6368:
in that position. English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide
6365:
6361:
6349:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6287:
6272:
6265:
6258:
6171:
6147:
6142:
6130:
6106:
6082:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6044:
5982:
5974:
5900:
5306:
5302:
5153:
5149:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5087:
5083:
5068:
5064:
5040:
5036:
5032:
4993:
4989:
4966:
4950:
in Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GA), with examples of words in which they occur from
4660:
4655:
4642:
4622:
4617:
4582:
4569:
4556:
4542:
4537:
4524:
4461:
4457:
4400:
4338:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4295:
4286:
2990:
26281:
26276:
26266:
25185:
24672:
24532:
23882:
23841:
23831:
22832:
22164:
22154:
21752:
21719:
21715:
21401:
18892:
14218:
12657:
10766:
9596:
9568:
9564:
9558:
9550:
9052:
8170:
6213:
5527:
4837:
4815:
4706:
4699:
4222:
4189:
3707:
3207:
Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Microdata Area (PUMA) of the 50 states,
1461:
1304:
875:
26225:
26208:
20676:"Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories"
16439:
Chambers, Jack K. (2010). "English in Canada" (PDF). Kingston, Ontario. p. 14. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
2986:. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the
26089:
25616:
25420:
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
25119:
25037:
24988:
24873:
23048:
22748:
22463:
22321:
21732:
21277:
International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents
19280:
Lass, Roger (2006). "Chapter 2: Phonology and Morphology". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).
18945:
11812:
10758:
10739:
10261:
10188:
10022:
4232:
4134:
4025:
4007:
3597:
2390:
1998:. These shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor called
1761:
1167:
21684:
16855:
14568:
12317:
10042:
can be divided into four major dialect regions: South East English, South West English (also known as
8768:
in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said, for example,
8662:
to subject position through syntactic means. One way of doing this is through a passive construction,
7180:, retain traditional labels for the cases, calling them nominative and accusative cases respectively.
1901:/Low Saxon on the continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the
26271:
26261:
25000:
24847:
24840:
24833:
24389:
22728:
22254:
22212:
22183:
22115:
22083:
21692:
19334:
Lawton, David L. (1982). "English in the Caribbean". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).
18789:
Hogg, Richard M. (2006). "Chapter7: English in Britain". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).
17498:
15825:
15686:
14995:
10871:
10828:
10824:
10773:; all of these, aside from certain subdialects of the American South, were historically non-rhotic.
10754:
10625:
10588:
10577:
10533:
10248:
10236:
7225:
6824:, composed only of a determiner and a noun. They can also include modifiers such as adjectives (e.g.
6416:
6231:
5297:) for most meanings (for example, "reduce in size") when used as a verb. Here stress is connected to
4821:
4784:
4777:
4738:
4179:
4155:
3506:
3216:
25714:
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
19487:
Maclagan, Margaret (2010). "Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.).
19435:
Li, David C. S. (2003). "Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language?".
18376:
11919:
7220:) in most dialects. Some dialects have introduced innovative second person plural pronouns, such as
3572:
does not have an official language. In Wales and Northern Ireland, English is co-official alongside
2641:
language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the
26002:
25593:
25140:
24921:
24889:
24667:
24621:
24616:
24540:
24150:
24134:
24013:
23872:
23763:
23758:
22453:
22407:
22306:
22279:
22244:
22139:
22010:
21470:
17974:
Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).
17593:
11440:
10743:
10684:
10680:
10676:
10660:
10502:
10334:
10232:
6111:
4859:
4852:
3784:
3554:
3510:
3426:
language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the
3320:
2802:
2343:
2332:
1309:
1053:
945:
768:
728:
21107:
8748:
used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event).
8117:
6844:). But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP, using conjunctions such as
3638:
26286:
25878:
24914:
24606:
24550:
24545:
24465:
24138:
24088:
23388:
23206:
22962:
22890:
22878:
22665:
22498:
22316:
22291:
21450:
21445:
21440:
21273:. Sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world.
19207:
Lanham, L. W. (1982). "English in South Africa". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).
18479:
18284:
17623:
15000:
11607:
11190:
11012:
10948:
10282:
10200:
10095:
8649:
serving as the objective case form, although this form may be going out of use in many contexts.
8382:
8047:
6968:
4891:
4799:
4141:
4045:
4032:
4014:
3573:
3558:
3333:"expanding circle" countries are countries where many people learn English as a foreign language.
3074:
2732:
2469:
2147:
1902:
1851:
1785:
1739:
1650:
1561:
1525:
860:
663:
284:
272:
209:
168:
158:
148:
24728:
24448:
23846:
20312:
Romaine, Suzanne (1982). "English in Scotland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).
19927:
19414:
Levine, L.; Crockett, H. J. (1966). "Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*".
17950:
17337:
Barry, Michael V. (1982). "English in Ireland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).
11181:). New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English.
10207:
developed as offshoots from Early Middle English and were spoken until the 19th century. Modern
3888:
2232:("Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings...")
25492:
25352:
24611:
24093:
24059:
23677:
23493:
23353:
23193:
23088:
22580:
22558:
22362:
22059:
22028:
21906:
20625:
Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level
19496:
19043:
19034:
Kastovsky, Dieter (2006). "Chapter 4: Vocabulary". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).
18798:
18371:
18331:
17983:
13656:
13520:
11829:
10655:
10547:
10014:
9576:
8806:
8733:
8729:
6345:
4683:
4602:
4509:
3932:
3893:
Most English dialects share the same 24 (or 26 if marginal /x/ and glottal stop (/ʔ/) included)
3861:
3799:
3155:
2907:
2525:
2191:
2112:
1859:
1757:
1521:
1434:
1419:
1141:
648:
291:
127:
71:
22476:
19289:
18080:
17435:
17265:
17246:
16738:
12845:
12123:
Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the
10699:-dropping) being associated with lower prestige and social class, especially since the end of
10520:
8722:, emphasises the girl by preposition, but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition,
8443:) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary
7629:
is used in the second-person singular and all three plurals. The only verb past participle is
6443:, and add the class of interjections. English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs, such as
6419:. Unlike other Indo-European languages though, English has largely abandoned the inflectional
4337:
at the beginning and end of utterances, and fully voiced between vowels. Fortis stops such as
3794:
into the vocabularies of other languages. This influence of English has led to concerns about
3277:. English is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans.
3203:
2061:
dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old English dialects were later influenced by
25930:
25551:
24954:
24769:
24733:
24001:
23994:
23946:
23716:
23687:
23656:
23619:
23544:
23301:
23214:
23075:
23037:
22778:
22563:
22458:
22171:
22105:
21859:
21849:
21844:
21482:
20236:
20203:
17288:
17095:
15008:
14265:
13986:
11834:
11553:
11343:
11165:
10762:
10703:. This contrasts with the situation in England, where non-rhoticity has become the standard.
10611:
10018:
9268:
8632:
8307:
7547:
Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g.
6436:
6247:
6197:
6063:
5537:
3977:
3964:
3917:
3502:
2963:
2793:
2778:
2524:, but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration, Old English retained considerable
2328:
1937:
1753:
1429:
1314:
930:
618:
501:
24234:
23109:
22771:
19690:
Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading
19488:
19281:
19035:
18790:
18323:
18072:
17975:
17585:
17238:
17052:. Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies; no. 4. Edinburgh: Chambers.
14453:
7275:) are used in both plural and singular, and are the only pronouns available for the plural.
4496:
3779:
25660:
25174:
24738:
24718:
24687:
24560:
24420:
24166:
23984:
23576:
23403:
23365:
23360:
23234:
23181:
22939:
22200:
22093:
22033:
21911:
21884:
21801:
21631:
21492:
19647:
18754:
Hogg, Richard M. (1992). "Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).
14592:
10836:
10820:
10688:
10672:
10643:
10543:
10453:
10372:
10216:
10063:
10043:
8765:
8408:
is used in many constructions, including focus, negation, and interrogative constructions.
7542:
6987:
6499:
6440:
6357:
5852:
5719:
5558:
5174:
4981:
4052:
3811:
3722:
3547:
3222:
3168:
2870:
2857:
2847:
2712:
2208:
2084:
2003:
1875:
1620:
1615:, and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto
835:
224:
24394:
20863:
5305:, but in the verb "contract" the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to
4325:
are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants, such as
3289:
3194: Secondary language: spoken as a second language by more than 20% of the population,
8:
26059:
25631:
25587:
25464:
25429:
24981:
24865:
24677:
23913:
23867:
23801:
23554:
23201:
23114:
22912:
22798:
22628:
22620:
22518:
22481:
22367:
22352:
22227:
22217:
22144:
21983:
21460:
21359:
21339:
17586:
17390:
16215:
14964:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126.
13601:
12531:
Old English and Old Norse: An Inquiry into Intelligibility and Categorization Methodology
12296:
12294:
11587:
11363:
11302:
11235:
11160:
10935:
10867:
have a wide variety of phrases and words not spoken outside of their respective regions.
10750:
and establishing the United States as an independent sovereign nation in September 1783.
10735:
10715:
10059:
9584:
9095:
8701:
8538:
7956:
7514:
7063:
6193:
6152:
6087:
5978:
5549:
4342:
3363:
3047:
2975:
2774:
2465:
2347:
2015:
1941:
1596:
1389:
1284:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1172:
955:
566:
321:
91:
26191:
24224:
24069:
23316:
20818:
19108:
19062:
18625:
13706:
9998:
8657:
While English is a subject-prominent language, at the discourse level it tends to use a
5194:
depending on whether they occur in stressed or non-stressed position within a sentence.
3122:
are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g.
3017:
instead of the non-possessive genitive), and the introduction of loanwords from French (
2377:
1960:
1658:
1623:, technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the
26115:
25151:
24946:
24723:
24647:
24575:
24565:
24520:
24282:
24209:
24106:
23951:
23926:
23921:
23814:
23642:
23527:
23348:
23126:
23121:
23100:
23061:
22865:
22855:
22688:
22655:
22590:
22573:
22428:
22249:
21796:
21786:
21580:
21475:
21424:
21364:
21255:
20762:
20610:
20284:
19824:
19591:
19427:
19176:
19126:
19078:
18777:
18500:
Gordon, Elizabeth; Campbell, Lyle; Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Sudbury, Angela;
18389:
18350:
18068:
17800:
Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990
17730:
17698:
17504:
17420:
17149:
16890:
16786:
12022:
11279:
11198:
11156:
11152:
11127:
11090:
10931:
10895:
10864:
10780:
10278:
10075:
10067:
10039:
9580:
8837:
8670:
where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a
8620:
8576:
8473:, which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb. A contracted form of not
8154:
8138:
8134:
7237:
7093:
6920:
6185:
5544:
3990:
3927:
3912:
3898:
3009:
2979:
2943:
2658:
2517:
2513:
2351:
2256:
2175:
2058:
2043:
2007:
1929:
1906:
1867:
1846:
1454:
1439:
1404:
1244:
1151:
163:
153:
23877:
21281:
17798:
17584:
Burridge, Kate (2010). "Chapter 7: English in Australia". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.).
14580:
14091:
13679:
Huws, Catrin Fflur (June 2006). "The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success?".
12291:
9220:
forms: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z).
8645:
is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case, with the variant
6246:, but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced , a dialect feature called
6227:
than the standard varieties. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a
3774:
International communities such as international business people may use English as an
3301:
1045:
25862:
24697:
24496:
24412:
24405:
24360:
24304:
24064:
24054:
24037:
24032:
23936:
23698:
23498:
23459:
23439:
23277:
23169:
23151:
23003:
22693:
22678:
22650:
22610:
22402:
22339:
22088:
21864:
21828:
21570:
21329:
21220:
21216:
21193:
21189:
21111:
21084:
21026:
21005:
20986:
20982:
20959:
20928:
20907:
20906:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–451.
20888:
20869:
20841:
20828:
Thomas, Erik R. (2008). "Rural Southern white accents". In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).
20803:
20799:
20769:
20739:
20660:
20629:
20614:
20567:
20534:
20501:
20449:
20445:
20422:
20418:
20371:
20367:
20344:
20317:
20291:
20244:
20209:
20188:
20161:
20157:
20134:
20130:
20062:
20031:
20005:
19979:
19960:
19956:
19900:
19876:
19872:
19849:
19845:
19828:
19793:
19733:
19729:
19694:
19670:
19651:
19637:
19610:
19595:
19564:
19519:
19514:
MacMahon, M. K. (2006). "16. English Phonetics". In Bas Aarts; April McMahon (eds.).
19500:
19489:
19473:
19469:
19448:
19385:
19361:
19339:
19320:
19316:
19293:
19282:
19267:
19239:
19212:
19193:
19180:
19166:
19116:
19103:, John Ole Askedal, Erik Andersson, Neil Jacobs, Silke Van Ness, and Suzanne Romaine.
19099:
The survey of the Germanic branch languages includes chapters by Winfred P. Lehmann,
19068:
19047:
19036:
19020:
19016:
18949:
18878:
18843:
18802:
18791:
18781:
18767:
18740:
18721:
18694:
18675:
18631:
18595:
18536:
18532:
18509:
18459:
18440:
18421:
18393:
18335:
18324:
18308:
18238:
18219:
18215:
18192:
18144:
18140:
18105:
18084:
18073:
18041:
18008:
17987:
17976:
17923:
17887:
17863:
17836:
17805:
17782:
17778:
17755:
17738:
17722:
17688:
17667:
17627:
17597:
17570:
17566:
17531:
17475:
17441:
17394:
17363:
17357:
17342:
17323:
17319:
17296:
17273:
17250:
17239:
17202:
17198:
17175:
17154:
17145:
17111:
17080:
17076:
17053:
17034:
17030:
17007:
16980:
16790:
16742:
16589:
16491:
16318:
15770:
15731:
14965:
14841:
14813:
13976:
12851:
12717:
12663:
12605:
12335:
12266:
12112:
12049:
11875:
11804:
11359:
11351:
11327:
11202:
11194:
10902:
10731:
10636:
10561:
10176:
and Old Norse. Scots itself has a number of regional dialects. In addition to Scots,
10051:
9105:
8658:
8333:
shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted.
8150:
7838:
7288:
7130:) as well as an animateness distinction in the third person singular (distinguishing
6471:
6424:
6224:
6209:
5680:
5060:
4930:
4907:
4334:
4252:
4205:
3949:
3939:
3849:
3831:
3414:
2987:
2959:
2947:
2888:
2880:
2789:
2386:
2363:
2155:
2139:
2088:
1894:
1749:
1702:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1628:
1424:
1399:
1364:
1294:
1269:
1234:
1229:
1203:
865:
262:
22384:
19747:
18758:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–168.
18624:
Graddol, David; Leith, Dick; Swann, Joan; Rhys, Martin; Gillen, Julia, eds. (2007).
18556:
English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language'
14373:
13572:
13550:
13094:
8922:, words formed by pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words, e.g.
8349:, the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns
5301:: in the noun "contract" the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel
3806:
3521:
3130:), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g.
2894:
The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a
2381:, is written in Northumbrian. Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the
1098:
1077: Countries and territories where English is the native language of the majority
26013:
25981:
25871:
25686:
25516:
25198:
25110:
25048:
24652:
24443:
24377:
24333:
24328:
24288:
24277:
24269:
24074:
24042:
23989:
23978:
23891:
23600:
23539:
23329:
23311:
23146:
22899:
22813:
22766:
22645:
22553:
22543:
22538:
22528:
22374:
22347:
22205:
22125:
22070:
21968:
21950:
21937:
21774:
21769:
21636:
21349:
21212:
21185:
21133:
21103:
20978:
20859:
20833:
20795:
20602:
20441:
20414:
20363:
20336:
20180:
20153:
20126:
19952:
19868:
19841:
19816:
19776:
19725:
19684:
19643:
19583:
19465:
19440:
19423:
19312:
19231:
19158:
19100:
19012:
18759:
18713:
18528:
18381:
18211:
18184:
18167:
18136:
17855:
17774:
17650:
17562:
17386:
17315:
17295:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–66.
17194:
17141:
17103:
17072:
17026:
16886:
16778:
16734:
14666:
13688:
13496:
12482:
12258:
12104:
11603:
11583:
11474:
11436:
11347:
11323:
10808:
10794:
10788:
10776:
10525:
10244:
10228:
10177:
10110:
9905:
9825:
9787:
9612:
9087:
9029:
8749:
7963:, both based on the plain form of the verb (i.e. without the third person singular
7105:
6428:
6341:
6181:
5932:
5858:
5757:
5640:
5596:
5522:
5503:
5496:
5423:
5387:
5349:
5316:
5254:
5208:
4962:
4688:
4607:
4514:
4318:
3922:
3865:
3756:
3208:
2842:
2626:
2477:
2296:
2179:
2108:
1995:
1933:
1886:
1718:
1577:
1573:
1545:
1414:
1394:
1384:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1329:
1324:
1289:
1264:
1224:
1068:
733:
678:
658:
486:
446:
256:
34:
24489:
20475:
20340:
20286:
Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages
19780:
19540:
Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online | Macquarie Dictionary
19235:
17654:
17525:
17107:
16763:
12771:
12108:
7200:
Both the second and third persons share pronouns between the plural and singular:
3737:, specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation.
3327:
the "inner circle" countries have large communities of native speakers of English,
2942:
English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of
2808:
The transition from Old to Middle English can be placed during the writing of the
26103:
26023:
24972:
24682:
24642:
24475:
24382:
24365:
24350:
24345:
24338:
24047:
23956:
23941:
23896:
23748:
23711:
23703:
23682:
23669:
23649:
23635:
23398:
23375:
23306:
23296:
23288:
23068:
22683:
22585:
22523:
22493:
22301:
22176:
21997:
21973:
21945:
21916:
21889:
21854:
21741:
21465:
21354:
21324:
21020:
20922:
20623:
20561:
20528:
20495:
20025:
19894:
19767:
Mesthrie, Rajend (November 2010). "New Englishes and the native speaker debate".
19688:
19604:
19253:
Lass, Roger (2000). "Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology". In Lass, Roger (ed.).
19162:
18659:
18099:
18035:
18002:
17917:
17881:
17682:
17489:
16583:
15764:
15725:
14556:
12599:
11579:
11549:
11512:
11326:
and English. A similar code-switching method is used by urban native speakers of
11008:
10852:
10840:
10747:
10719:
10679:(GA), with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves, including
10664:
10506:
10208:
10173:
9980:
9743:
9658:
9624:
9600:
9572:
9554:
9371:
9091:
8810:
8334:
8280:
8079:
7960:
7849:
7245:
7165:
7161:
7153:
7149:
6407:
6332:
6324:. Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as
6309:
6189:
5811:
5508:
5474:
5298:
5183:
5072:
4914:
4346:
3956:
3944:
3718:
3374:
3160:
2473:
2339:
2300:
2151:
2135:
2074:
2023:
1991:
1983:
1972:
1805:
1682:
1678:
1581:
1444:
1374:
1339:
1319:
1299:
1274:
935:
536:
268:
140:
117:
14079:
8849:
word-formation process is nominal compounding, producing compound words such as
7923:
For the expression of mood, English uses a number of modal auxiliaries, such as
3164:
Percentage of native speakers of English and English creoles globally as of 2017
2002:. Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into
26127:
25953:
25679:
25650:
25567:
25504:
25362:
24824:
24763:
24657:
24637:
24589:
24481:
24355:
24025:
23792:
23731:
23510:
23467:
23424:
23341:
23336:
23225:
23175:
23026:
22977:
22932:
22925:
22758:
22673:
22633:
22533:
22357:
22110:
22015:
22005:
21921:
21723:
21616:
21497:
21487:
20855:
20837:
20331:
Romaine, Suzanne (1999). "Chapter 1: Introduction". In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.).
19992:
19353:
19153:(1972). "The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores".
18870:
18816:
18501:
17729:. Vol. Book V: The English Settlements. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
17467:
16877:
Adegbija, Efurosibina (1989). "Lexico-semantic variation in Nigerian English".
16579:
15679:"What is the proportion of English words of French, Latin, or Germanic origin?"
13501:
13484:
13124:
11651:(often pronounced with retroflex articulation as and ) and the replacement of
11639:
11611:
11595:
11545:
11516:
11355:
11206:
11094:
10918:
10856:
10604:
10457:
10212:
10192:
10165:
10003:
9942:
9783:
9702:
9620:
9616:
9101:
9064:
9025:
8667:
8477:
can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb
8424:
8146:
7605:
are paired with verbs in the infinitive, past, or progressive forms. They form
7173:
7157:
6854:
the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles
6667:
Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural
6217:
5515:
3853:
3795:
3791:
3726:
3703:
3691:
3683:
3347:
3270:
3059:
3043:
3038:
2983:
2971:
2967:
2915:
2698:
2646:
2638:
2417:
2382:
2268:
2163:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2070:
2066:
2019:
1999:
1987:
1968:
1914:
1910:
1818:
1795:
1733:
1694:
1654:
1604:
1557:
1541:
1349:
1334:
1279:
1177:
855:
850:
723:
653:
623:
581:
242:
219:
105:
75:
20606:
20241:
Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication
20184:
19587:
18763:
18385:
18171:
17437:
Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses
15817:
15385:
15133:
13732:
13692:
12262:
6871:
The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of
6788:. Historically the -s possessive has been used for animate nouns, whereas the
5201:, and some pairs of words are distinguished by stress. For instance, the word
3529:
2707:
2528:
with other Germanic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the
1713:
26255:
25599:
25545:
25449:
24713:
24555:
24311:
24262:
24079:
24018:
23931:
23836:
23774:
23721:
23605:
23532:
22808:
22723:
22379:
22296:
22237:
22149:
22100:
21978:
21960:
21141:
21137:
21125:
20101:
19452:
19150:
18717:
18582:
18550:
17913:
17877:
17859:
17021:
Abercrombie, D.; Daniels, P.T. (2006). "Spelling Reform Proposals: English".
16421:
12429:
11786:
11668:
11520:
11054:
11016:
10844:
10707:
10668:
10659:
apparent considering social, ethnolinguistic, and regional varieties such as
10412:
9984:
9866:
9747:
9608:
8793:
8671:
8641:
8166:
7978:
An infinitive form, that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition
7588:
7390:
7276:
7140:
6647:
6353:
6228:
5532:
5470:
4341:
have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects: they are
4330:
3857:
3699:
3378:
3343:
2852:
2557:
2304:
2292:
2252:
2248:
2187:
2183:
2143:
2127:
1922:
1890:
1863:
1826:
1616:
1565:
1537:
1449:
758:
586:
79:
21380:
20832:. Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. de Gruyter. pp. 87–114.
20358:
Romaine, S. (2006). "Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts".
18252:
14808:
Carter, Ronald; McCarthey, Michael; Mark, Geraldine; O'Keeffe, Anne (2016).
14694:
13651:
8918:(1961). Another active word-formation process in English is the creation of
8792:
It is generally stated that English has around 170,000 words, or 220,000 if
6983:
does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun.
2898:, meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system.
1587:
English is either the official language or one of the official languages in
26122:
25959:
25804:
25794:
25574:
24582:
24006:
23970:
23903:
23726:
23549:
23522:
23505:
23449:
23408:
22990:
22969:
22311:
22159:
22038:
21083:. Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics; 4 (Sixth ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
20902:
Toon, Thomas E. (1992). "Old English Dialects". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).
19375:
Leech, Geoffrey; Hundt, Marianne; Mair, Christian; Smith, Nicholas (2009).
19226:
Lass, Roger (1992). "2. Phonology and Morphology". In Blake, Norman (ed.).
13810:"Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject"
13142:
11710:
11537:
11169:
10848:
10727:
10700:
10465:
10449:
9909:
9791:
9228:
9109:
8833:
8802:
8711:(emphasising it was a bee and not, for example, a wasp that stung her), or
8440:
8015:
7842:
7292:
7089:
6872:
6494:). Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system (
6325:
5465:
4958:
4060:
3730:
3359:
3069:
2815:
2759:
2541:
1835:
1642:
1369:
753:
668:
541:
526:
252:
24781:
24229:
20239:. In Richter, Dagmar; Richter, Ingo; Toivanen, Reeta; et al. (eds.).
19820:
19534:
19444:
18815:
18188:
18098:
Denning, Keith; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (17 February 2007).
12529:
12300:
11907:
7291:
set of pronouns. These pronouns are becoming more accepted as part of the
3198:
working language of government, language of instruction in education, etc.
3051:
Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the
2891:(1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation.
1909:
languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into
1029:
25901:
25851:
25809:
25673:
25637:
25556:
25469:
25372:
25278:
24820:
24399:
24372:
24190:
24098:
23780:
23741:
23324:
23019:
22983:
22918:
21656:
21651:
21455:
20533:. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press.
19890:
18891:
14097:
13485:"'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific"
11294:
10879:
10529:
10416:
10338:
10286:
10128:
9946:
9862:
9829:
9706:
9537:
9224:
9217:
9017:
8905:
8608:
8542:
8432:
7606:
7187:), while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun (e.g.
7169:
7027:
6817:
6653:
6456:
6420:
6395:
6298:
6291:
6020:
4951:
4353:
has a noticeably shorter vowel (phonetically, but not phonemically) than
4199:
3616:
Countries in which English language is a mandatory or an optional subject
3427:
3382:
3367:
3316:
3305:
3212:
3068:, which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828,
2951:
2911:
2895:
2521:
2512:), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more
2394:
2355:
2237:
2223:
2203:
2092:
2054:
1871:
1809:
1638:
1529:
830:
738:
703:
546:
506:
491:
466:
331:
214:
95:
24244:
19262:
Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),
19230:. Vol. II: 1066–1476. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–154.
17472:
The English language in Canada: Status, history and comparative analysis
15054:, p. 69: "Nominative is a traditional name for the subjective case"
14989:
13707:"Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament"
13106:
8627:-word is the subject or forms part of the subject, no inversion occurs:
8101:. Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms, such as
7904:, which show the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense (
6451:, expressing the categories of mood and aspect. Questions are marked by
6220:
have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents.
3273:, and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is the
3114:
is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in
3106:), and SVO word order is mostly fixed. Some changes, such as the use of
25799:
25744:
25538:
25203:
24239:
24219:
23584:
23254:
22955:
22222:
21714:
21608:
20335:. Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 01–56.
19130:
19115:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. pp. 532–562.
19082:
17734:
17702:
17102:. Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–91.
16782:
15766:
Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages
14671:
14654:
13589:
French is the official language of Québec. Only French has that status.
11912:
11840:
List of countries and territories where English is an official language
11752:
11722:
11405:
11247:
11050:
10976:
10376:
10298:
10204:
10071:
10030:
9870:
9670:
8561:
8505:, although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with
8378:
8142:
7896:
Further aspectual distinctions are shown by auxiliary verbs, primarily
7197:
acquired a pejorative or inferior tinge of meaning and was abandoned).
7011:
6942:
6657:
6452:
6432:
6280:
3148:
List of countries and territories where English is an official language
3107:
2903:
2785:
2549:
2545:
2397:
2219:
2167:
2131:
2078:
2011:
1918:
1898:
1822:
1778:
1698:
1632:
1584:
in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers.
790:
713:
521:
451:
381:
14175:
13163:, Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number).
12637:
12597:
12099:
Burnley, David (1992). "Lexis and Semantics". In Blake, Norman (ed.).
10572:
8014:
English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called
6364:
at the end of a syllable, but RP is non-rhotic, meaning that it loses
2875:
2327:) are both named after the Angles. English may have a small amount of
673:
25923:
25906:
25885:
25774:
25668:
24425:
24173:
23819:
23736:
23517:
23472:
23444:
23270:
22824:
21779:
21393:
19606:
The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience
17067:
Alcaraz Ariza, M.Á.; Navarro, F. (2006). "Medicine: Use of English".
16710:
15615:
15266:
15264:
11808:
11541:
11311:
10860:
10461:
10330:
10079:
8979: Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin (28.24%)
8936:
8889:
8732:
between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as
7283:(sometimes with the addition of the singular-specific reflexive form
6784:(also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition
6661:
5608:
4404:
4302:
4112:
4071:
3897:
consonant phonemes. The consonant inventory shown below is valid for
3841:
3837:
3819:
3580:
respectively. Neither Scotland nor England have an official language.
3398:
3355:
2919:
2899:
2824:
In Wycliff'e Bible of the 1380s, the verse Matthew 8:20 was written:
2736:
2634:
2630:
2367:
2123:
2062:
2053:
The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known as
1956:
1949:
1882:
1799:
1646:
1038:
1022:
1004:
986:
825:
815:
698:
683:
531:
326:
87:
24249:
19559:
Mair, C.; Leech, G. (2006). "14 Current Changes in English Syntax".
19255:
The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776
18037:
Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention
17493:
15504:
15468:
15249:
14960:
Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022).
13763:
Language Rights and the Law in the United States and Its Territories
12949:
12598:
Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011).
12381:
8796:
are counted; this estimate is based on the last full edition of the
4321:(strong) and the second is lenis (weak). Fortis obstruents, such as
3509:, but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international
2081:
vocabulary was incorporated into English over some three centuries.
26110:
26098:
25976:
25896:
25834:
25819:
25739:
25734:
25729:
25625:
25510:
25474:
25458:
24214:
23562:
21806:
21603:
21073:
The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French.
21022:
International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English
21002:
International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English
18915:
16585:
Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English
16449:
15868:
15276:
15113:
14085:
11591:
11552:. Today, about nine percent of the South African population speaks
11131:
10539:
10498:
9515:
9058:
9032:. Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as
8726:, where reference to the girl is established as an "afterthought".
6946:
6777:
5774:
5178:
4985:
4453:
3710:
3402:
3394:
2797:
2781:
in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1150 to 1500.
2654:
2553:
1556:
in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former
1110:
810:
693:
628:
601:
556:
476:
421:
371:
366:
356:
346:
336:
26242:
21276:
21271:
Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh)
18936:
18420:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
17245:. Varieties of English around the World. John Benjamins. pp.
16018:
16016:
15288:
15261:
15215:
15213:
15200:
15198:
14878:
14562:
14379:
14349:
13969:
Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition
13166:
12567:
12195:
12046:
Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon
11627:
are monophthongs and or even the reverse diphthongs and (e.g.
8058:). In spite of the idiomatic meaning, some grammarians, including
3118:, appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as
2773:
Middle English is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the
2338:
Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects (
1645:. Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from
26040:
26029:
25784:
25779:
25764:
25759:
25532:
25522:
25485:
25208:
24255:
23851:
23753:
22743:
22738:
22548:
21894:
21821:
21816:
19580:
Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization
17241:
Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English
16945:
16921:
15693:
15528:
15516:
14902:
14684:
14682:
14199:
14187:
14127:
14040:
12910:
11803:
may pronounce words differently due to having not fully mastered
11568:
11331:
11319:
11148:
10723:
10706:
The English language is far and away the most widely used in the
10184:
10168:
is today considered a separate language from English, but it has
10090:
10055:
10007:
8919:
8826:
6276:
5198:
4947:
4001:
3845:
3406:
3386:
2810:
2642:
2529:
2371:
2287:. By the 7th century, this Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons
2264:
2214:
1840:
1379:
1106:
763:
638:
633:
591:
471:
456:
431:
426:
411:
406:
391:
351:
20790:
Swan, M. (2006). "English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900)".
19995:"Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012"
19973:
18158:
Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). "The grammar of English phrasal verbs".
18071:(2006). "Overview". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).
17742:
16828:
16686:
16662:
16003:
16001:
15999:
15997:
15844:
15492:
15456:
15342:
15183:
15161:"The Pedant: The sheer usefulness of singular 'they' is obvious"
14433:
12777:
8825:, foreign words of extremely limited English use, and technical
6911:(pl.). Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase.
6509:
The seven word-classes are exemplified in this sample sentence:
3297:
residents for whom English was their primary language as of 2021
2831:
2825:
2745:
2679:
2673:
2564:
2453:
2438:
2423:
2408:
2322:
2316:
2227:
2030:
of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see
26035:
25829:
25824:
25789:
25769:
25644:
25527:
25498:
25479:
23558:
21811:
21791:
21054:"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations"
20148:
Patrick, P.L. (2006b). "English, African-American Vernacular".
20100:
18439:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–49.
17619:
17557:
Brutt-Griffler, J. (2006). "Languages of Wider Communication".
17310:
Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English".
17289:"Chapter 2: The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European"
17215:
16013:
15237:
15210:
15195:
14914:
14890:
14807:
14782:
14574:
13296:
13148:
12662:. Early English text society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12231:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11858:
11599:
11315:
10914:
10823:
and have distinct norms for writing and pronunciation as well.
10784:
10196:
10083:
9360:
9075:
9045:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8420:
7510:
6668:
6475:
5461:
3351:
3294:
2716:
2533:
2359:
2272:
2260:
2171:
1982:
English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares
1945:
1879:
1635:
estimated that there were 1.4 billion speakers worldwide.
1600:
805:
800:
795:
743:
708:
596:
576:
571:
496:
436:
396:
361:
341:
83:
20075:
19460:
Lim, L.; Ansaldo, U. (2006). "Singapore: Language Situation".
18998:
Jespersen, Otto (2007) . "Case: The number of English cases".
16909:
15904:
14679:
14655:"Duration, vowel quality, and the rhythmic pattern of English"
13938:"Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language – The Times of India"
13440:
13274:
13272:
13100:
12082:
12080:
8985: Germanic languages (Old English, Old Norse, Dutch) (25%)
8423:
permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present.
3284:
2229:
Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon...
26133:
26018:
26008:
25991:
25936:
25891:
25814:
25754:
25749:
23476:
19807:
Montgomery, M. (1993). "The Southern Accent—Alive and Well".
19190:
Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change
16270:
16196:
16184:
16172:
16052:
16040:
15994:
15101:
14854:
14604:
14532:
14472:
14421:
14409:
14397:
13428:
13392:
13130:
13054:
13052:
12132:
12067:
12065:
11999:
11997:
10811:
9739:
8930:
8635:
can also be fronted when they are the question's theme, e.g.
8149:
mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the
5369:
5331:
4305:(stops, affricates, and fricatives) appear in pairs, such as
3760:
3557:
is majority English-speaking, its two official languages are
3390:
2719:, the world's oldest English-speaking university and world's
2276:
2096:
1964:
1666:
1641:
emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the
1627:. English accounts for at least 70% of total speakers of the
1592:
940:
900:
820:
561:
551:
516:
481:
461:
441:
416:
401:
386:
19925:
19720:
Meierkord, C. (2006). "Lingua Francas as Second Languages".
16160:
15880:
15659:
15069:
14866:
14496:
13112:
12827:
12825:
12470:
12369:
11926:
8493:, although this construction may be found in older English.
6412:
As is typical of an Indo-European language, English follows
5643:
5358:
5325:
25996:
25970:
25964:
20179:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–522.
19188:
Labov, W. (2012). "1. About Language and Language Change".
18508:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press.
17769:
Connell, B.A. (2006). "Nigeria : Language Situation".
17474:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press.
16512:
15945:
15943:
15818:"L'incroyable histoire des mots français en anglais !"
15800:
15798:
15649:
15647:
15066:: "English has subjective, objective and possessive cases."
14758:
14325:
14289:
14151:
13858:
13416:
13356:
13344:
13284:
13269:
13019:"Which countries are best at English as a second language?"
12077:
10797:
9490:" are often indicated by combinations of letters (like the
9104:(also called Roman alphabet). Earlier Old English texts in
8924:
7193:
5260:
3725:
negotiations in 1919. By the time of the foundation of the
3269:
As of 2016, 400 million people spoke English as their
2955:
2818:
2814:. The oldest Middle English texts that were written by the
2402:
2130:
in many regions and professional contexts such as science,
920:
910:
890:
718:
688:
376:
43:
16258:
15540:
14484:
14337:
13084:
13082:
13049:
12927:
12925:
12405:
12207:
12062:
11994:
7096:. They do not typically inflect for degree of comparison.
5599:
5446:
5432:
5405:
5396:
5217:
2621:
From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Old English gradually
2447:
2331:
influence from Common Brittonic, and a number of possible
2267:
by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the
1109:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
55:
19257:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–186.
16957:
16933:
16733:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 49–66.
16453:
16100:
16028:
15634:
15632:
15630:
14544:
14313:
14115:
14028:
13882:
12822:
12812:
12810:
12393:
12173:
12171:
9234:
spelling differences between British and American English
8325:, but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause
6967:
In Modern English, adjectives are not inflected so as to
5449:
5408:
5275:
5229:
3052:
2432:
2375:
is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem,
2103:
words and roots, concurrent with the introduction of the
2032:
Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization
895:
52:
46:
40:
21207:
Wolfram, W. (2006). "Variation and Language: Overview".
19993:
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2012).
18623:
18499:
18278:
Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages
17886:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
16731:
Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives
16716:
16548:
16148:
16124:
15940:
15928:
15916:
15795:
15644:
15480:
15420:
15057:
14959:
14931:
14929:
14722:
14057:
14055:
13894:
13069:
13067:
12759:
12557:
12555:
12553:
12387:
12253:
Short, Ian (1 January 2002). "Language and Literature".
12156:
12043:
11337:
10017:(RP), an educated accent associated originally with the
7994:
is in the infinitive, or in a complement clause such as
6223:
Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and
3698:
Modern English, sometimes described as the first global
3532:
has no official languages at the federal or state level.
2754:
stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.
1673:. While the majority of English vocabulary derives from
926:
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
25394:
List of countries where English is an official language
21311:
20721:
20059:
Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position
19665:
McCrum, Robert; MacNeil, Robert; Cran, William (2003).
18303:
Fasold, Ralph W.; Connor-Linton, Jeffrey, eds. (2014).
18283:(Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. Archived from
16764:"Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse"
16536:
16524:
16246:
16136:
16076:
15960:
15958:
15892:
14941:
13918:
13464:
13452:
13160:
13079:
13037:
12922:
12900:
12898:
12896:
12625:
12579:
12460:
12458:
12456:
11540:, English has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with
10730:, English was ultimately widely adopted throughout the
9381:. The differences in the pronunciations of the letters
9100:
Since the ninth century, English has been written in a
8954:
Lists of English words by country or language of origin
6486:) and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as
6431:
retain morphological case more strongly than any other
6375:
There is complex dialectal variation in words with the
3319:
distinguished countries where English is spoken with a
2358:
in the 9th century and the influence of the kingdom of
20865:
Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics
20694:
20436:
Rubino, C. (2006). "Philippines: Language Situation".
20121:
Patrick, P.L. (2006a). "Jamaica: Language Situation".
19157:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–178.
16112:
15970:
15705:
15627:
15552:
14139:
14067:
13906:
13870:
13380:
13233:
13197:
13172:
12883:
12881:
12879:
12807:
12795:
12783:
12506:
12279:
12168:
11955:
10219:
which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP.
10187:, various forms of English have been spoken since the
7216:) in the second person (except in the reflexive form:
6478:(i.e. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs
3740:
Many regional international organisations such as the
2958:, and a new standard form of Middle English, known as
26087:
19836:
Mountford, J. (2006). "English Spelling: Rationale".
19067:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge.
19061:
König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994).
17376:
16698:
16674:
16650:
16638:
16088:
15856:
15605:
15603:
15601:
15599:
15597:
15444:
15432:
15408:
15366:
15354:
15225:
14926:
14770:
14520:
14508:
14385:
14361:
14355:
14163:
14052:
13846:
13404:
13320:
13308:
13257:
13187:
13185:
13183:
13181:
13064:
12961:
12550:
12417:
11982:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9113:
7967:), for use in subordinate clauses (e.g. subjunctive:
6776:
Possession can be expressed either by the possessive
5361:
5328:
5290:
5278:
5263:
5257:
5244:
5232:
5220:
5214:
5105:, and end with up to five, as in (for some dialects)
4407:(pronunciation variants): the clear or plain , as in
2087:
began in the late 15th century with the start of the
1940:
with any continental Germanic language, differing in
20409:
Rowicka, G.J. (2006). "Canada: Language Situation".
19532:
19111:. In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.).
18321:
17066:
16379:
16355:
16343:
16282:
16064:
15955:
15081:
15045:
14746:
14710:
14598:
14277:
14241:
14193:
14016:
14004:
13221:
13125:
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012
12937:
12893:
12847:
Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education
12643:
12453:
12441:
12348:
12144:
11943:
8744:
refers to some fact known to both interlocutors, or
7571:
marks the recipient, or Indirect Object of the verb
5935:
5861:
5766:
5760:
5443:
5435:
5402:
5399:
5372:
5355:
5334:
5322:
5281:
5272:
5269:
5235:
5226:
5223:
3869:
3413:
Those countries have millions of native speakers of
49:
20500:. Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press.
19378:
Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study
19374:
19060:
18661:
African American English: a linguistic introduction
18302:
18275:
18097:
17189:Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation".
16897:
16804:
16614:
16560:
16403:
16294:
16234:
15874:
15850:
15699:
15621:
15572:"How many words are there in the English language?"
14253:
14181:
14103:
13368:
13302:
13245:
12955:
12876:
12749:
12747:
12237:
12219:
12183:
11567:Nigerian English is a variety of English spoken in
8619:appears as the first constituent despite being the
8427:does not allow the addition of the negating adverb
5440:
5429:
5426:
5393:
5390:
5366:
5352:
5319:
5266:
5211:
37:
25319:
25253:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners
20887:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 210–250.
20761:
20724:"Population by first language spoken and province"
20283:
19926:National Records of Scotland (26 September 2013).
19533:
19437:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
19338:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 251–280.
19211:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 324–352.
18658:
18588:English Next India: The future of English in India
18237:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 415–438.
17919:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
17797:
17666:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 177–210.
17020:
16626:
16391:
16331:
16022:
15982:
15594:
15330:
14988:
14734:
13543:"Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)"
13489:Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies
13209:
13178:
12656:Johannesson, Nils-Lennart; Cooper, Andrew (2023).
12601:A Practical Introduction to the History of English
11575:). Over 150 million Nigerians speak English.
11297:to the English language occurred in 1762 when the
10687:. In most American and Canadian English dialects,
9544:
7912:), and compound tenses such as preterite perfect (
6261:is found in Scottish English, which distinguishes
4969:⟩ in the table above, such as the vowel of
2827:Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis
2158:pattern with little inflection and a fairly fixed
1885:coast, whose languages gradually evolved into the
25194:Collaborative International Dictionary of English
20738:. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. p. 23.
20673:
20384:
20205:English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy
19669:(Third Revised ed.). London: Penguin Books.
19664:
18437:The Cambridge companion to Old English literature
18363:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
18001:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996).
17795:
17684:Shakespeare's works and Elizabethan pronunciation
17425:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
17341:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 84–134.
17216:Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013).
16816:
16367:
14219:"Globish – a language of international business?"
14133:
13136:
12916:
12722:The Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales
12655:
12494:
12248:
12246:
11937:
10714:, which began with the settlement in present-day
10070:dialects, which include the urban subdialects of
7092:or indefinite. They often agree with the noun in
6316:, but replace them with dental or alveolar stops
5486:Varieties of Standard English and their features
5251:) when used as a noun, but on the last syllable (
5152:can only occur in syllable-initial position, and
3234: "Very High Proficiency" (score 63.07–70.27)
2571:Fox-as habb-að hol-u and heofon-an fugl-as nest-∅
26253:
25389:List of countries by English-speaking population
20563:Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World
20316:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 56–83.
18836:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002).
18835:
17721:
17377:Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo; McMahon, April (2006).
15534:
15522:
15510:
15498:
15474:
15462:
15294:
15282:
15270:
15255:
15243:
15219:
15204:
15189:
15119:
14920:
14908:
14896:
14884:
14788:
12973:
12744:
12375:
12257:. Boydell and Brewer Limited. pp. 191–214.
11807:. This can happen either because they apply the
11318:use or, at the very least, have been exposed to
9059:English loanwords and calques in other languages
8059:
8046:, etc. The phrasal verb frequently has a highly
7576:
7177:
6990:, with the positive degree unmarked, the suffix
5159:
5059:are homophonous, a dialectal feature called the
3642:English Proficiency Index by country as of 2014
3258: "Very Low Proficiency" (score 40.87–48.19)
3246: "Moderate Proficiency" (score 52.50–57.38)
3152:List of countries by English-speaking population
2962:, developed from the dialects of London and the
2612:"Foxes have holes and the birds of heaven nests"
2197:
20854:
20174:
20076:Office for National Statistics (4 March 2013).
19746:
19007:Kachru, B. (2006). "English: World Englishes".
18972:Journal of English as an International Language
18669:
18348:
18307:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press.
15685:. Oxford University Press. 2008. Archived from
15075:
14872:
14586:
14502:
14301:
13332:
12573:
12301:How English evolved into a global language 2010
12201:
11751:An example of a Japanese man speaking English (
8372:
8165:English word order has moved from the Germanic
7026:. Other adjectives have comparatives formed by
6352:after a vowel at the end of a syllable (in the
5124:; a voiceless fricative and approximant, as in
3591:
3342:English speakers are, in descending order, the
2672:) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with
25309:
21051:
21018:
20999:
20659:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
20004:. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Archived from
19542:. Macmillan Publishers Group Australia. 2015.
19413:
18965:"English Language Imperialism: Points of View"
18868:
18506:New Zealand English: its origins and evolution
18131:Deumert, A. (2006). "Migration and Language".
17556:
17524:Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010).
17523:
17488:
17379:"Chapter 17: English phonology and morphology"
17047:
16951:
16927:
16915:
16834:
16692:
16668:
16518:
16276:
16202:
16190:
16178:
16166:
15910:
14987:
14688:
14610:
14538:
14439:
14427:
14415:
14295:
14205:
14157:
14098:International Civil Aviation Organization 2011
14046:
13446:
13398:
13362:
13350:
13290:
13278:
12411:
12330:Upward, Christopher; Davidson, George (2011).
12329:
12243:
12018:"How the English Language Conquered the World"
11619:vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs
10901:Spoken primarily by working- and middle-class
10695:-fulness) is dominant, with non-rhoticity (or
10002:A map showing the main dialect regions in the
9232:word is pronounced. There are also systematic
5144:, a voiceless stop, and an approximant, as in
3182: Co-official and majority native language
3025:originally meaning "nestling" had replaced OE
2285:the Roman economy and administration collapsed
2107:to London. This era notably culminated in the
25294:
24797:
22840:
21700:
21409:
21385:
21297:
21180:Wojcik, R.H. (2006). "Controlled Languages".
20921:Trask, Larry; Trask, Robert Lawrence (2010).
20904:The Cambridge History of the English Language
20759:
18839:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
18756:The Cambridge History of the English Language
18688:
18523:Gottlieb, H. (2006). "Linguistic Influence".
18349:Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie (2007).
18179:Donoghue, D. (2008). Donoghue, Daniel (ed.).
18000:
17796:Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (1996).
17640:
17433:
17293:The Cambridge History of the English Language
17001:
16974:
16972:
16058:
16007:
15546:
14860:
14343:
14271:
13864:
13434:
13058:
12399:
12101:The Cambridge History of the English Language
12086:
11876:"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"
11785:An example of a German man speaking English (
10726:immigrants, who arrived primarily in eastern
8973: French, including Anglo-Norman (28.30%)
8133:Modern English syntax language is moderately
7759:, and for the strong verbs either the suffix
7099:
6390:, and in Canadian English, they merge to two
5086:), which in RP is realised as (phonemically
3875:The phonetic symbols used below are from the
2653:. The centre of Norsified English was in the
1498:
25582:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
25439:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
24898:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
22058:
20697:"2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity"
19639:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
19602:
18916:International Maritime Organization (2011).
18817:"How English evolved into a global language"
18737:Irish English: History and present-day forms
18181:Old English Literature: A Short Introduction
17922:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
17286:
17165:on 2 January 2011 – via DYLAN project.
17134:International Journal of Applied Linguistics
13888:
12778:Nevalainen & Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2006
12649:
12138:
12071:
11903:
11901:
10925:
9271:used to spell consonant sounds. The letters
8915:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
8724:she was stung by a bee, that girl over there
8720:That girl over there, she was stung by a bee
7525:, the addressee. Anaphoric pronouns such as
5177:plays an important role in English. Certain
3240: "High Proficiency" (score 58.26–61.86)
3141:
2259:, and originally spoken along the coasts of
1677:, it is considered a member of the Germanic
749:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
24811:
20056:
19899:. Cambridge University Press. p. 477.
18918:"IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases"
18689:Halliday, M. A. K.; Hasan, Ruqaiya (1976).
18305:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
18066:
17750:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) .
17749:
17048:Aitken, A. J.; McArthur, Tom, eds. (1979).
15769:. Cambridge University Press. p. 196.
15063:
14983:
14981:
14962:A student's introduction to English grammar
14478:
14403:
12534:(MA thesis). University of South Carolina.
12523:
12521:
12476:
12044:Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973).
9979:An example of a woman with one of the many
8967:Source languages of the English vocabulary
8843:
7014:comparative and superlative forms, such as
6836:) and specifiers such as determiners (e.g.
6459:(fronting of question words beginning with
4980:In both RP and GA, vowels are phonetically
3546:English is the official second language of
3285:Three circles of English-speaking countries
3252: "Low Proficiency" (score 48.69–52.39)
3188: Official but minority native language
3075:American Dictionary of the English language
3032:
2930:is today, and the second vowel in the word
2476:than in Modern English. Modern English has
25308:
25301:
25287:
25246:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
24804:
24790:
22847:
22833:
22734:Comparison of American and British English
21707:
21693:
21416:
21402:
21304:
21290:
21209:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
21182:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
21004:(4th ed.). London: Hodder Education.
20975:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
20920:
20792:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
20592:
20438:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
20411:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
20360:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
20201:
20150:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
20123:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
19949:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
19865:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
19838:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
19806:
19722:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
19683:
19462:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
19459:
19309:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
19009:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
18525:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
18251:
18208:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
18206:Durrell, M. (2006). "Germanic Languages".
18133:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
17830:
17771:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
17754:(5th ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers.
17680:
17559:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
17527:The linguistic structure of modern English
17355:
17312:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
17266:"When did southern American English begin"
17191:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
17069:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
17023:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
16969:
16542:
16530:
16430:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 141, 148.
16082:
14835:
14490:
14121:
13786:. Central Intelligence Agency. 29 May 2024
13602:"Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland"
13579:. Québec Official Publisher. 26 March 2024
13386:
13239:
12789:
12512:
11988:
11544:and various African languages such as the
9536:English writing also includes a system of
9441:in Greek-derived words. The single letter
8439:—it can only be added to an auxiliary (or
8160:
8097:is derived in this way from the adjective
7412:himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves
7204:Plural and singular are always identical (
7160:is used in the sense both of the previous
6348:vary in their pronunciation of historical
5008:are noticeably shorter than the vowels of
4996:or in open syllables: thus, the vowels of
4977:. In GA, vowel length is non-distinctive.
2566:Foxas habbað holu and heofonan fuglas nest
2544:from 1000 shows examples of case endings (
2077:of England, when a considerable amount of
2057:or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of
1609:co-official language of the United Nations
1505:
1491:
1067:
21108:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001
21100:Language Myths and the History of English
21078:
20559:
20526:
20465:"Language Use in the United States: 2011"
20333:Cambridge History of the English Language
20061:(2nd ed.). Canada: Broadview Press.
19863:Mufwene, S.S. (2006). "Language Spread".
19835:
19719:
19558:
19491:The Routledge handbook of world Englishes
19228:Cambridge History of the English Language
19033:
18997:
18842:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18415:
18375:
17727:Roman Britain and the English Settlements
17588:The Routledge handbook of world Englishes
17188:
17153:
17100:Cambridge History of the English Language
16578:
16106:
16046:
16034:
15976:
15638:
15558:
15107:
14728:
14670:
14319:
14034:
13912:
13500:
13263:
12967:
12604:. : Universitat de València. p. 21.
11961:
11898:
11053:man with a cultivated Australian accent (
9904:An example of a man with one of the many
8652:
7750:
7582:
6641:
2616:
2279:. From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons
2138:is the result of a gradual change from a
2073:began in the late 11th century after the
2069:, starting in the 8th and 9th centuries.
22427:
21511:
20972:
20953:
20621:
20278:
20147:
20120:
20023:
19766:
19635:
19513:
19486:
18522:
18232:
18178:
17912:
17876:
17610:
17583:
17356:Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002).
16876:
16761:
16704:
16680:
16656:
16644:
16488:Atlas of North American English (online)
16450:"Do You Speak American: What Lies Ahead"
16264:
16252:
16154:
16142:
16130:
16094:
15949:
15934:
15922:
15886:
15804:
15665:
15653:
15348:
14978:
14831:
14829:
14367:
14086:International Maritime Organization 2011
14061:
13900:
13760:
13733:"Official language of the United States"
13521:"40 Years of the Official Languages Act"
13410:
13227:
13203:
13043:
12904:
12831:
12518:
12447:
12423:
12285:
12150:
12039:
12037:
12003:
11976:The Rise of English as a Global Language
11949:
10538:
10519:
9997:
9824:An example of a man with a contemporary
9653:An example of a man with a contemporary
9238:proposals for spelling reform in English
8339:I saw the letter that you received today
8317:, the main clause is headed by the verb
8116:
7990:is inflected for time and the main verb
7521:identifies the speaker, and the pronoun
3637:
3611:
3300:
3288:
3221:
3202:
3167:
3159:
2874:
2726:
2706:
2207:
1986:with other Germanic languages including
1845:
1712:
1697:and is then most closely related to the
21206:
20760:Svartvik, Jan; Leech, Geoffrey (2006).
20493:
20408:
20357:
20330:
20311:
20234:
19896:Learning Vocabulary in Another Language
19862:
19603:Mazrui, Ali A.; Mazrui, Alamin (1998).
19518:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 359–382.
19288:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
19042:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
18797:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
18707:
18581:
18549:
18453:
18330:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
18205:
18130:
18079:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
18033:
17982:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
17973:
17948:
17849:
17768:
17661:
17385:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 382–410.
16963:
16739:10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.003.0004
16385:
16361:
16288:
16070:
15862:
15762:
15730:. Oxford University Press. p. 34.
15723:
14803:
14801:
14799:
14797:
14563:International Phonetic Association 1999
14454:"IPA transcription systems for English"
14380:International Phonetic Association 1999
14331:
14283:
14247:
14145:
14022:
14010:
13924:
13852:
13549:. Department of Justice. Archived from
13470:
13458:
13374:
13251:
12943:
12931:
12887:
12816:
12801:
12765:
12334:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 84.
12313:English language: Historical background
12225:
12189:
12162:
12098:
11674:
11435:An example of a woman with an educated
11147:Since 1788, English has been spoken in
10532:. according to the 2016–2021 five-year
9003: Derived from proper names (3.28%)
8688:there was a girl who was stung by a bee
7509:Pronouns are used to refer to entities
6338:, and reduction of consonant clusters.
5170:Intonation (linguistics) § English
4992:, but not before lenis consonants like
3438:
3215:, according to the 2016–2021 five-year
2864:
2247:). Old English developed from a set of
2236:The earliest form of English is called
1103:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
26254:
25368:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
22854:
21423:
21179:
21019:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2008).
21000:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002).
20827:
20755:from the original on 13 November 2015.
20657:Old English: A Linguistic Introduction
20435:
20027:How English Became the Global Language
19889:
19787:
19333:
19306:
19206:
19006:
18962:
18823:from the original on 25 September 2015
18734:
18473:Gordin, Michael D. (4 February 2015).
18472:
18434:
18403:from the original on 19 September 2018
17818:from the original on 24 September 2015
17466:
17381:. In Bas Aarts; April McMahon (eds.).
17263:
17236:
16939:
16903:
16810:
16717:Gordon, Campbell & Hay et al. 2004
16620:
16566:
16554:
16478:
16460:from the original on 14 September 2007
16409:
16300:
16118:
15711:
15486:
15426:
15136:. American Psychological Association.
14652:
14460:from the original on 19 September 2018
14274:, Chapter 12: English into the Future.
14259:
14109:
14073:
13876:
13326:
13314:
13215:
13073:
13016:
12491:, Chapter 3. Phonology and Morphology.
12464:
12388:Graddol, Leith & Swann et al. 2007
11293:The first significant exposure of the
9590:
9339:represent, respectively, the phonemes
8950:Foreign-language influences in English
8485:is the correct answer to the question
8400:is the complement of the negated verb
8291:or in a prepositional phrase, such as
7068:English determiners are words such as
6257:. The voiceless velar fricative sound
5464:, English is generally described as a
3870:§ Dialects, accents and varieties
3746:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
3604:Foreign-language influences in English
3275:largest language by number of speakers
2926:was originally pronounced as the word
2466:nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs
2354:). Through the educational reforms of
2048:
1874:originated from a Germanic tribal and
1540:. The namesake of the language is the
25334:
25282:
24785:
24518:
24132:
22876:
22828:
21688:
21510:
21397:
21384:
21285:
21124:
21097:
20816:
20695:Statistics New Zealand (April 2014).
20654:
20269:
20078:"Language in England and Wales, 2011"
19947:Neijt, A. (2006). "Spelling Reform".
19946:
19750:. Merriam Webster. 26 February 2015.
19352:
19187:
19149:
19106:
18985:from the original on 11 December 2023
18899:from the original on 20 December 2014
18856:from the original on 12 February 2015
18656:
18644:from the original on 24 February 2015
18562:. The British Council. Archived from
18355:: reduced vowels in American English"
18263:from the original on 26 December 2018
18157:
17511:from the original on 21 December 2012
17434:Blench, R.; Spriggs, Matthew (1999).
17336:
17169:
17124:
17093:
16728:
16632:
16424:; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006).
16397:
16349:
16337:
16240:
15988:
15898:
15832:from the original on 25 November 2020
15609:
15450:
15438:
15414:
15396:from the original on 16 November 2019
15372:
15360:
15336:
15231:
15140:from the original on 14 February 2020
15087:
15051:
14935:
14836:Baugh, Albert; Cable, Thomas (2012).
14826:
14776:
14764:
14740:
14716:
14550:
14526:
14514:
14451:
14391:
14229:from the original on 18 February 2020
14169:
13422:
13025:from the original on 25 November 2016
12850:. Multilingual Matters. p. 311.
12843:
12538:from the original on 16 December 2022
12500:
12354:
12255:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
12252:
12213:
12177:
12034:
11338:Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia
11234:An example of a male teenager with a
10560:pronunciations found primarily among
10120:is pronounced with a glottal stop as
8639:. The personal interrogative pronoun
8637:To whose house did you go last night?
7969:It is important that he run every day
7230:African-American (Vernacular) English
6925:English adjectives are words such as
6811:The child of the husband of the woman
5480:
5166:Stress and vowel reduction in English
3647: Very high proficiency (80–100%)
1580:; it is also the most widely learned
1479:Teaching English as a second language
26140:
25260:Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's
24907:A Dictionary of the English Language
22804:Non-native pronunciations of English
20901:
20882:
20789:
20674:Statistics Canada (22 August 2014).
20462:
20396:from the original on 24 October 2015
20202:Phillipson, Robert (28 April 2004).
20108:from the original on 9 February 2015
19648:10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001
19577:
19279:
19261:
19252:
19225:
18788:
18753:
18456:Introduction to Early Modern English
17391:10.1111/b.9781405113823.2006.00018.x
17272:. John Benjamins. pp. 255–275.
16822:
16373:
16222:from the original on 11 January 2010
15964:
15318:from the original on 7 December 2019
15158:
15033:from the original on 21 October 2020
15009:participating institution membership
14947:
14794:
14752:
14704:
14700:
13816:from the original on 31 October 2022
13678:
13482:
13149:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013
13088:
12985:
12979:
12864:from the original on 6 November 2023
12753:
12728:from the original on 3 December 2019
12697:from the original on 2 February 2017
12682:
12631:
12585:
12561:
12488:
12435:
12015:
11681:Non-native pronunciations of English
9605:English language in Northern England
9341:/b,d,f,h,dʒ,k,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,v,w,j,z/
8509:. For example, putting the sentence
8145:as resources for conveying meaning.
8137:. It has developed features such as
8002:, which is in a preterite form, and
7621:, the third person singular form is
3671: Very low proficiency (0.1–20%)
3627: English is an optional subject
3621: English is a mandatory subject
3065:A Dictionary of the English Language
2362:, the West Saxon dialect became the
23409:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
21081:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics
20958:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
19561:The Handbook of English Linguistics
19516:The Handbook of English Linguistics
18877:(3rd ed.). Arnold Publishers.
17383:The Handbook of English Linguistics
17309:
17218:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia"
17004:The Handbook of English Linguistics
16762:Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (2004).
16427:The Atlas of North American English
15131:
13338:
13191:
13101:Office for National Statistics 2013
12993:"EF English Proficiency Index 2019"
12715:
12527:
11979:. Oxford University Press, pp. 6-7.
11473:An example of a woman and man with
11322:, a form of code-switching between
11161:English of neighbouring New Zealand
10907:African-American Vernacular English
10779:varieties, except for those of the
10771:African-American Vernacular English
10722:was the predominant language among
10558:African-American Vernacular English
10553:The Atlas of North American English
10241:African-American Vernacular English
8910:international scientific vocabulary
8908:attributed many such words to the "
8548:in English are mostly formed using
6242:that contrasts with the voiced in
5205:is stressed on the first syllable (
5043:in unstressed positions, such that
3889:English phonology § Consonants
3659: Moderate proficiency (40–60%)
2226:script between 975 AD and 1025 AD:
13:
25318:
25134:Dictionary of Newfoundland English
24768:Languages between parentheses are
24133:
21063:from the original on 17 March 2023
21039:from the original on 17 March 2023
20941:from the original on 17 March 2023
20868:. University of California Press.
20642:from the original on 17 March 2023
20580:from the original on 17 March 2023
20547:from the original on 17 March 2023
20514:from the original on 17 March 2023
20257:from the original on 17 March 2023
20222:from the original on 17 March 2023
20044:from the original on 17 March 2023
19913:from the original on 17 March 2023
19754:from the original on 25 March 2015
19707:from the original on 17 March 2023
19623:from the original on 17 March 2023
19434:
19428:10.1111/j.1475-682x.1966.tb00625.x
19307:Lawler, J. (2006). "Punctuation".
18938:International Phonetic Association
18672:An introduction to English grammar
18670:Greenbaum, S.; Nelson, G. (2002).
18418:English Phonology: An Introduction
18257:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
18118:from the original on 17 March 2023
18054:from the original on 17 March 2023
18021:from the original on 17 March 2023
17961:from the original on 17 April 2008
17936:from the original on 17 March 2023
17900:from the original on 17 March 2023
17752:The Phonetics of English and Dutch
17709:from the original on 17 March 2023
17454:from the original on 17 March 2023
16891:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00652.x
16602:from the original on 17 March 2023
15783:from the original on 20 March 2024
15744:from the original on 17 March 2023
14452:Wells, John C. (8 February 2001).
14307:
13948:from the original on 22 April 2016
13017:Breene, Keith (15 November 2019).
12030:from the original on 1 March 2022.
10734:that ultimately launched both the
9981:accents of the Republic of Ireland
8684:it was the girl that the bee stung
8345:specifies the meaning of the word
6986:Some adjectives are inflected for
6941:that most typically modify nouns,
6312:do not have the dental fricatives
4982:shortened before fortis consonants
3721:as a language of diplomacy at the
2492:) and has a few verb inflections (
2014:, and the sound changes affecting
14:
26313:
25335:
25100:Webster's Third New International
21235:
20764:English – One Tongue, Many Voices
20682:from the original on 26 July 2018
20472:American Community Survey Reports
20088:from the original on 2 April 2015
19976:A History of the English language
19934:from the original on 2 April 2015
19790:An Introduction to English Syntax
19546:from the original on 21 July 2019
19401:from the original on 2 April 2015
19284:A History of the English language
19137:from the original on 2 April 2015
19089:from the original on 2 April 2015
19038:A History of the English language
18793:A History of the English language
18326:A History of the English language
18276:European Commission (June 2012).
18160:Australian Journal of Linguistics
18075:A History of the English language
17978:A History of the English Language
17833:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
17359:A History of the English Language
16800:from the original on 15 May 2022.
15851:Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007
15700:Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007
15171:from the original on 19 June 2019
15159:Kamm, Oliver (12 December 2015).
14838:A history of the English language
14630:. British Council. Archived from
14356:Bermúdez-Otero & McMahon 2006
13975:. Oxford University Press. 2005.
13113:National Records of Scotland 2013
12125:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
11886:from the original on 18 June 2023
11278:Examples of a man and woman with
11184:
9236:. These situations have prompted
8696:there are many cars on the street
8469:Negation is done with the adverb
7010:. Some adjectives have irregular
5156:only in syllable-final position.
4957:In RP, vowel length is phonemic;
4929:
4913:
4906:
4890:
4874:
4858:
4851:
4836:
4820:
4814:
4798:
4783:
4776:
4760:
4744:
4737:
4721:
4705:
4698:
4635:
4266:
4240:
4231:
4221:
4188:
4178:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4095:
4088:
4059:
4051:
4044:
4031:
4024:
4013:
4006:
3989:
3976:
3963:
3750:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
3346:(at least 231 million), the
2692:
2520:endings. Its closest relative is
2430:, and the modified Latin letters
1708:
1570:third-most spoken native language
26234:
26217:
26200:
26183:
26166:
26149:
26121:
26109:
26097:
25562:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
21025:(5th ed.). London: Arnold.
20177:The Cambridge Grammar of English
19192:. University of Virginia Press.
17146:10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x
16870:
16840:
16755:
16722:
16572:
16472:
16442:
16433:
16415:
16306:
16208:
15810:
15756:
15717:
15671:
15564:
15378:
15300:
15152:
15132:Lee, Chelsea (31 October 2019).
15125:
15015:
14953:
14646:
14616:
14575:Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015
14445:
14211:
14194:Alcaraz Ariza & Navarro 2006
13960:
13930:
13828:
13802:
13772:
13754:
13725:
13699:
13672:
13644:
13623:
13594:
13573:"Charter of the French language"
13565:
13535:
13513:
13476:
12644:Fischer & van der Wurff 2006
12438:, Chapter: Old English Dialects.
11918:
11859:Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015
11773:
11741:
11721:Problems playing this file? See
11698:
11499:
11461:
11424:
11404:Problems playing this file? See
11381:
11266:
11246:Problems playing this file? See
11224:
11115:
11077:
11037:
10995:
10975:Problems playing this file? See
10953:
10807:
10793:
10571:
10486:
10437:
10399:
10359:
10317:
10297:Problems playing this file? See
10266:
10222:
10199:, two extinct dialects known as
9967:
9930:
9893:
9850:
9812:
9770:
9727:
9689:
9669:Problems playing this file? See
9642:
9449:in word-initial position and as
9051:English has formal and informal
8997: No etymology given (4.03%)
8447:is used, to produce a form like
8329:. The subordinating conjunction
8301:
8009:
7004:the boy is smaller than the girl
5931:
5857:
5756:
5639:
5595:
5422:
5386:
5348:
5315:
5253:
5207:
3816:international auxiliary language
3702:, is also regarded as the first
2400:. It included the runic letters
2162:. Modern English relies more on
2113:the works of William Shakespeare
1977:Middle English creole hypothesis
1671:the source for an additional 28%
1663:28% of Modern English vocabulary
1657:borrowed words extensively from
512:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
33:
25358:History of the English language
20973:Trudgill, P. (2006). "Accent".
20272:English Phonetics and Phonology
20102:"Oxford Learner's Dictionaries"
19609:. University of Chicago Press.
17951:"Subcontinent Raises Its Voice"
17544:from the original on 1 May 2015
17492:; Toller, T. Northcote (1921).
17440:. Routledge. pp. 285–286.
17268:. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).
16994:
16315:The Handbook of World Englishes
16216:"Estuary English Q and A – JCW"
15875:Fasold & Connor-Linton 2014
15826:Université Paris Dauphine - PSL
13652:"Recognition for sign language"
13127:, Table KS207NI: Main Language.
13010:
12917:McCrum, MacNeil & Cran 2003
12837:
12709:
12676:
12591:
12360:
12332:The History of English Spelling
12323:
12306:
12238:König & van der Auwera 1994
12127:(Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973)
12092:
12009:
9545:Dialects, accents and varieties
8943:
8888:Formation of new words, called
8611:. For example, in the question
8105:, which has the adverbial form
7536:
7152:corresponds to the Old English
6498:) and in the inflection of the
5093:
4497:English phonology § Vowels
4399:In RP, the lateral approximant
3877:International Phonetic Alphabet
3742:European Free Trade Association
3735:International Olympic Committee
3653: High proficiency (60–80%)
24962:Dictionary of American English
24882:The New World of English Words
24772:of the language on their left.
22754:English-based creole languages
21217:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5
21190:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1
20983:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6
20927:. Cambridge University Press.
20800:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05058-6
20566:. Cambridge University Press.
20446:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01736-3
20419:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4
20368:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5
20158:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6
20131:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0
19978:. Cambridge University Press.
19957:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0
19873:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8
19846:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5
19792:. Edinburgh University Press.
19730:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6
19582:. Cambridge University Press.
19470:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6
19384:. Cambridge University Press.
19360:. Edinburgh University Press.
19317:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9
19266:, Cambridge University Press,
19017:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3
18819:. BBC News. 20 December 2010.
18739:. Cambridge University Press.
18533:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2
18458:. Cambridge University Press.
18216:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1
18141:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01294-3
17779:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01655-2
17567:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00644-1
17320:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7
17199:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3
17077:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8
17031:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1
16481:"Rural White Southern Accents"
16023:Abercrombie & Daniels 2006
15308:"Finite and Nonfinite Clauses"
13812:. The University of Winnipeg.
13765:. Lexington Books. p. 8.
13547:Act current to July 11th, 2010
13523:. Department of Justice Canada
12724:. Louisiana State University.
11967:
11868:
10876:historical non-rhotic prestige
10839:. It was mostly influenced by
10710:. Its roots trace back to the
9563:Dialectologists identify many
9081:
8175:he had hoped to try to open it
8070:are syntactically equivalent.
8056:terminate someone's employment
7986:where only the auxiliary verb
7178:Huddleston & Pullum (2002)
7057:
4333:. Lenis consonants are partly
4294:** Conventionally transcribed
3665: Low proficiency (20–40%)
3539:, English and French share an
3176: Majority native language
3037:By the late 18th century, the
2879:Graphic representation of the
2703:Influence of French on English
2470:inflectional endings and forms
2170:for the expression of complex
2160:subject–verb–object word order
1661:, which make up approximately
644:British Indian Ocean Territory
1:
26297:Subject–verb–object languages
24663:Germanic substrate hypothesis
24519:
22794:List of English-based pidgins
20823:. Cambridge University Press.
20463:Ryan, Camille (August 2013).
20341:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002
20290:. Stanford University Press.
19781:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002
19358:A glossary of English grammar
19236:10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003
18665:. Cambridge University Press.
17655:10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.018
17393:(inactive 2 September 2024).
17291:. In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).
17287:Bammesberger, Alfred (1992).
17108:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003
17098:. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.).
16771:Asia Pacific Education Review
15386:"Cases of Nouns and Pronouns"
14456:. University College London.
13761:Faingold, Eduardo D. (2018).
12109:10.1017/chol9780521264754.006
12016:Chua, Amy (18 January 2022).
11845:
11089:An example of a woman with a
10757:, the English of the coastal
9655:Received Pronunciation accent
9514:), or the historically based
8787:
8694:) or in existential clauses (
8664:the girl was stung by the bee
8394:the dog did not find its bone
8089:. For example, in the phrase
8060:Huddleston & Pullum (2002
7633:and its gerund-participle is
7577:Huddleston & Pullum (2002
7034:marking the comparative, and
6994:marking the comparative, and
6914:
6860:, where the enclitic follows
6858:The President of India's wife
6398:in which these sounds occur.
6360:, meaning that it pronounces
6286:" lack the glottal fricative
5160:Stress, rhythm and intonation
3882:
3608:Study of global communication
2763:
2556:singular) and a verb ending (
2291:, replacing the languages of
2241:
2198:Proto-Germanic to Old English
1526:Indo-European language family
961:Organization of Turkic States
25606:United States Virgin Islands
25232:Cambridge Advanced Learner's
24693:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
23384:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
22789:Linguistic purism in English
21261:Resources in other libraries
20732:Census 2011: Census in Brief
20702:. p. 23. Archived from
19163:10.1007/978-1-349-25582-5_14
18875:English Accents and Dialects
18674:(Second ed.). Longman.
18416:Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992).
17883:English as a Global Language
17006:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
16588:. Basic Books. p. 162.
16494:, p. 16, archived from
15535:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15523:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15511:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15499:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15475:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15463:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15390:Guide to Grammar and Writing
15295:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15283:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15271:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15256:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15244:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15220:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15205:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15190:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
15120:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
14921:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
14909:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
14897:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
14885:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
14789:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
13161:Statistics South Africa 2012
12376:Collingwood & Myres 1936
11825:Linguistic purism in English
10195:and in the area surrounding
9861:An example of a man with a (
9782:An example of a man with a (
8960:Linguistic purism in English
8532:
8463:; grammatical rules require
8373:Auxiliary verb constructions
8315:I think (that) you are lying
8169:to being almost exclusively
7837:. Many varieties also use a
6711:Irregular plural formation:
6372:like RP or keep it like GA.
5136:and a voiceless stop, as in
3825:
3708:controlled natural languages
3592:English as a global language
3373:Estimates of the numbers of
3358:(at least 17 million),
3264: Not included in report
3227:EF English Proficiency Index
2263:, Lower Saxony and southern
2067:Viking invaders and settlers
1769:North Sea Germanic languages
774:United States Virgin Islands
7:
24673:High German consonant shift
21890:London & Thames Estuary
21102:. Oxford University Press.
20885:English as a World Language
20722:Lehohla, Pali, ed. (2012).
20622:Shaywitz, Sally E. (2003).
20527:Schiffrin, Deborah (1988).
20474:. p. 1. Archived from
20314:English as a World Language
19642:. Oxford University Press.
19636:McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992).
19336:English as a World Language
19209:English as a World Language
18235:English as a World Language
18104:. Oxford University Press.
18101:English Vocabulary Elements
18034:Dehaene, Stanislas (2009).
18007:. Oxford University Press.
18004:The World's Writing Systems
17835:(8th ed.). Routledge.
17804:. de Gruyter. p. 261.
17681:Cercignani, Fausto (1981).
17664:English as a World Language
17339:English as a World Language
16854:. Microsoft. Archived from
16317:. Wiley. 2020. p. 45.
15727:English Vocabulary Elements
15076:Greenbaum & Nelson 2002
14873:Payne & Huddleston 2002
14861:Aarts & Haegeman (2006)
14840:(6th ed.). Routledge.
14503:Flemming & Johnson 2007
13173:Statistics New Zealand 2014
12574:Thomason & Kaufman 1988
12202:Thomason & Kaufman 1988
11818:
11801:Non-native English speakers
11667:is pronounced as an Indian
11392:An example of a man with a
11126:An example of a man with a
10963:An example of a man with a
10835:(or Maritimer English) and
10767:Eastern New England English
10460:) and the interviewee from
10448:An example of two men with
10411:An example of a man with a
10371:An example of a man with a
9941:An example of a man with a
9701:An example of a man with a
9597:English language in England
9559:Regional accents of English
9551:List of dialects of English
9445:is generally pronounced as
8738:that is exactly what I mean
8666:. Another way is through a
8623:of the sentence. (When the
8550:subject–auxiliary inversion
8406:Subject–auxiliary inversion
8387:Subject–auxiliary inversion
8167:verb-second (V2) word order
7641:English inflectional forms
6805:The woman's husband's child
6306:African-American Vernacular
6214:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
6204:English has undergone many
4358:
3550:, while Irish is the first.
2954:began using English in its
2934:was pronounced as the word
2251:dialects, often grouped as
2218:, an Old English epic poem
2095:trend of borrowing further
1462:List of dialects of English
10:
26318:
25323:English speaking countries
25127:Dictionary of Canadianisms
24874:The English Schoole-Master
23211:Westlauwers–Terschellings
22864:According to contemporary
22749:English as a lingua franca
21098:Watts, Richard J. (2011).
21079:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2010).
20838:10.1515/9783110208405.1.87
20274:(4th ed.). Cambridge.
19930:. Scotland's Census 2011.
18946:Cambridge University Press
18253:"Summary by language size"
17270:Englishes around the world
16952:Trudgill & Hannah 2002
16928:Trudgill & Hannah 2002
16916:Trudgill & Hannah 2002
16835:Trudgill & Hannah 2002
16693:Trudgill & Hannah 2002
16669:Trudgill & Hannah 2002
16519:Levine & Crockett 1966
16277:Aitken & McArthur 1979
16203:Hughes & Trudgill 1996
16191:Hughes & Trudgill 1996
16179:Hughes & Trudgill 1996
16167:Hughes & Trudgill 1996
15134:"Welcome, singular "they""
14689:Trudgill & Hannah 2002
14611:Brinton & Brinton 2010
14539:Brinton & Brinton 2010
14440:Brinton & Brinton 2010
14428:Trudgill & Hannah 2008
14416:Trudgill & Hannah 2008
13502:10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510
13447:Trudgill & Hannah 2008
13399:Trudgill & Hannah 2008
13363:Trudgill & Hannah 2008
13351:Trudgill & Hannah 2008
13291:Trudgill & Hannah 2008
13279:Trudgill & Hannah 2008
12718:"Chaucer's Middle English"
12412:Bosworth & Toller 1921
11813:first language acquisition
11678:
11341:
11188:
10929:
10759:Northeastern United States
10740:American Revolutionary War
10333:woman with a contemporary
10226:
10134:, or the pronunciation of
10023:Survey of English Dialects
9594:
9548:
9085:
9062:
8957:
8947:
8776:expressing disbelief), or
8376:
8305:
8077:
8073:
8068:he ran up in the mountains
7586:
7540:
7300:English personal pronouns
7103:
7100:Pronouns, case, and person
7061:
7028:periphrastic constructions
6918:
6879:marks a definite noun and
6848:, or prepositions such as
6799:Possessive constructions:
6686:Regular plural formation:
6645:
6405:
6401:
6320:or labiodental fricatives
5943:can always be pronounced
5163:
4494:
3886:
3829:
3601:
3598:English as a lingua franca
3595:
3145:
2868:
2696:
2393:was adopted, written with
2346:) and the Saxon dialects (
2289:became dominant in Britain
2201:
2041:
2037:
1168:English as a lingua franca
26057:
25945:
25915:
25861:
25843:
25722:
25709:
25700:
25659:
25615:
25448:
25428:
25415:
25406:
25402:
25381:
25345:
25341:
25330:
25316:
25267:Oxford Advanced Learner's
25217:
25184:
25150:
25109:
25047:
24971:
24857:
24848:Middle English Dictionary
24841:Dictionary of Old English
24834:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
24819:
24755:
24706:
24630:
24599:
24531:
24527:
24514:
24463:
24436:
24390:Southern Schleswig Danish
24321:
24202:
24158:
24149:
24145:
24128:
23969:
23912:
23800:
23791:
23696:
23668:
23627:
23618:
23593:
23575:
23486:
23458:
23432:
23423:
23374:
23287:
23262:
23253:
23192:
23087:
23036:
23011:
23002:
22898:
22889:
22885:
22872:
22862:
22729:Broad and general accents
22711:
22664:
22639:regional and occupational
22619:
22606:
22599:
22511:
22472:
22420:
22398:
22338:
22270:
22135:
22124:
22069:
22051:
22024:
21996:
21959:
21936:
21875:
21837:
21760:
21751:
21740:
21731:
21589:
21523:
21519:
21506:
21431:
21391:
21386:Links to related articles
21335:Stress and reduced vowels
21320:
21256:Resources in your library
20655:Smith, Jeremy J. (2009).
20607:10.1215/00031283-76-3-259
20560:Schneider, Edgar (2007).
20494:Sailaja, Pingali (2009).
20185:10.1017/9781316423530.006
20057:O'Dwyer, Bernard (2006).
19928:"Census 2011: Release 2A"
19588:10.1017/S1360674307002420
19000:The Philosophy of Grammar
18893:"Personnel Licensing FAQ"
18764:10.1017/CHOL9780521264747
18693:. Pearson Education ltd.
18454:Görlach, Manfred (1991).
18386:10.1017/S0025100306002817
18172:10.1080/07268608208599280
17831:Cruttenden, Alan (2014).
17723:Collingwood, Robin George
17499:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
17362:(5th ed.). Longman.
16059:Daniels & Bright 1996
16008:Daniels & Bright 1996
15547:Halliday & Hasan 1976
14996:Oxford English Dictionary
14703:, pp. 90, 118, 610;
14599:Macquarie Dictionary 2015
14344:Carr & Honeybone 2007
14272:Svartvik & Leech 2006
13865:Svartvik & Leech 2006
13693:10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0
13631:"Maori Language Act 1987"
13435:Svartvik & Leech 2006
13059:Svartvik & Leech 2006
12528:Gay, Eric Martin (2014).
12400:Blench & Spriggs 1999
12263:10.1017/9781846150463.011
12087:Svartvik & Leech 2006
11973:Salome, Rosemary (2022).
11560:without aspiration (e.g.
10965:general Australian accent
10926:Australia and New Zealand
10872:Southern American English
10829:Standard Canadian English
10825:Atlantic Canadian English
10755:Southern American English
10570:
10534:American Community Survey
10249:Atlantic Canadian English
10237:Southern American English
9742:man with a working-class
8798:Oxford English Dictionary
8513:into the passive becomes
8112:
8064:he woke up in the morning
7998:, where the main verb is
7939:and the past tense forms
7884:
7874:
7864:
7859:
7857:
7812:
7797:
7782:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7733:
7718:
7703:
7688:
7671:
7656:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7477:
7447:
7417:
7384:
7354:
7324:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7304:
7251:In the third person, the
7226:Southern American English
7038:marking the superlative:
6998:marking the superlative:
6945:characteristics of their
6417:morphosyntactic alignment
6151:
6146:
6141:
6129:
6110:
6105:
6081:
6057:
6048:
4928:
4889:
4873:
4813:
4797:
4782:
4759:
4720:
4581:
4568:
4555:
4523:
4490:
4289:can only occur as a coda.
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4246:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4198:
4174:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4085:
4079:
4070:
4041:
4021:
4019:
4000:
3996:
3984:
3982:
3971:
3969:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3563:New Zealand Sign Language
3477: South Africa (1.3%)
3217:American Community Survey
3142:Geographical distribution
3021:) and word replacements (
2830:. Here the plural suffix
1528:, whose speakers, called
1089:
1066:
1052:
1036:
1020:
1002:
984:
979:
612:31 non-sovereign entities
307:Official language in
305:
300:
281:
239:
197:
137:
101:
66:
28:
23:
26003:Northern Mariana Islands
25594:Turks and Caicos Islands
25239:Collins COBUILD Advanced
24890:A New English Dictionary
24668:West Germanic gemination
24622:Ancient Belgian language
24617:Germanic parent language
24561:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
23683:Austrian Standard German
22877:
21548:Changes before historic
21540:Changes before historic
21142:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
21138:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
20954:Trudgill, Peter (1999).
20924:Why Do Languages Change?
20024:Northrup, David (2013).
19578:Mair, Christian (2006).
19264:Language in South Africa
19155:Sociolinguistic patterns
19107:König, Ekkehard (1994).
18963:Jambor, Paul Z. (2007).
18718:10.1017/CBO9780511755071
17860:10.1017/CBO9781139106856
16479:Thomas, Erik R. (2003),
15763:Solodow, Joseph (2010).
14182:European Commission 2012
13889:Mazrui & Mazrui 1998
13303:European Commission 2012
13021:. World Economic Forum.
11638:As a historical legacy,
11441:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
10886:vowel (e.g. pronouncing
10827:, notably distinct from
10744:Kingdom of Great Britain
10685:Western American English
10677:General American English
10661:African American English
10503:Standard Canadian accent
10335:Southern American accent
10233:General American English
10191:of the 11th century. In
10046:), Midlands English and
9223:The spelling system, or
8894:Greek and/or Latin roots
8844:Word-formation processes
8121:In the English sentence
8091:the woman walked quickly
7008:that boy is the smallest
6474:stems inflected through
6427:constructions. Only the
6206:historical sound changes
6015:Dialects and low vowels
5869:-dropping after vowels)
5024:is shorter than that of
3511:standard written English
3366:(4.2 million), and
3310:Three Circles of English
3033:Spread of Modern English
2980:translation of the Bible
2922:. For example, the word
2748:and garryng grisbytting.
2721:second-oldest university
2389:. By the 6th century, a
2364:standard written variety
2333:Brittonicisms in English
1631:branch, and as of 2021,
946:ASEAN Economic Community
769:Turks and Caicos Islands
729:Northern Mariana Islands
25879:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
24813:Dictionaries of English
21451:Anglo-Frisian languages
21052:United Nations (2010).
20956:The Dialects of England
20748:. Report No. 03‑01‑41.
20386:"The Routes of English"
18708:Harbert, Wayne (2006).
18657:Green, Lisa J. (2002).
18594:. The British Council.
17949:Crystal, David (2004).
17850:Crystal, David (2000).
17624:Oxford University Press
15724:Denning, Keith (2007).
15351:, pp. 64, 610–611.
15001:Oxford University Press
14479:Collins & Mees 2003
14404:Collins & Mees 2003
12477:Denison & Hogg 2006
12318:Encyclopædia Britannica
11863:English – Pronunciation
11663:found in words such as
11299:British occupied Manila
11191:Southeast Asian English
11013:broad Australian accent
10911:older Southern dialects
10564:regardless of location.
10452:, the interviewer from
10283:General American accent
10058:dialect (spoken around
8912:" (ISV) when compiling
8383:English auxiliary verbs
8343:that you received today
8161:Basic constituent order
7916:) and present perfect (
7531:I already told you that
3850:standard pronunciations
3715:international languages
2832:
2826:
2746:
2733:University of Cambridge
2680:
2674:
2565:
2454:
2439:
2424:
2409:
2323:
2317:
2228:
2148:inflectional morphology
1903:Anglo-Frisian languages
1786:West Germanic languages
1740:Anglo-Frisian languages
1651:North Germanic language
1562:Commonwealth of Nations
1122:Part of a series on the
861:Commonwealth of Nations
664:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
273:Unified English Braille
26302:Cultural globalization
26292:Stress-timed languages
25493:British Virgin Islands
25353:English-speaking world
25324:
25310:English-speaking world
25086:Random House Webster's
24729:Preterite-present verb
24612:Proto-Germanic grammar
24566:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
23678:German Standard German
23354:East Frisian Low Saxon
21907:Received Pronunciation
20817:Sweet, Henry (2014) .
20768:. Palgrave Macmillan.
20235:Richter, Ingo (2012).
20030:. Palgrave Macmillan.
19693:. Simon and Schuster.
19535:"Macquarie Dictionary"
19495:. Routledge. pp.
19113:The Germanic Languages
19064:The Germanic Languages
18710:The Germanic Languages
17592:. Routledge. pp.
17125:Ammon, Ulrich (2006).
17096:"Chapter 2:Vocabulary"
14134:ConradRubal-Lopez 1996
13657:Television New Zealand
13387:Baugh & Cable 2002
13240:Lim & Ansaldo 2006
13137:Statistics Canada 2014
12513:Trask & Trask 2010
11830:English-speaking world
10656:North American English
10565:
10548:North American English
10536:
10015:Received Pronunciation
10010:
9744:Estuary English accent
9577:North American English
9486:). As a result, some "
9359:, but there is also a
8807:scientific terminology
8772:(the idiomatic marker
8706:the girl was stung by
8653:Discourse level syntax
8341:, the relative clause
8130:
8123:The cat sat on the mat
8006:is in the infinitive.
7751:Tense, aspect and mood
7583:Verbs and verb phrases
7317:Independent possessive
6642:Nouns and noun phrases
6346:Received Pronunciation
3862:Received Pronunciation
3800:linguistic imperialism
3713:and Airspeak, used as
3679:
3635:
3489: New Zealand (1%)
3471: Australia (4.7%)
3312:
3298:
3266:
3219:
3200:
3165:
3156:English-speaking world
2884:
2756:
2740:
2724:
2617:Influence of Old Norse
2526:mutual intelligibility
2233:
1860:Indo-European language
1855:
1843:
1689:. English exists on a
1534:early medieval England
1522:West Germanic language
1410:San Andrés–Providencia
1142:English-speaking world
1091:This article contains
649:British Virgin Islands
292:Manually coded English
72:English-speaking world
16:West Germanic language
25931:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
25552:Saint Kitts and Nevis
25322:
24955:World Book Dictionary
24734:Grammatischer Wechsel
23717:Namibian Black German
23688:Swiss Standard German
23657:Early New High German
23215:Mainland West Frisian
23076:Harlingerland Frisian
22101:Multicultural Toronto
21483:Anglo-Norman language
20820:A new English grammar
20270:Roach, Peter (2009).
19821:10.1353/scu.1993.0006
19445:10.1515/ijsl.2003.055
18189:10.1002/9780470776025
17050:Languages of Scotland
14812:. Cambridge Univ Pr.
14810:English Grammar Today
14767:, pp. xviii–xix.
14653:Lunden, Anya (2017).
13483:Ward, Rowena (2019).
13425:, pp. 1537–1539.
12968:Mair & Leech 2006
12844:Baker, Colin (1998).
11938:The Routes of English
11835:English-only movement
11805:English pronunciation
11713:man speaking English.
11554:South African English
11344:South African English
11166:South African English
10763:New York City English
10542:
10523:
10019:South East of England
10001:
9943:Northern Irish accent
8633:Prepositional phrases
8560:), which may require
8308:English clause syntax
8120:
7841:constructed with the
7277:In the singular, the
5197:Stress in English is
5192:weak and strong forms
4468:voiceless sonorants:
3641:
3615:
3503:pluricentric language
3304:
3292:
3225:
3206:
3171:
3163:
2878:
2794:Anglo-Norman language
2779:William the Conqueror
2743:
2730:
2710:
2472:, and word order was
2211:
2184:passive constructions
2018:consonants, known as
1975:—a theory called the
1938:mutually intelligible
1850:A family tree of the
1849:
1789:, which also include
1772:, which also include
1743:, which also include
1716:
1544:, one of the ancient
1240:Antiguan and Barbudan
845:Various organisations
619:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
502:Saint Kitts and Nevis
24915:Webster's Dictionary
24739:Indo-European ablaut
24719:Germanic strong verb
24688:Germanic spirant law
23825:Southeast Limburgish
23321:Gelders-Overijssels
22950:Irish Middle English
22940:Early Modern English
22262:Western Pennsylvania
21513:Phonological history
21493:Early Modern English
21370:Phonological history
21211:. pp. 333–341.
21184:. pp. 139–142.
20830:Varieties of English
20794:. pp. 149–156.
20440:. pp. 323–326.
20413:. pp. 194–195.
20362:. pp. 584–596.
20152:. pp. 159–163.
20082:2011 Census Analysis
19867:. pp. 613–616.
19840:. pp. 156–159.
19788:Miller, Jim (2002).
19724:. pp. 163–171.
19667:The Story of English
19464:. pp. 387–389.
19416:Sociological Inquiry
19311:. pp. 290–291.
19011:. pp. 195–202.
18527:. pp. 196–206.
18135:. pp. 129–133.
17773:. pp. 635–637.
17561:. pp. 690–697.
17314:. pp. 377–380.
17193:. pp. 610–613.
17094:Algeo, John (1999).
17071:. pp. 752–759.
15312:MyEnglishGrammar.com
14659:Laboratory Phonology
14587:Merriam Webster 2015
13836:"World Factbook CIA"
12103:. pp. 409–499.
11675:Non-native varieties
11394:South African accent
10837:Newfoundland English
10821:voiceless consonants
10712:British colonial era
10673:Newfoundland English
10373:New York City accent
10044:West Country English
9454:of Germanic origin.
8770:no way is that true!
8554:Am I going tomorrow?
8435:lexical verb, as in
8327:(that) you are lying
7543:English prepositions
7314:Dependent possessive
7255:series of pronouns (
6988:degree of comparison
6290:, and dialects with
4597:Centring diphthongs
4479:syllabic sonorants:
3812:constructed language
3723:Treaty of Versailles
3483: Ireland (1.1%)
3439:Pluricentric English
3419:English-based creole
3362:(4.8 million),
3315:The Indian linguist
3120:had been being built
3048:indigenous languages
2871:Early Modern English
2865:Early Modern English
2848:The Canterbury Tales
2713:University of Oxford
2085:Early Modern English
2010:classes, the use of
1876:linguistic continuum
1554:most spoken language
1147:As a second language
836:United Arab Emirates
225:Early Modern English
25588:Trinidad and Tobago
25465:Antigua and Barbuda
25161:Australian National
25093:Webster's New World
25079:New Oxford American
24939:Imperial Dictionary
24866:Catholicon Anglicum
24707:Synchronic features
24678:Germanic a-mutation
24631:Diachronic features
23981:in the broad sense
23914:East Central German
23868:Lorraine Franconian
23842:Transylvanian Saxon
23802:West Central German
23577:East Low Franconian
23487:West Low Franconian
22799:Mid-Atlantic accent
22390:Trinidad and Tobago
21446:Proto-West-Germanic
21436:Proto-Indo-European
21312:Description of the
20011:on 24 December 2012
20002:Statistics Bulletin
18735:Hickey, R. (2007).
18691:Cohesion in English
18611:on 12 February 2015
18569:on 12 February 2015
17687:. Clarendon Press.
17616:Old English Grammar
17264:Bailey, G. (1997).
16858:on 9 September 2010
16501:on 22 December 2014
16049:, pp. 157–158.
15911:Brutt-Griffler 2006
15889:, pp. 124–127.
15668:, pp. 120–121.
15582:on 9 September 2017
15576:Oxford Dictionaries
15513:, pp. 1365–70.
15477:, pp. 786–790.
15258:, pp. 208–210.
15110:, pp. 173–185.
14999:(Online ed.).
14707:, pp. 80, 656.
14601:, Entry "contract".
14589:, Entry "contract".
14577:, Entry "contract".
14553:, pp. 537–538.
14334:, pp. 334–335.
14296:Brutt-Griffler 2006
14206:Brutt-Griffler 2006
14158:United Nations 2010
14047:Brutt-Griffler 2006
13992:on 11 December 2015
12634:, pp. 103–123.
12588:, pp. 360–361.
12576:, pp. 284–290.
12204:, pp. 264–265.
12006:, pp. 108–109.
11588:Trinidad and Tobago
11364:Bangladeshi English
10936:New Zealand English
10736:American Revolution
10716:Jamestown, Virginia
10599:Aboriginal Canadian
10279:Midwestern American
9906:accents of Scotland
9591:Britain and Ireland
9585:New Zealand English
9351:normally represent
9096:English orthography
9009: Other (5.83%)
8991: Greek (5.32%)
8702:Focus constructions
8577:interrogative words
8171:subject–verb–object
7918:I have been running
7704:Plain (infinitive)
7642:
7407:his/hers/its/theirs
7301:
7218:yourself/yourselves
7064:English determiners
6681:two loaves of bread
6016:
5487:
5071:are realised as an
5020:, and the vowel of
4679:
4598:
4505:
4504:Closing diphthongs
4301:In the table, when
3906:
3905:Consonant phonemes
3798:, and to claims of
3465: Canada (5.3%)
3354:(19 million),
3350:(60 million),
3321:three circles model
2976:William Shakespeare
2946:. Around 1430, the
2775:conquest of England
2540:The translation of
2142:pattern typical of
2049:Overview of history
2016:Proto-Indo-European
1862:and belongs to the
1589:59 sovereign states
1550:migrated to Britain
956:Caribbean Community
567:Trinidad and Tobago
322:Antigua and Barbuda
205:Proto-Indo-European
26282:Germanic languages
26277:Fusional languages
26267:Analytic languages
25325:
25152:Australian English
24947:Century Dictionary
24724:Germanic weak verb
24533:Language subgroups
23883:Pennsylvania Dutch
23832:Moselle Franconian
23810:Central Franconian
23643:Middle High German
23394:Central Pomeranian
23349:Northern Low Saxon
23062:Wangerooge Frisian
22856:Germanic languages
22322:Pennsylvania Dutch
21581:Trisyllabic laxing
21561:Close front vowels
21425:History of English
21130:Accents of English
20856:Thomason, Sarah G.
20709:on 15 January 2015
20481:on 5 February 2016
20125:. pp. 88–90.
19951:. pp. 68–71.
18487:on 7 February 2015
18475:"Absolute English"
18210:. pp. 53–55.
17612:Campbell, Alistair
17530:. John Benjamins.
17505:Charles University
17224:on 6 November 2015
17025:. pp. 72–75.
16954:, pp. 115–16.
16930:, pp. 117–18.
16848:"Nigerian English"
16783:10.1007/BF03024960
16580:McWhorter, John H.
16218:. Phon.ucl.ac.uk.
15828:. 23 March 2016 .
15689:on 17 August 2008.
15285:, pp. 210–11.
14950:, pp. 148–49.
14672:10.5334/labphon.37
14634:on 3 December 2019
14208:, pp. 694–95.
14184:, pp. 21, 19.
14049:, pp. 690–91.
13942:The Times of India
13784:The World Factbook
13739:. 27 December 2023
13606:Irish Statute Book
12780:, pp. 274–79.
12646:, pp. 111–13.
12023:The New York Times
11330:under the name of
11236:Singaporean accent
11199:Philippine English
11157:General Australian
11153:Australian English
11128:New Zealand accent
11091:New Zealand accent
10932:Australian English
10865:Cape Breton Island
10859:. Regions such as
10781:Atlantic provinces
10566:
10537:
10040:English in England
10011:
8838:linguistic corpora
8716:was stung by a bee
8621:grammatical object
8575:). In most cases,
8131:
7914:I had been running
7719:Gerund–participle
7640:
7567:, the preposition
7299:
7238:Australian English
7030:, with the adverb
6977:many slender girls
6921:English adjectives
6463:-) and word order
6014:
5485:
5481:Regional variation
4961:are marked with a
4677:
4596:
4503:
4411:, and the dark or
3904:
3899:California English
3776:auxiliary language
3769:Chemical Abstracts
3680:
3636:
3495: Other (5.6%)
3313:
3299:
3267:
3220:
3201:
3166:
3046:that had multiple
3010:King James Version
2988:consonant clusters
2956:official documents
2885:
2741:
2725:
2257:North Sea Germanic
2234:
2059:North Sea Germanic
2044:History of English
1907:North Sea Germanic
1868:Germanic languages
1856:
1844:
1560:(succeeded by the
295:(multiple systems)
164:North Sea Germanic
26085:
26084:
26079:
26078:
26075:
26074:
26071:
26070:
26053:
26052:
26049:
26048:
25696:
25695:
25276:
25275:
25168:Australian Oxford
25065:American Regional
25058:American Heritage
24779:
24778:
24764:extinct languages
24751:
24750:
24747:
24746:
24698:Great Vowel Shift
24510:
24509:
24506:
24505:
24459:
24458:
24305:Greenlandic Norse
24124:
24123:
24120:
24119:
24116:
24115:
24055:Southern Bavarian
24038:Northern Bavarian
24014:Highest Alemannic
23965:
23964:
23699:standard variants
23614:
23613:
23460:Standard variants
23419:
23418:
23278:Middle Low German
23249:
23248:
23245:
23244:
23049:Saterland Frisian
22822:
22821:
22707:
22706:
22507:
22506:
22416:
22415:
22334:
22333:
22330:
22329:
22255:Pacific Northwest
22116:Standard Canadian
22047:
22046:
21992:
21991:
21932:
21931:
21682:
21681:
21678:
21677:
21674:
21673:
21571:Great Vowel Shift
21556:Close back vowels
21378:
21377:
21242:Library resources
21226:978-0-08-044854-1
21199:978-0-08-044854-1
21117:978-0-19-532760-1
21090:978-1-4051-8668-1
21032:978-0-340-97161-1
21011:978-0-340-80834-4
20992:978-0-08-044854-1
20965:978-0-631-21815-9
20934:978-0-521-83802-3
20913:978-0-521-26474-7
20894:978-3-12-533872-2
20875:978-0-520-91279-3
20860:Kaufman, Terrence
20847:978-3-11-020840-5
20809:978-0-08-044854-1
20775:978-1-4039-1830-7
20745:978-0-621-41388-5
20666:978-0-521-86677-4
20635:978-0-375-40012-4
20573:978-0-521-53901-2
20540:978-0-521-35718-0
20530:Discourse Markers
20507:978-0-7486-2595-6
20455:978-0-08-044854-1
20428:978-0-08-044854-1
20392:. 1 August 2015.
20377:978-0-08-044854-1
20350:978-0-521-26477-8
20323:978-3-12-533872-2
20297:978-0-8047-2221-6
20250:978-3-8305-2809-8
20215:978-1-134-44349-9
20194:978-0-521-43146-0
20167:978-0-08-044854-1
20140:978-0-08-044854-1
20068:978-1-5511-1763-8
20037:978-1-137-30306-6
19985:978-0-521-71799-1
19966:978-0-08-044854-1
19906:978-0-521-80498-1
19882:978-0-08-044854-1
19855:978-0-08-044854-1
19809:Southern Cultures
19769:Language Sciences
19739:978-0-08-044854-1
19700:978-0-684-83161-9
19685:McGuinness, Diane
19676:978-0-14-200231-5
19657:978-0-19-214183-5
19616:978-0-226-51429-1
19570:978-1-405-16425-2
19525:978-1-4051-6425-2
19506:978-0-203-84932-3
19479:978-0-08-044854-1
19391:978-0-521-86722-1
19345:978-3-12-533872-2
19326:978-0-08-044854-1
19299:978-0-521-71799-1
19273:978-0-521-79105-2
19245:978-1-139-05553-6
19218:978-3-12-533872-2
19172:978-0-333-61180-7
19122:978-0-415-28079-2
19074:978-0-415-28079-2
19053:978-0-521-71799-1
19026:978-0-08-044854-1
18955:978-0-521-65236-0
18924:on 3 October 2011
18849:978-0-521-43146-0
18808:978-0-521-71799-1
18773:978-0-521-26474-7
18746:978-0-521-85299-9
18727:978-0-521-80825-5
18700:978-0-582-55041-4
18681:978-0-582-43741-8
18637:978-0-415-37679-2
18601:978-0-86355-627-2
18542:978-0-08-044854-1
18515:978-0-521-10895-9
18465:978-0-521-32529-5
18446:978-0-521-15402-4
18427:978-0-521-33603-1
18341:978-0-521-71799-1
18314:978-1-316-06185-5
18290:on 6 January 2016
18244:978-3-12-533872-2
18225:978-0-08-044854-1
18198:978-0-631-23486-9
18150:978-0-08-044854-1
18111:978-0-19-516803-7
18090:978-0-521-71799-1
18047:978-0-670-02110-9
18014:978-0-19-507993-7
17993:978-0-511-16893-2
17929:978-0-521-53033-0
17893:978-0-521-53032-3
17869:978-0-521-65321-3
17842:978-1-4441-8309-2
17811:978-3-11-087218-7
17788:978-0-08-044854-1
17761:978-90-04-10340-5
17694:978-0-19-811937-1
17673:978-3-12-533872-2
17643:Language Sciences
17633:978-0-19-811943-2
17603:978-0-415-62264-6
17576:978-0-08-044854-1
17537:978-90-272-8824-0
17481:978-1-139-49144-0
17447:978-0-415-11761-6
17400:978-1-4051-6425-2
17369:978-0-13-015166-7
17348:978-3-12-533872-2
17329:978-0-08-044854-1
17302:978-0-521-26474-7
17256:978-1-58811-046-6
17208:978-0-08-044854-1
17181:978-3-11-019425-8
17117:978-0-521-26477-8
17086:978-0-08-044854-1
17059:978-0-550-20261-1
17040:978-0-08-044854-1
16966:, pp. 19–24.
16942:, p. 256–60.
16837:, pp. 30–31.
16748:978-962-209-947-0
16695:, pp. 24–26.
16671:, pp. 16–21.
16595:978-0-7382-0446-8
16492:Mouton de Gruyter
16324:978-1-119-16421-0
16267:, pp. 80–81.
15901:, pp. 80–81.
15776:978-0-5215-1575-7
15737:978-0-1951-6802-0
15624:, pp. 24–50.
15622:Leech et al. 2009
15489:, pp. 26–27.
15429:, pp. 60–69.
15122:, p. 425–26.
15094:case (he) and an
15023:"Singular "They""
15007:(Subscription or
14971:978-1-316-51464-1
14847:978-0-415-65596-5
14819:978-1-316-61739-7
14624:"Sentence stress"
14481:, pp. 46–50.
14442:, pp. 56–59.
14406:, pp. 47–53.
14382:, pp. 41–42.
13982:978-0-19-806512-8
13944:. 14 March 2010.
13842:on 22 March 2016.
13713:. 26 October 2022
13553:on 5 January 2011
12958:, pp. 18–19.
12956:Leech et al. 2009
12857:978-1-85359-362-8
12834:, pp. 81–86.
12768:, pp. 66–70.
12669:978-0-19-289043-6
12564:, pp. 46–47.
12479:, pp. 30–31.
12341:978-1-405-19024-4
12272:978-1-84615-046-3
12180:, pp. 86–87.
12165:, pp. 56–65.
12141:, pp. 29–30.
12139:Bammesberger 1992
12118:978-1-139-05553-6
12072:Bammesberger 1992
12055:978-3-533-02253-4
11916:(26th ed., 2023)
11798:
11797:
11780:
11746:
11704:
11661:⟨h⟩
11534:
11533:
11506:
11468:
11430:
11387:
11360:Pakistani English
11352:Caribbean English
11328:Bisayan languages
11291:
11290:
11273:
11229:
11203:Malaysian English
11195:Singapore English
11175:the government is
11145:
11144:
11121:
11084:
11044:
11002:
10958:
10903:African Americans
10732:Thirteen Colonies
10629:ATLANTIC CANADIAN
10581:STANDARD CANADIAN
10562:African Americans
10518:
10517:
10497:An example of an
10492:
10443:
10406:
10366:
10329:An example of an
10324:
10272:
9996:
9995:
9974:
9936:
9899:
9856:
9819:
9777:
9738:An example of an
9733:
9696:
9648:
9216:(which also have
9106:Anglo-Saxon runes
8750:Discourse markers
8613:What did you see?
8558:Where can we eat?
8321:, the subject is
8278:
8277:
8242:
8241:
8125:, the subject is
7955:. There are also
7894:
7893:
7827:
7826:
7748:
7747:
7507:
7506:
7402:his/her/its/their
7189:the chair is mine
6677:one loaf of bread
6639:
6638:
6467:with some verbs.
6429:personal pronouns
6210:Great Vowel Shift
6177:
6176:
6012:
6011:
5899:close vowels for
5061:weak vowel merger
4943:
4942:
4672:
4671:
4594:
4593:
4329:, and are always
4298:
4290:
4282:
4281:
4255:
4208:
3832:English phonology
3792:being assimilated
2960:Chancery Standard
2948:Court of Chancery
2889:Great Vowel Shift
2881:Great Vowel Shift
2858:Le Morte d'Arthur
2816:Augustinian canon
2790:Old Norman French
2723:, founded in 1096
2670:they, them, their
2140:dependent-marking
2089:Great Vowel Shift
1895:Frisian languages
1703:Frisian languages
1691:dialect continuum
1675:Romance languages
1629:Germanic language
1568:. English is the
1536:on the island of
1515:
1514:
1188:Linguistic purism
1173:European language
1117:
1116:
1099:rendering support
1095:phonetic symbols.
866:Council of Europe
263:Anglo-Saxon runes
26309:
26272:Anglic languages
26262:English language
26247:
26239:
26238:
26237:
26230:
26229:from Wikiversity
26222:
26221:
26220:
26213:
26205:
26204:
26203:
26196:
26188:
26187:
26186:
26179:
26171:
26170:
26169:
26162:
26154:
26153:
26152:
26142:
26136:English language
26126:
26125:
26114:
26113:
26102:
26101:
26093:
26014:Papua New Guinea
25982:Marshall Islands
25872:Christmas Island
25707:
25706:
25703:
25687:Pitcairn Islands
25517:Falkland Islands
25413:
25412:
25409:
25404:
25403:
25343:
25342:
25332:
25331:
25321:
25303:
25296:
25289:
25280:
25279:
25199:Urban Dictionary
25111:Canadian English
25049:American English
24806:
24799:
24792:
24783:
24782:
24556:Elbe (Irminonic)
24529:
24528:
24516:
24515:
24444:Mainland Gutnish
24334:Swedish dialects
24296:Middle Icelandic
24270:Middle Norwegian
24159:Historical forms
24156:
24155:
24147:
24146:
24130:
24129:
24089:South Franconian
24075:Hutterite German
24043:Central Bavarian
23863:Rhine Franconian
23798:
23797:
23628:Historical forms
23625:
23624:
23540:Surinamese Dutch
23433:Historical forms
23430:
23429:
23263:Historical forms
23260:
23259:
23012:Historical forms
23009:
23008:
22896:
22895:
22887:
22886:
22874:
22873:
22849:
22842:
22835:
22826:
22825:
22719:English language
22604:
22603:
22425:
22424:
22408:Falkland Islands
22307:General American
22280:African-American
22133:
22132:
22067:
22066:
22056:
22055:
21758:
21757:
21749:
21748:
21738:
21737:
21709:
21702:
21695:
21686:
21685:
21576:Open back vowels
21551:
21543:
21521:
21520:
21508:
21507:
21418:
21411:
21404:
21395:
21394:
21382:
21381:
21365:Language history
21314:English language
21306:
21299:
21292:
21283:
21282:
21247:English language
21230:
21203:
21176:
21174:
21173:
21165:
21164:
21156:
21155:
21121:
21094:
21075:
21070:
21068:
21058:
21048:
21046:
21044:
21015:
20996:
20969:
20950:
20948:
20946:
20917:
20898:
20879:
20851:
20824:
20813:
20786:
20784:
20782:
20767:
20756:
20754:
20737:
20728:
20718:
20716:
20714:
20708:
20701:
20691:
20689:
20687:
20670:
20651:
20649:
20647:
20618:
20589:
20587:
20585:
20556:
20554:
20552:
20523:
20521:
20519:
20490:
20488:
20486:
20480:
20469:
20459:
20432:
20405:
20403:
20401:
20381:
20354:
20327:
20308:
20306:
20304:
20289:
20275:
20266:
20264:
20262:
20231:
20229:
20227:
20198:
20171:
20144:
20117:
20115:
20113:
20097:
20095:
20093:
20072:
20053:
20051:
20049:
20020:
20018:
20016:
20010:
19999:
19989:
19970:
19943:
19941:
19939:
19922:
19920:
19918:
19891:Nation, I. S. P.
19886:
19859:
19832:
19803:
19784:
19763:
19761:
19759:
19743:
19716:
19714:
19712:
19680:
19661:
19632:
19630:
19628:
19599:
19574:
19555:
19553:
19551:
19537:
19529:
19510:
19494:
19483:
19456:
19431:
19410:
19408:
19406:
19400:
19383:
19371:
19349:
19330:
19303:
19287:
19276:
19258:
19249:
19222:
19203:
19184:
19146:
19144:
19142:
19101:Ans van Kemenade
19098:
19096:
19094:
19057:
19041:
19030:
19003:
18994:
18992:
18990:
18984:
18969:
18959:
18933:
18931:
18929:
18920:. Archived from
18912:
18906:
18904:
18888:
18869:Hughes, Arthur;
18865:
18863:
18861:
18832:
18830:
18828:
18812:
18796:
18785:
18750:
18731:
18704:
18685:
18666:
18664:
18653:
18651:
18649:
18627:Changing English
18620:
18618:
18616:
18610:
18604:. Archived from
18593:
18578:
18576:
18574:
18568:
18561:
18546:
18519:
18496:
18494:
18492:
18483:. Archived from
18469:
18450:
18431:
18412:
18410:
18408:
18402:
18379:
18359:
18345:
18329:
18318:
18299:
18297:
18295:
18289:
18282:
18272:
18270:
18268:
18248:
18229:
18202:
18175:
18154:
18127:
18125:
18123:
18094:
18078:
18069:Hogg, Richard M.
18067:Denison, David;
18063:
18061:
18059:
18030:
18028:
18026:
17997:
17981:
17970:
17968:
17966:
17945:
17943:
17941:
17909:
17907:
17905:
17873:
17846:
17827:
17825:
17823:
17803:
17792:
17765:
17746:
17718:
17716:
17714:
17677:
17658:
17637:
17607:
17591:
17580:
17553:
17551:
17549:
17520:
17518:
17516:
17490:Bosworth, Joseph
17485:
17463:
17461:
17459:
17430:
17424:
17416:
17414:
17412:
17403:. Archived from
17373:
17352:
17333:
17306:
17283:
17260:
17244:
17233:
17231:
17229:
17220:. Archived from
17212:
17185:
17166:
17164:
17158:. Archived from
17157:
17131:
17121:
17090:
17063:
17044:
17017:
16988:
16976:
16967:
16961:
16955:
16949:
16943:
16937:
16931:
16925:
16919:
16913:
16907:
16901:
16895:
16894:
16874:
16868:
16867:
16865:
16863:
16844:
16838:
16832:
16826:
16820:
16814:
16808:
16802:
16801:
16799:
16768:
16759:
16753:
16752:
16726:
16720:
16714:
16708:
16702:
16696:
16690:
16684:
16678:
16672:
16666:
16660:
16654:
16648:
16642:
16636:
16630:
16624:
16618:
16612:
16611:
16609:
16607:
16576:
16570:
16564:
16558:
16557:, p. 95–96.
16552:
16546:
16540:
16534:
16528:
16522:
16516:
16510:
16509:
16508:
16506:
16500:
16485:
16476:
16470:
16469:
16467:
16465:
16446:
16440:
16437:
16431:
16419:
16413:
16407:
16401:
16395:
16389:
16383:
16377:
16371:
16365:
16359:
16353:
16347:
16341:
16335:
16329:
16328:
16310:
16304:
16298:
16292:
16286:
16280:
16274:
16268:
16262:
16256:
16250:
16244:
16238:
16232:
16231:
16229:
16227:
16212:
16206:
16200:
16194:
16188:
16182:
16176:
16170:
16164:
16158:
16152:
16146:
16140:
16134:
16128:
16122:
16116:
16110:
16104:
16098:
16092:
16086:
16080:
16074:
16068:
16062:
16056:
16050:
16044:
16038:
16032:
16026:
16020:
16011:
16005:
15992:
15986:
15980:
15974:
15968:
15962:
15953:
15947:
15938:
15932:
15926:
15920:
15914:
15908:
15902:
15896:
15890:
15884:
15878:
15872:
15866:
15860:
15854:
15848:
15842:
15841:
15839:
15837:
15814:
15808:
15802:
15793:
15792:
15790:
15788:
15760:
15754:
15753:
15751:
15749:
15721:
15715:
15709:
15703:
15697:
15691:
15690:
15675:
15669:
15663:
15657:
15651:
15642:
15636:
15625:
15619:
15613:
15607:
15592:
15591:
15589:
15587:
15578:. Archived from
15568:
15562:
15556:
15550:
15544:
15538:
15532:
15526:
15520:
15514:
15508:
15502:
15496:
15490:
15484:
15478:
15472:
15466:
15460:
15454:
15448:
15442:
15436:
15430:
15424:
15418:
15412:
15406:
15405:
15403:
15401:
15382:
15376:
15370:
15364:
15358:
15352:
15346:
15340:
15334:
15328:
15327:
15325:
15323:
15304:
15298:
15297:, p. 50–51.
15292:
15286:
15280:
15274:
15273:, p. 51–52.
15268:
15259:
15253:
15247:
15241:
15235:
15229:
15223:
15217:
15208:
15202:
15193:
15187:
15181:
15180:
15178:
15176:
15156:
15150:
15149:
15147:
15145:
15129:
15123:
15117:
15111:
15105:
15099:
15085:
15079:
15073:
15067:
15061:
15055:
15049:
15043:
15042:
15040:
15038:
15019:
15013:
15012:
15004:
14992:
14985:
14976:
14975:
14957:
14951:
14945:
14939:
14933:
14924:
14918:
14912:
14911:, pp. 54–5.
14906:
14900:
14894:
14888:
14887:, p. 56–57.
14882:
14876:
14870:
14864:
14858:
14852:
14851:
14833:
14824:
14823:
14805:
14792:
14786:
14780:
14774:
14768:
14762:
14756:
14750:
14744:
14738:
14732:
14726:
14720:
14714:
14708:
14698:
14692:
14686:
14677:
14676:
14674:
14650:
14644:
14643:
14641:
14639:
14620:
14614:
14608:
14602:
14596:
14590:
14584:
14578:
14572:
14566:
14560:
14554:
14548:
14542:
14536:
14530:
14524:
14518:
14512:
14506:
14500:
14494:
14488:
14482:
14476:
14470:
14469:
14467:
14465:
14449:
14443:
14437:
14431:
14425:
14419:
14413:
14407:
14401:
14395:
14389:
14383:
14377:
14371:
14365:
14359:
14353:
14347:
14341:
14335:
14329:
14323:
14317:
14311:
14305:
14299:
14293:
14287:
14281:
14275:
14269:
14263:
14257:
14251:
14245:
14239:
14238:
14236:
14234:
14225:. 2 April 2012.
14215:
14209:
14203:
14197:
14191:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14167:
14161:
14155:
14149:
14143:
14137:
14131:
14125:
14119:
14113:
14107:
14101:
14095:
14089:
14083:
14077:
14071:
14065:
14059:
14050:
14044:
14038:
14032:
14026:
14020:
14014:
14008:
14002:
14001:
13999:
13997:
13991:
13985:. Archived from
13974:
13964:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13953:
13934:
13928:
13922:
13916:
13910:
13904:
13898:
13892:
13886:
13880:
13874:
13868:
13862:
13856:
13850:
13844:
13843:
13838:. Archived from
13832:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13821:
13806:
13800:
13799:
13793:
13791:
13776:
13770:
13769:
13758:
13752:
13751:
13746:
13744:
13729:
13723:
13722:
13720:
13718:
13703:
13697:
13696:
13676:
13670:
13669:
13667:
13665:
13648:
13642:
13641:
13639:
13637:
13627:
13621:
13620:
13615:
13613:
13598:
13592:
13591:
13586:
13584:
13569:
13563:
13562:
13560:
13558:
13539:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13528:
13517:
13511:
13510:
13504:
13480:
13474:
13468:
13462:
13456:
13450:
13444:
13438:
13432:
13426:
13420:
13414:
13408:
13402:
13396:
13390:
13384:
13378:
13372:
13366:
13360:
13354:
13348:
13342:
13336:
13330:
13324:
13318:
13312:
13306:
13300:
13294:
13288:
13282:
13276:
13267:
13261:
13255:
13249:
13243:
13237:
13231:
13225:
13219:
13213:
13207:
13201:
13195:
13189:
13176:
13170:
13164:
13158:
13152:
13146:
13140:
13134:
13128:
13122:
13116:
13110:
13104:
13098:
13092:
13086:
13077:
13071:
13062:
13056:
13047:
13041:
13035:
13034:
13032:
13030:
13014:
13008:
13006:
13004:
13002:
12997:
12989:
12983:
12977:
12971:
12965:
12959:
12953:
12947:
12941:
12935:
12934:, pp. 1–56.
12929:
12920:
12919:, pp. 9–10.
12914:
12908:
12902:
12891:
12885:
12874:
12873:
12871:
12869:
12841:
12835:
12829:
12820:
12814:
12805:
12799:
12793:
12787:
12781:
12775:
12769:
12763:
12757:
12751:
12742:
12741:
12735:
12733:
12716:Horobin, Simon.
12713:
12707:
12706:
12704:
12702:
12696:
12689:
12683:Wycliffe, John.
12680:
12674:
12673:
12653:
12647:
12641:
12635:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12618:
12595:
12589:
12583:
12577:
12571:
12565:
12559:
12548:
12547:
12545:
12543:
12525:
12516:
12510:
12504:
12498:
12492:
12486:
12480:
12474:
12468:
12462:
12451:
12445:
12439:
12433:
12427:
12421:
12415:
12409:
12403:
12397:
12391:
12385:
12379:
12373:
12367:
12364:
12358:
12352:
12346:
12345:
12327:
12321:
12310:
12304:
12298:
12289:
12283:
12277:
12276:
12250:
12241:
12235:
12229:
12223:
12217:
12211:
12205:
12199:
12193:
12187:
12181:
12175:
12166:
12160:
12154:
12148:
12142:
12136:
12130:
12129:
12096:
12090:
12084:
12075:
12069:
12060:
12059:
12041:
12032:
12031:
12013:
12007:
12001:
11992:
11986:
11980:
11971:
11965:
11959:
11953:
11947:
11941:
11935:
11924:
11923:
11922:
11905:
11896:
11895:
11893:
11891:
11872:
11866:
11856:
11782:
11781:
11748:
11747:
11709:An example of a
11706:
11705:
11685:
11684:
11669:voiced aspirated
11662:
11658:
11654:
11650:
11646:
11626:
11622:
11604:Jamaican English
11584:Windward Islands
11559:
11513:Northeast Indian
11511:An example of a
11508:
11507:
11475:Jamaican accents
11470:
11469:
11432:
11431:
11389:
11388:
11368:
11367:
11348:Nigerian English
11303:Seven Years' War
11280:Filipino accents
11275:
11274:
11231:
11230:
11211:
11210:
11123:
11122:
11086:
11085:
11049:An example of a
11046:
11045:
11009:South Australian
11007:An example of a
11004:
11003:
10960:
10959:
10940:
10939:
10885:
10833:Maritime English
10818:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10804:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10777:Canadian English
10746:, then ruled by
10646:
10639:
10632:
10631:
10621:
10614:
10607:
10600:
10593:
10584:
10583:
10575:
10526:Washington, D.C.
10494:
10493:
10445:
10444:
10408:
10407:
10368:
10367:
10326:
10325:
10277:An example of a
10274:
10273:
10253:
10252:
10245:Canadian English
10229:American English
10189:Norman invasions
10178:Scottish English
10153:
10141:
10126:
10108:
10048:Northern English
9976:
9975:
9938:
9937:
9901:
9900:
9858:
9857:
9826:Liverpool accent
9821:
9820:
9788:Yorkshire accent
9779:
9778:
9735:
9734:
9698:
9697:
9650:
9649:
9629:
9628:
9613:Scottish English
9569:regional accents
9565:English dialects
9452:
9448:
9440:
9432:
9424:
9416:
9412:
9404:
9396:
9380:
9369:
9358:
9354:
9342:
9088:English alphabet
9053:speech registers
9030:northern England
9008:
9002:
8996:
8990:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8629:Who saw the cat?
8609:fronted position
8573:Where did he go?
8569:Do you like her?
8539:yes–no questions
8487:Do you know him?
8483:I don't know him
8465:Do you know him?
8335:Relative clauses
8293:I gave the book
8281:Indirect objects
8248:
8247:
8184:
8183:
8153:and progressive
7961:imperative moods
7855:
7854:
7770:
7769:
7734:Past participle
7643:
7639:
7565:I gave it to him
7302:
7298:
7106:English pronouns
6979:, the adjective
6512:
6511:
6496:he/him, who/whom
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:open back vowels
6371:
6367:
6363:
6351:
6342:General American
6323:
6319:
6315:
6289:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6237:
6173:
6168:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6132:
6127:
6108:
6103:
6084:
6079:
6060:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6017:
6013:
5984:
5976:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5902:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5488:
5484:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5155:
5151:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5089:
5085:
5070:
5066:
5042:
5038:
5034:
4995:
4991:
4968:
4963:triangular colon
4933:
4917:
4910:
4894:
4878:
4862:
4855:
4840:
4824:
4818:
4802:
4787:
4780:
4764:
4748:
4741:
4725:
4709:
4702:
4680:
4676:
4662:
4657:
4644:
4639:
4624:
4619:
4599:
4595:
4584:
4571:
4558:
4544:
4539:
4526:
4506:
4502:
4463:
4459:
4402:
4340:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4270:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4225:
4204:
4192:
4182:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4099:
4092:
4063:
4055:
4048:
4035:
4028:
4017:
4010:
3993:
3980:
3967:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3866:General American
3757:foreign language
3692:English language
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3459: UK (16.7%)
3458:
3453: US (64.3%)
3452:
3417:ranging from an
3415:dialect continua
3323:. In his model,
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3229:2019 in Europe:
3209:Washington, D.C.
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
2992:
2982:commissioned by
2843:Geoffrey Chaucer
2835:
2829:
2788:, in particular
2769:
2768:
2765:
2750:
2683:
2677:
2651:Northern English
2627:language contact
2609:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2459:
2457:
2444:
2442:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2412:
2326:
2320:
2297:Common Brittonic
2246:
2243:
2240:or Anglo-Saxon (
2231:
2109:King James Bible
1917:and the extinct
1887:Anglic languages
1833:
1816:
1793:
1776:
1747:
1731:
1725:
1719:Anglic languages
1574:Standard Chinese
1546:Germanic peoples
1532:, originated in
1507:
1500:
1493:
1310:Falkland Islands
1128:English language
1119:
1118:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1062:
1048:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1007:
998:
997:
989:
784:Working language
734:Pitcairn Islands
679:Falkland Islands
659:Christmas Island
487:Papua New Guinea
447:Marshall Islands
296:
287:
257:English alphabet
245:
143:
123:
111:
74:, including the
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
42:
39:
21:
20:
26317:
26316:
26312:
26311:
26310:
26308:
26307:
26306:
26252:
26251:
26250:
26240:
26235:
26233:
26223:
26218:
26216:
26206:
26201:
26199:
26189:
26184:
26182:
26172:
26167:
26165:
26161:from Wiktionary
26155:
26150:
26148:
26145:
26141:sister projects
26138:at Knowledge's
26132:
26120:
26108:
26096:
26088:
26086:
26081:
26080:
26067:
26045:
26024:Solomon Islands
25941:
25911:
25857:
25839:
25718:
25701:
25692:
25655:
25611:
25444:
25424:
25407:
25398:
25377:
25337:
25326:
25312:
25307:
25277:
25272:
25213:
25180:
25146:
25120:Canadian Oxford
25105:
25043:
24973:British English
24967:
24853:
24815:
24810:
24780:
24775:
24743:
24702:
24683:Germanic umlaut
24648:Holtzmann's law
24626:
24595:
24523:
24502:
24455:
24432:
24366:South Jutlandic
24351:Danish dialects
24317:
24198:
24141:
24112:
24094:East Franconian
24048:Viennese German
23961:
23942:Silesian German
23908:
23897:Central Hessian
23787:
23712:Namibian German
23701:
23692:
23670:Standard German
23664:
23650:New High German
23636:Old High German
23610:
23589:
23571:
23482:
23454:
23415:
23399:East Pomeranian
23389:Brandenburgisch
23376:East Low German
23370:
23297:Dutch Low Saxon
23289:West Low German
23283:
23241:
23207:Schiermonnikoog
23188:
23083:
23069:Wursten Frisian
23032:
22998:
22881:
22868:
22858:
22853:
22823:
22818:
22703:
22660:
22615:
22595:
22503:
22499:Solomon Islands
22468:
22412:
22394:
22326:
22317:New York Latino
22292:American Indian
22272:
22266:
22127:
22120:
22061:
22043:
22029:Channel Islands
22020:
21988:
21955:
21928:
21871:
21833:
21743:
21727:
21713:
21683:
21670:
21640:-glottalization
21585:
21515:
21502:
21427:
21422:
21387:
21379:
21374:
21345:Spelling reform
21316:
21310:
21267:
21266:
21265:
21250:
21249:
21245:
21238:
21233:
21227:
21200:
21171:
21162:
21153:
21118:
21091:
21066:
21064:
21056:
21042:
21040:
21033:
21012:
20993:
20966:
20944:
20942:
20935:
20914:
20895:
20876:
20848:
20810:
20780:
20778:
20776:
20752:
20746:
20735:
20726:
20712:
20710:
20706:
20699:
20685:
20683:
20667:
20645:
20643:
20636:
20595:American Speech
20583:
20581:
20574:
20550:
20548:
20541:
20517:
20515:
20508:
20484:
20482:
20478:
20467:
20456:
20429:
20399:
20397:
20378:
20351:
20324:
20302:
20300:
20298:
20280:Robinson, Orrin
20260:
20258:
20251:
20225:
20223:
20216:
20195:
20168:
20141:
20111:
20109:
20091:
20089:
20069:
20047:
20045:
20038:
20014:
20012:
20008:
19997:
19986:
19967:
19937:
19935:
19916:
19914:
19907:
19883:
19856:
19800:
19757:
19755:
19740:
19710:
19708:
19701:
19677:
19658:
19626:
19624:
19617:
19571:
19549:
19547:
19526:
19507:
19480:
19404:
19402:
19398:
19392:
19381:
19368:
19346:
19327:
19300:
19274:
19246:
19219:
19200:
19173:
19140:
19138:
19123:
19092:
19090:
19075:
19054:
19027:
18988:
18986:
18982:
18967:
18956:
18927:
18925:
18902:
18900:
18885:
18871:Trudgill, Peter
18859:
18857:
18850:
18826:
18824:
18809:
18774:
18747:
18728:
18701:
18682:
18647:
18645:
18638:
18614:
18612:
18608:
18602:
18591:
18572:
18570:
18566:
18559:
18543:
18516:
18502:Trudgill, Peter
18490:
18488:
18466:
18447:
18428:
18406:
18404:
18400:
18377:10.1.1.536.1989
18357:
18342:
18315:
18293:
18291:
18287:
18280:
18266:
18264:
18245:
18226:
18199:
18151:
18121:
18119:
18112:
18091:
18057:
18055:
18048:
18024:
18022:
18015:
17994:
17964:
17962:
17939:
17937:
17930:
17903:
17901:
17894:
17870:
17843:
17821:
17819:
17812:
17789:
17762:
17712:
17710:
17695:
17674:
17634:
17604:
17577:
17547:
17545:
17538:
17514:
17512:
17482:
17468:Boberg, Charles
17457:
17455:
17448:
17418:
17417:
17410:
17408:
17407:on 3 April 2017
17401:
17370:
17349:
17330:
17303:
17280:
17257:
17227:
17225:
17209:
17182:
17162:
17129:
17118:
17087:
17060:
17041:
17014:
16997:
16992:
16991:
16977:
16970:
16962:
16958:
16950:
16946:
16938:
16934:
16926:
16922:
16914:
16910:
16902:
16898:
16879:World Englishes
16875:
16871:
16861:
16859:
16846:
16845:
16841:
16833:
16829:
16821:
16817:
16809:
16805:
16797:
16766:
16760:
16756:
16749:
16727:
16723:
16715:
16711:
16703:
16699:
16691:
16687:
16679:
16675:
16667:
16663:
16655:
16651:
16643:
16639:
16631:
16627:
16619:
16615:
16605:
16603:
16596:
16577:
16573:
16565:
16561:
16553:
16549:
16543:Montgomery 1993
16541:
16537:
16531:Schönweitz 2001
16529:
16525:
16517:
16513:
16504:
16502:
16498:
16483:
16477:
16473:
16463:
16461:
16448:
16447:
16443:
16438:
16434:
16420:
16416:
16408:
16404:
16396:
16392:
16384:
16380:
16372:
16368:
16360:
16356:
16348:
16344:
16336:
16332:
16325:
16312:
16311:
16307:
16299:
16295:
16287:
16283:
16275:
16271:
16263:
16259:
16251:
16247:
16239:
16235:
16225:
16223:
16214:
16213:
16209:
16201:
16197:
16189:
16185:
16177:
16173:
16165:
16161:
16153:
16149:
16141:
16137:
16129:
16125:
16117:
16113:
16105:
16101:
16093:
16089:
16083:McGuinness 1997
16081:
16077:
16069:
16065:
16057:
16053:
16045:
16041:
16033:
16029:
16021:
16014:
16006:
15995:
15987:
15983:
15975:
15971:
15963:
15956:
15948:
15941:
15933:
15929:
15921:
15917:
15909:
15905:
15897:
15893:
15885:
15881:
15873:
15869:
15861:
15857:
15849:
15845:
15835:
15833:
15816:
15815:
15811:
15803:
15796:
15786:
15784:
15777:
15761:
15757:
15747:
15745:
15738:
15722:
15718:
15710:
15706:
15698:
15694:
15683:Ask the experts
15677:
15676:
15672:
15664:
15660:
15652:
15645:
15637:
15628:
15620:
15616:
15608:
15595:
15585:
15583:
15570:
15569:
15565:
15557:
15553:
15545:
15541:
15537:, p. 1366.
15533:
15529:
15525:, p. 1370.
15521:
15517:
15509:
15505:
15501:, pp. 7–8.
15497:
15493:
15485:
15481:
15473:
15469:
15461:
15457:
15449:
15445:
15437:
15433:
15425:
15421:
15413:
15409:
15399:
15397:
15384:
15383:
15379:
15371:
15367:
15359:
15355:
15347:
15343:
15335:
15331:
15321:
15319:
15306:
15305:
15301:
15293:
15289:
15281:
15277:
15269:
15262:
15254:
15250:
15242:
15238:
15230:
15226:
15218:
15211:
15203:
15196:
15188:
15184:
15174:
15172:
15157:
15153:
15143:
15141:
15130:
15126:
15118:
15114:
15106:
15102:
15086:
15082:
15074:
15070:
15062:
15058:
15050:
15046:
15036:
15034:
15021:
15020:
15016:
15006:
14986:
14979:
14972:
14958:
14954:
14946:
14942:
14934:
14927:
14919:
14915:
14907:
14903:
14895:
14891:
14883:
14879:
14871:
14867:
14859:
14855:
14848:
14834:
14827:
14820:
14806:
14795:
14787:
14783:
14775:
14771:
14763:
14759:
14751:
14747:
14739:
14735:
14727:
14723:
14715:
14711:
14699:
14695:
14691:, pp. 4–6.
14687:
14680:
14651:
14647:
14637:
14635:
14622:
14621:
14617:
14609:
14605:
14597:
14593:
14585:
14581:
14573:
14569:
14561:
14557:
14549:
14545:
14537:
14533:
14525:
14521:
14513:
14509:
14501:
14497:
14491:Cruttenden 2014
14489:
14485:
14477:
14473:
14463:
14461:
14450:
14446:
14438:
14434:
14426:
14422:
14414:
14410:
14402:
14398:
14390:
14386:
14378:
14374:
14366:
14362:
14354:
14350:
14342:
14338:
14330:
14326:
14318:
14314:
14306:
14302:
14294:
14290:
14282:
14278:
14270:
14266:
14258:
14254:
14246:
14242:
14232:
14230:
14217:
14216:
14212:
14204:
14200:
14192:
14188:
14180:
14176:
14168:
14164:
14156:
14152:
14144:
14140:
14132:
14128:
14122:Phillipson 2004
14120:
14116:
14108:
14104:
14096:
14092:
14084:
14080:
14072:
14068:
14060:
14053:
14045:
14041:
14033:
14029:
14021:
14017:
14009:
14005:
13995:
13993:
13989:
13983:
13972:
13966:
13965:
13961:
13951:
13949:
13936:
13935:
13931:
13927:, pp. 2–9.
13923:
13919:
13911:
13907:
13899:
13895:
13887:
13883:
13875:
13871:
13863:
13859:
13851:
13847:
13834:
13833:
13829:
13819:
13817:
13808:
13807:
13803:
13789:
13787:
13780:"United States"
13778:
13777:
13773:
13759:
13755:
13742:
13740:
13731:
13730:
13726:
13716:
13714:
13705:
13704:
13700:
13681:Language Policy
13677:
13673:
13663:
13661:
13650:
13649:
13645:
13635:
13633:
13629:
13628:
13624:
13611:
13609:
13600:
13599:
13595:
13582:
13580:
13571:
13570:
13566:
13556:
13554:
13541:
13540:
13536:
13526:
13524:
13519:
13518:
13514:
13481:
13477:
13469:
13465:
13457:
13453:
13449:, pp. 5–6.
13445:
13441:
13433:
13429:
13421:
13417:
13409:
13405:
13401:, pp. 8–9.
13397:
13393:
13385:
13381:
13373:
13369:
13361:
13357:
13349:
13345:
13337:
13333:
13325:
13321:
13313:
13309:
13301:
13297:
13289:
13285:
13277:
13270:
13262:
13258:
13250:
13246:
13238:
13234:
13226:
13222:
13214:
13210:
13202:
13198:
13190:
13179:
13171:
13167:
13159:
13155:
13147:
13143:
13135:
13131:
13123:
13119:
13111:
13107:
13099:
13095:
13087:
13080:
13072:
13065:
13057:
13050:
13042:
13038:
13028:
13026:
13015:
13011:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12991:
12990:
12986:
12978:
12974:
12966:
12962:
12954:
12950:
12942:
12938:
12930:
12923:
12915:
12911:
12903:
12894:
12886:
12877:
12867:
12865:
12858:
12842:
12838:
12830:
12823:
12815:
12808:
12800:
12796:
12790:Cercignani 1981
12788:
12784:
12776:
12772:
12764:
12760:
12752:
12745:
12731:
12729:
12714:
12710:
12700:
12698:
12694:
12687:
12681:
12677:
12670:
12654:
12650:
12642:
12638:
12630:
12626:
12616:
12614:
12612:
12596:
12592:
12584:
12580:
12572:
12568:
12560:
12551:
12541:
12539:
12526:
12519:
12511:
12507:
12499:
12495:
12487:
12483:
12475:
12471:
12463:
12454:
12446:
12442:
12434:
12430:
12422:
12418:
12410:
12406:
12398:
12394:
12386:
12382:
12374:
12370:
12365:
12361:
12353:
12349:
12342:
12328:
12324:
12311:
12307:
12299:
12292:
12284:
12280:
12273:
12251:
12244:
12236:
12232:
12224:
12220:
12212:
12208:
12200:
12196:
12188:
12184:
12176:
12169:
12161:
12157:
12149:
12145:
12137:
12133:
12119:
12097:
12093:
12085:
12078:
12070:
12063:
12056:
12042:
12035:
12014:
12010:
12002:
11995:
11989:Ethnologue 2010
11987:
11983:
11972:
11968:
11960:
11956:
11948:
11944:
11936:
11927:
11917:
11906:
11899:
11889:
11887:
11874:
11873:
11869:
11857:
11853:
11848:
11821:
11794:
11793:
11792:
11791:
11790:
11783:
11774:
11771:
11760:
11759:
11758:
11757:
11756:
11749:
11742:
11739:
11728:
11727:
11719:
11717:
11716:
11715:
11714:
11707:
11699:
11696:
11683:
11677:
11660:
11608:Jamaican Creole
11550:Bantu languages
11528:
11527:
11526:
11525:
11524:
11509:
11500:
11497:
11482:
11481:
11480:
11479:
11478:
11471:
11462:
11459:
11448:
11447:
11446:
11445:
11444:
11437:Nigerian accent
11433:
11425:
11422:
11411:
11410:
11402:
11400:
11399:
11398:
11397:
11390:
11382:
11379:
11366:
11340:
11287:
11286:
11285:
11284:
11283:
11276:
11267:
11264:
11262:Speech examples
11253:
11252:
11244:
11242:
11241:
11240:
11239:
11232:
11225:
11222:
11209:
11189:Main articles:
11187:
11139:
11138:
11137:
11136:
11135:
11124:
11116:
11113:
11102:
11101:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11087:
11078:
11075:
11062:
11061:
11060:
11059:
11058:
11047:
11038:
11035:
11024:
11023:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11005:
10996:
10993:
10982:
10981:
10973:
10971:
10970:
10969:
10968:
10961:
10954:
10951:
10938:
10930:Main articles:
10928:
10853:Scottish Gaelic
10810:
10806:
10796:
10792:
10748:King George III
10718:in 1607. While
10665:Chicano English
10652:
10651:
10650:
10649:
10648:
10644:
10641:
10637:
10634:
10627:
10626:
10623:
10619:
10616:
10612:
10609:
10605:
10602:
10598:
10595:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10579:
10578:
10514:
10513:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10507:Margaret Atwood
10495:
10487:
10484:
10473:
10472:
10471:
10470:
10469:
10446:
10438:
10435:
10424:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10420:
10409:
10400:
10397:
10384:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10380:
10369:
10360:
10357:
10346:
10345:
10344:
10343:
10342:
10327:
10318:
10315:
10304:
10303:
10295:
10293:
10292:
10291:
10290:
10275:
10267:
10264:
10251:
10227:Main articles:
10225:
10201:Forth and Bargy
10114:-glottalisation
9992:
9991:
9990:
9989:
9988:
9977:
9968:
9965:
9954:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9939:
9931:
9928:
9917:
9916:
9915:
9914:
9913:
9902:
9894:
9891:
9878:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9874:
9859:
9851:
9848:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9833:
9822:
9813:
9810:
9799:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9780:
9771:
9768:
9755:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9736:
9728:
9725:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9699:
9690:
9687:
9676:
9675:
9667:
9665:
9664:
9663:
9662:
9659:Alain de Botton
9651:
9643:
9640:
9627:
9625:Hiberno-English
9601:Estuary English
9593:
9573:British English
9561:
9555:World Englishes
9549:Main articles:
9547:
9256:, or the words
9098:
9092:English Braille
9084:
9067:
9061:
9013:
9012:
9011:
9010:
9006:
9004:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8980:
8976:
8974:
8970:
8962:
8956:
8948:Main articles:
8946:
8846:
8811:botanical terms
8790:
8778:boy! I'm hungry
8655:
8535:
8491:*I know him not
8431:to an ordinary
8389:
8377:Main articles:
8375:
8310:
8304:
8163:
8147:Auxiliary verbs
8115:
8082:
8080:English adverbs
8076:
8036:to get together
8012:
7996:I saw him leave
7850:going-to future
7753:
7673:
7625:, and the form
7591:
7585:
7545:
7539:
7397:him/her/it/them
7308:Subjective case
7246:Hiberno-English
7166:indirect object
7162:accusative case
7154:nominative case
7150:subjective case
7108:
7102:
7066:
7060:
6973:the slender boy
6923:
6917:
6816:Nouns can form
6650:
6644:
6410:
6408:English grammar
6404:
6310:Estuary English
6275:. Accents like
6166:
6137:
6125:
6101:
6077:
6039:
5934:
5930:
5860:
5856:
5765:
5759:
5755:
5651:is pronounced
5642:
5638:
5598:
5594:
5551:
5539:
5517:
5510:
5498:
5492:
5483:
5475:vowel reduction
5439:
5425:
5421:
5389:
5385:
5365:
5351:
5347:
5318:
5314:
5299:vowel reduction
5292:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5210:
5206:
5172:
5162:
5096:
5076:-coloured vowel
4944:
4674:
4673:
4499:
4493:
4423:in most cases.
4403:, has two main
4317:, the first is
3934:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3834:
3828:
3814:proposed as an
3678:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3600:
3594:
3541:official status
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3441:
3375:second language
3287:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3199:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3158:
3144:
3035:
2970:introduced the
2873:
2867:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2705:
2697:Main articles:
2695:
2686:Norse loanwords
2619:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2451:
2436:
2421:
2406:
2301:Celtic language
2281:settled Britain
2245: 450–1150
2244:
2212:The opening of
2206:
2200:
2164:auxiliary verbs
2152:free word order
2150:and relatively
2134:, and law. Its
2075:Norman Conquest
2051:
2046:
2040:
1961:French dialects
1893:, and into the
1854:language family
1838:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1803:
1791:
1782:
1774:
1765:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1679:language family
1659:French dialects
1582:second language
1511:
1160:Advanced topics
1097:Without proper
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1058:
1044:
1028:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1003:
993:
992:
985:
975:
936:UKUSA Agreement
847:
846:
841:
840:
787:
786:
779:
778:
615:
614:
607:
606:
537:Solomon Islands
318:
317:
308:
301:Official status
294:
288:
283:
277:
269:English Braille
246:
241:
235:
200:
193:
144:
141:Language family
139:
133:
130:: 1.457 billion
121:
113:
109:
36:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
26315:
26305:
26304:
26299:
26294:
26289:
26287:Lingua francas
26284:
26279:
26274:
26269:
26264:
26249:
26248:
26231:
26214:
26212:from Wikibooks
26197:
26195:from Wikiquote
26180:
26163:
26134:
26131:
26130:
26118:
26106:
26083:
26082:
26077:
26076:
26073:
26072:
26069:
26068:
26058:
26055:
26054:
26051:
26050:
26047:
26046:
26044:
26043:
26038:
26033:
26026:
26021:
26016:
26011:
26006:
25999:
25994:
25989:
25984:
25979:
25974:
25967:
25962:
25957:
25954:American Samoa
25949:
25947:
25943:
25942:
25940:
25939:
25934:
25927:
25919:
25917:
25913:
25912:
25910:
25909:
25904:
25899:
25894:
25889:
25882:
25875:
25867:
25865:
25859:
25858:
25856:
25855:
25847:
25845:
25841:
25840:
25838:
25837:
25832:
25827:
25822:
25817:
25812:
25807:
25802:
25797:
25792:
25787:
25782:
25777:
25772:
25767:
25762:
25757:
25752:
25747:
25742:
25737:
25732:
25726:
25724:
25720:
25719:
25717:
25716:
25704:
25698:
25697:
25694:
25693:
25691:
25690:
25683:
25680:Norfolk Island
25676:
25671:
25665:
25663:
25657:
25656:
25654:
25653:
25651:United Kingdom
25648:
25641:
25634:
25629:
25621:
25619:
25613:
25612:
25610:
25609:
25602:
25597:
25590:
25585:
25578:
25571:
25568:Sint Eustatius
25564:
25559:
25554:
25549:
25542:
25535:
25530:
25525:
25520:
25513:
25508:
25505:Cayman Islands
25501:
25496:
25489:
25482:
25477:
25472:
25467:
25462:
25454:
25452:
25446:
25445:
25443:
25442:
25434:
25432:
25426:
25425:
25423:
25422:
25410:
25400:
25399:
25397:
25396:
25391:
25385:
25383:
25379:
25378:
25376:
25375:
25370:
25365:
25363:British Empire
25360:
25355:
25349:
25347:
25339:
25338:
25328:
25327:
25317:
25314:
25313:
25306:
25305:
25298:
25291:
25283:
25274:
25273:
25271:
25270:
25263:
25256:
25249:
25242:
25235:
25227:
25225:
25215:
25214:
25212:
25211:
25206:
25201:
25196:
25190:
25188:
25182:
25181:
25179:
25178:
25171:
25164:
25156:
25154:
25148:
25147:
25145:
25144:
25137:
25130:
25123:
25115:
25113:
25107:
25106:
25104:
25103:
25096:
25089:
25082:
25075:
25068:
25061:
25053:
25051:
25045:
25044:
25042:
25041:
25034:
25033:
25032:
25025:
25018:
25011:
25004:
24992:
24985:
24977:
24975:
24969:
24968:
24966:
24965:
24958:
24951:
24943:
24935:
24932:New Dictionary
24927:
24919:
24911:
24902:
24894:
24886:
24878:
24870:
24861:
24859:
24855:
24854:
24852:
24851:
24844:
24837:
24829:
24827:
24825:Middle English
24817:
24816:
24809:
24808:
24801:
24794:
24786:
24777:
24776:
24774:
24773:
24766:
24756:
24753:
24752:
24749:
24748:
24745:
24744:
24742:
24741:
24736:
24731:
24726:
24721:
24716:
24710:
24708:
24704:
24703:
24701:
24700:
24695:
24690:
24685:
24680:
24675:
24670:
24665:
24660:
24655:
24650:
24645:
24640:
24634:
24632:
24628:
24627:
24625:
24624:
24619:
24614:
24609:
24607:Proto-Germanic
24603:
24601:
24597:
24596:
24594:
24593:
24586:
24579:
24571:
24570:
24569:
24568:
24563:
24558:
24548:
24543:
24537:
24535:
24525:
24524:
24512:
24511:
24508:
24507:
24504:
24503:
24501:
24500:
24493:
24486:
24482:Crimean Gothic
24471:
24469:
24461:
24460:
24457:
24456:
24454:
24453:
24452:
24451:
24446:
24437:
24434:
24433:
24431:
24430:
24429:
24428:
24418:
24417:
24416:
24409:
24402:
24397:
24392:
24387:
24386:
24385:
24380:
24370:
24369:
24368:
24358:
24356:Insular Danish
24353:
24343:
24342:
24341:
24339:Rinkebysvenska
24336:
24325:
24323:
24319:
24318:
24316:
24315:
24308:
24301:
24300:
24299:
24292:
24280:
24275:
24274:
24273:
24266:
24259:
24253:
24247:
24242:
24237:
24232:
24227:
24222:
24217:
24206:
24204:
24200:
24199:
24197:
24196:
24195:
24194:
24187:
24185:Old East Norse
24182:
24180:Old West Norse
24170:
24162:
24160:
24153:
24143:
24142:
24126:
24125:
24122:
24121:
24118:
24117:
24114:
24113:
24111:
24110:
24103:
24102:
24101:
24091:
24086:
24085:
24084:
24083:
24082:
24077:
24072:
24067:
24062:
24060:South Tyrolean
24052:
24051:
24050:
24040:
24030:
24029:
24028:
24023:
24022:
24021:
24011:
24010:
24009:
24002:High Alemannic
23999:
23998:
23997:
23992:
23975:
23973:
23967:
23966:
23963:
23962:
23960:
23959:
23954:
23949:
23944:
23939:
23934:
23929:
23924:
23918:
23916:
23910:
23909:
23907:
23906:
23901:
23900:
23899:
23889:
23888:
23887:
23886:
23885:
23880:
23870:
23860:
23859:
23858:
23857:
23856:
23855:
23854:
23844:
23839:
23829:
23828:
23827:
23822:
23806:
23804:
23795:
23793:Central German
23789:
23788:
23786:
23785:
23784:
23783:
23778:
23771:
23766:
23761:
23751:
23746:
23745:
23744:
23734:
23732:Barossa German
23729:
23724:
23719:
23714:
23708:
23706:
23694:
23693:
23691:
23690:
23685:
23680:
23674:
23672:
23666:
23665:
23663:
23662:
23661:
23660:
23646:
23639:
23631:
23629:
23622:
23616:
23615:
23612:
23611:
23609:
23608:
23603:
23597:
23595:
23591:
23590:
23588:
23587:
23581:
23579:
23573:
23572:
23570:
23569:
23552:
23547:
23542:
23536:
23535:
23530:
23525:
23520:
23515:
23514:
23513:
23511:French Flemish
23503:
23502:
23501:
23490:
23488:
23484:
23483:
23481:
23480:
23470:
23464:
23462:
23456:
23455:
23453:
23452:
23447:
23442:
23436:
23434:
23427:
23425:Low Franconian
23421:
23420:
23417:
23416:
23414:
23413:
23412:
23411:
23401:
23396:
23391:
23386:
23380:
23378:
23372:
23371:
23369:
23368:
23363:
23358:
23357:
23356:
23346:
23345:
23344:
23339:
23334:
23333:
23332:
23327:
23319:
23314:
23309:
23304:
23293:
23291:
23285:
23284:
23282:
23281:
23274:
23266:
23264:
23257:
23251:
23250:
23247:
23246:
23243:
23242:
23240:
23239:
23238:
23237:
23232:
23231:
23230:
23229:
23228:
23226:Westereendersk
23220:
23209:
23204:
23198:
23196:
23190:
23189:
23187:
23186:
23185:
23184:
23179:
23172:
23167:
23166:
23165:
23160:
23157:
23149:
23144:
23143:
23142:
23131:
23130:
23129:
23124:
23119:
23118:
23117:
23112:
23104:
23093:
23091:
23085:
23084:
23082:
23081:
23080:
23079:
23072:
23065:
23053:
23052:
23051:
23042:
23040:
23034:
23033:
23031:
23030:
23027:Middle Frisian
23023:
23015:
23013:
23006:
23000:
22999:
22997:
22996:
22995:
22994:
22987:
22975:
22974:
22973:
22966:
22959:
22947:
22946:
22945:
22944:
22943:
22933:Modern English
22929:
22926:Middle English
22922:
22915:
22904:
22902:
22893:
22883:
22882:
22870:
22869:
22863:
22860:
22859:
22852:
22851:
22844:
22837:
22829:
22820:
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22811:
22806:
22801:
22796:
22791:
22786:
22781:
22776:
22775:
22774:
22769:
22761:
22759:Englishisation
22756:
22751:
22746:
22741:
22736:
22731:
22726:
22721:
22715:
22713:
22709:
22708:
22705:
22704:
22702:
22701:
22696:
22691:
22686:
22681:
22676:
22670:
22668:
22666:Southeast Asia
22662:
22661:
22659:
22658:
22653:
22648:
22643:
22642:
22641:
22631:
22625:
22623:
22617:
22616:
22614:
22613:
22607:
22601:
22597:
22596:
22594:
22593:
22588:
22583:
22581:South Atlantic
22578:
22577:
22576:
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22531:
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22521:
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22405:
22399:
22396:
22395:
22393:
22392:
22387:
22382:
22377:
22372:
22371:
22370:
22363:Cayman Islands
22360:
22355:
22350:
22344:
22342:
22336:
22335:
22332:
22331:
22328:
22327:
22325:
22324:
22319:
22314:
22309:
22304:
22299:
22294:
22289:
22288:
22287:
22276:
22274:
22273:ethno-cultural
22268:
22267:
22265:
22264:
22259:
22258:
22257:
22252:
22242:
22241:
22240:
22235:
22230:
22225:
22220:
22210:
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22208:
22198:
22197:
22196:
22191:
22181:
22180:
22179:
22169:
22168:
22167:
22162:
22157:
22152:
22142:
22136:
22130:
22122:
22121:
22119:
22118:
22113:
22108:
22103:
22098:
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22091:
22081:
22075:
22073:
22064:
22053:
22049:
22048:
22045:
22044:
22042:
22041:
22036:
22031:
22025:
22022:
22021:
22019:
22018:
22013:
22008:
22002:
22000:
21994:
21993:
21990:
21989:
21987:
21986:
21981:
21976:
21971:
21965:
21963:
21957:
21956:
21954:
21953:
21948:
21942:
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21924:
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21909:
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21902:
21897:
21887:
21881:
21879:
21873:
21872:
21870:
21869:
21868:
21867:
21865:Stoke-on-Trent
21862:
21857:
21847:
21841:
21839:
21835:
21834:
21832:
21831:
21826:
21825:
21824:
21819:
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21809:
21799:
21794:
21789:
21784:
21783:
21782:
21772:
21766:
21764:
21755:
21746:
21735:
21729:
21728:
21724:Modern English
21712:
21711:
21704:
21697:
21689:
21680:
21679:
21676:
21675:
21672:
21671:
21669:
21668:
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21563:
21558:
21553:
21545:
21537:
21529:
21527:
21517:
21516:
21504:
21503:
21501:
21500:
21498:Modern English
21495:
21490:
21488:Middle English
21485:
21480:
21479:
21478:
21473:
21468:
21463:
21453:
21448:
21443:
21441:Proto-Germanic
21438:
21432:
21429:
21428:
21421:
21420:
21413:
21406:
21398:
21392:
21389:
21388:
21376:
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21372:
21367:
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21357:
21352:
21347:
21342:
21337:
21332:
21327:
21321:
21318:
21317:
21309:
21308:
21301:
21294:
21286:
21280:
21279:
21274:
21264:
21263:
21258:
21252:
21251:
21240:
21239:
21237:
21236:External links
21234:
21232:
21231:
21225:
21204:
21198:
21177:
21126:Wells, John C.
21122:
21116:
21095:
21089:
21076:
21049:
21031:
21016:
21010:
20997:
20991:
20977:. p. 14.
20970:
20964:
20951:
20933:
20918:
20912:
20899:
20893:
20880:
20874:
20852:
20846:
20825:
20814:
20808:
20787:
20774:
20757:
20744:
20719:
20692:
20671:
20665:
20652:
20634:
20628:. A.A. Knopf.
20619:
20601:(3): 259–285.
20590:
20572:
20557:
20539:
20524:
20506:
20497:Indian English
20491:
20460:
20454:
20433:
20427:
20406:
20382:
20376:
20355:
20349:
20328:
20322:
20309:
20296:
20276:
20267:
20249:
20243:. BWV Verlag.
20237:"Introduction"
20232:
20214:
20199:
20193:
20172:
20166:
20145:
20139:
20118:
20098:
20073:
20067:
20054:
20036:
20021:
19990:
19984:
19971:
19965:
19944:
19923:
19905:
19887:
19881:
19860:
19854:
19833:
19804:
19798:
19785:
19775:(6): 594–601.
19764:
19744:
19738:
19717:
19699:
19681:
19675:
19662:
19656:
19633:
19615:
19600:
19575:
19569:
19556:
19530:
19524:
19511:
19505:
19484:
19478:
19457:
19439:(164): 33–63.
19432:
19422:(2): 204–226.
19411:
19390:
19372:
19366:
19350:
19344:
19331:
19325:
19304:
19298:
19277:
19272:
19259:
19250:
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19223:
19217:
19204:
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19031:
19025:
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18954:
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18883:
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18813:
18807:
18786:
18772:
18751:
18745:
18732:
18726:
18705:
18699:
18686:
18680:
18667:
18654:
18636:
18621:
18600:
18583:Graddol, David
18579:
18551:Graddol, David
18547:
18541:
18520:
18514:
18497:
18470:
18464:
18451:
18445:
18432:
18426:
18413:
18346:
18340:
18319:
18313:
18300:
18273:
18249:
18243:
18230:
18224:
18203:
18197:
18176:
18155:
18149:
18128:
18110:
18095:
18089:
18064:
18046:
18031:
18013:
17998:
17992:
17971:
17946:
17928:
17914:Crystal, David
17910:
17892:
17878:Crystal, David
17874:
17868:
17852:Language Death
17847:
17841:
17828:
17810:
17793:
17787:
17766:
17760:
17747:
17719:
17693:
17678:
17672:
17659:
17649:(2): 117–153.
17638:
17632:
17608:
17602:
17581:
17575:
17554:
17536:
17521:
17486:
17480:
17464:
17446:
17431:
17399:
17374:
17368:
17353:
17347:
17334:
17328:
17307:
17301:
17284:
17278:
17261:
17255:
17234:
17213:
17207:
17186:
17180:
17167:
17140:(3): 319–338.
17122:
17116:
17091:
17085:
17064:
17058:
17045:
17039:
17018:
17012:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16990:
16989:
16968:
16956:
16944:
16932:
16920:
16918:, p. 115.
16908:
16896:
16885:(2): 165–177.
16869:
16839:
16827:
16815:
16803:
16777:(2): 226–233.
16754:
16747:
16721:
16709:
16697:
16685:
16673:
16661:
16649:
16637:
16625:
16613:
16594:
16571:
16559:
16547:
16535:
16523:
16511:
16471:
16441:
16432:
16422:Labov, William
16414:
16402:
16390:
16378:
16366:
16354:
16342:
16330:
16323:
16305:
16293:
16281:
16269:
16257:
16245:
16233:
16207:
16195:
16183:
16171:
16159:
16157:, p. 125.
16147:
16135:
16133:, p. 107.
16123:
16121:, p. 290.
16111:
16109:, p. 159.
16107:Mountford 2006
16099:
16087:
16075:
16063:
16061:, p. 654.
16051:
16047:Mountford 2006
16039:
16037:, p. 156.
16035:Mountford 2006
16027:
16012:
16010:, p. 653.
15993:
15981:
15977:Mountford 2006
15969:
15967:, p. 149.
15954:
15952:, p. 202.
15939:
15937:, p. 198.
15927:
15925:, p. 197.
15915:
15913:, p. 692.
15903:
15891:
15879:
15877:, p. 302.
15867:
15855:
15843:
15809:
15807:, p. 196.
15794:
15775:
15755:
15736:
15716:
15714:, p. 265.
15704:
15692:
15670:
15658:
15656:, p. 129.
15643:
15639:Kastovsky 2006
15626:
15614:
15593:
15563:
15559:Schiffrin 1988
15551:
15539:
15527:
15515:
15503:
15491:
15479:
15467:
15465:, p. 114.
15455:
15453:, p. 557.
15443:
15441:, p. 545.
15431:
15419:
15417:, p. 551.
15407:
15377:
15375:, p. 550.
15365:
15363:, p. 553.
15353:
15341:
15329:
15299:
15287:
15275:
15260:
15248:
15236:
15234:, p. 541.
15224:
15209:
15194:
15192:, p. 426.
15182:
15151:
15124:
15112:
15108:Jespersen 2007
15100:
15080:
15068:
15056:
15044:
15014:
14977:
14970:
14952:
14940:
14938:, p. 540.
14925:
14913:
14901:
14889:
14877:
14865:
14863:, p. 118.
14853:
14846:
14825:
14818:
14793:
14781:
14779:, p. 493.
14769:
14757:
14755:, p. 114.
14745:
14733:
14729:Giegerich 1992
14721:
14709:
14693:
14678:
14645:
14615:
14603:
14591:
14579:
14567:
14555:
14543:
14531:
14529:, p. 121.
14519:
14517:, p. 167.
14507:
14495:
14493:, p. 138.
14483:
14471:
14444:
14432:
14420:
14408:
14396:
14394:, p. 534.
14384:
14372:
14360:
14348:
14336:
14324:
14322:, p. 163.
14320:Meierkord 2006
14312:
14300:
14288:
14276:
14264:
14252:
14240:
14210:
14198:
14186:
14174:
14172:, p. 321.
14162:
14150:
14138:
14136:, p. 261.
14126:
14114:
14102:
14090:
14078:
14076:, p. 139.
14066:
14051:
14039:
14037:, p. 165.
14035:Meierkord 2006
14027:
14015:
14003:
13981:
13959:
13929:
13917:
13913:Annamalai 2006
13905:
13903:, p. 594.
13893:
13881:
13879:, p. 195.
13869:
13857:
13845:
13827:
13801:
13771:
13753:
13724:
13698:
13687:(2): 141–160.
13671:
13660:. 6 April 2006
13643:
13622:
13608:. January 2020
13593:
13564:
13534:
13512:
13475:
13473:, p. 131.
13463:
13461:, p. 130.
13451:
13439:
13437:, p. 122.
13427:
13415:
13403:
13391:
13379:
13367:
13355:
13343:
13331:
13329:, p. 198.
13319:
13317:, p. 197.
13307:
13295:
13283:
13268:
13264:Schneider 2007
13256:
13244:
13232:
13220:
13208:
13196:
13194:, p. 377.
13177:
13165:
13153:
13141:
13129:
13117:
13105:
13093:
13078:
13076:, p. 196.
13063:
13048:
13046:, p. 106.
13036:
13009:
12984:
12972:
12960:
12948:
12936:
12921:
12909:
12892:
12875:
12856:
12836:
12821:
12819:, p. 614.
12806:
12804:, p. 586.
12794:
12782:
12770:
12758:
12743:
12708:
12690:. Wesley NNU.
12675:
12668:
12648:
12636:
12624:
12610:
12590:
12578:
12566:
12549:
12517:
12505:
12493:
12481:
12469:
12452:
12440:
12428:
12416:
12404:
12392:
12380:
12368:
12359:
12357:, p. 539.
12347:
12340:
12322:
12305:
12290:
12278:
12271:
12242:
12230:
12218:
12206:
12194:
12182:
12167:
12155:
12143:
12131:
12117:
12091:
12076:
12061:
12054:
12033:
12008:
11993:
11981:
11966:
11962:Wardhaugh 2010
11954:
11942:
11925:
11897:
11867:
11850:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11843:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11820:
11817:
11796:
11795:
11784:
11772:
11769:Speech example
11767:
11766:
11765:
11764:
11763:
11761:
11750:
11740:
11737:Speech example
11735:
11734:
11733:
11732:
11731:
11729:
11718:
11708:
11697:
11694:Speech example
11692:
11691:
11690:
11689:
11688:
11679:Main article:
11676:
11673:
11640:Indian English
11612:code-switching
11596:Cayman Islands
11532:
11531:
11529:
11515:woman with an
11510:
11498:
11495:Speech example
11493:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11483:
11472:
11460:
11457:Speech example
11455:
11454:
11453:
11452:
11451:
11449:
11434:
11423:
11420:Speech example
11418:
11417:
11416:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11401:
11391:
11380:
11377:Speech example
11375:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11371:
11356:Indian English
11339:
11336:
11289:
11288:
11277:
11265:
11260:
11259:
11258:
11257:
11256:
11254:
11243:
11233:
11223:
11220:Speech example
11218:
11217:
11216:
11215:
11214:
11207:Brunei English
11186:
11185:Southeast Asia
11183:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11125:
11114:
11111:Speech example
11109:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11095:Eleanor Catton
11088:
11076:
11073:Speech example
11071:
11070:
11069:
11068:
11067:
11064:
11063:
11048:
11036:
11033:Speech example
11031:
11030:
11029:
11028:
11027:
11025:
11006:
10994:
10991:Speech example
10989:
10988:
10987:
10986:
10985:
10983:
10972:
10962:
10952:
10949:Speech example
10947:
10946:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10927:
10924:
10919:Creole English
10896:pin–pen merger
10880:glide-deleting
10857:Acadian French
10791:of the vowels
10642:
10635:
10624:
10617:
10610:
10603:
10596:
10587:
10576:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10516:
10515:
10496:
10485:
10482:Speech example
10480:
10479:
10478:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10458:D. J. Shockley
10447:
10436:
10433:Speech example
10431:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10410:
10398:
10395:Speech example
10393:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10386:
10385:
10370:
10358:
10355:Speech example
10353:
10352:
10351:
10350:
10349:
10347:
10328:
10316:
10313:Speech example
10311:
10310:
10309:
10308:
10307:
10305:
10294:
10276:
10265:
10262:Speech example
10260:
10259:
10258:
10257:
10256:
10224:
10221:
10213:Ulster English
10193:County Wexford
10102:is pronounced
10054:dialects, the
10004:United Kingdom
9994:
9993:
9978:
9966:
9963:Speech example
9961:
9960:
9959:
9958:
9957:
9955:
9940:
9929:
9926:Speech example
9924:
9923:
9922:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9903:
9892:
9889:Speech example
9887:
9886:
9885:
9884:
9883:
9880:
9879:
9860:
9849:
9846:Speech example
9844:
9843:
9842:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9823:
9811:
9808:Speech example
9806:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9781:
9769:
9766:Speech example
9764:
9763:
9762:
9761:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9737:
9726:
9723:Speech example
9721:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9715:
9703:Cockney accent
9700:
9688:
9685:Speech example
9683:
9682:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9666:
9652:
9641:
9638:Speech example
9636:
9635:
9634:
9633:
9632:
9621:Ulster English
9617:Scots language
9592:
9589:
9546:
9543:
9343:. The letters
9102:Latin alphabet
9083:
9080:
9065:Englishization
9063:Main article:
9060:
9057:
9026:orthographical
9005:
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8993:
8987:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8945:
8942:
8845:
8842:
8834:lexicographers
8794:obsolete words
8789:
8786:
8668:cleft sentence
8654:
8651:
8607:) appear in a
8534:
8531:
8461:*Know you him?
8425:Modern English
8374:
8371:
8365:as well as by
8306:Main article:
8303:
8300:
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8275:
8272:
8269:
8265:
8264:
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8078:Main article:
8075:
8072:
8044:to put up with
8011:
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7875:Second person
7872:
7871:
7866:
7862:
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7858:
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7809:
7804:
7799:
7798:Second person
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7695:
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7672:3rd person sg.
7669:
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7657:Plain present
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7399:
7394:
7386:
7385:3rd, singular
7382:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
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7356:
7355:2nd, singular
7352:
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7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7325:1st, singular
7322:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7311:Objective case
7309:
7306:
7297:
7296:
7289:gender-neutral
7249:
7174:Otto Jespersen
7158:objective case
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6919:Main article:
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6406:Main article:
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6358:rhotic dialect
6218:Canadian Shift
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5506:
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5494:
5482:
5479:
5161:
5158:
5095:
5092:
5082:(phonemically
4973:as opposed to
4941:
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4903:
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4895:
4887:
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4495:Main article:
4492:
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4487:
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4449:
4435:
4419:. GA has dark
4397:
4396:
4379:fortis stops:
4377:
4280:
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4271:
4264:
4262:
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3987:
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3959:
3953:
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3947:
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3937:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3901:, and for RP.
3887:Main article:
3884:
3881:
3854:United Kingdom
3830:Main article:
3827:
3824:
3796:language death
3785:Simple English
3729:at the end of
3727:United Nations
3704:world language
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3643:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3596:Main article:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3570:United Kingdom
3566:
3551:
3544:
3533:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3348:United Kingdom
3335:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3293:Percentage of
3286:
3283:
3271:first language
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3143:
3140:
3072:published the
3062:published his
3060:Samuel Johnson
3039:British Empire
3034:
3031:
2972:printing press
2968:William Caxton
2869:Main article:
2866:
2863:
2742:
2699:Middle English
2694:
2693:Middle English
2691:
2684:). Other core
2681:hie, him, hera
2639:North Germanic
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2572:
2569:
2468:had many more
2391:Latin alphabet
2383:Scots language
2202:Main article:
2199:
2196:
2188:interrogatives
2136:modern grammar
2120:British Empire
2105:printing press
2071:Middle English
2050:
2047:
2042:Main article:
2039:
2036:
2028:palatalisation
2000:Proto-Germanic
1969:mixed language
1911:Middle English
1858:English is an
1830:
1813:
1798:in Europe and
1790:
1773:
1744:
1728:
1722:
1710:
1709:Classification
1707:
1655:Middle English
1619:of diplomacy,
1613:European Union
1605:United Kingdom
1558:British Empire
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:South Atlantic
1432:
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1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
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1357:
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1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:Modern English
1175:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1101:, you may see
1087:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1000:
999:
990:
982:
981:
980:Language codes
977:
976:
974:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
856:European Union
853:
851:United Nations
844:
843:
842:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
782:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
724:Norfolk Island
721:
716:
711:
706:
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691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
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654:Cayman Islands
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
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624:American Samoa
621:
610:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
582:United Kingdom
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
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379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
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344:
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334:
329:
324:
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303:
302:
298:
297:
289:
282:
279:
278:
276:
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266:
260:
249:
247:
243:Writing system
240:
237:
236:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
220:Middle English
210:Proto-Germanic
203:
201:
198:
195:
194:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
147:
145:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
125:
114:
103:
99:
98:
76:United Kingdom
68:
67:Native to
64:
63:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
26314:
26303:
26300:
26298:
26295:
26293:
26290:
26288:
26285:
26283:
26280:
26278:
26275:
26273:
26270:
26268:
26265:
26263:
26260:
26259:
26257:
26246:from Wikidata
26245:
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25808:
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25798:
25796:
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25788:
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25652:
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25647:
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25628:
25627:
25623:
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25614:
25608:
25607:
25603:
25601:
25600:United States
25598:
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25595:
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25369:
25366:
25364:
25361:
25359:
25356:
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25351:
25350:
25348:
25344:
25340:
25336:Further links
25333:
25329:
25315:
25311:
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25299:
25297:
25292:
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25284:
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25269:
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25157:
25155:
25153:
25149:
25143:
25142:
25141:Gage Canadian
25138:
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25135:
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25129:
25128:
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25122:
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24957:
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24936:
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24930:Richardson's
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24909:
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24903:
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24831:
24830:
24828:
24826:
24822:
24818:
24814:
24807:
24802:
24800:
24795:
24793:
24788:
24787:
24784:
24771:
24767:
24765:
24761:
24758:
24757:
24754:
24740:
24737:
24735:
24732:
24730:
24727:
24725:
24722:
24720:
24717:
24715:
24714:Germanic verb
24712:
24711:
24709:
24705:
24699:
24696:
24694:
24691:
24689:
24686:
24684:
24681:
24679:
24676:
24674:
24671:
24669:
24666:
24664:
24661:
24659:
24656:
24654:
24653:Sievers's law
24651:
24649:
24646:
24644:
24641:
24639:
24636:
24635:
24633:
24629:
24623:
24620:
24618:
24615:
24613:
24610:
24608:
24605:
24604:
24602:
24600:Reconstructed
24598:
24592:
24591:
24587:
24585:
24584:
24580:
24578:
24577:
24573:
24572:
24567:
24564:
24562:
24559:
24557:
24554:
24553:
24552:
24549:
24547:
24544:
24542:
24539:
24538:
24536:
24534:
24530:
24526:
24522:
24517:
24513:
24499:
24498:
24494:
24492:
24491:
24487:
24484:
24483:
24478:
24477:
24473:
24472:
24470:
24468:
24467:
24462:
24450:
24447:
24445:
24442:
24441:
24439:
24438:
24435:
24427:
24424:
24423:
24422:
24419:
24415:
24414:
24413:Middle Danish
24410:
24408:
24407:
24403:
24401:
24398:
24396:
24393:
24391:
24388:
24384:
24381:
24379:
24376:
24375:
24374:
24371:
24367:
24364:
24363:
24362:
24359:
24357:
24354:
24352:
24349:
24348:
24347:
24344:
24340:
24337:
24335:
24332:
24331:
24330:
24327:
24326:
24324:
24320:
24314:
24313:
24309:
24307:
24306:
24302:
24298:
24297:
24293:
24291:
24290:
24289:Old Icelandic
24286:
24285:
24284:
24281:
24279:
24276:
24272:
24271:
24267:
24265:
24264:
24263:Old Norwegian
24260:
24257:
24254:
24251:
24248:
24246:
24243:
24241:
24238:
24236:
24233:
24231:
24228:
24226:
24223:
24221:
24218:
24216:
24213:
24212:
24211:
24208:
24207:
24205:
24201:
24193:
24192:
24188:
24186:
24183:
24181:
24178:
24177:
24176:
24175:
24171:
24169:
24168:
24164:
24163:
24161:
24157:
24154:
24152:
24148:
24144:
24140:
24136:
24131:
24127:
24109:
24108:
24104:
24100:
24097:
24096:
24095:
24092:
24090:
24087:
24081:
24080:Gottscheerish
24078:
24076:
24073:
24071:
24068:
24066:
24063:
24061:
24058:
24057:
24056:
24053:
24049:
24046:
24045:
24044:
24041:
24039:
24036:
24035:
24034:
24031:
24027:
24024:
24020:
24019:Walser German
24017:
24016:
24015:
24012:
24008:
24005:
24004:
24003:
24000:
23996:
23993:
23991:
23988:
23987:
23986:
23985:Low Alemannic
23983:
23982:
23980:
23977:
23976:
23974:
23972:
23968:
23958:
23955:
23953:
23950:
23948:
23947:High Prussian
23945:
23943:
23940:
23938:
23935:
23933:
23932:Erzgebirgisch
23930:
23928:
23925:
23923:
23920:
23919:
23917:
23915:
23911:
23905:
23902:
23898:
23895:
23894:
23893:
23890:
23884:
23881:
23879:
23876:
23875:
23874:
23871:
23869:
23866:
23865:
23864:
23861:
23853:
23850:
23849:
23848:
23845:
23843:
23840:
23838:
23837:Luxembourgish
23835:
23834:
23833:
23830:
23826:
23823:
23821:
23818:
23817:
23816:
23813:
23812:
23811:
23808:
23807:
23805:
23803:
23799:
23796:
23794:
23790:
23782:
23779:
23777:
23776:
23775:Klezmer-loshn
23772:
23770:
23769:Scots Yiddish
23767:
23765:
23762:
23760:
23757:
23756:
23755:
23752:
23750:
23747:
23743:
23740:
23739:
23738:
23735:
23733:
23730:
23728:
23725:
23723:
23720:
23718:
23715:
23713:
23710:
23709:
23707:
23705:
23700:
23695:
23689:
23686:
23684:
23681:
23679:
23676:
23675:
23673:
23671:
23667:
23659:
23658:
23654:
23653:
23652:
23651:
23647:
23645:
23644:
23640:
23638:
23637:
23633:
23632:
23630:
23626:
23623:
23621:
23617:
23607:
23606:Meuse-Rhenish
23604:
23602:
23599:
23598:
23596:
23592:
23586:
23583:
23582:
23580:
23578:
23574:
23568:
23564:
23560:
23556:
23553:
23551:
23548:
23546:
23543:
23541:
23538:
23537:
23534:
23533:Kleverlandish
23531:
23529:
23526:
23524:
23521:
23519:
23516:
23512:
23509:
23508:
23507:
23504:
23500:
23497:
23496:
23495:
23494:Central Dutch
23492:
23491:
23489:
23485:
23478:
23474:
23471:
23469:
23466:
23465:
23463:
23461:
23457:
23451:
23448:
23446:
23443:
23441:
23438:
23437:
23435:
23431:
23428:
23426:
23422:
23410:
23407:
23406:
23405:
23402:
23400:
23397:
23395:
23392:
23390:
23387:
23385:
23382:
23381:
23379:
23377:
23373:
23367:
23364:
23362:
23359:
23355:
23352:
23351:
23350:
23347:
23343:
23340:
23338:
23335:
23331:
23328:
23326:
23323:
23322:
23320:
23318:
23315:
23313:
23310:
23308:
23305:
23303:
23302:Stellingwarfs
23300:
23299:
23298:
23295:
23294:
23292:
23290:
23286:
23280:
23279:
23275:
23273:
23272:
23268:
23267:
23265:
23261:
23258:
23256:
23252:
23236:
23233:
23227:
23224:
23223:
23222:Wood Frisian
23221:
23218:
23217:
23216:
23213:
23212:
23210:
23208:
23205:
23203:
23200:
23199:
23197:
23195:
23191:
23183:
23180:
23178:
23177:
23173:
23171:
23168:
23164:
23161:
23158:
23155:
23154:
23153:
23150:
23148:
23145:
23140:
23139:
23138:
23135:
23134:
23132:
23128:
23125:
23123:
23120:
23116:
23113:
23111:
23108:
23107:
23105:
23103:
23102:
23098:
23097:
23095:
23094:
23092:
23090:
23089:North Frisian
23086:
23078:
23077:
23073:
23071:
23070:
23066:
23064:
23063:
23059:
23058:
23057:
23054:
23050:
23047:
23046:
23044:
23043:
23041:
23039:
23035:
23029:
23028:
23024:
23022:
23021:
23017:
23016:
23014:
23010:
23007:
23005:
23001:
22993:
22992:
22988:
22986:
22985:
22981:
22980:
22979:
22976:
22972:
22971:
22967:
22965:
22964:
22960:
22958:
22957:
22953:
22952:
22951:
22948:
22942:
22941:
22937:
22936:
22935:
22934:
22930:
22928:
22927:
22923:
22921:
22920:
22916:
22914:
22911:
22910:
22909:
22906:
22905:
22903:
22901:
22897:
22894:
22892:
22891:Anglo-Frisian
22888:
22884:
22880:
22875:
22871:
22867:
22861:
22857:
22850:
22845:
22843:
22838:
22836:
22831:
22830:
22827:
22815:
22812:
22810:
22807:
22805:
22802:
22800:
22797:
22795:
22792:
22790:
22787:
22785:
22782:
22780:
22779:International
22777:
22773:
22770:
22768:
22765:
22764:
22762:
22760:
22757:
22755:
22752:
22750:
22747:
22745:
22742:
22740:
22737:
22735:
22732:
22730:
22727:
22725:
22722:
22720:
22717:
22716:
22714:
22710:
22700:
22697:
22695:
22692:
22690:
22687:
22685:
22682:
22680:
22677:
22675:
22672:
22671:
22669:
22667:
22663:
22657:
22654:
22652:
22649:
22647:
22644:
22640:
22637:
22636:
22635:
22632:
22630:
22627:
22626:
22624:
22622:
22618:
22612:
22609:
22608:
22605:
22602:
22598:
22592:
22589:
22587:
22584:
22582:
22579:
22575:
22572:
22570:
22567:
22566:
22565:
22562:
22560:
22557:
22555:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22545:
22542:
22540:
22537:
22535:
22532:
22530:
22527:
22525:
22522:
22520:
22517:
22516:
22514:
22510:
22500:
22497:
22495:
22492:
22488:
22485:
22484:
22483:
22480:
22478:
22475:
22474:
22471:
22465:
22462:
22460:
22459:Torres Strait
22457:
22455:
22452:
22450:
22447:
22443:
22440:
22439:
22438:
22435:
22434:
22432:
22430:
22426:
22423:
22419:
22409:
22406:
22404:
22401:
22400:
22397:
22391:
22388:
22386:
22383:
22381:
22378:
22376:
22373:
22369:
22366:
22365:
22364:
22361:
22359:
22356:
22354:
22351:
22349:
22346:
22345:
22343:
22341:
22337:
22323:
22320:
22318:
22315:
22313:
22310:
22308:
22305:
22303:
22300:
22298:
22295:
22293:
22290:
22286:
22283:
22282:
22281:
22278:
22277:
22275:
22269:
22263:
22260:
22256:
22253:
22251:
22248:
22247:
22246:
22243:
22239:
22236:
22234:
22231:
22229:
22226:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22215:
22214:
22211:
22207:
22204:
22203:
22202:
22199:
22195:
22194:North-Central
22192:
22190:
22187:
22186:
22185:
22182:
22178:
22175:
22174:
22173:
22172:New York City
22170:
22166:
22163:
22161:
22158:
22156:
22153:
22151:
22148:
22147:
22146:
22143:
22141:
22138:
22137:
22134:
22131:
22129:
22123:
22117:
22114:
22112:
22109:
22107:
22106:Ottawa Valley
22104:
22102:
22099:
22095:
22092:
22090:
22087:
22086:
22085:
22082:
22080:
22077:
22076:
22074:
22072:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22057:
22054:
22050:
22040:
22037:
22035:
22032:
22030:
22027:
22026:
22023:
22017:
22014:
22012:
22009:
22007:
22004:
22003:
22001:
21999:
21995:
21985:
21982:
21980:
21977:
21975:
21972:
21970:
21967:
21966:
21964:
21962:
21958:
21952:
21949:
21947:
21944:
21943:
21941:
21939:
21935:
21923:
21920:
21918:
21915:
21914:
21913:
21910:
21908:
21905:
21901:
21900:Multicultural
21898:
21896:
21893:
21892:
21891:
21888:
21886:
21883:
21882:
21880:
21878:
21874:
21866:
21863:
21861:
21860:Black Country
21858:
21856:
21853:
21852:
21851:
21850:West Midlands
21848:
21846:
21845:East Midlands
21843:
21842:
21840:
21836:
21830:
21827:
21823:
21820:
21818:
21815:
21813:
21810:
21808:
21805:
21804:
21803:
21800:
21798:
21795:
21793:
21790:
21788:
21785:
21781:
21778:
21777:
21776:
21773:
21771:
21768:
21767:
21765:
21763:
21759:
21756:
21754:
21750:
21747:
21745:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21730:
21725:
21721:
21717:
21710:
21705:
21703:
21698:
21696:
21691:
21690:
21687:
21667:
21666:
21662:
21658:
21655:
21653:
21650:
21649:
21648:
21647:
21643:
21641:
21639:
21635:
21633:
21630:
21628:
21627:
21623:
21621:
21620:-vocalization
21619:
21615:
21613:
21611:
21607:
21605:
21602:
21600:
21597:
21596:
21594:
21592:
21588:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21572:
21569:
21567:
21564:
21562:
21559:
21557:
21554:
21552:
21546:
21544:
21538:
21536:
21535:
21531:
21530:
21528:
21526:
21522:
21518:
21514:
21509:
21505:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21484:
21481:
21477:
21474:
21472:
21469:
21467:
21464:
21462:
21459:
21458:
21457:
21454:
21452:
21449:
21447:
21444:
21442:
21439:
21437:
21434:
21433:
21430:
21426:
21419:
21414:
21412:
21407:
21405:
21400:
21399:
21396:
21390:
21383:
21371:
21368:
21366:
21363:
21361:
21358:
21356:
21353:
21351:
21348:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21323:
21322:
21319:
21315:
21307:
21302:
21300:
21295:
21293:
21288:
21287:
21284:
21278:
21275:
21272:
21269:
21268:
21262:
21259:
21257:
21254:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21228:
21222:
21218:
21214:
21210:
21205:
21201:
21195:
21191:
21187:
21183:
21178:
21169:
21160:
21151:
21147:
21143:
21139:
21135:
21131:
21127:
21123:
21119:
21113:
21109:
21105:
21101:
21096:
21092:
21086:
21082:
21077:
21074:
21062:
21055:
21050:
21038:
21034:
21028:
21024:
21023:
21017:
21013:
21007:
21003:
20998:
20994:
20988:
20984:
20980:
20976:
20971:
20967:
20961:
20957:
20952:
20940:
20936:
20930:
20926:
20925:
20919:
20915:
20909:
20905:
20900:
20896:
20890:
20886:
20881:
20877:
20871:
20867:
20866:
20861:
20857:
20853:
20849:
20843:
20839:
20835:
20831:
20826:
20822:
20821:
20815:
20811:
20805:
20801:
20797:
20793:
20788:
20777:
20771:
20766:
20765:
20758:
20751:
20747:
20741:
20734:
20733:
20725:
20720:
20705:
20698:
20693:
20681:
20677:
20672:
20668:
20662:
20658:
20653:
20641:
20637:
20631:
20627:
20626:
20620:
20616:
20612:
20608:
20604:
20600:
20596:
20591:
20579:
20575:
20569:
20565:
20564:
20558:
20546:
20542:
20536:
20532:
20531:
20525:
20513:
20509:
20503:
20499:
20498:
20492:
20477:
20473:
20466:
20461:
20457:
20451:
20447:
20443:
20439:
20434:
20430:
20424:
20420:
20416:
20412:
20407:
20395:
20391:
20387:
20383:
20379:
20373:
20369:
20365:
20361:
20356:
20352:
20346:
20342:
20338:
20334:
20329:
20325:
20319:
20315:
20310:
20299:
20293:
20288:
20287:
20281:
20277:
20273:
20268:
20256:
20252:
20246:
20242:
20238:
20233:
20221:
20217:
20211:
20208:. Routledge.
20207:
20206:
20200:
20196:
20190:
20186:
20182:
20178:
20173:
20169:
20163:
20159:
20155:
20151:
20146:
20142:
20136:
20132:
20128:
20124:
20119:
20107:
20103:
20099:
20087:
20083:
20079:
20074:
20070:
20064:
20060:
20055:
20043:
20039:
20033:
20029:
20028:
20022:
20007:
20003:
19996:
19991:
19987:
19981:
19977:
19972:
19968:
19962:
19958:
19954:
19950:
19945:
19933:
19929:
19924:
19912:
19908:
19902:
19898:
19897:
19892:
19888:
19884:
19878:
19874:
19870:
19866:
19861:
19857:
19851:
19847:
19843:
19839:
19834:
19830:
19826:
19822:
19818:
19814:
19810:
19805:
19801:
19795:
19791:
19786:
19782:
19778:
19774:
19770:
19765:
19753:
19749:
19745:
19741:
19735:
19731:
19727:
19723:
19718:
19706:
19702:
19696:
19692:
19691:
19686:
19682:
19678:
19672:
19668:
19663:
19659:
19653:
19649:
19645:
19641:
19640:
19634:
19622:
19618:
19612:
19608:
19607:
19601:
19597:
19593:
19589:
19585:
19581:
19576:
19572:
19566:
19563:. Blackwell.
19562:
19557:
19545:
19541:
19536:
19531:
19527:
19521:
19517:
19512:
19508:
19502:
19498:
19493:
19492:
19485:
19481:
19475:
19471:
19467:
19463:
19458:
19454:
19450:
19446:
19442:
19438:
19433:
19429:
19425:
19421:
19417:
19412:
19397:
19393:
19387:
19380:
19379:
19373:
19369:
19363:
19359:
19355:
19351:
19347:
19341:
19337:
19332:
19328:
19322:
19318:
19314:
19310:
19305:
19301:
19295:
19291:
19286:
19285:
19278:
19275:
19269:
19265:
19260:
19256:
19251:
19247:
19241:
19237:
19233:
19229:
19224:
19220:
19214:
19210:
19205:
19201:
19199:9780813933276
19195:
19191:
19186:
19182:
19178:
19174:
19168:
19164:
19160:
19156:
19152:
19148:
19136:
19132:
19128:
19124:
19118:
19114:
19110:
19109:"17. English"
19105:
19102:
19088:
19084:
19080:
19076:
19070:
19066:
19065:
19059:
19055:
19049:
19045:
19040:
19039:
19032:
19028:
19022:
19018:
19014:
19010:
19005:
19001:
18996:
18981:
18977:
18973:
18966:
18961:
18957:
18951:
18947:
18944:. Cambridge:
18943:
18939:
18935:
18923:
18919:
18914:
18911:
18898:
18894:
18890:
18886:
18884:9780340614457
18880:
18876:
18872:
18867:
18855:
18851:
18845:
18841:
18840:
18834:
18822:
18818:
18814:
18810:
18804:
18800:
18795:
18794:
18787:
18783:
18779:
18775:
18769:
18765:
18761:
18757:
18752:
18748:
18742:
18738:
18733:
18729:
18723:
18719:
18715:
18711:
18706:
18702:
18696:
18692:
18687:
18683:
18677:
18673:
18668:
18663:
18662:
18655:
18643:
18639:
18633:
18630:. Routledge.
18629:
18628:
18622:
18607:
18603:
18597:
18590:
18589:
18584:
18580:
18565:
18558:
18557:
18552:
18548:
18544:
18538:
18534:
18530:
18526:
18521:
18517:
18511:
18507:
18503:
18498:
18486:
18482:
18481:
18476:
18471:
18467:
18461:
18457:
18452:
18448:
18442:
18438:
18433:
18429:
18423:
18419:
18414:
18399:
18395:
18391:
18387:
18383:
18378:
18373:
18369:
18365:
18364:
18356:
18354:
18347:
18343:
18337:
18333:
18328:
18327:
18320:
18316:
18310:
18306:
18301:
18286:
18279:
18274:
18262:
18258:
18254:
18250:
18246:
18240:
18236:
18231:
18227:
18221:
18217:
18213:
18209:
18204:
18200:
18194:
18190:
18186:
18182:
18177:
18173:
18169:
18165:
18161:
18156:
18152:
18146:
18142:
18138:
18134:
18129:
18117:
18113:
18107:
18103:
18102:
18096:
18092:
18086:
18082:
18077:
18076:
18070:
18065:
18053:
18049:
18043:
18039:
18038:
18032:
18020:
18016:
18010:
18006:
18005:
17999:
17995:
17989:
17985:
17980:
17979:
17972:
17960:
17956:
17952:
17947:
17935:
17931:
17925:
17921:
17920:
17915:
17911:
17899:
17895:
17889:
17885:
17884:
17879:
17875:
17871:
17865:
17861:
17857:
17853:
17848:
17844:
17838:
17834:
17829:
17817:
17813:
17807:
17802:
17801:
17794:
17790:
17784:
17780:
17776:
17772:
17767:
17763:
17757:
17753:
17748:
17744:
17740:
17736:
17732:
17728:
17724:
17720:
17708:
17704:
17700:
17696:
17690:
17686:
17685:
17679:
17675:
17669:
17665:
17660:
17656:
17652:
17648:
17644:
17639:
17635:
17629:
17625:
17621:
17617:
17613:
17609:
17605:
17599:
17595:
17590:
17589:
17582:
17578:
17572:
17568:
17564:
17560:
17555:
17543:
17539:
17533:
17529:
17528:
17522:
17510:
17506:
17502:
17500:
17495:
17491:
17487:
17483:
17477:
17473:
17469:
17465:
17453:
17449:
17443:
17439:
17438:
17432:
17428:
17422:
17406:
17402:
17396:
17392:
17388:
17384:
17380:
17375:
17371:
17365:
17361:
17360:
17354:
17350:
17344:
17340:
17335:
17331:
17325:
17321:
17317:
17313:
17308:
17304:
17298:
17294:
17290:
17285:
17281:
17279:9789027248763
17275:
17271:
17267:
17262:
17258:
17252:
17248:
17243:
17242:
17235:
17223:
17219:
17214:
17210:
17204:
17200:
17196:
17192:
17187:
17183:
17177:
17173:
17168:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17147:
17143:
17139:
17135:
17128:
17123:
17119:
17113:
17109:
17105:
17101:
17097:
17092:
17088:
17082:
17078:
17074:
17070:
17065:
17061:
17055:
17051:
17046:
17042:
17036:
17032:
17028:
17024:
17019:
17015:
17013:9781405164252
17009:
17005:
17000:
16999:
16986:
16985:9780878400997
16982:
16975:
16973:
16965:
16960:
16953:
16948:
16941:
16936:
16929:
16924:
16917:
16912:
16905:
16900:
16892:
16888:
16884:
16880:
16873:
16857:
16853:
16849:
16843:
16836:
16831:
16824:
16819:
16812:
16807:
16796:
16792:
16788:
16784:
16780:
16776:
16772:
16765:
16758:
16750:
16744:
16740:
16736:
16732:
16725:
16718:
16713:
16706:
16705:Maclagan 2010
16701:
16694:
16689:
16682:
16681:Burridge 2010
16677:
16670:
16665:
16658:
16657:Eagleson 1982
16653:
16646:
16645:Patrick 2006b
16641:
16634:
16629:
16622:
16617:
16601:
16597:
16591:
16587:
16586:
16581:
16575:
16568:
16563:
16556:
16551:
16544:
16539:
16532:
16527:
16520:
16515:
16497:
16493:
16489:
16482:
16475:
16459:
16455:
16451:
16445:
16436:
16429:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16411:
16406:
16399:
16394:
16387:
16382:
16375:
16370:
16363:
16358:
16352:, p. 34.
16351:
16346:
16339:
16334:
16326:
16320:
16316:
16309:
16302:
16297:
16290:
16285:
16279:, p. 81.
16278:
16273:
16266:
16265:Trudgill 1999
16261:
16255:, p. 80.
16254:
16253:Trudgill 1999
16249:
16242:
16237:
16221:
16217:
16211:
16205:, p. 31.
16204:
16199:
16193:, p. 40.
16192:
16187:
16181:, p. 37.
16180:
16175:
16168:
16163:
16156:
16155:Trudgill 1999
16151:
16145:, p. 10.
16144:
16143:Trudgill 1999
16139:
16132:
16131:Crystal 2003b
16127:
16120:
16115:
16108:
16103:
16096:
16095:Shaywitz 2003
16091:
16084:
16079:
16072:
16067:
16060:
16055:
16048:
16043:
16036:
16031:
16024:
16019:
16017:
16009:
16004:
16002:
16000:
15998:
15990:
15985:
15978:
15973:
15966:
15961:
15959:
15951:
15950:Gottlieb 2006
15946:
15944:
15936:
15935:Gottlieb 2006
15931:
15924:
15923:Gottlieb 2006
15919:
15912:
15907:
15900:
15895:
15888:
15887:Crystal 2003b
15883:
15876:
15871:
15864:
15859:
15852:
15847:
15831:
15827:
15824:(in French).
15823:
15819:
15813:
15806:
15805:Gottlieb 2006
15801:
15799:
15782:
15778:
15772:
15768:
15767:
15759:
15743:
15739:
15733:
15729:
15728:
15720:
15713:
15708:
15701:
15696:
15688:
15684:
15680:
15674:
15667:
15666:Crystal 2003b
15662:
15655:
15654:Crystal 2003b
15650:
15648:
15640:
15635:
15633:
15631:
15623:
15618:
15611:
15606:
15604:
15602:
15600:
15598:
15581:
15577:
15573:
15567:
15560:
15555:
15548:
15543:
15536:
15531:
15524:
15519:
15512:
15507:
15500:
15495:
15488:
15483:
15476:
15471:
15464:
15459:
15452:
15447:
15440:
15435:
15428:
15423:
15416:
15411:
15395:
15391:
15387:
15381:
15374:
15369:
15362:
15357:
15350:
15349:McArthur 1992
15345:
15338:
15333:
15317:
15313:
15309:
15303:
15296:
15291:
15284:
15279:
15272:
15267:
15265:
15257:
15252:
15246:, p. 50.
15245:
15240:
15233:
15228:
15222:, p. 51.
15221:
15216:
15214:
15207:, p. 58.
15206:
15201:
15199:
15191:
15186:
15170:
15166:
15162:
15155:
15139:
15135:
15128:
15121:
15116:
15109:
15104:
15097:
15093:
15089:
15084:
15077:
15072:
15065:
15060:
15053:
15048:
15032:
15028:
15024:
15018:
15010:
15002:
14998:
14997:
14991:
14984:
14982:
14973:
14967:
14963:
14956:
14949:
14944:
14937:
14932:
14930:
14923:, p. 57.
14922:
14917:
14910:
14905:
14899:, p. 55.
14898:
14893:
14886:
14881:
14874:
14869:
14862:
14857:
14849:
14843:
14839:
14832:
14830:
14821:
14815:
14811:
14804:
14802:
14800:
14798:
14791:, p. 22.
14790:
14785:
14778:
14773:
14766:
14761:
14754:
14749:
14742:
14737:
14731:, p. 36.
14730:
14725:
14719:, p. 53.
14718:
14713:
14706:
14702:
14697:
14690:
14685:
14683:
14673:
14668:
14664:
14660:
14656:
14649:
14633:
14629:
14625:
14619:
14613:, p. 66.
14612:
14607:
14600:
14595:
14588:
14583:
14576:
14571:
14565:, p. 42.
14564:
14559:
14552:
14547:
14541:, p. 60.
14540:
14535:
14528:
14523:
14516:
14511:
14504:
14499:
14492:
14487:
14480:
14475:
14459:
14455:
14448:
14441:
14436:
14430:, p. 41.
14429:
14424:
14418:, p. 13.
14417:
14412:
14405:
14400:
14393:
14388:
14381:
14376:
14369:
14368:MacMahon 2006
14364:
14357:
14352:
14345:
14340:
14333:
14328:
14321:
14316:
14309:
14304:
14297:
14292:
14285:
14280:
14273:
14268:
14261:
14256:
14249:
14244:
14228:
14224:
14220:
14214:
14207:
14202:
14195:
14190:
14183:
14178:
14171:
14166:
14159:
14154:
14148:, p. 29.
14147:
14142:
14135:
14130:
14124:, p. 47.
14123:
14118:
14111:
14106:
14099:
14094:
14087:
14082:
14075:
14070:
14063:
14062:Northrup 2013
14058:
14056:
14048:
14043:
14036:
14031:
14024:
14019:
14012:
14007:
13988:
13984:
13978:
13971:
13970:
13963:
13947:
13943:
13939:
13933:
13926:
13921:
13914:
13909:
13902:
13901:Mesthrie 2010
13897:
13890:
13885:
13878:
13873:
13866:
13861:
13854:
13849:
13841:
13837:
13831:
13815:
13811:
13805:
13798:
13785:
13781:
13775:
13768:
13764:
13757:
13750:
13738:
13734:
13728:
13712:
13708:
13702:
13694:
13690:
13686:
13682:
13675:
13659:
13658:
13653:
13647:
13632:
13626:
13619:
13607:
13603:
13597:
13590:
13578:
13574:
13568:
13552:
13548:
13544:
13538:
13522:
13516:
13509:
13503:
13498:
13495:(1/2): 83–4.
13494:
13490:
13486:
13479:
13472:
13467:
13460:
13455:
13448:
13443:
13436:
13431:
13424:
13419:
13412:
13411:Trudgill 2006
13407:
13400:
13395:
13388:
13383:
13376:
13371:
13364:
13359:
13352:
13347:
13340:
13335:
13328:
13323:
13316:
13311:
13304:
13299:
13292:
13287:
13280:
13275:
13273:
13265:
13260:
13253:
13248:
13241:
13236:
13229:
13228:Patrick 2006a
13224:
13217:
13212:
13206:, p. 69.
13205:
13204:Crystal 2003a
13200:
13193:
13188:
13186:
13184:
13182:
13174:
13169:
13162:
13157:
13150:
13145:
13138:
13133:
13126:
13121:
13114:
13109:
13103:, Key Points.
13102:
13097:
13090:
13085:
13083:
13075:
13070:
13068:
13060:
13055:
13053:
13045:
13044:Crystal 2003b
13040:
13024:
13020:
13013:
12994:
12988:
12981:
12976:
12969:
12964:
12957:
12952:
12945:
12940:
12933:
12928:
12926:
12918:
12913:
12906:
12905:Crystal 2003a
12901:
12899:
12897:
12889:
12884:
12882:
12880:
12863:
12859:
12853:
12849:
12848:
12840:
12833:
12832:Northrup 2013
12828:
12826:
12818:
12813:
12811:
12803:
12798:
12791:
12786:
12779:
12774:
12767:
12762:
12755:
12750:
12748:
12740:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12712:
12693:
12686:
12679:
12671:
12665:
12661:
12660:
12652:
12645:
12640:
12633:
12628:
12613:
12611:9788437083216
12607:
12603:
12602:
12594:
12587:
12582:
12575:
12570:
12563:
12558:
12556:
12554:
12537:
12533:
12532:
12524:
12522:
12514:
12509:
12502:
12497:
12490:
12485:
12478:
12473:
12467:, p. 23.
12466:
12461:
12459:
12457:
12449:
12448:Donoghue 2008
12444:
12437:
12432:
12425:
12424:Campbell 1959
12420:
12413:
12408:
12401:
12396:
12389:
12384:
12377:
12372:
12363:
12356:
12351:
12343:
12337:
12333:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12302:
12297:
12295:
12288:, p. 30.
12287:
12286:Crystal 2003b
12282:
12274:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12249:
12247:
12239:
12234:
12227:
12222:
12215:
12210:
12203:
12198:
12191:
12186:
12179:
12174:
12172:
12164:
12159:
12152:
12151:Robinson 1992
12147:
12140:
12135:
12128:
12126:
12120:
12114:
12110:
12106:
12102:
12095:
12089:, p. 39.
12088:
12083:
12081:
12074:, p. 30.
12073:
12068:
12066:
12057:
12051:
12048:. C. Winter.
12047:
12040:
12038:
12029:
12025:
12024:
12019:
12012:
12005:
12004:Crystal 2003b
12000:
11998:
11990:
11985:
11978:
11977:
11970:
11964:, p. 55.
11963:
11958:
11951:
11950:Crystal 2003a
11946:
11939:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11921:
11915:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11902:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11871:
11864:
11860:
11855:
11851:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11822:
11816:
11814:
11810:
11806:
11802:
11788:
11787:Werner Herzog
11770:
11762:
11754:
11738:
11730:
11726:
11724:
11712:
11695:
11687:
11686:
11682:
11672:
11670:
11666:
11641:
11636:
11634:
11630:
11616:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11601:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11585:
11581:
11576:
11574:
11570:
11565:
11563:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11530:
11522:
11521:Arundhati Roy
11518:
11517:Indian accent
11514:
11496:
11488:
11486:
11485:
11476:
11458:
11450:
11442:
11438:
11421:
11413:
11409:
11407:
11395:
11378:
11370:
11369:
11365:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11349:
11345:
11335:
11333:
11329:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11281:
11263:
11255:
11251:
11249:
11237:
11221:
11213:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11192:
11182:
11180:
11176:
11171:
11167:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11141:
11133:
11129:
11112:
11104:
11096:
11092:
11074:
11066:
11065:
11056:
11055:Geoffrey Rush
11052:
11034:
11026:
11018:
11017:Julia Gillard
11014:
11011:woman with a
11010:
10992:
10984:
10980:
10978:
10966:
10950:
10942:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10923:
10920:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10899:
10897:
10893:
10889:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10868:
10866:
10862:
10858:
10854:
10850:
10846:
10845:Irish English
10842:
10838:
10834:
10831:, comprises
10830:
10826:
10822:
10816:
10802:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10751:
10749:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10708:United States
10704:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10669:Cajun English
10666:
10662:
10657:
10647:
10640:
10633:
10630:
10622:
10615:
10608:
10601:
10594:
10585:
10582:
10574:
10563:
10559:
10555:
10554:
10549:
10546:dominates in
10545:
10541:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10522:
10508:
10504:
10501:woman with a
10500:
10483:
10475:
10467:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10434:
10426:
10418:
10414:
10413:Boston accent
10396:
10388:
10387:
10378:
10374:
10356:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10314:
10306:
10302:
10300:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10263:
10255:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10223:North America
10220:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10209:Irish English
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10181:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10161:
10157:
10149:
10145:
10137:
10133:
10131:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10113:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10085:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10035:
10033:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10009:
10005:
10000:
9986:
9985:Mary Robinson
9982:
9964:
9956:
9948:
9944:
9927:
9919:
9911:
9907:
9890:
9882:
9881:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9847:
9839:
9831:
9827:
9809:
9801:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9767:
9759:
9758:
9749:
9748:Russell Brand
9745:
9741:
9724:
9716:
9708:
9704:
9686:
9678:
9674:
9672:
9660:
9656:
9639:
9631:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9609:Welsh English
9606:
9602:
9598:
9588:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9560:
9556:
9552:
9542:
9539:
9534:
9530:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9519:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9455:
9444:
9436:
9428:
9420:
9408:
9400:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9376:
9375:
9365:
9364:
9350:
9346:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9230:
9229:sound changes
9226:
9221:
9219:
9215:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9115:
9111:
9107:
9103:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9079:
9077:
9073:
9072:lingua franca
9066:
9056:
9054:
9049:
9047:
9041:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9027:
9021:
9019:
8968:
8961:
8955:
8951:
8941:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8932:
8927:
8926:
8921:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8907:
8903:
8899:
8896:(for example
8895:
8891:
8886:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8841:
8839:
8835:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8803:species names
8799:
8795:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8766:stance taking
8763:
8759:
8755:
8751:
8747:
8743:
8739:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8715:
8710:
8709:
8703:
8699:
8697:
8693:
8692:it is raining
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8672:dummy subject
8669:
8665:
8660:
8659:topic-comment
8650:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8583:-words; e.g.
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8564:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8545:
8540:
8530:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8467:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8409:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8398:find its bone
8396:, the clause
8395:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8309:
8302:Clause syntax
8299:
8297:
8296:
8290:
8288:
8282:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8246:
8237:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8151:passive voice
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8128:
8124:
8119:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8093:, the adverb
8092:
8088:
8081:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8016:phrasal verbs
8010:Phrasal verbs
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7976:
7974:
7971:; imperative
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7910:I was running
7907:
7903:
7899:
7890:
7889:John will run
7887:
7885:Third person
7883:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7865:First person
7863:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:Third person
7811:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:First person
7781:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7670:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7655:
7644:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7590:
7589:English verbs
7580:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7553:for my friend
7550:
7544:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7515:anaphorically
7512:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7303:
7294:
7290:
7287:) serve as a
7286:
7282:
7280:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7190:
7186:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6959:the child is
6956:
6954:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6812:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6649:
6648:English nouns
6634:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6437:subordinators
6434:
6430:
6426:
6423:in favour of
6422:
6418:
6415:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6382:
6378:
6373:
6359:
6355:
6354:syllable coda
6347:
6343:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6330:
6328:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6285:
6283:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6170:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6136:
6135:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6034:Sound change
6033:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6007:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5940:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5648:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5604:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5471:vowel quality
5467:
5463:
5458:
5454:
5419:
5413:
5383:
5377:
5345:
5339:
5312:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5286:
5250:
5249:
5240:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5091:
5081:
5077:
5075:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4678:Monophthongs
4668:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4365:lenis stops:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4320:
4304:
4299:
4291:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4243:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4218:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3858:United States
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3748:(ASEAN), and
3747:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3700:lingua franca
3696:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3677: No data
3640:
3633: No data
3614:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3586:
3585:United States
3582:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3501:English is a
3448:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3379:David Crystal
3376:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:United States
3339:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:East Midlands
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2853:Thomas Malory
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2611:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:in pronouns (
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2378:Cædmon's Hymn
2374:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:British Latin
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:Roman Britain
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:Anglo-Frisian
2250:
2249:West Germanic
2239:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:, as well as
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:Indo-European
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:lingua franca
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Verner's laws
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1923:Yola language
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:British Isles
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:group of the
1865:
1864:West Germanic
1861:
1853:
1852:West Germanic
1848:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1827:Luxembourgish
1824:
1820:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1726: English
1721:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:lingua franca
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:United States
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:Great Britain
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:South African
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
988:
983:
978:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
759:South Georgia
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
613:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:United States
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
310:
304:
299:
293:
290:
286:
280:
274:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
250:
248:
244:
238:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
206:
202:
196:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:Anglo-Frisian
167:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:West Germanic
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:Indo-European
146:
142:
136:
129:
126:
122:1.077 billion
119:
116:
115:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:United States
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
31:
29:Pronunciation
27:
22:
19:
26241:
26224:
26207:
26190:
26178:from Commons
26173:
26156:
26135:
26063:
26060:Dependencies
26028:
26001:
25969:
25960:Cook Islands
25952:
25929:
25922:
25884:
25877:
25870:
25850:
25805:South Africa
25795:Sierra Leone
25713:
25685:
25678:
25643:
25636:
25624:
25604:
25592:
25580:
25575:Sint Maarten
25573:
25566:
25544:
25537:
25515:
25503:
25491:
25484:
25457:
25437:
25419:
25265:
25258:
25251:
25244:
25237:
25230:
25173:
25166:
25159:
25139:
25132:
25125:
25118:
25098:
25091:
25084:
25077:
25070:
25063:
25056:
25036:
25027:
25020:
25013:
25006:
24999:
24994:
24987:
24980:
24960:
24953:
24945:
24937:
24931:
24923:
24922:Worcester's
24913:
24906:
24896:
24888:
24880:
24872:
24864:
24846:
24839:
24832:
24759:
24643:Verner's law
24588:
24583:Gotho-Nordic
24581:
24574:
24495:
24488:
24480:
24474:
24464:
24449:Fårö Gutnish
24411:
24404:
24310:
24303:
24294:
24287:
24268:
24261:
24189:
24184:
24179:
24172:
24165:
24105:
24007:Swiss German
23971:Upper German
23904:Amana German
23878:Volga German
23847:Hunsrückisch
23773:
23727:Unserdeutsch
23722:Berlinerisch
23655:
23648:
23641:
23634:
23594:Cover groups
23550:Mohawk Dutch
23545:Jersey Dutch
23523:East Flemish
23506:West Flemish
23450:Middle Dutch
23404:Low Prussian
23276:
23269:
23235:Terschelling
23219:Clay Frisian
23194:West Frisian
23182:Wiedingharde
23174:
23162:
23122:Heligolandic
23099:
23074:
23067:
23060:
23055:
23038:East Frisian
23025:
23018:
22991:Middle Scots
22989:
22982:
22968:
22961:
22954:
22949:
22938:
22931:
22924:
22917:
22907:
22718:
22564:South Africa
22559:Sierra Leone
22312:Miami Latino
22201:Philadelphia
22189:Inland North
22094:Newfoundland
21912:West Country
21726:by continent
21664:
21645:
21637:
21625:
21617:
21609:
21533:
21471:Northumbrian
21313:
21246:
21208:
21181:
21168:0-52128541-0
21159:0-52128540-2
21150:0-52129719-2
21129:
21099:
21080:
21072:
21065:. Retrieved
21041:. Retrieved
21021:
21001:
20974:
20955:
20943:. Retrieved
20923:
20903:
20884:
20864:
20829:
20819:
20791:
20779:. Retrieved
20763:
20731:
20711:. Retrieved
20704:the original
20684:. Retrieved
20656:
20644:. Retrieved
20624:
20598:
20594:
20582:. Retrieved
20562:
20549:. Retrieved
20529:
20516:. Retrieved
20496:
20483:. Retrieved
20476:the original
20471:
20437:
20410:
20398:. Retrieved
20389:
20359:
20332:
20313:
20301:. Retrieved
20285:
20271:
20259:. Retrieved
20240:
20224:. Retrieved
20204:
20176:
20149:
20122:
20110:. Retrieved
20090:. Retrieved
20081:
20058:
20046:. Retrieved
20026:
20013:. Retrieved
20006:the original
20001:
19975:
19948:
19936:. Retrieved
19915:. Retrieved
19895:
19864:
19837:
19815:(1): 47–64.
19812:
19808:
19789:
19772:
19768:
19756:. Retrieved
19721:
19709:. Retrieved
19689:
19666:
19638:
19625:. Retrieved
19605:
19579:
19560:
19548:. Retrieved
19539:
19515:
19490:
19461:
19436:
19419:
19415:
19405:22 September
19403:. Retrieved
19377:
19357:
19354:Leech, G. N.
19335:
19308:
19283:
19263:
19254:
19227:
19208:
19189:
19154:
19139:. Retrieved
19112:
19091:. Retrieved
19063:
19037:
19008:
19002:. Routledge.
18999:
18987:. Retrieved
18975:
18971:
18941:
18926:. Retrieved
18922:the original
18908:
18901:. Retrieved
18874:
18858:. Retrieved
18838:
18825:. Retrieved
18792:
18755:
18736:
18709:
18690:
18671:
18660:
18646:. Retrieved
18626:
18613:. Retrieved
18606:the original
18587:
18571:. Retrieved
18564:the original
18555:
18524:
18505:
18489:. Retrieved
18485:the original
18478:
18455:
18436:
18417:
18405:. Retrieved
18370:(1): 83–96.
18367:
18361:
18353:Rosa's roses
18352:
18325:
18304:
18292:. Retrieved
18285:the original
18265:. Retrieved
18256:
18234:
18207:
18180:
18163:
18159:
18132:
18120:. Retrieved
18100:
18074:
18056:. Retrieved
18036:
18023:. Retrieved
18003:
17977:
17963:. Retrieved
17955:The Guardian
17954:
17938:. Retrieved
17918:
17902:. Retrieved
17882:
17851:
17832:
17820:. Retrieved
17799:
17770:
17751:
17726:
17711:. Retrieved
17683:
17663:
17646:
17642:
17615:
17587:
17558:
17546:. Retrieved
17526:
17513:. Retrieved
17497:
17494:"Engla land"
17471:
17456:. Retrieved
17436:
17409:. Retrieved
17405:the original
17382:
17358:
17338:
17311:
17292:
17269:
17240:
17226:. Retrieved
17222:the original
17190:
17171:
17160:the original
17137:
17133:
17099:
17068:
17049:
17022:
17003:
16995:Bibliography
16964:Sailaja 2009
16959:
16947:
16935:
16923:
16911:
16899:
16882:
16878:
16872:
16860:. Retrieved
16856:the original
16851:
16842:
16830:
16818:
16806:
16774:
16770:
16757:
16730:
16724:
16712:
16700:
16688:
16676:
16664:
16652:
16640:
16628:
16616:
16604:. Retrieved
16584:
16574:
16562:
16550:
16538:
16526:
16514:
16503:, retrieved
16496:the original
16487:
16474:
16462:. Retrieved
16444:
16435:
16425:
16417:
16405:
16393:
16386:Cassidy 1982
16381:
16369:
16362:Rowicka 2006
16357:
16345:
16333:
16314:
16308:
16296:
16289:Romaine 1982
16284:
16272:
16260:
16248:
16243:, p. 4.
16236:
16224:. Retrieved
16210:
16198:
16186:
16174:
16169:, p. 3.
16162:
16150:
16138:
16126:
16114:
16102:
16090:
16078:
16071:Dehaene 2009
16066:
16054:
16042:
16030:
15984:
15972:
15930:
15918:
15906:
15894:
15882:
15870:
15865:, p. 4.
15863:Romaine 1999
15858:
15846:
15834:. Retrieved
15821:
15812:
15785:. Retrieved
15765:
15758:
15746:. Retrieved
15726:
15719:
15707:
15702:, p. 7.
15695:
15687:the original
15682:
15673:
15661:
15617:
15586:13 September
15584:. Retrieved
15580:the original
15575:
15566:
15554:
15542:
15530:
15518:
15506:
15494:
15482:
15470:
15458:
15446:
15434:
15422:
15410:
15398:. Retrieved
15389:
15380:
15368:
15356:
15344:
15332:
15320:. Retrieved
15311:
15302:
15290:
15278:
15251:
15239:
15227:
15185:
15173:. Retrieved
15164:
15154:
15142:. Retrieved
15127:
15115:
15103:
15095:
15091:
15083:
15071:
15064:O'Dwyer 2006
15059:
15047:
15035:. Retrieved
15026:
15017:
14994:
14961:
14955:
14943:
14916:
14904:
14892:
14880:
14868:
14856:
14837:
14809:
14784:
14772:
14760:
14748:
14736:
14724:
14712:
14696:
14662:
14658:
14648:
14636:. Retrieved
14632:the original
14627:
14618:
14606:
14594:
14582:
14570:
14558:
14546:
14534:
14522:
14510:
14498:
14486:
14474:
14462:. Retrieved
14447:
14435:
14423:
14411:
14399:
14387:
14375:
14363:
14351:
14339:
14332:Wolfram 2006
14327:
14315:
14303:
14291:
14284:Crystal 2006
14279:
14267:
14255:
14248:Crystal 2000
14243:
14231:. Retrieved
14223:Global Lingo
14222:
14213:
14201:
14189:
14177:
14165:
14153:
14146:Richter 2012
14141:
14129:
14117:
14105:
14093:
14081:
14069:
14042:
14030:
14023:Graddol 2010
14018:
14011:Crystal 2004
14006:
13994:. Retrieved
13987:the original
13968:
13962:
13950:. Retrieved
13941:
13932:
13925:Sailaja 2009
13920:
13908:
13896:
13884:
13872:
13867:, p. 1.
13860:
13855:, p. 5.
13853:Romaine 1999
13848:
13840:the original
13830:
13818:. Retrieved
13804:
13795:
13788:. Retrieved
13783:
13774:
13766:
13762:
13756:
13748:
13741:. Retrieved
13736:
13727:
13715:. Retrieved
13710:
13701:
13684:
13680:
13674:
13662:. Retrieved
13655:
13646:
13634:. Retrieved
13625:
13617:
13610:. Retrieved
13605:
13596:
13588:
13581:. Retrieved
13577:Légis Québec
13576:
13567:
13555:. Retrieved
13551:the original
13546:
13537:
13525:. Retrieved
13515:
13506:
13492:
13488:
13478:
13471:Deumert 2006
13466:
13459:Deumert 2006
13454:
13442:
13430:
13418:
13406:
13394:
13382:
13375:Romaine 1999
13370:
13365:, p. 2.
13358:
13353:, p. 7.
13346:
13334:
13322:
13310:
13298:
13293:, p. 4.
13286:
13281:, p. 5.
13259:
13252:Connell 2006
13247:
13235:
13223:
13211:
13199:
13168:
13156:
13144:
13132:
13120:
13108:
13096:
13061:, p. 2.
13039:
13027:. Retrieved
13012:
12999:. Retrieved
12987:
12975:
12963:
12951:
12944:Romaine 1999
12939:
12932:Romaine 1999
12912:
12888:Graddol 2006
12866:. Retrieved
12846:
12839:
12817:Mufwene 2006
12802:Romaine 2006
12797:
12785:
12773:
12766:Görlach 1991
12761:
12739:Northernisms
12737:
12730:. Retrieved
12721:
12711:
12699:. Retrieved
12678:
12658:
12651:
12639:
12627:
12615:. Retrieved
12600:
12593:
12581:
12569:
12540:. Retrieved
12530:
12508:
12496:
12484:
12472:
12443:
12431:
12426:, p. 4.
12419:
12407:
12395:
12383:
12371:
12362:
12350:
12331:
12325:
12316:
12308:
12281:
12254:
12233:
12226:Durrell 2006
12221:
12216:, Chapter 4.
12209:
12197:
12190:Harbert 2006
12185:
12163:Romaine 1982
12158:
12146:
12134:
12122:
12100:
12094:
12045:
12021:
12011:
11984:
11974:
11969:
11957:
11952:, p. 6.
11945:
11911:
11888:. Retrieved
11879:
11870:
11854:
11809:speech rules
11799:
11720:
11711:Hispanophone
11664:
11637:
11632:
11628:
11617:
11577:
11572:
11566:
11561:
11538:South Africa
11535:
11403:
11307:street signs
11292:
11245:
11178:
11177:rather than
11174:
11170:South Island
11146:
10974:
10900:
10891:
10890:almost like
10887:
10869:
10783:and perhaps
10775:
10752:
10742:against the
10728:Pennsylvania
10705:
10701:World War II
10696:
10692:
10653:
10645:Newfoundland
10628:
10580:
10551:
10466:Russell Gage
10450:AAVE accents
10296:
10182:
10174:Scots Gaelic
10164:
10159:
10155:
10147:
10143:
10135:
10129:
10121:
10117:
10111:
10103:
10099:
10088:
10038:
10031:
10027:
10012:
9910:Alex Salmond
9867:Wales accent
9792:Damien Hirst
9668:
9562:
9535:
9531:
9526:
9522:
9517:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9456:
9442:
9434:
9426:
9418:
9406:
9398:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9373:
9362:
9348:
9344:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9266:
9261:
9257:
9254:photographic
9253:
9249:
9245:
9242:
9222:
9110:Latin script
9099:
9071:
9068:
9050:
9042:
9037:
9033:
9022:
9014:
8966:
8944:Word origins
8935:
8929:
8923:
8913:
8901:
8897:
8887:
8883:Greek origin
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8847:
8831:
8797:
8791:
8781:
8780:(the marker
8777:
8773:
8769:
8761:
8757:
8753:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8728:
8723:
8719:
8713:
8712:
8707:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8663:
8656:
8646:
8640:
8636:
8628:
8624:
8616:
8612:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8572:
8568:
8562:
8557:
8553:
8543:
8536:
8526:
8523:he gets seen
8522:
8518:
8514:
8511:she sees him
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8436:
8428:
8416:
8412:
8410:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8294:
8292:
8286:
8284:
8279:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8243:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8179:
8174:
8164:
8132:
8126:
8122:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8083:
8067:
8063:
8055:
8051:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8013:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7984:he has to go
7983:
7979:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7922:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7895:
7888:
7879:You will run
7878:
7868:
7845:
7843:phrasal verb
7834:
7830:
7828:
7821:
7816:
7806:
7801:
7791:
7786:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7754:
7742:
7737:
7727:
7722:
7712:
7707:
7697:
7692:
7682:
7677:
7665:
7660:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7611:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7592:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7549:with the dog
7548:
7546:
7537:Prepositions
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7508:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7478:3rd, plural
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7448:2nd, plural
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7418:1st, plural
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7388:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7293:LGBT culture
7284:
7278:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7241:
7233:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7182:
7145:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7109:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7067:
7051:
7048:the happiest
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6938:
6935:interesting,
6934:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6873:definiteness
6870:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6818:noun phrases
6815:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6691:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6666:
6654:proper nouns
6651:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6508:
6503:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6460:
6448:
6444:
6441:coordinators
6411:
6396:lexical sets
6374:
6340:
6336:-coalescence
6333:
6326:
6299:
6292:
6281:
6269:
6262:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6222:
6203:
6198:South Africa
6178:
6157:
6153:
6116:
6112:
6092:
6088:
6068:
6064:
5816:
5812:
5724:
5720:
5685:
5681:
5563:
5559:
5491:Phonological
5466:stress-timed
5460:In terms of
5459:
5417:
5381:
5343:
5310:
5202:
5196:
5187:
5173:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5094:Phonotactics
5079:
5073:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4984:in the same
4979:
4974:
4970:
4956:
4952:lexical sets
4945:
4937:
4921:
4898:
4882:
4866:
4844:
4828:
4806:
4791:
4768:
4752:
4729:
4713:
4666:
4648:
4628:
4588:
4575:
4562:
4548:
4530:
4484:
4480:
4473:
4469:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4441:: RP and GA
4438:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4408:
4398:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4354:
4350:
4300:
4292:
4285:* The sound
4283:
3892:
3874:
3835:
3818:, including
3804:
3789:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3754:
3739:
3731:World War II
3697:
3688:
3681:
3519:
3515:
3500:
3445:
3433:
3424:
3412:
3372:
3360:South Africa
3340:
3336:
3314:
3309:
3279:
3268:
3195:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3070:Noah Webster
3063:
3057:
3036:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3008:In the 1611
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2984:King James I
2941:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2912:close vowels
2893:
2886:
2856:
2846:
2837:
2836:on the verb
2823:
2809:
2807:
2783:
2772:
2760:John Trevisa
2757:
2744:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2620:
2542:Matthew 8:20
2539:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2462:
2446:
2431:
2416:
2401:
2387:runic script
2376:
2370:
2344:Northumbrian
2337:
2315:(originally
2312:
2308:
2235:
2213:
2154:to a mostly
2146:with a rich
2117:
2083:
2052:
1981:
1954:
1927:
1925:of Ireland.
1921:dialect and
1857:
1784:
1767:
1738:
1717:
1643:Anglo-Saxons
1637:
1586:
1552:. It is the
1517:
1516:
1459:
1420:Sierra Leone
1127:
1090:
1054:Linguasphere
1037:
754:Sint Maarten
669:Cook Islands
542:South Africa
527:Sierra Leone
315:57 countries
285:Signed forms
265:(historical)
178:
112: (2021)
18:
26158:Definitions
26116:Linguistics
25902:Philippines
25852:Puerto Rico
25810:South Sudan
25674:New Zealand
25638:Isle of Man
25557:Saint Lucia
25470:The Bahamas
25373:Anglosphere
24950:(1889–1891)
24942:(1847–1850)
24658:Kluge's law
24638:Grimm's law
24421:Dalecarlian
24400:Perkerdansk
24373:East Danish
24191:Old Gutnish
24167:Proto-Norse
24107:Langobardic
24099:Vogtlandian
23927:Upper Saxon
23781:Lachoudisch
23742:Lotegorisch
23620:High German
23366:Westphalian
23361:Eastphalian
23325:Achterhooks
23202:Hindeloopen
23137:Bökingharde
23106:Föhr–Amrum
23020:Old Frisian
22984:Early Scots
22919:Old English
22689:Philippines
22482:New Zealand
22368:Bay Islands
22348:The Bahamas
22271:Social and
22228:New Orleans
22145:New England
22039:Isle of Man
21984:Port Talbot
21885:East Anglia
21802:Northumbria
21456:Old English
21340:Orthography
21067:10 December
20485:16 December
20226:15 February
20112:25 February
20092:16 December
20015:16 December
19758:26 February
19627:15 February
19550:15 February
19141:26 February
19093:26 February
18989:11 December
18978:: 103–123.
18928:16 December
18903:16 December
18860:10 February
18648:11 February
18491:16 February
18407:2 September
18294:12 February
18267:10 February
18166:(1): 1–42.
18122:25 February
18025:23 February
16940:Lawton 1982
16904:Lawton 1982
16811:Lanham 1982
16621:Bailey 2001
16606:22 November
16567:Bailey 1997
16555:Thomas 2008
16505:11 November
16410:Boberg 2010
16301:Hickey 2007
16119:Lawler 2006
15712:Nation 2001
15487:Miller 2002
15427:Miller 2002
15400:24 November
15175:24 November
15144:24 November
15098:case (him)"
15037:24 November
14638:24 November
14464:3 September
14260:Jambor 2007
14233:24 November
14110:Gordin 2015
14074:Wojcik 2006
13877:Kachru 2006
13636:18 December
13327:Kachru 2006
13315:Kachru 2006
13216:Rubino 2006
13074:Kachru 2006
13029:29 November
12732:24 November
12617:19 December
12542:16 December
12465:Gneuss 2013
11573:senior wife
11558:/p,t,t͡ʃ,k/
11301:during the
11295:Philippines
10855:, and some
10761:—including
10530:Puerto Rico
10417:Marty Walsh
10339:Martha Roby
10287:Emery Emery
10281:man with a
10170:its origins
10158:pronounced
10146:pronounced
10096:intrusive R
10064:Northumbria
9947:George Best
9830:John Bishop
9707:Danny Baker
9538:punctuation
9488:long vowels
9377:pronounced
9366:pronounced
9258:electricity
9250:photography
9225:orthography
9082:Orthography
9018:Old English
8906:Philip Gove
8892:, based on
8615:, the word
8437:*I know not
8139:modal verbs
8040:to hang out
7957:subjunctive
7846:be going to
7839:near future
7511:deictically
7170:Henry Sweet
7058:Determiners
7000:a small boy
6658:count nouns
6480:speak/spoke
6457:wh-movement
6421:case system
6356:). GA is a
6194:New Zealand
6021:Lexical set
5344:to burn out
4959:long vowels
4460:and nasals
4200:Approximant
3918:Labiodental
3868:(GA). (See
3555:New Zealand
3428:Netherlands
3383:Philippines
3368:New Zealand
3317:Braj Kachru
3306:Braj Kachru
3213:Puerto Rico
3134:instead of
3132:more polite
3126:instead of
2966:. In 1476,
2952:Westminster
2904:open vowels
2896:chain shift
2767: 1385
2623:transformed
2592:and heaven-
2522:Old Frisian
2398:letterforms
2395:half-uncial
2356:King Alfred
2238:Old English
2224:half-uncial
2220:handwritten
2204:Old English
2190:, and some
2093:Renaissance
2055:Old English
2012:modal verbs
1984:innovations
1872:Old English
1783:within the
1766:within the
1737:within the
1669:, which is
1665:, and from
1639:Old English
1607:). It is a
1530:Anglophones
1390:New Zealand
1285:Cameroonian
1260:Bay Islands
1255:Bangladeshi
1105:instead of
831:Timor-Leste
739:Puerto Rico
704:Isle of Man
547:South Sudan
507:Saint Lucia
492:Philippines
467:New Zealand
332:The Bahamas
215:Old English
199:Early forms
110:380 million
96:New Zealand
26256:Categories
26192:Quotations
25987:Micronesia
25800:Somaliland
25745:The Gambia
25539:Montserrat
25204:Wiktionary
24924:Dictionary
24905:Johnson's
24490:Burgundian
24406:Old Danish
24395:Gøtudanskt
24378:Bornholmsk
24240:Vestlandsk
24220:Kebabnorsk
23957:Halcnovian
23922:Thuringian
23585:Limburgish
23555:Stadsfries
23528:Brabantian
23255:Low German
23101:Eiderstedt
22956:Fingallian
22629:Bangladesh
22621:South Asia
22574:Cape Flats
22524:The Gambia
22449:Aboriginal
22285:vernacular
22250:California
22223:High Tider
22218:Appalachia
22079:Aboriginal
22011:South-West
21855:Birmingham
21812:Sunderland
21797:Manchester
21787:Lancashire
21591:Consonants
21566:Diphthongs
21476:West Saxon
20104:. Oxford.
19917:4 February
19799:0748612548
19367:0748624066
18615:7 February
18573:7 February
18040:. Viking.
17965:4 February
17940:4 February
17904:4 February
16633:Green 2002
16398:Labov 1972
16350:Wells 1982
16338:Labov 2012
16241:Roach 2009
15989:Neijt 2006
15899:Algeo 1999
15836:14 January
15787:6 December
15610:Algeo 1999
15451:König 1994
15439:König 1994
15415:König 1994
15373:König 1994
15361:König 1994
15337:Dixon 1982
15322:7 December
15232:König 1994
15092:nominative
15088:Sweet 2014
15052:Leech 2006
15011:required.)
14936:König 1994
14777:Wells 1982
14765:Wells 1982
14741:Wells 1982
14717:Roach 2009
14628:ESOL Nexus
14551:König 1994
14527:Wells 1982
14515:Wells 1982
14392:König 1994
14170:Ammon 2006
13820:30 October
13717:27 October
13664:30 October
13423:Ammon 2008
13091:, Table 1.
13007:(pp. 6–7).
12501:Smith 2009
12355:König 1994
12214:Watts 2011
12178:Barry 1982
11913:Ethnologue
11880:Ethnologue
11846:References
11753:Shinzo Abe
11723:media help
11615:register.
11406:media help
11342:See also:
11248:media help
11051:Queensland
10977:media help
10377:Chuck Zito
10299:media help
10205:Fingallian
10107:/ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/
10072:Manchester
10068:Lancashire
10066:) and the
9871:Rob Brydon
9671:media help
9595:See also:
9581:Australian
9575:(BrE) and
9506:, and the
9262:electrical
9246:photograph
9086:See also:
8958:See also:
8898:television
8890:neologisms
8851:babysitter
8788:Vocabulary
8546:-questions
8489:, but not
8379:Do-support
8143:word order
8032:to give up
8028:to back up
8024:to ask out
7906:I have run
7869:I will run
7778:Preterite
7689:Preterite
7646:Inflection
7561:in England
7502:themselves
7472:yourselves
7389:he/she/it/
7320:Reflexive
7273:themselves
7236:(found in
7224:(found in
7156:, and the
7052:most happy
7044:more happy
7012:suppletive
6915:Adjectives
6907:(sg.) but
6715:Singular:
6690:Singular:
6662:mass nouns
6556:politician
6551:loquacious
6492:hand/hands
6488:love/loved
6453:do-support
6433:word class
6414:accusative
6377:open front
5853:non-rhotic
5511:of Ireland
5164:See also:
5117:/strɛŋkθs/
5051:rhyme and
5031:The vowel
4405:allophones
4347:unreleased
4303:obstruents
3883:Consonants
3872:, below.)
3602:See also:
3146:See also:
3108:do-support
2920:diphthongs
2803:possession
2786:Old French
2550:accusative
2546:nominative
2532:and other
2478:case forms
2474:much freer
2352:West Saxon
2295:(43–409):
2168:word order
2132:navigation
2079:Old French
2065:-speaking
1942:vocabulary
1919:Fingallian
1899:Low German
1878:along the
1779:Low German
1633:Ethnologue
1564:) and the
1460:see also:
1455:Zimbabwean
1440:Sri Lankan
1405:Philippine
1245:Australian
1230:Anguillian
791:Bangladesh
714:Montserrat
522:Seychelles
452:Micronesia
382:The Gambia
26226:Resources
26209:Textbooks
26062:shown in
25924:Gibraltar
25907:Singapore
25886:Hong Kong
25775:Mauritius
25669:Australia
25175:Macquarie
24770:varieties
24762:indicate
24576:Northwest
24521:Philology
24426:Elfdalian
24361:Jutlandic
24283:Icelandic
24258:(written)
24252:(written)
24230:Trøndersk
24210:Norwegian
24174:Old Norse
23995:Coloniero
23979:Alemannic
23952:Wymysorys
23820:Colognian
23815:Ripuarian
23737:Rotwelsch
23567:Midslands
23518:Zeelandic
23499:Hollandic
23473:Afrikaans
23445:Old Dutch
23271:Old Saxon
23170:Karrharde
23152:Goesharde
23133:Mainland
22866:philology
22694:Singapore
22656:Sri Lanka
22611:Hong Kong
22437:variation
22429:Australia
22340:Caribbean
22206:Baltimore
22089:Lunenburg
22034:Gibraltar
21951:Highlands
21829:Yorkshire
21792:Liverpool
21632:Rhoticity
21612:-dropping
21330:Phonology
20615:144403823
19829:143984864
19748:"English"
19596:120824612
19453:0165-2516
19181:107967883
19151:Labov, W.
18782:161881054
18394:145535175
18372:CiteSeerX
18183:. Wiley.
17916:(2003b).
17880:(2003a).
17421:cite book
17155:142692741
16823:Lass 2002
16791:145684166
16464:15 August
16374:Toon 1982
16226:16 August
15965:Swan 2006
15165:The Times
15096:objective
15027:APA Style
14948:Mair 2006
14753:Lass 2000
14705:Lass 2000
14701:Lass 1992
13996:5 January
13952:5 January
13557:15 August
13508:language.
13089:Ryan 2013
13001:15 August
12980:Mair 2006
12868:27 August
12754:Lass 2000
12632:Lass 1992
12586:Hogg 2006
12562:Lass 2006
12489:Hogg 1992
12436:Toon 1992
11890:3 October
11861:, Entry:
11542:Afrikaans
11312:Filipinos
10861:Miramichi
10689:rhoticity
10638:Lunenburg
10592:Northwest
10544:Rhoticity
10462:Louisiana
10331:Alabamian
10217:rhoticity
10132:-fronting
10080:Liverpool
10076:Mancunian
10060:Newcastle
10052:Yorkshire
10034:-dropping
8902:optometry
8855:ice cream
8533:Questions
8411:The verb
8048:idiomatic
8020:to get up
7817:John runs
7557:to school
7442:ourselves
7279:they/them
7253:they/them
7141:they/them
7128:they/them
6947:referents
6866:President
6809:With of:
6803:With -s:
6566:violently
6536:committee
6484:foot/feet
6465:inversion
6329:-dropping
6302:-fronting
6295:-stopping
6284:-dropping
6238:sound in
6229:voiceless
6186:Australia
5609:unrounded
5545:Australia
5418:a hot dog
5416:) versus
5342:) versus
5311:a burnout
5179:syllables
5114:strengths
5084:/ˈfɜrðər/
4456:(liquids
4454:sonorants
4413:velarised
4359:see below
4343:aspirated
4331:voiceless
4113:Fricative
4072:Affricate
3864:(RP) and
3842:phonology
3838:phonetics
3826:Phonology
3820:Esperanto
3807:koineised
3530:Australia
3522:koineised
3399:Singapore
3356:Australia
2798:loanwords
2737:Cambridge
2635:Old Norse
2631:Old Norse
2560:plural):
2368:epic poem
2329:substrate
2318:Ænglaland
2124:discourse
2063:Old Norse
1957:Old Norse
1950:phonology
1930:Icelandic
1883:North Sea
1802:in Africa
1800:Afrikaans
1762:Saterland
1699:Low Saxon
1687:phonology
1647:Old Norse
1591:(such as
1425:Singapore
1400:Pakistani
1365:Malaysian
1295:Caribbean
1270:Bermudian
1235:Antarctic
1204:Phonology
1196:Phonology
1183:Loanwords
1039:Glottolog
1023:ISO 639-3
1005:ISO 639-2
987:ISO 639-1
826:Sri Lanka
816:Mauritius
699:Hong Kong
684:Gibraltar
532:Singapore
327:Australia
88:Australia
26104:Language
25977:Kiribati
25897:Pakistan
25844:Americas
25835:Zimbabwe
25820:Tanzania
25740:Eswatini
25735:Cameroon
25730:Botswana
25626:Guernsey
25511:Dominica
25475:Barbados
25459:Anguilla
25450:Americas
25346:Articles
25219:Learners
24982:Chambers
24858:Historic
24497:Vandalic
24440:Gutnish
24245:Vikværsk
24225:Sognamål
24215:Bergensk
24065:Cimbrian
24033:Bavarian
23990:Alsatian
23937:Lusatian
23873:Palatine
23563:Amelands
23440:Frankish
23330:Sallaans
23312:Gronings
23163:Southern
23156:Northern
23147:Halligen
23096:Insular
22913:dialects
22814:Standard
22784:Learning
22772:Nerrière
22763:Globish
22679:Malaysia
22651:Pakistan
22591:Zimbabwe
22519:Cameroon
22353:Barbados
22084:Atlantic
22052:Americas
21969:Abercraf
21938:Scotland
21917:Cornwall
21838:Midlands
21822:Teesside
21817:Tyneside
21807:Pitmatic
21770:Cheshire
21716:Dialects
21657:stopping
21652:fronting
21604:Flapping
21599:Clusters
21360:Dialects
21350:Alphabet
21128:(1982).
21061:Archived
21043:26 March
21037:Archived
20939:Archived
20862:(1988).
20750:Archived
20713:25 March
20686:25 March
20680:Archived
20640:Archived
20578:Archived
20545:Archived
20512:Archived
20400:9 August
20394:Archived
20282:(1992).
20255:Archived
20220:Archived
20106:Archived
20086:Archived
20048:25 March
20042:Archived
19938:25 March
19932:Archived
19911:Archived
19893:(2001).
19752:Archived
19705:Archived
19687:(1997).
19621:Archived
19544:Archived
19396:Archived
19356:(2006).
19135:Archived
19087:Archived
18980:Archived
18940:(1999).
18897:Archived
18873:(1996).
18854:Archived
18827:9 August
18821:Archived
18642:Archived
18585:(2010).
18553:(2006).
18504:(2004).
18398:Archived
18261:Archived
18116:Archived
18052:Archived
18019:Archived
17959:Archived
17934:Archived
17898:Archived
17816:Archived
17743:37002621
17713:14 March
17707:Archived
17614:(1959).
17542:Archived
17509:Archived
17501:(Online)
17470:(2010).
17452:Archived
17228:25 March
16795:Archived
16600:Archived
16582:(2001).
16458:Archived
16220:Archived
15830:Archived
15781:Archived
15742:Archived
15394:Archived
15316:Archived
15169:Archived
15138:Archived
15031:Archived
14458:Archived
14227:Archived
13946:Archived
13814:Archived
13711:BBC News
13527:24 March
13339:Bao 2006
13192:Bao 2006
13023:Archived
12862:Archived
12726:Archived
12692:Archived
12536:Archived
12028:Archived
11884:Archived
11882:. 2023.
11819:See also
11592:Barbados
11132:John Key
10590:Pacific
10499:Ontarian
10104:drawring
9370:, and a
9269:digraphs
8920:acronyms
8859:homesick
8827:acronyms
8819:suffixed
8815:prefixed
8752:such as
8734:anaphora
8730:Cohesion
8714:The girl
8674:such as
8565:-support
8449:I do not
8289:the book
8135:analytic
8054:meaning
7822:John ran
7674:present
7652:Regular
7379:yourself
7285:themself
7185:my chair
7090:definite
6943:denoting
6939:Canadian
6875:, where
6864:and not
6778:enclitic
6745:Plural:
6700:Plural:
6521:chairman
6425:analytic
6384:/æɑːɒɔː/
5992:possibly
5989:possibly
5830:possibly
5827:possibly
5785:possibly
5775:flapping
5698:possibly
5692:possibly
5523:Scotland
5516:Northern
5509:Republic
5493:features
5382:a hotdog
5203:contract
5199:phonemic
5110:/aŋksts/
5103:/sprɪnt/
5088:/ˈfɜːðə/
5078:, as in
4986:syllable
4965:⟨
4948:phonemes
4476:RP , GA
4415:, as in
3935:alveolar
3928:Alveolar
3913:Bilabial
3856:and the
3846:phonemes
3711:Seaspeak
3403:Malaysia
3395:Pakistan
3196:de facto
2991:/knɡnsw/
2978:and the
2655:Midlands
2625:through
2554:genitive
2552:plural,
2548:plural,
2502:speaking
2458:⟩
2452:⟨
2443:⟩
2437:⟨
2428:⟩
2422:⟨
2413:⟩
2407:⟨
2192:negation
2156:analytic
2126:and the
2091:and the
1804:......
1653:. Then,
1625:Internet
1572:, after
1471:Teaching
1415:Scottish
1395:Nigerian
1380:Namibian
1360:Malawian
1355:Liberian
1345:Jamaican
1330:Gustavia
1325:Ghanaian
1290:Canadian
1265:Belizean
1225:American
1217:Dialects
1111:Help:IPA
1046:stan1293
811:Malaysia
694:Guernsey
629:Anguilla
602:Zimbabwe
557:Tanzania
477:Pakistan
422:Kiribati
372:Eswatini
367:Dominica
357:Cameroon
347:Botswana
337:Barbados
154:Germanic
102:Speakers
26128:Writing
26090:Portals
26064:italics
26041:Vanuatu
26030:Tokelau
25946:Oceania
25785:Nigeria
25780:Namibia
25765:Liberia
25760:Lesotho
25661:Oceania
25632:Ireland
25533:Jamaica
25523:Grenada
25486:Bermuda
25209:Wordnik
25072:Encarta
25038:Penguin
25029:Shorter
25022:Concise
25015:Compact
24989:Collins
24760:Italics
24383:Scanian
24329:Swedish
24278:Faroese
24256:Nynorsk
24235:Valdris
24070:Mòcheno
24026:Swabian
23892:Hessian
23852:Hunsrik
23764:Western
23759:Eastern
23754:Yiddish
23704:creoles
23601:Bergish
23317:Drèents
23307:Tweants
23159:Central
23141:Mooring
23004:Frisian
22963:Kildare
22908:English
22744:Engrish
22739:E-Prime
22712:Related
22699:Vietnam
22684:Myanmar
22554:Nigeria
22549:Namibia
22539:Liberia
22421:Oceania
22403:Bermuda
22375:Jamaica
22302:Chicano
22140:Midland
22126:United
22062:America
21998:Ireland
21974:Cardiff
21946:Glasgow
21895:Cockney
21775:Cumbria
21753:England
21744:Britain
21720:accents
21466:Mercian
21461:Kentish
21355:Braille
21325:Grammar
20945:5 March
20781:5 March
20646:3 April
20584:5 April
20551:5 April
20518:5 April
20303:5 April
20261:2 April
19711:3 April
19131:4176538
19083:4176538
18910:ground.
18058:3 April
17822:2 April
17735:2143838
17703:3728688
17548:2 April
17515:6 March
17411:2 April
16862:17 July
16852:Encarta
15822:YouTube
15748:16 June
14308:Li 2003
13797:Alaska.
12701:9 April
12685:"Bible"
12659:Ormulum
12315:at the
11908:English
11671:stop .
11580:Leeward
11569:Nigeria
11332:Bislish
11324:Tagalog
11320:Taglish
11149:Oceania
10882:in the
10841:British
10819:before
10789:raising
10681:Midland
10454:Georgia
10185:Ireland
10125:/ˈpɒʔə/
10100:drawing
10091:Cockney
10056:Geordie
10008:Ireland
9521:(as in
9516:silent
9218:capital
9076:calques
9046:calques
8821:words,
8774:no way!
8682:, e.g.
8515:he is s
8441:copular
8402:did not
8295:to Jane
8285:I gave
8226:the dog
8216:The man
8198:the man
8188:The dog
8127:the cat
8095:quickly
8074:Adverbs
8052:lay off
7860:Future
7807:You ran
7802:You run
7775:Present
7607:complex
7573:to give
7148:). The
7136:she/her
7120:she/her
7040:happier
6981:slender
6949:(e.g.,
6909:all men
6905:one man
6852:, e.g.
6822:the man
6586:started
6581:meeting
6561:clashed
6402:Grammar
6277:Cockney
6190:Ireland
6040:THOUGHT
5981:before
5979:fronted
5552:Zealand
5528:England
5518:Ireland
5380:), and
5190:, have
5184:reduced
5080:further
4988:, like
4462:/m,n,ŋ/
4253:Lateral
4206:Central
4002:Plosive
3950:Glottal
3940:Palatal
3879:(IPA).
3852:of the
3780:Globish
3684:English
3583:In the
3548:Ireland
3507:accents
3407:Nigeria
3387:Jamaica
3364:Ireland
3136:politer
3124:dreamed
2944:Henry V
2811:Ormulum
2659:Lindsey
2657:around
2643:Danelaw
2558:present
2530:Danelaw
2372:Beowulf
2348:Kentish
2340:Mercian
2324:Ænglisc
2313:English
2309:England
2265:Jutland
2215:Beowulf
2176:aspects
2038:History
2020:Grimm's
1996:Swedish
1934:Faroese
1889:in the
1880:Frisian
1841:Yiddish
1839:......
1819:Central
1781:/Saxon;
1750:Frisian
1683:grammar
1621:science
1597:Ireland
1578:Spanish
1524:in the
1518:English
1445:Ugandan
1375:Myanmar
1320:Gambian
1305:England
1300:Cornish
1275:British
1208:History
1152:History
1107:Unicode
966:Türksoy
764:Tokelau
674:Curaçao
639:Bermuda
634:Barbuda
592:Vanuatu
472:Nigeria
457:Namibia
432:Liberia
427:Lesotho
412:Jamaica
407:Ireland
392:Grenada
352:Burundi
179:English
92:Ireland
24:English
26036:Tuvalu
25916:Europe
25830:Zambia
25825:Uganda
25790:Rwanda
25770:Malawi
25723:Africa
25702:
25645:Jersey
25617:Europe
25528:Guyana
25499:Canada
25480:Belize
25430:Africa
25408:
25186:Online
24995:Oxford
24918:(1828)
24910:(1755)
24901:(1721)
24893:(1702)
24885:(1658)
24877:(1596)
24869:(1483)
24476:Gothic
24346:Danish
24250:Bokmål
23749:Yenish
23559:Bildts
23342:Veluws
23337:Urkers
23176:Strand
22900:Anglic
22767:Gogate
22674:Brunei
22586:Uganda
22569:accent
22544:Malawi
22512:Africa
22487:accent
22442:accent
22385:Samaná
22358:Bequia
22177:accent
22150:Boston
22128:States
22111:Quebec
22071:Canada
22060:North
22016:Ulster
22006:Dublin
21922:Dorset
21780:Barrow
21742:Great
21733:Europe
21525:Vowels
21244:about
21223:
21196:
21172:
21166:,
21163:
21157:,
21154:
21148:
21140:,
21114:
21087:
21029:
21008:
20989:
20962:
20931:
20910:
20891:
20872:
20844:
20806:
20772:
20742:
20663:
20632:
20613:
20570:
20537:
20504:
20452:
20425:
20374:
20347:
20320:
20294:
20247:
20212:
20191:
20164:
20137:
20065:
20034:
19982:
19963:
19903:
19879:
19852:
19827:
19796:
19736:
19697:
19673:
19654:
19613:
19594:
19567:
19522:
19503:
19499:–164.
19476:
19451:
19388:
19364:
19342:
19323:
19296:
19270:
19242:
19215:
19196:
19179:
19169:
19129:
19119:
19081:
19071:
19050:
19046:–270.
19023:
18952:
18881:
18846:
18805:
18780:
18770:
18743:
18724:
18697:
18678:
18634:
18598:
18539:
18512:
18462:
18443:
18424:
18392:
18374:
18338:
18334:–198.
18311:
18241:
18222:
18195:
18147:
18108:
18087:
18044:
18011:
17990:
17986:–439.
17926:
17890:
17866:
17839:
17808:
17785:
17758:
17741:
17733:
17701:
17691:
17670:
17630:
17620:Oxford
17600:
17596:–151.
17573:
17534:
17478:
17458:2 June
17444:
17397:
17366:
17345:
17326:
17299:
17276:
17253:
17205:
17178:
17152:
17114:
17083:
17056:
17037:
17010:
16987:p. 224
16983:
16789:
16745:
16592:
16321:
15773:
15734:
14990:"they"
14968:
14844:
14816:
14665:: 27.
13979:
13790:5 June
13743:5 June
13737:USAGov
13612:5 June
13583:5 June
12854:
12666:
12608:
12338:
12269:
12115:
12052:
11600:Belize
11594:, the
11362:, and
11316:Manila
11205:, and
11159:. The
11151:, and
10915:pidgin
10785:Quebec
10724:German
10720:German
10613:Ottawa
10606:Quebec
10550:, but
10247:, and
10197:Dublin
10156:bother
10144:thanks
10127:) and
10118:Potter
10084:Scouse
10078:) and
9623:, and
9557:, and
9498:, the
9433:, and
9252:, and
9094:, and
9007:
9001:
8995:
8989:
8983:
8977:
8971:
8875:-ility
8823:jargon
8740:where
8736:(e.g.
8527:by her
8521:), or
8519:by her
8503:to get
8433:finite
8421:syntax
8385:, and
8361:, and
8347:letter
8155:aspect
8113:Syntax
7953:should
7728:loving
7723:taking
7649:Strong
7497:theirs
7349:myself
7305:Person
7281:series
7269:theirs
7240:), or
7146:he/him
7144:, and
7116:he/him
7094:number
7084:, and
7022:, and
7020:better
6975:, and
6767:knives
6669:suffix
6500:copula
6476:ablaut
6472:strong
6279:with "
6255:merger
6225:phones
6182:Canada
6119:merger
6117:bother
6113:father
6071:merger
6069:caught
5806:often
5800:rarely
5797:rarely
5794:rarely
5791:rarely
5727:merger
5688:merger
5686:caught
5566:merger
5564:bother
5560:father
5540:Africa
5504:Canada
5499:States
5497:United
5462:rhythm
5248:-trakt
5175:Stress
5146:string
5140:; and
5107:angsts
5100:sprint
5057:Lennon
5045:rabbit
5016:, and
5004:, and
4994:/ddʒv/
4990:/ttʃf/
4491:Vowels
4485:button
4481:paddle
4427:clear
4335:voiced
4327:/bdʒz/
4323:/ptʃs/
4319:fortis
4313:, and
4311:/tʃdʒ/
3923:Dental
3895:
3719:French
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3553:While
3537:Canada
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3352:Canada
3295:London
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3211:, and
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3154:, and
3128:dreamt
3044:states
3001:, and
2995:knight
2916:broken
2910:, and
2908:raised
2851:, and
2717:Oxford
2607:ACC.PL
2601:NOM.PL
2595:GEN.SG
2589:ACC.PL
2583:PRS.PL
2577:NOM.PL
2534:Viking
2518:number
2514:person
2510:spoken
2498:speaks
2445:, and
2366:. The
2360:Wessex
2303:, and
2275:, and
2273:Saxons
2269:Angles
2261:Frisia
2172:tenses
2004:strong
1994:, and
1992:German
1973:creole
1965:clades
1948:, and
1946:syntax
1834:
1832:
1817:
1815:
1806:German
1794:
1792:
1777:
1775:
1748:
1746:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1611:, the
1601:Canada
1599:, and
1542:Angles
1385:Nepali
1350:Kenyan
1335:Indian
1315:Fijian
1280:Brunei
1134:Topics
1081:
1075:
1060:52-ABA
806:Israel
801:Brunei
796:Bhutan
744:Rotuma
709:Jersey
597:Zambia
577:Uganda
572:Tuvalu
497:Rwanda
437:Malawi
397:Guyana
362:Canada
342:Belize
174:Anglic
124:(2021)
84:Canada
26175:Media
26019:Samoa
26009:Palau
25992:Nauru
25937:Malta
25892:India
25815:Sudan
25755:Kenya
25750:Ghana
25382:Lists
24590:South
24541:North
24151:North
24135:North
23477:Kaaps
23468:Dutch
23115:Amrum
23056:Weser
22978:Scots
22809:Plain
22724:Basic
22646:Nepal
22634:India
22534:Kenya
22529:Ghana
22494:Palau
22454:South
22297:Cajun
22238:Texas
22233:Older
22213:South
22184:North
22160:Maine
21979:Gower
21961:Wales
21877:South
21762:North
21057:(PDF)
20753:(PDF)
20736:(PDF)
20727:(PDF)
20707:(PDF)
20700:(PDF)
20611:S2CID
20479:(PDF)
20468:(PDF)
20009:(PDF)
19998:(PDF)
19825:S2CID
19592:S2CID
19399:(PDF)
19382:(PDF)
19292:–47.
19177:S2CID
19127:JSTOR
19079:JSTOR
18983:(PDF)
18968:(PDF)
18801:–61.
18778:S2CID
18609:(PDF)
18592:(PDF)
18567:(PDF)
18560:(PDF)
18401:(PDF)
18390:S2CID
18358:(PDF)
18288:(PDF)
18281:(PDF)
18083:–31.
17731:JSTOR
17699:JSTOR
17249:–84.
17163:(PDF)
17150:S2CID
17130:(PDF)
16798:(PDF)
16787:S2CID
16767:(PDF)
16499:(PDF)
16484:(PDF)
16313:"3".
15005:
13990:(PDF)
13973:(PDF)
12996:(PDF)
12695:(PDF)
12688:(PDF)
11665:ghost
11314:from
10849:Irish
10769:—and
10671:, or
10166:Scots
10160:bover
10150:) or
10148:fanks
10122:Po'er
10062:, in
9863:South
9740:Essex
9372:soft
9361:soft
9038:knife
8937:scuba
8931:laser
8879:Latin
8867:-ness
8863:-hood
8760:, or
8708:a bee
8680:there
8593:where
8537:Both
8517:een (
8499:to be
8479:to be
8457:know.
8453:don't
8363:which
8355:whose
8319:think
8221:bites
8193:bites
8099:quick
8004:leave
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7949:would
7945:might
7941:could
7937:shall
7835:shall
7792:I ran
7787:I run
7743:loved
7738:taken
7698:loved
7683:loves
7678:takes
7635:being
7615:to be
7595:to be
7492:their
7467:yours
7374:yours
7265:their
7234:youse
7222:y'all
7214:yours
7124:we/us
7086:which
6969:agree
6961:happy
6862:India
6751:women
6741:mouse
6737:knife
6721:woman
6635:Verb
6626:Conj.
6623:Advb.
6608:Conj.
6599:Prep.
6504:to be
6502:verb
6388:/æɑɔ/
6322:/f,v/
6318:/t,d/
6314:/θ,ð/
6304:like
6273:/lɔk/
6268:from
6266:/lɔx/
6253:whine
6240:whine
6236:]
6232:[
6160:split
6095:split
6093:cloth
6078:CLOTH
5901:/æ,ɛ/
5844:often
5835:often
5819:split
5788:often
5538:South
5533:Wales
5293:TRAKT
5063:. GA
5053:Lenin
5049:abbot
5022:light
5010:ridge
4693:Word
4612:Word
4519:Word
4458:/l,r/
4447:light
4445:, GA
4437:dark
4433:light
4431:: RP
4409:light
4389:happy
4371:about
3957:Nasal
3945:Velar
3933:Post-
3761:Malta
3578:Irish
3574:Welsh
3559:Māori
3391:India
3027:fugol
3003:sword
2932:about
2918:into
2914:were
2906:were
2647:Scots
2629:with
2604:nest-
2598:bird-
2586:hole-
2580:have-
2506:spoke
2494:speak
2418:thorn
2277:Jutes
2180:moods
2101:Greek
2097:Latin
1988:Dutch
1971:or a
1928:Like
1915:Scots
1836:Upper
1821:; in
1796:Dutch
1758:North
1734:Scots
1695:Scots
1693:with
1667:Latin
1593:India
1548:that
1520:is a
1450:Welsh
1340:Irish
1250:Bajan
951:SAARC
941:ASEAN
901:USMCA
821:Qatar
562:Tonga
552:Sudan
517:Samoa
482:Palau
462:Nauru
442:Malta
417:Kenya
402:India
387:Ghana
253:Latin
128:Total
26243:Data
25997:Niue
25971:Guam
25965:Fiji
25863:Asia
25546:Saba
24823:and
24551:West
24546:East
24466:East
24322:East
24312:Norn
24203:West
24139:East
24137:and
23702:and
23697:Non-
23127:Sylt
23110:Föhr
23045:Ems
22970:Yola
22879:West
22600:Asia
22477:Fiji
22464:West
22380:Saba
22245:West
22165:West
22155:East
21718:and
21221:ISBN
21194:ISBN
21146:ISBN
21112:ISBN
21085:ISBN
21069:2022
21045:2015
21027:ISBN
21006:ISBN
20987:ISBN
20960:ISBN
20947:2015
20929:ISBN
20908:ISBN
20889:ISBN
20870:ISBN
20842:ISBN
20804:ISBN
20783:2015
20770:ISBN
20740:ISBN
20715:2015
20688:2015
20661:ISBN
20648:2015
20630:ISBN
20586:2015
20568:ISBN
20553:2015
20535:ISBN
20520:2015
20502:ISBN
20487:2014
20450:ISBN
20423:ISBN
20402:2015
20372:ISBN
20345:ISBN
20318:ISBN
20305:2015
20292:ISBN
20263:2015
20245:ISBN
20228:2015
20210:ISBN
20189:ISBN
20162:ISBN
20135:ISBN
20114:2015
20094:2014
20063:ISBN
20050:2015
20032:ISBN
20017:2014
19980:ISBN
19961:ISBN
19940:2015
19919:2015
19901:ISBN
19877:ISBN
19850:ISBN
19794:ISBN
19760:2015
19734:ISBN
19713:2015
19695:ISBN
19671:ISBN
19652:ISBN
19629:2015
19611:ISBN
19565:ISBN
19552:2015
19520:ISBN
19501:ISBN
19474:ISBN
19449:ISSN
19407:2016
19386:ISBN
19362:ISBN
19340:ISBN
19321:ISBN
19294:ISBN
19268:ISBN
19240:ISBN
19213:ISBN
19194:ISBN
19167:ISBN
19143:2015
19117:ISBN
19095:2015
19069:ISBN
19048:ISBN
19021:ISBN
18991:2023
18950:ISBN
18930:2014
18905:2014
18879:ISBN
18862:2015
18844:ISBN
18829:2015
18803:ISBN
18768:ISBN
18741:ISBN
18722:ISBN
18695:ISBN
18676:ISBN
18650:2015
18632:ISBN
18617:2015
18596:ISBN
18575:2015
18537:ISBN
18510:ISBN
18493:2015
18480:Aeon
18460:ISBN
18441:ISBN
18422:ISBN
18409:2018
18336:ISBN
18309:ISBN
18296:2015
18269:2015
18239:ISBN
18220:ISBN
18193:ISBN
18145:ISBN
18124:2015
18106:ISBN
18085:ISBN
18060:2015
18042:ISBN
18027:2015
18009:ISBN
17988:ISBN
17967:2015
17942:2015
17924:ISBN
17906:2015
17888:ISBN
17864:ISBN
17837:ISBN
17824:2015
17806:ISBN
17783:ISBN
17756:ISBN
17739:LCCN
17715:2015
17689:ISBN
17668:ISBN
17628:ISBN
17598:ISBN
17571:ISBN
17550:2015
17532:ISBN
17517:2015
17476:ISBN
17460:2020
17442:ISBN
17427:link
17413:2015
17395:ISBN
17364:ISBN
17343:ISBN
17324:ISBN
17297:ISBN
17274:ISBN
17251:ISBN
17230:2015
17203:ISBN
17176:ISBN
17112:ISBN
17081:ISBN
17054:ISBN
17035:ISBN
17008:ISBN
16981:ISBN
16864:2012
16743:ISBN
16608:2015
16590:ISBN
16507:2015
16466:2007
16319:ISBN
16228:2010
15838:2024
15789:2023
15771:ISBN
15750:2015
15732:ISBN
15588:2017
15402:2019
15324:2019
15177:2021
15146:2021
15039:2021
14966:ISBN
14842:ISBN
14814:ISBN
14640:2019
14466:2018
14235:2019
13998:2016
13977:ISBN
13954:2016
13822:2022
13792:2024
13745:2024
13719:2022
13666:2011
13638:2011
13614:2024
13585:2024
13559:2010
13529:2013
13031:2016
13003:2024
12870:2017
12852:ISBN
12734:2019
12703:2015
12664:ISBN
12619:2017
12606:ISBN
12544:2022
12336:ISBN
12267:ISBN
12113:ISBN
12050:ISBN
11892:2023
11655:and
11647:and
11633:boat
11631:and
11625:/ou/
11623:and
11621:/ei/
11606:and
11598:and
11586:and
11582:and
11548:and
11546:Khoe
10934:and
10884:/aɪ/
10863:and
10851:and
10843:and
10805:and
10765:and
10738:and
10691:(or
10683:and
10528:and
10203:and
10006:and
9784:West
9583:and
9527:cake
9525:and
9523:note
9512:stay
9496:boat
9451:/ks/
9437:for
9431:/kw/
9429:for
9421:for
9409:for
9401:for
9395:/tʃ/
9393:for
9385:and
9379:/dʒ/
9355:and
9347:and
9260:and
9036:and
8952:and
8925:NATO
8871:-ing
8817:and
8762:well
8746:then
8742:that
8647:whom
8617:what
8597:when
8585:what
8541:and
8475:-n't
8367:that
8359:whom
8331:that
8287:Jane
8141:and
8107:well
8103:good
8066:and
7988:have
7973:Run!
7959:and
7933:will
7908:vs.
7900:and
7898:have
7852:").
7831:will
7713:love
7708:take
7693:took
7666:love
7661:take
7631:been
7601:and
7599:have
7527:that
7487:them
7482:they
7462:your
7437:ours
7391:they
7369:your
7344:mine
7261:them
7257:they
7244:(in
7228:and
7210:your
7194:thou
7172:and
7112:I/me
7082:some
7078:many
7074:each
7036:most
7032:more
7024:best
7016:good
6996:-est
6937:and
6927:good
6899:and
6897:some
6893:many
6850:with
6842:that
6830:tall
6771:mice
6763:oxen
6759:fish
6755:feet
6729:fish
6725:foot
6706:dogs
6702:cats
6660:and
6632:Noun
6629:Det.
6620:Verb
6617:Noun
6614:Adj.
6611:Det.
6605:Noun
6602:Det.
6596:Noun
6593:Det.
6571:when
6482:and
6447:and
6445:have
6439:and
6392:/æɑ/
6379:and
6344:and
6308:and
6297:and
6270:lock
6263:loch
6249:wine
6244:wine
6216:and
6196:and
6167:TRAP
6158:bath
6154:trap
6138:BATH
6131:/ɑː/
6126:PALM
6045:/ɔː/
6008:yes
5975:/ɑː/
5969:yes
5925:yes
5894:yes
5847:yes
5817:bath
5813:trap
5725:full
5721:fool
5291:kən-
5168:and
5138:stay
5122:play
5069:/ər/
5067:and
5065:/ɜr/
5055:and
5047:and
5039:and
5018:save
5014:need
5006:safe
5002:neat
4998:rich
4971:need
4936:comm
4474:snow
4470:clay
4452:All
4443:full
4417:full
4385:spin
4315:/sz/
4307:/pb/
3840:and
3836:The
3606:and
3576:and
3568:The
3561:and
3405:and
3116:-ing
3112:have
3104:whom
3102:and
3094:and
3086:and
3023:bird
3019:ayre
2999:gnat
2936:boot
2928:beet
2924:bite
2902:and
2838:have
2819:Orrm
2731:The
2711:The
2701:and
2649:and
2637:, a
2574:fox-
2516:and
2415:and
2403:wynn
2350:and
2342:and
2321:and
2311:and
2299:, a
2178:and
2166:and
2111:and
2099:and
2022:and
2008:weak
2006:and
1959:and
1932:and
1897:and
1823:Lux.
1810:High
1754:West
1701:and
1685:and
1649:, a
1576:and
1370:Manx
921:OPEC
911:OECD
891:NATO
719:Niue
689:Guam
377:Fiji
94:and
70:The
25223:ESL
25008:ODE
25001:OED
24821:Old
21722:of
21550:/r/
21542:/l/
21213:doi
21186:doi
21134:doi
21104:doi
20979:doi
20834:doi
20796:doi
20603:doi
20442:doi
20415:doi
20390:BBC
20364:doi
20337:doi
20181:doi
20154:doi
20127:doi
19953:doi
19869:doi
19842:doi
19817:doi
19777:doi
19726:doi
19644:doi
19584:doi
19497:151
19466:doi
19441:doi
19424:doi
19313:doi
19232:doi
19159:doi
19044:199
19013:doi
18799:360
18760:doi
18714:doi
18529:doi
18382:doi
18332:109
18212:doi
18185:doi
18168:doi
18137:doi
17984:420
17856:doi
17775:doi
17651:doi
17594:132
17563:doi
17387:doi
17316:doi
17195:doi
17142:doi
17104:doi
17073:doi
17027:doi
16887:doi
16779:doi
16735:doi
16454:PBS
14667:doi
13689:doi
13497:doi
12259:doi
12105:doi
11910:at
11657:/ð/
11653:/θ/
11649:/d/
11645:/t/
11629:bay
11562:pin
11179:are
10917:or
10892:spa
10888:spy
10870:In
10620:MTE
10183:In
10162:).
10152:/v/
10140:/f/
10138:as
10136:th-
10109:),
9529:).
9510:in
9504:how
9502:in
9494:in
9447:/z/
9439:/f/
9423:/ŋ/
9415:/ð/
9413:or
9411:/θ/
9403:/ʃ/
9368:/s/
9357:/ɡ/
9353:/k/
9034:egg
8900:or
8885:).
8881:or
8857:or
8853:or
8782:boy
8678:or
8642:who
8631:.)
8605:how
8601:why
8589:who
8529:).
8507:get
8501:or
8471:not
8429:not
8417:did
8351:who
8262:him
8257:hit
8087:-ly
8000:see
7975:).
7929:may
7925:can
7920:).
7833:or
7757:-ed
7627:are
7523:you
7513:or
7457:you
7452:you
7432:our
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47:ɡ
44:ŋ
41:ɪ
38:ˈ
35:/
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