Buddhism - Knowledge

6444: 5211: 5571: 5434:(non-harming), the Buddha's ethics strongly condemn the harming of all sentient beings, including all animals. He thus condemned the animal sacrifice of the Brahmins as well hunting, and killing animals for food. However, early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as allowing monastics to eat meat. This seems to be because monastics begged for their food and thus were supposed to accept whatever food was offered to them. This was tempered by the rule that meat had to be "three times clean": "they had not seen, had not heard, and had no reason to suspect that the animal had been killed so that the meat could be given to them". Also, while the Buddha did not explicitly promote vegetarianism in his discourses, he did state that gaining one's livelihood from the meat trade was unethical. In contrast to this, various Mahayana sutras and texts like the 5462: 8531:. p. 33. Bauddha is "a secondary derivative of buddha, in which the vowel's lengthening indicates connection or relation. Things that are bauddha pertain to the buddha, just as things Saiva related to Siva and things Vaisnava belong to Visnu. ... baudda can be both adjectival and nominal; it can be used for doctrines spoken by the buddha, objects enjoyed by him, texts attributed to him, as well as individuals, communities, and societies that offer him reverence or accept ideologies certified through his name. Strictly speaking, Sakya is preferable to bauddha since the latter is not attested at Ajanta. In fact, as a collective noun, bauddha is an outsider's term. The bauddha did not call themselves this in India, though they did sometimes use the word adjectivally (e.g., as a possessive, the buddha's)." 6053: 3812: 2734: 3063: 6013: 4327: 2250: 6169: 6455: 17052:, pp. 362–379: "From Olcott's catechism grew the tradition of Buddhist ambivalence (if not outright hostility) toward the concept of religion, but his catechism had a religious origin in Olcott's own liberal Protestant Christian background. He took his challenge to be one of purifying Buddhism by returning to the fundamental teaching of the founder as recorded in its authoritative scriptures. The teaching he found in these texts had much in common with the liberal Protestantism of the late nineteenth century. It was opposed to 'superstitious' practices, suspicious of miracles and the supernatural, and respectful of the canons of reason." 5719: 12794: 2127: 3774:) beings. Mahāyāna Buddhism holds that these other Buddhas in other realms can be contacted and are able to benefit beings in this world. In Mahāyāna, a Buddha is a kind of "spiritual king", a "protector of all creatures" with a lifetime that is countless of eons long, rather than just a human teacher who has transcended the world after death. Shakyamuni's life and death on earth is then usually understood as a "mere appearance" or "a manifestation skilfully projected into earthly life by a long-enlightened transcendent being, who is still available to teach the faithful through visionary experiences". 6033: 7250:, give different accounts about the life of the Buddha; many include stories of his many rebirths, and some add significant embellishments. Keown and Prebish state, "In the past, modern scholars have generally accepted 486 or 483 BCE for this , but the consensus is now that they rest on evidence which is too flimsy. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies." 4679: 46: 14401: 1293: 2897: 1927: 1771:. However, these texts were revised over time, and it is unclear what constitutes the earliest layer of Buddhist teachings. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pāli Canon and other texts. The reliability of the early sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. 4633: 4454: 1275: 6042: 11353: 6699: 1700: 3196:) nor any other 'transcendent creative principle'. However, Buddhist thought does not understand causality in terms of Newtonian mechanics; rather it understands it as conditioned arising. In Buddhism, dependent arising refers to conditions created by a plurality of causes that necessarily co-originate a phenomenon within and across lifetimes, such as karma in one life creating conditions that lead to rebirth in one of the realms of existence for another lifetime. 6022: 90: 17064:, pp. 30–31: "What was practice in 19th and early 20th century Asia was often considered aberrational, a perversion of what was once a pure practice. The purity of this practice was supposedly lost once Buddhism changed into the religion it now was in Asia. The original dharma could be reconstructed if the teachings were liberated from the 'cultural' and 'local' Asian context In fact, our perception of Buddhism is still colored by these presuppositions." 7437:"The most important evidence – in fact the only evidence – for situating the emergence of the Mahayana around the beginning of the common era was not Indian evidence at all, but came from China. Already by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, there was a small, seemingly idiosyncratic collection of substantial Mahayana sutras translated into what Erik Zürcher calls 'broken Chinese' by an Indoscythian, whose Indian name has been reconstructed as Lokaksema." 28516: 23319: 2028: 5885: 9194:; Quote: "But the Upanishadic ultimate meaning of the Vedas, was, from the viewpoint of the Vedic canon in general, clearly a new idea.."; p. 95: The Upanishads in particular were part of the Vedic corpus (...) When these various new ideas were brought together and edited, they were added on to the already existing Vedic..."; p. 294: "When early Jainism came into existence, various ideas mentioned in the extant older Upanishads were current,....". 23330: 7031: 28526: 6307: 2813: 5416:

trees. Public group chanting for devotional and ceremonial is common to all Buddhist traditions and goes back to ancient India where chanting aided in the memorization of the orally transmitted teachings. Rosaries called malas are used in all Buddhist traditions to count repeated chanting of common formulas or mantras. Chanting is thus a type of devotional group meditation which leads to tranquility and communicates the Buddhist teachings.

20728: 4871: 2395: 20715: 23618: 11362:, p. 58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.. 11604:, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering." 11212:, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering." 6718: 6281: 2508:. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India, while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion. 7017: 671: 20705: 1866:. Scholars such as Bronkhorst also think that the four noble truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. 6062: 3896:("the doctrine of consciousness"). According to Mark Siderits, what classical Yogācāra thinkers like Vasubandhu had in mind is that we are only ever aware of mental images or impressions, which may appear as external objects, but "there is actually no such thing outside the mind". There are several interpretations of this main theory, many scholars see it as a type of Idealism, others as a kind of phenomenology. 12169:, Quote: "This general scheme remained basic to later Hinduism, to Jainism, and to Buddhism. Eternal salvation, to use the Christian term, is not conceived of as world without end; we have already got that, called samsara, the world of rebirth and redeath: that is the problem, not the solution. The ultimate aim is the timeless state of moksha, or as the Buddhists seem to have been the first to call it, nirvana." 23608: 3181:, also called "dependent arising, or dependent origination", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature and relations of being, becoming, existence and ultimate reality. Buddhism asserts that there is nothing independent, except the state of nirvana. All physical and mental states depend on and arise from other pre-existing states, and in turn from them arise other dependent states while they cease. 3789:

practice. It is likened to a raft which is "for crossing over" (to nirvana) not for holding on to. It also refers to the universal law and cosmic order which that teaching both reveals and relies upon. It is an everlasting principle which applies to all beings and worlds. In that sense it is also the ultimate truth and reality about the universe, it is thus "the way that things really are".

5754:" to distinguish them from Mahāyāna sūtras. Mahāyāna traditions mainly see these different classes of texts as being designed for different types of persons, with different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahāyāna sūtras are mainly seen as being for those of "greater" capacity. Mahāyāna also has a very large literature of philosophical and exegetical texts. These are often called 12620: 4568:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from false speech." According to Harvey this includes "any form of lying, deception or exaggeration...even non-verbal deception by gesture or other indication...or misleading statements." The precept is often also seen as including other forms of wrong speech such as "divisive speech, harsh, abusive, angry words, and even idle chatter". 2186: 7625:, pp. 1–2); identifies "three broad traditions" as: (1) "The Theravāda tradition of Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, also sometimes referred to as 'southern' Buddhism"; (2) "The East Asian tradition of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, also sometimes referred to as 'eastern' Buddhism"; and, (3) "The Tibetan tradition, also sometimes referred to as 'northern' Buddhism."; 4719:). Generally, renunciation is the giving up of actions and desires that are seen as unwholesome on the path, such as lust for sensuality and worldly things. Renunciation can be cultivated in different ways. The practice of giving for example, is one form of cultivating renunciation. Another one is the giving up of lay life and becoming a monastic ( 2334:. Sanderson has argued that Buddhist tantras can be shown to have borrowed practices, terms, rituals and more form Shaiva tantras. He argues that Buddhist texts even directly copied various Shaiva tantras, especially the Bhairava Vidyapitha tantras. Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's claims for direct influence from Shaiva 7369:

BC. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers."

1858:, in his study of the Gandharan texts (which are the earliest manuscripts containing early discourses), has confirmed that their teachings are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools." 4571:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from alcoholic drink or drugs that are an opportunity for heedlessness." According to Harvey, intoxication is seen as a way to mask rather than face the sufferings of life. It is seen as damaging to one's mental clarity, mindfulness and ability to keep the other four precepts. 18319:, volume I; NB in the online transcript a little text has been accidentally omitted: in section 4, between "... none of the other contributions in this section envisage a date before 420 B.C." and "to 350 B.C." insert "Akira Hirakawa defends the short chronology and Heinz Bechert himself sets a range from 400 B.C." 7651:

This is a contested number. Official numbers from the Chinese government are lower, while other surveys are higher. According to Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, in non-government surveys, "49 percent of self-claimed non-believers held some religious beliefs, such as believing in soul reincarnation, heaven,

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Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter, the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman, the textual studies by Richard Gombrich, and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes

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Buddhism has faced various challenges and changes during the colonisation of Buddhist states by Christian countries and its persecution under modern states. Like other religions, the findings of modern science have challenged its basic premises. One response to some of these challenges has come to be

4250:

For monks, beg to feed, only possessing what is essential to sustain life. For lay Buddhists, the canonical texts state right livelihood as abstaining from wrong livelihood, explained as not becoming a source or means of suffering to sentient beings by cheating them, or harming or killing them in any

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exchange beliefs of the Hindu Vedic rituals. The "karma merit transfer" concept has been controversial, not accepted in later Jainism and Hinduism traditions, unlike Buddhism where it was adopted in ancient times and remains a common practice. According to Bruce Reichenbach, the "merit transfer" idea

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and non-Brahmanical ascetic groups shared and used several similar ideas, but the Śramaṇa traditions also drew upon already established Brahmanical concepts and philosophical roots, states Wiltshire, to formulate their own doctrines. Brahmanical motifs can be found in the oldest Buddhist texts, using

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According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication "Indian Buddhism", from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out. According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries

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While some interpretations state that Buddhism may have originated as a social reform, other scholars state that it is incorrect and anachronistic to regard the Buddha as a social reformer. Buddha's concern was "to reform individuals, help them to leave society forever, not to reform the world... he

6363:. It was also during the 19th century that Asian Buddhist immigrants (mainly from China and Japan) began to arrive in Western countries such as the United States and Canada, bringing with them their Buddhist religion. This period also saw the first Westerners to formally convert to Buddhism, such as 5892:

The Theravada tradition traces its origins as the oldest tradition holding the Pali Canon as the only authority. The Mahayana tradition reveres the Canon but also derivative literature that developed in the 1st millennium CE; its roots are traceable to the 1st century BCE. The Vajrayana tradition is

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include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. Buddhist devotion is usually focused on some object, image or location that is seen as holy or spiritually influential. Examples of objects of devotion include paintings or statues of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, stupas, and bodhi

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was practised in the centuries preceding the Buddha, the meditative methodologies described in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era. These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within

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is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualisations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen

3123:

Nirvana literally means "blowing out, quenching, becoming extinguished". In early Buddhist texts, it is the state of restraint and self-control that leads to the "blowing out" and the ending of the cycles of sufferings associated with rebirths and redeaths. Many later Buddhist texts describe nirvana

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have been problematic in the West. In contrast, states Christopher Gowans, for "most ordinary Buddhists, today as well as in the past, their basic moral orientation is governed by belief in karma and rebirth". Most Asian Buddhist laypersons, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist

5873:. This classification is also used by some scholars and is the one ordinarily used in the English language. An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravāda (or "Southern Buddhism", "South Asian Buddhism"), 5218:

Some Buddhist traditions, especially those associated with Tantric Buddhism (also known as Vajrayana and Secret Mantra) use images and symbols of deities and Buddhas in meditation. This is generally done by mentally visualizing a Buddha image (or some other mental image, like a symbol, a mandala, a

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with its "become calm, subdued, quiet, patiently enduring, concentrated, one sees soul in oneself" is most probably a meditative state. The Buddhist discussion of meditation is without the concept of soul and the discussion criticises both the ascetic meditation of Jainism and the "real self, soul"

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suggest that 'all sentient beings contain a Tathagata' as their 'essence, core inner nature, Self'. According to Karl Brunnholzl "the earliest mahayana sutras that are based on and discuss the notion of tathāgatagarbha as the buddha potential that is innate in all sentient beings began to appear in

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In Buddhism, good or bad karma accumulates even if there is no physical action, and just having ill or good thoughts creates karmic seeds; thus, actions of body, speech or mind all lead to karmic seeds. In the Buddhist traditions, life aspects affected by the law of karma in past and current births

3001:. The existence of karma is a core belief in Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions, and it implies neither fatalism nor that everything that happens to a person is caused by karma. (Diseases and suffering induced by the disruptive actions of other people are examples of non-karma suffering.) 8497:

by Caroline Rhys Davids (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931) p. 1. "Put away the word "Buddhism" and think of your subject as "Sakya." This will at once place you for your perspective at a true point. You are now concerned to learn less about 'Buddha' and 'Buddhism,' and more about him whom

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divide their book into two parts: Part One is entitled "The Buddhism of South Asia" (which pertains to Early Buddhism in India); and, Part Two is entitled "The Development of Buddhism Outside of India" with chapters on "The Buddhism of Southeast Asia", "Buddhism in the Tibetan Culture Area", "East

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launched the Navayana tradition – literally, "new vehicle". Ambedkar's Buddhism rejects the foundational doctrines and historic practices of traditional Theravada and Mahayana traditions, such as monk lifestyle after renunciation, karma, rebirth, samsara, meditation, nirvana, Four Noble Truths and

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Mahāyāna sees the arhat's nirvana as being imperfect and inferior or preliminary to full Buddhahood. It sees arhatship as selfish, since bodhisattvas vow to save all beings while arhats save only themselves. Theravāda meanwhile does not accept that the arhat's nirvana is an inferior or preliminary

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In Theravada Buddhism, a Buddha is someone who has become awake through their own efforts and insight. They have put an end to their cycle of rebirths and have ended all unwholesome mental states which lead to bad action and thus are morally perfected. While subject to the limitations of the human

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The nirvana state has been described in Buddhist texts partly in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, enlightenment, highest happiness, bliss, fearlessness, freedom, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, and indescribable. It has also been

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Mahāyāna initially seems to have remained a small minority movement that was in tension with other Buddhist groups, struggling for wider acceptance. However, during the fifth and sixth centuries CE, there seems to have been a rapid growth of Mahāyāna Buddhism, which is shown by a large increase in

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There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, with a separate monastic code (Vinaya), but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both

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and the Buddhist institutions of these regions. The Kushans patronised Buddhism throughout their lands, and many Buddhist centres were built or renovated (the Sarvastivada school was particularly favored), especially by Emperor Kanishka (128–151 CE). Kushan support helped Buddhism to expand into a

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Although the term Four Noble Truths is well known in English, it is a misleading translation of the Pali term Chattari-ariya-saccani (Sanskrit: Chatvari-arya-satyani), because noble (Pali: ariya; Sanskrit: arya) refers not to the truths themselves but to those who recognize and understand them. A

9300:; Quote: "But he talks about the simultaneous emergence of a Vedic and a non-Vedic asceticism. (...) Thus, the challenge for old Vedic views consisted of a new theology, written down in the early Upanishads like the Brhadaranyaka and the Mundaka Upanishad. The new set of ideas contained the...." 7548:

These descriptions of nirvana in Buddhist texts, states Peter Harvey, are contested by scholars because nirvana in Buddhism is ultimately described as a state of "stopped consciousness (blown out), but one that is not non-existent", and "it seems impossible to imagine what awareness devoid of any

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state that the Buddha promoted vegetarianism out of compassion. Indian Mahayana thinkers like Shantideva promoted the avoidance of meat. Throughout history, the issue of whether Buddhists should be vegetarian has remained a much debated topic and there is a variety of opinions on this issue among

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However, some scholars argue that critical analysis reveals discrepancies among the various doctrines found in these early texts, which point to alternative possibilities for early Buddhism. The authenticity of certain teachings and doctrines have been questioned. For example, some scholars think

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J.W. De Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed

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175. Olcott's approach to Buddhism and the terminology of Protestant Buddhism and "creolization" (Prothero) is extensively discussed in K.A. McMahan," 'Creolization' in American Religious History. The Metaphysical Nature of Henry Steel Olcott, PhD dissertation, unpublished manuscript (Ann Arbor

12662:, Quote: " that nothing in reality has its own-being and that all phenomena reduce to the relativities of pratitya samutpada. The Buddhist ontological hypothesese deny that there is any ontologically ultimate object such a God, Brahman, the Dao, or any transcendent creative source or principle." 6854:

is a widespread practice in some Buddhist societies. Buddhist monasteries have long existed alongside local shamanic traditions. Lacking an institutional orthodoxy, Buddhists adapted to the local cultures, blending their own traditions with pre-existing shamanic culture. Research into Himalayan

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The third "jewel" which Buddhists take refuge in is the "Sangha", which refers to the monastic community of monks and nuns who follow Gautama Buddha's monastic discipline which was "designed to shape the Sangha as an ideal community, with the optimum conditions for spiritual growth." The Sangha

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The earliest Buddhist biographies of the Buddha mention these Vedic-era teachers. Outside of these early Buddhist texts, these names do not appear, which has led some scholars to raise doubts about the historicity of these claims. According to Alexander Wynne, the evidence suggests that Buddha

4706:, sense restraint is when one "guards the sense doors in order to prevent sense impressions from leading to desires and discontent". This is not an avoidance of sense impression, but a kind of mindful attention towards the sense impressions which does not dwell on their main features or signs ( 3788:

The second of the three jewels is "Dharma" (Pali: Dhamma), which in Buddhism refers to the Buddha's teaching, which includes all of the main ideas outlined above. While this teaching reflects the true nature of reality, it is not a belief to be clung to, but a pragmatic teaching to be put into

5904:(literally "lesser or inferior vehicle") is sometimes used by Mahāyāna followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravāda emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including: 2157:

The origins of Mahāyāna ("Great Vehicle") Buddhism are not well understood and there are various competing theories about how and where this movement arose. Theories include the idea that it began as various groups venerating certain texts or that it arose as a strict forest ascetic movement.

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Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, pp. 23, 124,

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The ancient formula which is repeated for taking refuge affirms that "I go to the Buddha as refuge, I go to the Dhamma as refuge, I go to the Sangha as refuge." Reciting the three refuges, according to Harvey, is considered not as a place to hide, rather a thought that "purifies, uplifts and

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The Sangha is seen as important because they preserve and pass down Buddha Dharma. As Gethin states "the Sangha lives the teaching, preserves the teaching as Scriptures and teaches the wider community. Without the Sangha there is no Buddhism." The Sangha also acts as a "field of merit" for

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basket which were texts on detailed scholastic classification, summary and interpretation of the Suttas. The doctrine details in the Abhidharmas of various Buddhist schools differ significantly, and these were composed starting about the third century BCE and through the 1st millennium CE.

9231:. (...) The knowledge and attainment of the Highest Goal had been there from the Vedic times. But in the Upanishads inner awareness, aided by major intellectual breakthroughs, arrived at a language in which Highest Goal could be dealt with directly, independent of ritual and sacred lore". 7492:

entering this world. A layman hears his teachings, decides to leave the life of a householder, starts living according to the moral precepts, guards his sense-doors, practises mindfulness and the four jhanas, gains the three knowledges, understands the Four Noble Truths and destroys the

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comprises 1108 texts – all claimed to have been spoken by the Buddha – and another 3461 texts composed by Indian scholars revered in the Tibetan tradition. The Buddhist textual history is vast; over 40,000 manuscripts – mostly Buddhist, some

5527:, but like all major ancient Indian religions, there is no consensus among the different Buddhist traditions as to what constitutes the scriptures or a common canon in Buddhism. The general belief among Buddhists is that the canonical corpus is vast. This corpus includes the ancient 3044:

was generally absent in early Buddhism and may have emerged with the rise of Mahayana Buddhism; he adds that while major Hindu schools such as Yoga, Advaita Vedanta and others do not believe in merit transfer, some bhakti Hindu traditions later adopted the idea just like Buddhism.

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means "wandering" or "world", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be

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In the Generation Stage, one meditates on emptiness and visualizes oneself as a deity as well as visualizing its mandala. The focus is on developing clear appearance and divine pride (the understanding that oneself and the deity are one). This method is also known as deity yoga

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that karma was not central to the teaching of the historical Buddha, while other disagree with this position. Likewise, there is scholarly disagreement on whether insight was seen as liberating in early Buddhism or whether it was a later addition to the practice of the four

4555:) to abstain from onslaught on breathing beings." This includes ordering or causing someone else to kill. The Pali suttas also say one should not "approve of others killing" and that one should be "scrupulous, compassionate, trembling for the welfare of all living beings". 5219:

syllable, etc.), and using that image to cultivate calm and insight. One may also visualize and identify oneself with the imagined deity. While visualization practices have been particularly popular in Vajrayana, they may also found in Mahayana and Theravada traditions.

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Another related practice to renunciation and sense restraint taught by the Buddha is "restraint in eating" or moderation with food, which for monks generally means not eating after noon. Devout laypersons also follow this rule during special days of religious observance

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as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists has been to seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana.

8485:. p. 33. "Donors adopted Sakyamuni Buddha's family name to assert their legitimacy as his heirs, both institutionally and ideologically. To take the name of Sakya was to define oneself by one's affiliation with the buddha, somewhat like calling oneself a Buddhist today. 3633:(Sanskrit). It is the view that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in phenomena. The Buddha and Buddhist philosophers who follow him such as Vasubandhu and Buddhaghosa, generally argue for this view by analyzing the person through the schema of the 6580:

Some of these movements have brought internal disputes and strife within regional Buddhist communities. For example, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand teaches a "true self" doctrine, which traditional Theravada monks consider as heretically denying the fundamental

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groups also eventually split into different Sanghas. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over monastic disciplinary codes of various fraternities, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.

5746:. Modern historians generally hold that the first of these texts were composed probably around the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE. In Mahāyāna, these texts are generally given greater authority than the early Āgamas and Abhidharma literature, which are called " 5504:, and many versions appeared thereafter claiming to be the words of the Buddha. Scholarly Buddhist commentary texts, with named authors, appeared in India, around the 2nd century CE. These texts were written in Pali or Sanskrit, sometimes regional languages, as 4599:

form the foundation of the precepts. Undertaking the five precepts is part of regular lay devotional practice, both at home and at the local temple. However, the extent to which people keep them differs per region and time. They are sometimes referred to as the

6605:. "There are huge cover ups in the Catholic church, but what has happened within Tibetan Buddhism is totally along the same lines," says Mary Finnigan, an author and journalist who has been chronicling such alleged abuses since the mid-80s. One notably covered 5972:

as a worthy goal to strive towards. The bodhisattva path is not denied in Theravāda, it is generally seen as a long and difficult path suitable for only a few. Thus the Bodhisattva path is normative in Mahāyāna, while it is an optional path for a heroic few in

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often relies on comparative scholarship using these various early Buddhist sources to identify parallel texts and common doctrinal content. One feature of these early texts are literary structures which reflect oral transmission, such as widespread repetition.

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Giving up home and adopting the life of a religious mendicant in order to follow the path; this concept, states Harvey, aims at peaceful renunciation, into an environment of non-sensuality, non-ill-will (to lovingkindness), away from cruelty (to compassion).

5411:), 'trustful confidence' or 'faith', as a quality which must be balanced by wisdom, and as a preparation for, or accompaniment of, meditation." Because of this devotion (Sanskrit: bhakti; Pali: bhatti) is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. 3020:"result". The emphasis on intent in Buddhism marks a difference from the karmic theory of Jainism, where karma accumulates with or without intent. The emphasis on intent is also found in Hinduism, and Buddhism may have influenced karma theories of Hinduism. 2931:

The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after death. Some Buddhist traditions assert that "no self" doctrine means that there is no enduring self, but there is

9226:

therefore, thought and inner spiritual awareness started to separate subtler, deeper aspects from the context of ritual performance and myth with which they had been united up to then. This process was then carried further and brought to completion in the

12807:), culminating in the arising of dukkha." (...) "This states the principle of conditionality, that all things, mental and physical, arise and exist due to the presence of certain conditions, and cease once their conditions are removed: nothing (except 1357:

where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead. Some of the stories about the Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a later time into the Buddhist texts.

13172: 7378:

Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic

5135:, are virtues or directions for meditation in Buddhist traditions, which helps a person be reborn in the heavenly (Brahma) realm. These are traditionally believed to be a characteristic of the deity Brahma and the heavenly abode he resides in. 4234:

No killing or injuring, no taking what is not given; no sexual acts in monastic pursuit, for lay Buddhists no sensual misconduct such as sexual involvement with someone married, or with an unmarried woman protected by her parents or relatives.

5067:

The various Buddhist traditions generally see Buddhist meditation as being divided into those two main types. Samatha is also called "calming meditation", and focuses on stilling and concentrating the mind i.e. developing samadhi and the four

3031:

A notable aspect of the karma theory in modern Buddhism is merit transfer. A person accumulates merit not only through intentions and ethical living, but also is able to gain merit from others by exchanging goods and services, such as through

12633:

the Buddha that things originate in dependence upon causal conditioning, and this emphasis on causality describes the central feature of Buddhist ontology. All elements of samsara exist in some sense or another relative to their causes and

17058:: "The view that Buddhism is a 'philosophy' and 'not a religion' is a prime example of nineteenth-century Orientalist scholarship entering into the Western public consciousness that persists even now ut such a view is overly reductionist." 4158:

The belief that there is an afterlife and not everything ends with death, that Buddha taught and followed a successful path to nirvana; according to Peter Harvey, the right view is held in Buddhism as a belief in the Buddhist principles of

9909: 3024:

of a being include the form of rebirth, realm of rebirth, social class, character and major circumstances of a lifetime. According to the theory, it operates like the laws of physics, without external intervention, on every being in all

17393: 2161:

The first Mahāyāna works were written sometime between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts, mainly those of

5980:

Mahāyāna accepts the authority of the many Mahāyāna sutras along with the other Nikaya texts like the Agamas and the Pali canon (though it sees Mahāyāna texts as primary), while Theravāda does not accept that the Mahāyāna sutras are

4968:

methodology, in which mindfulness is maintained. Further, the focus of meditation and the underlying theory of liberation guiding the meditation has been different in Buddhism. For example, states Bronkhorst, the verse 4.4.23 of the

12580:, p. 65 Quote: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth." 4068:

According to Rupert Gethin, the path to awakening is also frequently summarized by another a short formula: "abandoning the hindrances, practice of the four establishings of mindfulness, and development of the awakening factors".

11456: 11020: 1418:(Sanskrit: Udraka Ramaputra), learning meditation and philosophy, particularly the meditative attainment of "the sphere of nothingness" from the former, and "the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception" from the latter. 18744: 11113:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self")."; 6150:. They include monastic quarters, stupas and prayer halls with Buddha images. In the modern era, the Buddhist "meditation centre", which is mostly used by laypersons and often also staffed by them, has also become widespread. 6111:) were set up by monks. Whatever structures were built in these locales were made out of wood and were sometimes temporary structures built for the rainy season. Over time, the wandering community slowly adopted more settled 6773:. According to Litian Fang, Buddhism has "permeated a wide range of fields, such as politics, ethics, philosophy, literature, art and customs", in these Asian regions. Buddhist teachings influenced the development of modern 2342:

tantras is by no means so well established" and that the Shaiva tradition also appropriated non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions. Thus while "there can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by

4658:

is recited every fortnight in a ritual gathering of all monks. Buddhist text with vinaya rules for monasteries have been traced in all Buddhist traditions, with the oldest surviving being the ancient Chinese translations.

4796:

literally meaning "recollection, remembering") is central in Buddhism. According to Analayo, mindfulness is a full awareness of the present moment which enhances and strengthens memory. The Indian Buddhist philosopher

20594: 9532:

Schmithausen (1987) "Part I: Earliest Buddhism," Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vol. II: Earliest Buddhism and Madhyamaka, ed. David Seyfort Ruegg and Lambert Schmithausen, Leiden: Kern Institute, pp.

5481:

in ancient times. The Buddha's words, the early doctrines, concepts, and their traditional interpretations were orally transmitted from one generation to the next. The earliest oral texts were transmitted in Middle

2869:

Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Samsara ends if a person attains

5911:

Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them:

3828:

laypersons, allowing them to make spiritual merit or goodness by donating to the Sangha and supporting them. In return, they keep their duty to preserve and spread the Dharma everywhere for the good of the world.

3735:

body in certain ways (for example, in the early texts, the Buddha suffers from backaches), a Buddha is said to be "deep, immeasurable, hard-to-fathom as is the great ocean", and also has immense psychic powers (

4905:

is a calm, undistracted, unified and concentrated state of awareness. It is defined by Asanga as "one-pointedness of mind on the object to be investigated. Its function consists of giving a basis to knowledge

4017:) to explain rebirth is viewed as the 'middle way' between the doctrines that a being has a "permanent soul" involved in rebirth (eternalism) and "death is final and there is no rebirth" (annihilationism). 3730:

While all varieties of Buddhism revere "Buddha" and "buddhahood", they have different views on what these are. Regardless of their interpretation, the concept of Buddha is central to all forms of Buddhism.

11133:(Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; 5351:. Overcoming this ignorance is part of the path to awakening. This overcoming includes the contemplation of impermanence and the non-self nature of reality, and this develops dispassion for the objects of 4087:. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. 16771: 4371:

also state that hearing the Dharma and study of the Buddhist discourses is necessary "if one wants to learn and practice the Buddha Dharma." Likewise, in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, the "Stages of the Path"

17602: 4558:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from taking what is not given." According to Harvey, this also covers fraud, cheating, forgery as well as "falsely denying that one is in debt to someone". 1801:

According to Mitchell, certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the

3884:

One of these is the unique interpretation of emptiness and dependent origination found in the Madhyamaka school. Another very influential doctrine for Mahāyāna is the main philosophical view of the

4666:

has its own rules. A monk abides by these institutionalised rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself. Transgressions by a monk on

4698:). In the various graduated paths, this is usually presented as a practice which is taught prior to formal sitting meditation, and which supports meditation by weakening sense desires that are a 4475:

One of the most basic forms of ethics in Buddhism is the taking of "precepts". This includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma (

2424:

to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question. The first documented translation efforts by foreign

5316:(Sanskrit), which is often translated as "insight". In Buddhist texts, the faculty of insight is often said to be cultivated through the four establishments of mindfulness. In the early texts, 1583:

in the form of the Upanishads, and outside of the Vedic tradition through the Śramaṇa movements. The term Śramaṇa refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the

17385: 3881:

Mahāyāna Buddhism also differs from Theravada and the other schools of early Buddhism in promoting several unique doctrines which are contained in Mahāyāna sutras and philosophical treatises.

16740: 4837:("clear comprehension"). This faculty is the ability to comprehend what one is doing and is happening in the mind, and whether it is being influenced by unwholesome states or wholesome ones. 4472:(Pāli) is the concept of "moral virtues", that is the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It generally consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood. 3824:

consists of those who have chosen to follow the Buddha's ideal way of life, which is one of celibate monastic renunciation with minimal material possessions (such as an alms bowl and robes).

4565:, as well as rape and incest. It also applies to sex with those who are legally under the protection of a guardian. It is also interpreted in different ways in the varying Buddhist cultures. 3255:(old age, death, sorrow, and pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. 13631:; Quote: "These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poison." 9918:, p. 5, Quote: hey do not teach that one is released by knowing the four noble truths, but by practising the fourth noble truth, the eightfold path, which culminates in right samadhi. 6118:

There are many different forms of Buddhist structures. Classic Indian Buddhist institutions mainly made use of the following structures: monasteries, rock-hewn cave complexes (such as the

4710:). This is said to prevent harmful influences from entering the mind. This practice is said to give rise to an inner peace and happiness which forms a basis for concentration and insight. 17337: 8359: 1522:

containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha; these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread in the modern era are

3694:(literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and are thus without any underlying essence, and so are "empty" of being independent. This doctrine sought to refute the heterodox theories of 4292:

Never be absent-minded, conscious of what one is doing; this, states Harvey, encourages mindfulness about impermanence of the body, feelings and mind, as well as to experience the five

18763: 6828:, which were some of the first Westerners to take Buddhism seriously as a spiritual tradition. More recently, Buddhist meditation practices have influenced the development of modern 6629:

scholars that Buddhism is a religion. However, Buddhism has posed problems to Western scholars of religion who define religion based solely on a "theistic conception". Further, some

2182:

Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahāyāna monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not.

1310:

but are inconsistent. His social background and life details are difficult to prove, and the precise dates are uncertain, although the 5th century BCE seems to be the best estimate.

4036:

In the early texts, numerous different sequences of the gradual path can be found. One of the most important and widely used presentations among the various Buddhist schools is The

3918:

written form in the late second and early third century." For some, the doctrine seems to conflict with the Buddhist anatta doctrine (non-Self), leading scholars to posit that the

11157: 3851:, "noble ones" or "holy ones") who are spiritually attained beings. Aryas have attained the fruits of the Buddhist path. Becoming an arya is a goal in most forms of Buddhism. The 842:–movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. It has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to 16709: 5977:

attainment, nor that it is a selfish deed to attain arhatship since not only are arhats described as compassionate but they have destroyed the root of greed, the sense of "I am".

2946:(a person's consciousness) though evolving, exists as a continuum and is the mechanistic basis of what undergoes the rebirth process. The quality of one's rebirth depends on the 1631:

as concepts such as Truth, Rite, Tranquility or Restraint. Buddhist texts also refer to the three Vedic sacrificial fires, reinterpreting and explaining them as ethical conduct.

4013:

that was a 'middle way' between the extremes of asceticism and hedonistic sense pleasures. In Buddhism, states Harvey, the doctrine of "dependent arising" (conditioned arising,

6355:

in the West. The English words such as Buddhism, "Boudhist", "Bauddhist" and Buddhist were coined in the early 19th-century in the West, while in 1881, Rhys Davids founded the

18388: 17362: 17569: 6660:

lens and viewed Buddhism in Asia as representing a debased religious form of what was originally non-religious and rational. Some Buddhist teachers and commentators, such as

3977:, but a wide variety of paths and models of progress have been used and described in the different Buddhist traditions. However, they generally share basic practices such as 5087:

There are numerous doctrinal positions and disagreements within the different Buddhist traditions regarding these qualities or forms of meditation. For example, in the Pali

5700:

works from other schools survive in Chinese translation, as part of the Chinese Buddhist Canon. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven

1900:

was held to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. Many modern scholars question the historicity of this event. However,

11149:, p. 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism"; 16818:

Marion Dapsance (28 September 2014). "When Fraud Is Part of a Spiritual Path: A Tibetan Lama's Plays on Reality and Illusion". In Amanda van Eck Duymaer van Twist (ed.).

11404: 3654:, is a related concept with many different interpretations throughout the various Buddhisms. In early Buddhism, it was commonly stated that all five aggregates are void ( 3942:". Various interpretations of the concept have been advanced by Buddhist thinkers throughout the history of Buddhist thought and most attempt to avoid anything like the 1904:

states that the monastic assembly recitations of the Buddha's teaching likely began during Buddha's lifetime, and they served a similar role of codifying the teachings.

8169: 15467: 11609:, p. 47), Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon." 11092:, p. 47), Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon." 7558:

Scholars note that better rebirth, not nirvana, has been the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists. This they attempt through merit accumulation and good

7835:, Quote: "Buddhism and Jainism, two religions which, together with Hinduism, constitute the three pillars of Indic religious tradition in its classical formulation." 4662:

Monastic communities in the Buddhist tradition cut normal social ties to family and community and live as "islands unto themselves". Within a monastic fraternity, a

1296:

Ancient kingdoms and cities of South Asia and Central Asia during the time of the Buddha (c. 500 BCE) – modern-day India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan

5230:, and other elements) are considered to be much more effective than non-tantric meditations and they are one of the most popular meditation methods. The methods of 1923:. While most scholars accept that this happened at some point, there is no agreement on the dating, especially if it dates to before or after the reign of Ashoka. 1778:"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials". Proponents of this position include 14698: 8931: 5114:. However, other scholars such as Analayo and Rupert Gethin have disagreed with this "two paths" thesis, instead seeing both of these practices as complementary. 3637:, and then attempting to show that none of these five components of personality can be permanent or absolute. This can be seen in Buddhist discourses such as the 2223:

to 820) becoming quite powerful and influential. During this period of Late Mahāyāna, four major types of thought developed: Mādhyamaka, Yogācāra, Buddha-nature (

1627:

them to introduce and explain Buddhist ideas. For example, prior to Buddhist developments, the Brahmanical tradition internalised and variously reinterpreted the

10315: 8764: 6855:

religion has shown that Buddhist and shamanic traditions overlap in many respects: the worship of localized deities, healing rituals and exorcisms. The shamanic

5596:

are generally considered to be among the earliest material. Apart from these, there are also fragmentary collections of EBT materials in other languages such as

4801:

defined mindfulness thus: "It is non-forgetting by the mind with regard to the object experienced. Its function is non-distraction." According to Rupert Gethin,

4648:, a set of 227 offences including 75 rules of decorum for monks, along with penalties for transgression, in the Theravadin tradition. The precise content of the 3993:(wisdom), which are known as the three trainings. An important additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. 2112:

with Islam as the state religion in Central Asia between the 10th- and 12th-century led to the decline and disappearance of Buddhism from most of these regions.

16794: 16763: 6335:

with Buddhist cultures, it was not until the 19th century that Buddhism began to be studied by Western scholars. It was the work of pioneering scholars such as

5968:

to Buddhahood which it sees as universal and to be practiced by all persons, while Theravāda does not focus on teaching this path and teaches the attainment of

1993:(triple basket of texts). In their Tripiṭaka, each school included the Suttas of the Buddha, a Vinaya basket (disciplinary code) and some schools also added an 18974: 7671:"Indian religions" is a term used by scholars to describe those religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent. Early Buddhism originated on the eastern 2292:(8th–12th centuries). Under the Guptas and Palas, Tantric Buddhism or Vajrayana developed and rose to prominence. It promoted new practices such as the use of 19947: 18016: 17934: 17668: 9822: 7470:

Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.

6873:

Buddhism is practised by an estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.

17598: 16866: 4364:

the first step on the path is hearing the Buddha teach the Dharma. This then said to lead to the acquiring of confidence or faith in the Buddha's teachings.

7400:] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historic Buddha." 6087:) they would gather together in one place for a period of intense practice and then depart again. Some of the earliest Buddhist monasteries were at groves ( 5106:, a series of scholars have argued that these two meditation types reflect a tension between two different ancient Buddhist traditions regarding the use of 4654:(scriptures on the Vinaya) differs in different schools and tradition, and different monasteries set their own standards on its implementation. The list of 2323:

has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a "pan-Indian religious substrate" which is not specifically Buddhist, Shaiva or Vaishnava.

10649:

Zürcher, Erik. 2007 (1959). The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. 3rd ed. Leiden: Brill. pp. 32–34

8160: 21469: 11029:, p. 47, Quote: "All phenomenal existence is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence.". 7518:. They do so, states Mun-Keat Choong, in three ways: first, in the common sense of a monk's meditative state of emptiness; second, with the main sense of 7419:

Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek nay find, even if no success is guaranteed."

1361:

Various details about the Buddha'a background are contested in modern scholarship. For example, Buddhist texts assert that Buddha described himself as a

5498:

techniques. The first Buddhist canonical texts were likely written down in Sri Lanka, about 400 years after the Buddha died. The texts were part of the

2024:

kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.

25050: 23576: 22384: 20859: 19440:

Yoga: Discipline of Freedom: the Yoga Sutra Attributed to Patanjali; a Translation of the Text, with Commentary, Introduction, and Glossary of Keywords

18099:

The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama

7780:, Quote: "The three other major Indian religions – Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism – originated in India as an alternative to Brahmanic/Hindu philosophy" 7100: 7918: 6981:

Buddhism is also growing by conversion. In India, more than 85% of the total Buddhists have converted from Hinduism to Buddhism, and they are called

3949:

These Indian Buddhist ideas, in various synthetic ways, form the basis of subsequent Mahāyāna philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism.

2386:(10th to 12th century), further damaged and destroyed many Buddhist institutions, leading to its eventual near disappearance from India by the 1200s. 20660: 17635: 10731:

Heng-Ching Shih (1987). Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117

6813:

preserved various disciplines of classical Indian knowledge such as grammar, astronomy/astrology and medicine and taught foreign students from Asia.

6081:) and temples. Buddhist monastics originally followed a life of wandering, never staying in one place for long. During the three-month rainy season ( 17490: 16732: 7736: 3112:

of "the path" can also be found in the Nikayas. In some passages in the Pali Canon, a distinction is being made between right knowledge or insight (

1475:

on awakening, the Buddha gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, as well as achieving the ending of the mental defilements (

27469: 11278: 7733:"buddhism noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com" 2016:, the Mauryan emperor sent emissaries to various countries west of India to spread "Dharma", particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring 5547:. Each Buddhist tradition has its own collection of texts, much of which is translation of ancient Pali and Sanskrit Buddhist texts of India. The 5091:(AN 4.170), it is said that one can develop calm and then insight, or insight and then calm, or both at the same time. Meanwhile, in Vasubandhu's 3130:

with complete "emptiness, nothingness". In some texts, the state is described with greater detail, such as passing through the gate of emptiness (

2035:

In central and west Asia, Buddhist influence grew, through Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs and ancient Asian trade routes, a phenomenon known as

1919:("elders") sought to modify the Vinaya (monastic rule), and this caused a split with the conservatives who rejected this change, they were called 27318: 22388: 18637: 6258:(between 1924 and 1990) had a strong negative impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s. 1855: 17334: 15173: 8343: 6877:

is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18% of its total population. They are mostly followers of

5435: 28375: 22612: 19376:

Matthews, Bruce (1986), "Post-Classical Developments In The Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism", in Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.),

17539: 2379: 2201:

Mahāyāna Buddhist institutions continued to grow in influence during the following centuries, with large monastic university complexes such as

1186: 152: 20166: 5585:

The Early Buddhist Texts refers to the literature which is considered by modern scholars to be the earliest Buddhist material. The first four

13120: 2228: 1789:"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism". Ronald Davidson is a proponent of this position. 1665:

and therefore more committed to a strongly atheist stance. These developments were historic and epistemological as documented in verses from

31: 18438:

History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system

8156:"Delusional Mitigation in Religious and Psychological Forms of Self-Cultivation: Buddhist and Clinical Insight on Delusional Symptomatology" 7940: 28327: 25702: 23441: 20829: 8498:

India has ever known as Sakya-muni, and about his men who, as their records admit, were spoken of as the Sakya-sons, or men of the Sakyas."

4083:

The Eightfold Path consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of

3928:, which state that Buddha-nature is taught to help those who have fear when they listen to the teaching of anatta. Buddhist texts like the 20650: 20104: 5210: 20630: 17728: 5570: 2383: 18899: 18462: 17512: 17423: 13618: 13067: 11591: 11199: 11154: 10983: 8305: 8268: 6597:

Buddhism has not been immune from sexual abuse and misconduct scandals, with victims coming forward in various Buddhist schools such as

6526:

others. Ambedkar's Navayana Buddhism considers these as superstitions and re-interprets the original Buddha as someone who taught about

6200:(1864–1933) reinterpreted and promoted Buddhism as a scientific and rational religion which they saw as compatible with modern science. 3973:). Each list is a short summary of the Buddhist path, and the seven lists substantially overlap. The best-known list in the West is the 27363: 27290: 24575: 23676: 23483: 20937: 16701: 15718: 13785: 12196: 10288: 1313:

Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" (Pali: Gotama), while some texts give Siddhartha as his surname. He was born in

20672: 10289:"Abstract: Sects & Sectarianism. The Origin of the three existing Vinaya lineages: Theravada, Dharmaguptaka, and Mulasarvastivada" 4885:

A wide range of meditation practices has developed in the Buddhist traditions, but "meditation" primarily refers to the attainment of

3036:(charity to monks or nuns). The theory also states a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors. 2950:

or demerit gained by one's karma (i.e., actions), as well as that accrued on one's behalf by a family member. Buddhism also developed

1564:

around the middle of the first millennium BCE. This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the

27168: 23654: 20694: 6859:

people have adopted some of the Buddhist beliefs such and rebirth but maintain the shamanic rites of "guiding the soul" after death.

6443: 27614: 18407: 17354: 1946:(304–232 BCE), who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more 1365:(warrior class), but Gombrich writes that little is known about his father and there is no proof that his father even knew the term 27454: 27328: 27313: 23367: 17573: 19908: 18814:

Hayes, Richard P. (2013), "The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism", in Queen, Christopher; Williams, Duncan Ryuken (eds.),

13181:, pp. 104–105, 108–109, Quote: "... refers to the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics.". 10132:

Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia

2198:

epigraphic and manuscript evidence in this period. However, it still remained a minority in comparison to other Buddhist schools.

2061:, after which Menander abdicates and himself goes into monastic life in the pursuit of nirvana. Some scholars have questioned the 23204: 22656: 19892: 19283:

Ledgerwood, Judy (2008), "Buddhist practice in rural Kandal province 1960 and 2003", in Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (eds.),

15927: 7145: 6134:. East Asian Buddhist institutions also use various structures including monastic halls, temples, lecture halls, bell towers and 5031: 4098:(suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and 18937: 16219: 6359:– an influential Western resource of Buddhist literature in the Pali language and one of the earliest publisher of a journal on 5461: 5060:, insight). The Buddha compares these mental qualities to a "swift pair of messengers" who together help deliver the message of 23532: 22859: 20839: 19043: 17702: 16165: 13205:, though other texts are careful to avoid the term. This would be in direct opposition to the general teachings of Buddhism on 12803:, p. 54, Quote: "The main concrete application of the abstract principle is in the form of a series of conditioned links ( 8796: 7428:

Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."

4925:

aids in maintaining a calm mind and avoiding disturbance of this calm mind by mindfulness of disturbing thoughts and feelings.

2497:

also became popular during this period and was often practised together with Chan. It was also during the Song that the entire

1752:

Pre-sectarian Buddhism is "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions".

16951: 13213:

and the popular Buddhist concept of Buddha-nature are often blurred to the point that writers consider them to be synonymous."

9240:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 58 with footnote 148, 22–29, 87–103, for Upanishads–Buddhist Sutta discussion see 65–72. 1514:

The Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became various

27474: 23611: 20548: 20525: 20508: 20498: 20466: 20433: 20400: 20368: 20322: 20304: 20278: 20226: 20188: 20160: 20124: 20098: 20062: 19990: 19972: 19870: 19828: 19796: 19775: 19755: 19735: 19650: 19617: 19596: 19571: 19541: 19491: 19456: 19426: 19396: 19328: 19296: 19243: 19213: 19164: 19144: 19126: 19108: 19090: 19021: 18964: 18893: 18861: 18841: 18792: 18757: 18734: 18703: 18663: 18620: 18584: 18563: 18533: 18512: 18456: 18427: 18401: 18369: 18350: 18332: 18252: 18217: 18184: 18152: 18117: 18079: 18061: 17981: 17960: 17872: 17854: 17805: 16897: 16829: 16672: 16633: 16570: 16519: 16346: 15880: 15853: 15826: 15795: 15598: 15575: 15512: 15410: 15362: 15332: 15281: 15242: 14981: 14854: 14796: 14769: 14569: 14542: 14515: 14368: 13814: 13667: 13612: 13561: 13528: 12990: 12749: 12722: 12695: 12655: 12502: 12475: 12436: 12397: 12346: 12307: 12268: 12229: 12190: 12162: 12111: 12009: 11982: 11916: 11862: 11823: 11703: 11652: 11585: 11553: 11514: 11272: 11233: 11193: 11146: 11122: 11069: 10977: 10941: 10917: 10869: 10807: 10780: 10231: 10179: 10140: 10028: 9993: 9472: 9433: 9380: 9351: 9334: 9314: 9293: 9272: 9245: 9215: 9187: 9114: 9063: 9000: 8846: 8720: 8669: 8419: 8392: 8353: 8262: 7828: 7773: 4390:

Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking of the "Three Refuges", also called the Three Jewels (

2085:, and China, eventually to other parts of the far east. Some of the earliest written documents of the Buddhist faith are the 1973:

During and after the Mauryan period (322–180 BCE), the Sthavira community gave rise to several schools, one of which was the

20472: 20439: 20406: 20374: 20194: 19656: 19402: 19249: 19170: 19027: 18867: 18798: 18669: 18258: 18223: 18190: 18158: 18123: 17987: 16835: 16678: 16639: 16576: 16525: 14987: 14153:

Robert E. Buswell Jr., Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013) "The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism," p. 18. Princeton University Press.

12442: 12403: 12313: 12274: 12235: 11922: 11868: 11709: 11658: 11559: 11520: 11239: 11075: 10875: 10237: 10146: 10034: 9006: 8852: 8155: 7286:

studied under these Vedic-era teachers and they "almost certainly" taught him, but the details of his education are unclear.

4277:

Guard against sensual thoughts; this concept, states Harvey, aims at preventing unwholesome states that disrupt meditation.

2783:

Buddhism teaches that the idea that anything is permanent or that there is self in any being is ignorance or misperception (

1792:"Cautious optimism in this respect". Proponents of this position include J.W. de Jong, Johannes Bronkhorst and Donald Lopez. 27939: 25045: 23581: 21022: 20864: 19267:

Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources

15444: 14633: 12606: 11117:

Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press,

4540:) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the 23621: 19711: 4636:

An ordination ceremony at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various sangha acts, including ordination.

1565: 949:, and their specific teachings and practices. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: 28057: 27338: 26939: 23199: 6989:

Buddhists. In New Zealand, about 25–35% of the total Buddhists are converts to Buddhism. Buddhism has also spread to the

5178:): is the feeling of joy because others are happy, even if one did not contribute to it; it is a form of sympathetic joy; 9790:. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48. 7854: 6052: 5684:(also known as the Pali Canon) of the Theravada School constitutes the only complete collection of Buddhist texts in an 4595:

recommends one to compare oneself with others, and on the basis of that, not to hurt others. Compassion and a belief in

1767:

found in the Chinese canon) together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the

28267: 27997: 27879: 27333: 25940: 23939: 23096: 22646: 20741: 20588: 19840:(1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism".", 15899:"The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Buddhist Theory and Practice: A Reevaluation of the Bodhisattva-Śrāvaka Opposition" 15000:, Quote: "Suffering describes the condition of samsaric (this worldly) existence that arises from actions generated by 14695: 11469:) the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana.". 9035: 8915: 7105: 7050: 6833: 5808:

Buddhist framework, these texts also borrowed deities and material from other Indian religious traditions, such as the

5373:

nature of dharmas (phenomena), the functioning of karma and rebirth, and knowledge of dependent origination. Likewise,

5343:), a fundamental ignorance, misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality, as one of the basic causes of 3811: 3104:

goal of the Buddhist path for monastic life since the time of the Buddha. The term "path" is usually taken to mean the

2421: 2350:

Already during this later era, Buddhism was losing state support in other regions of India, including the lands of the

2007: 1836:

According to N. Ross Reat, all of these doctrines are shared by the Theravada Pali texts and the Mahasamghika school's

701: 147: 104: 16200: 16189: 10327: 8761: 6480:

is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. In countries such as

2928:, no-self doctrine) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul found in other religions. 2504:

During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and

28317: 27143: 24460: 23586: 20942: 20152: 19288: 17900: 17832: 17298: 17257: 17236: 17212: 16803: 15197: 15158: 12615: 11106: 11041: 10679: 9505: 8925: 8528: 8482: 7801: 6430:. While Buddhist institutions have grown, some of the central premises of Buddhism such as the cycles of rebirth and 6375:, which for the first time saw well-publicized speeches by major Buddhist leaders alongside other religious leaders. 6219: 5095:, vipaśyanā is said to be practiced once one has reached samadhi by cultivating the four foundations of mindfulness ( 4219:

No lying, no rude speech, no telling one person what another says about him, speaking that which leads to salvation.

786: 749: 23189: 18983: 16764:"Against the Stream to investigate allegations of sexual misconduct by Noah Levine; results expected within a month" 3739:). Theravada generally sees Gautama Buddha (the historical Buddha Sakyamuni) as the only Buddha of the current era. 2072:(30–375 CE) came to control the Silk Road trade through Central and South Asia, which brought them to interact with 28370: 25950: 23552: 22874: 22619: 19935: 18004: 17922: 17657: 9814: 4561:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from misconduct concerning sense-pleasures." This generally refers to 18277: 17725:"Buddhist Channel | Buddhism News, Headlines | World | Burmese Buddhist monastery opens in Finland" 16858: 6538:

Buddhism, also known as Bhimayana Buddhism. Ambedkar's effort led to the expansion of Navayana Buddhism in India.

28332: 28227: 27353: 27348: 27304: 26934: 25800: 25104: 24094: 23266: 23256: 21085: 19469: 7388:

Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [

7060: 6476:

Buddhism has spread across the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While

6394:. The publication and translations of Buddhist literature in Western languages thereafter accelerated. After the 2912:

Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of

2105: 13169:

and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra, Snow Lion, Boston & London, 2014, page 3.

12811:) is independent. The doctrine thus complements the teaching that no permanent, independent self can be found.". 5893:

closer to the Mahayana, includes Tantra, and as the younger of the three is traceable to the 1st millennium CE.

3134:) – realising that there is no soul or self in any living being, then passing through the gate of signlessness ( 1618:

phases, the former being the tradition of individual ascetic and the latter of disciples, and that Buddhism and

1233:

respectively ("doctrine of the Enlightened One" and "doctrine of Buddhists"). Dharmavinaya comes from Sanskrit:

28187: 28012: 27285: 26326: 26267: 26154: 26033: 25965: 24438: 24076: 23995: 23537: 23211: 22864: 22666: 22557: 22502: 21075: 18834:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE

17104: 13682:

Yin-shun (2012). "The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master," p. 29. Simon and Schuster.

7065: 4808:

There are different practices and exercises for training mindfulness in the early discourses, such as the four

4746:). As part of the graduated discourse, this contemplation is taught after the practice of giving and morality. 4326: 3062: 26321: 17766:

Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.),

4964:

Whatever the case, the Buddha taught meditation with a new focus and interpretation, particularly through the

28337: 27752: 27489: 27153: 27002: 26924: 26368: 25410: 25008: 23647: 23542: 23181: 22879: 22562: 20854: 20687: 18885:

The Buddha Within: Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga

6372: 6287: 5828: 4106: 2515:

school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to

2330:, various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and 630: 325: 15947: 15945: 5443: 5103: 4376:) texts generally place the activity of listening to the Buddhist teachings as an important early practice. 3924: 28395: 28197: 25432: 24227: 23360: 22764: 22636: 22607: 22309: 17892: 16064:

Thailand's International Meditation Centers: Tourism and the Global Commodification of Religious Practices.

9309:

AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas – a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass,

7910: 7165: 7125: 6012: 5804:. By the 8th century, the tantric tradition was very influential in India and beyond. Besides drawing on a 5369:

is important in all Buddhist traditions. It is variously described as wisdom regarding the impermanent and

5240:) are in turn seen as the highest and most advanced. Anuttarayoga practice is divided into two stages, the 4763:

For Buddhist monastics, renunciation can also be trained through several optional ascetic practices called

3958: 3832: 3670:(SN 22:95). Similarly, in Theravada Buddhism, it often means that the five aggregates are empty of a Self. 3109: 2716: 1694: 940: 575: 350: 310: 17627: 15675:

Dalton, J. (2005). "A Crisis of Doxography: How Tibetans Organized Tantra During the 8th–12th Centuries".

2280:–647 CE), Buddhism continued to be influential in India, and large Buddhist learning institutions such as 1410:"). Early texts and biographies state that Gautama first studied under two teachers of meditation, namely 1266:, although scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists. 28405: 28117: 28112: 27884: 26429: 26390: 25945: 25859: 25427: 23844: 23456: 23397: 22455: 22364: 21834: 21479: 20992: 20887: 17486: 15942: 10823:

Sheila Canby (1993). "Depictions of Buddha Sakyamuni in the Jami al-Tavarikh and the Majma al-Tavarikh".

7732: 6509: 5326:) which are commonly listed as important spiritual elements to be cultivated (see for example: AN I 16). 4046: 3909: 2942:) which migrates from one life to another. The majority of Buddhist traditions, in contrast, assert that 2493:(960–1279) and it was during this era that it strongly influenced Korean Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism. 2249: 1598:

Several Śramaṇa movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-

1342: 21999: 20636: 14895:

Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra

9428:

P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,

6378:

The 20th century saw a prolific growth of new Buddhist institutions in Western countries, including the

5439: 4805:

is also "an awareness of things in relation to things, and hence an awareness of their relative value".

3146:

described in part differently, as a state of spiritual release marked by "emptiness" and realisation of

2065:

version, expressing doubts whether Menander was Buddhist or just favourably disposed to Buddhist monks.

27183: 27128: 26824: 25586: 25136: 23839: 23781: 23591: 23512: 23304: 22784: 22260: 21746: 20869: 20702: 19701: 17824: 15567: 14561:

A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index

10713:

Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Brill. p. 4

6762: 6348: 5473:. Communal recitation was one of the original ways of transmitting and preserving Early Buddhist texts. 4065:

give a different outline of the path, though with many similar elements such as ethics and meditation.

2913: 1411: 1322: 25203: 22194: 18631: 7877: 6423: 5860: 3836: 3138:) – realising that nirvana cannot be perceived, and finally passing through the gate of wishlessness ( 2733: 2235:, Mādhyamaka and Yogācāra have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. 28565: 28430: 28219: 28077: 27529: 26439: 26218: 25849: 25479: 25089: 24221: 23973: 23810: 23765: 23505: 23194: 23007: 22997: 22869: 21852: 21432: 21193: 21168: 15170: 11168:

David Loy (1982), "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?",

7652:

hell, or supernatural forces. Thus the 'pure atheists' make up only about 15 percent of the sample ."

6139: 4990:(formless attainments). These are also referred to in commentarial literature as immaterial/formless 3816: 3455: 2482: 2448: 2355: 2312:. This new esoteric form of Buddhism can be traced back to groups of wandering yogi magicians called 2163: 2097: 1718:

The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called

1623: 1584: 1580: 1458: 1278: 864: 450: 26535: 21218: 19685: 17547: 5609: 4933:

The earliest evidence of yogis and their meditative tradition, states Karel Werner, is found in the

3156: 2837: 1657:

tradition had not established any deities, but were epistemologically cautious rather than directly

1634:

The Śramaṇa religions challenged and broke with the Brahmanic tradition on core assumptions such as

1016: 260: 27934: 27894: 27849: 27639: 27629: 27434: 27188: 27013: 26949: 26919: 26809: 26574: 26483: 26451: 26434: 26346: 25270: 24555: 24491: 23961: 23946: 23640: 23451: 23299: 22651: 22465: 22443: 22436: 22339: 21872: 21492: 21308: 21253: 20874: 20680: 20143: 17196: 16625:

New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke

14363:

Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press,

12601: 7160: 7135: 7115: 7055: 6606: 6514:

A number of modern movements in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century. These

6379: 5957: 5952: 5201: 3965: 2750: 2728: 2086: 2021: 1814: 1421:

Finding these teachings to be insufficient to attain his goal, he turned to the practice of severe

912: 455: 405: 17: 24998: 18478:

Funayama, Tōru (2004), "The Acceptance of Buddhist Precepts by the Chinese in the Fifth Century",

14973:

Transitions and Transformations in the History of Religions: Essays in Honor of Joseph M. Kitagawa

13112: 5379: 28560: 28385: 28322: 28272: 28232: 28177: 27812: 27807: 27697: 27644: 27534: 27464: 27260: 27071: 26986: 26213: 26191: 25990: 25812: 25337: 25040: 24967: 24651: 24022: 23822: 23731: 23429: 23353: 23236: 23216: 22547: 22527: 22284: 22014: 21258: 20647: 8902:

A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90)

7971: 7095: 6841: 6820:

spirituality and other alternative spiritualities. This began with its influence on 20th century

6501: 4356: 3688:. In Madhyamaka philosophy, emptiness is the view which holds that all phenomena are without any 1989:

Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate their own version of

1908: 1603: 1470: 1065: 807: 615: 19627:

Queen, Christopher S. "Socially Engaged Buddhism: Emerging Patterns of Theory and Practice". In

19235:

The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions

14266:

Werner, Karel (1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)".

13553: 28252: 28147: 28107: 28087: 27944: 27919: 27824: 27797: 27747: 27717: 27707: 27624: 27589: 27574: 27559: 27514: 27449: 27123: 27054: 26959: 26954: 26695: 26618: 26402: 26284: 26208: 26005: 25995: 25854: 25822: 25760: 25731: 25265: 25260: 24985: 24945: 24730: 24071: 24066: 24046: 24042: 23246: 23086: 22754: 22724: 22497: 22448: 22289: 22237: 22232: 21994: 21815: 21712: 21464: 21459: 21208: 20085: 19680: 19465: 15071: 14083:

Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 225. Windhorse Publications.

13289: 11305:

The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1

10583:

Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 217.

10574:

Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 204.

10546:

Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 171.

7796:, Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition, Volume 7, Editor: Lindsay Jones, Macmillan Reference, 7170: 6383: 5936: 5727: 5636: 5613: 5552: 5548: 5466: 5425: 5268: 5040:

In the Pali canon, the Buddha outlines two meditative qualities which are mutually supportive:

4406:) as the foundation of one's religious practice. This practice may have been influenced by the 3169: 2792:

Some schools describe four characteristics or "four seals of the Dharma", adding to the above:

2498: 1897: 1875: 1822: 1743: 1719: 1610:. According to Martin Wilshire, the Śramaṇa tradition evolved in India over two phases, namely 823: 811: 694: 430: 415: 395: 320: 315: 230: 137: 21576: 19531: 17516: 14786: 14071:

Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 71. Windhorse Publications.

13806: 8409: 7765: 7759: 7246: 4756:). Observing the Uposatha also includes other practices dealing with renunciation, mainly the 3606: 2916:, each running from conception to death. In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve a 1774:

According to Schmithausen, three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished:

1433:. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the meditative practice of 28493: 28438: 28355: 28307: 28282: 28082: 27904: 27899: 27767: 27757: 27579: 27255: 27198: 27018: 26964: 26407: 26385: 26304: 26245: 25911: 25350: 25223: 24418: 24017: 23929: 23569: 23251: 23221: 22802: 22734: 22567: 22482: 22477: 22401: 22396: 22314: 20844: 19435: 18883: 18446: 17724: 17415: 13773: 13602: 13059: 12847:

Is "Illusion" a Prajñāpāramitā Creation? The Birth and Death of a Buddhist Cognitive Metaphor

11575: 11183: 10967: 9988:

Sujato, Bhante (2012), Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools, Santipada,

9497: 9150: 8300: 8294: 8252: 7090: 7085: 6931: 6911: 6888: 6742: 6570: 6206:

meanwhile suffered under various wars which ravaged China during the modern era, such as the

6168: 6112: 5997: 5002:) without form or colour or shape. The second is termed the realm of infinite consciousness ( 4831:

A closely related mental faculty, which is often mentioned side by side with mindfulness, is

3616: 3199:

Buddhism applies the theory of dependent arising to explain origination of endless cycles of

1982: 1920: 1670: 904: 819: 635: 625: 580: 25243: 25198: 21867: 19745: 15818: 15726: 14191:

Boin-Webb, Sara. (English trans. from Walpola Rāhula's French trans. of the Sanskrit; 2001)

12180: 10292: 4893: 4887: 3224: 2581:

The term "Buddhism" is an occidental neologism, commonly (and "rather roughly" according to

1435: 1349:

consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the

1013:) as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth ( 28483: 28473: 28458: 28365: 28292: 28262: 28237: 28202: 28162: 28157: 28132: 28002: 27924: 27874: 27854: 27844: 27732: 27679: 27654: 27504: 27499: 27479: 27444: 27429: 27373: 27148: 27081: 27049: 26929: 26864: 26730: 26608: 26461: 26363: 26262: 26174: 26142: 26137: 25985: 25717: 25057: 24641: 24401: 24012: 23956: 23907: 23892: 23745: 23517: 23407: 23274: 23241: 23226: 22744: 22641: 22587: 22472: 22411: 22379: 22374: 22359: 22344: 22334: 22299: 22212: 21904: 21827: 21130: 21070: 20819: 20786: 20736: 19837: 16913:

Herbrechtsmeier, William (1993). "Buddhism and the Definition of Religion: One More Time".

13520: 10772: 7140: 7070: 6923: 6899: 6895: 6887:, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practised in broader 6642: 6614: 6550: 6477: 6454: 6407: 6270: 6197: 6103:. There originally seems to have been two main types of monasteries, monastic settlements ( 5944: 5770: 5685: 5565: 5505: 5483: 5330:

along with samadhi, is also listed as one of the "trainings in the higher states of mind" (

4612: 4078: 4037: 4030: 4010: 3974: 3755: 3639: 3105: 2712: 2576: 2214: 1806: 1756: 1749: 1549: 1307: 920: 900: 645: 605: 600: 565: 410: 290: 198: 183: 127: 99: 24254: 23114: 21729: 21598: 21524: 21400: 21138: 15004:

of anatta and anicca. The doctrines of no-self and impermanence are thus the keystones of

14099: 5556:

non-Buddhist – were discovered in 1900 in the Dunhuang Chinese cave alone.

5338: 4713:

A related Buddhist virtue and practice is renunciation, or the intent for desirelessness (

3930: 3907:). Buddha-nature is a concept found in some 1st-millennium CE Buddhist texts, such as the 3208: 2854: 2785: 2308:

and the visualization of deities and Buddhas and developed a new class of literature, the

1915:. Modern scholars believe that this was probably caused when a group of reformists called 8: 28570: 28488: 28463: 28443: 28420: 28347: 28297: 28277: 28192: 28182: 28137: 28097: 28052: 28047: 28037: 28027: 28022: 28017: 28007: 27992: 27987: 27982: 27977: 27972: 27949: 27859: 27834: 27712: 27702: 27664: 27634: 27619: 27604: 27594: 27584: 27549: 27544: 27494: 27439: 27414: 27358: 27215: 27203: 27091: 27086: 27076: 26944: 26745: 26658: 26603: 26579: 26466: 26373: 26331: 26126: 25975: 25603: 25395: 25280: 25109: 24923: 24808: 24736: 24626: 24547: 24374: 24027: 23851: 23697: 23466: 23081: 22960: 22794: 22769: 22759: 22719: 22696: 22579: 22552: 22512: 22431: 22421: 22349: 22276: 21707: 21564: 21345: 21323: 21275: 21095: 20895: 20751: 20731: 20209:

van der Velde, Paul (1 January 2014). "What Is 'Spiritual' in Modern Western Buddhism?".

19314: 18343:

Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture

14969: 13781: 10963: 8332:"Candles in the Dark: A New Spirit for a Plural World" by Barbara Sundberg Baudot, p. 305 7672: 7150: 7130: 7080: 7075: 6935: 6907: 6868: 6734: 6710: 6693: 6562: 6387: 6231: 6223: 6203: 6159: 5908:, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism. 5874: 5856: 5232: 5214:

An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts the generation of the Vairocana Mandala

4853: 4773: 4422: 2582: 2552: 2359: 2320: 1543: 1515: 1326: 934: 876: 655: 610: 548: 488: 425: 370: 365: 120: 109: 62: 28555: 21055: 20982: 20360:

Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2

17143: 14578: 13329:

Bucknell, Rod, "The Buddhist Path to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages",

7488:

Another variant, which may be condensed to the eightfold or tenfold path, starts with a

6261:

In Afghanistan and Pakistan, militants have destroyed some historic Buddhist monuments.

5747: 5593: 5539: 5383:, where it is said to be the contemplation of things as impermanent, unsatisfactory and 4678: 4602: 4432:. The three refuges are believed by Buddhists to be protective and a form of reverence. 3943: 3831:

There is also a separate definition of Sangha, referring to those who have attained any

2985:– the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (Pāli: 1764: 1415: 28468: 28448: 28415: 28312: 28302: 28247: 28242: 28172: 28152: 28142: 28127: 28122: 28102: 28072: 28067: 28042: 28032: 27964: 27929: 27914: 27819: 27792: 27782: 27742: 27727: 27722: 27674: 27669: 27609: 27564: 27524: 27419: 27406: 27193: 27118: 26991: 26814: 26488: 26446: 26309: 26277: 26252: 26179: 26159: 25980: 25928: 25916: 25894: 25486: 25444: 25317: 25181: 25176: 25166: 25018: 24802: 24778: 24157: 24081: 23829: 23775: 23446: 23144: 23049: 22891: 22854: 22849: 22779: 22729: 22676: 22671: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22522: 22507: 22492: 22487: 22426: 22406: 22369: 22294: 22099: 21800: 21724: 21602: 21544: 21385: 21285: 21213: 21188: 20834: 20764: 20030: 19923: 18994: 18976:

The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography

18723: 18487: 18293: 18049: 17109: 17078: 17024: 16989: 16930: 16427: 15919: 14485: 14283: 13546: 10840: 8099: 7963: 7446:"The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" Warder 7190: 7180: 6943: 6915: 6750: 6653: 6515: 6463: 6368: 6193: 6189: 6163: 5801: 5791: 5205: 4164: 4135: 3743: 3088: 3057: 3025: 2998: 2951: 2891: 2866:, has been the foundation and the most important historical justification of Buddhism. 2640:("not being at ease", "suffering") is an innate characteristic of the perpetual cycle ( 2494: 2428:

in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the

2309: 2285: 2073: 2046: 1830: 1810: 1490: 1407: 1403: 1354: 1101: 992: 640: 620: 560: 555: 443: 345: 338: 265: 255: 162: 25598: 24830: 24560: 22943: 19880: 19484:

A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha)

15564:

A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)

13800: 10270:"The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts'" Review article by Enomoto Fumio. 10210:

Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 57

7342: 6032: 5840: 5827:

Some features of these texts include the widespread use of mantras, meditation on the

5304:, or knowledge of the true nature of existence. Another term which is associated with 5010:), while the fourth is the realm of "neither perception nor non-perception". The four 4670:

vinaya rules invites enforcement, which can include temporary or permanent expulsion.

4547:

The five precepts are seen as a basic training applicable to all Buddhists. They are:

3922:

were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists. This can be seen in texts like the

3248: 2439:

The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian

2319:

The question of the origins of early Vajrayana has been taken up by various scholars.

1916: 1844: 1385: 28550: 28525: 28519: 28453: 28410: 28400: 28390: 28380: 28287: 28207: 28167: 28092: 28062: 27954: 27909: 27889: 27864: 27839: 27802: 27787: 27762: 27737: 27649: 27599: 27554: 27539: 27519: 27509: 27484: 27424: 27368: 27133: 26909: 26505: 26476: 26422: 26417: 26378: 26316: 26272: 26257: 26240: 26235: 26230: 26169: 25904: 25790: 25556: 25526: 25506: 25327: 25156: 25146: 25141: 25099: 25062: 24783: 24698: 24621: 24519: 24509: 24477: 24465: 24433: 24410: 24392: 24288: 24143: 24051: 24037: 24000: 23988: 23817: 23736: 23688: 23424: 23402: 23322: 23284: 22980: 22965: 22928: 22913: 22686: 22602: 22517: 22354: 22319: 22304: 22031: 22021: 21702: 21549: 21534: 21405: 21328: 21248: 21183: 21115: 21002: 20759: 20544: 20521: 20504: 20494: 20462: 20429: 20396: 20392:

Buddhism: The origins and nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism; Some Mahāyāna religious topics

20364: 20318: 20300: 20296: 20274: 20222: 20184: 20156: 20120: 20094: 20058: 20022: 19986: 19968: 19866: 19824: 19792: 19771: 19751: 19731: 19690: 19646: 19613: 19592: 19567: 19561: 19537: 19487: 19452: 19422: 19392: 19324: 19318: 19292: 19239: 19209: 19160: 19140: 19122: 19104: 19086: 19017: 18960: 18916: 18889: 18857: 18837: 18788: 18753: 18730: 18699: 18659: 18616: 18580: 18559: 18529: 18508: 18502: 18452: 18423: 18397: 18365: 18346: 18328: 18297: 18248: 18213: 18180: 18148: 18113: 18075: 18057: 17977: 17956: 17896: 17868: 17850: 17828: 17801: 17468: 17294: 17253: 17232: 17208: 17029: 17011: 16893: 16825: 16668: 16629: 16566: 16515: 16431: 16342: 16216: 15898: 15876: 15849: 15822: 15812: 15791: 15594: 15571: 15508: 15459: 15406: 15358: 15328: 15277: 15238: 15193: 15154: 14977: 14850: 14792: 14765: 14565: 14538: 14511: 14364: 14287: 13810: 13663: 13608: 13557: 13524: 13088:

Williams, Paul (2002), "Buddhist Thought", p. 52, Taylor & Francis Kindle Edition

12745: 12718: 12691: 12651: 12611: 12498: 12471: 12432: 12393: 12342: 12303: 12264: 12225: 12186: 12158: 12107: 12005: 11978: 11912: 11858: 11819: 11699: 11648: 11581: 11549: 11510: 11268: 11229: 11221: 11189: 11142: 11118: 11065: 11005: 10973: 10953:

Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.

10937: 10929: 10913: 10865: 10803: 10776: 10722:

McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. 13, 19–21

10675: 10360: 10227: 10175: 10136: 10024: 9989: 9501: 9468: 9429: 9376: 9347: 9330: 9310: 9289: 9268: 9241: 9211: 9183: 9110: 9059: 8996: 8921: 8842: 8716: 8665: 8524: 8478: 8415: 8388: 8349: 8258: 8103: 8091: 8071: 8015: 7967: 7824: 7797: 7769: 7120: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6927: 6903: 6626: 6431: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6235: 6207: 5948: 5940: 5896:

Some scholars use other schemes, such as the multi-dimensional classification in the

5723: 5718: 5605: 5412: 5403: 5396: 5222:

In Tibetan Buddhism, unique tantric techniques which include visualization (but also

4584: 4533: 4385: 4354:

In various suttas which present the graduated path taught by the Buddha, such as the

4343: 4168: 4091: 3994: 2968: 2963: 2622: 2560: 2078: 1978: 1962:) and to its spread throughout the Maurya Empire and into neighbouring lands such as 1912: 1879: 1826: 1802: 1607: 1495: 1109: 908: 896: 830:, who comprise seven percent of the global population. Buddhism arose in the eastern 687: 585: 570: 375: 250: 193: 157: 142: 73: 50: 45: 26010: 25608: 25067: 22266: 21060: 20960: 20538: 19671:

Ratanakul, P. (2007), "The Dynamics of Tradition and Change in Theravada Buddhism",

19058: 17694: 16410:

McMahan, David L. (2004). "Buddhism: Introducing the Buddhist Experience (review)".

16157: 8784: 6336: 6143: 3252: 3204: 3173: 2143: 2057:

describes a conversation between a Buddhist monk and the 2nd-century BCE Greek king

28478: 28360: 28257: 27869: 27829: 27777: 27772: 27689: 27659: 27569: 27459: 27323: 27275: 27270: 26834: 26799: 26772: 26530: 26515: 26412: 26336: 26186: 26164: 26072: 25933: 25712: 25675: 25531: 25516: 25464: 25275: 25255: 25218: 25213: 25208: 25191: 25186: 25124: 25114: 24955: 24919: 24911: 24882: 24795: 24715: 24710: 24673: 24663: 24589: 24527: 24369: 24206: 24056: 23714: 23557: 23500: 22970: 22923: 22918: 22774: 22739: 22714: 22709: 22460: 22416: 22329: 22004: 21660: 21653: 21437: 21427: 21313: 20977: 20849: 20292: 20214: 20014: 20013:(3). Wiley, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 362–379. 19274:

Lamb, Christopher (2001), "Cosmology, myth and symbolism", in Harvey, Peter (ed.),

18929: 18917:"Of Compassion and Capital Punishment: A Buddhist Perspective on the Death Penalty" 18572: 18285: 17458: 17204: 17019: 17001: 16922: 16485: 16419: 16137: 15911: 14275: 14213: 14193:"Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy) by Asaṅga" 13514: 10832: 10766: 10592:

Omvedt, Gail (2003). "Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste", p. 172.

10356: 9493: 9375:

Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter,

9346:

Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter,

9145:

Queen, Christopher. "Introduction: The Shapes and Sources of Engaged Buddhism". In

8083: 7955: 7338: 7322: 7297: 6990: 6975: 6939: 6919: 6878: 6825: 6778: 6746: 6722: 6630: 6602: 6554: 6435:

rituals and practices seeking better rebirth, not nirvana or freedom from rebirth.

6391: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6327:

While there were some encounters of Western travellers or missionaries such as St.

6127: 5878: 5800:, a new class of Buddhist sacred literature began to develop, which are called the 4874: 4596: 2947: 2817: 2347:

and other Saiva movements" argues Davidson, "the influence was apparently mutual".

2327: 2288:

Universities were at their peak. Buddhism also flourished under the support of the

2013: 1959: 1901: 1838: 1783: 1661:. Later Buddhist traditions were more influenced by the critique of deities within 1635: 1346: 1262:

in ancient India. Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez asserts they also used the term

1162: 1152: 1069: 766: 760: 720: 650: 595: 525: 515: 380: 37: 26149: 22049: 19225:

Buddhism and Transgression: The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West

16490: 16473: 12987: 10704:

McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. 13, 18

8072:"Self or No Self: Views from Self Psychology and Buddhism in a Postmodern Context" 7881:. Retrieved 26 November 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. 7233: 6962:

accounts for 77% of all Buddhists in India. In Russia, Buddhists form majority in

5639:, these schools began to develop their own textual collections, which were termed 5110:

one which focused on insight based practice and the other which focused purely on

4731:(whether for life as a monk, or temporarily) is also a form of renunciation. Many 3082:. The Buddha is not depicted, only symbolized by the Bodhi tree and the empty seat 2455:, between 178 and 189 CE. From China, Buddhism was introduced into its neighbours 1329:, near the modern Nepal–India border, and he spent his life in what is now modern 28529: 27158: 27138: 26628: 26520: 26510: 26201: 25869: 25660: 25640: 25571: 25536: 25469: 25161: 25151: 25119: 24902: 24845: 24616: 24133: 23934: 23860: 23800: 23755: 23724: 23334: 23279: 23231: 23159: 23029: 22827: 22807: 22749: 22661: 22324: 22222: 22069: 21805: 21788: 21773: 21751: 21303: 21173: 21007: 20987: 20654: 20515: 20488: 20456: 20423: 20390: 20358: 20178: 19849: 19818: 19805: 19786: 19765: 19640: 19607: 19386: 19285:

People of Virtue: Reconfiguring Religion, Power and Moral Order in Cambodia Today

19233: 19154: 19011: 18952: 18851: 18782: 18653: 18242: 18207: 18174: 18142: 18138: 18107: 17971: 17950: 17886: 17815: 17793: 17341: 16819: 16662: 16623: 16560: 16509: 16336: 16223: 16204: 16193: 15870: 15843: 15785: 15440: 15352: 15322: 15271: 15232: 15177: 14971: 14844: 14759: 14702: 14559: 14532: 14505: 13657: 12994: 12739: 12712: 12685: 12645: 12492: 12465: 12426: 12387: 12336: 12297: 12258: 12219: 12152: 12101: 11999: 11972: 11906: 11852: 11813: 11693: 11642: 11543: 11504: 11262: 11223: 11161: 11110: 11059: 11045: 10859: 10797: 10221: 10169: 10130: 10018: 9462: 9283: 9262: 9235: 9205: 9177: 9104: 9053: 9039: 8990: 8836: 8768: 8710: 8659: 8382: 8309: 8087: 7818: 7522:

or 'everything in the world is empty of self'; third, with the ultimate sense of

7318: 7314: 7155: 7110: 7036: 7022: 6754: 6637:

maintain that Buddhism does not constitute a religion but rather a philosophy, a

6610: 6427: 6215: 5735: 5713: 4833: 4785: 4703: 4699: 4448: 3843: 3634: 2367: 2167: 2101: 2017: 1723: 1445: 1056:

is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as

880: 803: 675: 590: 390: 300: 245: 22079: 21233: 21223: 20557: 17599:"Dalits who converted to Buddhism better off in literacy and well-being: Survey" 14625: 11317: 6664:

David Brazier, have criticized the persistence of this view. Among Buddhists in

6406:

led to further growth in Buddhist institutions. Influential figures on post-war

6142:, these different structures are usually grouped together in an area termed the 4694:

Another important practice taught by the Buddha is the restraint of the senses (

3899:

Another very influential concept unique to Mahāyāna is that of "Buddha-nature" (

3268: 3212: 2039:. An example of this is evidenced in Chinese and Pali Buddhist records, such as 1926: 240: 27280: 27173: 27113: 26829: 26804: 26589: 26493: 26397: 26341: 26294: 25707: 25655: 25551: 25521: 25501: 25496: 25491: 25474: 25370: 25290: 25238: 25228: 25171: 24305: 23968: 23951: 23770: 23750: 23719: 23471: 23289: 22992: 22842: 22624: 22204: 22184: 22104: 21793: 21783: 21717: 21554: 21040: 20903: 20145:

Monks and Magic: Revisiting a Classic Study of Religious Ceremonies in Thailand

19705: 19636: 18238: 12647:

Philosophy of Religion for a New Century: Essays in Honor of Eugene Thomas Long

11392: 7959: 7814: 7260: 6845: 6766: 6733:

Buddhism has had a profound influence on various cultures, especially in Asia.

6527: 6489: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6328: 5917: 5844: 5832: 5743: 5478: 5456: 4757: 4738:

One way of cultivating renunciation taught by the Buddha is the contemplation (

4632: 4503: 4453: 4335: 4296:, the five hindrances, the four True Realities and seven factors of awakening. 4033:

is the "graduated talk", in which the Buddha lays out a step-by-step training.

3683: 3330: 3101: 2590: 2516: 2406: 2363: 2351: 2171: 2139: 2036: 1850: 1666: 1611: 1561: 1406:. He thus set out on a quest to find liberation from suffering (also known as " 1389: 1282: 1182: 946: 831: 535: 465: 420: 278: 24570: 23345: 20627:, Vipassana Research Institute (English, Southeast Asian and Indian Languages) 20218: 18289: 14279: 13659:

The Meditative Way: Readings in the Theory and Practice of Buddhist Meditation

6371:. An important event in the introduction of Buddhism to the West was the 1893 3712:

All forms of Buddhism revere and take spiritual refuge in the "three jewels" (

2981: 1573: 1482: 1274: 1243: 1025:, in which one works for the liberation of all sentient beings. Additionally, 837: 28544: 27208: 26762: 26643: 26057: 26052: 26000: 25837: 25775: 25670: 25561: 25459: 25390: 25322: 25312: 25285: 25233: 25129: 25079: 24975: 24938: 24857: 24765: 24216: 24167: 23872: 23564: 23059: 22908: 22217: 22119: 21977: 21778: 21756: 21692: 21363: 21158: 21153: 21045: 20714: 20266: 20081: 20026: 19694: 18542: 18521: 18498: 18273: 17909: 17882: 17842: 17754: 17472: 17170:

Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations

17015: 17006: 15586: 15463: 14648: 10284: 8434: 8095: 7846: 7346: 7185: 6998: 6703: 6657: 6638: 6546: 6522: 6518:

are diverse and significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.

5805: 5626: 5601: 5508:, birch bark, painted scrolls, carved into temple walls, and later on paper. 5500: 4650: 4608: 4525: 4519: 4102:

accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of rebirth and suffering.

3876: 3220: 3192:, not a creator God nor the ontological Vedic concept called universal Self ( 2905: 2564: 2486: 2429: 2425: 2206: 2178:, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. 2166:. (2nd century CE). Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest 2151: 2131: 2121: 2090: 2069: 2041: 1990: 1939: 1519: 1334: 1292: 1097: 1053: 1049:

techniques, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahāyāna.

926: 843: 360: 355: 295: 25899: 23461: 21517: 21507: 20879: 19417:

McFarlane, Stewart (2001), "Making Moral Decisions", in Peter Harvey (ed.),

17847:

The Connected Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya

17335:

People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011

16142: 16125: 15872:

The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India

9032: 7997: 6340: 6317: 5678: 5431: 5161: 4986:-scheme are four other meditative states, referred to in the early texts as 4949:

There is no scholarly agreement on the origin and source of the practice of

1938:

Buddhism may have spread only slowly throughout India until the time of the

1338: 500: 305: 27343: 27245: 27106: 26794: 26789: 26767: 26757: 26638: 26092: 26027: 25970: 25955: 25921: 25546: 25454: 24537: 24428: 24423: 24274: 24244: 24118: 24086: 23834: 23805: 23792: 23417: 23149: 23134: 23104: 23054: 23044: 22886: 22681: 22174: 22009: 21887: 21675: 21670: 21497: 21368: 21243: 20704: 20245: 19557: 19509: 19355: 19069: 18933: 18613:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

18577:

Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

17286: 17033: 16197: 16186: 12389:

The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism

9897: 7526:

or realisation of emptiness and thus an end to rebirth cycles of suffering.

7334: 7310: 7242: 7228: 7223: 6982: 6821: 6810: 6798: 6786: 6738: 6726: 6677: 6558: 6415: 6395: 6243: 6239: 6211: 6119: 5983: 5905: 5797: 5666: 5516: 5352: 5126: 5080:

meanwhile, focuses on "the generation of penetrating and critical insight (

5073: 4810: 4732: 4051: 3736: 3707: 3240: 3216: 2943: 2875: 2769: 2663: 2556: 2490: 2478: 2402: 2266: 2232: 2210: 1963: 1779: 1703: 1678: 1615: 1592: 1194: 859:(often translated as "suffering" or "unease"), but that there is a path of 850: 400: 285: 203: 89: 54: 25593: 24325: 21932: 21917: 21877: 21574: 21238: 20814: 19514:

A Philological Approach to Buddhism. The Bukkyo Dendo Kybkai Lectures 1994

18714:

Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices

18033:

Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought

17786:

Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon

16423: 15638:

Grey, David B.; Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism

14217: 14204:

Sharf, Robert (2014), "Mindfulness and Mindlessness in Early Chan" (PDF),

11103: 11038: 7237: 6146:. In Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Buddhist institutions are generally housed in 6041: 5052: 3969:

are seven lists of qualities or factors that promote spiritual awakening (

3527: 3236: 2678: 1890: 1026: 945:) as well as the relative importance and "canonicity" assigned to various 27265: 27240: 27064: 27032: 27023: 26969: 26899: 26884: 26777: 26668: 26351: 26299: 26087: 25805: 25785: 25625: 25566: 25304: 25300: 24688: 24636: 24606: 24443: 24297: 24189: 24113: 23978: 23914: 23865: 23436: 23119: 22948: 22089: 22074: 21857: 21665: 21593: 21373: 21203: 21105: 20952: 20824: 20600: 19810:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

18602:

Gombrich, Richard F. "Kindness and compassion as a means to Nirvana". In

17282: 17250:

Coming to Our Senses: Healing Ourselves and the World Through Mindfulness

15559: 14473: 11126: 11015:

more accurate rendering, therefore, might be 'four truths for the noble'

7571:

Wayman and Wayman have disagreed with this view, and they state that the

6986: 6959: 6837: 6794: 6646: 6574: 6234:(1966–76), there has been a revival of the religion in China after 1977. 6072: 5965: 5813: 5661: 5259:) used, each with a mandala, a circular symbolic map used in meditation. 4820: 4575:

Undertaking and upholding the five precepts is based on the principle of

3856: 3802: 3142:) – realising that nirvana is the state of not even wishing for nirvana. 2938: 2433: 2398: 2371: 2289: 2082: 1977:

school which tended to congregate in the south and another which was the

1889: 1699: 1504: 1190: 1022: 470: 26584: 26525: 25650: 24950: 24499: 23109: 21569: 18491: 18088:

Carter, John Ross (1987), "Four Noble Truths", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),

15641: 12106:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–34, 47–50, 63–64, 74–75, 106. 11343: 11341: 11339: 9329:

Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press,

7506:

The early Mahayana Buddhism texts link their discussion of "emptiness" (

6613:

which began in 1994, and ended with his retirement from his position as

6402:

on Western culture as well a renewed interest in Buddhism among the 60s

6230:(1899–1947), and though Buddhist institutions were destroyed during the 5921: 5764:(commentaries). Some of this literature was also written in verse form ( 4998:). The first formless attainment is a place or realm of infinite space ( 4957:

as a Buddhist invention. Alexander Wynne argues that the Buddha learned

3763: 3754:) residing in different realms. Mahāyāna texts not only revere numerous 1726:

or Sectarian Buddhism (the period of the early Buddhist schools), Early

58: 27231: 27226: 27101: 27096: 27059: 27037: 26894: 26874: 26869: 26710: 26700: 26663: 26289: 26067: 26015: 25755: 25400: 25380: 25003: 24928: 24867: 24631: 24611: 24532: 24184: 24152: 24123: 23902: 23897: 23882: 23496: 23412: 23380: 23376: 23064: 23022: 22898: 22704: 22629: 22243: 22227: 22189: 22169: 22064: 22039: 21947: 21882: 21862: 21608: 21539: 21410: 21293: 21263: 21198: 21148: 20806: 20796: 20769: 20034: 19842:

Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf)

18302: 17463: 17446: 16934: 16304: 15923: 15622:

Sørensen, Henrik H; Payne, Richard K; Orzech, Charles D. (ed.) (2010).

10844: 9264:

The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation

7457: 7226:

of the Theravada Buddhist tradition, and early biographies such as the

7045: 6829: 6770: 6698: 6634: 6566: 6419: 6021: 5932: 5925: 5836: 5816:

traditions, local god/goddess cults, and local spirit worship (such as

5779: 5672: 5630: 4942: 4645: 4592: 4541: 4339: 4002: 3767: 3759: 3747: 3725: 3678: 3292: 2901: 2824: 2313: 2109: 2058: 1994: 1768: 1682: 1569: 1508: 1486: 1450: 1440: 1422: 1301: 1247: 1202: 1198: 916: 892: 888: 815: 475: 235: 132: 26097: 25023: 22084: 21080: 20624: 20001: 19985:, Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology, Oxford University Press, 16952:"Is Buddhism a religion, philosophy, way of life, or science of mind?" 15741: 15011: 14970:

Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa; Frank E. Reynolds; Theodore M. Ludwig (1980).

10392: 6790: 5920:

as the founder, Mahāyāna also reveres numerous other Buddhas, such as

5884: 4735:

stories focus on how the Buddha practiced renunciation in past lives.

4260: 3892:("the doctrine that there are only ideas" or "mental impressions") or 3264: 3100:), with which the cycle of rebirth ends, has been the primary and the 27178: 26974: 26889: 26879: 26750: 26705: 26690: 26623: 26471: 25960: 25882: 25842: 25832: 25795: 25770: 25750: 25645: 25511: 25365: 25355: 25250: 25030: 24840: 24825: 24790: 24773: 24755: 24668: 24448: 24364: 24343: 24338: 24315: 24310: 24269: 24264: 24201: 24138: 24061: 24032: 23983: 23924: 23877: 23492: 23039: 23012: 22179: 22054: 21766: 21682: 21559: 21449: 21422: 21415: 21378: 21335: 21298: 21065: 21030: 20997: 20972: 20927: 20612: 20054: 18144:

The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change

17865:

In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon

17759:

Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching

14413: 13802:

Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy

13117:

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive (Summer 2018 Edition)

12860:"Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition" 12045: 11832: 11444: 11336: 11318:"The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (3) | 84000 Reading Room" 9228: 7789: 7598: 7175: 6851: 6758: 6665: 6650: 6247: 6130:. In Southeast Asia, the most widespread institutions are centred on 5866: 5775: 5288: 4865: 4742:) of the "dangers" (or "negative consequences") of sensual pleasure ( 4715: 4507: 4196: 3885: 3872: 3674: 3566: 3067: 2812: 2544: 2528: 2512: 2440: 2258: 2244: 2175: 2027: 1974: 1967: 1883: 1731: 1654: 1647: 1531: 1523: 1454: 1430: 1362: 1073: 950: 520: 495: 24720: 24249: 23476: 22812: 21648: 21502: 21268: 21050: 20919: 20911: 20074:

Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes

20018: 18526:

The Buddhist Path to Awakening: A Study of the Bodhi-Pakkhiyā Dhammā

17817:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

16926: 16888:

Goble, Geoffrey C. (11 October 2019). "Buddhism is Not a Religion".

16251:

The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition

15915: 15424:

Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism

11307:

Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, p. 144.

11155:

Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?

11130: 10836: 10664: 7757: 7642:, ebook, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 2005, printed ed, Harper, 2006. 6816:

In the Western world, Buddhism has had a strong influence on modern

6586: 6306: 6077: 5533: 5384: 5370: 5276: 4870: 3939: 3372: 3232: 3228: 3017: 3006: 2779:: non-self; living things have no permanent immanent soul or essence 2775: 2394: 1760: 1560:

Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of

26981: 26725: 26715: 26570: 26082: 26062: 25889: 25765: 25620: 24993: 24933: 24852: 24760: 24725: 24705: 24683: 24678: 24658: 24598: 24565: 24504: 24348: 24333: 24211: 24172: 24128: 23919: 23856: 23760: 23663: 23329: 23169: 23124: 23069: 23034: 22938: 22597: 22164: 22159: 22109: 22044: 21962: 21927: 21922: 21583: 21454: 21442: 21353: 21012: 20534: 19504:, vol. 2, Pali Text Society (published 2003), pp. 210–223 12849:, Fo Guang University, Journal of Buddhist Philosophy, Vol.2, 2016. 12035: 12033: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11615: 9223: 8137: 8135: 7030: 6971: 6967: 6883: 6774: 6669: 6535: 6505: 6481: 6295: 6255: 6096: 5901: 5870: 5755: 5751: 5739: 5597: 5495: 5487: 5284: 4765: 4752: 4728: 4562: 4499: 4407: 4391: 4368: 3690: 3673:

Emptiness is a central concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism, especially in

3592: 3576: 3520: 3189: 2976: 2738: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2505: 2444: 2375: 2344: 2331: 2254: 2135: 2050: 1727: 1662: 1599: 1527: 1370: 1337:. Some hagiographic legends state that his father was a king named 1218: 1170: 1166: 1132: 1089: 1081: 1057: 970: 530: 510: 505: 385: 30:"Buddhadharma" and "Buddhist" redirect here. For the magazine, see 22154: 22144: 22129: 21952: 21822: 21090: 20666: 20133:

Tamney, Joseph B. (1998), "Buddhism", in William H. Swatos (ed.),

19844:, Wiesbaden: von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, pp. 199–250 19197:

Siddhartha's Brain: Unlocking the Ancient Science of Enlightenment

18746:

An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues

18325:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

18005:"The Buddhist to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages" 17628:"Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate" 17540:"Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate" 14690: 14688: 10535:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

10167: 9237:

The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices

8578: 8576: 6717: 6126:(funerary mounds which contained relics), and temples such as the 5809: 5191:): is even-mindedness and serenity, treating everyone impartially. 5148: 4934: 4495: 4426:

2.22.3–4. Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the

4009:). It was a part of Buddha's first sermon, where he presented the 2447:

scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk

1642:, the nature of afterlife, and they rejected the authority of the 1568:, marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the 1189:; it also had a foothold to some extent elsewhere in Asia, namely 1092:. The Mahāyāna branch—which includes the East Asian traditions of 27250: 26854: 26819: 26740: 26653: 26594: 26498: 26223: 26077: 25827: 25780: 25665: 25541: 25360: 24872: 24835: 24646: 24196: 24162: 24005: 23706: 23488: 23074: 23017: 23002: 22149: 22139: 22114: 21989: 21984: 21942: 21912: 21844: 21810: 21697: 21638: 21633: 21487: 21390: 21228: 21178: 20965: 20791: 20641: 20606: 20490:

Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition

20117:

Becoming the Buddha: the ritual of image consecration in Thailand

17693:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

16126:"The Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and International Law" 13408: 13209:. Indeed, the distinctions between the general Indian concept of 12355: 11974:

Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravada Buddhism

11908:

Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories

10522:

Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism

10473:

Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,

10460:

Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,

10196:

The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik

9786:

Reat, Noble Ross. "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In:

8342:

Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (28 October 2020).

7002: 6817: 6806: 6802: 6542: 6467: 6466:, Afghanistan in 1896 (top) and after destruction in 2001 by the 6291: 6280: 6176: 6172: 6100: 5589: 5322: 5227: 5183: 5042: 4938: 4861: 4857: 4412: 4331: 4293: 4044:). This can be found in various discourses, most famously in the 3588: 3572: 3401: 3280: 3193: 3093: 2920:

or any fixed substance. This is because the Buddhist doctrine of

2871: 2820: 2796: 2742: 2686: 2642: 2548: 2540: 2520: 2464: 2452: 2305: 2297: 2281: 2202: 2190: 2147: 1955: 1896:(from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the 1842:. A recent study by Bhikkhu Analayo concludes that the Theravada 1818: 1707: 1658: 1639: 1619: 1588: 1426: 1399: 1374: 1314: 1286: 1174: 1136: 1093: 1077: 860: 210: 21761: 21529: 20540:

The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master

18685:

Gowans, Christopher W. "Ethical Thought in Indian Buddhism". In

18009:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

17447:"State and Religion: Buddhism and NationalBuilding in Singapore" 17416:"Religion in Macau - Festivals and Places of Worship - Holidify" 14788:

Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

13331:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

12030: 11612: 11222:

Richard Francis Gombrich; Cristina Anna Scherrer-Schaub (2008).

9536: 8690: 8132: 8122: 8120: 7479:

This merit gaining may be on the behalf of one's family members.

7259:

The exact identity of this ancient place is unclear. Please see

6192:. Early Buddhist modernist figures such as the American convert 5821: 5677:

which contain expositions and commentaries on the doctrine. The

4690:, a series of optional ascetic practices for Buddhist monastics. 4580: 4487: 3562: 3312: 2126: 27163: 27042: 27027: 26846: 26735: 26720: 26678: 26456: 26356: 25630: 25385: 25375: 25074: 25035: 24877: 24485: 24455: 24179: 23547: 23154: 23139: 22975: 22837: 22817: 22592: 22254: 22134: 22124: 22059: 21687: 21643: 21628: 21618: 21588: 21512: 21395: 21163: 21035: 20779: 20774: 19516:, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 17513:"Global Religious Landscape – Religious Composition by Country" 16562:

Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings

16292: 15383: 14685: 14557: 13693:"The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment" 13348: 11380: 10861:

Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia

8573: 7016: 6994: 6856: 6782: 6707: 6534:

to convert to his Marxism-inspired reinterpretation called the

6485: 6313: 6135: 6061: 5888:

Buddhists of various traditions, Yeunten Ling Tibetan Institute

5817: 5656: 5470: 5301: 5280: 5223: 5174: 4798: 4627: 4576: 4084: 3835:, whether or not they are monastics. This sangha is called the 3798: 3783: 3583: 3496: 3472: 3148: 3126: 3079: 3053: 2921: 2879: 2848: 2789:), and that this is the primary source of clinging and dukkha. 2758: 2636: 2586: 2293: 2270: 1951: 1943: 1931: 1674: 1650:. Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so. 1628: 1500: 1489:

as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering. As a

1394: 1350: 1178: 1140: 1124: 1113: 1046: 884: 868: 855: 670: 225: 220: 215: 178: 25576: 19936:"The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia" 19881:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts" 19369:

Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet

18982:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 34–37. Archived from 18853:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

18209:

Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy

16540: 15845:

Emotions and Spirituality in Religions and Spiritual Movements

14741: 14739: 14737: 14735: 13582: 11691: 10746: 9705: 8384:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

8232: 8208: 7575:

is neither self nor sentient being, nor soul, nor personality.

3841:"noble Sangha". All forms of Buddhism generally reveres these 3184:

The 'dependent arisings' have a causal conditioning, and thus

2908:, India, is regionally believed to be Buddha's cremation site. 2694:

can be ended or contained by the confinement or letting go of

2077:

world religion through their trade routes. Buddhism spread to

26859: 26633: 26613: 26598: 26196: 26022: 25817: 25680: 25635: 25615: 24862: 24259: 24105: 23887: 23527: 23522: 23294: 23129: 22987: 22953: 22933: 22903: 22832: 22249: 22094: 21972: 21967: 21937: 21892: 21739: 21734: 21613: 21318: 21143: 21110: 21100: 20618: 18816:

American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship

18784:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

18725:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

18448:

The Notion of Diṭṭhi in Theravāda Buddhism: The Point of View

17304: 16733:"Dalai Lama Meets Alleged Victims of Abuse by Buddhist Gurus" 14187: 14185: 14040: 14038: 14036: 13753: 12882: 12880: 11724: 11260: 9695: 9693: 9602: 8196: 8117: 7680: 7676: 7494: 6874: 6673: 6531: 6251: 6227: 6147: 6123: 6083: 5969: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5272: 5255: 5014:

in Buddhist practice leads to rebirth in successfully better

4878: 4160: 4099: 3914: 3860: 3806: 3244: 3215:(karmic formations) exist; because Saṃskāras exist therefore 3012: 3004:

A central aspect of Buddhist theory of karma is that intent (

2972: 2896: 2859: 2628: 2489:(Zen) became a major religion. Chan continued to grow in the 2460: 2456: 2301: 2089:, dating from about the 1st century CE, and connected to the 1947: 1711: 1643: 1499:(monastic order). He spent the rest of his life teaching the 1477: 1330: 1318: 1148: 1144: 1128: 1120: 895:

or sensual indulgence. Widely observed teachings include the

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Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

17927:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

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Cush, Denise (2004). "British Buddhism and the New Age". In

17102: 16969: 16795:"Why Tibetan Buddhism is facing up to its own abuse scandal" 16603: 15677:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

14720: 14299: 14297: 14050: 13743: 13741: 12341:. Routledge. p. 124 with footnotes 2–3 on pp. 266–267. 11942: 11940: 11324: 10490: 10110: 10086: 9945: 9849: 9619: 9617: 7394:] that a relatively early community (disputed) [ 6993:; for example, the Burmese Buddhists founded in the city of 5928:

as well as many other bodhisattvas not revered in Theravāda.

5551:, for example, includes 2184 texts in 55 volumes, while the 5195: 2874:, the "blowing out" of the afflictions through insight into 26784: 26673: 24693: 23632: 23164: 21957: 21623: 21120: 20350:

Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 8 volumes

19750:(3rd ed.), Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing, 16660: 16438: 16391: 15662:

The Tantric Age: A Comparison Of Shaiva And Buddhist Tantra

15023: 14814: 14812: 14810: 14808: 14732: 14696:"A Brief Criticism of the 'Two Paths to Liberation' Theory" 14594: 14333: 14011: 14009: 13955: 13655: 13481: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13450: 13448: 13446: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13336: 12367: 12182:

Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism

11759: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11432: 10864:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 9–11, 14–15, 19–20. 10670:

Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001).

10595: 10416: 10370: 10368: 10320:

Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies

9717: 9182:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 102–104, 264–269, 294–295. 9051: 8867: 8838:

Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts

8456: 7813: 7602: 7535:

Some scholars such as Cousins and Sangharakshita translate

6963: 5586: 5491: 5035: 4458: 4428: 4399: 4001:

An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the

3010:) matters and is essential to bring about a consequence or 2997:) that mature later either in this life or in a subsequent 2917: 1085: 1061: 18856:, translated by Groner, Paul, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 17070: 16906: 16105: 16081: 15485: 15131: 15119: 15107: 15083: 14660: 14247: 14182: 14033: 13982: 13384: 13372: 12946: 12944: 12900:"Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity," 12877: 12782: 12758: 12665: 11793: 11673: 9921: 9690: 9680: 9678: 9233: 8539: 8537: 6107:) were built and supported by donors, and woodland camps ( 6071:

Buddhist institutions are often housed and centred around

2185: 1888:

According to numerous Buddhist scriptures, soon after the

1377:, is also claimed to be ksatriya by his early followers.) 818:, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century 729: 26683: 26648: 25345: 24769: 22822: 21358: 20487:

Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012),

19533:

Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought

18031:

Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Gimello, Robert M., eds. (1992),

17888:

The Noble Eightfold Path: The Way to the End of Suffering

17768:

Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State

17124: 16450: 15787:

The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists

15753: 15458:. Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies: 3–21. 14900: 14863: 14425: 14389: 14294: 13931: 13919: 13738: 13704: 13702: 13496: 13494: 13253: 11937: 11883: 11769: 11215: 10936:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 10607: 10098: 9885: 9614: 9410: 9357: 9157: 9123: 8946: 8879: 8741: 8715:. Brill Academic. pp. 60–61 with footnotes 134–136. 8678: 8641: 8639: 8380: 8184: 7396: 7390: 6598: 6131: 5169:; it is identifying the suffering of others as one's own; 4020: 3219:(consciousness) exists; and in a similar manner it links 2682:("craving", "desire" or "attachment", literally "thirst") 2378:, is the beginning of the long and complex period of the 1250:

c. 6th or 5th century BCE. Followers of Buddhism, called

1177:

also preserves the Vajrayana tradition as transmitted to

1105: 937:

vary in their interpretation of the paths to liberation (

735: 20576: 20051:

Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism

19981:

Smith (2006), "Buddhism", in Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.),

19730:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17344:, Katharina Wenzel-Teuber (2011), China Zentrum, Germany 17176: 16379: 16355: 15611:

The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism.

15529: 15517: 15371: 15251: 15143: 14951: 14805: 14461: 14135: 14006: 13994: 13972: 13970: 13859: 13639: 13637: 13472: 13443: 13420: 13360: 13265: 13229: 13147: 13135: 13016: 12905: 12892: 12865: 12770: 12523: 12511: 12467:

The Awakened Ones: Phenomenology of Visionary Experience

12081: 11952: 11748: 11736: 11647:. State University of New York Press. pp. 123–131. 11472: 10802:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–11, 218, 229–230. 10565:

Sanderson, Alexis; Vajrayana:, Origin and Function, 1994

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in Thailand and several Japanese organisations, such as

5900:. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. 5730:

carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks

2852:, unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and 1373:, whose teachings helped establish the ancient religion 989:). The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of 19609:

Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia

18278:"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article" 16859:"After allegations, Sogyal Rinpoche retires from Rigpa" 16007: 15983: 15541: 15505:

Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity

15080:, pp. 84–85, 105, 108–109, 112–113, 116, 165, 185. 14939: 14678:

De La Vallee Poussin (trans.); Pruden, Leo M. (trans.)

14345: 14309: 14079: 14077: 14021: 13943: 13460: 12941: 12917: 12814: 12132: 11254: 10652: 10440: 10380: 9837: 9815:"How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History" 9768: 9675: 8970: 8561: 8534: 8314: 8051: 6549:(r. 1868–1910), were responsible for modern reforms of 6238:

also went through a period of modernisation during the

5738:

are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the

3770:, but also see them as transcendental or supramundane ( 2501:

was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks.

1981:

school, which was mainly in north India. Likewise, the

1072:). The Theravāda branch has a widespread following in 23675: 16591: 16093: 16069: 16031: 15290: 15203: 15095: 15059: 15047: 14927: 14917: 14915: 14875: 14824: 14708: 14111: 14094:"The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon," 14067: 14065: 13726: 13714: 13699: 13491: 13396: 13241: 12956: 12929: 12559: 12547: 12535: 12263:. State University of New York Press. pp. 35–39. 12069: 12018: 11640: 11420: 11370: 11368: 10734: 10631: 10619: 10502: 10404: 10347: 10345: 10252: 10206: 10204: 9746: 9744: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9592: 9590: 9439: 8896: 8894: 8729: 8636: 8588: 8549: 8039: 7820:

Encyclopedia of Indian Religions: Buddhism and Jainism

7455:

See Hill (2009), p. 30, for the Chinese text from the

5543:, itself the part of three basket of texts called the 5477:

Buddhism, like all Indian religions, was initially an

4840: 4779: 3188:

is the Buddhist belief that causality is the basis of

1481:), the ending of suffering, and the end of rebirth in 1156: 1014: 990: 938: 924: 835: 20520:, Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, Routledge, 19700: 19606:

Queen, Christopher S.; King, Sallie B., eds. (1996).

16367: 16316: 16268: 15428:

Analayo. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies (Volume 1)

14606: 14449: 14437: 14123: 14105: 13967: 13907: 13895: 13883: 13871: 13847: 13835: 13823: 13634: 13570: 13277: 13040: 13028: 13004: 12968: 12583: 12120: 12057: 11781: 11685: 11484: 10890: 10023:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56–58. 9660: 9572: 9514: 9398: 9386: 9072: 9028: 9026: 9024: 8995:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56–58. 8811: 8444: 7941:"Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal" 6530:

and social equality. Ambedkar urged low caste Indian

2370:. This loss of support in favor of Hindu faiths like 2338:

texts are problematic because "the chronology of the

787: 750: 738: 20577:

Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network

20543:, translated by Yeung H. Wing, Wisdom Publications, 20238:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

19208:(3rd ed.). State University of New York Press. 19186:

Keown, Damien. "Buddhism and Biomedical Issues". In

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Sperry, Rod Meade; Atwood, Haleigh (30 March 2018).

16280: 16256: 15723:

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The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

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Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship

9861: 9560: 9207:

The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction

9084: 8958: 8220: 7884: 7794:

Indian Religions: An Overview – Buddhism and Jainism

7761:

Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife

7012: 6398:, further immigration from Asia, globalisation, the 4486:

Other important elements of Buddhist ethics include

3120:), as the means to attain cessation and liberation. 2954:

to explain the various realms or planes of rebirth.

2389: 2229:

epistemological tradition of Dignaga and Dharmakirti

1869: 778: 772: 732: 726: 16946: 16944: 16019: 15995: 15190:

The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights.

15151:

The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights.

15035: 14912: 14259: 14222: 14062: 12710: 11857:. State University of New York Press. p. 109. 11541: 11365: 11057: 10962: 10342: 10201: 9756: 9741: 9648: 9629: 9587: 9140: 9138: 8891: 8762:

A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1

8600: 8521:

Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity

8475:

Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity

8027: 7608: 7431: 5742:Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of 5494:, through the use of communal recitation and other 5131:The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called 3742:Mahāyāna Buddhism meanwhile, has a vastly expanded 2559:during the 13th and 14th centuries and in the Thai 1306:Details of the Buddha's life are mentioned in many 769: 723: 20486: 20000: 19764:Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1997). 19744:Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1982), 18915: 18722: 18301: 18040:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald Jr. (2003), 17105:"Why Are We Surprised When Buddhists Are Violent?" 16802: 15897: 15699: 15647: 15346: 15344: 15226: 15224: 15222: 15220: 15218: 13545: 13414: 12704: 11851:Karl Potter (1986). Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (ed.). 11577:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction 11398: 11185:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction 9456: 9454: 9021: 7101:Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand 6978:(15%) also have significant Buddhist populations. 6753:continue to be influential elements of the modern 6609:in media of various Western countries was that of 5865:Buddhists generally classify themselves as either 5419: 4349: 2238: 2205:(established by the 5th-century CE Gupta emperor, 20583:Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels 19885:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 19861:Schuhmacher, Stephen; Woener, Gert, eds. (1991), 19860: 19009: 17914:The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India 16981: 16667:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 660–667. 15848:. University Press of America. pp. 137–138. 15783: 13600: 11997: 11631: 11347: 11032: 9325: 9323: 8789:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 8341: 8141: 7853:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2993:) produce "seeds" in the unconscious receptacle ( 1930:Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of 28542: 20425:Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies 19747:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 17622: 17620: 17201:The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions 16941: 16508:Eleanor Zelliot (2015). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). 15725:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. Archived from 14849:. Princeton University Press. pp. 236–243. 13649: 11911:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–131. 11900: 11898: 10910:The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma 10081:Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 10016: 10010: 9267:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5, 68–71. 9260: 9135: 8988: 8657: 7713: 7701: 4772:In different Buddhist traditions, other related 3447: 3308: 3272: 3070:depiction of the Buddha's spiritual liberation ( 23375: 19763: 19743: 19707:The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary 19464: 19348:Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed 18528:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 17271:Freud and the Buddha: The Couch and the Cushion 16912: 16817: 16507: 16467: 16465: 15341: 15215: 13548:Miracles: Wonder and Meaning in World Religions 13543: 12644:Robert Neville (2004). Jeremiah Hackett (ed.). 12470:. Columbia University Press. pp. 145–146. 12424: 12295: 12093: 11095: 10674:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 100. 10020:Gender and Religion: The Dark Side of Scripture 9451: 9175: 8834: 8202: 8021: 7985:– via Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary 7758:Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). 7627: 6891:, is followed by over half of world Buddhists. 4914:is "state of perfect equanimity and awareness ( 4524:Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts ( 2703:(path): the path leading to the confinement of 1021:), while the Mahayana tradition emphasizes the 915:. Other commonly observed elements include the 849:According to tradition, the Buddha taught that 20589:East Asian Buddhist Studies: A Reference Guide 20080: 19816: 19500:Norman, K.R. (1992), "The Four Noble Truths", 19378:Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments 19010:Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2011), 18074:, Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 18030: 17923:"Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth?" 17505: 16881: 16621: 16514:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13, 361–370. 15389: 14843:Luis Gomez (2015). Donald S. Lopez Jr. (ed.). 14537:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 502–503. 14497: 13226:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p.69 12717:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 54–60. 12690:. G. Debrock. Springer. p. 376, note 12. 12643: 12289: 12217: 12185:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–84. 12178: 12150: 12099: 11904: 11854:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments 11644:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments 11496: 11450: 11417:of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification.". 9542: 9320: 9281: 6592: 5916:Both Theravāda and Mahāyāna accept and revere 5688:which has survived until today. However, many 5377:is described in a similar way, such as in the 4040:, or "Eightfold Path of the Noble Ones" (Skt. 3028:of existence including human beings and gods. 2380:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 2193:University, a great centre of Mahāyāna thought 1485:. This event also brought certainty about the 1239:, literally meaning "doctrines disciplines". 1234: 1228: 1222: 1187:the Indian subcontinent before declining there 1045:), a body of teachings incorporating esoteric 23648: 23361: 20688: 20208: 20119:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 19865:, translated by Kohn, Michael H., Shambhala, 19767:Buddhist Religions: A Historical Introduction 19563:The weave of my life: a Dalit woman's memoirs 19449:Buddhism: introducing the Buddhist experience 18359: 17753: 17617: 17061: 16975: 16565:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213. 16559:Gary Tartakov (2003). Rowena Robinson (ed.). 16558: 15868: 15777: 15771: 14530: 13798: 13512: 13354: 13193:, pp. 101–102 Quote: "Some texts of the 12737: 12714:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism 11895: 11502: 10789: 10764: 10168:Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (2007). 9460: 9203: 9102: 8771:(Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90) 8651: 8414:. Oxford University Press. pp. 208–209. 8401: 8244: 7948:International Bulletin of Missionary Research 4918:)," reached through focused mental training. 4673: 4640:Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a 3155:While Buddhism considers the liberation from 2130:A Buddhist triad depicting, left to right, a 1503:he had discovered, and then died, achieving " 695: 21470:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 20458:Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations 20315:Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations 20087:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 19863:The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen 19836: 19203: 19152: 19134: 19098: 18850:Hirakawa, Akira (1993), Groner, Paul (ed.), 18787:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 18039: 17777:Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization 16915:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 16761: 16546: 16462: 16444: 15951: 15841: 15810: 15591:Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana 15350: 15320: 15269: 15230: 14784: 14494:, pp. 74 (Chapter 8), 102 (Conclusion). 14177:"Satipatthana Meditation, A Practice Guide," 13295: 13165:Brunnholzl, Karl, When the Clouds Part, The 12687:Newton's Scientific and Philosophical Legacy 12684:Guy Debrock (2012). Paul B. Scheurer (ed.). 12490: 12385: 12334: 12302:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–4, 85–88. 12260:Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays 12039: 11625: 11573: 11330: 11181: 10972:. University of Chicago Press. p. XIV. 10822: 10799:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism 10795: 10128: 10092: 9623: 9369: 9340: 9254: 8917:The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya 8708: 8582: 8407: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7333:The surviving portions of the scriptures of 6844:can also be seen in certain forms of modern 6797:were very influential in the development of 6645:. This conception is rooted in 19th century 5320:is included as one of the "five faculties" ( 4457:Buddhist monks collect alms in Si Phan Don, 2627:The Four Noble Truths, or the truths of the 2555:(1287–1552). It also became dominant in the 826:, with over 520 million followers, known as 20591:, Robert Buswell and William Bodiford, UCLA 20259:The practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900–1950 19520: 19153:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). 19135:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2010), 19099:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2004), 18972: 18435: 17386:"Religion & Belief in Hong Kong, China" 17310: 17156:"Chinese Buddhism and Traditional Culture," 16821:Minority Religions and Fraud: In Good Faith 16699: 16503: 16501: 16334: 15910:(3). University of Hawai'i Press: 399–415. 14503: 14385:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–5. 12683: 11850: 11139:Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age 10771:. University of California Press. pp. 10475:Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 29-34. 10307: 10213: 9058:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–19. 7585: 7296:never preached against social inequality". 7005:, named the Buddha Dhamma Ramsi monastery. 4977: 3866: 2862:. Liberation from this cycle of existence, 2737:The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. 2722: 2647: 1030: 998: 974: 954: 23655: 23641: 23368: 23354: 20695: 20681: 19384: 19282: 19044:"Zen as a Social Ethics of Responsiveness" 18696:Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction 18360:Eliade, Mircea; et al., eds. (1987), 18069: 17969: 17948: 17920: 17908: 17077:Brazier, Dharmavidya David (30 May 2015). 16990:"Buddha philosophy and western psychology" 16474:"Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question" 15445:"Reflections on Comparative Āgama Studies" 15403:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism, 15171:Vanijja Sutta: Business (Wrong Livelihood) 14842: 14757: 14558:Lewis Hodous; William E. Soothill (2003). 14491: 14479: 14431: 14419: 14395: 14339: 14303: 13988: 13519:. University of California Press. p. 12650:. Jerald Wallulis. Springer. p. 257. 12157:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 11970: 11580:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. 11386: 11188:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. 10752: 10316:"A Rough Sketch of Central Asian Buddhism" 10283: 9927: 9903: 9891: 9855: 9801:A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya 9723: 9699: 9684: 8873: 8618: 8462: 8257:. Princeton University Press. p. 21. 8126: 7631:Asian Buddhism" and "Buddhism Comes West"; 5991: 5337:The Buddhist tradition regards ignorance ( 5253:). There are numerous meditation deities ( 5006:); the third is the realm of nothingness ( 3625:A related doctrine in Buddhism is that of 3207:or "twelve links". It states that because 1464:According to various early texts like the 1380:According to early texts such as the Pali 702: 688: 33:Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly 20421: 20388: 20356: 20002:"Buddhism and the Definition of Religion" 19998: 19962: 19909:"The Raksā Literature of the Śrāvakayāna" 19684: 19670: 19605: 19416: 19366: 19194: 18973:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). 18836:, Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge, 18822: 18655:Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction 18603: 18601: 18109:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 17792: 17765: 17593: 17591: 17462: 17355:"ASIA SOCIETY: THE COLLECTION IN CONTEXT" 17130: 17079:"It Needs Saying: Buddhism is a Religion" 17049: 17023: 17005: 16702:"The Zen Predator of the Upper East Side" 16489: 16361: 16141: 16123: 15954:, "Bodhisattva, Career in the Theravada". 13937: 13759: 13747: 12428:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 12361: 12299:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 12256: 11964: 11692:William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998). 11606: 11228:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 209–210. 11089: 11026: 10537:, Columbia University Press, p. 228, 234. 10219: 10104: 10083:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. 9843: 9803:. Dharma Drum Academic Publisher. p. 891. 9210:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–2, 23. 9146: 9106:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India 8630: 8387:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 227–240. 8057: 7995: 7917:. Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012. 7896: 6805:. Buddhist educational institutions like 6495: 6182: 5850: 5196:Tantra, visualization and the subtle body 5025: 4439: 4410:motif of the triple refuge, found in the 4105:The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into 4094:and asserts the path to the cessation of 4090:This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the 4025:A common presentation style of the path ( 3258: 3039:This Buddhist idea may have roots in the 2672:(origin, arising, combination; "cause"): 2001: 1854:contain mostly the same major doctrines. 1737: 1392:204, Gautama was moved by the suffering ( 26125: 20661:Buddhism – objects, art and history 20454: 20347: 20338: 20330: 20312: 19933: 19906: 19728:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 19710:, Chipstead, London: Pali Text Society, 19628: 19529: 19446: 19375: 19354: 19304: 19187: 18849: 18686: 18629: 18610: 18592: 18571: 18553: 18477: 18386: 18322: 18244:The Illustrated Guide to World Religions 18002: 17813: 17783: 16609: 16511:Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India 16498: 16385: 16013: 15989: 15759: 15523: 14726: 14467: 14443: 14315: 14253: 14141: 14056: 14044: 14027: 14015: 14000: 13765: 13378: 13235: 13178: 13153: 13141: 12999:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 12950: 12923: 12871: 12820: 12788: 12626: 12607:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 12138: 12063: 12004:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–155. 11679: 11261:Frank Hoffman; Deegalle Mahinda (2013). 11006:"Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY" 10896: 10857: 10658: 10496: 10484: 10446: 10434: 10398: 10374: 9951: 9879: 9774: 9735: 9669: 9520: 9285:Exploring Alterity in a Globalized World 9163: 9129: 8952: 8885: 8747: 8735: 8696: 8684: 8645: 8190: 8045: 7844: 7618: 7605:and meditation as a means to liberation. 7464: 6716: 6697: 6167: 5883: 5717: 5569: 5460: 5262: 5209: 4953:Some scholars, like Bronkhorst, see the 4869: 4677: 4631: 4452: 4325: 3810: 3061: 2895: 2811: 2732: 2393: 2248: 2184: 2125: 2026: 1925: 1698: 1355:small oligarchy or republic-like council 1291: 1273: 44: 27395: 22657:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 20595:Buddhist Bibliography (China and Tibet) 20556: 20343:(Kindle ed.), Taylor & Francis 20252:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 20176: 20141: 20114: 20048: 19983:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions 19848: 19481: 19388:Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma 19231: 19041: 18913: 18881: 18327:, New York: Columbia University Press, 18272: 18172: 18137: 18048: 18035:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 17774: 17537: 17167: 17076: 17055: 16409: 16253:, Oxford University Press, pp. 203–204. 15895: 15547: 15439: 15077: 15029: 14933: 14906: 14869: 14830: 14657:, pp. 106–107, context: Chapter 7. 14510:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 86–89. 14351: 13961: 13949: 13778:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13774:"Ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism" 13771: 13247: 12744:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 67–69. 12741:Linguistic Approach to Buddhist Thought 12553: 12431:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 21–22. 12373: 12126: 12051: 12001:The Law of Karma: A Philosophical Study 11815:Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma 11799: 11775: 11742: 11438: 11359: 10969:Hyecho's Journey: The World of Buddhism 10934:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 10637: 10613: 10601: 10462:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 18. 10422: 10386: 10226:. Oxford University Press. p. 42. 10116: 9867: 9812: 9488:Skilton, Andrew (2013). "22 Buddhism". 9487: 9467:. Ashgate. p. 16 with footnote 3. 9464:Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction 8594: 8555: 8312:at bl.uk. Retriebved 10 February 2023. 8033: 7851:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7539:as "aimlessness or directionless-ness". 7146:Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism 6684:, literally "scripture" or "teaching". 5635:After the development of the different 4818:, "establishments of mindfulness") and 4072: 3815:Buddhist monks and nuns praying in the 2807: 2384:Islamic invasions and conquest of India 1493:, he attracted followers and founded a 14: 28543: 23617: 22860:List of Buddhist architecture in China 20286: 20244: 20235: 20132: 19878: 19804: 19784: 19770:(4th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. 19635: 19612:. State University of New York Press. 19591:. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. 19586: 19556: 19508: 19499: 19434: 18997:(1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism", 18940:from the original on 16 September 2015 18888:, State University of New York Press, 18780: 18742: 18720: 18711: 18693: 18684: 18651: 18633:Religious Experience in Early Buddhism 18541: 18520: 18497: 18444: 18417: 18237: 18105: 18096: 18087: 17727:. Buddhistchannel.tv. 5 January 2009. 17588: 17426:from the original on 22 September 2020 17322: 16856: 16730: 16700:Oppenheimer, Mark (18 December 2014). 16661:Martin Marty; R Scott Appleby (1994). 16597: 16471: 16397: 16373: 16322: 16298: 16111: 16099: 16087: 16075: 15747: 15674: 15659: 15629:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. p. 20. 15491: 15377: 15296: 15257: 15209: 15137: 15125: 15113: 15101: 15089: 15065: 15053: 15017: 14957: 14881: 14818: 14745: 14714: 14455: 14327: 14265: 14129: 14117: 13976: 13925: 13901: 13889: 13877: 13865: 13853: 13841: 13829: 13732: 13720: 13708: 13656:Roderick Bucknell; Chris Kang (2013). 13643: 13588: 13576: 13500: 13485: 13454: 13437: 13390: 13366: 13342: 13325: 13323: 13321: 13283: 13259: 13224:The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text 13190: 13046: 13034: 13022: 13010: 12974: 12962: 12935: 12911: 12886: 12800: 12776: 12764: 12671: 12589: 12577: 12565: 12541: 12529: 12517: 12087: 12075: 12024: 11958: 11787: 11763: 11730: 11478: 11462: 11426: 11374: 10740: 10508: 10410: 10355:, Religion Compass 4/2 (2010): 55–65, 10313: 10258: 10067: 10055: 10004: 9963: 9939: 9915: 9711: 9654: 9642: 9608: 9596: 9581: 9566: 9554: 9498:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644650.013.004 9416: 9404: 9392: 9363: 9090: 9078: 9052:Sarah LeVine; David N Gellner (2009). 8976: 8567: 8543: 8450: 8320: 8302:The development of the Buddhist 'canon 8238: 8226: 8214: 8153: 8069: 7622: 7614: 7440: 5861:Timeline of Buddhism § Common Era 4021:Paths to liberation in the early texts 3952: 2269:(4th–6th centuries) and the empire of 1254:in English, referred to themselves as 1242:The Buddha ("the Awakened One") was a 923:, and the cultivation of perfections ( 887:, with the Buddha regarding it as the 27394: 26552: 26124: 23674: 23636: 23349: 20676: 20601:Ten Philosophical Questions: Buddhism 20513: 20265: 20261:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 20256: 20110:from the original on 24 December 2015 20071: 19980: 19725: 19626: 19345: 19336: 19313: 19222: 19185: 19116: 19080: 19068: 18951: 18813: 18377: 18205: 18176:Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities 17937:from the original on 29 November 2014 17881: 17862: 17841: 17674:from the original on 28 February 2018 17605:from the original on 3 September 2020 17103:Dan Arnold and Alicia Turner (2018). 16887: 16792: 16456: 16310: 16274: 16262: 16130:European Journal of International Law 15705: 15693: 15473:from the original on 12 December 2019 15327:. Penguin Books. pp. xiii–xvii. 15308: 14945: 14666: 14654: 14612: 14600: 14584: 14407: 14380: 13913: 13691:See for example, Tsong-Kha-Pa (2015) 13607:. Yale University Press. p. 59. 13552:. New York University Press. p. 13466: 13402: 13271: 12494:Buddhism: Its Essence and Development 11946: 11889: 11838: 11490: 11413:, p. 71, Quote: "Nirvana is the 11410: 11301:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners 11170:International Philosophical Quarterly 9825:from the original on 29 February 2020 9762: 9445: 9179:A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy 9144: 8964: 8913: 8822: 8782: 8606: 8345:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia 8250: 7890: 7739:from the original on 13 February 2023 7719: 7707: 7497:, and perceives that he is liberated. 7449: 7403: 7263:article for various sites identified. 7051:Buddhism, Jainism and Bhakti movement 6938:. Large Buddhist populations live in 6894:Buddhism is the dominant religion in 6687: 6312:Interior of the Thai Buddhist wat in 5574:Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments ( 5308:and sometimes is equivalent to it is 4611:tradition, contrasting them with the 4461:. Giving is a key virtue in Buddhism. 4311:Correct meditation or concentration ( 4050:(The discourse on the turning of the 3998:tradition takes an ambiguous stance. 2170:to include the first versions of the 1796: 1384:("The discourse on the noble quest", 1076:as well as in Southeast Asia, namely 23607: 20475:from the original on 11 January 2023 20442:from the original on 11 January 2023 20409:from the original on 11 January 2023 20377:from the original on 11 January 2023 20197:from the original on 11 January 2023 20135:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society 19704:; Stede, William, eds. (1921–1925), 19659:from the original on 11 January 2023 19405:from the original on 11 January 2023 19273: 19264: 19252:from the original on 11 January 2023 19173:from the original on 11 January 2023 19030:from the original on 11 January 2023 18993: 18902:from the original on 11 January 2023 18870:from the original on 11 January 2023 18831: 18801:from the original on 11 January 2023 18672:from the original on 11 January 2023 18465:from the original on 11 January 2023 18340: 18282:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 18261:from the original on 11 January 2023 18226:from the original on 11 January 2023 18193:from the original on 11 January 2023 18161:from the original on 11 January 2023 18126:from the original on 11 January 2023 18042:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 17990:from the original on 11 January 2023 17952:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism 17705:from the original on 17 October 2019 17444: 17194: 17182: 16987: 16857:Sperry, Rod Meade (11 August 2017). 16838:from the original on 11 January 2023 16774:from the original on 22 October 2018 16681:from the original on 11 January 2023 16642:from the original on 11 January 2023 16579:from the original on 6 December 2022 16528:from the original on 11 January 2023 16286: 16229: 16037: 16025: 16001: 15930:from the original on 3 February 2021 15790:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 410. 15276:. Penguin Books. pp. xii–xiii. 15192:New York: Lantern Books. pp. 64-65. 15041: 14990:from the original on 11 January 2023 14921: 14228: 13621:from the original on 11 January 2023 13110: 12445:from the original on 11 January 2023 12406:from the original on 11 January 2023 12316:from the original on 11 January 2023 12277:from the original on 11 January 2023 12238:from the original on 11 January 2023 12199:from the original on 11 January 2023 12154:Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative 12103:Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative 11925:from the original on 11 January 2023 11871:from the original on 11 January 2023 11712:from the original on 11 January 2023 11695:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society 11661:from the original on 11 January 2023 11594:from the original on 11 January 2023 11562:from the original on 11 January 2023 11523:from the original on 11 January 2023 11281:from the original on 11 January 2023 11242:from the original on 11 January 2023 11202:from the original on 11 January 2023 11078:from the original on 11 January 2023 10986:from the original on 11 January 2023 10878:from the original on 11 January 2023 10625: 10240:from the original on 11 January 2023 10174:. Brill Academic. pp. 139–142. 10149:from the original on 11 January 2023 10135:. Brill Academic. pp. 102–106. 10037:from the original on 11 January 2023 9813:Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020). 9750: 9109:. Penguin Books. pp. 538, 571. 9009:from the original on 11 January 2023 8934:from the original on 11 January 2023 8855:from the original on 11 January 2023 8799:from the original on 2 December 2022 8381:Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993). 8362:from the original on 11 January 2023 8271:from the original on 11 January 2023 8076:Smith College Studies in Social Work 7989: 7675:, spanning parts of both modern-day 7634:Penguin Handbook of Living Religions 7461:, and p. 31 for a translation of it. 7197: 6656:, which reinterpreted Buddhism in a 6553:. Modern Buddhist movements include 6153: 5654:, were divided into three sections: 5117: 3163: 3116:), and right liberation or release ( 2616: 2174:series, along with texts concerning 2115: 2104:in the 7th-century, followed by the 1911:resulted in the first schism in the 1572:and the historical emergence of the 20631:Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism 20619:Readings in Sanskrit Buddhist Canon 20615:, Hakuin Ekaku (Ed: Monika Bincsik) 20172:from the original on 19 August 2018 19673:The Journal of Religion and Culture 19074:Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction 18957:Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies 18507:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 18090:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions 17867:. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. 17293:. pp. 77–78, NY: Harper & Row. 16869:from the original on 17 August 2017 16824:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 171. 15817:. Asian Humanities Press. pp. 14680:Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu 14636:from the original on 21 August 2013 14106:Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–1925) 13318: 13111:Gold, Jonathan C. (22 April 2011). 9234:Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle (1994). 8511:, University of Chicago Press. p. 7 8437:, "Buddhism in the Iranian World," 6840:based modalities. The influence of 6005:Various types of Buddhist buildings 5774:(Root Verses on the Middle Way) by 5768:), the most famous of which is the 5172:Empathetic joy (Pāli and Sanskrit: 4784:The training of the faculty called 4780:Mindfulness and clear comprehension 4551:"I undertake the training-precept ( 4367:Mahayana Buddhist teachers such as 4321: 3934:clarify that the "Self" implied in 3913:. According to Paul Williams these 3701: 2108:and the later establishment of the 1673:, and supplemented by reference to 1555: 1353:community, which was governed by a 1185:, Buddhism was widely practiced in 24: 27364:Religions and spiritual traditions 23677:Religious groups and denominations 22647:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 20603:, Richard Hayes, Leiden University 20049:Stewart, James (22 January 2018). 19895:from the original on 27 April 2016 18390:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 17731:from the original on 28 April 2021 17692: 17493:from the original on 16 April 2021 17396:from the original on 16 April 2021 17383: 17365:from the original on 16 April 2021 16743:from the original on 16 April 2021 16731:Corder, Mike (14 September 2018). 16168:from the original on 19 April 2016 15980:p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. 15648:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012) 15624:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras, 15536:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15357:. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xxv. 14976:. Brill Academic. pp. 56–58. 14179:chapter 1. Windhorse Publications. 13415:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012) 11465:, pp. 28–29, Quote: "Seeing ( 11399:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012) 10693:The History of Buddhism in Vietnam 8523:by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. 8477:by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. 8172:from the original on 31 March 2022 7996:Reynolds, Frank; Tucci, Giuseppe. 7209:The term is probably derived from 7106:Index of Buddhism-related articles 6834:Mindfulness-based stress reduction 5726:in South Korea, an edition of the 5206:Vajrayana § Tantra_techniques 5156:) is active good will towards all; 4644:of monks or nuns. It includes the 2989:) and bad, unskilful deeds (Pāli: 2690:(cessation, ending, confinement): 2432:into the Chinese territory of the 2422:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 2253:Vajrayana adopted deities such as 2031:Buddhist expansion throughout Asia 2008:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1688: 153:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 148:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 25: 28582: 23587:Gautama Buddha in world religions 20570: 20517:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation 20153:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 19854:Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks 19714:from the original on 25 July 2021 19477:, London: Oxford University Press 19289:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 18922:American Journal of Jurisprudence 18387:Emmanuel, Steven M., ed. (2013), 18382:, London: Edward Arnold & Co. 17814:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). 17638:from the original on 29 July 2017 17289:& Richard De Martino (1960). 16712:from the original on 4 March 2019 16313:, pp. 60–63, 74–85, 185–187. 16158:"Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha" 15237:. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xv. 14893:Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004). 13788:from the original on 8 July 2010. 13070:from the original on 30 July 2016 12610:(1997), Oxford University Press, 11141:, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, 9788:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy 8251:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). 8154:Avison, Austin (4 October 2021). 8024:, p. 483, entry note: . 7921:from the original on 8 April 2020 6620: 6492:and receives government support. 6226:was developed by figures such as 6222:(1912–49), a new movement called 5877:(or just "Eastern Buddhism") and 5707: 5620: 5581:) from British Library Collection 5430:Based on the Indian principle of 5401:Most forms of Buddhism "consider 4506:) and 'regard for consequences' ( 4315:), explained as the four jhānas. 3607:Source: MN 109 (Thanissaro, 2001) 2390:Spread to East and Southeast Asia 1934:according to the Edicts of Ashoka 1870:Ashokan Era and the early schools 1602:), and these influenced both the 28524: 28515: 28514: 28328:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27470:Democratic Republic of the Congo 23616: 23606: 23328: 23318: 23317: 22875:Thai temple art and architecture 22620:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 20860:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 20726: 20713: 20703: 20289:Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism 20271:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 20076:, University of California Press 19963:Skorupski, Tadeusz, ed. (1990), 19950:from the original on 19 May 2018 19916:Journal of the Pali Text Society 19589:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism 19442:, University of California Press 18640:from the original on 1 July 2016 18019:from the original on 25 May 2017 17746: 17717: 17686: 17650: 17562: 17531: 17479: 17438: 17408: 17377: 17347: 17328: 17276: 17263: 17242: 17221: 17188: 17161: 17148: 17136: 17096: 17040: 16850: 16811: 16786: 16755: 16724: 16693: 16654: 16615: 16552: 16403: 16328: 16243: 16210: 16180: 16150: 16117: 16056: 16043: 15970: 15957: 15889: 15862: 15835: 15804: 15765: 15711: 15668: 15653: 15632: 15616: 15603: 15580: 15553: 15497: 15433: 15416: 15395: 15314: 15263: 15182: 15164: 15153:New York: Lantern Books. p. 76. 14963: 14887: 14836: 14778: 14751: 14672: 14618: 14551: 14524: 14374: 14357: 14234: 14198: 14169: 14156: 14147: 14086: 13792: 13685: 13676: 13594: 13537: 13506: 13305: 13216: 13184: 13159: 13123:from the original on 5 July 2019 13104: 13091: 13082: 13052: 12980: 12852: 12839: 12826: 12731: 12677: 12637: 12595: 12484: 12457: 12418: 12379: 12328: 12250: 12221:Understanding Eastern Philosophy 12211: 12172: 12144: 11991: 11844: 11805: 11535: 11506:Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings 11310: 11293: 11175: 11051: 11048:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013) 10998: 10956: 10947: 10923: 10902: 10851: 10816: 10758: 10725: 10716: 10707: 10698: 10685: 10643: 10586: 10577: 10568: 10559: 10549: 10540: 10527: 10514: 10465: 10452: 10361:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x 10277: 10274:, Vol NS32 Issue I, 2000, p. 161 10264: 10188: 10161: 10122: 10073: 9982: 9969: 9906:, pp. 77–78, Section 8.4.3. 9806: 9793: 9780: 7857:from the original on 21 May 2022 7645: 7591: 7578: 7565: 7552: 7542: 7529: 7500: 7482: 7473: 7422: 7413: 7382: 7372: 7362: 7352: 7327: 7029: 7015: 7001:the first Buddhist monastery of 6453: 6442: 6305: 6279: 6060: 6051: 6040: 6031: 6020: 6011: 5785: 5592:, and the corresponding Chinese 4774:practices which focus on fasting 2585:) used as a translation for the 1759:include the four principal Pali 1730:, Late Mahayana, and the era of 1653:Early Buddhist positions in the 1579:New ideas developed both in the 1388:26) and its Chinese parallel at 1181:. Historically, until the early 765: 719: 669: 88: 26935:Evolutionary origin of religion 20727: 20180:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide 19934:Skilling, Peter (Summer 1997). 19486:, University of Hawai'i Press, 19013:Encyclopedia of Global Religion 18694:Gowans, Christopher W. (2014), 18420:Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices 17515:. The Pew Forum. Archived from 17291:Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis 16793:Shute, Joe (9 September 2018). 16628:. Routledge. pp. 175–179. 15875:. Routledge. pp. 157–160. 15750:, pp. 1–2, 49–58, 253–271. 15020:, pp. 73–75, 146–159, 243. 14195:, p. 9, Asian Humanities Press. 13805:. Wisdom Publications. p. 13695:, chapter three. Shambala Pubs. 12392:. Routledge. pp. 198–226. 11698:. Rowman Altamira. p. 66. 11641:Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (1986). 11348:Juergensmeyer & Roof (2011) 11267:. Routledge. pp. 162–165. 11172:, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 65–74 9526: 9481: 9422: 9303: 9288:. Routledge. pp. 125–126. 9197: 9169: 9096: 9045: 8982: 8920:. Springer Nature. p. 62. 8907: 8828: 8776: 8753: 8702: 8514: 8501: 8488: 8468: 8428: 8374: 8335: 8326: 8283: 8147: 8142:Schuhmacher & Woener (1991) 8070:Donner, Susan E. (April 2010). 8063: 7933: 7303: 7289: 7279: 7266: 7253: 7216: 7203: 7061:Buddhas and bodhisattvas in art 6862: 6832:, particularly the practice of 6617:'s spiritual director in 2017. 5964:Mahāyāna focuses mainly on the 5847:and performing sexual rituals. 5778:, the foundational text of the 5420:Vegetarianism and animal ethics 5159:Compassion (Pāli and Sanskrit: 4828:, "mindfulness of breathing"). 4350:Hearing and learning the Dharma 2858:(ignorance), and the resulting 2749:Most schools of Buddhism teach 2239:Late Indian Buddhism and Tantra 2106:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan 1706:, Cave 10, a first period type 1622:ultimately emerged from these. 1548:For a chronological guide, see 824:world's fourth-largest religion 27286:Separation of church and state 25966:Polytheistic reconstructionism 22865:Japanese Buddhist architecture 22667:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 21747:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 20938:Places where the Buddha stayed 20607:Readings in Theravada Buddhism 20562:The Buddhist Conquest of China 20297:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141 19817:Schmidt-Leukel, Perry (2006), 19791:, Cambridge University Press, 19788:The Origins of Yoga and Tantra 19525:, Buddhist Publication Society 19385:McClelland, Norman C. (2010), 19323:, Princeton University Press, 18752:, Cambridge University Press, 18729:, Cambridge University Press, 18345:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 18179:. Cambridge University Press. 17658:"The 2013 Census and religion" 17538:Moudgil, Manu (17 June 2017). 16478:Journal of South Asian Studies 16341:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 360–362. 16338:The War on Terror Encyclopedia 15896:Samuels, Jeffrey (July 1997). 14534:The Classification of Buddhism 14383:Yoga, Brief History of an Idea 14166:, Routledge, 2013, p. 467-468. 11841:, p. 430 with footnote 1. 11125:, p. 64; "Central to Buddhist 10223:The Silk Road in World History 9977:A Concise History of Buddhism. 9490:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism 9042:Encyclopædia Britannica (2015) 7869: 7838: 7807: 7783: 7751: 7725: 7665: 7658: 7300:, quoted by Christopher Queen. 7066:Buddhism and Eastern religions 6351:that paved the way for modern 6264: 5559: 5089:Four Ways to Arahantship Sutta 5018:Brahma heavenly realms, while 4682:Living at the root of a tree ( 3716:): Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. 3646:"Emptiness" or "voidness" (Skt 3582:Mental Factors arise from the 2485:was introduced from India and 2443:(148–180 CE). The first known 1119:is predominantly practised in 13: 1: 25009:Traditional Sabahan religions 22880:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 20637:The Future of Buddhism series 20621:, Nagarjuna Institute – UWest 20357:Williams, Paul, ed. (2005a), 19856:, University of Hawai'i Press 19566:, Columbia University Press, 19471:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 19350:, University of Chicago Press 19346:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2009), 19337:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2001), 18611:Gombrich, Richard F. (2006). 18593:Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), 18056:, MacMillan Reference Books, 17970:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2013). 17949:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2011). 17921:Bronkhorst, Johannes (1998), 17083:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 16491:10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 15965:"Encyclopedia of Monasticism" 14626:"What is Theravada Buddhism?" 14482:, p. Chapter 9, page 86. 13662:. Routledge. pp. 12–13. 12902:p. 16. John Wiley & Sons. 12497:. Courier. pp. 125–137. 12464:Gananath Obeyesekere (2012). 12224:. Routledge. pp. 58–60. 12054:, pp. 135–177, 188, 443. 11977:. Routledge. pp. 31–34. 11812:Norman C. McClelland (2010). 11548:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 11509:. Routledge. pp. 23–27. 11299:Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor), 11137:John C. Plott et al. (2000), 11064:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 10932:(1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. 10912:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 10672:Sources of Japanese tradition 10401:, pp. 252–253, 263, 268. 8664:. Routledge. pp. 16–29. 8203:Robinson & Johnson (1997) 7690: 7628:Robinson & Johnson (1982) 6789:. Buddhist philosophers like 6373:World Parliament of Religions 6288:World Parliament of Religions 5575: 5355:, and liberates a being from 3855:includes holy beings such as 3047: 2936:(inexpressible) personality ( 2603:nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos 2547:was the dominant religion in 2468: 2410: 2274: 2217: 1629:three Vedic sacrificial fires 1414:(Sanskrit: Arada Kalama) and 1398:) of life and death, and its 1269: 23662: 22637:Buddhism and the Roman world 22613:Decline of Buddhism in India 22608:History of Buddhism in India 20708: Topics in 20348:Williams, Paul, ed. (2005), 20142:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2012), 20084:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 19812:, Cambridge University Press 19447:Mitchell, Donald W. (2002), 19305:Lindtner, Christian (1997), 19204:Klostermaier, Klaus (2010). 18827:, Greenwood Publishing Group 18825:Culture and Customs of India 18823:Henderson, Carol E. (2002), 18652:Gowans, Christopher (2004). 18362:The Encyclopedia of religion 18323:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003), 18147:, Harvard University Press, 18070:Carrithers, Michael (1986), 18044:, Princeton University Press 17893:Buddhist Publication Society 16994:Indian Journal of Psychiatry 15963:Johnston, William M. (2013) 15660:Wallis, Christopher (2016). 15390:Sujato & Brahmali (2015) 14381:White, David Gordon (2011). 13780:. Metaphysics Research Lab, 13115:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 12711:David J. Kalupahana (1975). 12629:, p. 64, Quote: In the 11542:Christmas Humphreys (2012). 11451:Buswell & Gimello (1992) 11401:, pp. 18–19, chapter 1. 11058:Christmas Humphreys (2012). 10533:Davidson, Ronald M.,(2002). 9543:Sujato & Brahmali (2015) 8441:. 100/2-3, 2010, pp. 204-214 8180:– via Digital Commons. 8088:10.1080/00377317.2010.486361 7695: 7166:World Buddhist Scout Council 7126:List of converts to Buddhism 5987:(word of the Buddha) at all. 5843:practices such as ingesting 5465:A depiction of the supposed 4702:to meditation. According to 4167:, and the importance of the 3959:Buddhist paths to liberation 2570: 1695:History of Buddhism in India 1429:regime and various forms of 1213:The names Buddha Dharma and 1208: 351:Buddhist Paths to liberation 57:bronze statue of the Buddha 7: 27144:National religiosity levels 26391:Nauruan Indigenous religion 25946:Hellenism (modern religion) 21835:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 21575: 20533: 20493:(2nd ed.), Routledge, 20291:, Oxford University Press, 20183:, Oxford University Press, 19451:, Oxford University Press, 19367:Makransky, John J. (1997), 19085:, Oxford University Press, 18615:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 18436:Frauwallner, Erich (1973), 18247:, Oxford University Press, 17916:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 17227:Fromm, Erich (1989, 2002). 16207:, Etymology, Douglas Harper 15593:, Clearpoint Press. p. 15. 15405:Motilal Banarsidass, p. 3. 14164:Encyclopedia of Monasticism 14162:Johnston, William M. (ed.) 14108:, p. 377, "Nekkhamma". 10326:(4): 93–107. Archived from 8841:. Kosei. pp. 127–129. 7222:Buddhist texts such as the 7008: 6593:Sexual abuse and misconduct 6510:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 5390: 5102:Beginning with comments by 4961:from Brahmanical teachers. 4513: 4047:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 3528: 2666:at things, ideas and habits 1891: 1516:Buddhist schools of thought 1157: 1015: 991: 939: 925: 836: 10: 28587: 26553: 22785:The unanswerable questions 20211:Present-Day Spiritualities 20072:Spiro, Melford E. (1982), 19999:Southwold, Martin (1978). 19823:, Dunedin Academic Press, 19051:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 18630:Gombrich, Richard (2007), 18554:Gombrich, Richard (1984), 18101:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 17973:Buddhist Teaching in India 17825:Princeton University Press 16988:Aich, Tapas Kumar (2013). 16547:Keown & Prebish (2013) 16445:Keown & Prebish (2013) 16226:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 16062:Schedneck, Brooke (2015). 15952:Keown & Prebish (2013) 15784:Kenneth W. Morgan (1986). 15568:University of Hawaii Press 15452:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 14564:. Routledge. p. 179. 13601:Martine Batchelor (2014). 13296:Buswell & Lopez (2003) 12040:Buswell & Lopez (2003) 11998:Bruce Reichenbach (1990). 11818:. McFarland. p. 141. 11626:Buswell & Lopez (2003) 10093:Keown & Prebish (2004) 8583:Keown & Prebish (2010) 7960:10.1177/239693931503900108 7954:(1): 28–29, January 2015, 7915:Global Religious Landscape 6866: 6691: 6668:, Buddhism is parallel to 6545:(r. 1851–68), and his son 6499: 6488:, it is recognised as the 6349:Thomas William Rhys Davids 6268: 6246:meanwhile, the arrival of 6157: 5995: 5881:(or "Northern Buddhism"). 5854: 5789: 5711: 5670:(Buddhist discourses) and 5624: 5563: 5454: 5423: 5394: 5266: 5199: 5124: 5029: 5022:leads into arupa heavens. 4941:. While evidence suggests 4928: 4851: 4674:Restraint and renunciation 4625: 4517: 4498:(Good-Will), Heedfulness ( 4483:) adopted by a monastery. 4446: 4383: 4362:Cula-Hatthipadopama Sutta, 4076: 3956: 3870: 3796: 3781: 3723: 3705: 3262: 3167: 3051: 2961: 2889: 2885: 2835: 2831: 2726: 2631:, taught in Buddhism are: 2620: 2574: 2519:after the 5th century CE ( 2242: 2119: 2005: 1873: 1741: 1692: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1457:and attained "Awakening" ( 1425:, which included a strict 1299: 29: 28510: 28429: 28346: 28218: 27963: 27688: 27405: 27401: 27390: 27299: 27224: 27000: 26908: 26845: 26563: 26559: 26548: 26133: 26120: 26045: 25868: 25850:Transcendental Meditation 25743: 25730: 25695: 25443: 25420: 25409: 25336: 25299: 25088: 24984: 24966: 24910: 24901: 24818: 24746: 24597: 24588: 24546: 24518: 24476: 24409: 24400: 24391: 24357: 24324: 24296: 24287: 24237: 24104: 23791: 23705: 23696: 23687: 23683: 23670: 23602: 23388: 23313: 23265: 23180: 23095: 22870:Buddhist temples in Korea 22793: 22695: 22578: 22275: 22203: 22030: 21903: 21843: 21478: 21433:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 21344: 21336:Three planes of existence 21284: 21129: 21021: 20951: 20943:Buddha in world religions 20805: 20750: 20722: 20633:at Open Directory Project 20514:Wynne, Alexander (2007), 20333:Buddhist Thought in India 20273:(3rd ed.), Longman, 20219:10.1163/9789004260061_003 20213:. BRILL. pp. 21–41. 19922:: 109–182. Archived from 19785:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), 19195:Kingsland, James (2016), 19076:, Oxford University Press 18549:, Oxford University Press 18422:, Sussex Academic Press, 18315:; reprinted in Williams, 18290:10.1017/S1356186300014760 18284:, Series 3 (6.1): 57–63, 18106:Choong, Mun-Keat (1999), 18097:Choong, Mun-keat (2000), 17359:www.asiasocietymuseum.org 17311:Johnson & Grim (2013) 15507:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2. 14791:. ABC-CLIO. p. 125. 14764:. Scarecrow. p. 73. 14422:, p. Part I: page 5. 14280:10.1017/S0034412500010076 14240:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), " 13772:Goodman, Charles (2017). 13060:"What is the Triple Gem?" 12993:26 September 2016 at the 12834:"Buddhism as philosophy," 11160:13 September 2017 at the 10017:Barbara Crandall (2012). 9261:Patrick Olivelle (1992). 8989:Barbara Crandall (2012). 8783:Wynne, Alexander (2019). 8658:Edward J. Thomas (2013). 8507:Lopez, Donald S. (1995). 8495:Sakya or Buddhist Origins 8348:. Routledge. p. 80. 6836:(MBSR) and other similar 6625:There is consensus among 6140:Japanese Buddhist temples 5233:Unsurpassable Yoga Tantra 4621: 4379: 4255: 4191: 4130: 4063:Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta 4057:Other suttas such as the 3888:school variously, termed 3817:Buddha Tooth Relic Temple 3792: 3777: 3719: 3698:circulating at the time. 3666:), for example as in the 3603: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3464: 3450: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3328: 3325: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3275: 2979:: "action, work") drives 2717:other paths to liberation 2483:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 2463:(6th–7th centuries), and 1585:historical Vedic religion 1235: 1229: 1223: 891:between extremes such as 36:. For the racehorse, see 27455:Central African Republic 24556:Vietnamese folk religion 23947:Charismatic Christianity 23533:Physical characteristics 22652:Persecution of Buddhists 21873:Four stages of awakening 21254:Three marks of existence 20840:Physical characteristics 20613:Readings in Zen Buddhism 20422:Williams, Paul (2005c). 20389:Williams, Paul (2005b). 20363:, Taylor & Francis, 20236:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 20115:Swearer, Donald (2004), 19907:Skilling, Peter (1992). 19232:Krishan, Yuvraj (1997). 19156:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 19137:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 19101:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 18480:Journal of Asian History 18173:Collins, Steven (1998). 18054:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 17784:Anderson, Carol (2013), 17779:, Windhorse Publications 17248:Kabat-Zinn, Jon (2005). 17168:Dreyfus, George (1997). 17007:10.4103/0019-5545.105517 16664:Fundamentalisms Observed 16412:Philosophy East and West 16301:, pp. 18–23, 76–88. 16249:Coleman, James William, 15904:Philosophy East and West 15401:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 15176:19 November 2005 at the 14705:JOCBS. 2016 (11): 38-51. 14587:, pp. 269–270, 440 14507:Buddhist Insight: Essays 14206:Philosophy East and West 13604:The Spirit of the Buddha 13544:David L. Weddle (2010). 13333:Volume 7, Number 2, 1984 13311:Carole Anderson (2013), 13197:literature, such as the 12425:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 12296:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 11010:Encyclopaedia Britannica 9176:Hajime Nakamura (1983). 8835:Hajime Nakamura (2000). 8767:21 December 2022 at the 8699:, pp. 18–19, 50–51. 8411:A Dictionary of Buddhism 8241:, pp. 392–393, 415. 8217:, pp. 27–28, 73–74. 7823:. Springer Netherlands. 7817:; Jefferey Long (2017). 7276:, which means monastery. 7161:Buddhism in Central Asia 7136:Persecution of Buddhists 7116:List of Buddhist temples 6589:) doctrine of Buddhism. 6380:Buddhist Society, London 5953:Three marks of existence 5898:Encyclopedia of Religion 5450: 5202:Tibetan Tantric Practice 4978:The formless attainments 4974:meditation of Hinduism. 4971:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4436:strengthens the heart". 4171:and the True Realities. 3867:Other key Mahāyāna views 3386: 2957: 2751:three marks of existence 2729:Three marks of existence 2723:Three marks of existence 2326:According to Indologist 2150:. Second–third century. 2087:Gandharan Buddhist texts 1958:), temples (such as the 1815:three marks of existence 1491:fully enlightened Buddha 913:three marks of existence 27349:New religious movements 26987:Theories about religion 26940:Evolutionary psychology 25991:Modern Finnish paganism 24023:Independent Catholicism 23430:ten principal disciples 22015:Ten principal disciples 20898:(aunt, adoptive mother) 20653:20 October 2020 at the 20455:Williams, Paul (2008), 20339:Williams, Paul (2002), 20331:Williams, Paul (2000), 20313:Williams, Paul (1989), 20257:Welch, B. Alan (1967), 20177:Trainor, Kevin (2004), 19530:Paranjpe, A.C. (1998), 19466:Monier-Williams, Monier 19278:, Bloomsbury Publishing 19121:, Sterling Publishing, 18959:, Motilal Banarsidass, 18721:Harvey, Peter (1998) , 18712:Harvey, Graham (2016), 18558:, Motilal Banarsidass, 18504:Foundations of Buddhism 18378:Eliot, Charles (1935), 18364:, New York: Macmillan, 18341:Dutt, Sukumar (1988) . 18112:, Motilal Banarsidass, 17976:. Wisdom Publications. 17863:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005). 17849:, Wisdom Publications, 17445:Kuah, Khun Eng (1991). 17252:. pp. 12–13. Hyperion. 17172:. SUNY. pp. 15–16. 16890:The History of Buddhism 16622:Rory Mackenzie (2007). 16222:4 December 2018 at the 16203:5 December 2018 at the 16192:5 December 2018 at the 14092:Webster, David (2004). 13591:, pp. 83, 273–274. 13064:www.accesstoinsight.org 12862:p. 91. RoutledgeCurzon. 12832:Siderits, Mark (2007). 12631:Mahatanhasankhaya Sutta 12218:Ray Billington (2002). 12179:Steven Collins (1990). 12151:Steven Collins (2010). 12100:Steven Collins (2010). 11905:Naomi Appleton (2014). 11153:Katie Javanaud (2013), 11109:22 January 2021 at the 11044:22 January 2021 at the 10908:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 10520:Ray, Reginald A (2000) 9282:Christoph Wulf (2016). 9147:Queen & King (1996) 8785:"Did the Buddha exist?" 7878:Encyclopædia Britannica 7875:"Buddhism". (2009). In 7845:Siderits, Mark (2019). 7096:Dalit Buddhist Movement 6502:Dalit Buddhist movement 5992:Monasteries and temples 5146:Loving-kindness (Pāli: 4982:Often grouped into the 4916:upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi 4301:8. Right concentration 4029:) to liberation in the 3903:) or "Tathagata-womb" ( 3750:and other holy beings ( 3231:(sensory stimulation), 1909:Second Buddhist council 1507:", at the age of 80 in 903:, and the doctrines of 808:philosophical tradition 371:Philosophical reasoning 27998:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26006:Erzyan native religion 25855:Unitarian Universalism 25261:Native American Church 24067:Oneness Pentecostalism 22725:Buddhism and democracy 22238:Tibetan Buddhist canon 22233:Chinese Buddhist canon 21465:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 21460:Early Buddhist schools 20667:Buddhism for Beginners 19879:Shults, Brett (2014), 19820:Understanding Buddhism 19642:What the Buddha Taught 19436:Miller, Barbara Stoler 19360:Buddhist Phenomenology 19223:Konik, Adrian (2009), 19117:Keown, Damien (2009), 19083:Dictionary of Buddhism 19081:Keown, Damien (2003), 19057:: 1–12, archived from 19042:Kasulis, T.P. (2006), 18914:Horigan, D.P. (1996), 18882:Hookham, S.K. (1991), 18832:Hill, John E. (2009), 18781:Harvey, Peter (2013). 18743:Harvey, Peter (2000), 18597:, Munshiram Manoharlal 18206:Conze, Edward (2013), 18003:Bucknell, Rod (1984), 17572:. ZNAK. Archived from 16124:Francioni, F. (2003). 16051:Buddhist Architecture. 15869:John M Koller (2016). 15609:Wayman, Alex (2008). 14761:The A to Z of Buddhism 14531:Bruno Petzold (1995). 13799:Bodhi Bhikkhu (1997). 13513:Andrew Powell (1989). 13099:Buddhism as philosophy 12738:Genjun Sasaki (1986). 12364:, p. 56, note 23. 12338:Buddhist Phenomenology 11733:, pp. 131, 32–34. 11503:Oliver Leaman (2002). 11453:, pp. 7–8, 83–84. 10765:Andrew Powell (1989). 10171:The Spread of Buddhism 9611:, pp. xxi–xxxvii. 9461:Mark Siderits (2007). 9337:, pp. 237–240, 247–249 9204:Klaus G. Witz (1998). 9103:Abraham Eraly (2011). 8509:Curators of the Buddha 7549:object would be like". 7272:Bihar is derived from 7171:Polytheism in Buddhism 6958:. The Indian state of 6842:Buddhism on psychology 6730: 6714: 6633:and commentators like 6496:Neo-Buddhism movements 6384:Das Buddhistische Haus 6183:Colonial era and after 6179: 6115:forms of monasticism. 5889: 5851:Schools and traditions 5731: 5728:Chinese Buddhist canon 5637:early Buddhist schools 5612:. The modern study of 5582: 5549:Chinese Buddhist canon 5474: 5467:First Buddhist council 5426:Buddhist vegetarianism 5215: 5032:Meditation and insight 5026:Meditation and insight 4882: 4691: 4637: 4588: 4537: 4529: 4462: 4346: 3938:doctrine is actually " 3920:Tathāgatagarbha Sutras 3910:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 3820: 3259:Not-Self and Emptiness 3092:and the attainment of 3083: 2909: 2828: 2746: 2417: 2262: 2194: 2154: 2032: 2020:, and even farther to 2002:Post-Ashokan expansion 1935: 1898:first Buddhist council 1876:Early Buddhist schools 1744:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 1738:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 1734:or the "Tantric Age". 1720:pre-sectarian Buddhism 1715: 1587:, including Buddhism, 1449:tree — now called the 1297: 1289: 1161:, is practised in the 1040:Indestructible Vehicle 851:attachment or clinging 138:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 66: 28318:Saint Kitts and Nevis 27615:São Tomé and Príncipe 27475:Republic of the Congo 25703:Aboriginal Australian 24419:Chinese folk religion 22735:Eight Consciousnesses 20845:Life of Buddha in art 20461:, London: Routledge, 20317:, London: Routledge, 20287:Wilson, Jeff (2010), 19965:Buddhist Forum, vol I 19929:on 13 September 2015. 19838:Schmithausen, Lambert 19726:Roach, Peter (2011), 19645:, Oneworld Classics, 19587:Powers, John (2007). 19482:Nattier, Jan (2003), 19339:The Story of Buddhism 19265:Kuan, Tse-fu (2007). 19139:, London: Routledge, 19103:, London: Routledge, 19016:, Sage Publications, 18579:, London: Routledge, 18556:The World of Buddhism 18547:Sayings of the Buddha 18445:Fuller, Paul (2005). 18440:, Motilal Banarsidass 18418:Fowler, Merv (1999), 17154:Fang, Litian (2018). 16424:10.1353/pew.2004.0006 16164:. 12 September 2007. 16143:10.1093/ejil/14.4.619 16049:Huu Phuoc Le (2010). 15842:Erika Wilson (2012). 15811:N. Ross Reat (1994). 15503:Crosby, Kate (2013). 15351:Donald Lopez (2004). 15321:Donald Lopez (2004). 15270:Donald Lopez (2004). 15231:Donald Lopez (2004). 15188:Phelps, Norm (2004). 15149:Phelps, Norm (2004). 14785:Diane Morgan (2010). 14701:21 March 2020 at the 14682:. Vol. III, page 925. 14603:, pp. 1251–1253. 14218:10.1353/pew.2014.0074 13222:Suzuki, D.T. (1956), 13201:actually refer to an 13199:Mahaparinirvana Sutra 12898:Crosby, Kate (2013). 12491:Edward Conze (2012). 12386:Peter Harvey (2013). 12335:Dan Lusthaus (2014). 11574:Brian Morris (2006). 11182:Brian Morris (2006). 10796:Lars Fogelin (2015). 10314:Kudara, Kogi (2002). 10129:Jason Neelis (2010). 10079:"Abhidhamma Pitaka". 9038:27 April 2020 at the 8914:K.T.S, Sarao (2020). 8709:Kurt Tropper (2013). 8408:Damien Keown (2004). 7638:Prebish & Keown, 7601:of Hinduism describe 7213:, "standing unstable" 7151:Tengrism and Buddhism 7091:Criticism of Buddhism 7086:Chinese folk religion 7056:Buddha's Dispensation 6743:Buddhist architecture 6720: 6701: 6516:new forms of Buddhism 6214:(which also affected 6171: 5998:Buddhist architecture 5937:Dependent origination 5887: 5879:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 5771:Mūlamadhyamika-karikā 5721: 5573: 5506:palm-leaf manuscripts 5464: 5436:Mahaparinirvana sutra 5263:Insight and knowledge 5213: 4873: 4681: 4635: 4456: 4329: 4282:7. Right mindfulness 4107:three basic divisions 3863:and stream-enterers. 3814: 3223:(the sentient body), 3203:and rebirth, through 3086:The cessation of the 3065: 2899: 2815: 2736: 2397: 2252: 2188: 2129: 2030: 1966:and to the island of 1929: 1823:dependent origination 1702: 1566:"Second urbanisation" 1439:. He famously sat in 1382:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 1295: 1277: 905:dependent origination 846:in the 20th century. 406:Aids to Enlightenment 231:Dependent Origination 48: 27940:United Arab Emirates 26731:Religious experience 26127:Historical religions 24576:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 23908:Schwenkfelder Church 23408:Noble Eightfold Path 23212:East Asian religions 22642:Buddhism in the West 22213:Early Buddhist texts 21828:Four Right Exertions 21294:Ten spiritual realms 20787:Noble Eightfold Path 20625:Readings in Buddhism 20564:, Leiden: E.J. Brill 19521:Nyanatiloka (1980), 19320:Buddhism in Practice 19315:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 19206:A Survey of Hinduism 18999:The Eastern Buddhist 18934:10.1093/ajj/41.1.271 18573:Gombrich, Richard F. 18451:. Psychology Press. 17910:Bronkhorst, Johannes 17340:3 March 2016 at the 16807:on 2 September 2021. 16400:, pp. xv–xviii. 16335:Jan Goldman (2014). 15772:Eliade et al. (1987) 14846:Buddhism in Practice 14748:, pp. 154, 326. 14669:, pp. 268, 439. 14504:Alex Wayman (1984). 13355:Ajahn Sucitto (2010) 13345:, pp. xiii–xiv. 12858:Ronkin, Noa (2005). 11389:, pp. 172, 240. 10966:(21 December 2017). 10272:The Eastern Buddhist 10119:, pp. 103, 119. 8712:Tibetan Inscriptions 8308:7 April 2021 at the 8022:Monier-Williams 1899 7764:. ABC-CLIO. p. 7640:Introducing Buddhism 7071:Buddhism and science 6930:, Hong Kong, Macau, 6478:Buddhism in the West 6271:Buddhism in the West 6198:Anagarika Dharmapala 5961:(aids to awakening). 5945:Noble Eightfold Path 5918:the Buddha Sakyamuni 5566:Early Buddhist Texts 5484:Indo-Aryan languages 5413:Devotional practices 5093:Abhidharmakośakārikā 4891:and the practice of 4258:(Sanskrit and Pāli: 4240:5. Right livelihood 4079:Noble Eightfold Path 4073:Noble Eightfold Path 4038:Noble Eightfold Path 4031:Early Buddhist Texts 4011:Noble Eightfold Path 3975:Noble Eightfold Path 3890:Vijñaptimātratā-vāda 3668:Pheṇapiṇḍūpama Sutta 3640:Anattalakkhana Sutta 3565:is derived from the 3211:(ignorance) exists, 3106:Noble Eightfold Path 2808:The cycle of rebirth 2713:Noble Eightfold Path 2577:Glossary of Buddhism 2563:during the reign of 2261:in Tibetan Buddhism. 2134:, the future buddha 1807:Noble Eightfold Path 1763:(and their parallel 1757:early Buddhist Texts 1750:Lambert Schmithausen 1550:Timeline of Buddhism 1518:, each with its own 1308:Early Buddhist Texts 964:School of the Elders 901:Eightfold Noble Path 877:meditation practices 875:. This path employs 376:Devotional practices 199:Noble Eightfold Path 28333:Trinidad and Tobago 28228:Antigua and Barbuda 27396:Religion by country 26457:Cult of Magna Mater 25046:Philippine Dayawism 24627:Nimbarka Sampradaya 24375:Chinese Manichaeism 24047:Jehovah's Witnesses 23852:Proto-Protestantism 23467:Mahapajapati Gotami 23335:Religion portal 23082:Temple of the Tooth 22961:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 22000:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 21493:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 21276:Two truths doctrine 21096:Mahapajapati Gotamī 20896:Mahapajapati Gotamī 20609:, Access to Insight 20352:, London: Routledge 20093:, Chroniker Press, 19631:, pp. 524–535. 19523:Buddhist Dictionary 19309:, Dharma Publishing 19190:, pp. 613–630. 18989:on 20 October 2013. 18953:Jaini, Padmanabh S. 18689:, pp. 429–451. 18396:, Wiley-Blackwell, 18306:on 20 December 2010 17665:royalsociety.org.nz 17185:, pp. 332–333. 16612:, pp. 125–128. 16472:Skaria, A. (2015). 16459:, pp. 524–529. 16237:The White Buddhist, 16114:, pp. 414–417. 16090:, pp. 409–410. 15814:Buddhism: A History 15494:, pp. 282–283. 15354:Buddhist Scriptures 15324:Buddhist Scriptures 15273:Buddhist Scriptures 15234:Buddhist Scriptures 15140:, pp. 156–159. 15128:, pp. 157–158. 15116:, pp. 243–244. 15092:, pp. 239–240. 15032:, pp. 664–665. 14758:Carl Olson (2009). 14729:, pp. 172–174. 14059:, pp. 101–107. 13964:, pp. 178–179. 13782:Stanford University 13762:, pp. 187–193. 13393:, pp. 253–255. 13313:Pain and its Ending 12889:, pp. 244–245. 12767:, pp. 151–152. 12674:, pp. 153–155. 12376:, pp. 191–233. 12042:, pp. 589–590. 11971:James Egge (2013). 11949:, pp. 124–128. 11892:, pp. 239–248. 11628:, pp. 708–709. 11441:, pp. 711–712. 11350:, pp. 271–272. 11331:Klostermaier (2010) 11129:is the doctrine of 10964:Donald S. Lopez Jr. 10755:, pp. 242–246. 10604:, pp. 184–185. 10499:, pp. 236–237. 10425:, pp. 193–194. 10295:on 18 December 2019 9954:, pp. 175–176. 9624:Schmithausen (1981) 9419:, pp. 125–129. 9366:, pp. 123–125. 9055:Rebuilding Buddhism 8992:Gender and Religion 8585:, pp. 105–106. 8129:, pp. 233–237. 7673:Indo-Gangetic plain 7584:Williams refers to 7247:Lalitavistara Sūtra 7131:Outline of Buddhism 7081:Buddhist philosophy 7076:Buddhism by country 6869:Buddhism by country 6735:Buddhist philosophy 6711:World Heritage Site 6694:Culture of Buddhism 6563:Dhammakaya movement 6557:in many countries, 6388:Datsan Gunzechoinei 6232:Cultural Revolution 6224:Humanistic Buddhism 6204:East Asian Buddhism 6160:Buddhism by country 6101:Sarnath's Deer Park 5875:East Asian Buddhism 5857:Schools of Buddhism 4937:hymn 10.136 of the 4854:Buddhist meditation 4502:), 'self-respect' ( 4423:Chandogya Upanishad 4176:2. Right intention 3966:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 3953:Paths to liberation 3681:school, and in the 3567:Four Great Elements 2952:a complex cosmology 2827:with its six realms 2799:is peaceful/peace ( 2762:: unease, suffering 2583:Donald S. Lopez Jr. 2553:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 2477:During the Chinese 2321:David Seyfort Ruegg 2213:(established under 1591:and others such as 1544:History of Buddhism 676:Buddhism portal 549:Buddhism by country 311:Sanskrit literature 63:Kanagawa Prefecture 28268:Dominican Republic 27314:Abrahamic prophets 26430:Proto-Indo-Iranian 25019:Aliran Kepercayaan 24222:Non-denominational 24144:Modernist Salafism 23830:Oriental Orthodoxy 23447:Great Renunciation 23442:Eight Great Events 23257:Western philosophy 22855:Dzong architecture 22677:Vipassana movement 22672:Buddhist modernism 22100:Emperor Wen of Sui 21868:Pratyekabuddhayāna 21801:Threefold Training 21603:Vipassana movement 21319:Hungry Ghost realm 21139:Avidyā (Ignorance) 21086:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 20835:Great Renunciation 20830:Eight Great Events 20712: 20597:, East West Center 18595:How Buddhism Began 18239:Coogan, Michael D. 18050:Buswell, Robert E. 17955:. Brill Academic. 17550:on 9 November 2022 17487:"Vietnam Buddhism" 17464:10.1111/apv.321002 17158:p. 212. Routledge. 17110:The New York Times 17062:van der Velde 2014 16976:van der Velde 2014 15976:Hay, Jeff (2009). 15967:p. 600. Routledge. 15719:"Tibetan Buddhism" 14096:p. 124. Routledge. 13928:, pp. 33, 71. 13274:, pp. 24, 59. 13262:, pp. 23, 81. 12257:David Loy (2009). 11802:, pp. 47, 55. 11545:Exploring Buddhism 11061:Exploring Buddhism 10220:Xinru Liu (2010). 10198:Brill, 2004, p. 13 10194:Kurt A. Behrendt, 8661:The Life of Buddha 8254:Tantra in Practice 8161:The Hilltop Review 7349:and other schools. 7191:Buddhism and caste 7181:Buddhist modernism 6751:Buddhist festivals 6731: 6725:, built under the 6715: 6713:, pictured in 2019 6688:Cultural influence 6654:Henry Steel Olcott 6464:Buddhas of Bamiyan 6369:Henry Steel Olcott 6190:Buddhist modernism 6180: 6164:Buddhist modernism 5890: 5792:Tantras (Buddhism) 5732: 5643:(Triple Baskets). 5583: 5579: 1st century 5475: 5447:modern Buddhists. 5238:anuttarayogatantra 5216: 5181:Equanimity (Pāli: 4883: 4881:("sitting dhyana") 4692: 4638: 4597:karmic retribution 4463: 4357:Samaññaphala Sutta 4347: 3833:stage of awakening 3821: 3227:(our six senses), 3124:as identical with 3084: 3058:Nirvana (Buddhism) 2910: 2900:Ramabhar Stupa in 2892:Rebirth (Buddhism) 2838:Saṃsāra (Buddhism) 2829: 2747: 2711:, classically the 2567:(1237/1247–1298). 2545:Theravada Buddhism 2495:Pure Land Buddhism 2418: 2263: 2195: 2155: 2142:, the bodhisattva 2074:Gandharan Buddhism 2047:Greco-Buddhist art 2033: 1936: 1797:The Core teachings 1716: 1710:worship hall with 1604:āstika and nāstika 1471:Samaññaphala Sutta 1466:Mahāsaccaka-sutta, 1400:endless repetition 1298: 1290: 853:is the "cause" of 163:Buddhist modernism 67: 28538: 28537: 28506: 28505: 28502: 28501: 27490:Equatorial Guinea 27386: 27385: 27382: 27381: 26925:Cognitive science 26544: 26543: 26477:Mysteries of Isis 26273:Frankish paganism 26116: 26115: 26112: 26111: 26108: 26107: 25860:White Brotherhood 25726: 25725: 25691: 25690: 25080:Sundanese Wiwitan 24897: 24896: 24893: 24892: 24622:Brahma Sampradaya 24584: 24583: 24387: 24386: 24383: 24382: 24365:Assianism/Uatsdin 24283: 24282: 24052:British Israelism 24038:Nontrinitarianism 24001:Plymouth Brethren 23996:Nondenominational 23930:Congregationalism 23818:Eastern Orthodoxy 23766:Reconstructionist 23630: 23629: 23403:Four Noble Truths 23343: 23342: 22981:Om mani padme hum 22687:Women in Buddhism 22603:Buddhist councils 22473:Western countries 22261:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 22022:Shaolin Monastery 21599:Samatha-vipassanā 21209:Pratītyasamutpāda 21013:Metteyya/Maitreya 20931: 20923: 20915: 20907: 20899: 20891: 20883: 20760:Four Noble Truths 20550:978-0-86171-133-8 20527:978-0-415-42387-8 20509:978-1-136-52088-4 20500:978-0-415-57179-1 20468:978-0-415-35653-4 20435:978-0-415-33226-2 20402:978-0-415-33229-3 20370:978-0-415-33228-6 20324:978-0-415-02537-9 20306:978-0-19-539352-1 20280:978-1-4058-8118-0 20228:978-90-04-26001-6 20190:978-0-19-517398-7 20162:978-87-7694-101-7 20137:, Rowman Altamira 20126:978-0-691-11435-4 20100:978-1-312-91150-5 20064:978-1-138-49336-0 19992:978-0-19-513798-9 19974:978-0-7286-0162-8 19872:978-0-87773-520-5 19830:978-1-903765-18-0 19798:978-0-521-69534-3 19777:978-0-534-55858-1 19757:978-0-534-01027-0 19737:978-0-521-15253-2 19702:Rhys Davids, T.W. 19652:978-1-78074-000-3 19619:978-0-7914-2844-3 19598:978-1-55939-282-2 19573:978-0-231-14900-6 19543:978-0-306-45844-6 19493:978-0-8248-2607-9 19458:978-0-19-513951-8 19428:978-0-8264-5350-1 19398:978-0-7864-5675-8 19330:978-0-691-04442-2 19298:978-87-7694-036-2 19245:978-81-208-1233-8 19215:978-0-7914-8011-3 19166:978-1-136-98588-1 19146:978-0-415-55624-8 19128:978-1-4027-6883-5 19110:978-0-415-31414-5 19092:978-0-19-157917-2 19023:978-1-4522-6656-5 18966:978-81-208-1776-0 18895:978-0-7914-0357-0 18863:978-81-208-0955-0 18843:978-1-4392-2134-1 18794:978-0-521-67674-8 18759:978-0-511-07584-1 18736:978-0-521-31333-9 18705:978-1-317-65935-8 18665:978-1-134-46973-4 18622:978-1-134-90352-8 18586:978-0-415-07585-5 18565:978-0-500-25089-1 18535:978-1-85168-285-0 18514:978-0-19-289223-2 18458:978-0-415-34293-3 18429:978-1-898723-66-0 18403:978-0-470-65877-2 18380:Japanese Buddhism 18371:978-0-02-909480-8 18352:978-81-208-0498-2 18334:978-0-231-12619-9 18254:978-0-19-521997-5 18219:978-1-134-54231-4 18186:978-0-521-57054-1 18154:978-0-674-00187-9 18119:978-81-208-1649-7 18081:978-0-19-283066-1 18072:Founders of faith 18063:978-0-02-865718-9 17983:978-0-86171-811-5 17962:978-90-04-20140-8 17874:978-0-86171-491-9 17856:978-0-86171-331-8 17807:978-0-14-303436-0 17800:, Penguin Press, 17519:on 1 January 2013 17451:Pacific Viewpoint 17313:, pp. 34–37. 17231:. NY: Continuum. 16899:978-1-4408-6404-9 16831:978-1-4724-0913-3 16674:978-0-226-50878-8 16635:978-1-134-13262-1 16572:978-0-19-566329-7 16549:, pp. 24–26. 16521:978-1-317-40357-9 16348:978-1-61069-511-4 16217:Pali Text Society 16040:, pp. 57–59. 15978:"World Religions" 15882:978-1-315-50740-8 15855:978-0-7618-5950-5 15828:978-0-87573-001-1 15797:978-81-208-0030-4 15613:Routledge. p. 23. 15599:978-0-9630371-5-2 15576:978-0-8248-3003-8 15513:978-1-4051-8906-4 15411:978-81-208-1649-7 15380:, pp. 42–43. 15364:978-0-14-190937-0 15334:978-0-14-190937-0 15283:978-0-14-190937-0 15260:, pp. 39–41. 15244:978-0-14-190937-0 14983:978-90-04-06112-5 14960:, pp. 49–52. 14948:, pp. 39–40. 14909:, pp. 88–89. 14872:, pp. 86–87. 14856:978-1-4008-8007-2 14821:, pp. 60–62. 14798:978-0-313-38452-3 14771:978-0-8108-7073-4 14630:Access to Insight 14571:978-1-135-79123-0 14544:978-3-447-03373-2 14517:978-81-208-0675-7 14492:Bronkhorst (1993) 14480:Bronkhorst (1993) 14432:Bronkhorst (1993) 14420:Bronkhorst (1993) 14396:Bronkhorst (1993) 14369:978-0-19-539534-1 14340:Bronkhorst (1993) 14304:Carrithers (1986) 14268:Religious Studies 14256:, pp. 45–46. 14047:, pp. 89–92. 13989:Ledgerwood (2008) 13868:, pp. 71–74. 13816:978-0-86171-128-4 13669:978-1-136-80408-3 13614:978-0-300-17500-4 13563:978-0-8147-9483-8 13530:978-0-520-20410-2 13488:, pp. 83–84. 13469:, pp. 47–48. 13457:, pp. 83–85. 13440:, pp. 12–13. 13381:, pp. 64–65. 13369:, pp. 81–83. 13357:, pp. 87–88. 13025:, pp. 85–88. 12914:, pp. 27–28. 12791:, pp. 51–66. 12779:, pp. 65–72. 12751:978-81-208-0038-0 12724:978-0-8248-0298-1 12697:978-94-009-2809-1 12657:978-1-4020-2073-5 12532:, pp. 74–84. 12520:, pp. 75–76. 12504:978-0-486-17023-7 12477:978-0-231-15362-1 12438:978-81-208-1649-7 12399:978-1-136-78336-4 12348:978-1-317-97343-0 12309:978-81-208-1649-7 12270:978-1-4384-2680-8 12231:978-1-134-79348-8 12192:978-0-521-39726-1 12164:978-0-521-88198-2 12113:978-0-521-88198-2 12090:, pp. 55–56. 12011:978-1-349-11899-1 11984:978-1-136-85922-9 11961:, pp. 45–46. 11918:978-1-139-91640-0 11864:978-0-87395-990-2 11825:978-0-7864-5675-8 11778:, pp. 59–78. 11766:, pp. 40–41. 11705:978-0-7619-8956-1 11682:, pp. 74–75. 11654:978-0-87395-990-2 11587:978-0-521-85241-8 11555:978-1-136-22877-3 11516:978-1-134-68919-4 11481:, pp. 51–58. 11387:McClelland (2010) 11274:978-1-136-78553-5 11235:978-81-208-3248-0 11195:978-0-521-85241-8 11164:, Philosophy Now; 11147:978-81-208-0158-5 11123:978-0-7914-2217-5 11071:978-1-136-22877-3 11012:. 31 March 2024. 10979:978-0-226-51806-0 10942:978-0-8248-0368-1 10918:978-0-374-16342-6 10871:978-1-58839-524-5 10858:John Guy (2014). 10809:978-0-19-994823-9 10782:978-0-520-20410-2 10753:Bronkhorst (2011) 10628:, pp. 30–31. 10616:, pp. 22–27. 10233:978-0-19-533810-2 10181:978-90-04-15830-6 10142:978-90-04-18159-5 10070:, pp. 90–93. 10058:, pp. 90–91. 10030:978-1-4411-4871-1 10007:, pp. 74–75. 9994:978-1-921842-08-5 9975:Skilton, Andrew. 9966:, pp. 89–90. 9942:, pp. 88–90. 9928:Bronkhorst (1993) 9904:Bronkhorst (1993) 9892:Bronkhorst (1998) 9858:, pp. 4, 11. 9856:Bronkhorst (1998) 9724:Bronkhorst (1993) 9700:Bronkhorst (1993) 9685:Bronkhorst (1993) 9474:978-0-7546-5369-1 9448:, pp. 47–48. 9434:978-94-010-7810-8 9381:978-3-11-009896-9 9352:978-3-11-009896-9 9335:978-0-19-513483-4 9315:978-81-208-1204-8 9295:978-1-317-33113-1 9274:978-0-19-536137-7 9247:978-3-447-03479-1 9222:; Quote: "In the 9217:978-81-208-1573-5 9189:978-81-208-0651-1 9166:, pp. 30–31. 9132:, pp. 26–41. 9116:978-0-670-08478-4 9065:978-0-674-04012-0 9002:978-1-4411-4871-1 8979:, pp. 54–55. 8955:, pp. 49–51. 8900:Analayo (2011). " 8888:, pp. 22–26. 8876:, pp. 19–32. 8874:Bronkhorst (2013) 8848:978-4-333-01893-2 8750:, pp. 50–51. 8722:978-90-04-25241-7 8687:, pp. 49–50. 8671:978-1-136-20121-9 8619:Carrithers (1986) 8570:, pp. 15–24. 8546:, pp. 13–14. 8465:, pp. ix–xi. 8463:Bronkhorst (2013) 8421:978-0-19-157917-2 8394:978-81-208-0955-0 8355:978-1-000-10122-5 8323:, pp. 26–27. 8264:978-0-691-05779-8 8193:, pp. 275ff. 8127:Bronkhorst (2011) 7830:978-94-024-0851-5 7775:978-0-313-35066-5 7586:Frauwallner (1973 7198:Explanatory notes 7121:List of Buddhists 6777:as well as other 6649:writers, such as 6631:Western Buddhists 6627:religious studies 6432:Four Noble Truths 6357:Pali Text Society 6345:Hermann Oldenberg 6333:Ippolito Desideri 6236:Japanese Buddhism 6220:Republican period 6208:Taiping rebellion 6175:Buddhist monk in 6154:In the modern era 5958:Bodhipakṣadharmas 5941:Four Noble Truths 5724:Tripiṭaka Koreana 5673:Abhidhamma Pitaka 5444:Lankavatara sutra 5397:Buddhist devotion 5380:Paṭisambhidāmagga 5246:Completion Stage. 5104:La Vallee Poussin 5046:(Pāli; Sanskrit: 4684:trukkhamulik'anga 4488:giving or charity 4443:– Buddhist ethics 4386:Refuge (Buddhism) 4344:Northern Thailand 4319: 4318: 4169:Four Noble Truths 4118:Eightfold factor 4092:Four Noble Truths 4042:'āryāṣṭāṅgamārga' 4015:pratītyasamutpāda 3931:Ratnagotravibhāga 3925:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 3623: 3622: 3619: 3609: 3545: 3544: 3462: 3417: 3416: 3381: 3339: 3291:according to the 3186:Pratityasamutpada 3179:Pratityasamutpada 3170:Pratītyasamutpāda 3164:Dependent arising 2964:Karma in Buddhism 2623:Four Noble Truths 2617:Four Noble Truths 2561:Sukhothai Kingdom 2474:–2nd centuries). 2116:Mahāyāna Buddhism 2110:Ghaznavid kingdom 2012:According to the 1880:Buddhist councils 1848:and Sarvastivada 1803:Four Noble Truths 1728:Mahayana Buddhism 1608:Indian philosophy 1453:— in the town of 1345:Scholars such as 1341:, his mother was 1285:'s birthplace in 1023:Bodhisattva ideal 897:Four Noble Truths 794:), also known as 712: 711: 194:Four Noble Truths 51:Kamakura Daibutsu 16:(Redirected from 28578: 28566:Indian religions 28528: 28518: 28517: 28396:Papua New Guinea 28371:Marshall Islands 28198:Northern Ireland 27403: 27402: 27392: 27391: 27276:Secular theology 27271:Secular humanism 26561: 26560: 26550: 26549: 26122: 26121: 25741: 25740: 25418: 25417: 24908: 24907: 24664:Shaiva Siddhanta 24595: 24594: 24528:Korean shamanism 24407: 24406: 24398: 24397: 24294: 24293: 24207:Mahdawi movement 24077:Swedenborgianism 24057:Christadelphians 23703: 23702: 23694: 23693: 23685: 23684: 23672: 23671: 23657: 23650: 23643: 23634: 23633: 23620: 23619: 23610: 23609: 23506:pilgrimage sites 23501:Mahabodhi Temple 23370: 23363: 23356: 23347: 23346: 23333: 23332: 23321: 23320: 23160:Sacred languages 23008:Maya Devi Temple 22971:Mahabodhi Temple 22775:Secular Buddhism 22740:Engaged Buddhism 21580: 21428:Tibetan Buddhism 21379:Vietnamese Thiền 20978:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 20929: 20921: 20913: 20905: 20897: 20889: 20881: 20730: 20729: 20717: 20707: 20697: 20690: 20683: 20674: 20673: 20663:, V&A Museum 20565: 20553: 20530: 20503: 20483: 20482: 20480: 20451: 20449: 20447: 20418: 20416: 20414: 20385: 20384: 20382: 20353: 20344: 20341:Buddhist Thought 20335: 20327: 20309: 20283: 20262: 20253: 20241: 20232: 20205: 20204: 20202: 20173: 20171: 20150: 20138: 20129: 20111: 20109: 20092: 20077: 20068: 20045: 20043: 20041: 20004: 19995: 19977: 19959: 19957: 19955: 19930: 19928: 19913: 19903: 19902: 19900: 19875: 19857: 19850:Schopen, Gregory 19845: 19833: 19813: 19806:Samuel, Geoffrey 19801: 19781: 19760: 19740: 19722: 19721: 19719: 19697: 19688: 19667: 19666: 19664: 19632: 19623: 19602: 19583: 19582: 19580: 19553: 19552: 19550: 19526: 19517: 19505: 19502:Collected Papers 19496: 19478: 19476: 19461: 19443: 19431: 19413: 19412: 19410: 19381: 19372: 19363: 19351: 19342: 19333: 19310: 19307:Master of Wisdom 19301: 19279: 19270: 19261: 19259: 19257: 19238:. Vidya Bhavan. 19228: 19219: 19200: 19191: 19182: 19180: 19178: 19149: 19131: 19113: 19095: 19077: 19065: 19064:on 25 March 2009 19063: 19048: 19038: 19037: 19035: 19006: 18990: 18988: 18981: 18969: 18948: 18947: 18945: 18919: 18910: 18909: 18907: 18878: 18877: 18875: 18846: 18828: 18819: 18810: 18808: 18806: 18777: 18776: 18774: 18769:on 12 April 2019 18768: 18762:, archived from 18751: 18739: 18728: 18717: 18708: 18690: 18681: 18679: 18677: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18636:, OCHS Library, 18626: 18607: 18604:Williams (2005a) 18598: 18589: 18568: 18550: 18538: 18517: 18494: 18474: 18472: 18470: 18441: 18432: 18414: 18413:on 16 March 2015 18412: 18406:, archived from 18395: 18383: 18374: 18356: 18337: 18314: 18313: 18311: 18305: 18300:, archived from 18269: 18268: 18266: 18234: 18233: 18231: 18202: 18200: 18198: 18169: 18168: 18166: 18139:Collins, Randall 18134: 18133: 18131: 18102: 18093: 18084: 18066: 18045: 18036: 18027: 18026: 18024: 17999: 17997: 17995: 17966: 17945: 17944: 17942: 17917: 17905: 17878: 17859: 17838: 17822: 17810: 17794:Armstrong, Karen 17789: 17780: 17775:Analayo (2013), 17771: 17762: 17741: 17740: 17738: 17736: 17721: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17710: 17690: 17684: 17683: 17681: 17679: 17673: 17662: 17654: 17648: 17647: 17645: 17643: 17634:. 17 June 2017. 17624: 17615: 17614: 17612: 17610: 17595: 17586: 17585: 17583: 17581: 17576:on 16 April 2017 17566: 17560: 17559: 17557: 17555: 17546:. 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15801: 15781: 15775: 15774:, pp. 440ff 15769: 15763: 15762:, pp. 1–25. 15757: 15751: 15745: 15739: 15738: 15736: 15734: 15715: 15709: 15703: 15697: 15691: 15685: 15684: 15672: 15666: 15665: 15657: 15651: 15645: 15639: 15636: 15630: 15620: 15614: 15607: 15601: 15584: 15578: 15557: 15551: 15545: 15539: 15533: 15527: 15521: 15515: 15501: 15495: 15489: 15483: 15482: 15480: 15478: 15472: 15449: 15437: 15431: 15420: 15414: 15399: 15393: 15392:, pp. 9–10. 15387: 15381: 15375: 15369: 15368: 15348: 15339: 15338: 15318: 15312: 15306: 15300: 15294: 15288: 15287: 15267: 15261: 15255: 15249: 15248: 15228: 15213: 15207: 15201: 15186: 15180: 15168: 15162: 15147: 15141: 15135: 15129: 15123: 15117: 15111: 15105: 15099: 15093: 15087: 15081: 15075: 15069: 15063: 15057: 15051: 15045: 15039: 15033: 15027: 15021: 15015: 15009: 14999: 14997: 14995: 14967: 14961: 14955: 14949: 14943: 14937: 14931: 14925: 14919: 14910: 14904: 14898: 14891: 14885: 14879: 14873: 14867: 14861: 14860: 14840: 14834: 14828: 14822: 14816: 14803: 14802: 14782: 14776: 14775: 14755: 14749: 14743: 14730: 14724: 14718: 14712: 14706: 14692: 14683: 14676: 14670: 14664: 14658: 14652: 14646: 14645: 14643: 14641: 14622: 14616: 14610: 14604: 14598: 14592: 14582: 14576: 14575: 14555: 14549: 14548: 14528: 14522: 14521: 14501: 14495: 14489: 14483: 14477: 14471: 14465: 14459: 14453: 14447: 14441: 14435: 14429: 14423: 14417: 14411: 14405: 14399: 14393: 14387: 14386: 14378: 14372: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14343: 14342:, pp. 1–17. 14337: 14331: 14325: 14319: 14313: 14307: 14301: 14292: 14291: 14263: 14257: 14251: 14245: 14238: 14232: 14226: 14220: 14202: 14196: 14189: 14180: 14173: 14167: 14160: 14154: 14151: 14145: 14139: 14133: 14127: 14121: 14115: 14109: 14103: 14097: 14090: 14084: 14081: 14072: 14069: 14060: 14054: 14048: 14042: 14031: 14025: 14019: 14013: 14004: 13998: 13992: 13986: 13980: 13974: 13965: 13959: 13953: 13947: 13941: 13938:Ratanakul (2007) 13935: 13929: 13923: 13917: 13911: 13905: 13899: 13893: 13887: 13881: 13875: 13869: 13863: 13857: 13851: 13845: 13839: 13833: 13827: 13821: 13820: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13769: 13763: 13760:McFarlane (2001) 13757: 13751: 13748:Williams (2005c) 13745: 13736: 13730: 13724: 13718: 13712: 13706: 13697: 13689: 13683: 13680: 13674: 13673: 13653: 13647: 13641: 13632: 13630: 13628: 13626: 13598: 13592: 13586: 13580: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13551: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13510: 13504: 13498: 13489: 13483: 13470: 13464: 13458: 13452: 13441: 13435: 13418: 13412: 13406: 13405:, pp. 1–13. 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13327: 13316: 13309: 13303: 13293: 13287: 13281: 13275: 13269: 13263: 13257: 13251: 13245: 13239: 13233: 13227: 13220: 13214: 13188: 13182: 13176: 13170: 13163: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13139: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13128: 13108: 13102: 13097:Siderits, Mark, 13095: 13089: 13086: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13075: 13056: 13050: 13044: 13038: 13032: 13026: 13020: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12966: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12921: 12915: 12909: 12903: 12896: 12890: 12884: 12875: 12869: 12863: 12856: 12850: 12843: 12837: 12830: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12798: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12774: 12768: 12762: 12756: 12755: 12735: 12729: 12728: 12708: 12702: 12701: 12681: 12675: 12669: 12663: 12661: 12641: 12635: 12624: 12618: 12599: 12593: 12587: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12557: 12551: 12545: 12539: 12533: 12527: 12521: 12515: 12509: 12508: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12461: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12422: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12383: 12377: 12371: 12365: 12362:Williams (2005b) 12359: 12353: 12352: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12293: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12215: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12176: 12170: 12168: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12124: 12118: 12117: 12097: 12091: 12085: 12079: 12073: 12067: 12061: 12055: 12049: 12043: 12037: 12028: 12022: 12016: 12015: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11968: 11962: 11956: 11950: 11944: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11902: 11893: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11848: 11842: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11779: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11746: 11745:, pp. 1–12. 11740: 11734: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11689: 11683: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11638: 11629: 11623: 11610: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11528: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11470: 11460: 11454: 11448: 11442: 11436: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11334: 11328: 11322: 11321: 11314: 11308: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11225:Buddhist Studies 11219: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11179: 11173: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11055: 11049: 11036: 11030: 11027:Gombrich (2005a) 11024: 11018: 11017: 11002: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10960: 10954: 10951: 10945: 10927: 10921: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10855: 10849: 10848: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10793: 10787: 10786: 10762: 10756: 10750: 10744: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10723: 10720: 10714: 10711: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10691:Nguyen Tai Thu. 10689: 10683: 10668: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10605: 10599: 10593: 10590: 10584: 10581: 10575: 10572: 10566: 10563: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10538: 10531: 10525: 10518: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10494: 10488: 10482: 10476: 10471:Walser, Joseph, 10469: 10463: 10458:Walser, Joseph, 10456: 10450: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10363: 10349: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10291:. Archived from 10281: 10275: 10268: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10217: 10211: 10208: 10199: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10126: 10120: 10114: 10108: 10105:Gombrich (2005a) 10102: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9986: 9980: 9979:2004. pp. 49, 64 9973: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9943: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9844:Skorupski (1990) 9841: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9810: 9804: 9799:Analayo (2011). 9797: 9791: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9739: 9733: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9688: 9682: 9673: 9667: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9627: 9621: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 9585: 9579: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9557:, p. xviii. 9552: 9546: 9545:, p. 39–41. 9540: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9458: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9426: 9420: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9384: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9344: 9338: 9327: 9318: 9307: 9301: 9299: 9278: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9221: 9201: 9195: 9193: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9142: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9049: 9043: 9030: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8911: 8905: 8898: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8832: 8826: 8825:, pp. 8–23. 8820: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8780: 8774: 8759:Analayo (2011). 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8634: 8631:Armstrong (2004) 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8532: 8518: 8512: 8505: 8499: 8492: 8486: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8439:The Muslim World 8432: 8426: 8425: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8339: 8333: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8297: 8295:British Library 8290: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8130: 8124: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8067: 8061: 8058:Alexander (2019) 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8008: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7970:, archived from 7945: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7907: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7842: 7836: 7834: 7811: 7805: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7684: 7669: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7612: 7606: 7595: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7569: 7563: 7556: 7550: 7546: 7540: 7533: 7527: 7504: 7498: 7486: 7480: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7462: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7339:Mulasarvastivada 7331: 7325: 7323:Anguttara Nikaya 7307: 7301: 7298:Richard Gombrich 7293: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7270: 7264: 7257: 7251: 7220: 7214: 7207: 7039: 7034: 7033: 7025: 7020: 7019: 6991:Nordic countries 6976:Zabaykalsky Krai 6826:Helena Blavatsky 6757:, especially in 6747:Buddhist cuisine 6729:, 6th century CE 6723:Mahabodhi temple 6571:Risshō Kōsei Kai 6555:Secular Buddhism 6457: 6446: 6408:Western Buddhism 6396:second world war 6365:Helena Blavatsky 6361:Buddhist studies 6353:Buddhist studies 6309: 6283: 6254:(1966–1980) and 6196:(1832–1907) and 6128:Mahabodhi Temple 6064: 6055: 6044: 6035: 6024: 6015: 5966:bodhisattva path 5931:Both accept the 5650:, like the Pāli 5580: 5577: 5511:Unlike what the 5242:Generation Stage 5004:viññāṇañcāyatana 5000:ākāsānañcāyatana 4988:arupa samāpattis 4921:The practice of 4686:) is one of the 4322:Common practices 4267:6. Right effort 4224:4. Right action 4209:3. Right speech 4180:samyag saṃkalpa, 4112: 4111: 4007:madhyamapratipad 3702:The Three Jewels 3615: 3613: 3605: 3593:other aggregates 3577:other aggregates 3531: 3456:mental factors ( 3454: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3430: 3394: 3389: 3371: 3360: 3329: 3309: 3289: 3273: 3074:) or awakening ( 2818:Tibetan Buddhist 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2473: 2470: 2415: 2412: 2328:Alexis Sanderson 2310:Buddhist Tantras 2279: 2276: 2222: 2219: 2098:Islamic conquest 1960:Mahabodhi Temple 1902:Richard Gombrich 1894: 1839:Śālistamba Sūtra 1784:Richard Gombrich 1671:Bodhicaryāvatāra 1556:Historical roots 1416:Uddaka Ramaputta 1347:Richard Gombrich 1325:, a town in the 1238: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1171:Russian Kalmykia 1163:Himalayan states 1160: 1153:Tibetan Buddhism 1118: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1020: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 996: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 944: 935:Buddhist schools 930: 919:, the taking of 881:ethical precepts 841: 790: 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 774: 771: 764: 753: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 704: 697: 690: 674: 673: 401:Sublime abidings 92: 69: 68: 38:Buddhist (horse) 21: 28586: 28585: 28581: 28580: 28579: 28577: 28576: 28575: 28541: 28540: 28539: 28534: 28498: 28425: 28406:Solomon Islands 28342: 28214: 28118:North Macedonia 27959: 27684: 27397: 27378: 27339:Mass gatherings 27307: 27302: 27295: 27234: 27229: 27220: 27159:Religiocentrism 27139:National church 27007: 27004: 26996: 26911: 26904: 26841: 26763:Bodies of water 26555: 26540: 26347:Jamaican Maroon 26129: 26104: 26041: 25871: 25864: 25735: 25733: 25722: 25687: 25661:Trinidad Orisha 25446: 25439: 25412: 25405: 25332: 25295: 25091: 25084: 24980: 24962: 24889: 24863:Srilankan Vedda 24814: 24742: 24617:Sri Vaishnavism 24580: 24542: 24514: 24472: 24379: 24353: 24320: 24279: 24233: 24158:Twelver Shi'ism 24100: 23962:Neo-charismatic 23935:Presbyterianism 23787: 23679: 23666: 23661: 23631: 23626: 23598: 23384: 23374: 23344: 23339: 23327: 23309: 23261: 23176: 23091: 22828:Ordination hall 22789: 22691: 22662:Buddhist crisis 22574: 22271: 22223:Mahayana sutras 22199: 22195:Thích Nhất Hạnh 22026: 21899: 21839: 21789:Bodhisattva vow 21474: 21340: 21280: 21239:Taṇhā (Craving) 21174:Five hindrances 21125: 21017: 20947: 20801: 20746: 20718: 20701: 20655:Wayback Machine 20573: 20568: 20551: 20528: 20501: 20478: 20476: 20469: 20445: 20443: 20436: 20412: 20410: 20403: 20380: 20378: 20371: 20325: 20307: 20281: 20250:Indian Buddhism 20229: 20200: 20198: 20191: 20169: 20163: 20148: 20127: 20107: 20101: 20090: 20065: 20039: 20037: 20019:10.2307/2801935 19993: 19975: 19953: 19951: 19926: 19911: 19898: 19896: 19873: 19831: 19799: 19778: 19758: 19738: 19717: 19715: 19686:10.1.1.505.2366 19662: 19660: 19653: 19637:Rahula, Walpola 19629:Emmanuel (2013) 19620: 19599: 19578: 19576: 19574: 19548: 19546: 19544: 19494: 19474: 19459: 19429: 19408: 19406: 19399: 19341:, HarperCollins 19331: 19299: 19255: 19253: 19246: 19216: 19199:, HarperCollins 19188:Emmanuel (2013) 19176: 19174: 19167: 19147: 19129: 19111: 19093: 19061: 19046: 19033: 19031: 19024: 18986: 18979: 18967: 18943: 18941: 18905: 18903: 18896: 18873: 18871: 18864: 18844: 18804: 18802: 18795: 18772: 18770: 18766: 18760: 18749: 18737: 18706: 18687:Emmanuel (2013) 18675: 18673: 18666: 18643: 18641: 18623: 18587: 18566: 18536: 18515: 18468: 18466: 18459: 18430: 18410: 18404: 18393: 18372: 18353: 18335: 18309: 18307: 18264: 18262: 18255: 18229: 18227: 18220: 18196: 18194: 18187: 18164: 18162: 18155: 18129: 18127: 18120: 18082: 18064: 18022: 18020: 17993: 17991: 17984: 17963: 17940: 17938: 17903: 17875: 17857: 17835: 17820: 17808: 17749: 17744: 17734: 17732: 17723: 17722: 17718: 17708: 17706: 17691: 17687: 17677: 17675: 17671: 17660: 17656: 17655: 17651: 17641: 17639: 17626: 17625: 17618: 17608: 17606: 17601:. 2 July 2017. 17597: 17596: 17589: 17579: 17577: 17568: 17567: 17563: 17553: 17551: 17536: 17532: 17522: 17520: 17511: 17510: 17506: 17496: 17494: 17485: 17484: 17480: 17443: 17439: 17429: 17427: 17414: 17413: 17409: 17399: 17397: 17382: 17378: 17368: 17366: 17353: 17352: 17348: 17342:Wayback Machine 17333: 17329: 17321: 17317: 17309: 17305: 17281: 17277: 17268: 17264: 17247: 17243: 17226: 17222: 17215: 17197:Lewis, James R. 17193: 17189: 17181: 17177: 17166: 17162: 17153: 17149: 17141: 17137: 17129: 17125: 17115: 17113: 17101: 17097: 17087: 17085: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17045: 17041: 16986: 16982: 16974: 16970: 16960: 16958: 16950: 16949: 16942: 16927:10.2307/1386910 16911: 16907: 16900: 16886: 16882: 16872: 16870: 16855: 16851: 16841: 16839: 16832: 16816: 16812: 16799:Daily Telegraph 16791: 16787: 16777: 16775: 16760: 16756: 16746: 16744: 16729: 16725: 16715: 16713: 16698: 16694: 16684: 16682: 16675: 16659: 16655: 16645: 16643: 16636: 16620: 16616: 16610:Williams (2008) 16608: 16604: 16596: 16592: 16582: 16580: 16573: 16557: 16553: 16545: 16541: 16531: 16529: 16522: 16506: 16499: 16470: 16463: 16455: 16451: 16443: 16439: 16408: 16404: 16396: 16392: 16386:Paranjpe (1998) 16384: 16380: 16372: 16368: 16360: 16356: 16349: 16333: 16329: 16321: 16317: 16309: 16305: 16297: 16293: 16285: 16281: 16273: 16269: 16261: 16257: 16248: 16244: 16234: 16230: 16224:Wayback Machine 16215: 16211: 16205:Wayback Machine 16194:Wayback Machine 16185: 16181: 16171: 16169: 16156: 16155: 16151: 16122: 16118: 16110: 16106: 16098: 16094: 16086: 16082: 16074: 16070: 16061: 16057: 16048: 16044: 16036: 16032: 16024: 16020: 16014:Hirakawa (1993) 16012: 16008: 16000: 15996: 15990:Hirakawa (1993) 15988: 15984: 15975: 15971: 15962: 15958: 15950: 15943: 15933: 15931: 15916:10.2307/1399912 15894: 15890: 15883: 15867: 15863: 15856: 15840: 15836: 15829: 15809: 15805: 15798: 15782: 15778: 15770: 15766: 15760:Williams (1989) 15758: 15754: 15746: 15742: 15732: 15730: 15717: 15716: 15712: 15704: 15700: 15692: 15688: 15673: 15669: 15658: 15654: 15646: 15642: 15637: 15633: 15621: 15617: 15608: 15604: 15585: 15581: 15570:, pp. 172–174, 15558: 15554: 15546: 15542: 15534: 15530: 15524:Skilling (1992) 15522: 15518: 15502: 15498: 15490: 15486: 15476: 15474: 15470: 15447: 15438: 15434: 15421: 15417: 15400: 15396: 15388: 15384: 15376: 15372: 15365: 15349: 15342: 15335: 15319: 15315: 15307: 15303: 15295: 15291: 15284: 15268: 15264: 15256: 15252: 15245: 15229: 15216: 15208: 15204: 15187: 15183: 15178:Wayback Machine 15169: 15165: 15148: 15144: 15136: 15132: 15124: 15120: 15112: 15108: 15100: 15096: 15088: 15084: 15076: 15072: 15064: 15060: 15052: 15048: 15040: 15036: 15028: 15024: 15016: 15012: 14993: 14991: 14984: 14968: 14964: 14956: 14952: 14944: 14940: 14932: 14928: 14920: 14913: 14905: 14901: 14892: 14888: 14880: 14876: 14868: 14864: 14857: 14841: 14837: 14829: 14825: 14817: 14806: 14799: 14783: 14779: 14772: 14756: 14752: 14744: 14733: 14727:Hirakawa (1993) 14725: 14721: 14713: 14709: 14703:Wayback Machine 14693: 14686: 14677: 14673: 14665: 14661: 14653: 14649: 14639: 14637: 14624: 14623: 14619: 14611: 14607: 14599: 14595: 14583: 14579: 14572: 14556: 14552: 14545: 14529: 14525: 14518: 14502: 14498: 14490: 14486: 14478: 14474: 14468:Gombrich (1997) 14466: 14462: 14454: 14450: 14444:Gombrich (2007) 14442: 14438: 14430: 14426: 14418: 14414: 14406: 14402: 14394: 14390: 14379: 14375: 14362: 14358: 14350: 14346: 14338: 14334: 14326: 14322: 14316:Gombrich (1988) 14314: 14310: 14302: 14295: 14264: 14260: 14254:Williams (2000) 14252: 14248: 14244:," p. 5. BRILL. 14239: 14235: 14227: 14223: 14203: 14199: 14190: 14183: 14175:Analayo (2018) 14174: 14170: 14161: 14157: 14152: 14148: 14142:Emmanuel (2013) 14140: 14136: 14128: 14124: 14116: 14112: 14104: 14100: 14091: 14087: 14082: 14075: 14070: 14063: 14057:Gombrich (1988) 14055: 14051: 14045:Gombrich (1988) 14043: 14034: 14028:Gombrich (1988) 14026: 14022: 14016:Gombrich (1988) 14014: 14007: 14001:Funayama (2004) 13999: 13995: 13987: 13983: 13975: 13968: 13960: 13956: 13948: 13944: 13936: 13932: 13924: 13920: 13912: 13908: 13900: 13896: 13888: 13884: 13876: 13872: 13864: 13860: 13852: 13848: 13840: 13836: 13828: 13824: 13817: 13797: 13793: 13770: 13766: 13758: 13754: 13746: 13739: 13731: 13727: 13719: 13715: 13707: 13700: 13696: 13690: 13686: 13681: 13677: 13670: 13654: 13650: 13642: 13635: 13624: 13622: 13615: 13599: 13595: 13587: 13583: 13575: 13571: 13564: 13542: 13538: 13531: 13516:Living Buddhism 13511: 13507: 13499: 13492: 13484: 13473: 13465: 13461: 13453: 13444: 13436: 13421: 13413: 13409: 13401: 13397: 13389: 13385: 13379:Anderson (2013) 13377: 13373: 13365: 13361: 13353: 13349: 13341: 13337: 13328: 13319: 13310: 13306: 13294: 13290: 13282: 13278: 13270: 13266: 13258: 13254: 13246: 13242: 13236:Williams (2008) 13234: 13230: 13221: 13217: 13195:tathagatagarbha 13189: 13185: 13179:Williams (2008) 13177: 13173: 13164: 13160: 13154:Williams (2008) 13152: 13148: 13142:Williams (2008) 13140: 13136: 13126: 13124: 13109: 13105: 13101:, 2017, p. 149. 13096: 13092: 13087: 13083: 13073: 13071: 13058: 13057: 13053: 13045: 13041: 13033: 13029: 13021: 13017: 13009: 13005: 12995:Wayback Machine 12985: 12981: 12973: 12969: 12961: 12957: 12951:Williams (2008) 12949: 12942: 12934: 12930: 12924:Williams (2008) 12922: 12918: 12910: 12906: 12897: 12893: 12885: 12878: 12872:Lindtner (1997) 12870: 12866: 12857: 12853: 12844: 12840: 12831: 12827: 12821:Gombrich (2006) 12819: 12815: 12799: 12795: 12789:Emmanuel (2013) 12787: 12783: 12775: 12771: 12763: 12759: 12752: 12736: 12732: 12725: 12709: 12705: 12698: 12682: 12678: 12670: 12666: 12658: 12642: 12638: 12627:Williams (2002) 12625: 12621: 12600: 12596: 12588: 12584: 12576: 12572: 12564: 12560: 12552: 12548: 12540: 12536: 12528: 12524: 12516: 12512: 12505: 12489: 12485: 12478: 12462: 12458: 12448: 12446: 12439: 12423: 12419: 12409: 12407: 12400: 12384: 12380: 12372: 12368: 12360: 12356: 12349: 12333: 12329: 12319: 12317: 12310: 12294: 12290: 12280: 12278: 12271: 12255: 12251: 12241: 12239: 12232: 12216: 12212: 12202: 12200: 12193: 12177: 12173: 12165: 12149: 12145: 12139:Gombrich (1997) 12137: 12133: 12125: 12121: 12114: 12098: 12094: 12086: 12082: 12074: 12070: 12064:Bucknell (1984) 12062: 12058: 12050: 12046: 12038: 12031: 12023: 12019: 12012: 11996: 11992: 11985: 11969: 11965: 11957: 11953: 11945: 11938: 11928: 11926: 11919: 11903: 11896: 11888: 11884: 11874: 11872: 11865: 11849: 11845: 11837: 11833: 11826: 11810: 11806: 11798: 11794: 11786: 11782: 11774: 11770: 11762: 11749: 11741: 11737: 11729: 11725: 11715: 11713: 11706: 11690: 11686: 11680:Williams (2002) 11678: 11674: 11664: 11662: 11655: 11639: 11632: 11624: 11613: 11607:Gombrich (2005a 11605: 11597: 11595: 11588: 11572: 11565: 11563: 11556: 11540: 11536: 11526: 11524: 11517: 11501: 11497: 11489: 11485: 11477: 11473: 11461: 11457: 11449: 11445: 11437: 11433: 11425: 11421: 11409: 11405: 11397: 11393: 11385: 11381: 11373: 11366: 11358: 11354: 11346: 11337: 11329: 11325: 11316: 11315: 11311: 11298: 11294: 11284: 11282: 11275: 11259: 11255: 11245: 11243: 11236: 11220: 11216: 11205: 11203: 11196: 11180: 11176: 11165: 11162:Wayback Machine 11150: 11134: 11114: 11111:Wayback Machine 11100: 11096: 11090:Gombrich (2005a 11088: 11081: 11079: 11072: 11056: 11052: 11046:Wayback Machine 11039:Anatta Buddhism 11037: 11033: 11025: 11021: 11004: 11003: 10999: 10989: 10987: 10980: 10961: 10957: 10952: 10948: 10928: 10924: 10907: 10903: 10897:Skilling (1997) 10895: 10891: 10881: 10879: 10872: 10856: 10852: 10837:10.2307/1523195 10821: 10817: 10810: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10768:Living Buddhism 10763: 10759: 10751: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10717: 10712: 10708: 10703: 10699: 10690: 10686: 10669: 10665: 10659:Williams (2008) 10657: 10653: 10648: 10644: 10636: 10632: 10624: 10620: 10612: 10608: 10600: 10596: 10591: 10587: 10582: 10578: 10573: 10569: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10550: 10545: 10541: 10532: 10528: 10519: 10515: 10507: 10503: 10497:Lusthaus (2002) 10495: 10491: 10487:, pp. 8–9. 10485:Hirakawa (1993) 10483: 10479: 10470: 10466: 10457: 10453: 10447:Williams (2000) 10445: 10441: 10437:, pp. 4–5. 10435:Williams (2008) 10433: 10429: 10421: 10417: 10409: 10405: 10399:Hirakawa (1993) 10397: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10375:Hirakawa (1993) 10373: 10366: 10351:Drewes, David, 10350: 10343: 10333: 10331: 10330:on 6 April 2018 10312: 10308: 10298: 10296: 10282: 10278: 10269: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10243: 10241: 10234: 10218: 10214: 10209: 10202: 10193: 10189: 10182: 10166: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10143: 10127: 10123: 10115: 10111: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10078: 10074: 10066: 10062: 10054: 10050: 10040: 10038: 10031: 10015: 10011: 10003: 9999: 9987: 9983: 9974: 9970: 9962: 9958: 9952:Williams (2005) 9950: 9946: 9938: 9934: 9926: 9922: 9914: 9910: 9902: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9880:Matthews (1986) 9878: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9811: 9807: 9798: 9794: 9785: 9781: 9775:Mitchell (2002) 9773: 9769: 9761: 9757: 9749: 9742: 9736:Davidson (2003) 9734: 9730: 9726:, p. viii. 9722: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9698: 9691: 9683: 9676: 9670:Gombrich (1997) 9668: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9641: 9630: 9622: 9615: 9607: 9603: 9595: 9588: 9580: 9573: 9565: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9527: 9521:Hirakawa (1993) 9519: 9515: 9508: 9486: 9482: 9475: 9459: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9427: 9423: 9415: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9391: 9387: 9374: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9345: 9341: 9328: 9321: 9308: 9304: 9296: 9280: 9275: 9259: 9255: 9248: 9232: 9218: 9202: 9198: 9190: 9174: 9170: 9164:Gombrich (1988) 9162: 9158: 9143: 9136: 9130:Gombrich (1988) 9128: 9124: 9117: 9101: 9097: 9089: 9085: 9081:, pp. 1–5. 9077: 9073: 9066: 9050: 9046: 9040:Wayback Machine 9031: 9022: 9012: 9010: 9003: 8987: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8953:Gombrich (1988) 8951: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8928: 8912: 8908: 8899: 8892: 8886:Hirakawa (1993) 8884: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8849: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8812: 8802: 8800: 8781: 8777: 8769:Wayback Machine 8758: 8754: 8748:Gombrich (1988) 8746: 8742: 8736:Gombrich (1988) 8734: 8730: 8723: 8707: 8703: 8697:Gombrich (1988) 8695: 8691: 8685:Gombrich (1988) 8683: 8679: 8672: 8656: 8652: 8646:Gombrich (1988) 8644: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8581: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8535: 8519: 8515: 8506: 8502: 8493: 8489: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8453:, pp. 7–8. 8449: 8445: 8433: 8429: 8422: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8356: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8310:Wayback Machine 8293: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8265: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8191:Williams (1989) 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8133: 8125: 8118: 8108: 8106: 8068: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8046:Beckwith (2015) 8044: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8006: 8004: 7994: 7990: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7909: 7908: 7897: 7889: 7885: 7874: 7870: 7860: 7858: 7843: 7839: 7831: 7812: 7808: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7687: 7670: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7646: 7637: 7636:, 1984, p. 279; 7632: 7626: 7619:Gombrich (1984) 7613: 7609: 7596: 7592: 7583: 7579: 7573:Tathagatagarbha 7570: 7566: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7534: 7530: 7505: 7501: 7487: 7483: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7454: 7450: 7445: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7332: 7328: 7319:Samyutta Nikaya 7315:Majjhima Nikaya 7308: 7304: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7271: 7267: 7258: 7254: 7221: 7217: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7156:Three Teachings 7141:Shinbutsu-shūgō 7111:Jewish Buddhist 7037:Religion portal 7035: 7028: 7023:Buddhism portal 7021: 7014: 7011: 6879:Chinese schools 6871: 6865: 6779:Asian religions 6755:Culture of Asia 6696: 6690: 6623: 6611:Sogyal Rinpoche 6595: 6512: 6500:Main articles: 6498: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6428:14th Dalai Lama 6424:Thích Nhất Hạnh 6325: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6298:, United States 6284: 6273: 6267: 6216:Korean Buddhism 6185: 6166: 6158:Main articles: 6156: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6056: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6037: 6036: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6017: 6016: 6007: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5863: 5855:Main articles: 5853: 5794: 5788: 5760:(treatises) or 5736:Mahāyāna sūtras 5716: 5714:Mahayana sutras 5710: 5633: 5625:Main articles: 5623: 5578: 5568: 5562: 5531:organised into 5459: 5453: 5440:Surangama sutra 5428: 5422: 5399: 5393: 5332:adhicittasikkha 5291: 5267:Main articles: 5265: 5208: 5198: 5165:) results from 5129: 5123: 5072:. According to 5038: 5028: 5008:ākiñcaññāyatana 4980: 4931: 4868: 4852:Main articles: 4850: 4782: 4744:kāmānaṃ ādīnava 4676: 4630: 4624: 4522: 4516: 4451: 4449:Buddhist ethics 4445: 4388: 4382: 4352: 4324: 4306: 4305:samyag samādhi, 4287: 4272: 4271:samyag vyāyāma, 4257: 4245: 4244:samyag ājīvana, 4229: 4214: 4201: 4193: 4181: 4153: 4140: 4132: 4081: 4075: 4023: 3961: 3955: 3936:Tathagatagarbha 3905:tathāgatagarbha 3879: 3871:Main articles: 3869: 3809: 3797:Main articles: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3746:, with various 3728: 3722: 3710: 3704: 3635:five aggregates 3617:diagram details 3611: 3587: 3535: 3524: 3519: 3507: 3500: 3495: 3483: 3476: 3471: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3374: 3358: 3332: 3331:4 elements 3290: 3281:Five Aggregates 3277: 3271: 3263:Main articles: 3261: 3176: 3168:Main articles: 3166: 3060: 3052:Main articles: 3050: 2966: 2960: 2894: 2888: 2840: 2834: 2810: 2731: 2725: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2625: 2619: 2579: 2573: 2551:during the Mon 2471: 2459:(4th century), 2413: 2392: 2277: 2247: 2241: 2231:. According to 2225:Tathāgatagarbha 2220: 2168:Mahāyāna sūtras 2124: 2118: 2102:Iranian Plateau 2018:Seleucid Empire 2014:edicts of Aśoka 2010: 2004: 1886: 1874:Main articles: 1872: 1856:Richard Salomon 1845:Majjhima Nikaya 1819:five aggregates 1799: 1746: 1740: 1724:Nikaya Buddhism 1697: 1691: 1689:Indian Buddhism 1581:Vedic tradition 1558: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1520:basket of texts 1446:Ficus religiosa 1321:and grew up in 1304: 1279:Mayadevi Temple 1272: 1211: 1116: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 986: 983: 980: 977: 966: 963: 960: 957: 869:full liberation 863:which leads to 804:Indian religion 788: 768: 759: 758: 751: 722: 718: 708: 668: 661: 660: 551: 541: 540: 491: 481: 480: 446: 436: 435: 341: 331: 330: 301:Mahayana Sutras 281: 271: 270: 211:Five Aggregates 189: 188: 168: 167: 158:Later Buddhists 123: 55:13th-century-CE 41: 28: 27:Indian religion 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 28584: 28574: 28573: 28568: 28563: 28561:Gautama Buddha 28558: 28553: 28536: 28535: 28533: 28532: 28522: 28511: 28508: 28507: 28504: 28503: 28500: 28499: 28497: 28496: 28491: 28486: 28481: 28476: 28471: 28466: 28461: 28456: 28451: 28446: 28441: 28435: 28433: 28427: 28426: 28424: 28423: 28418: 28413: 28408: 28403: 28398: 28393: 28388: 28383: 28378: 28373: 28368: 28363: 28358: 28352: 28350: 28344: 28343: 28341: 28340: 28335: 28330: 28325: 28320: 28315: 28310: 28305: 28300: 28295: 28290: 28285: 28280: 28275: 28270: 28265: 28260: 28255: 28250: 28245: 28240: 28235: 28230: 28224: 28222: 28216: 28215: 28213: 28212: 28211: 28210: 28205: 28200: 28195: 28188:United Kingdom 28185: 28180: 28175: 28170: 28165: 28160: 28155: 28150: 28145: 28140: 28135: 28130: 28125: 28120: 28115: 28110: 28105: 28100: 28095: 28090: 28085: 28080: 28075: 28070: 28065: 28060: 28055: 28050: 28045: 28040: 28035: 28030: 28025: 28020: 28015: 28010: 28005: 28000: 27995: 27990: 27985: 27980: 27975: 27969: 27967: 27961: 27960: 27958: 27957: 27952: 27947: 27942: 27937: 27932: 27927: 27922: 27917: 27912: 27907: 27902: 27897: 27892: 27887: 27882: 27877: 27872: 27867: 27862: 27857: 27852: 27847: 27842: 27837: 27832: 27827: 27822: 27817: 27816: 27815: 27810: 27800: 27795: 27790: 27785: 27780: 27775: 27770: 27765: 27760: 27755: 27750: 27745: 27740: 27735: 27730: 27725: 27720: 27715: 27710: 27705: 27700: 27694: 27692: 27686: 27685: 27683: 27682: 27677: 27672: 27667: 27662: 27657: 27652: 27647: 27642: 27637: 27632: 27627: 27622: 27617: 27612: 27607: 27602: 27597: 27592: 27587: 27582: 27577: 27572: 27567: 27562: 27557: 27552: 27547: 27542: 27537: 27532: 27527: 27522: 27517: 27512: 27507: 27502: 27497: 27492: 27487: 27482: 27477: 27472: 27467: 27462: 27457: 27452: 27447: 27442: 27437: 27432: 27427: 27422: 27417: 27411: 27409: 27399: 27398: 27388: 27387: 27384: 27383: 27380: 27379: 27377: 27376: 27371: 27366: 27361: 27356: 27351: 27346: 27341: 27336: 27331: 27326: 27321: 27316: 27310: 27308: 27300: 27297: 27296: 27294: 27293: 27288: 27283: 27281:Secularization 27278: 27273: 27268: 27263: 27261:Deconstruction 27258: 27253: 27248: 27243: 27237: 27235: 27225: 27222: 27221: 27219: 27218: 27213: 27212: 27211: 27206: 27201: 27191: 27186: 27181: 27176: 27171: 27166: 27161: 27156: 27151: 27146: 27141: 27136: 27131: 27126: 27121: 27116: 27114:Fundamentalism 27111: 27110: 27109: 27104: 27099: 27094: 27084: 27079: 27074: 27069: 27068: 27067: 27062: 27057: 27047: 27046: 27045: 27040: 27035: 27021: 27016: 27010: 27008: 27001: 26998: 26997: 26995: 26994: 26989: 26984: 26979: 26978: 26977: 26967: 26962: 26957: 26952: 26947: 26942: 26937: 26932: 26927: 26922: 26916: 26914: 26906: 26905: 26903: 26902: 26897: 26892: 26887: 26882: 26877: 26872: 26867: 26862: 26857: 26851: 26849: 26843: 26842: 26840: 26839: 26838: 26837: 26832: 26827: 26817: 26812: 26807: 26802: 26797: 26792: 26787: 26782: 26781: 26780: 26775: 26770: 26765: 26755: 26754: 26753: 26748: 26743: 26733: 26728: 26723: 26718: 26713: 26708: 26703: 26698: 26693: 26688: 26687: 26686: 26681: 26676: 26666: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26641: 26636: 26631: 26626: 26621: 26616: 26611: 26606: 26601: 26592: 26590:Call to prayer 26587: 26582: 26577: 26575:Disaffiliation 26567: 26565: 26557: 26556: 26546: 26545: 26542: 26541: 26539: 26538: 26533: 26528: 26523: 26518: 26513: 26508: 26503: 26502: 26501: 26496: 26491: 26481: 26480: 26479: 26474: 26469: 26464: 26459: 26449: 26444: 26443: 26442: 26437: 26427: 26426: 26425: 26420: 26415: 26410: 26400: 26395: 26394: 26393: 26383: 26382: 26381: 26376: 26366: 26361: 26360: 26359: 26349: 26344: 26339: 26334: 26329: 26324: 26319: 26314: 26313: 26312: 26307: 26302: 26297: 26295:Greco-Buddhism 26292: 26282: 26281: 26280: 26275: 26270: 26265: 26255: 26250: 26249: 26248: 26238: 26233: 26228: 26227: 26226: 26216: 26211: 26206: 26205: 26204: 26199: 26189: 26184: 26183: 26182: 26177: 26172: 26162: 26157: 26152: 26147: 26146: 26145: 26134: 26131: 26130: 26118: 26117: 26114: 26113: 26110: 26109: 26106: 26105: 26103: 26102: 26101: 26100: 26090: 26085: 26080: 26075: 26070: 26065: 26060: 26055: 26049: 26047: 26043: 26042: 26040: 26039: 26038: 26037: 26025: 26020: 26019: 26018: 26013: 26008: 26003: 25998: 25993: 25988: 25978: 25973: 25968: 25963: 25958: 25953: 25948: 25943: 25938: 25937: 25936: 25926: 25925: 25924: 25919: 25909: 25908: 25907: 25902: 25892: 25887: 25886: 25885: 25876: 25874: 25866: 25865: 25863: 25862: 25857: 25852: 25847: 25846: 25845: 25840: 25830: 25825: 25820: 25815: 25810: 25809: 25808: 25798: 25793: 25788: 25783: 25778: 25773: 25768: 25763: 25758: 25753: 25747: 25745: 25738: 25728: 25727: 25724: 25723: 25721: 25720: 25715: 25710: 25705: 25699: 25697: 25693: 25692: 25689: 25688: 25686: 25685: 25684: 25683: 25678: 25673: 25668: 25663: 25658: 25656:Tambor de Mina 25653: 25648: 25643: 25638: 25633: 25628: 25623: 25618: 25613: 25612: 25611: 25606: 25601: 25582: 25581: 25580: 25579: 25569: 25564: 25559: 25554: 25549: 25544: 25539: 25534: 25529: 25524: 25519: 25514: 25509: 25504: 25499: 25494: 25489: 25484: 25483: 25482: 25477: 25467: 25462: 25457: 25451: 25449: 25441: 25440: 25438: 25437: 25436: 25435: 25433:Guanche church 25424: 25422: 25415: 25407: 25406: 25404: 25403: 25398: 25393: 25388: 25383: 25378: 25373: 25368: 25363: 25358: 25353: 25348: 25342: 25340: 25338:Tibeto-Burmese 25334: 25333: 25331: 25330: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25309: 25307: 25297: 25296: 25294: 25293: 25288: 25283: 25278: 25273: 25271:Nuu-chah-nulth 25268: 25263: 25258: 25253: 25248: 25247: 25246: 25241: 25236: 25231: 25221: 25216: 25211: 25206: 25201: 25196: 25195: 25194: 25189: 25184: 25174: 25169: 25164: 25159: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25133: 25132: 25127: 25122: 25112: 25107: 25102: 25096: 25094: 25086: 25085: 25083: 25082: 25077: 25075:Sumbese Marapu 25072: 25071: 25070: 25065: 25055: 25054: 25053: 25043: 25038: 25033: 25028: 25027: 25026: 25021: 25013: 25012: 25011: 25006: 24996: 24994:Batak Parmalim 24990: 24988: 24982: 24981: 24979: 24978: 24972: 24970: 24964: 24963: 24961: 24960: 24959: 24958: 24953: 24943: 24942: 24941: 24936: 24931: 24916: 24914: 24905: 24899: 24898: 24895: 24894: 24891: 24890: 24888: 24887: 24886: 24885: 24880: 24870: 24865: 24860: 24855: 24850: 24849: 24848: 24843: 24833: 24828: 24822: 24820: 24816: 24815: 24813: 24812: 24805: 24800: 24799: 24798: 24788: 24787: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24758: 24752: 24750: 24744: 24743: 24741: 24740: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24713: 24708: 24703: 24702: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24656: 24655: 24654: 24649: 24644: 24639: 24634: 24629: 24624: 24619: 24614: 24603: 24601: 24592: 24586: 24585: 24582: 24581: 24579: 24578: 24573: 24568: 24563: 24558: 24552: 24550: 24544: 24543: 24541: 24540: 24535: 24530: 24524: 24522: 24516: 24515: 24513: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24496: 24495: 24482: 24480: 24474: 24473: 24471: 24470: 24469: 24468: 24463: 24453: 24452: 24451: 24446: 24436: 24431: 24426: 24421: 24415: 24413: 24404: 24395: 24389: 24388: 24385: 24384: 24381: 24380: 24378: 24377: 24372: 24367: 24361: 24359: 24355: 24354: 24352: 24351: 24346: 24341: 24336: 24330: 24328: 24322: 24321: 24319: 24318: 24313: 24308: 24306:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 24302: 24300: 24291: 24285: 24284: 24281: 24280: 24278: 24277: 24272: 24267: 24262: 24257: 24252: 24247: 24241: 24239: 24235: 24234: 24232: 24231: 24224: 24219: 24214: 24209: 24204: 24199: 24194: 24193: 24192: 24182: 24177: 24176: 24175: 24170: 24165: 24160: 24150: 24149: 24148: 24147: 24146: 24141: 24131: 24126: 24121: 24110: 24108: 24102: 24101: 24099: 24098: 24091: 24090: 24089: 24084: 24079: 24074: 24069: 24064: 24059: 24054: 24049: 24043:Bible Students 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24013:Restorationism 24010: 24009: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23992: 23991: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23969:Evangelicalism 23966: 23965: 23964: 23959: 23954: 23944: 23943: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23922: 23917: 23912: 23911: 23910: 23905: 23900: 23895: 23890: 23880: 23870: 23869: 23868: 23863: 23849: 23848: 23847: 23842: 23832: 23827: 23826: 23825: 23815: 23814: 23813: 23808: 23797: 23795: 23789: 23788: 23786: 23785: 23778: 23773: 23768: 23763: 23758: 23753: 23748: 23743: 23742: 23741: 23740: 23739: 23729: 23728: 23727: 23711: 23709: 23700: 23691: 23681: 23680: 23668: 23667: 23660: 23659: 23652: 23645: 23637: 23628: 23627: 23625: 23624: 23614: 23603: 23600: 23599: 23597: 23596: 23595: 23594: 23584: 23579: 23574: 23573: 23572: 23562: 23561: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23540: 23535: 23530: 23525: 23520: 23515: 23510: 23509: 23508: 23503: 23481: 23480: 23479: 23474: 23469: 23464: 23459: 23449: 23444: 23439: 23434: 23433: 23432: 23422: 23421: 23420: 23415: 23410: 23405: 23398:Core teachings 23395: 23389: 23386: 23385: 23381:Gautama Buddha 23373: 23372: 23365: 23358: 23350: 23341: 23340: 23338: 23337: 23325: 23314: 23311: 23310: 23308: 23307: 23302: 23297: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23277: 23271: 23269: 23263: 23262: 23260: 23259: 23254: 23249: 23244: 23239: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23214: 23209: 23208: 23207: 23202: 23192: 23186: 23184: 23178: 23177: 23175: 23174: 23173: 23172: 23167: 23157: 23152: 23147: 23142: 23137: 23132: 23127: 23122: 23117: 23112: 23107: 23101: 23099: 23093: 23092: 23090: 23089: 23084: 23079: 23078: 23077: 23072: 23067: 23062: 23057: 23047: 23042: 23037: 23032: 23027: 23026: 23025: 23020: 23015: 23010: 23005: 22995: 22990: 22985: 22984: 22983: 22973: 22968: 22963: 22958: 22957: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22941: 22936: 22926: 22921: 22916: 22911: 22906: 22901: 22896: 22895: 22894: 22892:Greco-Buddhist 22884: 22883: 22882: 22877: 22872: 22867: 22862: 22857: 22852: 22847: 22846: 22845: 22843:Burmese pagoda 22835: 22830: 22825: 22820: 22815: 22810: 22799: 22797: 22791: 22790: 22788: 22787: 22782: 22777: 22772: 22767: 22762: 22757: 22752: 22747: 22742: 22737: 22732: 22727: 22722: 22717: 22712: 22707: 22701: 22699: 22693: 22692: 22690: 22689: 22684: 22679: 22674: 22669: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22633: 22632: 22625:Greco-Buddhism 22622: 22617: 22616: 22615: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22584: 22582: 22576: 22575: 22573: 22572: 22571: 22570: 22565: 22560: 22558:United Kingdom 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22503:Czech Republic 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22470: 22469: 22468: 22463: 22453: 22452: 22451: 22441: 22440: 22439: 22434: 22424: 22419: 22414: 22409: 22404: 22399: 22394: 22393: 22392: 22382: 22377: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22337: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22317: 22312: 22307: 22302: 22297: 22292: 22287: 22281: 22279: 22273: 22272: 22270: 22269: 22267:Abhidharmadīpa 22264: 22257: 22252: 22247: 22240: 22235: 22230: 22225: 22220: 22215: 22209: 22207: 22201: 22200: 22198: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22185:B. R. Ambedkar 22182: 22177: 22172: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22105:Songtsen Gampo 22102: 22097: 22092: 22087: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22036: 22034: 22028: 22027: 22025: 22024: 22019: 22018: 22017: 22007: 22002: 21997: 21992: 21987: 21982: 21981: 21980: 21970: 21965: 21960: 21955: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21909: 21907: 21901: 21900: 21898: 21897: 21896: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21880: 21870: 21865: 21860: 21855: 21849: 21847: 21841: 21840: 21838: 21837: 21832: 21831: 21830: 21820: 21819: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21798: 21797: 21796: 21791: 21786: 21784:Eight precepts 21781: 21771: 21770: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21744: 21743: 21742: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21721: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21700: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21679: 21678: 21673: 21663: 21658: 21657: 21656: 21651: 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21596: 21591: 21586: 21581: 21572: 21562: 21557: 21555:Five Strengths 21552: 21547: 21542: 21537: 21532: 21527: 21522: 21521: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21495: 21490: 21484: 21482: 21476: 21475: 21473: 21472: 21467: 21462: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21446: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21420: 21419: 21418: 21413: 21408: 21403: 21398: 21393: 21388: 21383: 21382: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21350: 21348: 21342: 21341: 21339: 21338: 21333: 21332: 21331: 21326: 21321: 21316: 21311: 21306: 21296: 21290: 21288: 21282: 21281: 21279: 21278: 21273: 21272: 21271: 21266: 21261: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21194:Mental factors 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21135: 21133: 21127: 21126: 21124: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21078: 21073: 21068: 21063: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21046:Mahamoggallāna 21043: 21038: 21033: 21027: 21025: 21019: 21018: 21016: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20969: 20968: 20961:Avalokiteśvara 20957: 20955: 20949: 20948: 20946: 20945: 20940: 20935: 20934: 20933: 20925: 20917: 20909: 20901: 20893: 20885: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20857: 20852: 20847: 20842: 20837: 20832: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20811: 20809: 20803: 20802: 20800: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20783: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20762: 20756: 20754: 20748: 20747: 20745: 20744: 20739: 20734: 20723: 20720: 20719: 20700: 20699: 20692: 20685: 20677: 20671: 20670: 20664: 20658: 20645: 20634: 20628: 20622: 20616: 20610: 20604: 20598: 20592: 20586: 20585:, SuttaCentral 20580: 20572: 20571:External links 20569: 20567: 20566: 20554: 20549: 20531: 20526: 20511: 20499: 20484: 20467: 20452: 20434: 20419: 20401: 20386: 20369: 20354: 20345: 20336: 20328: 20323: 20310: 20305: 20284: 20279: 20267:Wells, John C. 20263: 20254: 20242: 20233: 20227: 20206: 20189: 20174: 20161: 20139: 20130: 20125: 20112: 20099: 20082:Sujato, Bhante 20078: 20069: 20063: 20046: 19996: 19991: 19978: 19973: 19960: 19931: 19904: 19876: 19871: 19858: 19846: 19834: 19829: 19814: 19802: 19797: 19782: 19776: 19761: 19756: 19741: 19736: 19723: 19698: 19679:(1): 233–257, 19668: 19651: 19633: 19624: 19618: 19603: 19597: 19584: 19572: 19558:Pavāra, Urmilā 19554: 19542: 19527: 19518: 19506: 19497: 19492: 19479: 19462: 19457: 19444: 19432: 19427: 19414: 19397: 19382: 19373: 19364: 19352: 19343: 19334: 19329: 19311: 19302: 19297: 19280: 19271: 19262: 19244: 19229: 19220: 19214: 19201: 19192: 19183: 19165: 19150: 19145: 19132: 19127: 19114: 19109: 19096: 19091: 19078: 19066: 19039: 19022: 19007: 18991: 18970: 18965: 18949: 18911: 18894: 18879: 18862: 18847: 18842: 18829: 18820: 18811: 18793: 18778: 18758: 18740: 18735: 18718: 18709: 18704: 18691: 18682: 18664: 18649: 18627: 18621: 18608: 18599: 18590: 18585: 18569: 18564: 18551: 18543:Gethin, Rupert 18539: 18534: 18522:Gethin, Rupert 18518: 18513: 18499:Gethin, Rupert 18495: 18475: 18457: 18442: 18433: 18428: 18415: 18402: 18384: 18375: 18370: 18357: 18351: 18338: 18333: 18320: 18270: 18253: 18241:, ed. (2003), 18235: 18218: 18203: 18185: 18170: 18153: 18135: 18118: 18103: 18094: 18085: 18080: 18067: 18062: 18052:, ed. (2004), 18046: 18037: 18028: 18000: 17982: 17967: 17961: 17946: 17918: 17906: 17901: 17883:Bodhi, Bhikkhu 17879: 17873: 17860: 17855: 17843:Bodhi, Bhikkhu 17839: 17833: 17811: 17806: 17790: 17781: 17772: 17763: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17742: 17716: 17685: 17649: 17616: 17587: 17561: 17530: 17504: 17478: 17437: 17407: 17376: 17346: 17327: 17315: 17303: 17275: 17269:Hoffer (ed.); 17262: 17241: 17220: 17213: 17187: 17175: 17160: 17147: 17135: 17133:, p. 363. 17131:Southwold 1978 17123: 17095: 17069: 17066: 17065: 17059: 17053: 17050:Southwold 1978 17046: 17039: 17000:(6): S165-70. 16980: 16968: 16940: 16905: 16898: 16880: 16849: 16830: 16810: 16785: 16754: 16723: 16692: 16673: 16653: 16634: 16614: 16602: 16600:, p. 385. 16590: 16571: 16551: 16539: 16520: 16497: 16484:(3): 450–452. 16461: 16449: 16437: 16418:(2): 268–270. 16402: 16390: 16388:, p. 351. 16378: 16366: 16354: 16347: 16327: 16315: 16303: 16291: 16289:, p. 258. 16279: 16277:, p. 172. 16267: 16255: 16242: 16228: 16209: 16179: 16149: 16136:(4): 619–651. 16116: 16104: 16102:, p. 403. 16092: 16080: 16078:, p. 378. 16068: 16055: 16042: 16030: 16018: 16006: 15994: 15982: 15969: 15956: 15941: 15888: 15881: 15861: 15854: 15834: 15827: 15803: 15796: 15776: 15764: 15752: 15740: 15729:on 9 June 2008 15710: 15698: 15686: 15667: 15652: 15640: 15631: 15615: 15602: 15587:Rinpoche, Kalu 15579: 15552: 15550:, p. 494. 15548:Buswell (2004) 15540: 15538:(2004): p. 293 15528: 15526:, p. 114. 15516: 15496: 15484: 15432: 15415: 15394: 15382: 15370: 15363: 15340: 15333: 15313: 15301: 15299:, p. xiv. 15289: 15282: 15262: 15250: 15243: 15214: 15212:, p. 163. 15202: 15181: 15163: 15142: 15130: 15118: 15106: 15104:, p. 243. 15094: 15082: 15078:Trainor (2004) 15070: 15068:, p. 170. 15058: 15056:, p. 237. 15046: 15034: 15030:Buswell (2004) 15022: 15010: 14982: 14962: 14950: 14938: 14934:Trainor (2004) 14926: 14911: 14907:Trainor (2004) 14899: 14886: 14884:, p. 250. 14874: 14870:Trainor (2004) 14862: 14855: 14835: 14831:Trainor (2004) 14823: 14804: 14797: 14777: 14770: 14750: 14731: 14719: 14717:, p. xiv. 14707: 14684: 14671: 14659: 14647: 14617: 14615:, p. 396. 14605: 14593: 14577: 14570: 14550: 14543: 14523: 14516: 14496: 14484: 14472: 14470:, p. 131. 14460: 14448: 14436: 14424: 14412: 14400: 14388: 14373: 14356: 14354:, p. 199. 14352:Collins (2000) 14344: 14332: 14320: 14308: 14293: 14274:(3): 289–302. 14258: 14246: 14233: 14221: 14212:(4): 933–964, 14197: 14181: 14168: 14155: 14146: 14144:, p. 492. 14134: 14122: 14120:, p. 199. 14110: 14098: 14085: 14073: 14061: 14049: 14032: 14020: 14018:, p. 109. 14005: 14003:, p. 105. 13993: 13991:, p. 152. 13981: 13966: 13962:Terwiel (2012) 13954: 13952:, p. 276. 13950:Horigan (1996) 13942: 13940:, p. 241. 13930: 13918: 13916:, p. 616. 13906: 13894: 13882: 13870: 13858: 13846: 13834: 13822: 13815: 13791: 13764: 13752: 13750:, p. 398. 13737: 13735:, p. 244. 13725: 13723:, p. 108. 13713: 13711:, p. 249. 13698: 13684: 13675: 13668: 13648: 13633: 13613: 13593: 13581: 13569: 13562: 13536: 13529: 13505: 13503:, p. 440. 13490: 13471: 13459: 13442: 13419: 13407: 13395: 13383: 13371: 13359: 13347: 13335: 13317: 13304: 13300:antagrahadrsti 13298:, p. 49, 13288: 13276: 13264: 13252: 13248:Hookham (1991) 13240: 13238:, p. 112. 13228: 13215: 13183: 13171: 13158: 13156:, p. 107. 13146: 13144:, p. 104. 13134: 13103: 13090: 13081: 13051: 13039: 13027: 13015: 13003: 12979: 12967: 12965:, p. 164. 12955: 12940: 12938:, p. 162. 12928: 12916: 12904: 12891: 12876: 12874:, p. 324. 12864: 12851: 12838: 12825: 12813: 12793: 12781: 12769: 12757: 12750: 12730: 12723: 12703: 12696: 12676: 12664: 12656: 12636: 12619: 12594: 12582: 12570: 12568:, p. 169. 12558: 12554:Trainor (2004) 12546: 12544:, p. 192. 12534: 12522: 12510: 12503: 12483: 12476: 12456: 12437: 12417: 12398: 12378: 12374:Collins (1998) 12366: 12354: 12347: 12327: 12308: 12288: 12269: 12249: 12230: 12210: 12191: 12171: 12163: 12143: 12131: 12127:Cousins (1996) 12119: 12112: 12092: 12080: 12078:, p. 141. 12068: 12056: 12052:Collins (1998) 12044: 12029: 12027:, p. 136. 12017: 12010: 11990: 11983: 11963: 11951: 11936: 11917: 11894: 11882: 11863: 11843: 11831: 11824: 11804: 11800:Krishan (1997) 11792: 11780: 11776:Krishan (1997) 11768: 11747: 11743:Kasulis (2006) 11735: 11723: 11704: 11684: 11672: 11653: 11630: 11611: 11586: 11554: 11534: 11515: 11495: 11493:, p. 107. 11483: 11471: 11455: 11443: 11439:Buswell (2004) 11431: 11429:, p. 119. 11419: 11403: 11391: 11379: 11364: 11360:Trainor (2004) 11352: 11335: 11333:, p. 604. 11323: 11309: 11292: 11273: 11253: 11234: 11214: 11194: 11174: 11094: 11070: 11050: 11031: 11019: 10997: 10978: 10955: 10946: 10922: 10901: 10889: 10870: 10850: 10815: 10808: 10788: 10781: 10757: 10745: 10743:, p. 223. 10733: 10724: 10715: 10706: 10697: 10684: 10663: 10651: 10642: 10638:Zürcher (1972) 10630: 10618: 10614:Zürcher (1972) 10606: 10602:Collins (2000) 10594: 10585: 10576: 10567: 10558: 10548: 10539: 10526: 10513: 10511:, p. 442. 10501: 10489: 10477: 10464: 10451: 10439: 10427: 10423:Nattier (2003) 10415: 10413:, p. 335. 10403: 10391: 10389:, p. 492. 10387:Buswell (2004) 10379: 10377:, p. 252. 10364: 10341: 10306: 10285:Bhikkhu Sujato 10276: 10263: 10261:, p. 278. 10251: 10232: 10212: 10200: 10187: 10180: 10160: 10141: 10121: 10117:Trainor (2004) 10109: 10107:, p. 135. 10097: 10095:, p. 485. 10085: 10072: 10060: 10048: 10029: 10009: 9997: 9981: 9968: 9956: 9944: 9932: 9930:, p. 107. 9920: 9908: 9896: 9884: 9882:, p. 124. 9872: 9868:Schopen (2002) 9860: 9848: 9836: 9805: 9792: 9779: 9767: 9755: 9740: 9738:, p. 147. 9728: 9716: 9714:, inside flap. 9704: 9702:, p. vii. 9689: 9674: 9659: 9647: 9628: 9613: 9601: 9586: 9571: 9559: 9547: 9535: 9525: 9513: 9506: 9480: 9473: 9450: 9438: 9421: 9409: 9407:, p. 127. 9397: 9395:, p. 126. 9385: 9368: 9356: 9339: 9319: 9302: 9294: 9273: 9253: 9246: 9216: 9196: 9188: 9168: 9156: 9134: 9122: 9115: 9095: 9083: 9071: 9064: 9044: 9020: 9001: 8981: 8969: 8967:, p. 267. 8957: 8945: 8926: 8906: 8890: 8878: 8866: 8847: 8827: 8810: 8775: 8752: 8740: 8728: 8721: 8701: 8689: 8677: 8670: 8650: 8635: 8633:, p. xii. 8623: 8611: 8599: 8597:, p. 352. 8595:Buswell (2004) 8587: 8572: 8560: 8558:, p. 177. 8556:Swearer (2004) 8548: 8533: 8513: 8500: 8487: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8427: 8420: 8400: 8393: 8373: 8354: 8334: 8325: 8313: 8282: 8263: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8183: 8146: 8144:, p. 143. 8131: 8116: 8082:(2): 215–227. 8062: 8050: 8038: 8034:Analayo (2013) 8026: 8014: 7988: 7977:on 25 May 2017 7932: 7895: 7893:, p. 239. 7883: 7868: 7837: 7829: 7815:K. T. S. Sarao 7806: 7782: 7774: 7750: 7724: 7712: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7654: 7644: 7607: 7590: 7588:, p. 155) 7577: 7564: 7551: 7541: 7528: 7499: 7481: 7472: 7463: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7412: 7402: 7381: 7371: 7361: 7351: 7326: 7302: 7288: 7278: 7265: 7261:Gautama Buddha 7252: 7234:Lokottaravādin 7215: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7026: 7010: 7007: 6940:Mainland China 6864: 6861: 6846:psychoanalysis 6767:Southeast Asia 6765:as well as in 6692:Main article: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6663: 6622: 6621:Classification 6619: 6594: 6591: 6561:in Korea, the 6541:The Thai King 6528:class struggle 6497: 6494: 6490:state religion 6462: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6412:Shunryu Suzuki 6404:counterculture 6400:secularisation 6337:Eugène Burnouf 6329:Francis Xavier 6311: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6285: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6269:Main article: 6266: 6263: 6250:repression to 6218:). During the 6184: 6181: 6155: 6152: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5996:Main article: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5978: 5974: 5962: 5929: 5852: 5849: 5833:fierce deities 5790:Main article: 5787: 5784: 5712:Main article: 5709: 5708:Mahāyāna texts 5706: 5686:Indic language 5622: 5621:The Tripitakas 5619: 5614:early Buddhism 5564:Main article: 5561: 5558: 5479:oral tradition 5457:Buddhist texts 5455:Main article: 5452: 5449: 5424:Main article: 5421: 5418: 5395:Main article: 5392: 5389: 5296:(Sanskrit) or 5264: 5261: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5179: 5170: 5157: 5133:Brahma-viharas 5125:Main article: 5122: 5116: 5097:smṛtyupasthāna 5050:; "calm") and 5027: 5024: 4979: 4976: 4930: 4927: 4849: 4839: 4816:smṛtyupasthāna 4781: 4778: 4776:are followed. 4758:eight precepts 4727:). Practicing 4696:indriyasamvara 4675: 4672: 4626:Main article: 4623: 4620: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4542:monastic rules 4518:Main article: 4515: 4512: 4468:(Sanskrit) or 4447:Main article: 4444: 4438: 4384:Main article: 4381: 4378: 4351: 4348: 4336:Wat Chedi Liam 4330:Sermon in the 4323: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4268: 4265: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4230:sammā kammanta 4228:samyag karman, 4225: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4182:sammā saṅkappa 4177: 4173: 4172: 4156: 4149: 4148:1. Right view 4146: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4122:Sanskrit, Pali 4119: 4116: 4109:, as follows: 4077:Main article: 4074: 4071: 4022: 4019: 3957:Main article: 3954: 3951: 3868: 3865: 3794: 3791: 3782:Main article: 3779: 3776: 3724:Main article: 3721: 3718: 3706:Main article: 3703: 3700: 3684:Prajñāpāramitā 3621: 3620: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3580: 3570: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3452: 3445: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3382: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3260: 3257: 3205:Twelve Nidānas 3174:Twelve Nidānas 3165: 3162: 3110:other versions 3102:soteriological 3049: 3046: 2962:Main article: 2959: 2956: 2890:Main article: 2887: 2884: 2836:Main article: 2833: 2830: 2823:depicting the 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2763: 2745:, Bihar, India 2727:Main article: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2715:but sometimes 2698: 2683: 2667: 2621:Main article: 2618: 2615: 2575:Main article: 2572: 2569: 2517:Southeast Asia 2426:Buddhist monks 2407:Jayavarman VII 2391: 2388: 2243:Main article: 2240: 2237: 2172:Prajnaparamita 2144:Avalokiteśvara 2140:Gautama Buddha 2120:Main article: 2117: 2114: 2037:Greco-Buddhism 2006:Main article: 2003: 2000: 1907:The so called 1871: 1868: 1851:Madhyama Agama 1798: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1742:Main article: 1739: 1736: 1693:Main article: 1690: 1687: 1638:(soul, self), 1606:traditions of 1562:Iron Age India 1557: 1554: 1542:Main article: 1539: 1536: 1431:breath control 1317:, present-day 1300:Main article: 1271: 1268: 1215:Bauddha Dharma 1210: 1207: 1183:2nd millennium 1165:as well as in 1054:Buddhist canon 947:Buddhist texts 832:Gangetic plain 814:attributed to 710: 709: 707: 706: 699: 692: 684: 681: 680: 679: 678: 663: 662: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 552: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 492: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 468: 466:Pratyekabuddha 463: 458: 453: 447: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 428: 423: 421:Buddhist chant 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 337: 336: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 282: 279:Buddhist texts 277: 276: 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 207: 206: 196: 190: 187: 186: 181: 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 124: 119: 118: 115: 114: 113: 112: 107: 102: 94: 93: 85: 84: 78: 77: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 28583: 28572: 28569: 28567: 28564: 28562: 28559: 28557: 28554: 28552: 28549: 28548: 28546: 28531: 28527: 28523: 28521: 28513: 28512: 28509: 28495: 28492: 28490: 28487: 28485: 28482: 28480: 28477: 28475: 28472: 28470: 28467: 28465: 28462: 28460: 28457: 28455: 28452: 28450: 28447: 28445: 28442: 28440: 28437: 28436: 28434: 28432: 28431:South America 28428: 28422: 28419: 28417: 28414: 28412: 28409: 28407: 28404: 28402: 28399: 28397: 28394: 28392: 28389: 28387: 28384: 28382: 28379: 28377: 28374: 28372: 28369: 28367: 28364: 28362: 28359: 28357: 28354: 28353: 28351: 28349: 28345: 28339: 28338:United States 28336: 28334: 28331: 28329: 28326: 28324: 28321: 28319: 28316: 28314: 28311: 28309: 28306: 28304: 28301: 28299: 28296: 28294: 28291: 28289: 28286: 28284: 28281: 28279: 28276: 28274: 28271: 28269: 28266: 28264: 28261: 28259: 28256: 28254: 28251: 28249: 28246: 28244: 28241: 28239: 28236: 28234: 28231: 28229: 28226: 28225: 28223: 28221: 28220:North America 28217: 28209: 28206: 28204: 28201: 28199: 28196: 28194: 28191: 28190: 28189: 28186: 28184: 28181: 28179: 28176: 28174: 28171: 28169: 28166: 28164: 28161: 28159: 28156: 28154: 28151: 28149: 28146: 28144: 28141: 28139: 28136: 28134: 28131: 28129: 28126: 28124: 28121: 28119: 28116: 28114: 28111: 28109: 28106: 28104: 28101: 28099: 28096: 28094: 28091: 28089: 28086: 28084: 28081: 28079: 28078:Liechtenstein 28076: 28074: 28071: 28069: 28066: 28064: 28061: 28059: 28056: 28054: 28051: 28049: 28046: 28044: 28041: 28039: 28036: 28034: 28031: 28029: 28026: 28024: 28021: 28019: 28016: 28014: 28011: 28009: 28006: 28004: 28001: 27999: 27996: 27994: 27991: 27989: 27986: 27984: 27981: 27979: 27976: 27974: 27971: 27970: 27968: 27966: 27962: 27956: 27953: 27951: 27948: 27946: 27943: 27941: 27938: 27936: 27933: 27931: 27928: 27926: 27923: 27921: 27918: 27916: 27913: 27911: 27908: 27906: 27903: 27901: 27898: 27896: 27893: 27891: 27888: 27886: 27883: 27881: 27878: 27876: 27873: 27871: 27868: 27866: 27863: 27861: 27858: 27856: 27853: 27851: 27848: 27846: 27843: 27841: 27838: 27836: 27833: 27831: 27828: 27826: 27823: 27821: 27818: 27814: 27811: 27809: 27806: 27805: 27804: 27801: 27799: 27796: 27794: 27791: 27789: 27786: 27784: 27781: 27779: 27776: 27774: 27771: 27769: 27766: 27764: 27761: 27759: 27756: 27754: 27751: 27749: 27746: 27744: 27741: 27739: 27736: 27734: 27731: 27729: 27726: 27724: 27721: 27719: 27716: 27714: 27711: 27709: 27706: 27704: 27701: 27699: 27696: 27695: 27693: 27691: 27687: 27681: 27678: 27676: 27673: 27671: 27668: 27666: 27663: 27661: 27658: 27656: 27653: 27651: 27648: 27646: 27643: 27641: 27638: 27636: 27633: 27631: 27628: 27626: 27623: 27621: 27618: 27616: 27613: 27611: 27608: 27606: 27603: 27601: 27598: 27596: 27593: 27591: 27588: 27586: 27583: 27581: 27578: 27576: 27573: 27571: 27568: 27566: 27563: 27561: 27558: 27556: 27553: 27551: 27548: 27546: 27543: 27541: 27538: 27536: 27533: 27531: 27530:Guinea-Bissau 27528: 27526: 27523: 27521: 27518: 27516: 27513: 27511: 27508: 27506: 27503: 27501: 27498: 27496: 27493: 27491: 27488: 27486: 27483: 27481: 27478: 27476: 27473: 27471: 27468: 27466: 27463: 27461: 27458: 27456: 27453: 27451: 27448: 27446: 27443: 27441: 27438: 27436: 27433: 27431: 27428: 27426: 27423: 27421: 27418: 27416: 27413: 27412: 27410: 27408: 27404: 27400: 27393: 27389: 27375: 27372: 27370: 27367: 27365: 27362: 27360: 27357: 27355: 27354:Organizations 27352: 27350: 27347: 27345: 27342: 27340: 27337: 27335: 27332: 27330: 27327: 27325: 27322: 27320: 27317: 27315: 27312: 27311: 27309: 27306: 27298: 27292: 27289: 27287: 27284: 27282: 27279: 27277: 27274: 27272: 27269: 27267: 27264: 27262: 27259: 27257: 27254: 27252: 27249: 27247: 27244: 27242: 27239: 27238: 27236: 27233: 27228: 27223: 27217: 27214: 27210: 27207: 27205: 27202: 27200: 27197: 27196: 27195: 27192: 27190: 27187: 27185: 27184:Vegetarianism 27182: 27180: 27177: 27175: 27172: 27170: 27167: 27165: 27162: 27160: 27157: 27155: 27152: 27150: 27147: 27145: 27142: 27140: 27137: 27135: 27132: 27130: 27129:Homosexuality 27127: 27125: 27122: 27120: 27117: 27115: 27112: 27108: 27105: 27103: 27100: 27098: 27095: 27093: 27090: 27089: 27088: 27085: 27083: 27080: 27078: 27075: 27073: 27070: 27066: 27063: 27061: 27058: 27056: 27053: 27052: 27051: 27048: 27044: 27041: 27039: 27036: 27034: 27031: 27030: 27029: 27025: 27022: 27020: 27017: 27015: 27012: 27011: 27009: 27006: 26999: 26993: 26990: 26988: 26985: 26983: 26980: 26976: 26973: 26972: 26971: 26968: 26966: 26963: 26961: 26958: 26956: 26953: 26951: 26950:Neurotheology 26948: 26946: 26943: 26941: 26938: 26936: 26933: 26931: 26928: 26926: 26923: 26921: 26918: 26917: 26915: 26913: 26907: 26901: 26898: 26896: 26893: 26891: 26888: 26886: 26883: 26881: 26878: 26876: 26873: 26871: 26868: 26866: 26863: 26861: 26858: 26856: 26853: 26852: 26850: 26848: 26844: 26836: 26833: 26831: 26828: 26826: 26823: 26822: 26821: 26818: 26816: 26813: 26811: 26808: 26806: 26803: 26801: 26798: 26796: 26793: 26791: 26788: 26786: 26783: 26779: 26776: 26774: 26771: 26769: 26766: 26764: 26761: 26760: 26759: 26756: 26752: 26749: 26747: 26744: 26742: 26739: 26738: 26737: 26734: 26732: 26729: 26727: 26724: 26722: 26719: 26717: 26714: 26712: 26709: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26685: 26682: 26680: 26677: 26675: 26672: 26671: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26644:Folk religion 26642: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26625: 26622: 26620: 26617: 26615: 26612: 26610: 26607: 26605: 26602: 26600: 26596: 26593: 26591: 26588: 26586: 26583: 26581: 26578: 26576: 26572: 26569: 26568: 26566: 26562: 26558: 26551: 26547: 26537: 26534: 26532: 26529: 26527: 26524: 26522: 26519: 26517: 26514: 26512: 26509: 26507: 26504: 26500: 26497: 26495: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26486: 26485: 26482: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26470: 26468: 26467:Imperial cult 26465: 26463: 26460: 26458: 26455: 26454: 26453: 26450: 26448: 26445: 26441: 26438: 26436: 26433: 26432: 26431: 26428: 26424: 26421: 26419: 26416: 26414: 26411: 26409: 26406: 26405: 26404: 26401: 26399: 26396: 26392: 26389: 26388: 26387: 26384: 26380: 26377: 26375: 26372: 26371: 26370: 26367: 26365: 26362: 26358: 26355: 26354: 26353: 26350: 26348: 26345: 26343: 26340: 26338: 26335: 26333: 26330: 26328: 26325: 26323: 26320: 26318: 26315: 26311: 26308: 26306: 26303: 26301: 26298: 26296: 26293: 26291: 26288: 26287: 26286: 26283: 26279: 26276: 26274: 26271: 26269: 26266: 26264: 26261: 26260: 26259: 26256: 26254: 26251: 26247: 26244: 26243: 26242: 26239: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26225: 26222: 26221: 26220: 26217: 26215: 26212: 26210: 26207: 26203: 26200: 26198: 26195: 26194: 26193: 26190: 26188: 26185: 26181: 26178: 26176: 26173: 26171: 26168: 26167: 26166: 26163: 26161: 26158: 26156: 26153: 26151: 26148: 26144: 26141: 26140: 26139: 26136: 26135: 26132: 26128: 26123: 26119: 26099: 26096: 26095: 26094: 26091: 26089: 26086: 26084: 26081: 26079: 26076: 26074: 26071: 26069: 26066: 26064: 26061: 26059: 26058:Discordianism 26056: 26054: 26053:Anthroposophy 26051: 26050: 26048: 26044: 26036: 26035: 26031: 26030: 26029: 26026: 26024: 26021: 26017: 26014: 26012: 26009: 26007: 26004: 26002: 26001:Mari religion 25999: 25997: 25994: 25992: 25989: 25987: 25984: 25983: 25982: 25979: 25977: 25974: 25972: 25969: 25967: 25964: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25949: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25935: 25932: 25931: 25930: 25927: 25923: 25920: 25918: 25915: 25914: 25913: 25910: 25906: 25903: 25901: 25898: 25897: 25896: 25893: 25891: 25888: 25884: 25881: 25880: 25878: 25877: 25875: 25873: 25867: 25861: 25858: 25856: 25853: 25851: 25848: 25844: 25841: 25839: 25838:Neo-Theosophy 25836: 25835: 25834: 25831: 25829: 25826: 25824: 25821: 25819: 25816: 25814: 25811: 25807: 25804: 25803: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25792: 25789: 25787: 25784: 25782: 25779: 25777: 25776:New Acropolis 25774: 25772: 25769: 25767: 25764: 25762: 25759: 25757: 25754: 25752: 25749: 25748: 25746: 25742: 25739: 25737: 25729: 25719: 25716: 25714: 25711: 25709: 25706: 25704: 25701: 25700: 25698: 25694: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25674: 25672: 25669: 25667: 25664: 25662: 25659: 25657: 25654: 25652: 25649: 25647: 25644: 25642: 25639: 25637: 25634: 25632: 25629: 25627: 25624: 25622: 25619: 25617: 25614: 25610: 25607: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25597: 25596: 25595: 25592: 25591: 25590: 25588: 25584: 25583: 25578: 25575: 25574: 25573: 25570: 25568: 25565: 25563: 25560: 25558: 25555: 25553: 25550: 25548: 25545: 25543: 25540: 25538: 25535: 25533: 25530: 25528: 25525: 25523: 25520: 25518: 25515: 25513: 25510: 25508: 25505: 25503: 25500: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25490: 25488: 25485: 25481: 25478: 25476: 25473: 25472: 25471: 25468: 25466: 25463: 25461: 25458: 25456: 25453: 25452: 25450: 25448: 25442: 25434: 25431: 25430: 25429: 25426: 25425: 25423: 25421:North African 25419: 25416: 25414: 25408: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25364: 25362: 25359: 25357: 25354: 25352: 25349: 25347: 25344: 25343: 25341: 25339: 25335: 25329: 25326: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25311: 25310: 25308: 25306: 25302: 25298: 25292: 25289: 25287: 25284: 25282: 25279: 25277: 25274: 25272: 25269: 25267: 25264: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25254: 25252: 25249: 25245: 25242: 25240: 25237: 25235: 25232: 25230: 25227: 25226: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25204:Kwakwakaʼwakw 25202: 25200: 25197: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25183: 25180: 25179: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25163: 25160: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25131: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25121: 25118: 25117: 25116: 25113: 25111: 25108: 25106: 25103: 25101: 25098: 25097: 25095: 25093: 25087: 25081: 25078: 25076: 25073: 25069: 25066: 25064: 25061: 25060: 25059: 25056: 25052: 25049: 25048: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25025: 25022: 25020: 25017: 25016: 25014: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25001: 25000: 24997: 24995: 24992: 24991: 24989: 24987: 24983: 24977: 24974: 24973: 24971: 24969: 24968:Austroasiatic 24965: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24948: 24947: 24944: 24940: 24939:Vattisen Yaly 24937: 24935: 24932: 24930: 24927: 24926: 24925: 24921: 24918: 24917: 24915: 24913: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24900: 24884: 24881: 24879: 24876: 24875: 24874: 24871: 24869: 24866: 24864: 24861: 24859: 24858:Kirat Mundhum 24856: 24854: 24851: 24847: 24844: 24842: 24839: 24838: 24837: 24834: 24832: 24829: 24827: 24824: 24823: 24821: 24817: 24811: 24810: 24806: 24804: 24801: 24797: 24794: 24793: 24792: 24789: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24771: 24767: 24764: 24763: 24762: 24759: 24757: 24754: 24753: 24751: 24749: 24745: 24739: 24738: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24709: 24707: 24704: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24661: 24660: 24657: 24653: 24650: 24648: 24645: 24643: 24640: 24638: 24635: 24633: 24630: 24628: 24625: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24610: 24609: 24608: 24605: 24604: 24602: 24600: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24587: 24577: 24574: 24572: 24569: 24567: 24564: 24562: 24559: 24557: 24554: 24553: 24551: 24549: 24545: 24539: 24536: 24534: 24531: 24529: 24526: 24525: 24523: 24521: 24517: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24494: 24493: 24489: 24488: 24487: 24484: 24483: 24481: 24479: 24475: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24459: 24458: 24457: 24454: 24450: 24447: 24445: 24442: 24441: 24440: 24437: 24435: 24432: 24430: 24427: 24425: 24422: 24420: 24417: 24416: 24414: 24412: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24390: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24362: 24360: 24356: 24350: 24347: 24345: 24342: 24340: 24337: 24335: 24332: 24331: 24329: 24327: 24323: 24317: 24314: 24312: 24309: 24307: 24304: 24303: 24301: 24299: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24286: 24276: 24273: 24271: 24268: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24248: 24246: 24243: 24242: 24240: 24236: 24230: 24229: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24218: 24217:Milah Abraham 24215: 24213: 24210: 24208: 24205: 24203: 24200: 24198: 24195: 24191: 24188: 24187: 24186: 24183: 24181: 24178: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24155: 24154: 24151: 24145: 24142: 24140: 24137: 24136: 24135: 24132: 24130: 24127: 24125: 24122: 24120: 24117: 24116: 24115: 24112: 24111: 24109: 24107: 24103: 24097: 24096: 24092: 24088: 24085: 24083: 24080: 24078: 24075: 24073: 24070: 24068: 24065: 24063: 24060: 24058: 24055: 24053: 24050: 24048: 24044: 24041: 24040: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23990: 23987: 23986: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23963: 23960: 23958: 23955: 23953: 23950: 23949: 23948: 23945: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23927: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23909: 23906: 23904: 23901: 23899: 23896: 23894: 23891: 23889: 23886: 23885: 23884: 23881: 23879: 23876: 23875: 23874: 23873:Protestantism 23871: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23858: 23855: 23854: 23853: 23850: 23846: 23843: 23841: 23838: 23837: 23836: 23833: 23831: 23828: 23824: 23821: 23820: 23819: 23816: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23803: 23802: 23799: 23798: 23796: 23794: 23790: 23784: 23783: 23779: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23767: 23764: 23762: 23759: 23757: 23754: 23752: 23749: 23747: 23744: 23738: 23735: 23734: 23733: 23730: 23726: 23723: 23722: 23721: 23718: 23717: 23716: 23713: 23712: 23710: 23708: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23695: 23692: 23690: 23686: 23682: 23678: 23673: 23669: 23665: 23658: 23653: 23651: 23646: 23644: 23639: 23638: 23635: 23623: 23615: 23613: 23605: 23604: 23601: 23593: 23590: 23589: 23588: 23585: 23583: 23580: 23578: 23575: 23571: 23568: 23567: 23566: 23565:Buddha in art 23563: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23545: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23521: 23519: 23516: 23514: 23511: 23507: 23504: 23502: 23498: 23494: 23490: 23487: 23486: 23485: 23482: 23478: 23475: 23473: 23470: 23468: 23465: 23463: 23460: 23458: 23455: 23454: 23453: 23450: 23448: 23445: 23443: 23440: 23438: 23435: 23431: 23428: 23427: 23426: 23423: 23419: 23416: 23414: 23411: 23409: 23406: 23404: 23401: 23400: 23399: 23396: 23394: 23391: 23390: 23387: 23382: 23378: 23371: 23366: 23364: 23359: 23357: 23352: 23351: 23348: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23324: 23316: 23315: 23312: 23306: 23303: 23301: 23298: 23296: 23293: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23276: 23273: 23272: 23270: 23268: 23264: 23258: 23255: 23253: 23250: 23248: 23245: 23243: 23240: 23238: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23213: 23210: 23206: 23203: 23201: 23198: 23197: 23196: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23187: 23185: 23183: 23179: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23162: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23153: 23151: 23148: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23136: 23133: 23131: 23128: 23126: 23123: 23121: 23118: 23116: 23113: 23111: 23108: 23106: 23103: 23102: 23100: 23098: 23097:Miscellaneous 23094: 23088: 23087:Vegetarianism 23085: 23083: 23080: 23076: 23073: 23071: 23068: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23052: 23051: 23048: 23046: 23043: 23041: 23038: 23036: 23033: 23031: 23028: 23024: 23021: 23019: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23009: 23006: 23004: 23001: 23000: 22999: 22996: 22994: 22991: 22989: 22986: 22982: 22979: 22978: 22977: 22974: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22964: 22962: 22959: 22955: 22952: 22950: 22947: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22937: 22935: 22932: 22931: 22930: 22927: 22925: 22922: 22920: 22917: 22915: 22912: 22910: 22909:Buddha in art 22907: 22905: 22902: 22900: 22897: 22893: 22890: 22889: 22888: 22885: 22881: 22878: 22876: 22873: 22871: 22868: 22866: 22863: 22861: 22858: 22856: 22853: 22851: 22848: 22844: 22841: 22840: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22829: 22826: 22824: 22821: 22819: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22805: 22804: 22801: 22800: 22798: 22796: 22792: 22786: 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22771: 22768: 22766: 22763: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22751: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22736: 22733: 22731: 22728: 22726: 22723: 22721: 22718: 22716: 22713: 22711: 22708: 22706: 22703: 22702: 22700: 22698: 22694: 22688: 22685: 22683: 22680: 22678: 22675: 22673: 22670: 22668: 22665: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22631: 22628: 22627: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22614: 22611: 22610: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22585: 22583: 22581: 22577: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22563:United States 22561: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22475: 22474: 22471: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22458: 22457: 22454: 22450: 22447: 22446: 22445: 22442: 22438: 22435: 22433: 22430: 22429: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22395: 22390: 22386: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22372: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22301: 22298: 22296: 22293: 22291: 22288: 22286: 22283: 22282: 22280: 22278: 22274: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22262: 22258: 22256: 22253: 22251: 22248: 22246: 22245: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22210: 22208: 22206: 22202: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22120:Padmasambhava 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22038: 22037: 22035: 22033: 22032:Major figures 22029: 22023: 22020: 22016: 22013: 22012: 22011: 22008: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21991: 21988: 21986: 21983: 21979: 21978:Western tulku 21976: 21975: 21974: 21971: 21969: 21966: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21946: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21910: 21908: 21906: 21902: 21894: 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21875: 21874: 21871: 21869: 21866: 21864: 21861: 21859: 21856: 21854: 21851: 21850: 21848: 21846: 21842: 21836: 21833: 21829: 21826: 21825: 21824: 21821: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21802: 21799: 21795: 21792: 21790: 21787: 21785: 21782: 21780: 21779:Five precepts 21777: 21776: 21775: 21772: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21757:Dhamma vicaya 21755: 21753: 21750: 21749: 21748: 21745: 21741: 21738: 21737: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21705: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21668: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21655: 21652: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21604: 21600: 21597: 21595: 21592: 21590: 21587: 21585: 21582: 21579: 21578: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21567: 21566: 21563: 21561: 21558: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21533: 21531: 21528: 21526: 21525:Buddhābhiṣeka 21523: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21500: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21485: 21483: 21481: 21477: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21425: 21424: 21421: 21417: 21414: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21365: 21362: 21361: 21360: 21357: 21356: 21355: 21352: 21351: 21349: 21347: 21343: 21337: 21334: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21301: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21291: 21289: 21287: 21283: 21277: 21274: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21256: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21169:Enlightenment 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21159:Dhamma theory 21157: 21155: 21154:Buddha-nature 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21136: 21134: 21132: 21128: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21028: 21026: 21024: 21020: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20993:Samantabhadra 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20967: 20964: 20963: 20962: 20959: 20958: 20956: 20954: 20950: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20932: 20926: 20924: 20918: 20916: 20910: 20908: 20902: 20900: 20894: 20892: 20886: 20884: 20878: 20877: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20841: 20838: 20836: 20833: 20831: 20828: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20812: 20810: 20808: 20804: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20767: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20757: 20755: 20753: 20749: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20725: 20724: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20698: 20693: 20691: 20686: 20684: 20679: 20678: 20675: 20668: 20665: 20662: 20659: 20657:, Smithsonian 20656: 20652: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20643: 20638: 20635: 20632: 20629: 20626: 20623: 20620: 20617: 20614: 20611: 20608: 20605: 20602: 20599: 20596: 20593: 20590: 20587: 20584: 20581: 20578: 20575: 20574: 20563: 20559: 20558:Zürcher, Erik 20555: 20552: 20546: 20542: 20541: 20536: 20532: 20529: 20523: 20519: 20518: 20512: 20510: 20506: 20502: 20496: 20492: 20491: 20485: 20474: 20470: 20464: 20460: 20459: 20453: 20441: 20437: 20431: 20428:. Routledge. 20427: 20426: 20420: 20408: 20404: 20398: 20395:. Routledge. 20394: 20393: 20387: 20376: 20372: 20366: 20362: 20361: 20355: 20351: 20346: 20342: 20337: 20334: 20329: 20326: 20320: 20316: 20311: 20308: 20302: 20298: 20294: 20290: 20285: 20282: 20276: 20272: 20268: 20264: 20260: 20255: 20251: 20247: 20243: 20239: 20234: 20230: 20224: 20220: 20216: 20212: 20207: 20196: 20192: 20186: 20182: 20181: 20175: 20168: 20164: 20158: 20154: 20147: 20146: 20140: 20136: 20131: 20128: 20122: 20118: 20113: 20106: 20102: 20096: 20089: 20088: 20083: 20079: 20075: 20070: 20066: 20060: 20056: 20052: 20047: 20036: 20032: 20028: 20024: 20020: 20016: 20012: 20008: 20003: 19997: 19994: 19988: 19984: 19979: 19976: 19970: 19967:, Routledge, 19966: 19961: 19949: 19946:(1): 93–108. 19945: 19941: 19937: 19932: 19925: 19921: 19917: 19910: 19905: 19894: 19890: 19886: 19882: 19877: 19874: 19868: 19864: 19859: 19855: 19851: 19847: 19843: 19839: 19835: 19832: 19826: 19822: 19821: 19815: 19811: 19807: 19803: 19800: 19794: 19790: 19789: 19783: 19779: 19773: 19769: 19768: 19762: 19759: 19753: 19749: 19748: 19742: 19739: 19733: 19729: 19724: 19713: 19709: 19708: 19703: 19699: 19696: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19678: 19674: 19669: 19658: 19654: 19648: 19644: 19643: 19638: 19634: 19630: 19625: 19621: 19615: 19611: 19610: 19604: 19600: 19594: 19590: 19585: 19575: 19569: 19565: 19564: 19559: 19555: 19545: 19539: 19535: 19534: 19528: 19524: 19519: 19515: 19511: 19507: 19503: 19498: 19495: 19489: 19485: 19480: 19473: 19472: 19467: 19463: 19460: 19454: 19450: 19445: 19441: 19437: 19433: 19430: 19424: 19421:, Continuum, 19420: 19415: 19404: 19400: 19394: 19391:, McFarland, 19390: 19389: 19383: 19379: 19374: 19370: 19365: 19361: 19357: 19356:Lusthaus, Dan 19353: 19349: 19344: 19340: 19335: 19332: 19326: 19322: 19321: 19316: 19312: 19308: 19303: 19300: 19294: 19290: 19286: 19281: 19277: 19272: 19268: 19263: 19251: 19247: 19241: 19237: 19236: 19230: 19226: 19221: 19217: 19211: 19207: 19202: 19198: 19193: 19189: 19184: 19172: 19168: 19162: 19159:. Routledge. 19158: 19157: 19151: 19148: 19142: 19138: 19133: 19130: 19124: 19120: 19115: 19112: 19106: 19102: 19097: 19094: 19088: 19084: 19079: 19075: 19071: 19070:Keown, Damien 19067: 19060: 19056: 19052: 19045: 19040: 19029: 19025: 19019: 19015: 19014: 19008: 19004: 19000: 18996: 18995:Jong, J.W. de 18992: 18985: 18978: 18977: 18971: 18968: 18962: 18958: 18954: 18950: 18939: 18935: 18931: 18927: 18923: 18918: 18912: 18901: 18897: 18891: 18887: 18886: 18880: 18869: 18865: 18859: 18855: 18854: 18848: 18845: 18839: 18835: 18830: 18826: 18821: 18817: 18812: 18800: 18796: 18790: 18786: 18785: 18779: 18765: 18761: 18755: 18748: 18747: 18741: 18738: 18732: 18727: 18726: 18719: 18715: 18710: 18707: 18701: 18698:, Routledge, 18697: 18692: 18688: 18683: 18671: 18667: 18661: 18658:. Routledge. 18657: 18656: 18650: 18639: 18635: 18634: 18628: 18624: 18618: 18614: 18609: 18605: 18600: 18596: 18591: 18588: 18582: 18578: 18574: 18570: 18567: 18561: 18557: 18552: 18548: 18544: 18540: 18537: 18531: 18527: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18510: 18506: 18505: 18500: 18496: 18493: 18489: 18486:(2): 97–120, 18485: 18481: 18476: 18464: 18460: 18454: 18450: 18449: 18443: 18439: 18434: 18431: 18425: 18421: 18416: 18409: 18405: 18399: 18392: 18391: 18385: 18381: 18376: 18373: 18367: 18363: 18358: 18354: 18348: 18344: 18339: 18336: 18330: 18326: 18321: 18318: 18304: 18299: 18295: 18291: 18287: 18283: 18279: 18275: 18274:Cousins, L.S. 18271: 18260: 18256: 18250: 18246: 18245: 18240: 18236: 18225: 18221: 18215: 18212:, Routledge, 18211: 18210: 18204: 18192: 18188: 18182: 18178: 18177: 18171: 18160: 18156: 18150: 18146: 18145: 18140: 18136: 18125: 18121: 18115: 18111: 18110: 18104: 18100: 18095: 18091: 18086: 18083: 18077: 18073: 18068: 18065: 18059: 18055: 18051: 18047: 18043: 18038: 18034: 18029: 18018: 18014: 18010: 18006: 18001: 17989: 17985: 17979: 17975: 17974: 17968: 17964: 17958: 17954: 17953: 17947: 17936: 17932: 17928: 17924: 17919: 17915: 17911: 17907: 17904: 17902:9789552401169 17898: 17894: 17890: 17889: 17884: 17880: 17876: 17870: 17866: 17861: 17858: 17852: 17848: 17844: 17840: 17836: 17834:9781400866328 17830: 17826: 17819: 17818: 17812: 17809: 17803: 17799: 17795: 17791: 17787: 17782: 17778: 17773: 17769: 17764: 17760: 17756: 17755:Ajahn Sucitto 17752: 17751: 17747:Cited sources 17730: 17726: 17720: 17704: 17700: 17699:teara.govt.nz 17696: 17689: 17670: 17666: 17659: 17653: 17637: 17633: 17629: 17623: 17621: 17604: 17600: 17594: 17592: 17575: 17571: 17565: 17549: 17545: 17541: 17534: 17518: 17514: 17508: 17492: 17488: 17482: 17474: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17456: 17452: 17448: 17441: 17425: 17421: 17417: 17411: 17395: 17391: 17390:Lonely Planet 17387: 17380: 17364: 17360: 17356: 17350: 17343: 17339: 17336: 17331: 17324: 17323:Harvey (2013) 17319: 17312: 17307: 17300: 17299:0-06-090175-6 17296: 17292: 17288: 17284: 17279: 17272: 17266: 17259: 17258:0-7868-8654-4 17255: 17251: 17245: 17238: 17237:0-8264-0673-4 17234: 17230: 17224: 17216: 17214:1-59102-040-9 17210: 17206: 17202: 17198: 17191: 17184: 17179: 17171: 17164: 17157: 17151: 17145: 17139: 17132: 17127: 17112: 17111: 17106: 17099: 17084: 17080: 17073: 17063: 17060: 17057: 17054: 17051: 17048: 17047: 17043: 17035: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17017: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16999: 16995: 16991: 16984: 16978:, p. 22. 16977: 16972: 16957: 16953: 16947: 16945: 16936: 16932: 16928: 16924: 16920: 16916: 16909: 16901: 16895: 16891: 16884: 16868: 16864: 16860: 16853: 16837: 16833: 16827: 16823: 16822: 16814: 16805: 16800: 16796: 16789: 16773: 16769: 16765: 16758: 16742: 16738: 16734: 16727: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16696: 16680: 16676: 16670: 16666: 16665: 16657: 16641: 16637: 16631: 16627: 16626: 16618: 16611: 16606: 16599: 16598:Harvey (2013) 16594: 16578: 16574: 16568: 16564: 16563: 16555: 16548: 16543: 16527: 16523: 16517: 16513: 16512: 16504: 16502: 16492: 16487: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16468: 16466: 16458: 16453: 16447:, p. 25. 16446: 16441: 16433: 16429: 16425: 16421: 16417: 16413: 16406: 16399: 16398:Pavāra (2009) 16394: 16387: 16382: 16376:, p. 68. 16375: 16374:Tamney (1998) 16370: 16364:, p. 42. 16363: 16358: 16350: 16344: 16340: 16339: 16331: 16325:, p. 65. 16324: 16323:Fowler (1999) 16319: 16312: 16307: 16300: 16299:Gowans (2014) 16295: 16288: 16283: 16276: 16271: 16265:, p. ix. 16264: 16259: 16252: 16246: 16238: 16232: 16225: 16221: 16218: 16213: 16206: 16202: 16199: 16195: 16191: 16188: 16183: 16167: 16163: 16159: 16153: 16144: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16127: 16120: 16113: 16112:Harvey (2013) 16108: 16101: 16100:Harvey (2013) 16096: 16089: 16088:Harvey (2013) 16084: 16077: 16076:Harvey (2013) 16072: 16065: 16059: 16052: 16046: 16039: 16034: 16028:, p. 55. 16027: 16022: 16016:, p. 34. 16015: 16010: 16004:, p. 53. 16003: 15998: 15992:, p. 68. 15991: 15986: 15979: 15973: 15966: 15960: 15953: 15948: 15946: 15929: 15925: 15921: 15917: 15913: 15909: 15905: 15900: 15892: 15884: 15878: 15874: 15873: 15865: 15857: 15851: 15847: 15846: 15838: 15830: 15824: 15820: 15816: 15815: 15807: 15799: 15793: 15789: 15788: 15780: 15773: 15768: 15761: 15756: 15749: 15748:Gethin (1998) 15744: 15728: 15724: 15720: 15714: 15707: 15702: 15696:, p. 12. 15695: 15690: 15683:(1): 115–181. 15682: 15678: 15671: 15663: 15656: 15649: 15644: 15635: 15628: 15625: 15619: 15612: 15606: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15583: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15561: 15556: 15549: 15544: 15537: 15532: 15525: 15520: 15514: 15510: 15506: 15500: 15493: 15492:Warder (2000) 15488: 15469: 15465: 15461: 15457: 15453: 15446: 15442: 15436: 15429: 15425: 15419: 15412: 15408: 15404: 15398: 15391: 15386: 15379: 15378:Gethin (1998) 15374: 15366: 15360: 15356: 15355: 15347: 15345: 15336: 15330: 15326: 15325: 15317: 15311:, p. 16. 15310: 15305: 15298: 15297:Gethin (2008) 15293: 15285: 15279: 15275: 15274: 15266: 15259: 15258:Gethin (1998) 15254: 15246: 15240: 15236: 15235: 15227: 15225: 15223: 15221: 15219: 15211: 15210:Harvey (2000) 15206: 15199: 15198:1-59056-069-8 15195: 15191: 15185: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15167: 15160: 15159:1-59056-069-8 15156: 15152: 15146: 15139: 15138:Harvey (2000) 15134: 15127: 15126:Harvey (2000) 15122: 15115: 15114:Harvey (2013) 15110: 15103: 15102:Harvey (2013) 15098: 15091: 15090:Harvey (2013) 15086: 15079: 15074: 15067: 15066:Harvey (1998) 15062: 15055: 15054:Harvey (2013) 15050: 15044:, p. 59. 15043: 15038: 15031: 15026: 15019: 15018:Gethin (1998) 15014: 15007: 15003: 14989: 14985: 14979: 14975: 14974: 14966: 14959: 14958:Fowler (1999) 14954: 14947: 14942: 14936:, p. 74. 14935: 14930: 14924:, p. 58. 14923: 14918: 14916: 14908: 14903: 14896: 14890: 14883: 14882:Powers (2007) 14878: 14871: 14866: 14858: 14852: 14848: 14847: 14839: 14833:, p. 87. 14832: 14827: 14820: 14819:Fowler (1999) 14815: 14813: 14811: 14809: 14800: 14794: 14790: 14789: 14781: 14773: 14767: 14763: 14762: 14754: 14747: 14746:Harvey (2013) 14742: 14740: 14738: 14736: 14728: 14723: 14716: 14715:Gethin (2001) 14711: 14704: 14700: 14697: 14691: 14689: 14681: 14675: 14668: 14663: 14656: 14651: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14621: 14614: 14609: 14602: 14597: 14590: 14586: 14581: 14573: 14567: 14563: 14562: 14554: 14546: 14540: 14536: 14535: 14527: 14519: 14513: 14509: 14508: 14500: 14493: 14488: 14481: 14476: 14469: 14464: 14458:, p. 29. 14457: 14456:Norman (1997) 14452: 14445: 14440: 14434:, p. 88. 14433: 14428: 14421: 14416: 14409: 14404: 14398:, p. 99. 14397: 14392: 14384: 14377: 14370: 14366: 14360: 14353: 14348: 14341: 14336: 14329: 14328:Miller (1996) 14324: 14318:, p. 44. 14317: 14312: 14306:, p. 30. 14305: 14300: 14298: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14269: 14262: 14255: 14250: 14243: 14237: 14231:, p. 50. 14230: 14225: 14219: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14201: 14194: 14188: 14186: 14178: 14172: 14165: 14159: 14150: 14143: 14138: 14132:, p. 89. 14131: 14130:Harvey (2000) 14126: 14119: 14118:Harvey (1998) 14114: 14107: 14102: 14095: 14089: 14080: 14078: 14068: 14066: 14058: 14053: 14046: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14030:, p. 93. 14029: 14024: 14017: 14012: 14010: 14002: 13997: 13990: 13985: 13979:, p. 80. 13978: 13977:Harvey (2000) 13973: 13971: 13963: 13958: 13951: 13946: 13939: 13934: 13927: 13926:Harvey (2000) 13922: 13915: 13910: 13904:, p. 77. 13903: 13902:Harvey (2000) 13898: 13892:, p. 76. 13891: 13890:Harvey (2000) 13886: 13880:, p. 75. 13879: 13878:Harvey (2000) 13874: 13867: 13866:Harvey (2000) 13862: 13856:, p. 70. 13855: 13854:Harvey (2000) 13850: 13844:, p. 69. 13843: 13842:Harvey (2000) 13838: 13832:, p. 67. 13831: 13830:Harvey (2000) 13826: 13818: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13803: 13795: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13768: 13761: 13756: 13749: 13744: 13742: 13734: 13733:Harvey (2013) 13729: 13722: 13721:Shults (2014) 13717: 13710: 13709:Harvey (2013) 13705: 13703: 13694: 13688: 13679: 13671: 13665: 13661: 13660: 13652: 13646:, p. 83. 13645: 13644:Harvey (2013) 13640: 13638: 13620: 13616: 13610: 13606: 13605: 13597: 13590: 13589:Harvey (2013) 13585: 13579:, p. 12. 13578: 13577:Vetter (1988) 13573: 13565: 13559: 13555: 13550: 13549: 13540: 13532: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13517: 13509: 13502: 13501:Gowans (2013) 13497: 13495: 13487: 13486:Harvey (2013) 13482: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13468: 13463: 13456: 13455:Harvey (2013) 13451: 13449: 13447: 13439: 13438:Vetter (1988) 13434: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13417:, p. 52. 13416: 13411: 13404: 13399: 13392: 13391:Harvey (2016) 13387: 13380: 13375: 13368: 13367:Gethin (1998) 13363: 13356: 13351: 13344: 13343:Gethin (2001) 13339: 13332: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13314: 13308: 13301: 13297: 13292: 13286:, p. 72. 13285: 13284:Harvey (2013) 13280: 13273: 13268: 13261: 13260:Harvey (2013) 13256: 13250:, p. 96. 13249: 13244: 13237: 13232: 13225: 13219: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13192: 13191:Fowler (1999) 13187: 13180: 13175: 13168: 13162: 13155: 13150: 13143: 13138: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13107: 13100: 13094: 13085: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13049:, p. 86. 13048: 13047:Gethin (1998) 13043: 13037:, p. 92. 13036: 13035:Gethin (1998) 13031: 13024: 13023:Gethin (1998) 13019: 13013:, p. 88. 13012: 13011:Harvey (2013) 13007: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12989: 12983: 12977:, p. 31. 12976: 12975:Harvey (2013) 12971: 12964: 12963:Harvey (2013) 12959: 12953:, p. 27. 12952: 12947: 12945: 12937: 12936:Harvey (2013) 12932: 12926:, p. 21. 12925: 12920: 12913: 12912:Harvey (2013) 12908: 12901: 12895: 12888: 12887:Harvey (2013) 12883: 12881: 12873: 12868: 12861: 12855: 12848: 12845:Shi Huifeng, 12842: 12835: 12829: 12823:, p. 47. 12822: 12817: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12801:Harvey (1998) 12797: 12790: 12785: 12778: 12777:Harvey (2013) 12773: 12766: 12765:Gethin (1998) 12761: 12753: 12747: 12743: 12742: 12734: 12726: 12720: 12716: 12715: 12707: 12699: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12680: 12673: 12672:Gethin (1998) 12668: 12659: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12640: 12632: 12628: 12623: 12617: 12616:0-19-213965-7 12613: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12592:, p. 54. 12591: 12590:Harvey (1998) 12586: 12579: 12578:Fowler (1999) 12574: 12567: 12566:Gowans (2004) 12562: 12556:, p. 62. 12555: 12550: 12543: 12542:Coogan (2003) 12538: 12531: 12530:Gethin (1998) 12526: 12519: 12518:Harvey (2013) 12514: 12506: 12500: 12496: 12495: 12487: 12479: 12473: 12469: 12468: 12460: 12444: 12440: 12434: 12430: 12429: 12421: 12405: 12401: 12395: 12391: 12390: 12382: 12375: 12370: 12363: 12358: 12350: 12344: 12340: 12339: 12331: 12315: 12311: 12305: 12301: 12300: 12292: 12276: 12272: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12253: 12237: 12233: 12227: 12223: 12222: 12214: 12198: 12194: 12188: 12184: 12183: 12175: 12166: 12160: 12156: 12155: 12147: 12141:, p. 66. 12140: 12135: 12128: 12123: 12115: 12109: 12105: 12104: 12096: 12089: 12088:Fuller (2005) 12084: 12077: 12076:Choong (2000) 12072: 12065: 12060: 12053: 12048: 12041: 12036: 12034: 12026: 12025:Samuel (2008) 12021: 12013: 12007: 12003: 12002: 11994: 11986: 11980: 11976: 11975: 11967: 11960: 11959:Harvey (2013) 11955: 11948: 11943: 11941: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11901: 11899: 11891: 11886: 11870: 11866: 11860: 11856: 11855: 11847: 11840: 11835: 11827: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11808: 11801: 11796: 11790:, p. 40. 11789: 11788:Harvey (2013) 11784: 11777: 11772: 11765: 11764:Harvey (2013) 11760: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11744: 11739: 11732: 11731:Harvey (2013) 11727: 11711: 11707: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11688: 11681: 11676: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11646: 11645: 11637: 11635: 11627: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11608: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11561: 11557: 11551: 11547: 11546: 11538: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11507: 11499: 11492: 11487: 11480: 11479:Rahula (2014) 11475: 11468: 11464: 11463:Choong (1999) 11459: 11452: 11447: 11440: 11435: 11428: 11427:Gethin (1998) 11423: 11416: 11415:raison d'être 11412: 11407: 11400: 11395: 11388: 11383: 11376: 11375:Wilson (2010) 11371: 11369: 11361: 11356: 11349: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11332: 11327: 11319: 11313: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11266: 11265: 11264:Pali Buddhism 11257: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11218: 11201: 11197: 11191: 11187: 11186: 11178: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11102: 11098: 11091: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11063: 11062: 11054: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11035: 11028: 11023: 11016: 11011: 11007: 11001: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10959: 10950: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10930:Cœdès, George 10926: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10898: 10893: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10854: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10811: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10792: 10784: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10761: 10754: 10749: 10742: 10741:Harvey (2013) 10737: 10728: 10719: 10710: 10701: 10694: 10688: 10681: 10680:0-231-12138-5 10677: 10673: 10667: 10661:, p. 30. 10660: 10655: 10646: 10640:, p. 23. 10639: 10634: 10627: 10622: 10615: 10610: 10603: 10598: 10589: 10580: 10571: 10562: 10552: 10543: 10536: 10530: 10523: 10517: 10510: 10509:Warder (2000) 10505: 10498: 10493: 10486: 10481: 10474: 10468: 10461: 10455: 10449:, p. 97. 10448: 10443: 10436: 10431: 10424: 10419: 10412: 10411:Warder (2000) 10407: 10400: 10395: 10388: 10383: 10376: 10371: 10369: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10346: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10273: 10267: 10260: 10255: 10239: 10235: 10229: 10225: 10224: 10216: 10207: 10205: 10197: 10191: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10172: 10164: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10134: 10133: 10125: 10118: 10113: 10106: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10082: 10076: 10069: 10068:Harvey (2013) 10064: 10057: 10056:Harvey (2013) 10052: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10022: 10021: 10013: 10006: 10005:Harvey (1998) 10001: 9995: 9991: 9985: 9978: 9972: 9965: 9964:Harvey (2013) 9960: 9953: 9948: 9941: 9940:Harvey (2013) 9936: 9929: 9924: 9917: 9916:Vetter (1988) 9912: 9905: 9900: 9894:, p. 14. 9893: 9888: 9881: 9876: 9869: 9864: 9857: 9852: 9845: 9840: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9796: 9789: 9783: 9777:, p. 34. 9776: 9771: 9764: 9759: 9753:, p. 25. 9752: 9747: 9745: 9737: 9732: 9725: 9720: 9713: 9712:Warder (2000) 9708: 9701: 9696: 9694: 9686: 9681: 9679: 9671: 9666: 9664: 9656: 9655:Norman (1992) 9651: 9644: 9643:Vetter (1988) 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9625: 9620: 9618: 9610: 9609:Vetter (1988) 9605: 9598: 9597:Warder (2000) 9593: 9591: 9584:, p. ix. 9583: 9582:Vetter (1988) 9578: 9576: 9568: 9567:Harvey (1998) 9563: 9556: 9555:Gethin (2008) 9551: 9544: 9539: 9529: 9522: 9517: 9509: 9507:9780199644650 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9457: 9455: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9418: 9417:Shults (2014) 9413: 9406: 9405:Shults (2014) 9401: 9394: 9393:Shults (2014) 9389: 9383:, pp. 226–227 9382: 9378: 9372: 9365: 9364:Samuel (2010) 9360: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9297: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9276: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9257: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9230: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9200: 9191: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9172: 9165: 9160: 9152: 9148: 9141: 9139: 9131: 9126: 9118: 9112: 9108: 9107: 9099: 9093:, p. xv. 9092: 9091:Gethin (2008) 9087: 9080: 9079:Gethin (1998) 9075: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9048: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9008: 9004: 8998: 8994: 8993: 8985: 8978: 8977:Gethin (1998) 8973: 8966: 8961: 8954: 8949: 8933: 8929: 8927:9789811580673 8923: 8919: 8918: 8910: 8903: 8897: 8895: 8887: 8882: 8875: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8840: 8839: 8831: 8824: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8738:, p. 50. 8737: 8732: 8724: 8718: 8714: 8713: 8705: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8673: 8667: 8663: 8662: 8654: 8648:, p. 49. 8647: 8642: 8640: 8632: 8627: 8621:, p. 10. 8620: 8615: 8609:, p. 16. 8608: 8603: 8596: 8591: 8584: 8579: 8577: 8569: 8568:Gethin (1998) 8564: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8544:Gethin (1998) 8540: 8538: 8530: 8529:0-415-54444-0 8526: 8522: 8517: 8510: 8504: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8483:0-415-54444-0 8480: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8452: 8451:Gethin (1998) 8447: 8440: 8436: 8435:Richard Foltz 8431: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8404: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8377: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8347: 8346: 8338: 8329: 8322: 8321:Powers (2007) 8317: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8289: 8288: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8247: 8240: 8239:Powers (2007) 8235: 8229:, p. 99. 8228: 8227:Harvey (2013) 8223: 8216: 8215:Gethin (1998) 8211: 8205:, p. xx. 8204: 8199: 8192: 8187: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8136: 8128: 8123: 8121: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8060:, p. 36. 8059: 8054: 8048:, p. 30. 8047: 8042: 8035: 8030: 8023: 8018: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7892: 7887: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7832: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7810: 7803: 7802:0-02-865740-3 7799: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7762: 7754: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7721: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7648: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7615:Harvey (1998) 7611: 7604: 7600: 7597:Many ancient 7594: 7587: 7581: 7574: 7568: 7561: 7555: 7545: 7538: 7532: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7476: 7467: 7460: 7459: 7452: 7443: 7434: 7425: 7416: 7406: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7392: 7385: 7375: 7365: 7355: 7348: 7347:Dharmaguptaka 7344: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7282: 7275: 7269: 7262: 7256: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7243:Sarvāstivādin 7240: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7186:Vegetarianism 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7027: 7024: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6999:North Savonia 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6983:neo-Buddhists 6979: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6704:Potala Palace 6700: 6695: 6685: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6639:psychotherapy 6636: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6551:Thai Buddhism 6548: 6547:Chulalongkorn 6544: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6523:B.R. Ambedkar 6519: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6465: 6456: 6445: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6392:St Petersburg 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6272: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6063: 6054: 6043: 6034: 6023: 6014: 5999: 5986: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841:transgressive 5838: 5834: 5831:, worship of 5830: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5786:Tantric texts 5783: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5662:monastic rule 5659: 5658: 5657:Vinaya Pitaka 5653: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5572: 5567: 5557: 5554: 5553:Tibetan canon 5550: 5546: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140:Brahma-vihara 5136: 5134: 5128: 5121: 5120:Brahma-vihara 5115: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5064:(SN 35.245). 5063: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4841:Meditation – 4838: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4811:Satipaṭṭhānas 4806: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4786:"mindfulness" 4777: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4651:Vinaya Pitaka 4647: 4643: 4634: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4520:Five precepts 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4314: 4310: 4308: 4307:sammā samādhi 4303: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4289: 4286:samyag smṛti, 4284: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4192:Moral virtues 4190: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4152:samyag dṛṣṭi, 4150: 4147: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4086: 4080: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4059:Tevijja Sutta 4055: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3985:(meditation, 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3877:Buddha-nature 3874: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3732: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3662:), coreless ( 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3608: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3589:Consciousness 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3573:Consciousness 3571: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3419: 3411: 3409: 3404: 3403:consciousness 3397: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3336: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3286:pañca khandha 3283: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3251:(birth), and 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3121: 3119: 3118:sammā-vimutti 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:sentient life 2907: 2906:Uttar Pradesh 2903: 2898: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2839: 2826: 2825:Wheel of Life 2822: 2819: 2814: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2676:is caused by 2675: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2609:in Sanskrit, 2608: 2604: 2601:in Japanese, 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2565:Ram Khamhaeng 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2499:Chinese canon 2496: 2492: 2488: 2487:Chan Buddhism 2484: 2480: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2430:Kushan Empire 2427: 2423: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Kumaragupta I 2204: 2199: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2152:Guimet Museum 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091:Dharmaguptaka 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2070:Kushan empire 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2029: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1921:Mahāsāṃghikas 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1748:According to 1745: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612:Paccekabuddha 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1551: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1505:final nirvana 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:Uttar Pradesh 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1303: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1246:who lived in 1245: 1240: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1008:extinguishing 995: 994: 984:Great Vehicle 972: 952: 948: 943: 942: 936: 932: 929: 928: 922: 921:monastic vows 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857: 852: 847: 845: 840: 839: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:Buddha Dharma 793: 792: 783: 762: 756: 755: 746: 716: 705: 700: 698: 693: 691: 686: 685: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 666: 665: 664: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 550: 545: 544: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 490: 485: 484: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 445: 440: 439: 432: 431:Vegetarianism 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 386:Recollections 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 356:Five precepts 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 340: 335: 334: 327: 324: 322: 321:Chinese canon 319: 317: 316:Tibetan canon 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 280: 275: 274: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 205: 202: 201: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 185: 182: 180: 177: 176: 172: 171: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 122: 117: 116: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 96: 95: 91: 87: 86: 83: 80: 79: 75: 71: 70: 64: 60: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 35: 34: 19: 27935:Turkmenistan 27895:Saudi Arabia 27640:South Africa 27630:Sierra Leone 27435:Burkina Faso 27344:Names of God 27291:Unaffiliated 27246:Antireligion 27107:Universalism 27055:Assimilation 26920:Anthropology 26795:Supernatural 26790:Spirituality 26758:Sacred space 26746:Purification 26619:Denomination 26573: / 26403:Paleo-Balkan 26369:Mesopotamian 26209:Cook Islands 26180:Old Prussian 26093:UFO religion 26032: 26028:Zalmoxianism 25956:Neoshamanism 25813:Spiritualism 25696:Other ethnic 25585: 25411:Traditional 25371:Bongthingism 25224:Mesoamerican 24986:Austronesian 24807: 24803:Neo-Buddhism 24747: 24735: 24731:Neo-Hinduism 24652:Swaminarayan 24490: 24439:Salvationist 24424:Confucianism 24275:Samaritanism 24245:Ali-Illahism 24226: 24093: 24087:Unitarianism 24028:Old Catholic 23835:Nestorianism 23793:Christianity 23780: 23746:Conservative 23392: 23275:Bodhisattvas 23195:Christianity 23190:Baháʼí Faith 23055:Dharmachakra 23045:Prayer wheel 23035:Prayer beads 22803:Architecture 22682:969 Movement 22466:Saudi Arabia 22444:Central Asia 22437:South Africa 22259: 22242: 22175:Panchen Lama 22080:Buddhapālita 21676:Satipatthana 21671:Mindful Yoga 21584:Recollection 21498:Brahmavihara 21369:Japanese Zen 21364:Chinese Chan 21324:Animal realm 21131:Key concepts 20953:Bodhisattvas 20765:Three Jewels 20709: 20648:Buddhist Art 20640: 20561: 20539: 20516: 20489: 20477:, retrieved 20457: 20444:. Retrieved 20424: 20411:. Retrieved 20391: 20379:, retrieved 20359: 20349: 20340: 20332: 20314: 20288: 20270: 20258: 20249: 20246:Warder, A.K. 20237: 20210: 20199:, retrieved 20179: 20144: 20134: 20116: 20086: 20073: 20050: 20038:. Retrieved 20010: 20006: 19982: 19964: 19952:. Retrieved 19943: 19939: 19924:the original 19919: 19915: 19897:, retrieved 19888: 19884: 19862: 19853: 19841: 19819: 19809: 19787: 19766: 19746: 19727: 19716:, retrieved 19706: 19676: 19672: 19661:, retrieved 19641: 19608: 19588: 19577:, retrieved 19562: 19547:, retrieved 19536:, Springer, 19532: 19522: 19513: 19510:Norman, K.R. 19501: 19483: 19470: 19448: 19439: 19418: 19407:, retrieved 19387: 19377: 19368: 19359: 19347: 19338: 19319: 19306: 19284: 19275: 19269:. Routledge. 19266: 19254:. Retrieved 19234: 19224: 19205: 19196: 19175:. Retrieved 19155: 19136: 19118: 19100: 19082: 19073: 19059:the original 19054: 19050: 19032:, retrieved 19012: 19002: 18998: 18984:the original 18975: 18956: 18942:, retrieved 18925: 18921: 18904:, retrieved 18884: 18872:, retrieved 18852: 18833: 18824: 18815: 18803:. Retrieved 18783: 18771:, retrieved 18764:the original 18745: 18724: 18713: 18695: 18674:. Retrieved 18654: 18642:, retrieved 18632: 18612: 18594: 18576: 18555: 18546: 18525: 18503: 18483: 18479: 18467:. Retrieved 18447: 18437: 18419: 18408:the original 18389: 18379: 18361: 18342: 18324: 18316: 18308:, retrieved 18303:the original 18281: 18263:, retrieved 18243: 18228:, retrieved 18208: 18195:. Retrieved 18175: 18163:, retrieved 18143: 18128:, retrieved 18108: 18098: 18089: 18071: 18053: 18041: 18032: 18021:, retrieved 18012: 18008: 17992:. Retrieved 17972: 17951: 17939:, retrieved 17930: 17926: 17913: 17887: 17864: 17846: 17816: 17797: 17785: 17776: 17767: 17758: 17733:. Retrieved 17719: 17707:. Retrieved 17698: 17688: 17676:. Retrieved 17664: 17652: 17640:. Retrieved 17631: 17607:. Retrieved 17578:. Retrieved 17574:the original 17564: 17552:. Retrieved 17548:the original 17543: 17533: 17521:. Retrieved 17517:the original 17507: 17495:. Retrieved 17481: 17457:(1): 24–42. 17454: 17450: 17440: 17428:. Retrieved 17419: 17410: 17398:. Retrieved 17389: 17379: 17367:. Retrieved 17358: 17349: 17330: 17325:, p. 5. 17318: 17306: 17290: 17287:D. T. Suzuki 17283:Fromm, Erich 17278: 17270: 17265: 17249: 17244: 17228: 17223: 17200: 17190: 17178: 17169: 17163: 17155: 17150: 17138: 17126: 17114:. Retrieved 17108: 17098: 17086:. Retrieved 17082: 17072: 17056:Stewart 2018 17042: 16997: 16993: 16983: 16971: 16959:. Retrieved 16955: 16918: 16914: 16908: 16892:. ABC-CLIO. 16889: 16883: 16871:. Retrieved 16862: 16852: 16840:. Retrieved 16820: 16813: 16804:the original 16798: 16788: 16776:. Retrieved 16767: 16757: 16745:. Retrieved 16736: 16726: 16714:. Retrieved 16706:The Atlantic 16705: 16695: 16683:. Retrieved 16663: 16656: 16644:. Retrieved 16624: 16617: 16605: 16593: 16581:. Retrieved 16561: 16554: 16542: 16530:. Retrieved 16510: 16481: 16477: 16457:Queen (2013) 16452: 16440: 16415: 16411: 16405: 16393: 16381: 16369: 16357: 16337: 16330: 16318: 16311:Keown (2009) 16306: 16294: 16282: 16275:Hayes (2013) 16270: 16263:Konik (2009) 16258: 16250: 16245: 16236: 16231: 16212: 16182: 16170:. Retrieved 16161: 16152: 16133: 16129: 16119: 16107: 16095: 16083: 16071: 16063: 16058: 16050: 16045: 16033: 16021: 16009: 15997: 15985: 15977: 15972: 15964: 15959: 15932:. Retrieved 15907: 15903: 15891: 15871: 15864: 15844: 15837: 15813: 15806: 15786: 15779: 15767: 15755: 15743: 15731:. Retrieved 15727:the original 15722: 15713: 15706:Smith (2006) 15701: 15694:Keown (1996) 15689: 15680: 15676: 15670: 15661: 15655: 15650:, chapter 7. 15643: 15634: 15627:in East Asia 15626: 15623: 15618: 15610: 15605: 15590: 15582: 15563: 15560:Nattier, Jan 15555: 15543: 15535: 15531: 15519: 15504: 15499: 15487: 15475:. Retrieved 15455: 15451: 15435: 15427: 15423: 15418: 15402: 15397: 15385: 15373: 15353: 15323: 15316: 15309:Eliot (1935) 15304: 15292: 15272: 15265: 15253: 15233: 15205: 15189: 15184: 15166: 15150: 15145: 15133: 15121: 15109: 15097: 15085: 15073: 15061: 15049: 15037: 15025: 15013: 15005: 15001: 14992:. Retrieved 14972: 14965: 14953: 14946:Conze (2013) 14941: 14929: 14902: 14894: 14889: 14877: 14865: 14845: 14838: 14826: 14787: 14780: 14760: 14753: 14722: 14710: 14679: 14674: 14667:Bodhi (2005) 14662: 14655:Keown (1996) 14650: 14638:. Retrieved 14629: 14620: 14613:Welch (1967) 14608: 14601:Bodhi (2000) 14596: 14588: 14585:Bodhi (2005) 14580: 14560: 14553: 14533: 14526: 14506: 14499: 14487: 14475: 14463: 14451: 14439: 14427: 14415: 14408:Wynne (2007) 14403: 14391: 14382: 14376: 14359: 14347: 14335: 14330:, p. 8. 14323: 14311: 14271: 14267: 14261: 14249: 14241: 14236: 14224: 14209: 14205: 14200: 14192: 14176: 14171: 14163: 14158: 14149: 14137: 14125: 14113: 14101: 14093: 14088: 14052: 14023: 13996: 13984: 13957: 13945: 13933: 13921: 13914:Keown (2013) 13909: 13897: 13885: 13873: 13861: 13849: 13837: 13825: 13801: 13794: 13777: 13767: 13755: 13728: 13716: 13692: 13687: 13678: 13658: 13651: 13623:. Retrieved 13603: 13596: 13584: 13572: 13547: 13539: 13515: 13508: 13467:Bodhi (2010) 13462: 13410: 13403:Bodhi (2010) 13398: 13386: 13374: 13362: 13350: 13338: 13330: 13312: 13307: 13299: 13291: 13279: 13272:Keown (1996) 13267: 13255: 13243: 13231: 13223: 13218: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13194: 13186: 13174: 13167:Uttaratantra 13166: 13161: 13149: 13137: 13125:. Retrieved 13116: 13113:"Vasubandhu" 13106: 13098: 13093: 13084: 13072:. Retrieved 13063: 13054: 13042: 13030: 13018: 13006: 12998: 12982: 12970: 12958: 12931: 12919: 12907: 12899: 12894: 12867: 12859: 12854: 12846: 12841: 12833: 12828: 12816: 12808: 12804: 12796: 12784: 12772: 12760: 12740: 12733: 12713: 12706: 12686: 12679: 12667: 12646: 12639: 12634:conditions.. 12630: 12622: 12605: 12597: 12585: 12573: 12561: 12549: 12537: 12525: 12513: 12493: 12486: 12466: 12459: 12447:. Retrieved 12427: 12420: 12408:. Retrieved 12388: 12381: 12369: 12357: 12337: 12330: 12318:. Retrieved 12298: 12291: 12279:. Retrieved 12259: 12252: 12240:. Retrieved 12220: 12213: 12201:. Retrieved 12181: 12174: 12153: 12146: 12134: 12129:, p. 9. 12122: 12102: 12095: 12083: 12071: 12059: 12047: 12020: 12000: 11993: 11973: 11966: 11954: 11947:Spiro (1982) 11927:. Retrieved 11907: 11890:Lopez (2001) 11885: 11873:. Retrieved 11853: 11846: 11839:Spiro (1982) 11834: 11814: 11807: 11795: 11783: 11771: 11738: 11726: 11714:. Retrieved 11694: 11687: 11675: 11663:. Retrieved 11643: 11596:. Retrieved 11576: 11564:. Retrieved 11544: 11537: 11525:. Retrieved 11505: 11498: 11491:Keown (1996) 11486: 11474: 11466: 11458: 11446: 11434: 11422: 11414: 11411:Conze (2013) 11406: 11394: 11382: 11355: 11326: 11312: 11304: 11300: 11295: 11283:. Retrieved 11263: 11256: 11244:. Retrieved 11224: 11217: 11204:. Retrieved 11184: 11177: 11169: 11166: 11151: 11138: 11135: 11115: 11101: 11097: 11080:. Retrieved 11060: 11053: 11034: 11022: 11013: 11009: 11000: 10990:27 September 10988:. 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Retrieved 9818: 9808: 9800: 9795: 9787: 9782: 9770: 9765:, p. 4. 9763:Lopez (1995) 9758: 9731: 9719: 9707: 9650: 9604: 9569:, p. 3. 9562: 9550: 9538: 9528: 9523:, p. 7. 9516: 9489: 9483: 9463: 9446:Jaini (2001) 9441: 9424: 9412: 9400: 9388: 9371: 9359: 9342: 9317:, pp. 94–103 9305: 9284: 9263: 9256: 9236: 9206: 9199: 9178: 9171: 9159: 9125: 9105: 9098: 9086: 9074: 9054: 9047: 9011:. Retrieved 8991: 8984: 8972: 8965:Keown (2003) 8960: 8948: 8936:. Retrieved 8916: 8909: 8901: 8881: 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8837: 8830: 8823:Wynne (2007) 8801:. Retrieved 8792: 8788: 8778: 8760: 8755: 8743: 8731: 8711: 8704: 8692: 8680: 8660: 8653: 8626: 8614: 8607:Lopez (1995) 8602: 8590: 8563: 8551: 8520: 8516: 8508: 8503: 8494: 8490: 8474: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8438: 8430: 8410: 8403: 8383: 8376: 8364:. Retrieved 8344: 8337: 8328: 8316: 8301: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8273:. Retrieved 8253: 8246: 8234: 8222: 8210: 8198: 8186: 8174:. Retrieved 8165: 8159: 8149: 8107:. 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Retrieved 7727: 7720:Roach (2011) 7715: 7708:Wells (2008) 7703: 7667: 7647: 7639: 7633: 7623:Gethin (1998 7610: 7593: 7580: 7572: 7567: 7559: 7554: 7544: 7536: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7489: 7484: 7475: 7466: 7456: 7451: 7442: 7433: 7424: 7415: 7405: 7395: 7389: 7384: 7374: 7364: 7354: 7335:Sarvastivada 7329: 7311:Digha Nikaya 7305: 7291: 7281: 7273: 7268: 7255: 7245: 7236: 7229:Buddhacarita 7227: 7224:Jataka tales 7218: 7210: 7205: 6980: 6893: 6882: 6872: 6863:Demographics 6850: 6822:Theosophists 6815: 6811:Vikramashila 6803:epistemology 6799:Indian logic 6787:Confucianism 6739:Buddhist art 6732: 6727:Gupta Empire 6678:Christianity 6624: 6596: 6582: 6579: 6559:Won Buddhism 6540: 6520: 6513: 6475: 6416:Jack Kerouac 6377: 6326: 6260: 6244:Central Asia 6240:Meiji period 6212:World War II 6202: 6194:Henry Olcott 6186: 6120:Ajanta Caves 6117: 6108: 6104: 6092: 6091:) or woods ( 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 5984:buddhavacana 5982: 5956: 5949:Three Jewels 5910: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5864: 5826: 5798:Gupta Empire 5795: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5733: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5680: 5671: 5667:Sutta Pitaka 5665: 5660:(focuses on 5655: 5651: 5647: 5645: 5640: 5634: 5584: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5517:Christianity 5510: 5499: 5476: 5429: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5226:recitation, 5221: 5217: 5188: 5187:, Sanskrit: 5182: 5173: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5152:, Sanskrit: 5147: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5127:Brahmavihara 5119: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5074:Damien Keown 5069: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5039: 5020:arupa-jhānas 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4970: 4966:four dhyānas 4965: 4963: 4958: 4955:four dhyānas 4954: 4950: 4948: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4826:ānāpānasmṛti 4825: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4793: 4792:, Sanskrit: 4789: 4783: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4737: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4641: 4639: 4613: 4601: 4574: 4553:sikkha-padam 4552: 4546: 4523: 4491: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4440: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4334:depicted at 4312: 4304: 4285: 4273:sammā vāyāma 4270: 4259: 4243: 4227: 4212: 4203: 4195: 4179: 4154:sammā ditthi 4151: 4142: 4134: 4126:Description 4121: 4104: 4095: 4089: 4082: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4056: 4052:Dharma wheel 4045: 4041: 4035: 4026: 4024: 4014: 4006: 4000: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3948: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3857:bodhisattvas 3852: 3848: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819:of Singapore 3787: 3771: 3751: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3713: 3711: 3708:Three Jewels 3695: 3689: 3682: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3614: 3610: 3575:arises from 3526: 3521: 3502: 3497: 3478: 3473: 3457: 3407: 3402: 3376: 3334: 3317: 3313: 3285: 3279: 3247:(becoming), 3243:(grasping), 3200: 3198: 3185: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3154: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3075: 3071: 3041:quid-pro-quo 3040: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3022: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2967: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2925: 2911: 2876:impermanence 2868: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2816:Traditional 2800: 2791: 2784: 2782: 2774: 2770:impermanence 2765: 2757: 2748: 2741:manuscript. 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2641: 2635: 2626: 2611:buddhaśāsana 2610: 2607:buddhadharma 2606: 2605:in Tibetan, 2602: 2598: 2597:in Chinese, 2594: 2580: 2557:Khmer Empire 2539:and coastal 2510: 2503: 2491:Song dynasty 2479:Tang dynasty 2476: 2438: 2419: 2360:Rashtrakutas 2349: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2318: 2271:Harṣavardana 2267:Gupta period 2264: 2233:Dan Lusthaus 2224: 2211:Vikramashila 2200: 2196: 2180: 2160: 2156: 2095: 2067: 2063:Milindapanha 2062: 2055:Milindapanha 2054: 2042:Milindapanha 2040: 2034: 2011: 1988: 1983:Mahāsāṃghika 1979:Sarvāstivāda 1972: 1964:Central Asia 1950:(such as at 1937: 1906: 1887: 1863: 1860: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1800: 1780:A. K. Warder 1773: 1754: 1747: 1717: 1714:but no idols 1704:Ajanta Caves 1652: 1633: 1597: 1578: 1576:traditions. 1559: 1513: 1494: 1476: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1444: 1434: 1420: 1412:Āḷāra Kālāma 1393: 1381: 1379: 1366: 1360: 1327:Ganges Plain 1312: 1305: 1281:marking the 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1214: 1212: 1195:Turkmenistan 1155:, a form of 1051: 933: 872: 854: 848: 827: 822:. It is the 800:Dharmavinaya 799: 795: 714: 713: 381:Merit making 346:Three Jewels 286:Buddhavacana 216:Impermanence 204:Dharma wheel 81: 42: 32: 28386:New Zealand 28323:Saint Lucia 28273:El Salvador 28178:Switzerland 28113:Netherlands 27885:Philippines 27813:South Korea 27808:North Korea 27698:Afghanistan 27645:South Sudan 27535:Ivory Coast 27319:Deification 27266:Objectivism 27241:Agnosticism 27199:Persecution 27189:Video games 27154:Populations 27065:Proselytism 27033:Monasticism 27024:Clericalism 27014:Agriculture 27005:and society 26970:Soteriology 26930:Comparative 26900:Transtheism 26885:Panentheism 26669:Monasticism 26462:Gallo-Roman 26386:Micronesian 26352:Manichaeism 26300:Hermeticism 26268:Continental 26263:Anglo-Saxon 26143:Paleolithic 26138:Prehistoric 26088:Scientology 25951:Italo-Roman 25806:Radha Soami 25786:New Thought 25626:Espiritismo 25567:Waaqeffanna 25507:Fon and Ewe 25445:Sub-Saharan 25328:Satsana Phi 25115:Californian 25105:Anishinaabe 25036:Karo Pemena 25015:Indonesian 24689:Lingayatism 24637:Mahanubhava 24607:Vaishnavism 24538:Jeungsanism 24461:Folk Taoism 24444:Xiantiandao 24298:Zoroastrian 23957:Charismatic 23952:Pentecostal 23915:Anglicanism 23866:Waldensians 23801:Catholicism 23577:Iconography 23570:life in art 23437:Four sights 23120:Dharma talk 22949:Asalha Puja 22745:Eschatology 22548:Switzerland 22528:New Zealand 22456:Middle East 22365:Philippines 22285:Afghanistan 22090:Bodhidharma 22075:Buddhaghosa 21995:Householder 21905:Monasticism 21858:Bodhisattva 21713:Prostration 21666:Mindfulness 21594:Anapanasati 21577:Kammaṭṭhāna 21374:Korean Seon 21314:Asura realm 21309:Human realm 21249:Ten Fetters 21204:Parinirvana 21106:Uppalavanna 21071:Mahākaccana 21056:Mahākassapa 20988:Kṣitigarbha 20983:Ākāśagarbha 20880:Suddhodāna 20825:Four sights 20752:Foundations 20579:, BuddhaNet 19891:: 121–129, 19718:20 February 19362:, Routledge 18944:29 November 18928:: 271–288, 18818:, Routledge 18773:29 November 18716:, Routledge 18092:, MacMillan 17941:15 November 17933:(1): 1–20, 17788:, Routledge 17761:, Shambhala 17695:"Buddhists" 17609:10 November 17554:10 November 17183:Dutt (1988) 17116:16 February 16961:16 February 16956:Lion's Roar 16921:(1): 1–18. 16863:Lion's Roar 16768:Lion's Roar 16287:Lamb (2001) 16038:Dutt (1988) 16026:Dutt (1988) 16002:Dutt (1988) 15477:6 September 15042:Kuan (2007) 14922:Kuan (2007) 14410:, p. . 14371:, pp. 25–34 14229:Kuan (2007) 13807:387, fn. 12 12602:John Bowker 11127:soteriology 10920:. pp. 64–65 10831:: 299–310. 10626:Hill (2009) 10334:28 November 10244:28 November 9751:Jong (1993) 9149:, pp. 8938:16 November 8176:11 November 8168:(6): 1–29. 7911:"Buddhists" 7659:Other notes 7537:apranaihita 7359:Bronkhorst. 6987:Ambedkarite 6960:Maharashtra 6956:South Korea 6948:North Korea 6838:mindfulness 6795:Dharmakirti 6662:Dharmavidya 6651:theosophist 6647:orientalist 6643:way of life 6575:Soka Gakkai 6386:(1924) and 6265:In the West 6105:sangharamas 6095:), such as 6075:(Sanskrit: 6073:monasteries 5906:Śrāvakayāna 5829:subtle body 5814:Pancharatra 5796:During the 5748:Śrāvakayāna 5646:Many early 5560:Early texts 5407:(Sanskrit: 5251:devata yoga 5056:(Sanskrit: 5012:rupa-jhānas 4996:arūpajhānas 4877:practicing 4875:Kōdō Sawaki 4843:Sama-amādhi 4824:(Sanskrit: 4821:Ānāpānasati 4814:(Sanskrit: 4656:pattimokkha 4614:bodhisattva 4603:śrāvakayāna 4577:non-harming 4420:6.46.9 and 4408:Brahmanical 4246:sammā ājīva 4213:samyag vāc, 4194:(Sanskrit: 4133:(Sanskrit: 3944:Hindu Atman 3901:buddhadhātu 3894:Vijñānavāda 3803:Bodhisattva 3658:), hollow ( 3239:(craving), 3235:(feeling), 3016:"fruit" or 2969:In Buddhism 2924:(Sanskrit: 2801:śānta/śānti 2481:(618–907), 2434:Tarim Basin 2414: 1120 2399:Angkor Thom 2372:Vaishnavism 2314:mahasiddhas 2290:Pāla Empire 2265:During the 2257:, known as 2227:), and the 2083:Tarim Basin 2022:Hellenistic 1892:parinirvāṇa 1624:Brahmanical 1343:Queen Maya. 1323:Kapilavastu 1260:Sakyabhiksu 1191:Afghanistan 1173:. Japanese 911:, and the 885:non-harming 861:development 616:New Zealand 471:Bodhisattva 456:Four Stages 411:Monasticism 391:Mindfulness 361:Perfections 291:Early Texts 28571:Polytheism 28545:Categories 28376:Micronesia 28253:Costa Rica 28148:San Marino 28108:Montenegro 28088:Luxembourg 27945:Uzbekistan 27920:Tajikistan 27825:Kyrgyzstan 27798:Kazakhstan 27748:East Timor 27718:Bangladesh 27708:Azerbaijan 27625:Seychelles 27590:Mozambique 27575:Mauritania 27560:Madagascar 27450:Cape Verde 27232:irreligion 27227:Secularism 27134:Minorities 27102:Toleration 27097:Syncretism 27082:Fanaticism 27072:Disability 27060:Missionary 27050:Conversion 27038:Ordination 26960:Psychology 26955:Philosophy 26895:Polytheism 26875:Monotheism 26870:Henotheism 26711:Orthopraxy 26701:Ordination 26664:Meditation 26659:Indigenous 26624:Entheogens 26609:Conversion 26374:Babylonian 26364:Melanesian 26290:Gnosticism 26175:Lithuanian 26068:Fourth Way 25922:Circassian 25900:Dievturība 25823:Tensegrity 25756:Falun Gong 25401:Sanamahism 25381:Donyi-Polo 25058:Polynesian 25004:Kaharingan 24929:Burkhanism 24868:Ravidassia 24846:Śvetāmbara 24632:Pushtimarg 24612:Krishnaism 24548:Vietnamese 24533:Cheondoism 24466:Yao Taoism 24402:East Asian 24168:Isma'ilism 24124:Maturidism 23903:Mennonites 23898:Hutterites 23883:Anabaptism 23776:Humanistic 23497:Bodhi Tree 23462:Śuddhodana 23413:Middle Way 23377:The Buddha 23237:Psychology 23217:Gnosticism 23205:Comparison 23200:Influences 23182:Comparison 23065:Bhavacakra 23023:Kushinagar 22998:Pilgrimage 22944:Māgha Pūjā 22899:Bodhi Tree 22715:Buddhology 22705:Abhidharma 22697:Philosophy 22630:Menander I 22498:Costa Rica 22449:Uzbekistan 22290:Bangladesh 22244:Dhammapada 22228:Pali Canon 22190:Ajahn Chah 22170:Dalai Lama 22070:Kumārajīva 22065:Vasubandhu 22040:The Buddha 21948:Zen master 21883:Sakadagami 21863:Buddhahood 21794:Pratimokṣa 21609:Shikantaza 21565:Meditation 21540:Deity yoga 21411:Madhyamaka 21304:Deva realm 21199:Mindstream 21149:Bodhicitta 21061:Aṅgulimāla 20928:Devadatta 20904:Yaśodharā 20807:The Buddha 20797:Middle Way 20669:, Tricycle 20381:12 October 20040:7 February 18805:12 October 18469:24 October 18411:(hardback) 18394:(hardback) 18165:12 October 17770:, Springer 17088:7 February 16842:11 October 16778:21 January 16685:5 December 16646:5 December 16583:4 December 16235:Prothero, 15934:11 October 10259:Warder2000 9829:10 October 9819:Lions Roar 9436:, pp. 1–30 9229:Upanishads 8904:", p. 236. 8803:2 December 8795:: 98–148. 8109:8 November 8002:Britannica 7998:"Buddhism" 7861:22 October 7691:References 7599:Upanishads 7490:Tathagatha 7458:Hou Hanshu 7410:formulas." 7343:Mahīśāsaka 7046:Akriyavada 6974:(20%) and 6966:(52%) and 6867:See also: 6830:psychology 6771:Indosphere 6763:Sinosphere 6706:, today a 6658:Protestant 6635:Alan Watts 6567:Shinnyo-en 6521:In India, 6470:Islamists. 6426:, and the 6420:Alan Watts 6341:Max Müller 6318:Nurmijärvi 5973:Theravāda. 5933:Middle Way 5837:antinomian 5824:spirits). 5780:Madhyamika 5744:the Buddha 5698:Abhidharma 5648:Tripiṭakas 5641:Tripiṭakas 5631:Pali Canon 5545:Tripitakas 5501:Tripitakas 5490:, such as 5312:(Pāli) or 5300:(Pāli) is 5200:See also: 5030:See also: 4946:Buddhism. 4943:meditation 4834:sampajañña 4740:anupassana 4646:Patimokkha 4593:Pali Canon 4481:Patimokkha 4340:Chiang Mai 4288:sammā sati 4256:Meditation 4215:sammā vāca 4061:, and the 4003:Middle Way 3981:(ethics), 3946:doctrine. 3853:āryasaṅgha 3838:āryasaṅgha 3762:, such as 3760:Shakyamuni 3726:Buddhahood 3679:Madhyamaka 3629:(Pali) or 3498:perception 3293:Pali Canon 3253:Jarāmaraṇa 3225:Ṣaḍāyatana 3140:apranihita 3114:sammā-ñāṇa 3048:Liberation 3026:six realms 2902:Kushinagar 2629:Noble Ones 2472: 1st 2356:Pratiharas 2340:Vidyapitha 2336:Vidyapitha 2278: 590 2221: 783 2215:Dharmapala 1995:Abhidharma 1769:patimokkha 1683:Pali canon 1648:Upanishads 1570:Upanishads 1534:Buddhism. 1509:Kushinagar 1487:Middle Way 1451:Bodhi Tree 1441:meditation 1423:asceticism 1339:Suddhodana 1302:The Buddha 1270:The Buddha 1248:South Asia 1230:बौद्ध धर्म 1224:बुद्ध धर्म 1217:come from 1203:Tajikistan 1199:Uzbekistan 917:Triple Gem 893:asceticism 889:Middle Way 883:rooted in 816:the Buddha 489:Traditions 426:Pilgrimage 366:Meditation 326:Post-canon 306:Pāli Canon 236:Middle Way 133:The Buddha 28494:Venezuela 28439:Argentina 28356:Australia 28308:Nicaragua 28283:Guatemala 28083:Lithuania 27905:Sri Lanka 27900:Singapore 27880:Palestine 27768:Indonesia 27758:Hong Kong 27580:Mauritius 27301:Overviews 27256:Criticism 27204:Terrorism 27179:Theocracy 27124:Happiness 27092:Pluralism 27077:Education 27003:Religion 26975:Salvation 26965:Sociology 26910:Religious 26890:Pantheism 26880:Nontheism 26773:Mountains 26751:Sacrifice 26706:Orthodoxy 26696:Mythology 26691:Mysticism 26580:Behaviour 26489:Canaanite 26472:Mithraism 26357:Mazdakism 26332:Hungarian 26305:Mysteries 26214:Dravidian 25996:Hungarian 25912:Caucasian 25883:Godianism 25843:Agni Yoga 25833:Theosophy 25796:Rastafari 25771:Modekngei 25751:Brahmoism 25744:Syncretic 25736:movements 25734:religious 25646:Quimbanda 25594:Candomblé 25587:Diasporic 25366:Bathouism 25356:Benzhuism 25281:Tsimshian 25251:Midewiwin 25244:Purépecha 25182:Longhouse 25110:Blackfoot 25041:Malaysian 25031:Kapitayan 24841:Digambara 24826:Ayyavazhi 24791:Vajrayana 24756:Theravada 24669:Ganapatya 24642:Ramanandi 24571:Hoahaoism 24449:Yiguandao 24344:Yarsanism 24339:Shabakism 24326:Yazdânism 24316:Zurvanism 24311:Mazdaznan 24270:Rastafari 24265:Mandaeism 24139:Wahhabism 24119:Ash'arism 24082:Tolstoyan 24072:Spiritual 24062:Mormonism 24033:Judaizers 24006:Quakerism 23984:Methodist 23974:Irvingism 23925:Calvinism 23878:Adventism 23861:Moravians 23698:Abrahamic 23622:Wikiquote 23558:footprint 23493:Bodh Gaya 23472:Yaśodharā 23425:Disciples 23305:Festivals 23285:Buddhists 23247:Theosophy 23050:Symbolism 23040:Hama yumi 23013:Bodh Gaya 22780:Socialism 22755:Evolution 22730:Economics 22568:Venezuela 22483:Australia 22478:Argentina 22402:Sri Lanka 22397:Singapore 22315:Indonesia 22277:Countries 22218:Tripiṭaka 22180:Ajahn Mun 22055:Nagarjuna 22050:Aśvaghoṣa 21933:Anagārika 21928:Śrāmaṇerī 21923:Śrāmaṇera 21918:Bhikkhunī 21878:Sotāpanna 21767:Passaddhi 21708:Offerings 21683:Nekkhamma 21560:Iddhipada 21480:Practices 21450:Theravada 21423:Vajrayana 21416:Yogachara 21386:Pure Land 21299:Six Paths 21286:Cosmology 21066:Anuruddha 21041:Sāriputta 21031:Kaundinya 21023:Disciples 20998:Vajrapāṇi 20850:Footprint 20815:Tathāgata 20055:Routledge 20027:0025-1496 19954:7 October 19695:1905-8144 19681:CiteSeerX 18524:(2001) , 18298:162929573 17678:13 August 17632:The Quint 17473:2638-4825 17016:0019-5545 16873:9 October 16532:15 August 16432:170189446 16066:Routledge 16053:Grafikol. 15464:1017-7132 15002:ignorance 14694:Anālayo. 14640:17 August 14288:170592174 9224:Aranyakas 8773:, p. 170. 8104:143672653 8096:0037-7317 7968:148475861 7804:, p. 4428 7790:Jan Gonda 7696:Citations 7238:Mahāvastu 7176:Monolatry 6932:Singapore 6912:Sri Lanka 6889:East Asia 6852:Shamanism 6759:East Asia 6666:Sri Lanka 6320:, Finland 6248:Communist 6113:cenobitic 5970:arhatship 5926:Vairocana 5867:Theravāda 5776:Nagarjuna 5627:Tripiṭaka 5602:Khotanese 5375:vipaśyanā 5314:vipaśyanā 5310:vipassanā 5289:Vipassana 5138:The four 5078:vipassanā 5058:vipaśyanā 5053:vipassanā 4866:Rupajhana 4716:nekkhamma 4700:hindrance 4688:dhutaṅgas 4538:pañcaśīla 4530:pañcasīla 4508:Apatrapya 4416:9.97.47, 4332:Deer Park 4115:Division 3873:Yogachara 3772:lokuttara 3768:Vairocana 3744:cosmology 3675:Nagarjuna 3648:: Śūnyatā 3522:formation 3335:mahābhūta 3213:Saṃskāras 2657:wandering 2613:in Pali. 2571:Worldview 2529:Indonesia 2513:Theravada 2449:Lokakṣema 2441:An Shigao 2401:build by 2259:Yamantaka 2245:Vajrayana 2164:Lokakṣema 1991:Tripiṭaka 1975:Theravada 1968:Sri Lanka 1917:Sthaviras 1884:Theravada 1732:Vajrayana 1681:from the 1667:Śāntideva 1655:Theravada 1532:Vajrayana 1524:Theravada 1511:, India. 1455:Bodh Gaya 1367:kshatriya 1363:kshatriya 1252:Buddhists 1209:Etymology 1158:Vajrayāna 1102:Pure Land 1074:Sri Lanka 1027:Vajrayāna 951:Theravāda 865:awakening 828:Buddhists 812:teachings 810:based on 636:Sri Lanka 626:Singapore 581:Indonesia 521:Vajrayāna 496:Theravāda 451:Awakening 339:Practices 296:Tripiṭaka 266:Cosmology 241:Emptiness 221:Suffering 28551:Buddhism 28520:Category 28484:Suriname 28474:Paraguay 28459:Colombia 28366:Kiribati 28293:Honduras 28263:Dominica 28238:Barbados 28203:Scotland 28163:Slovenia 28158:Slovakia 28133:Portugal 28003:Bulgaria 27925:Thailand 27875:Pakistan 27855:Mongolia 27850:Maldives 27845:Malaysia 27733:Cambodia 27680:Zimbabwe 27655:Tanzania 27505:Ethiopia 27500:Eswatini 27480:Djibouti 27445:Cameroon 27430:Botswana 27374:Timeline 27369:Scholars 27329:Founders 27194:Violence 27149:Politics 27019:Business 26982:Theology 26726:Prophecy 26716:Paganism 26604:Covenant 26571:Apostasy 26506:Scythian 26447:Rapa Nui 26423:Thracian 26418:Illyrian 26408:Albanian 26379:Sumerian 26322:Harappan 26258:Germanic 26253:Georgian 26246:Selk'nam 26231:Etruscan 26219:Egyptian 26197:Druidism 26160:Armenian 26083:Satanism 26063:Eckankar 25986:Estonian 25971:Romanian 25961:Ossetian 25941:Germanic 25890:Armenian 25879:African 25872:paganism 25801:Sant Mat 25791:Rajneesh 25766:Meivazhi 25761:Japanese 25718:Siberian 25651:Santería 25621:Convince 25487:Bushongo 25391:Kiratism 25318:Hmongism 25199:Jivaroan 25177:Iroquois 25167:Ho-Chunk 25137:Cherokee 25092:American 25063:Hawaiian 24976:Sarnaism 24946:Tungusic 24934:Tengrism 24924:Mongolic 24853:Sarnaism 24784:Nichiren 24761:Mahayana 24748:Buddhism 24726:Sant Mat 24716:Sauraism 24711:Smartism 24706:Shaktism 24699:Balinese 24684:Kaumaram 24679:Kapalika 24674:Kashmiri 24659:Shaivism 24599:Hinduism 24566:Caodaism 24510:Ryukyuan 24505:Tenrikyo 24500:Shugendō 24478:Japanese 24349:Yazidism 24334:Ishikism 24212:Quranism 24185:Khawarij 24134:Salafism 24129:Atharism 24018:Esoteric 23989:Holiness 23979:Lutheran 23940:Reformed 23920:Baptists 23893:Brethren 23857:Hussites 23845:Assyrian 23761:Haymanot 23715:Orthodox 23664:Religion 23592:Hinduism 23528:Prophecy 23518:Birthday 23513:Miracles 23393:Buddhism 23323:Category 23252:Violence 23222:Hinduism 23170:Sanskrit 23125:Hinayana 23110:Amitābha 23070:Swastika 22939:Uposatha 22929:Holidays 22914:Calendar 22760:Humanism 22598:Kanishka 22588:Timeline 22412:Thailand 22380:Kalmykia 22375:Buryatia 22360:Pakistan 22345:Mongolia 22340:Maldives 22335:Malaysia 22300:Cambodia 22165:Shamarpa 22160:Nichiren 22110:Xuanzang 22045:Nagasena 21963:Rinpoche 21693:Pāramitā 21535:Devotion 21455:Navayana 21443:Dzogchen 21406:Nichiren 21354:Mahayana 21346:Branches 21224:Saṅkhāra 20973:Mañjuśrī 20930:(cousin) 20922:(cousin) 20890:(mother) 20882:(father) 20870:Miracles 20820:Birthday 20737:Glossary 20710:Buddhism 20651:Archived 20560:(1972), 20537:(1998), 20535:Yin Shun 20473:archived 20440:Archived 20407:Archived 20375:archived 20269:(2008), 20248:(2000), 20195:archived 20167:archived 20105:archived 19948:Archived 19893:archived 19852:(2002), 19808:(2010), 19712:archived 19657:archived 19639:(2014), 19579:10 March 19560:(2009), 19549:10 March 19512:(1997), 19468:(1899), 19438:(1996), 19419:Buddhism 19403:archived 19358:(2002), 19317:(1995), 19276:Buddhism 19250:Archived 19171:Archived 19119:Buddhism 19072:(1996), 19028:archived 18955:(2001), 18938:archived 18900:archived 18868:archived 18799:Archived 18670:Archived 18638:archived 18575:(1988), 18545:(2008), 18501:(1998), 18492:41933379 18463:Archived 18317:Buddhism 18276:(1996), 18259:archived 18224:archived 18191:Archived 18159:archived 18141:(2000), 18124:archived 18017:archived 17988:Archived 17935:archived 17912:(1993), 17885:(2010), 17845:(2000), 17796:(2004), 17757:(2010), 17729:Archived 17703:Archived 17669:Archived 17636:Archived 17603:Archived 17580:15 April 17544:TheQuint 17497:31 March 17491:Archived 17430:31 March 17424:Archived 17400:31 March 17394:Archived 17369:31 March 17363:Archived 17338:Archived 17034:23858249 16867:Archived 16836:Archived 16772:Archived 16741:Archived 16710:Archived 16679:Archived 16640:Archived 16577:Archived 16526:Archived 16220:Archived 16201:Archived 16198:Buddhist 16190:Archived 16187:Buddhism 16166:Archived 16162:BBC News 15928:Archived 15589:(1995), 15562:(2003), 15468:Archived 15443:(2008). 15174:Archived 14988:Archived 14699:Archived 14634:Archived 13786:Archived 13619:Archived 13127:13 April 13121:Archived 13074:12 April 13068:Archived 12991:Archived 12443:Archived 12404:Archived 12314:Archived 12275:Archived 12236:Archived 12197:Archived 11923:Archived 11869:Archived 11710:Archived 11659:Archived 11592:Archived 11560:Archived 11521:Archived 11279:Archived 11240:Archived 11200:Archived 11158:Archived 11131:not-self 11107:Archived 11076:Archived 11042:Archived 10984:Archived 10876:Archived 10825:Muqarnas 10299:12 March 10238:Archived 10147:Archived 10035:Archived 9823:Archived 9354:, p. 293 9036:Archived 9033:Tipitaka 9007:Archived 8932:Archived 8853:Archived 8797:Archived 8765:Archived 8366:4 August 8360:Archived 8306:Archived 8269:Archived 8170:Archived 7925:13 March 7919:Archived 7855:Archived 7847:"Buddha" 7792:(1987), 7743:19 March 7737:Archived 7508:shunyata 7211:duh-stha 7009:See also 6972:Buryatia 6968:Kalmykia 6924:Mongolia 6900:Cambodia 6896:Thailand 6884:Mahayana 6824:such as 6775:Hinduism 6769:and the 6761:and the 6721:India's 6702:Lhasa's 6670:Hinduism 6587:not-self 6536:Navayana 6506:Navayana 6482:Cambodia 6410:include 6382:(1924), 6296:Illinois 6256:Mongolia 6097:Jetavana 5955:and the 5922:Amitabha 5902:Hinayana 5871:Mahāyāna 5806:Mahāyāna 5782:school. 5752:Hinayana 5740:Mahāyāna 5681:Tipitaka 5652:Tipitaka 5610:Gāndhārī 5598:Sanskrit 5519:and the 5496:mnemonic 5488:Prakrits 5442:and the 5391:Devotion 5385:not-self 5371:not-self 5353:clinging 5285:Subitism 5244:and the 5228:mandalas 4766:dhutaṅga 4753:uposatha 4729:celibacy 4725:bhiksuni 4616:precepts 4609:Mahāyāna 4605:precepts 4585:Sanskrit 4563:adultery 4534:Sanskrit 4514:Precepts 4500:Appamada 4404:tiratana 4396:triratna 4392:Sanskrit 4369:Yin Shun 4360:and the 4294:skandhas 3995:Devotion 3940:not-self 3886:Yogācāra 3764:Amitabha 3758:besides 3714:triratna 3696:svabhava 3691:svabhava 3660:tucchaka 3652:Suññatā) 3650:, Pali: 3529:saṅkhāra 3458:cetasika 3221:Nāmarūpa 3190:ontology 3149:non-self 3136:animitta 3068:aniconic 2977:Sanskrit 2880:non-self 2739:Sanskrit 2670:Samudaya 2664:grasping 2537:Cambodia 2533:Thailand 2525:Malaysia 2506:Mongolia 2445:Mahāyāna 2376:Shaivism 2368:Pallavas 2366:and the 2352:Karkotas 2345:Kapalika 2306:mandalas 2298:dharanis 2286:Valabahi 2255:Bhairava 2189:Site of 2176:Akṣobhya 2146:, and a 2136:Maitreya 2122:Mahāyāna 2093:school. 2059:Menander 2051:Gandhāra 2045:and the 1942:emperor 1663:Hinduism 1600:Mahavira 1528:Mahayana 1468:and the 1443:under a 1371:Mahavira 1236:धर्मविनय 1219:Sanskrit 1167:Mongolia 1133:Malaysia 1110:Nichiren 1090:Cambodia 1082:Thailand 1058:Sanskrit 971:Mahāyāna 927:pāramitā 844:the West 802:, is an 715:Buddhism 646:Thailand 606:Mongolia 601:Malaysia 566:Cambodia 531:Navayana 511:Hinayana 506:Mahāyāna 416:Lay life 246:Morality 226:Not-self 184:Concepts 143:Councils 128:Timeline 100:Glossary 82:Buddhism 74:a series 72:Part of 65:, Japan. 59:Amitābha 18:Buddhist 28556:Nāstika 28489:Uruguay 28464:Ecuador 28444:Bolivia 28421:Vanuatu 28348:Oceania 28298:Jamaica 28278:Grenada 28233:Bahamas 28193:England 28183:Ukraine 28138:Romania 28098:Moldova 28058:Ireland 28053:Iceland 28048:Hungary 28038:Germany 28028:Finland 28023:Estonia 28018:Denmark 28013:Czechia 28008:Croatia 27993:Belgium 27988:Belarus 27983:Austria 27978:Andorra 27973:Albania 27950:Vietnam 27860:Myanmar 27835:Lebanon 27753:Georgia 27713:Bahrain 27703:Armenia 27665:Tunisia 27635:Somalia 27620:Senegal 27605:Nigeria 27595:Namibia 27585:Morocco 27550:Liberia 27545:Lesotho 27495:Eritrea 27465:Comoros 27440:Burundi 27415:Algeria 27359:Outline 27324:Deities 27251:Atheism 27169:Science 27087:Freedom 26945:History 26912:studies 26865:Dualism 26855:Animism 26820:Worship 26800:Symbols 26741:Liturgy 26654:Goddess 26614:Deities 26595:Laicism 26585:Beliefs 26564:Aspects 26536:Zapotec 26531:Vainakh 26499:Yahwism 26484:Semitic 26435:Iranian 26337:Hurrian 26327:Hittite 26317:Guanche 26310:Orphism 26241:Fuegian 26236:Finnish 26224:Atenism 26170:Latvian 26155:Arabian 26098:Raëlism 26078:Jediism 26073:Goddess 26046:De novo 25934:Druidry 25828:Thelema 25781:New Age 25666:Umbanda 25557:Tumbuka 25542:Odinala 25527:Lugbara 25447:African 25413:African 25361:Bimoism 25351:Burmese 25219:Mapuche 25192:Wyandot 25157:Guarani 25147:Choctaw 25142:Chilote 25100:Abenaki 25051:Tagalog 25024:Kejawèn 24873:Sikhism 24836:Jainism 24796:Tibetan 24779:Amidism 24647:Warkari 24561:Đạo Mẫu 24411:Chinese 24393:Eastern 24370:Roshani 24289:Iranian 24197:Alevism 24190:Ibadism 24163:Zaydism 23840:Ancient 23811:Eastern 23771:Renewal 23756:Karaite 23737:Zionist 23725:Hasidic 23707:Judaism 23689:Western 23612:Commons 23489:Lumbini 23418:Sayings 23300:Temples 23280:Buddhas 23242:Science 23232:Judaism 23227:Jainism 23145:Lineage 23105:Abhijñā 23075:Thangka 23018:Sarnath 23003:Lumbini 22924:Funeral 22919:Cuisine 22795:Culture 22770:Reality 22720:Creator 22710:Atomism 22580:History 22553:Ukraine 22513:Germany 22432:Senegal 22422:Vietnam 22350:Myanmar 22150:Shinran 22140:Karmapa 22115:Shandao 22085:Dignāga 22010:Śrāvaka 21990:Donchee 21985:Kappiya 21943:Sayadaw 21913:Bhikkhu 21888:Anāgāmi 21845:Nirvana 21811:Samadhi 21698:Paritta 21639:Tonglen 21634:Mandala 21589:Smarana 21570:Mantras 21518:Upekkha 21488:Bhavana 21438:Shingon 21391:Tiantai 21244:Tathātā 21234:Śūnyatā 21229:Skandha 21219:Saṃsāra 21214:Rebirth 21189:Kleshas 21179:Indriya 21081:Subhūti 20966:Guanyin 20920:Ānanda 20912:Rāhula 20792:Nirvana 20732:Outline 20642:Patheos 20639:, from 20479:10 July 20446:10 July 20413:10 July 20240:, Brill 20201:10 July 20035:2801935 19663:10 July 19409:10 July 19256:10 July 19227:, BRIIL 19177:10 July 19034:10 July 18906:10 July 18874:10 July 18676:10 July 18310:11 July 18265:10 July 18230:10 July 18197:10 July 18130:10 July 17994:10 July 17735:9 April 17709:12 June 17642:31 July 17523:28 July 17199:(ed.). 17025:3705677 16935:1386910 16747:4 March 16737:US News 16716:3 March 15924:1399912 15441:Anālayo 15426:" and " 15008:order." 15006:dhammic 14994:10 July 14897:, p. 52 13625:10 July 13315:, p.143 12809:Nibbana 12805:nidanas 12449:10 July 12410:10 July 12320:10 July 12281:10 July 12242:10 July 12203:10 July 11929:10 July 11875:10 July 11716:10 July 11665:10 July 11598:10 July 11566:10 July 11527:10 July 11467:passati 11285:10 July 11246:10 July 11206:10 July 11082:10 July 10882:10 July 10845:1523195 10695:. 2008. 10556:129-31. 10153:10 July 10041:10 July 9013:10 July 8859:10 July 7524:nirvana 7516:Nirvana 7379:rules." 7003:Finland 6970:(53%). 6936:Vietnam 6908:Myanmar 6818:New Age 6807:Nalanda 6791:Dignaga 6641:, or a 6603:Tibetan 6543:Mongkut 6468:Taliban 6292:Chicago 6188:called 6177:Siberia 6136:pagodas 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1287:Lumbini 1264:Bauddha 1244:Śramaṇa 1175:Shingon 1137:Vietnam 1094:Tiantai 1078:Myanmar 1070:Chinese 1066:Tibetan 1047:tantric 1034: 1017:saṃsāra 1002: 993:nirvāṇa 978: 958: 838:śramaṇa 754:-ih-zəm 656:Vietnam 611:Myanmar 526:Tibetan 516:Chinese 444:Nirvāṇa 261:Saṃsāra 256:Rebirth 121:History 110:Outline 28530:Portal 28469:Guyana 28449:Brazil 28416:Tuvalu 28313:Panama 28303:Mexico 28248:Canada 28243:Belize 28173:Sweden 28153:Serbia 28143:Russia 28128:Poland 28123:Norway 28103:Monaco 28073:Latvia 28068:Kosovo 28043:Greece 28033:France 27965:Europe 27930:Turkey 27915:Taiwan 27820:Kuwait 27793:Jordan 27783:Israel 27743:Cyprus 27728:Brunei 27723:Bhutan 27675:Zambia 27670:Uganda 27610:Rwanda 27565:Malawi 27525:Guinea 27515:Gambia 27420:Angola 27407:Africa 27216:Wealth 27164:Schism 27119:Growth 27043:Priest 27028:Clergy 26847:Theism 26830:Nature 26825:Astral 26768:Groves 26736:Ritual 26721:Prayer 26679:Novice 26629:Ethnic 26554:Topics 26526:Urartu 26521:Tongan 26516:Somali 26511:Slavic 26413:Dacian 26192:Celtic 26187:Basque 26165:Baltic 26016:Udmurt 25981:Uralic 25976:Slavic 25929:Celtic 25917:Abkhaz 25905:Romuva 25895:Baltic 25870:Modern 25713:Papuan 25676:Voodoo 25631:Kumina 25572:Yoruba 25562:Urhobo 25532:Maasai 25517:Lotuko 25465:Baluba 25455:Akamba 25428:Berber 25386:Heraka 25376:Dongba 25276:Pawnee 25266:Navajo 25256:Muisca 25214:Lenape 25209:Lakota 25187:Seneca 25125:Ohlone 25090:Native 24956:Manchu 24951:Evenki 24912:Altaic 24903:Ethnic 24878:Khalsa 24831:Kalash 24721:Śrauta 24590:Indian 24520:Korean 24486:Shinto 24456:Taoism 24429:Luoism 24255:Baháʼí 24250:Bábism 24202:Ahmadi 24180:Sufism 24173:Alawis 23823:Church 23751:Reform 23732:Modern 23720:Haredi 23548:Cetiya 23543:Relics 23484:Places 23477:Rāhula 23452:Family 23295:Sutras 23290:Suttas 23155:Siddhi 23140:Koliya 23115:Brahmā 23030:Poetry 22976:Mantra 22966:Kasaya 22838:Pagoda 22818:Kyaung 22813:Vihāra 22808:Temple 22750:Ethics 22593:Ashoka 22543:Sweden 22538:Poland 22533:Norway 22523:Mexico 22508:France 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