631:(UNCC) was established, and US$ 350 billion in claims were filed by governments, corporations, and individuals. UNCC accepted and awarded compensations claims for $ 52.4 billion to approximately 1.5 million successful claimants; as of July 2019, $ 48.7 billion has been paid and only $ 3.7 billion was left to be paid to Kuwait on behalf of the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation. The UNCC says that its prioritization of claims by natural people, ahead of claims by governments and entities or corporations (legal persons), "marked a significant step in the evolution of international claims practice". Funds for these payments were to come from a 30% share of Iraq's oil revenues from the
31:
185:, defeated France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities. France was also to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighbouring Coalition countries. It was the most expensive war reparation ever paid by a country (in proportion to its GDP).
506:
It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war....Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied Powers so desiring, whose present territories were occupied by
Japanese forces and damaged by Japan, with a view
456:
could only negotiate an interim peace deal with Soviet Union by agreeing to extensive reparations, and was eventually the only country to pay settled war reparations in full. The total amount of reparations rose to US$ 500 million, at the value of the dollar in 1953.
430:
and their nationals (US$ 200 million), renouncing German debts (US$ 200 million), irregular requisitioning (US$ 150 million) and maintenance of the Soviet Army unit on its territory (US$ 75 million). Romania paid $ 5.6 million in 1945 and, in the assessment of
64:
inflicted during a war. War reparations can take the form of hard currency, precious metals, natural resources, industrial assets, or intellectual properties. Loss of territory in a peace settlement is usually considered to be distinct from war reparations.
583:
425:
agreed to pay reparations of US$ 300 million to the Soviet Union. Romanian economists estimated that by
February 1947 the Romanian economy had suffered further losses due to returning seized goods (US$ 320 million), restoring properties to the
582:. Payments of reparations started in 1955, lasted for 23 years and ended in 1977. For countries that renounced any reparations from Japan, it agreed to pay an indemnity and/or grants in accordance with bilateral agreements. In the
159:
and the UN Basic
Principles on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims, and some scholars have argued that individuals should have a right to seek compensation for wrongs they sustained during warfare through tort law.
229:, defeated Greece was forced to pay a large war indemnity to Turkey (£4 million). Greece, which was already in default, was compelled to permit oversight of its public finances by an international financial commission.
507:
to assisting to compensate those countries for the cost of repairing the damage done, by making available the services of the
Japanese people in production, salvaging and other work for the Allied Powers in question.
643:
Certain groups in Iraq and the United States have campaigned for reparations by the United States for the devastation and health effects suffered by Iraqi citizens during the overthrow of Saddam
Hussein in the
523:
to compensate prisoners of war (POW) of 4.5 million pounds sterling (4.54109 billion yen) was made; and Japan relinquished all overseas assets, approximately US$ 23.681 billion (379.499 billion yen).
317:
During World War II, Germany extracted payments from occupied countries, compelled loans, stole or destroyed property. In addition, countries were obliged to provide resources, and forced labour.
1074:
367:
and civilians were used as forced labor (under various headings, such as "reparations labor" or "enforced labor") in Europe, Canada and the United States after the end of the Second World War.
1285:
Livy. Ab urbe condita (The Early
History of Rome, books I–V, and The History of Rome from its Foundation, books XXI–XXX: The War with Hannibal), London; Penguin Classics, 2002 and 1976.
784:
Livy. Ab urbe condita (The Early
History of Rome, books I–V, and The History of Rome from its Foundation, books XXI–XXX: The War with Hannibal), London; Penguin Classics, 2002 and 1976.
359:, states that the "intellectual reparations" (referring to German scientists) taken by the Allies amounted to close to $ 10 billion. German reparations were partly to be in the form of
285:
failed to be ratified, Germany had paid only a part of the sum. This still left
Germany with debts it had incurred in order to finance the reparations, and these were revised by the
697:
1132:
511:
War reparations made pursuant to the San
Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan (1951) include: reparations amounting to US$ 550 million (198 billion yen 1956) were made to the
793:
Metzler, M. 2006. Lever of Empire: The
International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1048:
1353:
1337:
Schuker, S. A. 1988. ‘American reparations’ to Germany, 1919–33.: implications for the third-world debt crisis. Princeton Studies in International Finance no. 61.
590:, the Soviet Union waived its rights to reparations from Japan, and both Japan and the Soviet Union waived all reparations claims arising from war. Additionally,
678:
1279:
209:
of 5 billion gold francs in five years. The indemnity was proportioned, according to population, to be the exact equivalent to the indemnity imposed by
1070:
1192:
347:
pursued a vigorous program of harvesting technological and scientific know-how as well as patents and many leading scientists in Germany (known as
1167:
1340:
White, E. N. 2001. Making the French pay: the cost and consequences of the Napoleonic reparations. European Review of Economic History 5, 337–65.
620:
1105:
587:
474:, signed on April 17, 1895, obliged China to pay an indemnity of 200 million silver taels (¥3.61 billion) to Japan; and to open the ports of
352:
289:
in 1953. After another pause pending the reunification of Germany, the last installment of these debt repayments was paid on 3 October 2010.
1294:
Occhino, F., Oosterlinck, K. and White, E. 2008. How much can a victor force the vanquished to pay? Journal of Economic History 68, 1–45.
1291:
Morrison, R. J. 1992. Gulf war reparations: Iraq, OPEC, and the transfer problem. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 51, 385–99.
448:
312:
304:
1498:
Petra Schmidt, "Disabled Colonial Veterans of the Imperial Japanese Forces and the Right to Receive Social Welfare Benefits from Japan"
998:
217:. German troops remained in parts of France until the last installment of the indemnity was paid in September 1873, ahead of schedule.
1425:
1461:
1437:
1124:
1473:
1413:
1307:
520:
384:
1449:
1389:
1401:
1199:
628:
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769:
1375:
Reparations for the gross violations of human rights during the regime of Democratic Kampuchea (the Khmer Rouge) in Cambodia
1221:
1350:
76:
or under the threat of re-occupation. The legal basis for war reparations in modern international law is Article 3 of the
555:
298:
932:
687:
286:
1276:"The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932", New York, H. Fertig, 1972.
1328:
1288:
Mantoux, E. 1946. The Carthaginian Peace or The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes. London: Oxford University Press.
1027:
526:
Japan signed the peace treaty with 49 nations in 1952 and concluded 54 bilateral agreements that included those with
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559:
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407:
17:
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Wynne William H., (1951), State insolvency and foreign bondholders, New Haven, Yale University Press, vol. 2.
422:
308:
156:
663:
282:
1483:
Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China (1972)
1282:"Redress for Victims of Crimes under International Law", Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague (2004).
1154:
703:
198:
1516:
1246:
586:(1972), the People's Republic of China renounced its demand for war reparations from Japan. In the
226:
77:
1302:
913:, without taking in account the Napoleonic War reparation (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1955), p. 133.
843:
259:
paid reparations of 2.25 billion gold francs (90 million pounds) to the Entente, according to the
729:
708:
499:
248:
238:
149:
584:
Joint Communiqué of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China
410:
agreed to pay reparations of US$ 200 million to the Soviet Union, and US$ 100 million apiece to
68:
War reparations are often governed by treaties which belligerent parties negotiate as part of a
1488:
Japan's Records on War Reparations, The Association for Advancement of Unbiased View of History
632:
329:
182:
83:
Prominent examples of war reparations include Carthage's indemnity paid to Rome following the
682:
471:
202:
35:
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990:
1521:
1497:
1422:
1273:
714:
278:
53:
1411:
Agreement Between Japan and Thailand Concerning Settlement of "Special Yen Problem" (1955)
8:
1458:
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804:
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96:
73:
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134:
92:
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538:(US$ 223.08 million 1958), the Philippines (US$ 525 million/52.94 billion yen 1967),
260:
61:
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War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan
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Stephen D. Roper, Romania: The Unfinished Revolution, Routledge, London, 2000, p. 18
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889:
881:
816:
724:
206:
138:
69:
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Ohlin, B. 1929. The reparation problem: a discussion. Economic Journal 39, 172–82.
281:. When Germany stopped making payments in 1932 after the agreement reached at the
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623:, which declared Iraq's financial liability for damage caused in its invasion of
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364:
343:
Beginning before the German surrender and continuing for the next two years, the
266:
130:
88:
84:
1487:
867:"Making the French pay: the cost and consequences of the Napoleonic reparations"
30:
1320:
1193:"PRESS RELEASE UNITED NATIONS COMPENSATION COMMISSION PAYS OUT US$ 270 MILLION"
965:
658:
427:
411:
357:
Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany
274:
244:
1459:
Agreement of 21st September, 1967, Between Japan and the Republic of Singapore
1423:
Reparations Agreement Between Japan and the Republic of the Philippines (1956)
885:
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516:
344:
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When nations can't default: a history of war reparations and sovereign debt
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337:
321:
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There have been attempts to codify reparations both in the Statutes of the
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45:
for the German Navy, was taken by the United States as reparations in 1946.
866:
820:
692:
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567:
531:
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100:
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Reparations Agreement Between Japan and the Republic of Vietnam (1959)
1351:
Treaty of Peace with Japan Signed at San Francisco on 8 September 1951
1071:"România sărăcită. Jaful, politică de stat a URSS faţă de cei învinşi"
72:. Payment of reparations often occur as part of a condition to remove
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535:
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270:
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122:
112:
1362:
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543:
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Treaty of Peace Between Japan and the Republic of Indonesia (1958)
732:, made from Germany due to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles
698:
Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea
579:
527:
453:
396:
925:
For the Soul of France : culture wars in the age of Dreyfus
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held between July 17 and August 2, 1945, Germany was to pay the
624:
575:
483:
436:
432:
388:
27:
Compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other
336:. Dismantling in the West stopped in 1950. Reparations to the
1471:
Agreement of 21st September, 1967, Between Japan and Malaysia
563:
380:
1399:
Treaty of Peace Between Japan and the Union of Burma (1954)
616:
145:
391:, US$ 100 million to the Soviet Union, US$ 25 million to
95:(1791–1804), French reparations to Germany following the
57:
648:. However, there has been little international support.
1125:"Japan PM Abe ends Sri Lanka trip with visit to temple"
927:(1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 88.
542:(25 million Malaysian dollars/2.94 billion yen 1967),
383:
agreed to pay reparations of about US$ 125 million to
679:
Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany
60:
by one side to the other. They are intended to cover
1305:. In Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. (eds.).
1041:"Spolierea României la Tratatul de Pace de la Paris"
148:in reparations imposed on defeated China after the
844:"War Torts: Accountability for Autonomous Weapons"
991:"Germany makes final payment for WWI reparations"
515:, and US$ 39 million (14.04 billion yen 1959) to
1508:
638:
1387:Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India (1952)
621:United Nations Security Council Resolution 687
144:There was also the case of 230 million silver
99:(1870–1871), and German reparations following
91:, Haiti's reparations to France following the
465:
220:
1300:
864:
449:Finnish war reparations to the Soviet Union
313:World War II reparations towards Yugoslavia
305:Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
1363:The United Nations Compensation Commission
1222:"US reparations for Iraq are long overdue"
759:
363:. By 1947, approximately 4,000,000 German
243:Russians agreed to pay reparations to the
115:is a common practice with a long history.
1122:
893:
588:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
269:agreed to pay reparations of 132 billion
1308:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
521:International Committee of the Red Cross
340:stopped in 1953 (only paid by the GDR).
29:
841:
805:"Tort Liability for Belligerent Wrongs"
802:
598:, declined war reparations from Japan.
442:
417:
402:
332:US$ 23 billion mainly in machinery and
292:
14:
1509:
1200:United Nations Compensation Commission
1077:from the original on 23 September 2015
629:United Nations Compensation Commission
188:
922:
848:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
606:
493:
370:
1244:
1106:"60 years after the war reparations"
1051:from the original on 3 February 2016
1001:from the original on 24 October 2012
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
911:Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman
874:European Review of Economic History
299:German reparations for World War II
87:, French reparations following the
24:
1135:from the original on 23 March 2018
688:Reparations (transitional justice)
287:Agreement on German External Debts
247:when Russia exited the war in the
25:
1533:
1344:
744:
594:(now Sri Lanka), under President
168:
152:led Japan to a similar decision.
435:, it was coerced to pay through
377:Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947
255:government eight months later).
1238:
1214:
1185:
1173:from the original on 2017-05-05
1163:U.S. Department of the Treasury
1147:
1116:
1098:
1089:
1063:
1033:
1013:
983:
958:
842:Crootof, Rebecca (2016-01-01).
809:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
498:According to Article 14 of the
1123:migration (8 September 2014).
995:The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com
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916:
903:
858:
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796:
787:
778:
764:. Cambridge University Press.
232:
13:
1:
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639:Invasion by the United States
530:(US$ 20 million 1954, 1963),
309:POW labor in the Soviet Union
251:(which was repudiated by the
197:, according to conditions of
803:Abraham, Haim (2019-12-01).
157:International Criminal Court
7:
1502:, vol. 21(1999) pp. 231–259
1245:Hawa, Kaleem (2021-09-01).
664:Haiti indemnity controversy
651:
111:Making one party pay a war
93:Haitian War of Independence
10:
1538:
1321:10.1057/9780230226203.1920
760:Hinrichsen, Simon (2024).
704:Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)
446:
302:
296:
236:
106:
1356:29 September 2017 at the
1301:Oosterlinck, Kim (2009).
1274:Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John
923:Brown, Frederick (2010).
886:10.1017/S1361491601000132
466:Sino-Japanese War of 1895
221:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
205:was obliged to pay a war
163:
737:
546:(5.4 billion yen 1955),
534:(US$ 300 million 1965),
460:
227:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
78:Hague Convention of 1907
1155:"RESOLUTION 687 (1991)"
1021:The Russians in Germany
730:World War I reparations
709:Treaty of San Francisco
601:
500:Treaty of San Francisco
395:, and US$ 5 million to
249:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
239:World War I reparations
150:First Sino-Japanese War
1247:"Reparations for Iraq"
566:($ 5.5 million 1957),
509:
183:Treaty of Paris (1815)
46:
1226:america.aljazeera.com
966:"Lausanne Conference"
683:Holocaust reparations
574:($ 10 million 1956),
504:
472:Treaty of Shimonoseki
387:, US$ 105 million to
297:Further information:
177:'s final loss at the
54:compensation payments
33:
865:E. N. White (2001).
715:Treaty of Versailles
443:World War II Finland
418:World War II Romania
403:World War II Hungary
334:manufacturing plants
293:World War II Germany
279:Treaty of Versailles
1311:(Online ed.).
821:10.1093/ojls/gqz025
490:to Japanese trade.
349:Operation Paperclip
324:, according to the
283:Lausanne Conference
199:Treaty of Frankfurt
195:Franco-Prussian War
189:Franco-Prussian War
97:Franco-Prussian War
41:, built in 1936 as
1476:2016-03-21 at the
1464:2016-03-23 at the
1452:2015-09-24 at the
1440:2015-09-24 at the
1428:2016-10-13 at the
1416:2018-05-24 at the
1404:2016-03-23 at the
1392:2018-05-24 at the
1380:2011-07-08 at the
1368:2008-09-14 at the
1313:Palgrave Macmillan
1280:Ilaria Bottigliero
1073:. 23 August 2013.
1019:Norman M. Naimark
720:Potsdam Conference
674:Reparation (legal)
607:Invasion of Kuwait
494:World War II Japan
371:World War II Italy
326:Potsdam conference
179:Battle of Waterloo
135:Treaty of Lutatius
47:
1500:Sydney Law Review
1110:valtioneuvosto.fi
909:A. J. P. Taylor,
771:978-1-009-34397-8
596:J. R. Jayewardene
519:; payment to the
375:According to the
261:Treaty of Neuilly
139:Second Punic Wars
16:(Redirected from
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1517:Aftermath of war
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1315:. pp. 1–5.
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517:South Vietnam
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491:
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439:$ 2 billion.
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56:made after a
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1250:
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669:Legal remedy
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633:oil for food
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361:forced labor
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322:World War II
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181:, under the
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82:
67:
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43:Horst Wessel
42:
37:
1522:Reparations
895:10419/94257
693:Restitution
572:Netherlands
568:Switzerland
532:South Korea
513:Philippines
353:John Gimbel
233:World War I
123:indemnities
101:World War I
1511:Categories
1268:References
1256:2021-11-12
1231:2021-11-12
1081:3 February
1055:3 February
1005:3 February
975:7 November
854:(6): 1347.
611:After the
548:Micronesia
385:Yugoslavia
303:See also:
271:gold marks
193:After the
173:Following
129:after the
1251:nymag.com
1177:23 August
943:419798763
829:0143-6503
635:program.
619:accepted
536:Indonesia
480:Chongqing
253:Bolshevik
207:indemnity
113:indemnity
1474:Archived
1462:Archived
1450:Archived
1438:Archived
1426:Archived
1414:Archived
1402:Archived
1390:Archived
1378:Archived
1366:Archived
1354:Archived
1206:6 August
1168:Archived
1139:30 April
1133:Archived
1075:Archived
1049:Archived
1045:Historia
999:Archived
652:See also
646:Iraq War
613:Gulf War
562:(1977),
560:Mongolia
558:(1959),
556:Cambodia
554:(1958),
550:(1969),
544:Thailand
540:Malaysia
502:(1951):
488:Hangzhou
393:Ethiopia
257:Bulgaria
211:Napoleon
175:Napoleon
127:Carthage
1030:pg. 206
580:Denmark
454:Finland
423:Romania
408:Hungary
397:Albania
277:in the
273:to the
267:Germany
107:History
1327:
1026:
941:
931:
827:
768:
711:(1951)
700:(1965)
627:. The
625:Kuwait
592:Ceylon
576:Sweden
570:, the
484:Suzhou
476:Shashi
437:SovRom
433:Digi24
389:Greece
330:Allies
320:After
311:, and
203:France
164:Europe
36:USCGC
1196:(PDF)
1171:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
870:(PDF)
738:Notes
564:Spain
528:Burma
461:Japan
381:Italy
146:taels
131:First
38:Eagle
1325:ISBN
1208:2019
1179:2017
1141:2018
1083:2016
1057:2016
1024:ISBN
1007:2016
977:2023
939:OCLC
929:ISBN
825:ISSN
766:ISBN
617:Iraq
602:Iraq
578:and
552:Laos
486:and
470:The
365:POWs
215:1807
119:Rome
52:are
34:The
1317:doi
890:hdl
882:doi
852:164
817:doi
125:on
58:war
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133:(
20:)
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