4948:. For the most part of the years of the Fifth Coalition, British military operations on land (apart from the Iberian Peninsula) remained restricted to hit-and-run operations executed by the Royal Navy, which dominated the sea after having beaten down almost all substantial naval opposition from France and its allies and blockading what remained of France's naval forces in heavily fortified French-controlled ports. These rapid-attack operations were aimed mostly at destroying blockaded French naval and mercantile shipping and the disruption of French supplies, communications, and military units stationed near the coasts. Often, when British allies attempted military actions within several dozen miles or so of the sea, the Royal Navy would arrive, land troops and supplies, and aid the coalition's land forces in a concerted operation. Royal Navy ships even provided artillery support against French units when fighting strayed near enough to the coastline. The ability and quality of the land forces governed these operations. For example, when operating with inexperienced guerrilla forces in Spain, the Royal Navy sometimes failed to achieve its objectives because of the lack of manpower that the Navy's guerrilla allies had promised to supply.
6865:. One factor, he says, is that war was no longer a routine event but a transforming experience for societiesâa total experience. Secondly, the military emerged in its own right as a separate sphere of society distinct from the ordinary civilian world. The French Revolution made every civilian a part of the war machine, either as a soldier through universal conscription, or as a vital cog in the home front machinery supporting and supplying the army. Out of that, says Bell, came "militarism", the belief that the military role was morally superior to the civilian role in times of great national crisis. The fighting army represented the essence of the nation's soul. As Napoleon proclaimed, "It is the soldier who founds a Republic and it is the soldier who maintains it." Napoleon said on his career "I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution."
4129:, and increasing the number of sailors from 15,000 to 133,000 in eight years after the war began in 1793. France saw its navy shrink by more than half. The smuggling of finished products into the continent undermined French efforts to weaken the British economy by cutting off markets. Subsidies to Russia and Austria kept them in the war. The British budget in 1814 reached ÂŁ98 million, including ÂŁ10 million for the Royal Navy, ÂŁ40 million for the army, ÂŁ10 million for the allies, and ÂŁ38 million as interest on the national debt, which had soared to ÂŁ679 million, more than double the GDP. This debt was supported by hundreds of thousands of investors and taxpayers, despite the higher taxes on land and a new income tax. The cost of the war amounted to ÂŁ831 million. In contrast, the French financial system was inadequate and Napoleon's forces had to rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands.
3833:
2091:
1941:
1545:
1526:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1440:
1428:
1408:
1390:
1372:
815:
1740:
1644:
3985:
6598:
4395:
692:
3973:
5912:
4747:
1053:
431:
936:
6660:
1991:
1853:
1236:
492:
948:
4346:
2069:
1916:
1306:
1295:
1284:
529:
1569:
4334:
2017:
1805:
1764:
1072:
1027:
987:
556:
6041:'s Kingdom of Italy had 100,000 armed men. In Spain, another 150,000 to 200,000 French troops steadily retreated before Anglo-Portuguese forces numbering around 100,000. Thus around 900,000 Frenchmen in all theatres faced around 1,800,000 coalition soldiers (including the strategic reserve under formation in Germany). The gross figures may mislead slightly, as most of the German troops fighting on the side of the French fought at best unreliably and stood on the verge of defecting to the Allies. One can reasonably say that Napoleon could count on no more than 450,000 men in Germanyâwhich left him outnumbered about four to one.
743:
463:
4682:
607:
2056:
1625:
975:
620:
999:
1709:
910:
6268:
668:
1084:
6594:
armies to deploy more men without requiring an equal increase in supply arrangements such as depots and supply trains) allowed the French republic to field much larger armies than their opponents. Napoleon ensured during the time of the French republic that separate French field armies operated as a single army under his control, often allowing him to substantially outnumber his opponents. This forced his continental opponents to also increase the size of their armies, moving away from the traditional small, well-drilled Ancien RĂ©gime armies of the 18th century to mass conscript armies.
4108:, but could do nothing about France's trade with the major continental economies, and posed little threat to French territory in Europe. France's population and agricultural capacity greatly outstripped Britain's. Britain had the greatest industrial capacity in Europe, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade. This ensured that France could never consolidate its control over Europe in peace. Many in the French government believed that cutting Britain off from the Continent would end its economic influence over Europe and isolate it.
1637:
6167:. The Allies rapidly gathered their armies to meet him again. Napoleon raised 280,000 men, whom he distributed among several armies. To add to the 90,000-strong standing army, he recalled well over a quarter of a million veterans from past campaigns and issued a decree for the eventual draft of around 2.5 million new men into the French army, which was never achieved. This faced an initial coalition force of about 700,000âalthough coalition campaign plans provided for one million front-line soldiers, supported by around 200,000 garrison, logistics and other auxiliary personnel.
1342:
1330:
782:
756:
568:
6022:
1697:
898:
14060:
632:
1673:
719:
731:
1685:
1557:
1354:
871:
854:
884:
705:
6138:
4952:
4245:
1978:
1838:
1752:
1581:
924:
3957:. McLynn argues that Britain went to war in 1803 out of a "mixture of economic motives and national neurosesâan irrational anxiety about Napoleon's motives and intentions." McLynn concludes that it proved to be the right choice for Britain because, in the long run, Napoleon's intentions were hostile to the British national interest. Napoleon was not ready for war, and so this was the best time for Britain to stop them. Britain seized upon the Malta issue, refusing to follow the terms of the Treaty of Amiens and evacuate the island.
1091:
5820:
2030:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
419:
2043:
1272:
517:
4755:
3638:
1060:
593:
580:
542:
448:
103:
1901:
644:
6559:
1869:
656:
5715:
801:
6221:
1661:
680:
1601:
5948:
1613:
1318:
963:
2736:
6721:
2760:
1821:
2712:
2748:
2700:
2688:
1886:
1260:
1248:
841:
2676:
2724:
6683:
1733:
504:
2664:
1654:
1400:
5623:
4152:
1016:
2631:
3504:
2638:
4476:
6840:
6902:
his enemy via domestic newspapers, diplomatic publications, maps, and prior documents of military engagements in the theaters of war in which he would operate. It was this stout and constant study of the enemy which made
Napoleon the military mastermind of his time. Whereas, his opponentsâBritain, Austria, Prussia, and Russiaâwere much more reliant on traditional intelligence-gathering methods and were much more quickly and willing to act on them.
1382:
770:
6377:
4960:
4708:, but Napoleon appointed the intendants who administered the country. The population of 4.3 million was released from occupation and, by 1814, sent about 200,000 men to Napoleon's armies. That included about 90,000 who marched with him to Moscow; few marched back. The Russians strongly opposed any move towards an independent Poland and one reason Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 was to punish them. The Grand Duchy was absorbed into the
16624:
13660:
4041:
4846:
4573:
3788:
2004:
1790:
1721:
1105:
7537:
2645:
5028:
organisation in French territory, many breaches of the
Continental System occurred and the French Continental System was largely ineffective and did little economic damage to Great Britain. Both sides entered further conflicts in attempts to enforce their blockade. As Napoleon realised that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia, he invaded those two countries; the British fought the United States in the
478:
5944:. They would allow Napoleon to remain Emperor but France would be reduced to its "natural frontiers" and lose control of most of Italy and Germany and the Netherlands. Napoleon still expected to win the wars, and rejected the terms. By 1814, as the Allies were closing in on Paris, Napoleon did agree to the Frankfurt proposals, but it was too late and he rejected the new harsher terms proposed by the Allies.
5516:
4374:
Netherlands, Switzerland, and most of
Western Germany and northern Italy. His admirers say that Napoleon wanted to stop now, but was forced to continue in order to gain greater security from the countries that refused to accept his conquests. Esdaile rejects that explanation and instead says that it was a good time to stop expansion, for the major powers were ready to accept Napoleon as he was:
13049:
27:
6065:
6237:. The French army did nothing to stop a rather leisurely retreat that took place throughout the night and into the early morning by the Prussians. As the 4th, 1st, and 2nd Prussian Corps marched through the town towards Waterloo, the 3rd Prussian Corps took up blocking positions across the river, and although Grouchy engaged and defeated the Prussian rearguard under the command of Lt-Gen
7113:, he discovers that his "widow", a former prostitute that Chabert made rich and honourable, has married the wealthy Count Ferraud. She has also liquidated all of Chabert's belongings and pretends not to recognise her first husband. Seeking to regain his name and monies that were wrongly given away as inheritance, he hires Derville, an attorney, to win back his money and his honour.
9824:
6717:
was overall quite homogeneous and solid and in 1813 operated in
Germany (140,000 men), Italy and the Balkans (90,000 men at its peak, about 50,000 men during most of the campaigning on these fronts). Austria's manpower was becoming quite limited towards the end of the wars, leading its generals to favour cautious and conservative strategies, to limit their losses.
7035:. Thackeray states in Chapter XXX "We do not claim to rank among the military novelists. Our place is with the non-combatants. When the decks are cleared for action we go below and wait meekly." And indeed he presents no descriptions of military leaders, strategy, or combat; he describes anxious non-combatants waiting in Brussels for news.
5816:. Alexander I refused to capitulate, and the peace talks attempted by Napoleon failed. Rather than withdraw further east, the Russian army withdrew south, rebuilding its strength and preparing to interfere with a French withdrawal. In October, with no sign of clear victory in sight, Napoleon began the disastrous Great Retreat from Moscow.
9828:
6744:
of variable strength. Many of these troops performed reasonably well and often displayed considerable bravery but lacked the professionalism of their regular counterparts and were not as well equipped. Others were largely unfit for operations, except sieges. During the 1813 campaign, 130,000 men were
6532:
The century of relative transatlantic peace, after the
Congress of Vienna, enabled the "greatest intercontinental migration in human history" beginning with "a big spurt of immigration after the release of the dam erected by the Napoleonic Wars." Immigration inflows relative to the US population rose
4471:
to remove their hats there, saying, "If he were alive we wouldn't be here today". Napoleon had taken only 19 days from beginning his attack on
Prussia to knock it out of the war with the capture of Berlin and the destruction of its principal armies at Jena and AuerstÀdt. Saxony abandoned Prussia, and
3941:
Britain ended the uneasy truce created by the Treaty of Amiens when it had declared war on France in May 1803. The
British were increasingly angered by Napoleon's reordering of the international system in Western Europe, especially in Switzerland, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. Kagan argues that
3876:
Swiss resistance collapsed before anything could be accomplished, and, after a month, Britain countermanded the orders to not restore Cape Colony. At the same time, Russia finally joined the guarantee regarding Malta. Concerned that there would be hostilities when
Bonaparte found out that Cape Colony
6901:
at this time had more supply of intelligence given to him than any French general before him. However, Napoleon was not an advocate of military intelligence at this time as he often found it unreliable and inaccurate when compared to his own preconceived notions of the enemy. Napoleon rather studied
6675:
The French army peaked in size in the 1790s with 1.5 million
Frenchmen enlisted although battlefield strength was much less. Haphazard bookkeeping, rudimentary medical support and lax recruitment standards ensured that many soldiers either never existed, fell ill or were unable to withstand the
6593:
of 1756â1763, few armies ever numbered more than 200,000 with field forces often numbering less than 30,000. The French innovations of separate corps (allowing a single commander to efficiently command more than the traditional command span of 30,000 men) and living off the land (which allowed field
6091:
Napoleon determined to fight on, even now, incapable of fathoming his fall from power. During the campaign, he had issued a decree for 900,000 fresh conscripts, but only a fraction of these materialised, and
Napoleon's schemes for victory eventually gave way to the reality of his hopeless situation.
5890:
in November with the Russian army in pursuit, only 27,000 fit soldiers survived, with 380,000 men dead or missing and 100,000 captured. Napoleon then left his men and returned to Paris to prepare the defence against the advancing Russians. The campaign had effectively ended on 14 December 1812, when
5265:
was still a fresh memory. However, the Austrian authorities, due to difficulties with Napoleon and because they wanted to maintain their neutrality, in order to be correct with the Porte, could not accept his offers. So, the Serbs were forced to ask for the protection of the Russians, and therefore,
4912:
against Napoleon's allies. Austria, previously an ally of France, took the opportunity to attempt to restore its imperial territories in Germany as held prior to Austerlitz. During the time of the Fifth Coalition, the Royal Navy won a succession of victories in the French colonies. On land the major
5662:
The central issue for both Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I was control over Poland. Each wanted a semi-independent Poland he could control. As Esdaile notes, "Implicit in the idea of a Russian Poland was, of course, a war against Napoleon." Schroeder says Poland was "the root cause" of Napoleon's war
3778:
After 1807, Napoleon's creation of a highly mobile, well-armed artillery force gave artillery usage an increased tactical importance. Napoleon, rather than relying on infantry to wear away the enemy's defences, could now use massed artillery as a spearhead to pound a break in the enemy's line. Once
6716:
peaked at about 576,000 (during the War of the Sixth Coalition) and had little or no naval component yet never fielded more than 250,000 men in field armies. After Britain, Austria proved the most persistent enemy of France; more than a million Austrians served during the long wars. Its large army
5927:
Seeing an opportunity in Napoleon's historic defeat, Prussia, Sweden and several other German states switched sides, joining Russia, the United Kingdom and others opposing Napoleon. Napoleon vowed that he would create a new army as large as the one he had sent into Russia, and quickly built up his
3960:
The deeper British grievance was their perception that Napoleon was taking personal control of Europe, making the international system unstable, and forcing Britain to the sidelines. Numerous scholars have argued that Napoleon's aggressive posture made him enemies and cost him potential allies. As
3773:
The ideal Napoleonic battle was to manipulate the enemy into an unfavourable position through manoeuvre and deception, force him to commit his main forces and reserve to the main battle and then undertake an enveloping attack with uncommitted or reserve troops on the flank or rear. Such a surprise
6930:
in SeptemberâOctober 1808, Talleyrand secretly counseled Tsar Alexander. Alexander's attitude towards Napoleon was one of apprehensive opposition. Talleyrand believed Napoleon would eventually destroy the empire he had worked to build across multiple rulers. After his resignation in 1807 from the
6048:(August 1813), where he once again defeated a numerically superior coalition army and inflicted enormous casualties, while sustaining relatively few. The failures of his marshals and a slow resumption of the offensive on his part cost him any advantage that this victory might have secured. At the
6017:
The belligerents declared an armistice from 4 June 1813 (continuing until 13 August) during which time both sides attempted to recover from the loss of approximately a quarter of a million men in the preceding two months. During this time coalition negotiations finally brought Austria out in open
5658:
in July 1808 and August 1809. The success of the Russian army on land, however, forced Sweden to sign peace treaties with Russia in 1809 and with France in 1810, and to join the blockade against Britain. But FrancoâRussian relations would become progressively worse after 1810, and the Russian war
5446:
and Napoleon, with no success, even wrote personally to Napoleon seeking military assistance, and in 1810, dispatched an emissary to French Empire. However, the French did not believe that the rebels had the military capacity to defeat the Ottomans or expulse them from the Balkans. In 1812, under
4378:
in 1806 both Russia and Britain had been positively eager to make peace, and they might well have agreed to terms that would have left the Napoleonic imperium almost completely intact. As for Austria and Prussia, they simply wanted to be left alone. To have secured a compromise peace, then, would
4019:
to the House of Lords "I do not say, my Lords, that the French will not come. I say only they will not come by sea"), Britain did not have to spend the entire war defending itself and could thus focus on supporting its embattled allies, maintaining low-intensity land warfare on a global scale for
3885:
could be conquered. The British seized on this to demand satisfaction and security before evacuating Malta, which was a convenient stepping stone to Egypt. France disclaimed any desire to seize Egypt and asked what sort of satisfaction was required, but the British were unable to give a response.
6252:
on the morning of 18 June for several hours while he waited for the ground to dry after the previous night's rain. By late afternoon, the French army had not succeeded in driving Wellington's forces from the escarpment on which they stood. When the Prussians arrived and attacked the French right
4823:
The Peninsular war proved a major disaster for France. Napoleon did well when he was in direct charge, but severe losses followed his departure, as he severely underestimated how much manpower would be needed. The effort in Spain was a drain on money, manpower and prestige. Historian David Gates
4462:
as an effective military force. Out of 250,000 troops, the Prussians sustained 25,000 casualties, lost a further 150,000 as prisoners, 4,000 artillery pieces, and over 100,000 muskets. At Jena, Napoleon had fought only a detachment of the Prussian force. The battle at AuerstÀdt involved a single
4373:
to Bavaria. With the withdrawal of Austria from the war, stalemate ensued. Napoleon's army had a record of continuous unbroken victories on land, but the full force of the Russian army had not yet come into play. Napoleon had now consolidated his hold on France, had taken control of Belgium, the
4116:
A key element in British success was its ability to mobilise the nation's industrial and financial resources, and apply them to defeating France. Though the UK had a population of approximately 16 million against France's 30 million, the French numerical advantage was offset by British
5437:
between France and Russia against the Ottomans helped put a stop to hostilities in the Balkans, with a truce taking place (which was perceived extremely negatively in Serbia, despite the fact that the truce did not apply to the Serb rebels), also, there was a secret clause that provides for the
6798:
had much to do with larger military forcesâit became easy to mass-produce weapons and thus to equip larger forces. Britain was the largest single manufacturer of armaments in this period. It supplied most of the weapons used by the coalition powers throughout the conflicts. France produced the
6432:
After the Napoleonic period, nationalism, a relatively new movement, became increasingly significant. This shaped much of the course of future European history. Its growth spelled the beginning of some states and the end of others, as the map of Europe changed dramatically in the hundred years
5417:
in 1809. This support of Montenegro for the Serbs was reinforced due to the fact that in the war of 1807â1812, Ottoman troops, supported by French detachments on Illyria, attacked Montenegro along the entire border, and the Montenegrins did not have time to repel all the attacks. However, they
4827:
The Peninsular campaigns witnessed 60 major battles and 30 major sieges, more than any other of the Napoleonic conflicts, and lasted over 6 years, far longer than any of the others. France and her allies lost at least 91,000 killed in action and 237,000 wounded in the peninsula. From 1812, the
3917:
for his territorial losses. France offered to place Malta in the hands of Russia to satisfy British concerns, pull out of Holland when Malta was evacuated, and form a convention to give satisfaction to Britain on other issues. The British falsely denied that Russia had made an offer, and their
3901:
by the British army, in accordance with the orders which had subsequently been countermanded. On 8 March they ordered military preparations to guard against possible French retaliation and justified them by falsely claiming that it was only in response to French preparations and that they were
3828:
with a Neapolitan garrison and placed under the guarantee of third powers. The weakening of the Knights of St. John by the confiscation of their assets in France and Spain along with delays in obtaining guarantees prevented the British from evacuating it after three months as stipulated in the
6536:
Another concept emerged from the Congress of Viennaâthat of a unified Europe. After his defeat, Napoleon deplored the fact that his dream of a free and peaceful "European association" remained unaccomplished. Such a European association would share the same principles of government, system of
6170:
Napoleon took about 124,000 men of the Army of the North on a pre-emptive strike against the Allies in Belgium. He intended to attack the coalition armies before they combined, in hope of driving the British into the sea and the Prussians out of the war. His march to the frontier achieved the
7523:
series by Alaric Bond portrays life and action aboard Royal Naval vessels during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. From the lower decks to the quarterdeck Bond's detailed settings are realistic. Narratives are told not just from a commissioned officer's point of view but include varied
5027:
continued to fight the French-Bavarian army until finally defeated in November 1809. In the west, the Peninsular War continued. Economic warfare between Britain and France continued: The British continued a naval blockade of French-controlled territory. Due to military shortages and lack of
6873:
Intelligence played a pivotal factor throughout the Napoleonic Wars and could very well have changed the tide of war. The use and misuse of military intelligence dictated the course of many major battles during the Napoleonic Wars. Some of the major battles that were dictated by the use of
6855:
Historians have explored how the Napoleonic wars became total wars. Most historians argue that the escalation in size and scope came from two sources. First was the ideological clash between revolutionary/egalitarian and conservative/hierarchical belief systems. Second was the emergence of
6785:
which Napoleon led into Russia was about 50 per cent while the French allies also provided a significant contribution to the French forces in Spain. As these small nations joined the coalition forces in 1813â1814, they provided a useful addition to the coalition while depriving Napoleon of
5678:
river on 24 June 1812. Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War, and Napoleon proclaimed a Second Polish war. The Poles supplied almost 100,000 men for the invasion force, but against their expectations, Napoleon avoided any concessions to Poland, having in mind further negotiations with Russia.
5451:, which restored peace with the Ottomans. One of the clauses of the treaty provided for the maintenance of Serbian autonomy, also, a truce was signed according to the Article 8 of the Treaty. Then, the Russians encouraged KaraÄorÄe and his followers to negotiate directly with the Porte.
4092:. This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from Britain by closing French-controlled territory to its trade. Britain maintained a standing army of 220,000 at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, of whom less than 50% were available for campaigning. The rest were necessary for garrisoning
4990:
following its earlier success. Napoleon assumed personal command and bolstered the army for a counter-attack on Austria. After a few small battles, the well-run campaign forced the Austrians to withdraw from Bavaria, and Napoleon advanced into Austria. His hurried attempt to cross the
3869:. This caused widespread outrage in Britain, which protested that this was a violation of the Treaty of Lunéville. Although continental powers were unprepared to act, the British decided to send an agent to help the Swiss obtain supplies, and also ordered their military not to return
6018:
opposition to France. Two principal Austrian armies took the field, adding 300,000 men to the coalition armies in Germany. The Allies now had around 800,000 front-line soldiers in the German theatre, with a strategic reserve of 350,000 formed to support the front-line operations.
5796:
The battle was indecisive; the French captured the main positions on the battlefield but failed to destroy the Russian army. While Kutuzov had recognized the political need to give battle, he also recognized that Barclay de Tolly's strategies had proven effective, and that the
5475:
coincided with the War of the Sixth Coalition. Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, while Europeans often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. The United States declared war on Britain because of British military support for
5426:. Napoleon himself offered Petar I the title "Patriarch of the entire Serbian nation or of the entire Illyricum" on the condition that he cease cooperation with Russia and accept a French protectorate, which he refused for fear of an eventual papal status jurisdiction or an
4446:, decided to go to war independently of any other great power. The army of Russia, a Prussian ally, in particular, was too far away to assist. On October 8, 1806, Napoleon unleashed all the French forces east of the Rhine into Prussia. Napoleon defeated a Prussian army at
6860:
in France, Germany, Spain, and elsewhere, that made these "people's wars" instead of contests between monarchs. Bell has argued that even more important than ideology and nationalism were the intellectual transformations in the culture of war that came about through the
3902:
conducting serious negotiations with France. In a few days, it was known that Cape Colony had been surrendered in accordance with the counter-orders, but it was too late. Bonaparte berated the British ambassador in front of 200 spectators over the military preparations.
7019:, where the fictional couple of the story are tragically separated. Years later after imprisonment, the husband returns to find his wife still in a state of utter shock and amnesia. He has the battle and their separation reenacted, hoping the memory will heal her state.
5282:, influenced the Porte to conclude an alliance with Russia in 1798), the Russian government had a neutral policy toward the Serbian revolt until summer 1804, in which the goal was now to having Constantinople recognize Russia as the guarantor of peace in the region.
5803:
was bleeding personnel and supplies more and more severely with every step they took deeper into Russia. Napoleon's logistical difficulties meant that French casualties simply could not be replaced, whereas the Russian army could reinforce itself far more readily.
6384:
France's constant warfare with the combined forces of different combinations of, and eventually all, of the other major powers of Europe for over two decades finally took its toll. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, France no longer held the role of the dominant
5547:
in the wake of these wars. The defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 caused an exodus of French soldiers into Latin America, where they joined ranks with the armies of the independence movements. While these officials had a role in various victories such as the
6232:
to take the right wing of the Army of the North and stop the Prussians regrouping. In the first of a series of miscalculations, both Grouchy and Napoleon failed to realise that the Prussian forces were already reorganised and were assembling at the city of
6905:
The methods of Intelligence during these wars were to include the formation of vast and complex networks of corresponding agents, codebreaking, and cryptanalysis. The greatest cipher to be used to hide military operations during this time was known as the
6779:' forces of past wars but most of these were poor quality forces only suitable for garrison duties. The size of their combat forces remained modest yet they could still provide a welcome addition to the major powers. The percentage of French troops in the
5011:
was stripped of his command after retreating contrary to Napoleon's orders. Shortly thereafter, Bernadotte took up the offer from Sweden to fill the vacant position of Crown Prince there. Later he actively participated in wars against his former Emperor.)
4036:
supported the Spanish, who campaigned successfully against the French armies, eventually driving them from Spain and allowing Britain to invade southern France. By 1815, the British Army played the central role in the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo.
9468:, pp. 617â640: McConachy rejects the alternative theory that growing reliance on artillery by the French army beginning in 1807 was an outgrowth of the declining quality of the French infantry and, later, France's inferiority in cavalry numbers
7109:, was erroneously recorded as dead and buried unconscious with French casualties. After extricating himself from his grave and being nursed back to health by local peasants, it takes several years for him to recover. When he returns to the Paris of the
5488:
of American sailors into the Royal Navy, and a desire to expand its territory. France had interfered as well, and the United States had considered declaring war on France. The war ended in a military stalemate, and there were no boundary changes at the
4136:
was crucial in almost single-handedly financing the British war effort, organising the shipment of bullion to the Duke of Wellington's armies across Europe, as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their continental allies.
5987:, before retreating all the way to Portugal when renewed French concentrations threatened to trap them. As a consequence of the Salamanca campaign, the French were forced to end their long siege of CĂĄdiz and to permanently evacuate the provinces of
3774:
attack would either produce a devastating effect on morale or force him to weaken his main battle line. Either way, the enemy's own impulsiveness began the process by which even a smaller French army could defeat the enemy's forces one by one.
3154:. There are numerous opinions on the date to use as the formal beginning of the Napoleonic Wars; 18 May 1803 is often used, when Britain and France ended the only short period of peace between 1792 and 1814. The Napoleonic Wars began with the
6052:
in Saxony (16â19 October 1813), also called the "Battle of the Nations", 191,000 French fought more than 300,000 Allies, and the defeated French had to retreat into France. After the French withdrawal from Germany, Napoleon's remaining ally,
6344:
to the French throne. Napoleon had succeeded in bringing most of Western Europe under one rule. In most European countries, subjugation in the French Empire brought with it many liberal features of the French Revolution including democracy,
4117:
subsidies that paid for many of the Austrian and Russian soldiers, peaking at about 450,000 men in 1813. Under the AngloâRussian agreement of 1803, Britain paid a subsidy of ÂŁ1.5 million for every 100,000 Russian soldiers in the field.
8001:(October 1806), various other German states that had previously fought alongside the anti-French allies, including Saxony and Westphalia, also allied with France and joined the Confederation. Saxony changed sides again in 1813 during the
3818:, as it had agreed to do in the treaty. France then continued to interfere with British trade despite peace having been made and complained about Britain harbouring certain individuals and not cracking down on the anti-French press.
3189:
argues that Britain was irritated in particular by Napoleon's assertion of control over Switzerland. Furthermore, Britons felt insulted when Napoleon stated that their country deserved no voice in European affairs, even though King
5807:
Napoleon entered Moscow on 14 September, after the Russian Army had retreated yet again. By then, the Russians had largely evacuated the city and released criminals from the prisons to inconvenience the French; the governor, Count
13827:
6641:
France had the second-largest population in Europe by the end of the 18th century (28 million, as compared to Britain's 12 million and Russia's 35 to 40 million). It was well poised to take advantage of the
4803:
prevented Napoleon from successfully wrapping up operations against British forces by necessitating his departure for Austria, and he never returned to the Peninsular theatre. The British then sent in a fresh army under
5758:
did not adjust its operational methods in response. Provisioning such an enormous army with adequate food and fresh water had proven difficult since the very start of the campaign, exacerbated by the sparse terrain of
4790:
After defeats in Spain suffered by France, Napoleon took charge and enjoyed success, retaking Madrid, defeating the Spanish, and forcing a withdrawal of the heavily out-numbered British army from the Iberian Peninsula
4120:
British national output continued to be strong, and the well-organised business sector channeled products into what the military needed. Britain used its economic power to expand the Royal Navy, doubling the number of
7900:
participated in the war with separate Hungarian regiments in the Imperial and Royal Army, and also by a traditional army ("insurrectio"). The Hungarian Diet voted to join in war and agreed to pay one third of the war
6084:, in which he won many battles against the enemy forces advancing towards Paris. During this entire campaign, he never managed to field more than 70,000 men against more than half a million coalition soldiers. At the
4100:
whom Napoleon could draft into the military if necessary. Both nations enlisted large numbers of sedentary militia who were unsuited for campaigning and were mostly employed to release regular forces for active duty.
11030:
4608:, and assuring use of the sea lanes in the North and Baltic seas for the British merchant fleet. Denmark joined the war on the side of France, but without a fleet it had little to offer, beginning an engagement in a
11565:
7093:, who served as a Royal Navy officer (1806â1830) including during Napoleonic Wars, and who wrote many novels, and who was a pioneer of the Napoleonic wars sea story about the experiences of British naval officers.
4824:
called it the "Spanish ulcer". Napoleon realised it had been a disaster for his cause, writing later, "That unfortunate war destroyed me ... All the circumstances of my disasters are bound up in that fatal knot."
6582:
armies could only deploy small field armies due to rudimentary staffs and comprehensive yet cumbersome logistics. Both issues combined to limit field forces to approximately 30,000 men under a single commander.
3209:
of France to starve it of resources. Napoleon responded with economic embargoes against Britain, and sought to eliminate Britain's Continental allies to break the coalitions arrayed against him. The so-called
3472:
demonstrated the capability of a people driven by fervent nationalism against an occupying force. Due to the longevity of the wars, the extent of Napoleon's conquests, and the popularity of the ideals of the
6496:
The Napoleonic wars also played a key role in the independence of the Latin American colonies from Spain and Portugal. The conflict weakened the authority and military power of Spain, especially after the
3309:
from the Peninsula. Austria, eager to recover territory lost during the War of the Third Coalition, invaded France's client states in Eastern Europe in April 1809. Napoleon defeated the Fifth Coalition at
8541:
The functional importance of the Risorgimento to both Italian politics and Italian historiography has made this short period (1815â60) one of the most contested and controversial in modern Italian history
5792:
on 7 September, in the vicinity of Moscow. The battle was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars, involving more than 250,000 men and resulting in at least 70,000 casualties.
3942:
Britain was especially alarmed by Napoleon's assertion of control over Switzerland. The British felt insulted when Napoleon said it deserved no voice in European affairs (even though King George was an
13820:
4499:, with the assistance of Dutch and Italian soldiers in the latter case. Napoleon then turned north to confront the remainder of the Russian army and to try to capture the temporary Prussian capital at
4020:
over a decade. The British government paid out a large amount of money to other European states so that they could pay armies in the field against France. These payments are colloquially known as the
3122:, the fundamental reorganization of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the introduction of radically new methods of conducting warfare. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the
109:
6205:. Ney failed to clear the cross-roads and Wellington reinforced the position. But with the Prussian retreat, Wellington too had to retreat. He fell back to a previously reconnoitred position on an
8661:
13646:
4704:, but Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, which depended on France from the beginning. The duchy consisted of lands seized by Austria and Prussia; its Grand Duke was Napoleon's ally King
11224:
6037:
and 30,000 under Davout. The remaining imperial forces came mostly from the Confederation of the Rhine, especially Saxony and Bavaria. In addition, to the south, Murat's Kingdom of Naples and
5857:
The French supply chain, already in tatters from the attrition of wagons and horses, began to collapse completely. The lack of horses also rendered Napoleon's cavalry ineffective, leaving the
4612:
in which small gunboats attacked larger British ships in Danish and Norwegian waters. Denmark also committed themselves to participate in a war against Sweden together with France and Russia.
13813:
10527:
6817:
had allowed the French War-Minister, Carnot, to communicate with French forces on the frontiers throughout the 1790s. The French continued to use this system throughout the Napoleonic wars.
6253:
flank in ever-increasing numbers, Napoleon's strategy of keeping the coalition armies divided had failed and a combined coalition general advance drove his army from the field in confusion.
7587:
4241:, died in the battle). Napoleon never again had the opportunity to challenge the British at sea, nor to threaten an invasion. He again turned his attention to the enemies on the Continent.
3909:
to shield them from damage. In the same month, the ministry issued an ultimatum to France, demanding a retention of Malta for at least ten years, the permanent acquisition of the island of
3202:. For its part, Russia decided that the intervention in Switzerland indicated that Napoleon was not looking toward a peaceful resolution of his differences with the other European powers.
114:
3881:, the British began to procrastinate on the evacuation of Malta. In January 1803, a government paper in France published a report from a commercial agent which noted the ease with which
6623:
After these defeats, the continental powers developed various forms of mass conscription to allow them to face France on even terms, and the size of field armies increased rapidly. The
2990:
to the continent. The treaty had failed to end the tension, and war broke out again in 1809, with the Austrian-led Fifth Coalition. At first, the Austrians won a significant victory at
5466:
4971:. Napoleon left Berthier with only 170,000 men to defend France's entire eastern frontier (in the 1790s, 800,000 men had carried out the same task, but holding a much shorter front).
6092:
Napoleon abdicated on 6 April. Occasional military actions continued in Italy, Spain, and Holland in early 1814. An armistice was signed with the Allied Powers on 23 April 1814. The
4779:
failed to maintain the Continental System, the uneasy Spanish alliance with France ended in all but name. French troops gradually encroached on Spanish territory until they occupied
3905:
The Addington ministry realised they would face an inquiry over their false reasons for the military preparations, and during April unsuccessfully attempted to secure the support of
8014:
Bavaria, Saxony, Westphalia, and WĂŒrttemberg were the leading nations of the Confederation, but the Confederation was made up of a total of 43 principalities, kingdoms, and duchies.
6713:
6425:
to Prussia. These industrial regions transformed agrarian Prussia into an industrial leader in the nineteenth century. Britain emerged as the most important economic power, and its
5891:
the last enemy troops left Russia. The Russians had lost around 210,000 men, but with their shorter supply lines, they soon replenished their armies. For every six soldiers of the
7524:
perspectives, including warranted officers, ordinary and able seamen, marines, supernumeraries, and women aboard presenting a broader, more complete picture of the Georgian Navy.
6256:
Grouchy organised a successful and well-ordered retreat towards Paris, where Marshal Davout had 117,000 men ready to turn back the 116,000 men of BlĂŒcher and Wellington. General
11277:
4940:
of 1809, involved a dual effort by the British Army and the Royal Navy to relieve Austrian forces under intense French pressure. It ended in disaster after the Army commander,
2766:
9041:
8282:
7477:. Heyer's novel is noted for its meticulous research on the progress of the battle, combining her noted period romance writing with her detailed research into regency history.
6810:. The French Army redefined the role of artillery, forming independent, mobile units, as opposed to the previous tradition of attaching artillery pieces in support of troops.
6679:
About 2.8 million Frenchmen fought on land and about 150,000 at sea, bringing the total for France to almost 3 million combatants during almost 25 years of warfare.
4431:
into larger electorates, duchies, and kingdoms to make the governance of non-Prussian Germany smoother. Napoleon elevated the rulers of the two largest Confederation states,
11022:
6286:, and of the public generally, did not favour his view. Lacking support Napoleon abdicated again on 22 June 1815, and on 15 July he surrendered to the British squadron at
6171:
surprise he had planned, catching the Anglo-Dutch Army in a dispersed arrangement. The Prussians had been more wary, concentrating 75 per cent of their army in and around
9401:
9955:
6806:
Napoleon showed innovative tendencies in his use of mobility to offset numerical disadvantages, as demonstrated in the rout of the AustroâRussian forces in 1805 in the
3728:, spanning the period 1689 to 1815. Historian Mike Rapport (2013) suggested using the term "French Wars" to unambiguously describe the entire period from 1792 to 1815.
6445:
was widely replaced by national ideologies based on shared origins and culture. Bonaparte's reign over Europe sowed the seeds for the founding of the nation-states of
5539:, many local elites formed juntas and set up mechanisms to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII, whom they considered the legitimate Spanish monarch. The outbreak of the
13668:
4096:
and the colonies and providing security for Britain. France's strength peaked at around 2,500,000 full-time and part-time soldiers including several hundred thousand
3724:
British historians occasionally refer to the nearly continuous period of warfare from 1792 to 1815 as the Great French War, or as the final phase of the Anglo-French
5270:, in which they spoke of the problems and wishes of the Serbian people, but they also stressed that they would continue to be loyal to the Sultan. Due to the recent
2367:
10806:
3047:
Encouraged by the defeat, Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia formed the Sixth Coalition and began a new campaign against France, decisively defeating Napoleon at
10300:
6033:
Napoleon succeeded in bringing the imperial forces in the region to around 650,000âalthough only 250,000 came under his direct command, with another 120,000 under
4330:(usually considered his greatest victory). He inflicted 25,000 casualties on a numerically superior enemy army while sustaining fewer than 7,000 in his own force.
3769:
Napoleon was, and remains, famous for his battlefield victories, and historians have spent enormous attention in analysing them. In 2008, Donald Sutherland wrote:
3913:
from the Kingdom of Sicily, and the evacuation of Holland. They also offered to recognise French gains in Italy if they evacuated Switzerland and compensated the
7155:. Austen almost never refers to specific dates or historical events in her novels, but wartime England forms part of the general backdrop to several of them: in
2400:
108:
13683:
4651:. British voluntary attempts to assist Sweden with humanitarian aid remained limited, and did not prevent Sweden from adopting a more Napoleon-friendly policy.
4458:
on the same day. 160,000 French soldiers (increasing in number as the campaign went on) attacked Prussia, moving with such speed that they destroyed the entire
3824:
was captured by Britain during the war and was subject to a complex arrangement in the 10th article of the Treaty of Amiens, where it was to be restored to the
107:
6321:
returned to the throne of Naples on 20 May 1815. Murat tried to regain his throne, but after that failed, he was executed by firing squad on 13 October 1815.
9985:
5039:, an Austrian Archduchess, with the aim of ensuring a more stable alliance with Austria and of providing the Emperor with an heir (something his first wife,
4068:
Beyond minor naval actions against British imperial interests, the Napoleonic Wars were much less global in their scope than preceding conflicts such as the
2144:
4015:
Unlike its many coalition partners, Britain remained at war during the period of the Napoleonic Wars. Protected by naval supremacy (in the words of Admiral
3634:. Pressed from all sides, the Republic suffered a string of successive defeats against revitalised enemies, who were supported by Britain's financial help.
3013:
in November 1807, and with the bulk of French troops present in Spain, Napoleon seized the opportunity to turn against his former ally, depose the reigning
111:
14657:
4202:
112:
11596:"Men like M. de Talleyrand are like sharp instruments with which it is dangerous to play" concluded a sagacious Prince Metternich (a long-term paymaster).
106:
7502:
6740:(about 100,000 men) was characterised by competence and determination, but the bulk of its forces consisted of second- and third-line troops, as well as
6518:
5568:
5297:, in order to enter in the Napoleonic Wars as an ally of the French) as they desired Russian support for their independence, starting a new phase of the
5188:(Serbs initially felt that French presence in the region could have developed into military aid in support of the insurrection against Ottoman rule as a
5145:
3482:
572:
7576:
7439:â Napoleonic series. Rise of Napoleon and Wellington from humble beginnings to history's most remarkable and notable leaders. Four books in the series.
2931:. The wars are categorised as seven conflicts, five named after the coalitions that fought Napoleon, plus two named for their respective theatres: the
13109:
11208:
5738:, who recognized that Napoleon's immediate goal was a decisive battle to crush the main Russian force in the west. In response, the Russian army used
5413:
forces and asked for KaraÄorÄe's aid, wanting to connect the territory occupied by the Serbian rebel forces and Montenegro, which succeeded after the
3918:
ambassador left Paris. Desperate to avoid a war, Bonaparte sent a secret offer where he agreed to let Britain retain Malta if France could occupy the
13728:
8689:
6971:
recounts Napoleon's wars between 1805 and 1812 (especially the disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia and subsequent retreat) from a Russian perspective.
6894:
in 1806. At the Battle of Jena even Prussian superior military intelligence was not enough to counter the sheer military force of Napoleons' armies.
6589:
The scale of warfare dramatically enlarged during the Revolutionary and subsequent Napoleonic Wars. During Europe's major pre-revolutionary war, the
5279:
13698:
10519:
6309:(March to May 1815). Hoping to find support among Italian nationalists fearing the increasing influence of the Habsburgs in Italy, Murat issued the
6228:
Napoleon took the reserve of the Army of the North, and reunited his forces with those of Ney to pursue Wellington's army, after he ordered Marshal
16214:
11323:
4201:
Britain gathered allies to form the Third Coalition against The French Empire after Napoleon was self-proclaimed as emperor. In response, Napoleon
1184:
113:
3515:
The outbreak of the French Revolution had been received with great alarm by the rulers of Europe's continental powers, further exacerbated by the
16538:
16511:
8884:
7318:
5780:
The main Russian army retreated for almost three months. This constant retreat led to the increasing unpopularity of Barclay de Tolly (who was a
8568:
8432:
13713:
5567:
and established the court there, resulting in political stability for Portuguese America. In 1816, Brazil was proclaimed an equal part of the
4491:
In the next stage of the war, the French drove Russian forces out of Poland and employed many Polish and German soldiers in several sieges in
3832:
3173:, declaring war on France in May 1803. Among the reasons were Napoleon's changes to the international system in Western Europe, especially in
16684:
7067:
officers who carry a long grudge and fight in duels each time they meet during the Napoleonic wars. The short story was adapted by director
6159:
and several smaller German states against France. The period known as the Hundred Days began after Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed at
2966:
declared war on France on 18 May 1803, alongside the Third Coalition. In December 1805, Napoleon defeated the allied Russo-Austrian army at
16209:
7367:
is set during the Second Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars, and retells many famous battles of the age. The heroine, Jacky, meets Bonaparte.
6999:
takes place against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars and subsequent decades, and in its unabridged form contains an epic telling of the
6282:
On arriving at Paris three days after Waterloo, Napoleon still clung to the hope of a concerted national resistance; but the temper of the
5438:
division of Turkish possessions in the Balkans between Russia and France and the cancellation of the Slaveno-Serb empire project. In 1809,
5003:, failed to follow up on his indecisive victory, allowing Napoleon to prepare and seize Vienna in early July. He defeated the Austrians at
8218:
6958:
The Napoleonic Wars were a defining event of the early 19th century, and inspired many works of fiction, from then until the present day.
3961:
late as 1808, the continental powers affirmed most of his gains and titles, but the continuing conflict with Britain led him to start the
3665:
dictatorship. He further reorganised the French military forces, establishing a large reserve army positioned to support campaigns on the
3032:, unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade, routinely violated the Continental System, prompting Napoleon to launch a
16727:
16575:
14526:
11465:
10878:
9727:
9249:
8961:
8471:
7255:
is a film adaption based on Forester's series of novels. Also by C.S. Forester two novels of the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal: "
7223:
is a fictional secret agent and Napoleonic Wars Era gallant, later identified as the Chevalier de Breuc, in a series of twelve novels by
6533:
to record levels (peaking at 1.6 per cent in 1850â51) as 30 million Europeans relocated to the United States between 1815 and 1914.
5650:
declared war on Britain after the British attack on Denmark in September 1807. British men-of-war supported the Swedish fleet during the
2963:
2459:
2393:
2029:
1826:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
952:
735:
423:
418:
13718:
13703:
13688:
13673:
11402:
9688:
8344:
4004:
restored to George III in exchange for accepting French conquests on the continent. The French were willing to cede Malta, Cape Colony,
12510:
10097:
9143:
8315:
7592:
7516:, 1812 Russian Invasion serves as a base story for the book. In later books from The Danilov Quintet, this war is constantly mentioned.
7427:'s John Pearce series about a pressed seaman who becomes a British naval officer during the French Revolution wars and Napoleonic Wars.
6768:
6514:
6398:
2317:
14454:
14045:
13442:
Parker, Harold T. "Why Did Napoleon Invade Russia? A Study in Motivation and the Interrelations of Personality and Social Structure,"
11686:
11273:
7343:
stars the character Richard Sharpe, a soldier in the British Army, who fights throughout the Napoleonic Wars. It was adapted into the
6245:(18â19 June) it was 12 hours too late. In the end, 17,000 Prussians had kept 33,000 badly needed French reinforcements off the field.
3717:
then in use; 18 May 1803, when Britain and France ended the one short period of peace between 1792 and 1814; or 2 December 1804, when
1020:
14474:
14334:
10797:
2137:
10218:
9025:
8280:
6923:
5165:
16689:
16119:
13057:
5964:
5262:
5149:
4805:
4033:
2542:
1133:
93:
9362:
16481:
16139:
14516:
11819:
7581:
7561:
6931:
ministry, Talleyrand began to accept bribes from hostile powers (mainly Austria, but also Russia), to betray Napoleon's secrets.
3984:
3290:
2916:
1208:
858:
410:
13311:
6597:
4394:
4012:
posts to Britain but wanted to obtain Sicily in exchange for the restoration of Hanover, a condition which the British refused.
3742:
German historiography may count the War of the Second Coalition (1798/9â1801/2), during which Napoleon had seized power, as the
13624:
Dwyer, Philip G. "Public remembering, private reminiscing: French military memoirs and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars,"
9385:
6361:
and had to retain many of the reforms enacted during Napoleon's rule. Institutional legacies remain to this day in the form of
6353:, reduction of the power of the Catholic Church, and demand for constitutional limits on monarchs. The increasing voice of the
5659:
with Britain effectively ended. In April 1812, Britain, Russia, and Sweden signed secret agreements directed against Napoleon.
2386:
1172:
11160:
7730:
in 1807. The alliance broke down in 1810, which led to the French invasion in 1812. During that time Russia waged war against
6183:
to fight all the day of the 15th to reach Ligny in a delaying action by the Prussian 1st Corps. He forced Prussia to fight at
5936:(20â21 May 1813). Both battles involved forces of over 250,000, making them some of the largest conflicts of the wars so far.
16339:
16239:
16159:
13597:
13397:
13208:
13162:
13148:
13134:
13028:
12937:
12916:
12895:
12843:
12822:
12801:
12780:
12759:
12690:
12669:
12649:
12630:
12609:
12584:
12541:
12520:
12488:
12467:
12446:
12386:
12365:
12344:
12323:
12302:
12281:
12237:
12216:
12195:
12140:
Haythornthwaite, Philip; et al. (Illustrations and graphics by Peter Dennis) (20 September 2012). Cowper, Marcus (ed.).
12119:
12098:
12077:
12010:
11989:
11968:
11947:
11917:
11896:
11875:
11797:
11776:
11755:
11734:
11661:
11559:
11498:
11459:
11396:
11218:
10872:
10745:
10717:
10632:
10608:
10490:
10091:
10016:
9959:
9721:
9682:
9395:
9243:
9137:
9035:
8955:
8902:
8729:
8465:
8309:
8212:
7597:
6586:
Military innovators in the mid-18th century began to recognise the potential of an entire nation at war: a "nation in arms".
6506:
5674:, consisting of 450,000 men (200,000 Frenchmen, and many soldiers of allies or subject areas). The French forces crossed the
5540:
5502:
5477:
4084:
In response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806, Napoleon issued the
3931:
3430:
13805:
11504:
7827:. During the Napoleonic era of 1803 to 1815, the Empire participated in two wars against the Allies: against Britain in the
4635:, to Denmark to participate in the invasion of Sweden. But British naval superiority prevented the armies from crossing the
4615:
At Tilsit, Napoleon and Alexander had agreed that Russia should force Sweden to join the Continental System, which led to a
16044:
13256:
12853:
Tone, John Lawrence (1996). "Napoleon's uncongenial sea: Guerrilla warfare in Navarre during the Peninsular War, 1808â14".
12731:
Zeittafel der Rechtsgeschichte. Von den AnfĂ€ngen ĂŒber Rom bis 1919. Mit Schwerpunkt Ăsterreich und zeitgenössischen BezĂŒgen
7566:
7217:
had a character, General Ivolgin, who witnessed and recounted his relationship with Napoleon during the Campaign of Russia.
6914:, the British were able to crack French ciphers and gain vast amounts of military intelligence on Napoleon and his armies.
5928:
forces in the east from 30,000 to 130,000 and eventually to 400,000. Napoleon inflicted 40,000 casualties on the Allies at
3457:
3056:
3052:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2454:
2347:
2130:
347:
13417:
9901:
7433:'s Thomas Kydd series portrays one man's journey from pressed man to Admiral in the time of the French and Napoleonic Wars
3972:
110:
17242:
16134:
14576:
11023:"Gedenkschriften over Napoleon's veldtochten, meegemaakt als soldaat bij het 2e regiment carabiniers te paard, 1805â1815"
10792:
8377:
6656:
from 1793 to 1794âa time which saw previous French misfortunes reversed, with Republican armies advancing on all fronts.
5238:), who pursued his own policy and sought independence, which brought him into conflict with the Serbs and later with the
4463:
French corps defeating the bulk of the Prussian army. Napoleon entered Berlin on 27 October 1806. He visited the tomb of
4238:
4016:
3953:
Britain had a sense of loss of control, as well as loss of markets, and was worried by Napoleon's possible threat to its
3914:
3837:
3528:
2357:
696:
15772:
10292:
8976:
7421:
Robert Challoner, author of three novels in the series about Charles Oakshott, British naval officer in Napoleonic Wars.
7414:, a novel by Stephen McGarry, set in Spain during the Napoleonic Wars about the travails of an elite unit of Napoleon's
6357:
with rising commerce and industry meant that restored European monarchs found it difficult to restore pre-revolutionary
2449:
2444:
17096:
16415:
15016:
14434:
14203:
13989:
13538:
13437:
13387:
12566:
11850:
11841:
8035:
7897:
7820:
5911:
5099:
4716:
in 1815; Poland did not become a sovereign state again until 1918, following the collapse of the neighbouring Russian,
3627:
2424:
2337:
2322:
1008:
991:
598:
13120:
5844:, the replenished Russian army blocked the road to Kaluga. While an indecisive engagement, it nevertheless doomed the
5253:
negotiated with the Austrian captain Sajtinski. At this meeting, he expressed the wish of the Serbian people that the
4746:
16334:
16329:
16314:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16282:
16154:
16129:
15757:
14586:
13223:
13085:
12738:
12163:
11625:
9076:
8534:
8502:
7832:
7828:
7786:
7739:
7735:
6482:
6156:
5643:
5258:
5141:
5000:
4885:
4643:(SeptemberâOctober 1808), France and Russia further agreed on the division of Sweden into two parts separated by the
4620:
4581:
4567:
4209:. Before he could invade, he needed to achieve naval superiorityâor at least to pull the British fleet away from the
3217:
3174:
2978:
led the creation of the Fourth Coalition, which resumed war in October 1806. Napoleon soon defeated the Prussians at
2479:
2257:
2240:
2228:
2216:
2196:
2179:
2174:
1905:
1900:
648:
643:
351:
69:
13754:
4291:(25 September â 20 October) Napoleon surrounded Mack's army, forcing its surrender without significant losses.
3021:. The Spanish and Portuguese thus revolted, with British support, and expelled the French from Iberia in 1814 after
17227:
16822:
16344:
16199:
16179:
14688:
14283:
10578:
6755:
also peaked at around 200,000 men, not including more than 50,000 guerrillas scattered over Spain. In addition the
6470:
5735:
5535:
provoked civil wars and revolutions, leading to the independence of most of Spain's mainland American colonies. In
4863:
4532:
4443:
4257:
4222:
2592:
2547:
2464:
2286:
2281:
1768:
51:
16204:
14459:
10682:
10444:
Montenegro sent to Russia in the spring of 1807 a project for establishing a Slavic-Serbian kingdom in the Balkans
10370:
Vucinich, Wayne S. The First Serbian Uprising, 1804â1813. Social Science Monographs, Brooklyn College Press, 1982.
9981:
7165:(civilian volunteers) has been called up for home defence and its officers play an important role in the plot; in
7151:
lived much of her life during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and two of her brothers served in the
6634:
About a million French soldiers became casualties (wounded, invalided or killed), a higher proportion than in the
6198:
5854:
road along which he had already advanced, and which had already been denuded of supplies - most crucially, food.
5771:
rapidly became rampant among the rank and file. These factors led to most of the losses of the main column of the
5631:
115:
17252:
16855:
16720:
16568:
16420:
16249:
16124:
15480:
14885:
9443:
6659:
6541:. One-and-a-half centuries later, and after two world wars several of these ideals re-emerged in the form of the
6478:
1097:
13550:
Gill, John H. "From Great Captains to Common Grognards: research opportunities in Napoleonic military history."
11713:
10555:
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature
10551:"Some Russian Attitudes to France in the Period of the Napoleonic Wars as Revealed by Russian Memoirs (1807â14)"
6612:, which largely ended the War of the Second Coalition, was fought with fewer than 60,000 men on both sides. The
5552:(1820), some are held responsible for significant defeats at the hands of the royalists, as was the case at the
17039:
16872:
16810:
16674:
16460:
16144:
16089:
16084:
15440:
15318:
14961:
14839:
14662:
14233:
14213:
13407:
13363:
13337:
Stirk, Peter. "The concept of military occupation in the era of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars."
13321:
9100:
8077:
7655:
6302:
6112:
5972:
5553:
5334:
5036:
4941:
4867:
4705:
3858:
3107:
3064:
2577:
2342:
1756:
1677:
1358:
1064:
1003:
624:
16526:
13739:
8655:
7602:
6457:. At the end of the war, Denmark was forced to cede Norway to Sweden mainly as a compensation for the loss of
5176:
brought France into Balkan affairs. The most radical and liberal rebels were also inspired in some way by the
17247:
17156:
16516:
16486:
15147:
14439:
14327:
14198:
14090:
13969:
13944:
13299:
12558:
7301:(1964) about British soldiers cut off behind the French lines in Portugal in 1810, during the Peninsular War.
7110:
6953:
6764:
6752:
6341:
6318:
5506:
5157:
5062:
5048:
4624:
4399:
4366:
4265:
4167:
3811:
3361:
3338:
3178:
3072:
2572:
2352:
2332:
2055:
1624:
979:
974:
305:
16094:
15827:
15726:
15394:
13636:
Narratives of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: Military and Civilian Experience in Britain and Ireland
10621:
10479:
10160:
6821:
was used for the first time when the French used a hot-air balloon to survey coalition positions before the
4600:
to Napoleon. London could not take the chance of ignoring the Danish threat. In August 1807, the Royal Navy
4515:(10 June 1807), forced the Russians to withdraw further north. Napoleon decisively beat the Russian army at
4345:
4028:
provided long-term support to the Spanish rebellion in the Peninsular War of 1808â1814, assisted by Spanish
3356:, precipitating his fall from power and eventual abdication on 6 April 1814. The victors exiled Napoleon to
1713:
16506:
16244:
15419:
15167:
15082:
14794:
14506:
14299:
13836:
13744:
13427:
13332:
The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards, and Artillery
8249:
7183:(1818), Frederick Wentworth and several other characters are naval officers recently returned from service.
6473:. The war was a short one taking place between 26 July â 14 August 1814 and was a Swedish victory that put
6287:
6229:
6145:
5330:
5084:
4776:
4218:
3725:
3540:
3377:
3278:
3255:
2979:
2948:
2562:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
1322:
8683:
7408:
G.S. Beard, author of two novels (2010) about John Fury, British naval officer during the Napoleonic Wars.
3099:
17206:
17201:
16817:
15545:
15247:
14981:
14935:
14930:
14703:
14647:
14362:
12398:
7937:
Sicily remained in personal union with Naples until Naples became a French client-republic following the
7686:
for brevity's sake when speaking of the Napoleonic Wars, even though the two entities are not synonymous.
7022:
6187:
on 16 June 1815, and the defeated Prussians retreated in disorder. On the same day, the left wing of the
6010:, finally breaking French power in Spain. The French had to retreat from the Iberian peninsula, over the
5485:
5402:
5326:
4983:
4799:
against his forces in the countryside continued to tie down great numbers of troops. The outbreak of the
4601:
4412:
4389:
4299:
4104:
The Royal Navy disrupted France's extra-continental trade by seizing and threatening French shipping and
4021:
3842:
3575:
3251:
3225:
3006:
2936:
2853:
2793:
2747:
2474:
2190:
1605:
152:
14859:
13578:
Martin, Jean-Clément. "War Memories. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture."
12260:
Keeling, Drew (1 January 2007). "Transport Capacity Management and Transatlantic Migration, 1900â1914".
11888:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492â2015, 4th ed
11327:
7919:
Qajar dynasty fought against Russia from 1804 to 1813; the Russians were allied with Napoleon 1807â1812.
7316:
portraying the rise of Jack Aubrey from Lieutenant to Rear Admiral during the Napoleonic Wars. The film
7195:(1849), set during the Napoleonic Wars, explores some of the economic effects of war on rural Yorkshire.
5543:
in most of the empire was a result of Napoleon's destabilizing actions in Spain, and led to the rise of
5040:
4333:
3477:, the period had a deep impact on European social culture. Many subsequent revolutions, such as that of
2637:
1549:
17313:
17262:
17257:
16713:
16561:
16491:
16302:
16184:
15918:
15323:
15207:
14910:
14642:
14464:
14390:
14376:
14355:
14241:
14218:
14208:
14135:
14095:
13434:
Napoleon and the Art of Diplomacy: How War and Hubris Determined the Rise and Fall of the French Empire
12396:
McConachy, Bruce (2001). "The Roots of Artillery Doctrine: Napoleonic Artillery Tactics Reconsidered".
7990:
7989:
Sixteen of France's allies among the German states (including Bavaria and WĂŒrttemberg) established the
7612:
7481:
7240:
7097:
6947:
6800:
6775:
each had more than 100,000 men under arms. Even small nations now had armies rivalling the size of the
6522:
5906:
5448:
5044:
5008:
4899:
4829:
4800:
4605:
4420:
4358:
4233:
on 19 October; the British squadron caught and overwhelmingly defeated the combined enemy fleet in the
4146:
3714:
3548:
3346:
3286:
3243:
3155:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2877:
2863:
2835:
2779:
2759:
2711:
2687:
2675:
2630:
2275:
2246:
2206:
2168:
1264:
863:
16224:
16049:
15616:
14175:
13486:
Samenwerking en Confrontatie: De Frans-Nederlandse militaire betrekkingen, voornamelijk in Franse tijd
8918:
8080:, briefly allied with Austria in 1814, allied with France again and fought against Austria during the
6697:
expanded from 40,000 men in 1793 to a peak of 250,000 men in 1813. Over 250,000 sailors served in the
5929:
4314:
on 13 November. Far from his supply lines, he faced a larger AustroâRussian army under the command of
1444:
17318:
17232:
16986:
16947:
16385:
16054:
15847:
15626:
15570:
15520:
15399:
15152:
15132:
14976:
14925:
14900:
14829:
14809:
14728:
14629:
14383:
13840:
13067:
7824:
7696:
7305:
7264:
7132:
7072:
6979:
6653:
5841:
5689:
5617:
5579:
5173:
5107:
4728:. Napoleon's impact on Poland was significant, including the Napoleonic legal code, the abolition of
4592:
Britain's first response to Napoleon's Continental System was to launch a major naval attack against
3966:
3706:
3615:
3564:
3498:
3326:
3033:
2956:
2924:
2849:
2839:
2699:
2597:
2268:
42:
15641:
15272:
15252:
15062:
14748:
14484:
14170:
9587:
6401:" by resizing the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace. In this regard,
5043:, had failed to do). As well as the French Empire, Napoleon controlled the Swiss Confederation, the
3036:
in 1812. The resulting campaign ended in disaster for France and the near-destruction of Napoleon's
1708:
914:
909:
774:
761:
47:
Too many images in infobox, links for each image are redundant with links in caption. See talk page.
17308:
17303:
17298:
17293:
17288:
16380:
16164:
16004:
15822:
15621:
15565:
15560:
15495:
15424:
15292:
15192:
15031:
14971:
14819:
14320:
14120:
10427:
This was the time when Petar I devised his visionary programme of creation of a Slavonic-Serb state
10324:"The First Serbian Uprising (1804â1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question"
10242:"The First Serbian Uprising (1804â1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question"
8369:
7998:
7494:
6822:
6705:, and between 1799 and 1815 2.1 million men served in its army. Another 200,000 served in the
6362:
6210:
6073:
5933:
5481:
4996:
4968:
4926:
4632:
4404:
3906:
3865:, which many Swiss saw as overly centralised. Bonaparte reoccupied the country in October 1802 and
3682:
3611:
3544:
3395:
to restore peace to Europe. As a direct result of the war, the Kingdom of Prussia rose to become a
2991:
1530:
1157:
148:
16079:
15752:
15087:
7137:
6890:. A major exception to the greater use of superior military intelligence to claim victory was the
6038:
4904:
The Fifth Coalition (1809) of Britain and Austria against France formed as Britain engaged in the
1629:
17237:
16895:
16679:
16638:
16430:
16099:
15953:
15525:
15445:
15333:
15202:
15187:
15122:
15117:
14890:
14824:
14718:
14601:
14150:
6746:
6034:
5976:
5700:
5219:
4856:
4681:
4536:
4480:
4280:
4133:
4097:
4093:
3792:
3670:
2434:
2362:
2308:
1573:
1488:
1160:
16405:
15691:
15656:
14743:
13571:
Linch, Kevin. "War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture."
13254:(1988). "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon".
11183:"Treaties of Paris | Congress of Vienna, European Balance of Power, Peace of Paris | Britannica"
8989:
8721:
8424:
7763:
Spain was an ally of France until a stealthy French invasion in 1808, then fought France in the
5788:, was made the new Commander-in-Chief by Tsar Alexander. Finally, the two armies engaged in the
5382:
5016:
3749:
In Dutch historiography, it is common to refer to the 7 major wars between 1792 and 1815 as the
3317:
Plans to invade British North America pushed the United States to declare war on Britain in the
17061:
16890:
16648:
16465:
16425:
16410:
16390:
16365:
16219:
15963:
15878:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15812:
15802:
15706:
15661:
15646:
15177:
14895:
14799:
14774:
14733:
14683:
14667:
14246:
14223:
14115:
13155:
The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.
11678:
11182:
10770:
8202:
7938:
7055:
6935:
6709:. Out of the 900,000 men, the field armies deployed against France numbered less than 250,000.
6562:
In 1800, Bonaparte took the French Army across the Alps, eventually defeating the Austrians at
6526:
6462:
6446:
6417:. In order to drag Prussia's attention towards the west and France, the Congress also gave the
6325:
6267:
6093:
6077:
5971:
advance into Spain just after New Year in 1812, besieging and capturing the fortified towns of
5937:
5306:
5298:
5271:
5131:
4813:
4759:
4648:
4508:
4307:
4252:
In April 1805, Britain and Russia signed a treaty with the aim of removing the French from the
4105:
3989:
3718:
3621:
3568:
3516:
3438:
3422:
3385:
3060:
2881:
2811:
2552:
2439:
2201:
1240:
747:
368:
284:
160:
16370:
15057:
13749:
13587:
12883:
12793:
The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition: A Case of False Consciousness
12315:
The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000
11449:
10862:
10170:
9711:
9453:
9233:
8945:
8455:
7015:
in which can be found a short description of the French retreat from Russia, particularly the
6736:
Prussia never had more than 320,000 men under arms at any time. In 1813â1815, the core of its
4455:
3690:
3341:. Napoleon suffered further setbacks: French power in the Iberian Peninsula was broken at the
17141:
17006:
16603:
16169:
16069:
15933:
15928:
15923:
15873:
15762:
15686:
15676:
15510:
15450:
15379:
15212:
15162:
15097:
15092:
14769:
14596:
14479:
14160:
14130:
13959:
13888:
13835:
13607:
13460:
13251:
13174:
Gulick, E.V. "The final coalition and the Congress of Vienna, 1813â15," in C.W. Crawley, ed.
13157:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
13143:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
13129:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
12812:
12155:
11653:
11386:
11139:
The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras
10793:"BERGUĂO HURTADO, Fernando. Los soldados de NapoleĂłn en la Independencia de Chile. 1817â1830"
10475:
9672:
9110:
8338:
8259:
7651:
7391:
7335:
6795:
6706:
6702:
6406:
6202:
6081:
6002:. The Anglo-Portuguese forces swept northwards in late May and seized Burgos. On 21 June, at
5968:
5823:
5813:
5647:
5077:
5073:
4596:. Although ostensibly neutral, Denmark was under heavy French and Russian pressure to pledge
4524:
4468:
4319:
4276:
4053:
4001:
3977:
3686:
3678:
3631:
3520:
3453:
3429:. The war in Iberia greatly weakened Spanish power, and the Spanish Empire began to unravel;
3163:
3151:
2797:
2499:
1725:
1701:
1696:
1464:
1109:
1076:
1015:
902:
897:
805:
800:
584:
330:
132:
15102:
14698:
13009:
Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618â1991
11617:
11271:
termed this a "new beginning" for American immigration. For further background context, see
10081:
9127:
8299:
7497:
between the French Empire under Napoleon and the Austrian Empire. The novel was awarded the
6163:(1 March 1815). Travelling to Paris, picking up support as he went, he eventually overthrew
5955:
involved over 600,000 soldiers, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.
3731:
In France, the Napoleonic Wars are generally integrated with the French Revolutionary Wars:
3709:
ended and the Napoleonic Wars began. Possible dates include 9 November 1799, when Bonaparte
3364:. Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815, gathering enough support to overthrow the monarchy of
1997:: more than 300,000 killed in action and more than 586,000 dead in total including civilians
17196:
17191:
17131:
17066:
16971:
16450:
16400:
16014:
15903:
15893:
15868:
15767:
15701:
15515:
15505:
15485:
15465:
15374:
15354:
15232:
15026:
14951:
14753:
14140:
14125:
14100:
13984:
13964:
13141:
Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.
12033:"The Good Plumpuddings' Belief: British Voluntary Aid to Sweden During the Napoleonic Wars"
8513:
is the name given to the process that ended with the political unification of Italy in 1871
7994:
7493:
that was first published in 1997 and again in English in 2000. The book describes the 1809
7295:(1949) about seven French infantrymen serving in a succession of Napoleonic campaigns, and
7291:
6862:
6847:
6807:
6613:
6305:
after Napoleon's initial defeat, once again allied with his brother-in-law, triggering the
6238:
6088:(9 March 1814), the Allies agreed to preserve the coalition until Napoleon's total defeat.
5850:; with the Russians refusing to be dislodged, Napoleon was forced to retreat back down the
5711:; the fate of the invasion was decided in Moscow, where Napoleon led his forces in person.
5544:
5386:
5249:
for assistance against the Dahis, who had since rejected the authority of the Porte. Also,
5153:
4937:
4784:
4701:
4689:
4451:
4428:
4327:
4187:
3898:
3878:
3302:
3298:
3236:
3068:
3014:
2967:
2783:
2469:
2327:
1500:
1432:
660:
364:
144:
128:
16074:
15328:
15197:
15137:
15036:
14966:
13325:
13117:
Fighting Techniques of the Napoleonic Age 1792â1815: Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics
6574:, European states employed relatively small armies, made up of both national soldiers and
6313:
inciting them to war. The proclamation failed and the Austrians soon crushed Murat at the
6021:
5840:
and swing through southern Russia, where they could find food and forage supplies. In the
5227:
4999:(22 May 1809) â Napoleon's first significant tactical defeat. But the Austrian commander,
3556:
3258:
within 19 days of the beginning of the campaign. Napoleon subsequently defeated Russia at
2429:
1585:
8:
17161:
17091:
17034:
16951:
16777:
16643:
16455:
16234:
16229:
15958:
15908:
15792:
15777:
15681:
15575:
15475:
15389:
15277:
15237:
15157:
15127:
15107:
15041:
15006:
14956:
14920:
14915:
14875:
14738:
14723:
14708:
14693:
14652:
14429:
14110:
13924:
13914:
11832:
The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year ...
11715:
The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year ...
10471:
10210:
9185:
8102:
In 1814 Ney betrayed Napoleon but in 1815 he was sent to arrest Napoleon but rejoined him
7458:
7387:
7359:
7256:
7239:
follow the naval career of Horatio Hornblower during the Napoleonic Wars. The 1951 film "
7157:
7027:
7007:
6883:
6818:
6799:
second-largest total of armaments, equipping its own huge forces as well as those of the
6687:
6617:
6590:
6498:
6450:
6422:
6314:
6310:
5980:
5941:
5549:
5524:
5322:
5215:
5211:
4772:
4721:
4663:
4516:
4512:
4484:
4464:
4272:
as a military base for British troops against France, entered the coalition on 9 August.
4234:
4172:
4156:
4069:
3825:
3710:
3654:
3587:
3465:
3426:
3274:
3259:
3229:
3147:
3131:
2983:
2908:
2587:
2494:
2090:
2042:
1945:
1940:
1874:
1665:
1561:
1544:
1525:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1439:
1427:
1407:
1389:
1371:
1276:
1271:
819:
814:
579:
521:
516:
300:
136:
15696:
14991:
14986:
14834:
10827:
For Alexander Hamilton's take on the connection of Saint-Domingue and the Purchase, see
7186:
7012:
6283:
4655:
4639:
strait, and the war came mainly to be fought along the SwedishâNorwegian border. At the
4361:(26 December 1805) and left the coalition. The treaty required the Austrians to give up
17267:
17171:
16955:
16907:
16902:
16805:
16795:
16752:
16744:
16608:
16501:
16496:
16440:
16395:
16324:
16194:
16039:
16029:
16024:
15943:
15883:
15731:
15651:
15611:
15595:
15585:
15555:
15540:
15530:
15490:
15460:
15414:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15142:
15077:
14849:
14814:
14789:
14591:
14541:
14491:
14469:
14449:
14444:
14262:
14193:
14105:
14035:
13974:
13934:
13929:
13919:
13273:
13190:
13179:
12870:
12423:
12415:
10850:
10703:
10674:
10570:
10353:
10271:
9354:
9324:
9067:
Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power
8714:
8562:
8061:
8048:
7969:
7695:
Both Austria and Prussia briefly became allies of France and contributed forces to the
7659:
7571:
7551:
7474:
7453:
7344:
7313:
7231:
7198:
7179:
7125:
7085:
7039:
7032:
7016:
7000:
6984:
6927:
6875:
6510:
6490:
6418:
6402:
6394:
6257:
6249:
6116:
6085:
6054:
6044:
Following the end of the armistice, Napoleon seemed to have regained the initiative at
5887:
5789:
5704:
5663:
with Russia, but Russia's refusal to support the Continental System was also a factor.
5627:
5587:
5575:
5510:
5185:
5148:
played a very important role in provoking the war), which were a proxy conflict of the
5137:
5092:
5056:
5020:
4654:
The war between Denmark and Britain effectively finished with a British victory at the
4640:
4628:
4436:
4303:
4089:
3922:
peninsula in Naples. All efforts were futile, and Britain declared war on 18 May 1803.
3894:
3650:
3536:
3478:
3392:
3373:
3334:
3247:
3212:
3123:
3080:
3002:
2987:
2975:
2928:
2895:
2567:
2184:
2016:
1809:
1804:
1763:
1568:
1556:
1476:
1353:
1071:
1032:
967:
940:
935:
875:
870:
560:
555:
547:
468:
357:
315:
269:
164:
15287:
15217:
15182:
15172:
14030:
13384:
Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society during Revolution and the Empire
13293:
12480:
Defying Napoleon: How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807
12273:
11313:, pp. 78â79: Jones referred to this migration as "one of the wonders of the age."
7031:
takes place during the 1815 Napoleonic War â one of its protagonists dies at the
5286:
3555:, military reforms, and total war allowed France to defeat the coalition, despite the
232:
17146:
17121:
17101:
17081:
17071:
16961:
16943:
16912:
16845:
16762:
16736:
15852:
15817:
15787:
15747:
15721:
15711:
15666:
15636:
15590:
15535:
15455:
15404:
15384:
15369:
15359:
15338:
15282:
15242:
15067:
15001:
14996:
14854:
14784:
14637:
14556:
14551:
14155:
14025:
14007:
13979:
13954:
13949:
13939:
13909:
13872:
13785:
13629:
13593:
13564:
Hyatt, Albert M.J. "The Origins of Napoleonic Warfare: A Survey of Interpretations."
13219:
13204:
13158:
13144:
13130:
13024:
12933:
12912:
12891:
12874:
12839:
12818:
12797:
12776:
12755:
12734:
12717:
12686:
12665:
12645:
12626:
12605:
12562:
12552:
12537:
12516:
12484:
12463:
12442:
12427:
12382:
12361:
12340:
12319:
12298:
12277:
12233:
12212:
12191:
12159:
12115:
12094:
12073:
12054:
12006:
11985:
11964:
11943:
11913:
11892:
11871:
11793:
11772:
11751:
11730:
11657:
11621:
11555:
11494:
11455:
11392:
11214:
10868:
10741:
10713:
10666:
10628:
10604:
10562:
10486:
10345:
10263:
10087:
10012:
9717:
9678:
9391:
9328:
9296:
9239:
9133:
9072:
9031:
8951:
8898:
8725:
8530:
8498:
8461:
8305:
8208:
8124:
8031:
8002:
7671:
7556:
7297:
7286:
7213:
7208:
7121:
7090:
7044:
6926:
served as a source of intelligence for the Coalition powers against Napoleon. At the
6887:
6879:
6628:
6609:
6563:
6410:
6386:
6276:
6214:
6152:
6137:
6049:
6045:
6003:
5952:
5864:
5809:
5784:
and already mistrusted by the Russian elite) and a respected Russian veteran, Prince
5693:
5604:
During the Napoleonic Wars, the United States, Sweden, and Sicily fought against the
5560:
5414:
5390:
5192:, but Napoleon didn't want to increase Russian or Austrian influence in the region).
5177:
4951:
4918:
4909:
4792:
4764:
4697:
4597:
4577:
4547:
4432:
4416:
4269:
4253:
4244:
4057:
4029:
3997:
3996:
There was one serious attempt to negotiate peace with France during the war, made by
3947:
3854:
3815:
3674:
3532:
3524:
3474:
3469:
3434:
3353:
3342:
3306:
3294:
3199:
3182:
3127:
3119:
3048:
2920:
2867:
2825:
2410:
2303:
2252:
1672:
1600:
1341:
1329:
998:
889:
846:
781:
723:
718:
710:
567:
436:
322:
311:
220:
156:
37:
15308:
11610:
8886:
The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Wars: Volume 2: Fighting the Napoleonic Wars
8005:, causing most other member-states to quickly follow suit and declare war on France.
6991:
6745:
used in the military operations, with 100,000 effectively participating in the main
6644:
6638:. The European total may have reached 5,000,000 military deaths, including disease.
5983:. As the French regrouped, the Anglo-Portuguese entered Madrid and advanced towards
5634:. The battle was the largest and bloodiest single-day action of the Napoleonic Wars.
4817:
3552:
3445:
17136:
17051:
16996:
16966:
16917:
16877:
16860:
16850:
16785:
16757:
16375:
16259:
16059:
15898:
15797:
15782:
15631:
15580:
15500:
15409:
15364:
15313:
15227:
15112:
15021:
15011:
14905:
14844:
14606:
13904:
13555:
13533:
Esdaile, Charles. "The Napoleonic Period: Some Thoughts on Recent Historiography,"
13265:
13187:
The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793â1830
13176:
The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793â1830
12862:
12713:
12709:
12590:
12407:
12269:
12247:
Keeling, Drew (1999). "The Transportation Revolution and Transatlantic Migration".
12044:
11547:
11152:
10842:
10730:
10658:
10335:
10253:
9316:
9288:
8890:
7727:
7469:
7340:
7309:
7202:
6624:
6358:
6104:
6007:
5999:
5832:
represented by the width of the line as it marches to Moscow (tan) and back (black)
5708:
5639:
5536:
5532:
5434:
5427:
5066:
5004:
4979:
4936:
On land, the Fifth Coalition attempted few extensive military endeavours. One, the
4930:
4914:
4754:
4623:
in March. Napoleon also sent an auxiliary corps, consisting of troops from France,
4520:
4362:
4284:
4206:
4126:
3866:
3799:
3694:
3658:
3642:
3637:
3599:
3311:
3170:
3075:. Napoleon escaped in February 1815 and reassumed control of France for around one
3018:
2995:
2557:
1744:
1689:
1589:
1534:
1448:
1416:
1224:
1196:
140:
16149:
13559:
13514:
Napoleon's Great Adversaries: The Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army 1792â1814
7141:
6910:
used by the French. However, thanks to the hard work of British codebreakers like
6579:
6178:
6076:, but the overwhelming numbers of the Allies steadily forced him back. The Allies
4967:
Austria achieved some initial victories against the thinly spread army of Marshal
3376:, and he abdicated again on 22 June. On 15 July, he surrendered to the British at
1381:
17176:
16939:
16922:
16767:
16613:
16598:
16254:
16189:
16174:
16064:
15948:
15938:
15913:
15888:
15716:
15550:
15072:
14880:
14804:
14779:
14531:
14419:
14278:
14040:
13853:
13018:
12948:
12927:
12906:
12833:
12791:
12770:
12749:
12680:
12659:
12620:
12599:
12531:
12499:
12478:
12457:
12436:
12376:
12355:
12334:
12313:
12292:
12227:
12206:
12185:
12141:
12130:
12109:
12088:
12067:
12049:
12032:
12021:
12000:
11979:
11958:
11937:
11907:
11886:
11865:
11830:
11808:
11787:
11766:
11745:
11724:
11488:
10734:
10708:
10503:
10456:
10438:
10421:
8693:
8286:
8199:
Many historians say it was not the "first" total war; for a critique of Bell see
8027:
7490:
7473:
recounts the fortunes of a family in the run-up to and during the course of, the
7464:
7430:
7398:
7260:
7224:
7191:
7117:
7102:
6897:
The use of intelligence varied greatly across the major world powers of the war.
6772:
6635:
6602:
6502:
6429:
held unquestioned naval superiority across the globe well into the 20th century.
6370:
6242:
6184:
6026:
5984:
5785:
5696:
5666:
In 1812, at the height of his power, Napoleon invaded Russia with a pan-European
5655:
5605:
5564:
5490:
5358:
5254:
5231:
5189:
5122:
The Napoleonic Wars were the direct cause of wars in the Americas and elsewhere.
5103:
4975:
4713:
4676:
4644:
4543:
4528:
4504:
4315:
4213:. A complex plan to distract the British by threatening their possessions in the
4210:
3887:
3508:
3322:
3240:
3186:
3111:
2971:
1977:
1842:
1837:
1751:
1617:
1580:
1512:
1252:
1145:
928:
923:
636:
453:
240:
16521:
12700:
Ryan, A. N. (1953). "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807".
10481:
War and Society in East Central Europe: The first Montenegrin uprising 1804â1813
6666:
6616:
which ended the War of the Third Coalition involved fewer than 160,000 men. The
6558:
6328:, signed on 20 November 1815, officially marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
5714:
5688:
marched through Russia, winning some relatively minor engagements and the major
5669:
4808:. For a time, the British and Portuguese remained restricted to the area around
4523:(7 July 1807). In Germany and Poland, new Napoleonic client states, such as the
4322:
personally present. On 2 December, Napoleon crushed the AustroâRussian force in
3039:
17126:
17116:
17111:
17106:
17086:
17076:
16991:
16934:
16827:
16790:
16694:
16653:
16533:
16445:
16435:
15968:
15807:
15671:
15470:
15222:
14566:
14546:
14536:
14496:
14369:
13760:
12866:
11960:
The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World: 10th Anniversary Edition
9909:
8081:
7875:
7764:
7424:
7402:
7364:
7280:
7259:" (1932, published in the United States under the title "Rifleman Dodd"), and "
7166:
6911:
6891:
6843:
6814:
6760:
6756:
6542:
6461:
which the other coalition members agreed to, but because Norway had signed its
6434:
6306:
6261:
6132:
6058:
5960:
5874:
5760:
5739:
5725:
5583:
5439:
5378:
5338:
5290:
5267:
5250:
5161:
4922:
4905:
4741:
4709:
4685:
4593:
4585:
4447:
4379:
have been comparatively easy. But Napoleon was prepared to make no concessions.
4061:
4049:
3962:
3954:
3943:
3750:
3591:
3579:
3413:
3404:
3330:
3282:
3267:
3206:
3195:
3159:
3115:
3103:
3029:
3022:
2952:
2821:
2807:
2735:
2723:
2298:
2234:
2068:
2003:
1920:
1915:
1857:
1794:
1789:
1720:
1305:
1294:
1283:
1220:
1104:
786:
533:
528:
496:
483:
341:
337:
326:
200:
14581:
13545:
War Memories: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in Modern European Culture
11539:
11417:
10662:
9320:
5998:
In a strategic move, Wellesley planned to move his supply base from Lisbon to
5947:
5819:
4696:
In 1807, Napoleon created a powerful outpost of his empire in Central Europe.
3452:
led to campaigns of unprecedented scale, as whole nations committed all their
3090:
The wars had profound consequences on global history, including the spread of
1929:
Other coalition members: 100,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)
17282:
17222:
17021:
16009:
14713:
14571:
14501:
14145:
12772:
Guineas and Gunpowder: British Foreign Aid in the Wars with France, 1793â1815
12721:
12058:
11768:
The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know it
11551:
10670:
10566:
10349:
10267:
9300:
7542:
7498:
7436:
7323:
7272:
7248:
7236:
7077:
7060:
6967:
6737:
6720:
6649:
6298:
6220:
5920:
5781:
5732:
5528:
5239:
5088:
5024:
4796:
4717:
4658:
in 1812, involving the destruction of the last large DanoâNorwegian shipâthe
4519:(14 June 1807), following which Alexander had to make peace with Napoleon at
4459:
4338:
4288:
4085:
3607:
3595:
2582:
2484:
1653:
1648:
1399:
612:
256:
252:
224:
212:
12111:
War, Peace and International Relations: An Introduction to Strategic History
10461:(in Serbian). ĐĐ·ĐŽĐ°ŃĐ” ĐżĐŸŃĐżĐŸĐŒĐŸĐłĐœŃŃĐŸ ŃĐ” Оз ĐœĐ° ĐĐ°ĐŽŃĐ¶Đ±ĐžĐœĐ” ĐŃĐșĐ” ĐĐ”Đ»ĐŸĐČĐžŃĐ°-ĐąŃДбОŃŃĐ°.
9279:
Crouzet, Francois (1996). "The Second Hundred Years War: Some Reflections".
7047:
is set in the English home-front during the Napoleonic Wars and depicts the
5777:, which in one case amounted to 95,000 men, including deserters, in a week.
5582:, and continued until 1804. France's defeat resulted in the independence of
4500:
3464:, while Napoleon emphasised mobility to offset numerical disadvantages, and
17181:
17011:
16882:
16800:
16584:
14561:
14397:
14059:
12176:
10829:"Hamilton on the Louisiana Purchase: A Newly Identified Editorial from the
9065:
8497:. Heinemann Advanced History (1st ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. p. 2.
8065:
7415:
7276:
7244:
7144:, suffers imprisonment following false accusations of Bonapartist leanings.
7068:
6907:
6776:
6694:
6682:
6486:
6454:
6354:
6291:
6128:
5919:'s campaigns, experienced as a soldier of the second regiment". Written by
5599:
5423:
5410:
5354:
5314:
5302:
5196:
4987:
4370:
4025:
4009:
3882:
3862:
3814:, a state in northern Italy that France had set up, and failed to evacuate
3583:
3486:
3381:
3369:
3263:
3084:
3076:
2891:
2663:
2607:
2292:
1516:
830:
672:
667:
387:
Major population loss in France and the rest of Continental Western Europe
294:
216:
13790:
10403:ĐĐŸĐČĐ°Đœ ĐОлОŃĐ”ĐČĐžŃ (1994). "ĐĐ”ŃĐ°Ń I ĐĐ”ŃŃĐŸĐČĐžŃ, ĐĐŽĐ”ŃĐ° ĐŸ ĐŸĐ±ĐœĐŸĐČĐž ŃŃĐżŃĐșĐ” ĐŽŃжаĐČĐ”".
9292:
8894:
8685:
Fighting Napoleon: Guerrillas, Bandits and Adventurers in Spain, 1808â1814
6155:(1815) pitted Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, the
6096:, signed on 30 May 1814, officially ended the War of the Sixth Coalition.
6029:(30â31 October 1813), took part between Austro-Bavarian and French forces.
5622:
4248:
European strategic situation in 1805 before the War of the Third Coalition
4151:
1949:: 1,200,000 regulars, sailors, marines and militia at peak strength (1813)
17166:
17044:
17029:
17001:
16837:
16349:
16319:
16307:
16264:
16019:
14256:
14017:
13999:
13781:
13643:
Witnessing the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in German Central Europe
13604:
evaluation of the major books on Napoleon and his wars published by 2001.
13479:
Fighting the British: French Eyewitness Accounts from the Napoleonic Wars
13196:
9307:
Scott, H. M. (1992). "Review: The Second 'Hundred Years War' 1689â1815".
7731:
7607:
7509:
7447:
7443:
7252:
7220:
7148:
7048:
6996:
6962:
6857:
6442:
6414:
6380:
The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815
6366:
6346:
6337:
6164:
6108:
5651:
5472:
5460:
5406:
5398:
5362:
5203:
5199:
5181:
5035:
In 1810, the French Empire reached its greatest extent. Napoleon married
5029:
4725:
4616:
4609:
4563:
4559:
4214:
4197:
did not fight at Trafalgar and her depiction is a mistake by the painter.
4180:
4045:
3870:
3606:. The new republic also lacked funds, no longer enjoying the services of
3603:
3418:
3396:
3365:
3318:
3135:
3091:
3009:, the only remaining British ally in continental Europe. After occupying
2262:
2223:
2211:
1612:
1412:
1334:
1317:
962:
374:
248:
244:
236:
13776:
13610:. "Recent Trends in the Russian Historiography of the Napoleonic Wars,"
12950:
Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century
10574:
10550:
5168:
of the French Empire. This was due to the fact that both empires feared
4539:, which resulted in a lifting of the siege by a peace treaty on 2 July.
4000:
in 1806. The British wanted to retain their overseas conquests and have
3950:) and sought to restrict the London newspapers that were vilifying him.
3503:
3391:
The Bourbon monarchy was once again restored, and the victors began the
3293:, ending the alliance between the two. Heavy British involvement in the
1831:: 250,000 regulars, sailors, marines and militia at peak strength (1813)
16929:
16034:
13447:
12419:
10854:
10740:
Vol. 8 (4th ed.). Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press.
10678:
10646:
10357:
10275:
7327:
7268:
7174:
7170:
7152:
7140:
starts during the tail-end of the Napoleonic Wars. The main character,
7106:
6698:
6538:
6426:
6272:
6206:
6194:
5923:, a soldier participating in the War of the Sixth Coalition, 1805â1815.
5897:
that entered Russia, only one would make it out in fighting condition.
5374:
5266:
on May 3, 1804, the Serb leaders sent a letter to the Russian envoy in
4944:, failed to capture the objective, the naval base of French-controlled
4870: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4550:, allowing the Swedish army to withdraw with all its munitions of war.
4475:
3571:, leaving only Great Britain opposed to the fledgling French Republic.
3551:
to curtail the growing power of revolutionary France. Measures such as
3408:
3400:
3221:
3191:
3095:
2489:
1394:
1346:
1299:
1121:
684:
378:
13277:
12023:
Wellington's Peninsular Victories: Busaco, Salamanca, Vitoria, Nivelle
9713:
What If?: The World's Foremost Historians Imagine What Might Have Been
6405:
was restored in its former borders, and also received large chunks of
5350:
4636:
3614:
who had guided France to its victories during the early stages of the
3321:, but it did not become an ally of France. Grievances over control of
16976:
13765:
12814:
Conscription in the Napoleonic Era: A Revolution in Military Affairs?
12378:
History's Locomotives: Revolutions and the Making of the Modern World
9608:
7617:
7588:
Lists of battles of the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars
7351:
6834:
6575:
6390:
6376:
5988:
5768:
5443:
5419:
5366:
5342:
5294:
5246:
5007:, on 5â6 July. (It was during the middle of that battle that Marshal
4959:
4496:
4424:
4073:
3910:
3693:
early the following year, further compelling the British to sign the
3461:
3449:
3329:
in June 1812. The invasion was an unmitigated disaster for Napoleon;
1310:
1288:
228:
16705:
13731:
European Review of Studies on the Napoleonic and Restoration Periods
12661:
Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting
12411:
10846:
10520:"MONTENEGRINA â digitalna biblioteka crnogorske kulture i nasljedja"
10458:Đ€ŃĐ°ĐœŃŃŃĐșĐŸ-ŃŃĐżŃĐșĐž ĐŸĐŽĐœĐŸŃĐž Đ·Đ° ĐČŃĐ”ĐŒĐ” ĐżŃĐČĐŸĐł ŃŃŃĐ°ĐœĐșĐ°: ĐĐ°ĐżĐŸĐ»Đ”ĐŸĐœ Đž ĐĐ°ŃĐ°ŃĐŸŃŃĐ”
10340:
10323:
10258:
10241:
6749:, and about 30,000 being used to besiege isolated French garrisons.
4845:
4750:
Napoleon accepting the surrender of Madrid during the Peninsular War
4572:
4040:
2378:
17186:
16981:
16623:
15999:
14071:
13800:
13269:
12501:
Twelve who Ruled: The Committee of Public Safety, During the Terror
10864:
Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic
9201:
6974:
6898:
6839:
6741:
6729:
6725:
6620:
which led to peace with Russia in 1807 involved about 150,000 men.
6571:
6453:
by starting the process of consolidating city-states, kingdoms and
6011:
5992:
5916:
5851:
5719:
5370:
5318:
5235:
5223:
5169:
4472:
together with small states from north Germany, allied with France.
4415:(1806â1807) against France was formed by Britain, Prussia, Russia,
4163:
3846:
3803:
3787:
3560:
2912:
2023:: 134,000 killed in action (300,000 total dead including civilians)
2010:: 289,000 killed in action (600,000 total dead including civilians)
1376:
290:
204:
14312:
13659:
12811:
Stoker, Donald; Schneid, Frederick C.; Blanton, Harold D. (2008).
10999:. William Morrow and Co. 1945. Chapter VI 'The Fire', pp. 109â107.
8527:
The Italian Risorgimento: state, society, and national unification
6072:
Napoleon then fought a series of battles in France, including the
5692:
on 16â18 August. In the same days, part of the French Army led by
5467:
The United States and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
4226:
3417:. The Holy Roman Empire had been dissolved, and the philosophy of
2122:
1861:: 198,520 regulars, guerrillas and militia at peak strength (1812)
17056:
16867:
14165:
14082:
13882:
13864:
12151:
11540:"Conclusion: Talleyrand: Cynical Opportunist or Agent of Change?"
7162:
6458:
6350:
5749:
5275:
4945:
4783:, and installed a client monarchy. This provoked an explosion of
4729:
4659:
4492:
4323:
4122:
3919:
3079:. The allies formed the Seventh Coalition, which defeated him at
1879:: 50,000 regulars, guerrillas and militia at peak strength (1809)
769:
13770:
13377:
Napoleon's Men: The Soldiers of the Empire Revolution and Empire
13185:
Markham, Felix. "The Napoleonic Adventure" in C.W. Crawley, ed.
12336:
Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory, 1793â1815
11153:"Napoleonic Wars | Summary, Combatants, & Maps | Britannica"
9090:
9088:
6693:
Britain had 750,000 men under arms between 1792 and 1815 as its
6197:, succeeded in stopping any of Wellington's forces going to aid
5703:
by the right wing of the Russian Army, under command of General
5346:
5278:(the approach of French troops to the Turkish territories, like
4775:
continued trade with Britain, despite French restrictions. When
3873:
to Holland as they had committed to do in the Treaty of Amiens.
3246:, and formally dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. Within months,
2107:
800,000 French and allies killed by wounds, accidents or disease
1798:: 900,000 regulars, cossacks and militia at peak strength (1812)
16553:
14270:
13795:
12147:
11810:
The Making of Modern England, 1783â1867: The Age of Improvement
11366:
10442:. Vol. 20. International Arts and Sciences Press. 1982. p. 28.
9648:
7405:
novels portray this period of history from a naval perspective.
7064:
6712:
There are no consistent statistics for other major combatants.
6474:
6466:
6336:
The Napoleonic Wars brought radical changes to Europe, but the
6290:. The Allies exiled him to the remote South Atlantic island of
6160:
6006:, the combined Anglo-Portuguese and Spanish armies won against
5837:
5764:
5515:
5243:
4992:
4809:
4780:
4350:
4311:
4230:
4005:
3653:. He seized control of the French government on November 9, in
3649:
Bonaparte returned to France from Egypt on 23 August 1799, his
3431:
Spain would lose nearly all of its American possessions by 1833
3421:
that emerged early in the war contributed greatly to the later
3010:
1890:
1885:
1259:
1247:
509:
382:
208:
13020:
Wellington's Masterpiece: The Battle and Campaign of Salamanca
9982:"O'Meara's account of Napoleon on the invasion of the England"
9771:
9769:
9589:
The influence of sea power on the French Revolution and Empire
3798:
Britain was irritated by several French actions following the
3468:
was used for the first time in warfare. The highly successful
3325:, and Russia's withdrawal from the Continental System, led to
3001:
Hoping to isolate and weaken Britain economically through his
14293:
14185:
13896:
13505:
Lieven, D. C. "Russia and the Defeat of Napoleon (1812â14),"
13308:
Napoleon's Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition
13234:
European Diplomatic History, 1789â1815: France Against Europe
12835:
The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order
12554:
A History of Spain and Portugal: Eighteenth Century to Franco
9754:
9085:
7101:
by Honoré de Balzac. After being severely wounded during the
6578:. These regulars were highly drilled, professional soldiers.
6234:
6172:
5675:
5493:, which took effect in early 1815 when Napoleon was on Elba.
5377:, which he informed the Russian court and was also viewed by
5310:
5207:
4732:, and the introduction of modern middle-class bureaucracies.
4261:
3821:
3757:), referring to the first two as the French Revolution Wars (
3666:
3444:
The wars revolutionised European warfare; the application of
1990:
1958:
Total: 2,000,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)
1931:
Total: 3,000,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)
1852:
1235:
491:
11120:
11118:
11116:
10997:
With Napoleon in Russia, The Memoirs of General Coulaincourt
10965:
9924:
9459:
7128:
from the perspective of the poet's uncle, a Russian officer.
6701:. In September 1812, Russia had 900,000 enlisted men in its
6064:
5571:, paving the way to Brazilian independence six years later.
5531:
of Spain and the installation of Napoleon's brother as King
5114:
and Napoleon's former enemies, Sweden, Prussia and Austria.
4268:
on 17 March 1805. Sweden, which had already agreed to lease
3925:
2927:(1792â1802) and produced a period of French domination over
13745:
The Napoleonic Wars Exhibition held by The European Library
13502:(1987) vol 1: Infantry 1799â1814; vol 2: Cavalry, 1799â1814
11586:
Roberts, Andrew (April 2007). "Talleyrand: the old fraud".
11292:
11210:
Les Transformations des Universités du Xiiie Au Xxie SiÚcle
10136:
10049:
10025:
9766:
6438:
6100:
5394:
4295:
3886:
There was still no thought of going to war; Prime Minister
3807:
3357:
2919:. The wars originated in political forces arising from the
13245:
Historical dictionary of the wars of the French Revolution
11354:
10736:
The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804â1920
10176:
9843:
9427:(in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993â2002.
9163:
9161:
7789:
after its defeat by Russia in the Finnish War (1808â1809).
5873:
was dealt a further catastrophic blow by the onset of the
5707:. This prevented the French march on the Russian capital,
5257:
receive him as a kingdom under his protection like in the
4423:
out of the many small German states which constituted the
4411:
Within months of the collapse of the Third Coalition, the
3578:
was formed in 1798 by Great Britain, Austria, Naples, the
3254:. This war ended disastrously for Prussia, which had been
2907:(1803â1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the
13750:
15th Kings Light Dragoons (Hussars) Re-enactment Regiment
13472:
Fighting for Napoleon: French Soldiersâ Letters 1799â1815
12586:
Military and Civilian War Related Deaths Through the Ages
11113:
11074:
11045:
10977:
10941:
10917:
9567:
9543:
9519:
9507:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8064:
in 1810. Dutch troops fought against Napoleon during the
8038:
had already been serving in the French armies beforehand.
7161:(1813, but possibly written during the 1790s), the local
5218:. He created a militia of Serb notables and realized the
4383:
3481:, looked to the French as a source of inspiration, while
2049:: up to 250,000 total dead or missing including civilians
12229:
The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801â1805
12205:
Jones, Maldwyn Allen (1992). Boorstin, Daniel J. (ed.).
11906:
Desan, Suzanne; Hunt, Lynn; Nelson, William Max (2013).
11064:
11062:
11060:
10293:"A Brief History of the Serbian Insurrections 1804â1817"
10124:
10061:
9495:
9471:
9416:
8584:
7063:, recounts the story based on true events of two French
5900:
4225:
on 22 July 1805. The Royal Navy blockaded Villeneuve in
3969:, which many scholars see as a dramatic miscalculation.
3890:
publicly affirmed that Britain was in a state of peace.
3677:, crippling Austrian capabilities in Italy. Austria was
2974:
to make peace. Concerned about increasing French power,
13492:
11747:
Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna
11304:
10905:
10112:
9936:
9882:
9596:
9173:
9158:
8707:
8705:
8625:
8623:
6080:
on 30 March 1814. During this time Napoleon fought his
5405:. So, in February 1807, Petar I planned an invasion of
5280:
occupation of Corfu and other Ionian islands in 1797â99
4787:
across Spain. Heavy British involvement soon followed.
4279:
on 8 September 1805 with an army of about 70,000 under
3489:
and shaped modern political philosophies in use today.
2080:: 4,000,000 total military and civilian dead or missing
178:
18 May 1803 â 20 November 1815
13394:
Napoleon's Enfant Terrible: General Dominique Vandamme
11384:
11239:
11003:
10385:ĐŃĐ»ĐŸĐ±ĐŸŃĐ”ŃĐ”, ĐœĐ”Đ·Đ°ĐČĐžŃĐœĐŸŃŃ Đž ŃŃДЎОŃĐ”ŃĐ” ĐĄŃбОŃĐ” Đž ĐŠŃĐœĐ” ĐĐŸŃĐ”
9805:
9636:
9387:
Die Regionalgeschichte von DĂŒlmen und Umgebung, Teil 2
9355:"France â Les guerres de la RĂ©volution et de l'Empire"
8995:
8889:. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8762:
8760:
8392:
8181:
38,520 of which being irregulars (guerillas, militias)
5447:
pressure from Napoleon, Russia was forced to sign the
4260:. Austria joined the alliance after the annexation of
4032:('little war') tactics. Anglo-Portuguese forces under
3791:
French victory over the Austrians and Russians at the
3388:, signed on 20 November 1815, formally ended the war.
1955:: 500,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)
1846:: 300,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1809)
1813:: 320,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1806)
13507:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
13189:(Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp. 307â336;
13178:(Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp. 629â668;
11981:
The Napoleonic Wars (3): The Peninsular War 1807â1814
11429:
11057:
10953:
10505:
The Revolt of the Serbs Against the Turks (1804â1813)
9793:
9555:
9531:
9213:
8657:
The Life of the Most Noble Arthur, Duke of Wellington
8301:
The Napoleonic Wars: The Empires Fight Back 1808â1812
7720:
7205:
serves as a French soldier during the Napoleonic Wars
6851:, showing French atrocities against Spanish civilians
6122:
5586:
and led Napoleon to sell the territory making up the
5397:, but with the condition that Russians respected the
4535:, were established. Early that same year, the French
2368:
Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811â1812)
1909:: 36,500 regulars and militia at peak strength (1815)
1894:: 50,000 regulars and militia at peak strength (1813)
12810:
12132:
A History of the English People ...: England in 1815
11939:
Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803â1815
11423:
11260:
The Peopling of America: Perspectives of Immigration
10867:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 180â191.
9781:
9483:
9431:
9335:
8981:
8979:
8883:
Colson, Bruno; Mikaberidze, Alexander, eds. (2023).
8854:
8852:
8850:
8702:
8620:
8200:
7532:
6987:
and the subsequent chaotic retreat of French forces.
6627:
of 1809 involved 300,000 men, and 500,000 fought at
6389:
in Continental Europe, as it had since the times of
5418:
managed to force the French troops to withdraw from
5195:
During the first phase, from 1804 to 1806, it was a
4407:, the French Army entered Berlin on 27 October 1806.
4088:
on November 21, 1806, which brought into effect the
3345:
the following summer, and a new alliance began, the
13645:(2013), diaries, letters and accounts by civilians
13521:
European Armies of the French Revolution, 1789â1802
12733:(in German) (3rd ed.). Edition Europa Verlag.
12530:Palmer, R. R.; Colton, Joel; Kramer, Lloyd (2013).
11519:
11086:
10893:
9855:
9624:
9390:(in German). Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. p. 37.
8779:
8757:
8608:
8596:
5569:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
4835:
4806:
Sir Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington)
4760:
The Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamelukes
4140:
3779:that was achieved he sent in infantry and cavalry.
3017:, and declare his brother King of Spain in 1808 as
2062:: 120,000 total dead or missing including civilians
12751:The Transformation of European Politics, 1763â1848
12529:
12090:The Amiens Truce: Britain and Bonaparte, 1801â1803
12002:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War
11609:
11342:
10929:
10751:
10647:"The Making of the Treaty of Bucharest, 1811â1812"
10148:
9742:
9195:
9064:
8864:
8791:
8716:Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power
8713:
7819:The Ottoman Empire fought against Napoleon in the
7577:Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars
6481:. The union was peacefully dissolved in 1905. The
5293:autonomy, similar to that enjoyed by neighbouring
4955:The strategic situation in Europe in February 1809
4044:The British managed to occupy and take control of
3301:failed. Napoleon oversaw the situation in Iberia,
13722:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 190â211.
13692:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 212â236.
13677:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 371â381.
13404:The Art of War of Revolutionary France, 1789â1802
10790:
10512:
10387:. ĐĐ”ĐŸĐłŃĐ°ĐŽ: ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃŃĐșĐž ĐŒŃĐ·Đ”Ń ĐĄŃбОŃĐ”. 1999. p. 116.
10037:
9231:
8882:
8847:
8835:
8364:
8362:
6652:played a large part in the reorganisation of the
6631:in 1813, of whom 150,000 were killed or wounded.
5337:developed a plan in 1807 to restore the medieval
4507:(7â8 February 1807), followed by capitulation at
4217:failed when a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral
4203:seriously considered an invasion of Great Britain
3626:in the latter stages of the First Coalition, had
3339:compelled Napoleon to retreat with massive losses
17280:
9956:"Invasion of Britain â National Maritime Museum"
7678:became Francis' primary title. For this reason,
6513:, Brazil experienced greater autonomy as it now
6301:, whom the Allies had allowed to remain King of
4963:The French Empire in 1812 at its greatest extent
4419:, and Sweden. In July 1806, Napoleon formed the
3166:after Napoleon's accession as leader of France.
1817:
16512:England expects that every man will do his duty
13707:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 90â98.
13241:The A to Z of the Wars of the French Revolution
12139:
11905:
11388:British Strategy in the Napoleonic War, 1803â15
10971:
10399:
10397:
10395:
10393:
9825:"Measuring Worth â Purchase Power of the Pound"
9670:
9207:
8336:
8119:
8117:
7319:Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World
7089:(1836), semi-autobiographical novel by Captain
6868:
6413:. Greatly enlarged, Prussia became a permanent
5301:in which the Serbs planned to create their own
5051:. Territories allied with the French included:
3863:violent strife broke out against the government
3673:, and, under Napoleon's leadership, the French
3602:, suffered from heavy levels of corruption and
3235:Napoleon won the War of the Third Coalition at
3232:, allowing it to freely continue its strategy.
2036:: 125,000 killed in action (300,000 total dead)
1984:: 350,220 killed in action (500,000 total dead)
105:
13580:Annales Historiques De La Revolution Francaise
13370:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grand Armée
13243:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2010); 1st ed. was
13098:
12886:. In Chickering, Roger; Förster, Stig (eds.).
12601:The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction
12476:
11977:
11650:Napoleon's Master: A Life of Prince Talleyrand
11486:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10211:"The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State"
10142:
10055:
9710:Horne, Alistair (2000). Cowley, Robert (ed.).
9125:
8529:(1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 1.
8359:
7779:
7726:Russia became an ally of France following the
7640:
7390:, a series of historical novels by the author
6934:Various agents of Napoleon were known such as
6275:at the Battle of Waterloo against a square of
6248:Napoleon delayed the start of fighting at the
6201:'s Prussians by fighting a blocking action at
5867:by Russian peasants and irregular troops. The
5305:, which would also include the territories of
5146:Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta
5015:The War of the Fifth Coalition ended with the
4908:in Spain and Portugal. The sea became a major
3700:
3675:decisively defeated the Austrians in June 1800
3671:Russia had already been knocked out of the war
3630:, intending to disrupt the British control of
3083:in June 1815, and exiled him to the island of
191:(12 years, 6 months and 2 days)
16721:
16569:
14328:
13821:
12268:. Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 225â283.
11447:
10786:
10784:
7650:came into use after Napoleon crowned himself
7489:) is a historical novel by the French author
7370:The Napoleonic Wars provide the backdrop for
6099:The victors exiled Napoleon to the island of
5742:tactics as it withdrew east, and harried the
5496:
5341:("SlavenoâSerb empire"), consisting on unify
3841:. The British victory over the French at the
2394:
2138:
752:
13527:
13295:The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
13216:The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars
13016:
12434:
12072:. Macmillan International Higher Education.
11372:
11080:
10777:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 402â403.
10390:
8640:
8638:
8273:
8114:
7835:. Russia was allied with Napoleon 1807â1810.
7759:
7757:
7664:
7386:, Volumes 11, 12, 13 and 14 respectively of
6983:opens with a ground-level recounting of the
6780:
6664:
6663:Napoleon's retreat from Russia in 1812. His
6188:
6176:
5892:
5878:
5868:
5858:
5845:
5827:
5798:
5772:
5753:
5743:
5683:
5667:
5274:against France's expanding influence in the
4735:
4647:, where the eastern part became the Russian
4427:and most other western parts of Germany. He
3733:
3619:
3456:to a collective war effort. Tactically, the
3037:
13318:Napoleonic Wars: The Essential Bibliography
12789:
12533:A History of the Modern World: 11th Edition
12187:The Cambridge Illustrated History of France
11909:The French Revolution in Global Perspective
10373:
9191:
8711:
8552:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7813:
7503:Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française
7169:(1814), Fanny Price's brother William is a
5654:and won victories over the Russians in the
5611:
4221:turned back after an indecisive action off
3735:Les guerres de la RĂ©volution et de l'Empire
3697:with France, establishing a tenuous peace.
3399:, while Great Britain, with its unequalled
16728:
16714:
16576:
16562:
14335:
14321:
13828:
13814:
13250:
12831:
12290:
11884:
11206:
11136:
11104:
10781:
10182:
10079:
9449:
9094:
8567:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8190:ÂŁ3 trillion in modern economic cost terms.
7913:
7593:Royal Prussian Army of the Napoleonic Wars
6489:against France dissolved rapidly with the
6264:and negotiations for surrender had begun.
5915:Fragment from the manuscript "Memoires on
4974:In the east, the Austrians drove into the
4795:, 16 January 1809). But when he left, the
4553:
4483:cavalry against French cuirassiers at the
4256:(roughly present-day Netherlands) and the
2962:The first stage of the war broke out when
2401:
2387:
2145:
2131:
1865:
14064:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
13585:
13286:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
13106:Europe and the French Imperium, 1799â1814
13086:Learn how and when to remove this message
12884:"Partisan Warfare in Spain and Total War"
12747:
12395:
12069:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
12048:
11616:(1st ed.). Greenwood Press. p.
11493:. Sword & Pen Military. p. 181.
11454:. Constable & Robinson. p. 328.
10923:
10798:Revista de historia americana y argentina
10339:
10257:
9930:
9760:
9618:
9465:
9270:
8635:
7754:
7105:(1807), Chabert, a famous colonel of the
6317:(2â3 May 1815), forcing him to flee. The
5222:, because the Janissaries, expelled from
5019:(14 October 1809). In the east, only the
4886:Learn how and when to remove this message
4294:With the main Austrian army north of the
3926:War between Britain and France, 1803â1814
3641:Bonaparte defeating the Austrians at the
3507:French victory over the Prussians at the
3370:seventh, and final, coalition against him
3289:. The French occupied Spain and formed a
3277:to commit to the Continental System, and
3087:, where he died six years later in 1821.
589:
538:
459:
444:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
16690:Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign
13696:
12353:
12086:
11956:
11863:
11843:1808â1814: demografĂa y guerra en España
10791:Orellana Billiard, Jorge Andrés (2018).
10548:
10425:. Vol. 22â23. Le Conseil. 1986. p. 300.
10194:
9888:
9674:Wellington & Napoleon: Clash of Arms
9614:
9437:
9273:The Second Hundred Years' War, 1689â1815
9129:Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792â1914
9121:
9119:
9062:
9019:
9017:
8943:
8811:
8809:
8629:
7968:From 1803 till 1806, when it became the
7852:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7806:
7804:
7674:was dissolved in 1806, and consequently
7289:, two novels about the Napoleonic Wars;
7263:" (1933), later made into a 1957 film, "
6838:
6719:
6681:
6658:
6596:
6557:
6375:
6266:
6219:
6136:
6068:Russian army enters Paris, 31 March 1814
6063:
6020:
5965:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
5946:
5910:
5818:
5713:
5621:
5514:
4958:
4950:
4753:
4745:
4680:
4571:
4474:
4393:
4344:
4332:
4275:The Austrians began the war by invading
4243:
4150:
4039:
3983:
3971:
3897:received word that Cape Colony had been
3831:
3786:
3689:. The Austrian defeat was sealed by the
3636:
3502:
880:
701:
474:
94:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
16:1803â1815 series of wars led by Napoleon
13523:(2015) Nine essays by leading scholars.
13500:The Russian Army of the Napoleonic Wars
13467:(Oxford University Press) February 2020
13291:
12980:
12925:
12768:
12728:
12678:
12644:(Paperback ed.), New York: Wiley,
12597:
12435:McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard (1978).
12311:
12259:
12246:
11935:
11839:
11726:Secret World: A History of Intelligence
11641:
11585:
11360:
11298:
11245:
11107:Leipzig 1813: The Battle of the Nations
11009:
10911:
10623:A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples
10454:
10321:
10240:Meriage, Lawrence P. (September 1978).
10239:
10031:
10006:
9787:
9775:
9602:
9341:
9278:
8785:
8774:
8660:. London: J. Cundee. p. xiiiâxiv.
8653:
8647:
8602:
8492:
8398:
8022:
8020:
7562:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars
7450:takes place during the Napoleonic Wars.
6917:
6521:. These events also contributed to the
6515:served as seat of the Portuguese Empire
5877:, which the underfed and undersupplied
5826:'s graph of the decreasing size of the
5731:The main Russian army was commanded by
5172:'s moves to the east as the subsequent
4588:fought bravely and defeated the Swedes.
4287:in late July 1805 to confront them. At
4283:, and the French army marched out from
3861:. France had withdrawn its troops, but
3380:, and was permanently exiled to remote
2915:(1804â1815) and a fluctuating array of
2318:Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean
102:
17281:
14658:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
13761:The Napoleonic Wars Collection Website
13757:Reenactment and Living History Society
13345:
13006:
12964:
12904:
12888:War in an Age of Revolution, 1775â1815
12508:
12497:
12455:
12332:
12291:Keen, Benjamin; Haynes, Keith (2012).
12143:Borodino 1812: Napoleon's great gamble
12128:
12019:
11817:
11806:
11789:The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon
11743:
11722:
11647:
11538:Dwyer, Philip G. (17 September 2016),
11525:
11468:from the original on 30 September 2015
11405:from the original on 30 September 2015
11264:
11092:
10899:
10775:Caudillos in Spanish America 1800â1850
10644:
10287:
10285:
9873:
9861:
9849:
9811:
9799:
9730:from the original on 30 September 2015
9691:from the original on 30 September 2015
9642:
9630:
9383:
9252:from the original on 30 September 2015
9219:
9167:
9146:from the original on 30 September 2015
8870:
8830:
8748:
8555:The diary of a Napoleonic foot soldier
8318:from the original on 30 September 2015
8297:
8279:) 1805â1809: The Hungarian Royal Army
8255:
8221:from the original on 30 September 2015
7075:'s Best First Work award-winning film
6213:, a few miles south of the village of
5940:in November 1813 offered Napoleon the
4537:besieged the fortified town of Kolberg
4429:amalgamated many of the smaller states
4384:War of the Fourth Coalition, 1806â1807
4237:on 21 October (the British commander,
3936:
3281:'s failure to maintain it, led to the
3224:with France. The British responded by
3067:in April, exiled him to the island of
1535:
16735:
16709:
16557:
16340:Spanish American wars of independence
14316:
13809:
13681:
13465:The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History
13201:An Encyclopaedia of Napoleon's Europe
13017:Young, Peter; Lawford, J. P. (2015).
12972:
12946:
12657:
12639:
12618:
12582:
12550:
12374:
12225:
12204:
12183:
11998:
11926:
11828:
11785:
11711:
11607:
11537:
11310:
11257:
11124:
11068:
11051:
10983:
10959:
10947:
10935:
10860:
10769:
10757:
10620:Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985).
10197:Napoleon Bonaparte: His rise and fall
10154:
10118:
9942:
9878:. pp. 374â377, 406â407, 463â471.
9748:
9709:
9658:
9585:
9573:
9561:
9549:
9537:
9525:
9513:
9501:
9489:
9477:
9306:
9116:
9023:
9014:
9008:
8985:
8937:
8858:
8841:
8815:
8806:
8797:
8766:
8744:
8614:
8590:
8524:
8453:
8435:from the original on 26 December 2018
8380:from the original on 26 December 2018
8347:from the original on 26 December 2018
8054:
7838:
7801:
7598:Spanish American wars of independence
5901:War of the Sixth Coalition, 1812â1814
5886:When the remnants of Napoleon's army
5541:Spanish American wars of independence
5519:Political map of the Americas in 1794
5503:Spanish American wars of independence
5125:
4403:. After defeating Prussian forces at
3932:United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars
3764:
3661:and transforming the republic into a
3102:, the rise of Britain as the world's
3057:spilled over into southwestern France
2408:
2382:
2126:
2104:65,000 French allies killed in action
13711:
13666:
13493:Austrian, Prussian and Russian roles
13257:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
13213:
13042:
12881:
12852:
12699:
12107:
12065:
12030:
11764:
11568:from the original on 8 December 2023
11435:
11348:
11163:from the original on 7 February 2022
11033:from the original on 10 October 2020
10166:
10130:
10086:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 8â10.
10067:
10043:
9654:
9179:
9106:
9044:from the original on 7 February 2021
8950:. London: Basic Books. p. 480.
8664:from the original on 8 December 2023
8017:
7567:British invasions of the River Plate
6331:
5979:, and crushing a French army at the
5289:(the Ottomans seemed ready to grant
5106:(Napoleon's sister) and her husband
4868:adding citations to reliable sources
4839:
4264:and the proclamation of Napoleon as
4111:
3337:and the onset of the Russian winter
3228:, breaking up the league, and later
3220:to disrupt the blockade and enforce
3130:to the continent, lasting until the
3126:redrew Europe's borders and brought
2348:British invasions of the River Plate
348:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
123:Click an image to load the campaign.
20:
17243:History of the Mediterranean region
16325:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
14342:
12154:, United Kingdom of Great Britain:
10549:Torrance, Marie-Christiane (1986).
10282:
9902:"ScĂšne de la bataille de Trafalgar"
9235:The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812
8553:Walter, Jakob; Raeff, Marc (1996).
7738:(1806â1812), and nominally against
7582:International relations (1648â1814)
5888:struggled across the Berezina River
4816:), while their Spanish allies were
4702:partitioned by its three neighbours
4442:In August 1806, the Prussian king,
4079:
3705:No consensus exists as to when the
3679:definitively defeated that December
3657:, replacing the Directory with the
3567:, forced the Austrians to sign the
3352:The coalition defeated Napoleon at
2152:
306:Restoration of the Bourbon monarchy
13:
13729:"A new scholarly journal in 2023:
13697:Robinson, Charles Walker (1911). "
13618:
13589:Reader's Guide to Military History
13424:The French Revolution and Napoleon
13355:(1987) short scholarly biographies
13203:(Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984)
13112:, political and diplomatic context
13038:
12997:
12929:The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia
12512:Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace
11929:Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power
11851:Autonomous University of Barcelona
11689:from the original on 30 April 2021
11424:Stoker, Schneid & Blanton 2008
11276:. Migration as a travel business.
10685:from the original on 17 April 2023
10627:York: Cambridge University Press.
10221:from the original on 16 April 2022
9425:Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins
8964:from the original on 6 August 2020
8801:
8752:
8271:The Austrian Imperial-Royal Army (
7821:French Campaign in Egypt and Syria
6671:had lost about half a million men.
6548:
6123:War of the Seventh Coalition, 1815
6115:(11 April 1814) and initiated the
5117:
5100:Principality of Lucca and Piombino
3427:and those of the Italian peninsula
3114:and the subsequent decline of the
101:
14:
17330:
13682:Maude, Frederic Natusch (1911). "
13652:
13127:Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign.
12988:
12908:Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour
12832:Sutherland, Donald M. G. (2008).
12642:1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign
12622:1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign
12438:Atlas of World Population History
11676:
11507:from the original on 15 July 2021
11280:from the original on 27 June 2015
11227:from the original on 15 July 2021
11207:Gingras, Yves; Roy, Lyse (2006).
10881:from the original on 15 July 2021
10581:from the original on 10 June 2023
10530:from the original on 8 April 2023
10303:from the original on 10 June 2023
9988:from the original on 16 July 2011
9876:The Reign of George III 1760â1815
9592:. Vol. II. pp. 106â107.
9404:from the original on 15 July 2021
9365:from the original on 23 July 2012
8819:
7330:is based on this series of books.
7051:of sailors by roving press gangs.
6724:French soldiers in skirmish with
6553:
6483:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
5442:appealed to an alliance with the
5160:of the Russian Empire, while the
4602:besieged and bombarded Copenhagen
3719:Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor
3598:. The French Republic, under the
3454:economic and industrial resources
3299:British effort to capture Antwerp
3270:and ending the Fourth Coalition.
3104:foremost naval and economic power
3051:in October 1813. The Allies then
352:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
17228:Bibliography of European history
16823:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
16622:
16592:Waterloo Campaign â Main battles
16583:
16200:Frederick William III of Prussia
16180:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
14058:
13658:
13586:Messenger, Charles, ed. (2001).
13477:Wilkin Bernard and Wilkin René:
13470:Wilkin Bernard and Wilkin René:
13047:
12536:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
12360:. University of Oklahoma Press.
12037:The International History Review
11978:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2014).
11792:. University of Oklahoma Press.
11670:
11601:
11579:
11531:
11480:
11441:
11378:
11326:. HistoryNet.com. Archived from
11316:
11251:
11200:
11175:
11145:
11130:
11098:
11015:
10989:
10821:
10809:from the original on 22 May 2020
10763:
10723:
10712:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
10697:
10638:
10614:
10593:
10542:
10496:
10465:
10448:
10431:
10414:
10364:
10315:
10233:
10203:
10188:
10100:from the original on 15 May 2016
10073:
10000:
9974:
9948:
9894:
9867:
9817:
9703:
9664:
9579:
9196:Palmer, Colton & Kramer 2013
8687:, p. 108. Yale University Press.
8474:from the original on 22 May 2020
8193:
8184:
7535:
6676:physical demands of soldiering.
6517:and ascended politically to the
5736:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
4844:
4836:War of the Fifth Coalition, 1809
4771:The Iberian conflict began when
4619:in February 1808, followed by a
4604:, leading to the capture of the
4193:(left side of the picture). HMS
4141:War of the Third Coalition, 1805
4125:, adding 50 per cent more large
3810:, made himself President of the
3521:overthrow of the French monarchy
3423:unification of the German states
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2089:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2028:
2015:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1939:
1914:
1899:
1884:
1867:
1851:
1836:
1819:
1803:
1788:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1579:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1524:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1438:
1426:
1406:
1398:
1388:
1380:
1370:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1293:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1089:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1051:
1025:
1014:
997:
985:
973:
961:
946:
934:
922:
908:
896:
882:
869:
852:
839:
813:
799:
780:
768:
754:
741:
729:
717:
703:
690:
678:
666:
654:
642:
630:
618:
605:
591:
578:
566:
554:
540:
527:
515:
502:
490:
476:
461:
446:
429:
417:
25:
17253:History of Western civilization
16856:Christianity in the Middle Ages
16320:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
16250:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
13667:Beck, Archibald Frank (1911). "
13592:. Routledge. pp. 391â427.
12991:A History of Spain and Portugal
12498:Palmer, Robert Roswell (1941).
12477:Munch-Petersen, Thomas (2007).
12211:. University of Chicago Press.
11546:, Routledge, pp. 205â210,
11385:Christopher David Hall (1992).
9377:
9347:
9264:
9225:
9056:
8911:
8876:
8824:
8738:
8676:
8575:
8546:
8518:
8486:
8447:
8417:
8404:
8330:
8291:
8265:
8207:. Potomac Books. p. 1802.
8175:
8166:
8157:
8148:
8139:
8130:
8105:
8096:
8087:
8071:
8041:
8008:
7997:(December 1805). Following the
7983:
7974:
7962:
7953:
7944:
7931:
7922:
7904:
7890:
7881:
7868:
7792:
6501:. There were many uprisings in
6294:, where he died on 5 May 1821.
6193:, under the command of Marshal
5593:
5578:began in 1791, just before the
5144:(in which the French diplomat,
5091:, husband of Napoleon's sister
4855:needs additional citations for
4828:Peninsular War merged with the
3867:imposed a compromise settlement
3374:decisively defeated at Waterloo
3230:secured dominance over the seas
3205:The British hastily enforced a
2101:306,000 French killed in action
2075:: 50,000 total dead or missing
17097:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
17040:Christianity in the modern era
16811:Christianity in late antiquity
16675:Timeline of the Napoleonic era
16235:Prince Regent John of Portugal
16145:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
16090:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
16085:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
13766:Napoleon, His Army and Enemies
13292:Schneid, Frederick C. (2011).
12926:Upshall, Michael, ed. (1993).
12190:. Cambridge University Press.
11750:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
11705:
11391:. Manchester U.P. p. 28.
10603:. Cambridge University Press.
8699:. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
8644:Chandler & Beckett, p. 132
8060:The French Empire annexed the
8047:The French Empire annexed the
7770:
7745:
7711:
7702:
7689:
7656:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
7631:
7308:of novels is a sequence of 20
6789:
5554:Second Battle of Cancha Rayada
5484:with American merchant ships,
5454:
5309:, as well as the pashaliks of
5242:. Thus, the Serbs appealed to
5047:, the Duchy of Warsaw and the
4942:John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham
4706:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
4171:(completely dismasted) in the
3849:'s military presence in Egypt.
3618:. Bonaparte, commander of the
3557:concurrent civil war in France
3485:greatly expanded the arena of
3407:, became the world's dominant
3073:restored power to the Bourbons
1:
17248:History of the European Union
16260:Prince Charles John of Sweden
13628:(2010) 33#2 pp. 231â258
13614:(2010) 74#1 pp. 189â194.
13568:(1966) 30#4 pp. 177â185.
13560:10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752
13481:Pen and Sword Military (2018)
13474:Pen and Sword Military (2016)
13446:(1990) 54#2 pp. 131â146
13300:Institute of European History
13169:The Napoleonic Wars 1803â1815
13153:Clausewitz, Carl von (2021).
13139:Clausewitz, Carl von (2020).
13125:Clausewitz, Carl von (2018).
13070:and help improve the section.
12967:Losses of Life in Modern Wars
12890:. Cambridge UP. p. 243.
12702:The English Historical Review
12559:University of Wisconsin Press
12515:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
12504:. Princeton University Press.
12375:Malia, Martin Edward (2006).
12354:Leggiere, Michael V. (2014).
12274:10.1016/s0363-3268(07)25005-0
12031:Götz, Norbert (6 June 2014).
11771:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
10322:Meriage, Lawrence P. (1978).
9677:. Pen and Sword. p. 22.
9271:Buffinton, Arthur H. (1929).
9208:Desan, Hunt & Nelson 2013
9027:The Rise of Prussia 1700â1830
8457:The Rise of Prussia 1700â1830
8340:Sketch of the Napoleon Museum
8237:
8201:Frederick C. Schneid (2012).
7833:Russo-Turkish War (1806â1812)
7829:Anglo-Turkish War (1807â1809)
7173:(officer in training) in the
6954:List of Napoleonic Wars films
6941:
6648:. Before Napoleon's efforts,
6523:Portuguese Liberal Revolution
6119:to redraw the map of Europe.
5883:was unprepared to cope with.
5507:War of Independence of Brazil
5142:Russo-Turkish War (1806â1812)
5080:, Napoleon's younger brother)
4568:Dano-Swedish War of 1808â1809
4400:Entry of Napoleon into Berlin
4298:defeated (another army under
4132:From London in 1813 to 1815,
3857:was set up by France when it
3492:
3439:Brazil declaring independence
3362:restored the Bourbon monarchy
3273:Concurrently, the refusal of
3158:, which was the first of the
2994:but were quickly defeated at
2333:Second Archipelago Expedition
2328:British conquest of Cape Town
795:France and its client states:
125:Left to right, top to bottom:
13712:Rose, John Holland (1911). "
13509:(2006) 7#2 pp. 283â308.
12975:Losses of Life Caused By War
12882:Tone, John Lawrence (2010).
12790:Shlapentokh, Dmitry (1997).
12775:. Harvard University Press.
12714:10.1093/ehr/lxviii.cclxvi.37
12357:BlĂŒcher: Scourge of Napoleon
12262:Research in Economic History
12249:Research in Economic History
12050:10.1080/07075332.2014.918559
11912:. Cornell University Press.
11885:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017).
11723:Andrew, Christopher (2018).
10409:ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃa ŃŃĐżŃĐșĐŸĐł ĐœĐ°ŃĐŸĐŽĐ°, V-1
8682:Esdaile, Charles J. (2004).
8495:Italian unification, 1820â71
8242:
6869:Use of military intelligence
6828:
6471:SwedishâNorwegian War (1814)
6224:Map of the Waterloo campaign
6146:Robert Alexander Hillingford
5559:In contrast, the Portuguese
5285:In 1806, the Serbs rejected
4724:Empires in the aftermath of
4546:completed the occupation of
4205:, massing 180,000 troops at
3713:, the date according to the
3651:campaign there having failed
3628:launched a campaign in Egypt
3059:. Coalition troops captured
3053:invaded France from the east
2949:War of the Seventh Coalition
7:
17207:Russian invasion of Ukraine
16818:Crisis of the Third Century
13612:Journal of Military History
13535:European History Quarterly,
13498:Haythornthwaite, Philip J.
13444:Journal of Military History
13414:Napoleon's Military Machine
13412:Haythornthwaite, Philip J.
13360:Napoleon: The Path to Power
13099:General and reference books
12748:Schroeder, Paul W. (1994).
12399:Journal of Military History
12146:. Campaign. Vol. 246.
11864:Chandler, David G. (1966).
11821:Years of Victory, 1802â1812
11258:Scott, Franklin D. (1984).
10009:ĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ ĐĐĐąĐĐ« ĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ Đ ĐĐĄĐĐ
9958:. Nmm.ac.uk. Archived from
9908:(in French). Archived from
8376:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica.
8275:Kaiserliche-Königliche Heer
7993:in July 1806 following the
7785:Nominally, Sweden declared
7603:Uniforms of La Grande Armée
7528:
7023:William Makepeace Thackeray
6369:âan enduring legacy of the
6175:. The Prussians forced the
5403:Montenegrin Orthodox Church
5069:, Napoleon's elder brother)
4984:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw
4978:but suffered defeat at the
4617:Russian invasion of Finland
4582:DanoâSwedish War, 1808â1809
4390:War of the Fourth Coalition
4072:, which historians term a "
4064:during the Napoleonic Wars.
4022:Golden Cavalry of St George
3859:invaded Switzerland in 1798
3744:Erster Napoleonischer Krieg
3711:seized power on 18 Brumaire
3701:Start date and nomenclature
3252:War of the Fourth Coalition
3250:declared war, triggering a
3141:
3065:forced Napoleon to abdicate
3055:, while the Peninsular War
2937:War of the Fourth Coalition
1606:Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
45:. The specific problem is:
10:
17335:
17263:Military history of Europe
17258:Maritime history of Europe
16095:Frederick I of WĂŒrttemberg
14465:Confederation of the Rhine
14096:Confederation of the Rhine
13638:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
13543:Forrest, Alan et al. eds.
13519:Schneid, Frederick C. ed.
12961:. This source references:
12867:10.1177/026569149602600302
12855:European History Quarterly
12796:. Transaction Publishers.
12640:Riehn, Richard K. (1991),
12619:Riehn, Richard K. (1990).
12551:Payne, Stanley G. (1973).
12294:A History of Latin America
12087:Grainger, John D. (2004).
11765:Bell, David Avrom (2007).
11137:Hofschroer, Peter (2006).
11105:Hofschroer, Peter (1993).
10841:(2): 268â281. April 1955.
10835:William and Mary Quarterly
10599:Jelavich, Barbara (1983).
10455:PopoviÄ, Petar I. (1933).
9874:Watson, J. Steven (1960).
9232:Spencer C. Tucker (2012).
7991:Confederation of the Rhine
7831:and against Russia in the
7613:War of the Sixth Coalition
7241:Captain Horatio Hornblower
6951:
6948:Napoleonic Wars in fiction
6945:
6874:intelligence include: The
6832:
6801:Confederation of the Rhine
6794:The initial stages of the
6537:measurement, currency and
6479:personal union with Sweden
6342:restored the Bourbon house
6126:
6107:monarchy in the person of
5907:War of the Sixth Coalition
5904:
5836:The French tried to reach
5615:
5597:
5500:
5497:Latin American Revolutions
5464:
5458:
5329:circles of Serbia rebels,
5184:) and the autonomy of the
5152:, having most of the time
5129:
5045:Confederation of the Rhine
4900:War of the Fifth Coalition
4897:
4830:War of the Sixth Coalition
4812:(behind their impregnable
4801:War of the Fifth Coalition
4739:
4674:
4557:
4439:, to the status of kings.
4421:Confederation of the Rhine
4387:
4147:War of the Third Coalition
4144:
3929:
3782:
3746:("First Napoleonic War").
3496:
3460:had redefined the role of
3347:War of the Sixth Coalition
3287:War of the Fifth Coalition
3226:capturing the Danish fleet
3218:League of Armed Neutrality
3156:War of the Third Coalition
3063:at the end of March 1814,
3034:massive invasion of Russia
2945:War of the Sixth Coalition
2941:War of the Fifth Coalition
2933:War of the Third Coalition
864:Confederation of the Rhine
17233:Genetic history of Europe
17215:
17020:
16836:
16776:
16743:
16662:
16631:
16620:
16591:
16474:
16358:
16273:
16255:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
16245:William, Prince of Orange
16108:
16055:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
15988:
15981:
15861:
15740:
15604:
15433:
15347:
15301:
15050:
14944:
14868:
14762:
14676:
14628:
14619:
14515:
14416:
14407:
14384:French Invasion of Russia
14350:
14292:
14269:
14255:
14232:
14184:
14081:
14070:
14056:
14016:
13998:
13895:
13881:
13863:
13852:
13626:French Historical Studies
13528:Historiography and memory
13488:(Bataafschse Leeuw, 2002)
13339:Comparative Legal History
13326:online review in H-FRANCE
12838:. John Wiley & Sons.
12769:Sherwig, John M. (1969).
12381:. Yale University Press.
12312:Kennedy, Paul M. (1989).
12226:Kagan, Frederick (2007).
11984:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
11936:Esdaile, Charles (2009).
11867:The Campaigns of Napoleon
11840:Canales, Esteban (2004),
11744:Arnold, James R. (1995).
11729:. Yale University Press.
11712:Adams, John, ed. (1805).
11426:, pp. 24, 31â32, 38.
11274:"North Atlantic, 1815â19"
10663:10.1080/00263207908700404
10439:Soviet Studies in History
9384:Rabich, Adalbert (2011).
9321:10.1017/S0018246X00025887
9238:. ABC-CLIO. p. 499.
9024:Dwyer, Philip G. (2014).
8454:Dwyer, Philip G. (2014).
8026:Napoleon established the
7825:French Revolutionary Wars
7787:war against Great Britain
7697:French Invasion of Russia
7682:is often used instead of
7265:The Pride and the Passion
7133:The Count of Monte Cristo
7073:1977 Cannes Film Festival
6980:The Charterhouse of Parma
6654:French Revolutionary Army
6601:Napoleon on the field of
6271:The charge of the French
5842:Battle of Maloyaroslavets
5722:'s withdrawal from Russia
5618:French invasion of Russia
5580:French Revolutionary Wars
4736:Peninsular War, 1808â1814
4670:
4621:Danish declaration of war
4337:Surrender of the town of
3893:In early March 1803, the
3845:, resulted in the end of
3726:Second Hundred Years' War
3707:French Revolutionary Wars
3565:French Revolutionary Army
3499:French Revolutionary Wars
3335:French strategic failures
2957:French invasion of Russia
2925:French Revolutionary Wars
2923:(1789â1799) and from the
2850:French invasion of Russia
2420:
2269:French invasion of Russia
2164:
2110:600,000 civilians killed
1965:
1953:French clients and allies
1777:
1041:
400:
342:dominant world superpower
170:
99:
91:
86:
16165:Archduke John of Austria
16160:Prince von Schwarzenberg
16005:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
13351:Chandler, David G., ed.
13284:Rothenberg, E. Gunther.
13171:(NY: Random House, 2011)
13115:Bruce, Robert B. et al.
12817:. Taylor & Francis.
12679:Roberts, Andrew (2014).
12557:. Vol. 2. Madison:
12066:Grab, Alexander (2003).
12020:Glover, Michael (1963).
11957:Ferguson, Niall (2008).
11552:10.4324/9781315840093-10
11373:McEvedy & Jones 1978
11081:Young & Lawford 2015
10485:Brooklyn College Press.
10195:Thompson, J. M. (1951).
10083:Napoleon's Polish Troops
10008:
9716:. Penguin. p. 161.
9671:Robin Neillands (2003).
9132:. Routledge. p. 9.
9063:Ferguson, Niall (2004).
8692:22 November 2023 at the
8654:Elliott, George (1816).
8581:Martyn Lyons pp. 234â236
8493:Collier, Martin (2003).
8429:Parlement & Politiek
8337:Sainsbury, John (1842).
8285:22 February 2014 at the
7999:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
7624:
7495:Battle of Aspern-Essling
6349:in courts, abolition of
6103:and restored the French
6074:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
5863:vulnerable to sustained
5642:in 1807 resulted in the
5612:Invasion of Russia, 1812
5523:The abdication of Kings
5399:independence-autocephaly
4997:Battle of Aspern-Essling
4633:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
4365:to the French-dominated
3838:The Battle of Alexandria
3759:Franse Revolutieoorlogen
3563:, then a general of the
3545:Kingdom of Great Britain
3483:its core founding tenets
3327:Napoleon invading Russia
3285:and the outbreak of the
3150:in 1799, establishing a
1550:François Joseph Lefebvre
1531:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
17238:History of Christianity
16639:Battle of Rocheserviere
16100:Frederick VI of Denmark
16050:Jean-Baptiste BessiĂšres
14840:Greater Poland uprising
14663:Duc d'Enghien Execution
14151:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
13740:The Legend of Bonaparte
13719:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
13704:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
13689:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
13674:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
13669:Waterloo Campaign, 1815
13512:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
13457:(Hambledon Press, 2007)
13422:Hazen, Charles Downer.
13418:excerpt and text search
13408:excerpt and text search
13388:excerpt and text search
13322:excerpt and text search
13312:excerpt and text search
13247:(Scarecrow Press, 1998)
13121:excerpt and text search
12981:Urlanis, Boris (1971),
12965:Bodart, Gaston (1916),
12947:White, Matthew (2014),
12932:. Wordsworth Editions.
12729:SchÀfer, Anton (2002).
12108:Gray, Colin S. (2007).
11818:Bryant, Arthur (1944).
11487:H.A Currathers (2014).
11265:Hansen, Marcus (1940).
10411:. ĐĐ”ĐŸĐłŃĐ°ĐŽ. pp. 170â171.
10297:www.napoleon-series.org
10011:. ĐлаЎОŃ. p. 192.
10007:ĐĄĐžĐ·Đ”ĐœĐșĐŸ, Đ.Đ. (2011).
9126:Geoffrey Wawro (2002).
8944:Zamoyski, Adam (2018).
8923:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6491:independence of Belgium
6365:, with clearly defined
6113:Treaty of Fontainebleau
6035:Nicolas Charles Oudinot
5263:occupation of 1788â1791
5220:Slaughter of the Knezes
5180:(specially the rise of
4554:Scandinavia and Finland
4450:(14 October 1806), and
4281:Karl Mack von Leiberich
4134:Nathan Mayer Rothschild
3793:Second Battle of ZĂŒrich
3655:a bloodless coup d'Ă©tat
3297:soon followed, while a
3005:, Napoleon launched an
2309:Minor campaigns of 1815
1489:Nicolas Charles Oudinot
1445:Jean-Baptiste BessiĂšres
360:as a new European power
17062:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
16649:Battle of Rocquencourt
16220:Ferdinand VII of Spain
14668:Coronation of Napoleon
13608:Mikaberidze, Alexander
13461:Mikaberidze, Alexander
13316:Schneid, Frederick C.
13306:Schneid, Frederick C.
13252:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
13214:Pope, Stephen (1999).
12973:Dumas, Samuel (1923),
12598:Rapport, Mike (2013).
12456:McLynn, Frank (1998).
12333:Knight, Roger (2013).
11927:Dwyer, Philip (2013).
11829:Burke, Edmund (1808).
11786:Black, Jeremy (2009).
11648:Lawday, David (2007).
11448:Robert Harvey (2013).
11324:"Napoleon's Total War"
11267:The Atlantic Migration
10651:Middle Eastern Studies
10601:History of the Balkans
10476:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
9309:The Historical Journal
9095:Keen & Haynes 2012
8425:"De Grondwet van 1815"
8343:. London. p. 15.
8274:
7939:Battle of Campo Tenese
7665:
7412:Napoleon's Blackguards
6852:
6786:much-needed manpower.
6781:
6733:
6690:
6672:
6665:
6605:
6567:
6527:Independence of Brazil
6381:
6326:Second Treaty of Paris
6279:
6225:
6189:
6177:
6148:
6142:Wellington at Waterloo
6069:
6057:, became isolated and
6030:
5956:
5938:Klemens von Metternich
5924:
5893:
5879:
5869:
5859:
5846:
5833:
5828:
5799:
5773:
5754:
5744:
5728:
5684:
5668:
5635:
5608:in the Mediterranean.
5590:to the United States.
5520:
5307:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5272:Russo-Ottoman alliance
5132:First Serbian Uprising
4995:resulted in the major
4982:on 19 April 1809. The
4964:
4956:
4814:Lines of Torres Vedras
4768:
4751:
4693:
4649:Grand Duchy of Finland
4589:
4542:By September, Marshal
4511:(24 May 1807) and the
4488:
4479:Charge of the Russian
4408:
4381:
4354:
4342:
4249:
4198:
4065:
3993:
3990:Battle of the Pyrenees
3981:
3850:
3795:
3776:
3734:
3646:
3620:
3569:Treaty of Campo Formio
3517:execution of Louis XVI
3512:
3291:Spanish client kingdom
3108:independence movements
3038:
2202:First Serbian Uprising
1042:Commanders and leaders
285:Second Treaty of Paris
119:
17142:Industrial Revolution
16685:Military mobilisation
16604:Battle of Quatre Bras
16507:Conference of Dresden
16416:Paris (February 1812)
16345:SwedishâNorwegian War
16170:Alexander I of Russia
13663:Texts on Wikisource:
13575:40#2 (2015): 253â254.
13455:Napoleon as a General
13330:Smith, Digby George.
13007:Clodfelter, Micheal,
12905:Tulard, Jean (1984).
12658:Riley, J. P. (2013).
12509:Palmer, Alan (1974).
12459:Napoleon: A Biography
12184:Jones, Colin (1994).
12156:Bloomsbury Publishing
12129:Halévy, Elie (1924).
12005:. Allen & Unwin.
11999:Gates, David (1986).
11612:The History of France
11608:Haine, Scott (2000).
10861:White, Ashli (2010).
10831:New-York Evening Post
10422:Bulletin scientifique
8919:"The Napoleonic Wars"
8895:10.1017/9781108278096
8304:. Oshray Publishing.
8298:Fisher, Todd (2001).
8123:until the eve of the
7666:Kaiser von Ăsterreich
7652:Emperor of the French
7637:1805, 1809, 1813â1815
7392:Cynthia Harrod-Eagles
7306:AubreyâMaturin series
7138:Alexandre Dumas, pĂšre
6842:
6796:Industrial Revolution
6723:
6707:Imperial Russian Navy
6685:
6662:
6600:
6561:
6379:
6270:
6223:
6140:
6094:First Treaty of Paris
6067:
6059:fell to the coalition
6039:EugĂšne de Beauharnais
6024:
5950:
5914:
5824:Charles Joseph Minard
5822:
5717:
5646:(1807â1812). Emperor
5625:
5518:
5389:would be held by the
5202:to new abuses by the
5154:Serbs revolutionaries
5074:Kingdom of Westphalia
4962:
4954:
4757:
4749:
4712:as a semi-autonomous
4684:
4575:
4525:Kingdom of Westphalia
4503:. A tactical draw at
4478:
4444:Frederick William III
4397:
4376:
4348:
4336:
4320:Alexander I of Russia
4310:), Napoleon occupied
4247:
4154:
4043:
3987:
3978:Battle of San Domingo
3975:
3835:
3790:
3771:
3640:
3506:
3307:expelling the British
3303:defeating the Spanish
3256:defeated and occupied
3164:First French Republic
3152:military dictatorship
3023:six years of fighting
2287:Swedish-Norwegian War
1966:Casualties and losses
1769:Frederick William III
1630:EugĂšne de Beauharnais
1465:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
1077:Frederick William III
346:Establishment of the
117:
17197:European debt crisis
17192:European integration
17132:Age of Enlightenment
16972:Republic of Florence
16461:Fontainebleau (1814)
16015:Louis-Nicolas Davout
14936:Invasion of Portugal
13841:French Revolutionary
13684:Napoleonic Campaigns
13554:41.1 (2022): 69â84.
12297:. Cengage Learning.
12208:American Immigration
11807:Briggs, Asa (1959).
11490:Napoleon on Campaign
10972:Haythornthwaite 2012
10524:www.montenegrina.net
10508:. CUP Archive. 1942.
9586:Mahan, A.T. (1892).
9423:"coalitieoorlogen".
9210:, pp. 3, 8, 10.
9194:, pp. 220â228;
8712:John France (2011).
8525:Riall, Lucy (1994).
7995:Battle of Austerlitz
7910:1806â1807, 1813â1814
7798:1800â1807, 1809â1815
7776:1804â1809, 1812â1815
7734:(1808â1809) and the
7717:1804â1807, 1812â1815
7708:1806â1807, 1813â1815
7292:Seven Men of Gascony
6918:Diplomatic espionage
6863:Age of Enlightenment
6848:The Disasters of War
6808:Battle of Austerlitz
6614:Battle of Austerlitz
6507:wars of independence
6340:forces returned and
6284:legislative chambers
6277:Scottish Highlanders
6260:was defeated at the
5387:Emperor of the Serbs
5383:Stefan StratimiroviÄ
5226:, found refuge with
5210:, after they killed
5017:Treaty of Schönbrunn
4938:Walcheren Expedition
4864:improve this article
4690:Battle of Somosierra
4606:DanoâNorwegian fleet
4454:defeated another at
4349:The French entering
4308:French army in Italy
4162:fires at the French
4106:colonial possessions
3843:Battle of Alexandria
3802:. Bonaparte annexed
3372:. Napoleon was then
3333:tactics, desertion,
3262:, creating powerful
3106:, the appearance of
3015:Spanish royal family
3007:invasion of Portugal
2982:and the Russians at
2323:West Indies campaign
1678:Frederick Augustus I
1501:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
1433:Louis-Nicolas Davout
52:improve this article
41:to meet Knowledge's
17162:Revolutions of 1848
17092:Early modern France
16873:Anglo-Saxon England
16778:Classical antiquity
16644:Battle of La Suffel
16487:Bourbon Restoration
16230:Maria I of Portugal
16215:Prince of Hohenlohe
16205:Gebhard von BlĂŒcher
15148:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
14455:Swiss Confederation
14046:Swiss Confederation
13801:The Napoleon Series
13755:2nd Bt. 95th Rifles
13634:Kennedy, Catriona.
13537:(1993) 23: 415â432
13453:Riley, Jonathon P.
13432:Nester, William R.
13353:Napoleon's Marshals
13346:Napoleon and French
12989:Payne, Stanley G.,
12983:Wars and Population
12754:. Clarendon Press.
12583:Philo, Tom (2010),
11813:. Harper & Row.
11301:, pp. 267â268.
11127:, pp. 464â498.
11054:, pp. 431â474.
10986:, pp. 253â254.
10950:, pp. 138â140.
10729:Jelavich, Charles;
10645:Ismail, F. (1979).
10405:ĐŠŃĐœĐ° ĐĐŸŃĐ° 1797â1851
10199:. pp. 235â240.
10143:Fremont-Barnes 2014
10133:, pp. 176â187.
10080:Otto Pivka (2012).
10070:, pp. 519â539.
10056:Munch-Petersen 2007
10034:, pp. 252â253.
9852:, pp. 205â228.
9778:, pp. 128â129.
9763:, pp. 307â310.
9576:, pp. 268â278.
9552:, pp. 264â268.
9528:, pp. 258â264.
9516:, pp. 252â258.
9504:, pp. 248â252.
9480:, pp. 220â222.
9293:10.1093/fh/10.4.432
9182:, pp. 355â382.
8720:. Yale UP. p.
8593:, pp. 432â433.
7670:) in response. The
7388:The Morland Dynasty
7257:Death to the French
7158:Pride and Prejudice
7111:Bourbon Restoration
7059:, a short story by
6936:Madame d'Oettlinger
6884:Battle of Salamanca
6825:, on 26 June 1794.
6819:Aerial surveillance
6688:Battle of Trafalgar
6618:Battle of Friedland
6499:Battle of Trafalgar
6315:Battle of Tolentino
6311:Rimini Proclamation
5981:Battle of Salamanca
5942:Frankfurt proposals
5812:, ordered the city
5763:; diseases such as
5699:was stopped in the
5550:Capture of Valdivia
5525:Charles IV of Spain
5449:Treaty of Bucharest
5216:Sanjak of Smederevo
5212:Hadyi Mustafa Pasha
5140:coincided with the
4610:naval guerrilla war
4513:Battle of Heilsberg
4485:Battle of Friedland
4467:and instructed his
4465:Frederick the Great
4359:Treaty of Pressburg
4357:Austria signed the
4353:on 13 November 1805
4258:Swiss Confederation
4235:Battle of Trafalgar
4173:battle of Trafalgar
3937:British motivations
3826:Knights of St. John
3715:Republican Calendar
3691:Treaty of Lunéville
3529:Kingdom of Sardinia
3466:aerial surveillance
3132:Revolutions of 1848
2917:European coalitions
2909:First French Empire
1666:Fath Ali Shah Qajar
1562:Maximilian I Joseph
1359:Maximilian I Joseph
373:Widespread rise of
369:German unifications
310:Dissolution of the
301:First French Empire
17268:Crusading movement
17172:Russian Revolution
17007:Hundred Years' War
16903:Maritime republics
16806:Early Christianity
16796:Hellenistic period
16753:Paleolithic Europe
16609:Battle of Waterloo
16502:Continental System
16497:Congress of Erfurt
16421:Paris (March 1812)
16195:Peter Wittgenstein
16120:Duke of Wellington
16075:Prince Poniatowski
16040:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
16025:Auguste de Marmont
15420:Arroyo dos Molinos
15268:Walcheren Campaign
15258:Armistice of Znaim
15153:Dalmatian Campaign
15078:Tyrolean Rebellion
14204:Lucca and Piombino
13796:Fondation Napoléon
13484:Geerts, GĂ©rard A.
13392:Gallaher, John G.
13341:3#1 (2015): 60â84.
12232:. Hachette Books.
12135:. Harcourt, Brace.
11654:St. Martin's Press
11375:, pp. 41â222.
11363:, pp. 99â100.
11269:. pp. 79â106,
11187:www.britannica.com
11157:www.britannica.com
9933:, pp. 231â86.
8062:Kingdom of Holland
8049:Kingdom of Etruria
7970:Kingdom of Holland
7898:Kingdom of Hungary
7878:with Great Britain
7676:Emperor of Austria
7660:Emperor of Austria
7654:in 1804, by which
7572:Haitian Revolution
7552:Serbian Revolution
7475:Battle of Waterloo
7454:Jeanette Winterson
7199:Arthur Conan Doyle
7126:Battle of Borodino
7098:Le Colonel Chabert
7086:Mr Midshipman Easy
7033:Battle of Waterloo
7017:battle of Berezina
7001:Battle of Waterloo
6985:Battle of Waterloo
6928:Congress of Erfurt
6908:Great Paris Cipher
6876:Battle of Waterloo
6853:
6803:and other allies.
6734:
6691:
6673:
6606:
6570:Until the time of
6568:
6511:Portuguese America
6395:Congress of Vienna
6382:
6280:
6250:Battle of Waterloo
6226:
6149:
6117:Congress of Vienna
6111:. They signed the
6086:Treaty of Chaumont
6082:Six Days' Campaign
6070:
6031:
5957:
5925:
5834:
5790:Battle of Borodino
5729:
5705:Peter Wittgenstein
5690:Battle of Smolensk
5636:
5628:Battle of Borodino
5588:Louisiana Purchase
5576:Haitian Revolution
5521:
5511:Haitian Revolution
5422:and conquered the
5230:, governor of the
5186:Illyrian Provinces
5174:Peace of Pressburg
5138:Serbian Revolution
5126:Serbian Revolution
4965:
4957:
4785:popular rebellions
4769:
4752:
4700:had recently been
4694:
4641:Congress of Erfurt
4590:
4533:Republic of Danzig
4489:
4409:
4355:
4343:
4250:
4229:until he left for
4199:
4098:National Guardsmen
4090:Continental System
4066:
3994:
3982:
3967:invasion of Russia
3895:Addington ministry
3851:
3796:
3765:Napoleon's tactics
3647:
3513:
3470:Spanish guerrillas
3437:also shrank, with
3393:Congress of Vienna
3213:Continental System
3169:Britain ended the
3124:Congress of Vienna
3120:Portuguese Empires
3098:, advancements in
3003:Continental System
2929:Continental Europe
2913:Napoleon Bonaparte
2866:: Germany 1813:...
2838:: Austria 1809:...
2810:: Portugal 1807...
2796:: Prussia 1806:...
2782:: Germany 1803:...
2185:Franco-Swedish War
1924:: 350,000 regulars
1477:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
1134:Duke of Wellington
270:Congress of Vienna
120:
17314:Anglo-French wars
17276:
17275:
17202:COVID-19 pandemic
17147:French Revolution
17122:Habsburg monarchy
17102:Cossack Hetmanate
17082:Portuguese Empire
17072:Absolute monarchy
17067:Thirty Years' War
16962:Holy Roman Empire
16887:Bulgarian Empire
16846:Early Middle Ages
16763:Bronze Age Europe
16737:History of Europe
16703:
16702:
16551:
16550:
16547:
16546:
16539:Types of military
16335:Russo-Turkish War
16330:Russo-Persian War
16298:Anglo-Turkish War
16293:Anglo-Swedish War
16288:Anglo-Spanish War
16283:Anglo-Russian War
16210:Duke of Brunswick
16113:political leaders
15993:political leaders
15977:
15976:
14982:Medina de Rioseco
14704:Haslach-Jungingen
14638:French Revolution
14615:
14614:
14398:Seventh Coalition
14310:
14309:
14306:
14305:
14209:Massa and Carrara
14054:
14053:
13786:Project Gutenberg
13641:Leighton, James.
13599:978-1-135-95970-8
13582:. (2015) No. 381.
13552:War & Society
13402:Griffith, Paddy.
13375:Forrest, Alan I.
13209:978-0-29778-394-7
13163:978-0-7006-3034-9
13149:978-0-7006-3025-7
13135:978-0-7006-2676-2
13104:Bruun, Geoffrey.
13096:
13095:
13088:
13030:978-1-317-39728-1
12939:978-1-85326-301-9
12918:978-0-416-39510-5
12897:978-0-521-89996-3
12845:978-0-470-75826-7
12824:978-0-203-67404-8
12803:978-1-4128-2397-5
12782:978-0-674-36775-3
12761:978-0-19-820654-5
12692:978-0-698-17628-7
12671:978-1-136-32135-1
12651:978-0-471-54302-2
12632:978-0-07-052731-7
12611:978-0-19-164251-7
12543:978-0-07-759962-1
12522:978-0-297-76700-8
12490:978-0-7509-4280-5
12469:978-0-7126-6247-5
12448:978-0-87196-402-1
12441:. Facts on File.
12388:978-0-300-12690-7
12367:978-0-8061-4567-9
12346:978-0-14-197702-7
12325:978-0-679-72019-5
12318:. Vintage Books.
12304:978-1-133-70932-9
12283:978-0-7623-1370-9
12239:978-0-306-81645-1
12218:978-0-226-40633-6
12197:978-0-521-66992-4
12121:978-1-134-16951-1
12100:978-1-84383-041-2
12093:. Boydell Press.
12079:978-1-4039-3757-5
12012:978-0-04-940079-5
11991:978-1-4728-0975-9
11970:978-1-4406-5402-2
11949:978-0-14-311628-8
11942:. Penguin Books.
11919:978-0-8014-6747-9
11898:978-1-4766-2585-0
11877:978-0-02-523660-8
11799:978-0-8061-4078-0
11778:978-0-618-34965-4
11757:978-0-275-94694-4
11736:978-0-300-24052-8
11663:978-0-312-37297-2
11561:978-1-315-84009-3
11500:978-1-78346-250-6
11461:978-1-84901-260-7
11398:978-0-7190-3606-4
11220:978-2-7605-1914-5
10874:978-0-8018-9415-2
10746:978-0-295-80360-9
10731:Jelavich, Barbara
10718:978-1-4051-4291-5
10633:978-0-521-27485-2
10609:978-0-521-27458-6
10491:978-0-930888-15-2
10215:staff.lib.msu.edu
10121:, pp. 27â28.
10093:978-1-78096-549-9
10018:978-5-9567-1173-6
9945:, pp. 141ff.
9723:978-1-101-11891-7
9684:978-0-85052-926-5
9397:978-3-640-80584-6
9245:978-1-85109-957-3
9198:, pp. 81â83.
9170:, pp. 81â83.
9139:978-0-203-00735-8
9037:978-1-317-88703-4
9011:, pp. 42â43.
8957:978-0-465-05593-7
8925:(Online ed.)
8904:978-1-108-41766-2
8731:978-0-300-17744-2
8557:. Princeton, N.J.
8467:978-1-317-88703-4
8374:Britannica Online
8311:978-1-84176-298-2
8214:978-1-59797-578-0
8125:Battle of Leipzig
8032:Kingdom of Saxony
8003:Battle of Leipzig
7874:Hanover was in a
7684:Holy Roman Empire
7672:Holy Roman Empire
7557:Austro-Polish War
7310:historical novels
7298:Too Few For Drums
7287:R. F. Delderfield
7209:Fyodor Dostoevsky
7122:Mikhail Lermontov
7091:Frederick Marryat
7045:Elizabeth Gaskell
6888:Battle of Vitoria
6880:Battle of Leipzig
6823:Battle of Fleurus
6610:Battle of Marengo
6519:status of Kingdom
6505:, leading to the
6332:Political effects
6153:Seventh Coalition
6050:Battle of Leipzig
5953:Battle of Leipzig
5932:(2 May 1813) and
5865:guerrilla warfare
5810:Fyodor Rostopchin
5701:Battle of Polotsk
5644:AngloâRussian War
5486:forced enlistment
5415:Battle of Suvodol
5228:Osman PazvantoÄlu
5178:French Revolution
5085:Kingdom of Naples
4915:Battles of Raszyn
4913:battles included
4896:
4895:
4888:
4818:besieged in CĂĄdiz
4793:Battle of Corunna
4765:Francisco de Goya
4631:, led by Marshal
4578:Battle of Trangen
4548:Swedish Pomerania
4341:, 20 October 1805
4270:Swedish Pomerania
4254:Batavian Republic
4186:(behind her) and
4127:ships of the line
4112:Financing the war
3998:Charles James Fox
3980:, 6 February 1806
3955:overseas colonies
3948:Holy Roman Empire
3855:Helvetic Republic
3553:mass conscription
3533:Kingdom of Naples
3475:French Revolution
3446:mass conscription
3435:Portuguese Empire
3343:Battle of Vitoria
3295:Iberian Peninsula
3200:Holy Roman Empire
2921:French Revolution
2880:: France 1814:...
2618:
2617:
2412:Anglo-French Wars
2376:
2375:
2338:Adriatic campaign
2304:Waterloo campaign
2293:Seventh Coalition
2258:Anglo-Swedish War
2253:Austro-Polish War
2241:Anglo-Russian War
2229:Anglo-Turkish War
2197:Russo-Turkish War
2180:Russo-Persian War
2175:Anglo-Spanish War
2121:
2120:
1586:JĂłzef Poniatowski
1300:Sultan Mustafa IV
1185:William Cavendish
1173:William Grenville
957:
859:Bonapartist Spain
847:Batavian Republic
437:Holy Roman Empire
411:Coalition forces:
396:
395:
312:Holy Roman Empire
267:Coalition victory
221:Mediterranean Sea
80:
79:
72:
43:quality standards
34:This article may
17326:
17319:Global conflicts
17137:Great Divergence
17052:Age of Discovery
16997:Late Middle Ages
16967:High Middle Ages
16878:Byzantine Empire
16861:Christianization
16851:Migration Period
16786:Classical Greece
16758:Neolithic Europe
16730:
16723:
16716:
16707:
16706:
16663:Related articles
16626:
16578:
16571:
16564:
16555:
16554:
16315:Dano-Swedish War
16303:Anglo-Danish War
16155:Archduke Charles
16070:JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte
15986:
15985:
15919:Castel di Sangro
15828:FĂšre-Champenoise
15481:GarcĂa HernĂĄndez
15395:Fuentes de Oñoro
14911:Guttstadt-Deppen
14648:Second Coalition
14626:
14625:
14607:French Royalists
14414:
14413:
14363:Fourth Coalition
14337:
14330:
14323:
14314:
14313:
14079:
14078:
14065:
14062:
13861:
13860:
13830:
13823:
13816:
13807:
13806:
13771:Napoleonic Guide
13735:
13723:
13708:
13693:
13678:
13662:
13603:
13566:Military Affairs
13368:Elting, John R.
13303:
13281:
13239:Ross, Steven T.
13232:Ross, Steven T.
13229:
13091:
13084:
13080:
13077:
13071:
13066:Please read the
13062:may need cleanup
13051:
13050:
13043:
13034:
13011:
13003:
12994:
12985:
12977:
12969:
12960:
12959:
12957:
12943:
12922:
12901:
12878:
12849:
12828:
12807:
12786:
12765:
12744:
12725:
12696:
12682:Napoleon: A Life
12675:
12654:
12636:
12615:
12594:
12593:on 20 April 2010
12589:, archived from
12579:
12577:
12575:
12547:
12526:
12505:
12494:
12473:
12452:
12431:
12392:
12371:
12350:
12329:
12308:
12287:
12256:
12243:
12222:
12201:
12180:
12174:
12172:
12136:
12125:
12104:
12083:
12062:
12052:
12027:
12016:
11995:
11974:
11953:
11932:
11923:
11902:
11881:
11860:
11859:
11857:
11848:
11836:
11825:
11814:
11803:
11782:
11761:
11740:
11719:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11694:
11683:Historic Fiction
11674:
11668:
11667:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11615:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11583:
11577:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11535:
11529:
11523:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11512:
11484:
11478:
11477:
11475:
11473:
11445:
11439:
11438:, pp. 7â13.
11433:
11427:
11421:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11382:
11376:
11370:
11364:
11358:
11352:
11346:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11335:
11320:
11314:
11308:
11302:
11296:
11290:
11289:
11287:
11285:
11270:
11263:
11255:
11249:
11243:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11232:
11204:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11179:
11173:
11172:
11170:
11168:
11149:
11143:
11142:
11134:
11128:
11122:
11111:
11110:
11102:
11096:
11090:
11084:
11078:
11072:
11066:
11055:
11049:
11043:
11042:
11040:
11038:
11019:
11013:
11007:
11001:
11000:
10993:
10987:
10981:
10975:
10969:
10963:
10957:
10951:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10927:
10921:
10915:
10909:
10903:
10897:
10891:
10890:
10888:
10886:
10858:
10825:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10788:
10779:
10778:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10749:
10727:
10721:
10701:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10690:
10642:
10636:
10618:
10612:
10597:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10546:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10516:
10510:
10509:
10500:
10494:
10469:
10463:
10462:
10452:
10446:
10435:
10429:
10418:
10412:
10401:
10388:
10382:
10371:
10368:
10362:
10361:
10343:
10319:
10313:
10312:
10310:
10308:
10289:
10280:
10279:
10261:
10237:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10192:
10186:
10180:
10174:
10164:
10158:
10152:
10146:
10140:
10134:
10128:
10122:
10116:
10110:
10109:
10107:
10105:
10077:
10071:
10065:
10059:
10053:
10047:
10041:
10035:
10029:
10023:
10022:
10004:
9998:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9984:. Napoleon.org.
9978:
9972:
9971:
9969:
9967:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9928:
9922:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9879:
9871:
9865:
9859:
9853:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9836:
9827:. Archived from
9821:
9815:
9809:
9803:
9797:
9791:
9785:
9779:
9773:
9764:
9758:
9752:
9746:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9707:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9696:
9668:
9662:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9622:
9612:
9606:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9583:
9577:
9571:
9565:
9559:
9553:
9547:
9541:
9535:
9529:
9523:
9517:
9511:
9505:
9499:
9493:
9487:
9481:
9475:
9469:
9463:
9457:
9447:
9441:
9435:
9429:
9428:
9420:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9351:
9345:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9304:
9276:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9229:
9223:
9217:
9211:
9205:
9199:
9192:Shlapentokh 1997
9189:
9183:
9177:
9171:
9165:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9123:
9114:
9104:
9098:
9092:
9083:
9082:
9070:
9060:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9021:
9012:
9006:
8993:
8983:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8947:Napoleon: A Life
8941:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8845:
8839:
8833:
8828:
8822:
8813:
8804:
8795:
8789:
8783:
8777:
8764:
8755:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8719:
8709:
8700:
8680:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8651:
8645:
8642:
8633:
8627:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8600:
8594:
8588:
8582:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8566:
8558:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8490:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8421:
8415:
8408:
8402:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8370:"The Royal Navy"
8366:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8323:
8295:
8289:
8277:
8269:
8263:
8253:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8197:
8191:
8188:
8182:
8179:
8173:
8170:
8164:
8161:
8155:
8152:
8146:
8143:
8137:
8134:
8128:
8121:
8112:
8109:
8103:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8085:
8075:
8069:
8058:
8052:
8045:
8039:
8024:
8015:
8012:
8006:
7987:
7981:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7957:
7951:
7948:
7942:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7920:
7917:
7911:
7908:
7902:
7894:
7888:
7885:
7879:
7872:
7866:
7863:
7850:
7847:
7836:
7817:
7811:
7808:
7799:
7796:
7790:
7783:
7777:
7774:
7768:
7761:
7752:
7749:
7743:
7728:Treaty of Tilsit
7724:
7718:
7715:
7709:
7706:
7700:
7693:
7687:
7668:
7644:
7638:
7635:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7470:An Infamous Army
7341:Bernard Cornwell
7326:and directed by
7251:and directed by
7203:Brigadier Gerard
7187:Charlotte Brontë
7013:Honoré de Balzac
7011:is a novella by
6922:French diplomat
6815:semaphore system
6784:
6714:Austria's forces
6670:
6625:Battle of Wagram
6591:Seven Years' War
6525:in 1820 and the
6463:own constitution
6399:balance of power
6192:
6182:
6008:Joseph Bonaparte
5969:Anglo-Portuguese
5896:
5882:
5872:
5862:
5849:
5831:
5802:
5776:
5757:
5747:
5724:, a painting by
5709:Saint Petersburg
5687:
5673:
5640:Treaty of Tilsit
5478:Native Americans
5435:Treaty Of Tilsit
5234:(in present-day
5108:Felice Baciocchi
5078:JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte
5067:Joseph Bonaparte
5063:Kingdom of Spain
5055:the kingdoms of
5049:Kingdom of Italy
5001:Archduke Charles
4980:Battle of Raszyn
4891:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4871:
4848:
4840:
4722:Austro-Hungarian
4656:Battle of LyngĂžr
4413:Fourth Coalition
4367:Kingdom of Italy
4300:Archduke Charles
4080:Economic warfare
4070:Seven Years' War
4034:Arthur Wellesley
3915:King of Sardinia
3812:Italian Republic
3800:Treaty of Amiens
3755:coalitieoorlogen
3737:
3695:Treaty of Amiens
3643:Battle of Rivoli
3625:
3576:Second Coalition
3541:Kingdom of Spain
3411:, beginning the
3171:Treaty of Amiens
3128:a relative peace
3043:
2889:
2875:
2861:
2847:
2833:
2819:
2805:
2794:Fourth Coalition
2791:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2415:
2413:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2282:Dano-Swedish War
2217:Dano-Swedish War
2191:Fourth Coalition
2159:
2157:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2115:: 2,000,000 dead
2094:
2093:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1944:
1943:
1919:
1918:
1904:
1903:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1808:
1807:
1793:
1792:
1767:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1712:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1311:Sultan Mahmud II
1309:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1289:Sultan Selim III
1287:
1286:
1275:
1274:
1263:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1219:
1218:
1209:Robert Jenkinson
1207:
1206:
1197:Spencer Perceval
1195:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1156:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1002:
1001:
990:
989:
988:
978:
977:
966:
965:
955:
951:
950:
949:
939:
938:
927:
926:
913:
912:
901:
900:
892:
888:
886:
885:
874:
873:
857:
856:
855:
845:
843:
842:
824:
818:
817:
810:
804:
803:
785:
784:
773:
772:
764:
760:
758:
757:
746:
745:
744:
734:
733:
732:
722:
721:
713:
709:
707:
706:
695:
694:
693:
683:
682:
681:
671:
670:
659:
658:
657:
647:
646:
635:
634:
633:
623:
622:
621:
611:
609:
608:
601:
597:
595:
594:
583:
582:
573:French Royalists
571:
570:
559:
558:
550:
546:
544:
543:
532:
531:
520:
519:
508:
506:
505:
495:
494:
486:
482:
480:
479:
471:
467:
465:
464:
456:
452:
450:
449:
441:
435:
433:
432:
422:
421:
189:
187:
183:
172:
171:
104:
84:
83:
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
29:
28:
21:
17334:
17333:
17329:
17328:
17327:
17325:
17324:
17323:
17309:1810s in France
17304:1810s conflicts
17299:1800s in France
17294:1800s conflicts
17289:Napoleonic Wars
17279:
17278:
17277:
17272:
17211:
17177:Interwar period
17152:Napoleonic Wars
17016:
16987:Mongol invasion
16940:Crown of Aragon
16832:
16772:
16768:Iron Age Europe
16739:
16734:
16704:
16699:
16680:Minor Campaigns
16670:Napoleonic Wars
16658:
16627:
16618:
16614:Battle of Wavre
16599:Battle of Ligny
16587:
16582:
16552:
16543:
16470:
16354:
16275:
16269:
16225:Miguel de Ălava
16190:Pyotr Bagration
16185:Count Bennigsen
16175:Mikhail Kutuzov
16140:Thomas Cochrane
16112:
16110:
16104:
16065:Louis Bonaparte
15992:
15990:
15989:French and ally
15973:
15857:
15773:ChĂąteau-Thierry
15736:
15600:
15571:Maloyaroslavets
15429:
15343:
15297:
15088:Yevenes/YĂ©benes
15046:
14962:Rosily Squadron
14940:
14864:
14830:Waren-Nossentin
14758:
14689:Cape Finisterre
14672:
14643:First Coalition
14621:
14611:
14518:
14511:
14422:
14418:
14409:
14403:
14391:Sixth Coalition
14377:Fifth Coalition
14356:Third Coalition
14346:
14344:Napoleonic Wars
14341:
14311:
14302:
14288:
14265:
14251:
14228:
14180:
14074:
14066:
14063:
14050:
14012:
13994:
13891:
13877:
13855:
13848:
13845:Napoleonic Wars
13834:
13791:Napoleonic Wars
13733:
13655:
13621:
13619:Primary sources
13600:
13530:
13495:
13382:Forrest, Alan.
13358:Dwyer, Philip.
13348:
13226:
13101:
13092:
13081:
13075:
13072:
13065:
13058:Further reading
13052:
13048:
13041:
13039:Further reading
13031:
12955:
12953:
12940:
12919:
12898:
12846:
12825:
12804:
12783:
12762:
12741:
12693:
12672:
12652:
12633:
12625:. McGraw-Hill.
12612:
12573:
12571:
12569:
12544:
12523:
12491:
12470:
12449:
12412:10.2307/2677528
12389:
12368:
12347:
12326:
12305:
12284:
12240:
12219:
12198:
12170:
12168:
12166:
12122:
12101:
12080:
12013:
11992:
11971:
11950:
11920:
11899:
11878:
11855:
11853:
11846:
11800:
11779:
11758:
11737:
11708:
11703:
11702:
11692:
11690:
11675:
11671:
11664:
11646:
11642:
11632:
11630:
11628:
11606:
11602:
11584:
11580:
11571:
11569:
11562:
11536:
11532:
11524:
11520:
11510:
11508:
11501:
11485:
11481:
11471:
11469:
11462:
11451:The War of Wars
11446:
11442:
11434:
11430:
11422:
11418:
11408:
11406:
11399:
11383:
11379:
11371:
11367:
11359:
11355:
11347:
11343:
11333:
11331:
11330:on 1 April 2008
11322:
11321:
11317:
11309:
11305:
11297:
11293:
11283:
11281:
11272:
11256:
11252:
11244:
11240:
11230:
11228:
11221:
11205:
11201:
11191:
11189:
11181:
11180:
11176:
11166:
11164:
11151:
11150:
11146:
11135:
11131:
11123:
11114:
11103:
11099:
11091:
11087:
11079:
11075:
11067:
11058:
11050:
11046:
11036:
11034:
11021:
11020:
11016:
11008:
11004:
10995:
10994:
10990:
10982:
10978:
10970:
10966:
10958:
10954:
10946:
10942:
10934:
10930:
10922:
10918:
10910:
10906:
10898:
10894:
10884:
10882:
10875:
10847:10.2307/1920508
10828:
10826:
10822:
10812:
10810:
10789:
10782:
10768:
10764:
10756:
10752:
10728:
10724:
10702:
10698:
10688:
10686:
10643:
10639:
10619:
10615:
10598:
10594:
10584:
10582:
10547:
10543:
10533:
10531:
10518:
10517:
10513:
10502:
10501:
10497:
10472:KirĂĄly, BĂ©la K.
10470:
10466:
10453:
10449:
10436:
10432:
10419:
10415:
10402:
10391:
10383:
10374:
10369:
10365:
10341:10.2307/2497684
10320:
10316:
10306:
10304:
10291:
10290:
10283:
10259:10.2307/2497684
10238:
10234:
10224:
10222:
10209:
10208:
10204:
10193:
10189:
10183:Clodfelter 2017
10181:
10177:
10165:
10161:
10153:
10149:
10141:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10117:
10113:
10103:
10101:
10094:
10078:
10074:
10066:
10062:
10054:
10050:
10042:
10038:
10030:
10026:
10019:
10010:
10005:
10001:
9991:
9989:
9980:
9979:
9975:
9965:
9963:
9954:
9953:
9949:
9941:
9937:
9929:
9925:
9915:
9913:
9912:on 21 July 2011
9900:
9899:
9895:
9887:
9883:
9872:
9868:
9860:
9856:
9848:
9844:
9834:
9832:
9823:
9822:
9818:
9810:
9806:
9798:
9794:
9786:
9782:
9774:
9767:
9759:
9755:
9747:
9743:
9733:
9731:
9724:
9708:
9704:
9694:
9692:
9685:
9669:
9665:
9653:
9649:
9641:
9637:
9629:
9625:
9613:
9609:
9601:
9597:
9584:
9580:
9572:
9568:
9560:
9556:
9548:
9544:
9536:
9532:
9524:
9520:
9512:
9508:
9500:
9496:
9488:
9484:
9476:
9472:
9464:
9460:
9450:Sutherland 2008
9448:
9444:
9436:
9432:
9422:
9421:
9417:
9407:
9405:
9398:
9382:
9378:
9368:
9366:
9353:
9352:
9348:
9340:
9336:
9269:
9265:
9255:
9253:
9246:
9230:
9226:
9218:
9214:
9206:
9202:
9190:
9186:
9178:
9174:
9166:
9159:
9149:
9147:
9140:
9124:
9117:
9105:
9101:
9093:
9086:
9079:
9071:. Basic Books.
9061:
9057:
9047:
9045:
9038:
9022:
9015:
9007:
8996:
8984:
8977:
8967:
8965:
8958:
8942:
8938:
8928:
8926:
8917:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8881:
8877:
8869:
8865:
8857:
8848:
8840:
8836:
8829:
8825:
8814:
8807:
8796:
8792:
8784:
8780:
8771:Napoleonic Wars
8765:
8758:
8743:
8739:
8732:
8710:
8703:
8694:Wayback Machine
8681:
8677:
8667:
8665:
8652:
8648:
8643:
8636:
8628:
8621:
8613:
8609:
8601:
8597:
8589:
8585:
8580:
8576:
8560:
8559:
8551:
8547:
8537:
8523:
8519:
8505:
8491:
8487:
8477:
8475:
8468:
8452:
8448:
8438:
8436:
8423:
8422:
8418:
8409:
8405:
8397:
8393:
8383:
8381:
8368:
8367:
8360:
8350:
8348:
8335:
8331:
8321:
8319:
8312:
8296:
8292:
8287:Wayback Machine
8270:
8266:
8254:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8234:
8224:
8222:
8215:
8204:Napoleonic Wars
8198:
8194:
8189:
8185:
8180:
8176:
8171:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8149:
8144:
8140:
8135:
8131:
8122:
8115:
8110:
8106:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8088:
8076:
8072:
8059:
8055:
8046:
8042:
8030:, ruled by the
8028:Duchy of Warsaw
8025:
8018:
8013:
8009:
7988:
7984:
7979:
7975:
7967:
7963:
7958:
7954:
7949:
7945:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7923:
7918:
7914:
7909:
7905:
7895:
7891:
7886:
7882:
7873:
7869:
7864:
7853:
7848:
7839:
7823:as part of the
7818:
7814:
7809:
7802:
7797:
7793:
7784:
7780:
7775:
7771:
7762:
7755:
7750:
7746:
7725:
7721:
7716:
7712:
7707:
7703:
7694:
7690:
7680:Austrian Empire
7658:took the title
7648:Austrian Empire
7645:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7584:, for diplomacy
7541:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7491:Patrick Rambaud
7465:Georgette Heyer
7431:Julian Stockwin
7399:Richard Bolitho
7384:The Campaigners
7363:book series by
7314:Patrick O'Brian
7225:Dennis Wheatley
7103:Battle of Eylau
7040:Sylvia's Lovers
6956:
6950:
6944:
6920:
6871:
6837:
6831:
6792:
6773:Duchy of Warsaw
6747:German campaign
6636:First World War
6556:
6551:
6549:Military legacy
6503:Spanish America
6465:on 17 May 1814
6371:Napoleonic Code
6334:
6243:Battle of Wavre
6135:
6125:
6027:Battle of Hanau
5909:
5903:
5786:Mikhail Kutuzov
5697:Nicolas Oudinot
5656:Gulf of Finland
5630:as depicted by
5620:
5614:
5606:Barbary pirates
5602:
5596:
5537:Spanish America
5513:
5501:Main articles:
5499:
5491:Treaty of Ghent
5469:
5463:
5457:
5391:Russian emperor
5385:. The title of
5325:. Also, in the
5255:Austrian Empire
5232:Sanjak of Vidin
5214:(vizier of the
5190:Sister republic
5134:
5128:
5120:
5118:Subsidiary wars
5104:Elisa Bonaparte
5021:Tyrolese rebels
4976:Duchy of Warsaw
4902:
4892:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4861:
4849:
4838:
4744:
4738:
4714:Congress Poland
4679:
4677:Duchy of Warsaw
4673:
4645:Gulf of Bothnia
4570:
4558:Main articles:
4556:
4544:Guillaume Brune
4529:Duchy of Warsaw
4392:
4386:
4318:, with Emperor
4316:Mikhail Kutuzov
4302:fought against
4223:Cape Finisterre
4211:English Channel
4149:
4143:
4114:
4082:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3888:Henry Addington
3785:
3767:
3703:
3612:minister of war
3604:internal strife
3549:First Coalition
3509:Battle of Valmy
3501:
3495:
3386:Treaty of Paris
3368:, triggering a
3241:Austrian Empire
3187:Frederick Kagan
3144:
3112:Spanish America
2970:, thus forcing
2905:Napoleonic Wars
2901:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2878:Sixth Coalition
2876:
2873:
2871:
2864:Sixth Coalition
2862:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2836:Fifth Coalition
2834:
2831:
2829:
2824:: Spain 1808...
2820:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2780:Third Coalition
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2625:Napoleonic Wars
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2377:
2372:
2314:
2276:Sixth Coalition
2247:Fifth Coalition
2169:Third Coalition
2160:
2156:Napoleonic Wars
2155:
2153:
2151:
2111:
2088:
2083:
2076:
2066:
2053:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1961:
1938:
1927:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1868:
1866:
1850:
1835:
1820:
1818:
1802:
1787:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1745:Jean Bernadotte
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1622:
1618:Louis Bonaparte
1610:
1598:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1523:
1513:Guillaume Brune
1505:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1417:
1405:
1387:
1369:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1253:Gustav IV Adolf
1245:
1233:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1150:
1146:Henry Addington
1138:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1037:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1013:
996:
986:
984:
972:
960:
947:
945:
933:
929:Duchy of Warsaw
921:
907:
895:
883:
881:
868:
853:
851:
840:
838:
835:
834:
825:
822:
812:
811:
808:
806:French Republic
798:
797:
791:
779:
767:
755:
753:
742:
740:
730:
728:
716:
704:
702:
691:
689:
679:
677:
665:
655:
653:
641:
631:
629:
619:
617:
606:
604:
592:
590:
577:
565:
553:
541:
539:
526:
514:
503:
501:
489:
477:
475:
462:
460:
447:
445:
439:
430:
428:
416:
392:
321:Decline of the
279:
278:
268:
259:
241:Southern Africa
233:RĂo de la Plata
190:
185:
181:
179:
126:
124:
122:
121:
118:Napoleonic Wars
116:
87:Napoleonic Wars
76:
65:
59:
56:
49:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
17332:
17322:
17321:
17316:
17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17291:
17274:
17273:
17271:
17270:
17265:
17260:
17255:
17250:
17245:
17240:
17235:
17230:
17225:
17219:
17217:
17213:
17212:
17210:
17209:
17204:
17199:
17194:
17189:
17184:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17164:
17159:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17127:Russian Empire
17124:
17119:
17117:British Empire
17114:
17112:Dutch Republic
17109:
17107:Swedish Empire
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17087:Spanish Empire
17084:
17079:
17077:Ottoman Empire
17074:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17048:
17047:
17037:
17032:
17026:
17024:
17018:
17017:
17015:
17014:
17009:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16992:Serbian Empire
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16937:
16932:
16927:
16926:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16900:
16899:
16898:
16893:
16885:
16880:
16875:
16870:
16865:
16864:
16863:
16853:
16848:
16842:
16840:
16834:
16833:
16831:
16830:
16828:Late antiquity
16825:
16820:
16815:
16814:
16813:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16791:Roman Republic
16788:
16782:
16780:
16774:
16773:
16771:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16749:
16747:
16741:
16740:
16733:
16732:
16725:
16718:
16710:
16701:
16700:
16698:
16697:
16695:Neapolitan War
16692:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16672:
16666:
16664:
16660:
16659:
16657:
16656:
16654:Battle of Issy
16651:
16646:
16641:
16635:
16633:
16629:
16628:
16621:
16619:
16617:
16616:
16611:
16606:
16601:
16595:
16593:
16589:
16588:
16581:
16580:
16573:
16566:
16558:
16549:
16548:
16545:
16544:
16542:
16541:
16536:
16534:Longwood House
16531:
16530:
16529:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16478:
16476:
16472:
16471:
16469:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16413:
16408:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16362:
16360:
16356:
16355:
16353:
16352:
16347:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16311:
16310:
16300:
16295:
16290:
16285:
16279:
16277:
16271:
16270:
16268:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16240:Count of Feira
16237:
16232:
16227:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16197:
16192:
16187:
16182:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16147:
16142:
16137:
16135:Horatio Nelson
16132:
16127:
16122:
16116:
16114:
16106:
16105:
16103:
16102:
16097:
16092:
16087:
16082:
16077:
16072:
16067:
16062:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16045:Marshal Victor
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16022:
16017:
16012:
16007:
16002:
15996:
15994:
15983:
15979:
15978:
15975:
15974:
15972:
15971:
15966:
15961:
15956:
15951:
15946:
15941:
15936:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15901:
15896:
15891:
15886:
15881:
15876:
15871:
15865:
15863:
15859:
15858:
15856:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15830:
15825:
15823:Arcis-sur-Aube
15820:
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15744:
15742:
15738:
15737:
15735:
15734:
15729:
15724:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15699:
15694:
15689:
15684:
15679:
15674:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15654:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15614:
15608:
15606:
15602:
15601:
15599:
15598:
15593:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15566:Venta del Pozo
15563:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15523:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15441:Ciudad Rodrigo
15437:
15435:
15431:
15430:
15428:
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15357:
15351:
15349:
15345:
15344:
15342:
15341:
15336:
15331:
15326:
15321:
15319:Ciudad Rodrigo
15316:
15311:
15305:
15303:
15299:
15298:
15296:
15295:
15293:Alba de Tormes
15290:
15285:
15280:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15260:
15255:
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15210:
15205:
15200:
15195:
15193:Aspern-Essling
15190:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15155:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15065:
15060:
15054:
15052:
15048:
15047:
15045:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14948:
14946:
14942:
14941:
14939:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14872:
14870:
14866:
14865:
14863:
14862:
14857:
14852:
14847:
14842:
14837:
14832:
14827:
14822:
14817:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14795:JenaâAuerstedt
14792:
14787:
14782:
14777:
14772:
14766:
14764:
14760:
14759:
14757:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14741:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14691:
14686:
14680:
14678:
14674:
14673:
14671:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14634:
14632:
14623:
14617:
14616:
14613:
14612:
14610:
14609:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14589:
14584:
14579:
14574:
14569:
14567:Ottoman Empire
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14544:
14539:
14534:
14529:
14527:United Kingdom
14523:
14521:
14513:
14512:
14510:
14509:
14504:
14499:
14497:Ottoman Empire
14494:
14492:DenmarkâNorway
14489:
14488:
14487:
14482:
14477:
14472:
14462:
14457:
14452:
14447:
14442:
14437:
14435:Polish Legions
14432:
14426:
14424:
14411:
14405:
14404:
14402:
14401:
14394:
14387:
14380:
14373:
14370:Peninsular War
14366:
14359:
14351:
14348:
14347:
14340:
14339:
14332:
14325:
14317:
14308:
14307:
14304:
14303:
14298:
14296:
14290:
14289:
14287:
14286:
14281:
14275:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14261:
14259:
14253:
14252:
14250:
14249:
14244:
14238:
14236:
14230:
14229:
14227:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14211:
14206:
14201:
14196:
14190:
14188:
14182:
14181:
14179:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14093:
14087:
14085:
14076:
14068:
14067:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14051:
14049:
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14028:
14022:
14020:
14014:
14013:
14011:
14010:
14004:
14002:
13996:
13995:
13993:
13992:
13987:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13957:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13901:
13899:
13893:
13892:
13887:
13885:
13879:
13878:
13876:
13875:
13869:
13867:
13858:
13850:
13849:
13833:
13832:
13825:
13818:
13810:
13804:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13758:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13737:
13726:
13725:
13724:
13709:
13699:Peninsular War
13694:
13679:
13654:
13653:External links
13651:
13650:
13649:
13639:
13632:
13620:
13617:
13616:
13615:
13605:
13598:
13583:
13576:
13573:Social History
13569:
13562:
13548:
13541:
13529:
13526:
13525:
13524:
13517:
13510:
13503:
13494:
13491:
13490:
13489:
13482:
13475:
13468:
13458:
13451:
13440:
13430:
13420:
13410:
13400:
13390:
13380:
13373:
13366:
13356:
13347:
13344:
13343:
13342:
13335:
13328:
13314:
13304:
13289:
13282:
13270:10.2307/204824
13264:(4): 771â793.
13248:
13237:
13230:
13224:
13211:
13194:
13183:
13172:
13167:Gates, David.
13165:
13151:
13137:
13123:
13113:
13100:
13097:
13094:
13093:
13055:
13053:
13046:
13040:
13037:
13036:
13035:
13029:
13014:
13013:
13012:
13004:
12995:
12986:
12978:
12970:
12944:
12938:
12923:
12917:
12902:
12896:
12879:
12861:(3): 355â382.
12850:
12844:
12829:
12823:
12808:
12802:
12787:
12781:
12766:
12760:
12745:
12739:
12726:
12708:(266): 37â55.
12697:
12691:
12676:
12670:
12655:
12650:
12637:
12631:
12616:
12610:
12604:. OUP Oxford.
12595:
12580:
12568:978-0299062705
12567:
12548:
12542:
12527:
12521:
12506:
12495:
12489:
12474:
12468:
12453:
12447:
12432:
12406:(3): 617â640.
12393:
12387:
12372:
12366:
12351:
12345:
12339:. Penguin UK.
12330:
12324:
12309:
12303:
12288:
12282:
12257:
12244:
12238:
12223:
12217:
12202:
12196:
12181:
12164:
12137:
12126:
12120:
12105:
12099:
12084:
12078:
12063:
12043:(3): 519â539.
12028:
12017:
12011:
11996:
11990:
11975:
11969:
11954:
11948:
11933:
11924:
11918:
11903:
11897:
11882:
11876:
11861:
11849:(in Spanish),
11837:
11826:
11815:
11804:
11798:
11783:
11777:
11762:
11756:
11741:
11735:
11720:
11707:
11704:
11701:
11700:
11677:Hayes, David.
11669:
11662:
11640:
11626:
11600:
11578:
11560:
11530:
11518:
11499:
11479:
11460:
11440:
11428:
11416:
11397:
11377:
11365:
11353:
11341:
11315:
11303:
11291:
11250:
11238:
11219:
11199:
11174:
11144:
11129:
11112:
11097:
11085:
11073:
11071:, p. 206.
11056:
11044:
11014:
11002:
10988:
10976:
10964:
10962:, p. 185.
10952:
10940:
10928:
10926:, p. 419.
10924:Schroeder 1994
10916:
10914:, p. 438.
10904:
10892:
10873:
10820:
10801:(in Spanish).
10780:
10762:
10750:
10722:
10704:ÄirkoviÄ, Sima
10696:
10657:(2): 163â192.
10637:
10613:
10592:
10541:
10511:
10495:
10464:
10447:
10430:
10413:
10389:
10372:
10363:
10334:(3): 421â439.
10314:
10281:
10252:(3): 421â439.
10232:
10202:
10187:
10185:, p. 157.
10175:
10159:
10147:
10135:
10123:
10111:
10092:
10072:
10060:
10048:
10036:
10024:
10017:
9999:
9973:
9962:on 8 June 2011
9947:
9935:
9931:Schroeder 1994
9923:
9893:
9881:
9866:
9854:
9842:
9831:on 1 June 2016
9816:
9814:, p. 143.
9804:
9792:
9780:
9765:
9761:Schroeder 1994
9753:
9741:
9722:
9702:
9683:
9663:
9661:, p. 205.
9657:, p. 47;
9647:
9645:, p. 351.
9635:
9623:
9621:, p. 231.
9619:Schroeder 1994
9607:
9605:, p. 309.
9595:
9578:
9566:
9564:, p. 277.
9554:
9542:
9540:, p. 265.
9530:
9518:
9506:
9494:
9492:, p. 239.
9482:
9470:
9466:McConachy 2001
9458:
9442:
9430:
9415:
9396:
9376:
9346:
9334:
9287:(4): 432â450.
9281:French History
9263:
9244:
9224:
9222:, p. 215.
9212:
9200:
9184:
9172:
9157:
9138:
9115:
9099:
9084:
9077:
9055:
9036:
9013:
8994:
8975:
8956:
8936:
8910:
8903:
8875:
8863:
8846:
8834:
8823:
8805:
8790:
8778:
8756:
8737:
8730:
8701:
8675:
8646:
8634:
8619:
8607:
8595:
8583:
8574:
8545:
8535:
8517:
8503:
8485:
8466:
8446:
8416:
8403:
8401:, p. 137.
8391:
8358:
8329:
8310:
8290:
8264:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8213:
8192:
8183:
8174:
8165:
8156:
8147:
8138:
8129:
8113:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8082:Neapolitan War
8070:
8053:
8040:
8036:Polish Legions
8016:
8007:
7982:
7973:
7961:
7952:
7943:
7930:
7921:
7912:
7903:
7889:
7880:
7876:personal union
7867:
7851:
7837:
7812:
7800:
7791:
7778:
7769:
7765:Peninsular War
7753:
7744:
7736:Ottoman Empire
7719:
7710:
7701:
7688:
7639:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7517:
7506:
7478:
7467:'s 1937 novel
7462:
7456:'s 1987 novel
7451:
7440:
7434:
7428:
7425:David Donachie
7422:
7419:
7409:
7406:
7403:Alexander Kent
7395:
7368:
7365:Louis A. Meyer
7355:
7331:
7302:
7284:
7281:Stanley Kramer
7279:, directed by
7227:
7218:
7206:
7196:
7184:
7167:Mansfield Park
7145:
7129:
7124:describes the
7114:
7094:
7082:
7052:
7036:
7020:
7004:
6992:Les Misérables
6988:
6972:
6965:'s epic novel
6946:Main article:
6943:
6940:
6919:
6916:
6912:George Scovell
6892:Battle of Jena
6870:
6867:
6833:Main article:
6830:
6827:
6791:
6788:
6761:Ottoman Empire
6757:Maratha Empire
6753:Spain's armies
6645:levée en masse
6555:
6554:Enlarged scope
6552:
6550:
6547:
6543:European Union
6469:initiated the
6455:principalities
6435:Napoleonic Era
6433:following the
6355:middle classes
6333:
6330:
6307:Neapolitan War
6262:Battle of Issy
6133:Neapolitan War
6124:
6121:
6055:DenmarkâNorway
5973:Ciudad Rodrigo
5967:, renewed the
5961:Peninsular War
5905:Main article:
5902:
5899:
5875:Russian Winter
5761:western Russia
5740:scorched-earth
5726:Adolph Northen
5616:Main article:
5613:
5610:
5598:Main article:
5595:
5592:
5584:Saint-Domingue
5498:
5495:
5459:Main article:
5456:
5453:
5339:Serbian Empire
5327:Traditionalist
5303:national state
5268:Constantinople
5162:Ottoman Empire
5150:Coalition Wars
5130:Main article:
5127:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5096:
5081:
5070:
5059:
5057:DenmarkâNorway
4927:Aspern-Essling
4910:theatre of war
4906:Peninsular War
4898:Main article:
4894:
4893:
4852:
4850:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4742:Peninsular War
4740:Main article:
4737:
4734:
4710:Russian Empire
4692:in Spain, 1808
4686:Polish cavalry
4675:Main article:
4672:
4669:
4555:
4552:
4487:, 14 June 1807
4481:Imperial Guard
4388:Main article:
4385:
4382:
4145:Main article:
4142:
4139:
4113:
4110:
4081:
4078:
4050:British Guiana
3963:Peninsular War
3938:
3935:
3930:Main article:
3927:
3924:
3784:
3781:
3766:
3763:
3751:Coalition Wars
3702:
3699:
3622:Armée d'Italie
3580:Ottoman Empire
3494:
3491:
3414:Pax Britannica
3331:scorched earth
3283:Peninsular War
3268:Eastern Europe
3244:out of the war
3239:, forcing the
3207:naval blockade
3160:Coalition Wars
3143:
3140:
3028:Concurrently,
2992:Aspern-Essling
2986:, bringing an
2980:Jena-Auerstedt
2953:Peninsular War
2886:
2872:
2858:
2844:
2830:
2822:Peninsular War
2816:
2808:Peninsular War
2802:
2788:
2774:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:Neapolitan War
2289:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2235:Peninsular War
2231:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2073:Ottoman Empire
2063:
2050:
2037:
2034:United Kingdom
2024:
2011:
1998:
1985:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1921:Ottoman Empire
1910:
1895:
1880:
1862:
1847:
1832:
1827:United Kingdom
1814:
1799:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1521:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1435:
1423:
1403:
1385:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1221:Horatio Nelson
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1095:
1079:
1067:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1033:Denmark-Norway
1011:
1009:Polish Legions
1006:
994:
992:Lucca-Piombino
982:
970:
958:
943:
931:
919:
918:
917:
905:
893:
878:
861:
849:
828:
827:
826:
792:
790:
789:
787:Bourbon France
777:
765:
750:
738:
726:
714:
699:
687:
675:
663:
651:
639:
627:
615:
602:
587:
575:
563:
551:
536:
534:Ottoman Empire
524:
512:
499:
487:
472:
457:
442:
426:
424:United Kingdom
414:
406:
403:
402:
398:
397:
394:
393:
391:
390:
389:
388:
385:
371:
361:
354:
344:
338:British Empire
334:
319:
316:DenmarkâNorway
308:
303:
297:
287:
274:
273:
272:
265:
261:
260:
201:Atlantic Ocean
199:
197:
193:
192:
176:
168:
167:
100:
97:
96:
89:
88:
82:
81:
78:
77:
60:September 2024
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17331:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17286:
17284:
17269:
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17241:
17239:
17236:
17234:
17231:
17229:
17226:
17224:
17223:Art of Europe
17221:
17220:
17218:
17214:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17185:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17120:
17118:
17115:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17105:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17050:
17046:
17043:
17042:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17027:
17025:
17023:
17022:Modern period
17019:
17013:
17010:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16957:
16953:
16949:
16945:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16909:
16906:
16905:
16904:
16901:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16888:
16886:
16884:
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16862:
16859:
16858:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16843:
16841:
16839:
16835:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16812:
16809:
16808:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16783:
16781:
16779:
16775:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16750:
16748:
16746:
16742:
16738:
16731:
16726:
16724:
16719:
16717:
16712:
16711:
16708:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16671:
16668:
16667:
16665:
16661:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16636:
16634:
16632:Other battles
16630:
16625:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16596:
16594:
16590:
16586:
16579:
16574:
16572:
16567:
16565:
16560:
16559:
16556:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16528:
16525:
16524:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16479:
16477:
16475:Miscellaneous
16473:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16363:
16361:
16357:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16309:
16306:
16305:
16304:
16301:
16299:
16296:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16280:
16278:
16272:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16150:Manuel Lapeña
16148:
16146:
16143:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16117:
16115:
16107:
16101:
16098:
16096:
16093:
16091:
16088:
16086:
16083:
16081:
16080:Prince EugĂšne
16078:
16076:
16073:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16061:
16058:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16030:André Masséna
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16011:
16010:Joachim Murat
16008:
16006:
16003:
16001:
15998:
15997:
15995:
15987:
15984:
15980:
15970:
15967:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15955:
15954:Rocheserviere
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15902:
15900:
15897:
15895:
15892:
15890:
15887:
15885:
15882:
15880:
15877:
15875:
15872:
15870:
15867:
15866:
15864:
15860:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15831:
15829:
15826:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15745:
15743:
15739:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15642:San SebastiĂĄn
15640:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15613:
15610:
15609:
15607:
15603:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15438:
15436:
15432:
15426:
15423:
15421:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15411:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15346:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15307:
15306:
15304:
15300:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15271:
15269:
15266:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15249:
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15203:Sankt Michael
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15118:Teugen-Hausen
15116:
15114:
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15055:
15053:
15049:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14949:
14947:
14943:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14873:
14871:
14867:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14843:
14841:
14838:
14836:
14833:
14831:
14828:
14826:
14823:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14771:
14768:
14767:
14765:
14761:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14692:
14690:
14687:
14685:
14682:
14681:
14679:
14675:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14635:
14633:
14631:
14627:
14624:
14618:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14580:
14578:
14575:
14573:
14570:
14568:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14558:
14555:
14553:
14550:
14548:
14545:
14543:
14540:
14538:
14535:
14533:
14530:
14528:
14525:
14524:
14522:
14520:
14514:
14508:
14505:
14503:
14500:
14498:
14495:
14493:
14490:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14467:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14427:
14425:
14421:
14420:client states
14415:
14412:
14406:
14400:
14399:
14395:
14393:
14392:
14388:
14386:
14385:
14381:
14379:
14378:
14374:
14372:
14371:
14367:
14365:
14364:
14360:
14358:
14357:
14353:
14352:
14349:
14345:
14338:
14333:
14331:
14326:
14324:
14319:
14318:
14315:
14301:
14297:
14295:
14291:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14276:
14274:
14272:
14268:
14264:
14260:
14258:
14254:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14239:
14237:
14235:
14234:Mediterranean
14231:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14191:
14189:
14187:
14183:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14146:Salm-Horstmar
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14091:Aschaffenburg
14089:
14088:
14086:
14084:
14080:
14077:
14073:
14069:
14061:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14023:
14021:
14019:
14015:
14009:
14006:
14005:
14003:
14001:
13997:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13956:
13953:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13902:
13900:
13898:
13894:
13890:
13886:
13884:
13880:
13874:
13871:
13870:
13868:
13866:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13851:
13846:
13842:
13838:
13837:Client states
13831:
13826:
13824:
13819:
13817:
13812:
13811:
13808:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13778:
13777:War and Peace
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13732:
13727:
13721:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13706:
13705:
13700:
13695:
13691:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13676:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13664:
13661:
13657:
13656:
13648:
13647:Online review
13644:
13640:
13637:
13633:
13631:
13627:
13623:
13622:
13613:
13609:
13606:
13601:
13595:
13591:
13590:
13584:
13581:
13577:
13574:
13570:
13567:
13563:
13561:
13557:
13553:
13549:
13546:
13542:
13540:
13536:
13532:
13531:
13522:
13518:
13515:
13511:
13508:
13504:
13501:
13497:
13496:
13487:
13483:
13480:
13476:
13473:
13469:
13466:
13462:
13459:
13456:
13452:
13449:
13445:
13441:
13439:
13435:
13431:
13429:
13425:
13421:
13419:
13415:
13411:
13409:
13405:
13401:
13399:
13395:
13391:
13389:
13385:
13381:
13378:
13374:
13371:
13367:
13365:
13364:excerpt vol 1
13361:
13357:
13354:
13350:
13349:
13340:
13336:
13333:
13329:
13327:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13297:
13296:
13290:
13287:
13283:
13279:
13275:
13271:
13267:
13263:
13259:
13258:
13253:
13249:
13246:
13242:
13238:
13235:
13231:
13227:
13225:0-304-35229-2
13221:
13217:
13212:
13210:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13195:
13192:
13188:
13184:
13181:
13177:
13173:
13170:
13166:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13150:
13146:
13142:
13138:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13124:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13102:
13090:
13087:
13079:
13069:
13068:editing guide
13063:
13059:
13054:
13045:
13044:
13032:
13026:
13023:. Routledge.
13022:
13021:
13015:
13010:
13005:
13001:
12996:
12993:, vol. 2
12992:
12987:
12984:
12979:
12976:
12971:
12968:
12963:
12962:
12952:
12951:
12945:
12941:
12935:
12931:
12930:
12924:
12920:
12914:
12910:
12909:
12903:
12899:
12893:
12889:
12885:
12880:
12876:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12860:
12856:
12851:
12847:
12841:
12837:
12836:
12830:
12826:
12820:
12816:
12815:
12809:
12805:
12799:
12795:
12794:
12788:
12784:
12778:
12774:
12773:
12767:
12763:
12757:
12753:
12752:
12746:
12742:
12740:3-9500616-8-1
12736:
12732:
12727:
12723:
12719:
12715:
12711:
12707:
12703:
12698:
12694:
12688:
12684:
12683:
12677:
12673:
12667:
12664:. Routledge.
12663:
12662:
12656:
12653:
12647:
12643:
12638:
12634:
12628:
12624:
12623:
12617:
12613:
12607:
12603:
12602:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12587:
12581:
12570:
12564:
12560:
12556:
12555:
12549:
12545:
12539:
12535:
12534:
12528:
12524:
12518:
12514:
12513:
12507:
12503:
12502:
12496:
12492:
12486:
12482:
12481:
12475:
12471:
12465:
12461:
12460:
12454:
12450:
12444:
12440:
12439:
12433:
12429:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12400:
12394:
12390:
12384:
12380:
12379:
12373:
12369:
12363:
12359:
12358:
12352:
12348:
12342:
12338:
12337:
12331:
12327:
12321:
12317:
12316:
12310:
12306:
12300:
12296:
12295:
12289:
12285:
12279:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12263:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12245:
12241:
12235:
12231:
12230:
12224:
12220:
12214:
12210:
12209:
12203:
12199:
12193:
12189:
12188:
12182:
12178:
12167:
12165:9781849086974
12161:
12157:
12153:
12149:
12145:
12144:
12138:
12134:
12133:
12127:
12123:
12117:
12114:. Routledge.
12113:
12112:
12106:
12102:
12096:
12092:
12091:
12085:
12081:
12075:
12071:
12070:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12034:
12029:
12025:
12024:
12018:
12014:
12008:
12004:
12003:
11997:
11993:
11987:
11983:
11982:
11976:
11972:
11966:
11962:
11961:
11955:
11951:
11945:
11941:
11940:
11934:
11930:
11925:
11921:
11915:
11911:
11910:
11904:
11900:
11894:
11891:. McFarland.
11890:
11889:
11883:
11879:
11873:
11869:
11868:
11862:
11852:
11845:
11844:
11838:
11834:
11833:
11827:
11823:
11822:
11816:
11812:
11811:
11805:
11801:
11795:
11791:
11790:
11784:
11780:
11774:
11770:
11769:
11763:
11759:
11753:
11749:
11748:
11742:
11738:
11732:
11728:
11727:
11721:
11717:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11679:"Alaric Bond"
11673:
11665:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11644:
11629:
11627:0-313-30328-2
11623:
11619:
11614:
11613:
11604:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11588:New Criterion
11582:
11567:
11563:
11557:
11553:
11549:
11545:
11541:
11534:
11527:
11522:
11506:
11502:
11496:
11492:
11491:
11483:
11467:
11463:
11457:
11453:
11452:
11444:
11437:
11432:
11425:
11420:
11404:
11400:
11394:
11390:
11389:
11381:
11374:
11369:
11362:
11357:
11350:
11345:
11329:
11325:
11319:
11312:
11307:
11300:
11295:
11279:
11275:
11268:
11262:. p. 24.
11261:
11254:
11248:, p. 39.
11247:
11242:
11226:
11222:
11216:
11212:
11211:
11203:
11188:
11184:
11178:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11148:
11140:
11133:
11126:
11121:
11119:
11117:
11108:
11101:
11094:
11089:
11082:
11077:
11070:
11065:
11063:
11061:
11053:
11048:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11012:, p. 17.
11011:
11006:
10998:
10992:
10985:
10980:
10973:
10968:
10961:
10956:
10949:
10944:
10937:
10932:
10925:
10920:
10913:
10908:
10901:
10896:
10880:
10876:
10870:
10866:
10865:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10824:
10808:
10804:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10787:
10785:
10776:
10772:
10766:
10759:
10754:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10737:
10732:
10726:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10684:
10680:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10641:
10634:
10630:
10626:
10624:
10617:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10596:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10545:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10515:
10507:
10506:
10499:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10482:
10477:
10473:
10468:
10460:
10459:
10451:
10445:
10441:
10440:
10434:
10428:
10424:
10423:
10417:
10410:
10406:
10400:
10398:
10396:
10394:
10386:
10381:
10379:
10377:
10367:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10328:Slavic Review
10325:
10318:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10288:
10286:
10277:
10273:
10269:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10246:Slavic Review
10243:
10236:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10206:
10198:
10191:
10184:
10179:
10172:
10168:
10163:
10156:
10151:
10144:
10139:
10132:
10127:
10120:
10115:
10099:
10095:
10089:
10085:
10084:
10076:
10069:
10064:
10057:
10052:
10045:
10040:
10033:
10028:
10020:
10014:
10003:
9987:
9983:
9977:
9961:
9957:
9951:
9944:
9939:
9932:
9927:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9897:
9891:, p. 78.
9890:
9889:Ferguson 2008
9885:
9877:
9870:
9863:
9858:
9851:
9846:
9830:
9826:
9820:
9813:
9808:
9802:, p. 86.
9801:
9796:
9789:
9784:
9777:
9772:
9770:
9762:
9757:
9750:
9745:
9729:
9725:
9719:
9715:
9714:
9706:
9690:
9686:
9680:
9676:
9675:
9667:
9660:
9656:
9651:
9644:
9639:
9632:
9627:
9620:
9616:
9615:Grainger 2004
9611:
9604:
9599:
9591:
9590:
9582:
9575:
9570:
9563:
9558:
9551:
9546:
9539:
9534:
9527:
9522:
9515:
9510:
9503:
9498:
9491:
9486:
9479:
9474:
9467:
9462:
9455:
9451:
9446:
9439:
9438:Chandler 1966
9434:
9426:
9419:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9389:
9388:
9380:
9364:
9360:
9356:
9350:
9343:
9338:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9314:
9310:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9274:
9267:
9251:
9247:
9241:
9237:
9236:
9228:
9221:
9216:
9209:
9204:
9197:
9193:
9188:
9181:
9176:
9169:
9164:
9162:
9145:
9141:
9135:
9131:
9130:
9122:
9120:
9112:
9108:
9103:
9096:
9091:
9089:
9080:
9078:0-465-02328-2
9074:
9069:
9068:
9059:
9043:
9039:
9033:
9030:. Routledge.
9029:
9028:
9020:
9018:
9010:
9005:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8991:
8987:
8982:
8980:
8963:
8959:
8953:
8949:
8948:
8940:
8924:
8920:
8914:
8906:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8879:
8872:
8867:
8860:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8843:
8838:
8832:
8827:
8821:
8817:
8812:
8810:
8803:
8799:
8794:
8787:
8782:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8763:
8761:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8741:
8733:
8727:
8723:
8718:
8717:
8708:
8706:
8698:
8695:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8679:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8650:
8641:
8639:
8631:
8630:Leggiere 2014
8626:
8624:
8617:, p. 50.
8616:
8611:
8604:
8599:
8592:
8587:
8578:
8570:
8564:
8556:
8549:
8542:
8538:
8536:0-203-41234-6
8532:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8512:
8506:
8504:0-435-32754-2
8500:
8496:
8489:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8460:. Routledge.
8459:
8458:
8450:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8414:, pp. 522â524
8413:
8407:
8400:
8395:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8365:
8363:
8346:
8342:
8341:
8333:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8294:
8288:
8284:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8268:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8196:
8187:
8178:
8169:
8160:
8151:
8142:
8133:
8126:
8120:
8118:
8108:
8099:
8090:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8067:
8063:
8057:
8050:
8044:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8023:
8021:
8011:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7956:
7947:
7940:
7934:
7925:
7916:
7907:
7899:
7893:
7884:
7877:
7871:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7816:
7807:
7805:
7795:
7788:
7782:
7773:
7766:
7760:
7758:
7748:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7723:
7714:
7705:
7698:
7692:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7667:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7643:
7634:
7630:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7544:
7543:France portal
7533:
7522:
7521:Fighting Sail
7518:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7499:Prix Goncourt
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7437:Simon Scarrow
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7347:
7342:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7324:Russell Crowe
7321:
7320:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7273:Frank Sinatra
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7249:Virginia Mayo
7246:
7242:
7238:
7237:C.S. Forester
7234:
7233:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7150:
7147:The novelist
7146:
7143:
7142:Edmond DantĂšs
7139:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7078:The Duellists
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7061:Joseph Conrad
7058:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6968:War and Peace
6964:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6949:
6939:
6937:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6915:
6913:
6909:
6903:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6866:
6864:
6859:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6804:
6802:
6797:
6787:
6783:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6748:
6743:
6739:
6731:
6727:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6689:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6650:Lazare Carnot
6647:
6646:
6639:
6637:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6592:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6580:Ancien RĂ©gime
6577:
6573:
6565:
6560:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6485:created as a
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6329:
6327:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6299:Joachim Murat
6295:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6254:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6239:von Thielmann
6236:
6231:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6190:Armée du Nord
6186:
6181:
6180:
6179:Armée du Nord
6174:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6078:entered Paris
6075:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5954:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5922:
5921:Joseph Abbeel
5918:
5913:
5908:
5898:
5895:
5889:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5782:Baltic German
5778:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5752:cavalry. The
5751:
5746:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:Field Marshal
5727:
5723:
5721:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5633:
5632:Louis Lejeune
5629:
5624:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5601:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5529:Ferdinand VII
5526:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5494:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5452:
5450:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5433:However, the
5431:
5429:
5428:Anti-clerical
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5381:metropolitan
5380:
5379:Habsburg Serb
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5240:Sublime Porte
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5123:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5089:Joachim Murat
5086:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5032:(1812â1815).
5031:
5026:
5025:Andreas Hofer
5022:
5018:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4890:
4887:
4879:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4853:This section
4851:
4847:
4842:
4841:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4797:guerrilla war
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4460:Prussian Army
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4380:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:André Masséna
4301:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:King of Italy
4263:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4086:Berlin Decree
4077:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4010:French Indian
4007:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3685:'s forces in
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:or in Italy.
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:Lazare Carnot
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:client states
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2812:Torres Vedras
2809:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2781:
2767:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2639:
2632:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Spice Islands
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:French Empire
2092:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:French Empire
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1655:
1650:
1649:Joachim Murat
1633:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1241:Ferdinand VII
1237:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
993:
983:
981:
976:
971:
969:
964:
959:
954:
944:
942:
937:
932:
930:
925:
920:
916:
911:
906:
904:
899:
894:
891:
879:
877:
872:
867:
866:
865:
862:
860:
850:
848:
837:
836:
832:
821:
820:French Empire
816:
807:
802:
796:
793:
788:
783:
778:
776:
771:
766:
763:
751:
749:
739:
737:
727:
725:
720:
715:
712:
700:
698:
688:
686:
676:
674:
669:
664:
662:
652:
650:
645:
640:
638:
628:
626:
616:
614:
613:Liechtenstein
603:
600:
588:
586:
581:
576:
574:
569:
564:
562:
557:
552:
549:
537:
535:
530:
525:
523:
518:
513:
511:
500:
498:
493:
488:
485:
473:
470:
458:
455:
443:
438:
427:
425:
420:
415:
413:
412:
408:
407:
405:
404:
399:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
370:
366:
363:Beginning of
362:
359:
355:
353:
349:
345:
343:
339:
335:
332:
331:Dutch Empires
328:
324:
320:
317:
313:
309:
307:
304:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:
277:
271:
266:
263:
262:
258:
257:Pacific Ocean
254:
253:South America
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:North America
222:
218:
214:
213:French Guiana
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
194:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
98:
95:
90:
85:
74:
71:
63:
53:
48:
44:
40:
39:
32:
23:
22:
19:
17182:World War II
17151:
17035:Early modern
17012:Kalmar Union
16883:Papal States
16801:Roman Empire
16669:
16585:Hundred Days
16522:Grande Armée
16482:Bibliography
16466:Paris (1815)
16426:Paris (1814)
16411:Paris (1810)
16391:Finckenstein
16366:Campo Formio
16125:Rowland Hill
16111:military and
15991:military and
15964:Rocquencourt
15833:Saint-Dizier
15803:Bar-sur-Aube
15758:Mincio River
15253:Schöngrabern
15032:2nd Zaragoza
14972:1st Zaragoza
14926:Stralsund II
14775:Campo Tenese
14749:Schöngrabern
14734:Cape Ortegal
14684:Diamond Rock
14562:Papal States
14396:
14389:
14382:
14375:
14368:
14361:
14354:
14343:
13985:Transpadania
13844:
13775:
13730:
13717:
13702:
13687:
13672:
13642:
13635:
13625:
13611:
13588:
13579:
13572:
13565:
13551:
13544:
13534:
13520:
13513:
13506:
13499:
13485:
13478:
13471:
13464:
13454:
13443:
13433:
13423:
13413:
13403:
13393:
13383:
13376:
13369:
13359:
13352:
13338:
13331:
13317:
13307:
13294:
13285:
13261:
13255:
13244:
13240:
13233:
13215:
13200:
13197:Palmer, Alan
13186:
13175:
13168:
13154:
13140:
13126:
13116:
13105:
13082:
13073:
13061:
13019:
13008:
12999:
12990:
12982:
12974:
12966:
12954:, retrieved
12949:
12928:
12907:
12887:
12858:
12854:
12834:
12813:
12792:
12771:
12750:
12730:
12705:
12701:
12681:
12660:
12641:
12621:
12600:
12591:the original
12585:
12572:. Retrieved
12553:
12532:
12511:
12500:
12479:
12458:
12437:
12403:
12397:
12377:
12356:
12335:
12314:
12293:
12265:
12261:
12252:
12248:
12228:
12207:
12186:
12177:Google Books
12175:– via
12171:26 September
12169:. Retrieved
12142:
12131:
12110:
12089:
12068:
12040:
12036:
12026:. Macmillan.
12022:
12001:
11980:
11959:
11938:
11928:
11908:
11887:
11870:. Scribner.
11866:
11854:, retrieved
11842:
11831:
11820:
11809:
11788:
11767:
11746:
11725:
11714:
11691:. Retrieved
11682:
11672:
11652:. New York:
11649:
11643:
11631:. Retrieved
11611:
11603:
11595:
11591:
11587:
11581:
11570:, retrieved
11543:
11533:
11521:
11509:. Retrieved
11489:
11482:
11470:. Retrieved
11450:
11443:
11431:
11419:
11407:. Retrieved
11387:
11380:
11368:
11361:Kennedy 1989
11356:
11351:, p. 7.
11344:
11332:. Retrieved
11328:the original
11318:
11306:
11299:Keeling 2007
11294:
11282:. Retrieved
11266:
11259:
11253:
11246:Keeling 1999
11241:
11229:. Retrieved
11209:
11202:
11190:. Retrieved
11186:
11177:
11165:. Retrieved
11156:
11147:
11138:
11132:
11106:
11100:
11088:
11076:
11047:
11035:. Retrieved
11027:lib.ugent.be
11026:
11017:
11010:Upshall 1993
11005:
10996:
10991:
10979:
10967:
10955:
10943:
10931:
10919:
10912:Esdaile 2009
10907:
10895:
10883:. Retrieved
10863:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10823:
10811:. Retrieved
10802:
10796:
10774:
10765:
10753:
10735:
10725:
10707:
10699:
10687:. Retrieved
10654:
10650:
10640:
10622:
10616:
10600:
10595:
10583:. Retrieved
10558:
10554:
10544:
10532:. Retrieved
10523:
10514:
10504:
10498:
10480:
10467:
10457:
10450:
10443:
10437:
10433:
10426:
10420:
10416:
10408:
10404:
10384:
10366:
10331:
10327:
10317:
10305:. Retrieved
10296:
10249:
10245:
10235:
10223:. Retrieved
10214:
10205:
10196:
10190:
10178:
10162:
10150:
10138:
10126:
10114:
10102:. Retrieved
10082:
10075:
10063:
10051:
10039:
10032:Esdaile 2009
10027:
10002:
9990:. Retrieved
9976:
9964:. Retrieved
9960:the original
9950:
9938:
9926:
9914:. Retrieved
9910:the original
9906:Musee Marine
9905:
9896:
9884:
9875:
9869:
9857:
9845:
9833:. Retrieved
9829:the original
9819:
9807:
9795:
9788:Sherwig 1969
9783:
9776:Kennedy 1989
9756:
9744:
9732:. Retrieved
9712:
9705:
9693:. Retrieved
9673:
9666:
9650:
9638:
9626:
9610:
9603:Roberts 2014
9598:
9588:
9581:
9569:
9557:
9545:
9533:
9521:
9509:
9497:
9485:
9473:
9461:
9445:
9433:
9424:
9418:
9406:. Retrieved
9386:
9379:
9367:. Retrieved
9359:Herodote.net
9358:
9349:
9344:, p. 4.
9342:Rapport 2013
9337:
9312:
9308:
9284:
9280:
9272:
9266:
9254:. Retrieved
9234:
9227:
9215:
9203:
9187:
9175:
9148:. Retrieved
9128:
9102:
9066:
9058:
9046:. Retrieved
9026:
8966:. Retrieved
8946:
8939:
8927:. Retrieved
8922:
8913:
8885:
8878:
8866:
8837:
8826:
8793:
8786:Canales 2004
8781:
8775:Urlanis 1971
8770:
8740:
8715:
8697:Google Books
8696:
8684:
8678:
8666:. Retrieved
8656:
8649:
8610:
8603:Esdaile 2009
8598:
8586:
8577:
8554:
8548:
8540:
8526:
8520:
8511:Risorgimento
8510:
8508:
8494:
8488:
8476:. Retrieved
8456:
8449:
8437:. Retrieved
8431:(in Dutch).
8428:
8419:
8411:
8406:
8399:SchÀfer 2002
8394:
8382:. Retrieved
8373:
8349:. Retrieved
8339:
8332:
8320:. Retrieved
8300:
8293:
8272:
8267:
8251:
8223:. Retrieved
8203:
8195:
8186:
8177:
8168:
8159:
8150:
8141:
8132:
8107:
8098:
8089:
8073:
8066:Hundred Days
8056:
8043:
8010:
7985:
7976:
7964:
7955:
7946:
7933:
7924:
7915:
7906:
7892:
7883:
7870:
7815:
7794:
7781:
7772:
7747:
7742:(1807â1812).
7722:
7713:
7704:
7691:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7663:
7647:
7642:
7633:
7520:
7513:
7486:
7480:
7468:
7457:
7416:Irish Legion
7411:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7358:
7345:
7334:
7317:
7296:
7290:
7277:Sophia Loren
7245:Gregory Peck
7230:
7212:
7190:
7178:
7156:
7131:
7096:
7084:
7076:
7069:Ridley Scott
7054:
7038:
7026:
7006:
6990:
6978:
6966:
6957:
6933:
6921:
6904:
6896:
6872:
6854:
6846:
6812:
6805:
6793:
6782:Grande Armée
6777:Great Powers
6751:
6735:
6711:
6692:
6678:
6674:
6667:Grande Armée
6643:
6640:
6633:
6622:
6607:
6588:
6585:
6569:
6535:
6531:
6495:
6487:buffer state
6431:
6397:produced a "
6383:
6367:codes of law
6335:
6323:
6296:
6292:Saint Helena
6281:
6255:
6247:
6227:
6211:Mont St Jean
6169:
6150:
6141:
6129:Hundred Days
6098:
6090:
6071:
6043:
6032:
6016:
5997:
5958:
5926:
5894:Grande Armée
5885:
5880:Grande Armée
5870:Grande Armée
5860:Grande Armée
5856:
5847:Grande Armée
5835:
5829:Grande Armée
5806:
5800:Grande Armée
5795:
5779:
5774:Grande Armée
5755:Grande Armée
5745:Grande Armée
5730:
5718:
5685:Grande Armée
5681:
5670:Grande Armée
5665:
5661:
5637:
5603:
5600:Barbary Wars
5594:Barbary Wars
5573:
5561:royal family
5558:
5522:
5482:interference
5470:
5432:
5424:Bay of Kotor
5355:Bay of Kotor
5287:IÄko's Peace
5284:
5197:conservative
5194:
5135:
5121:
5113:
5037:Marie-Louise
5034:
5014:
4988:West Galicia
4973:
4966:
4935:
4903:
4882:
4873:
4862:Please help
4857:verification
4854:
4826:
4822:
4789:
4770:
4758:
4695:
4662:
4653:
4614:
4591:
4541:
4490:
4441:
4410:
4398:
4377:
4356:
4293:
4274:
4251:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4179:also fights
4176:
4166:
4158:
4155:The British
4131:
4119:
4115:
4103:
4083:
4067:
4026:British Army
4014:
3995:
3959:
3952:
3940:
3907:William Pitt
3904:
3892:
3875:
3852:
3836:
3820:
3797:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3704:
3662:
3648:
3584:Papal States
3573:
3514:
3487:human rights
3443:
3412:
3403:and growing
3390:
3382:Saint Helena
3351:
3316:
3272:
3234:
3211:
3204:
3185:. Historian
3168:
3162:against the
3148:seized power
3145:
3089:
3085:Saint Helena
3077:Hundred Days
3046:
3040:Grande Armée
3027:
3000:
2988:uneasy peace
2961:
2904:
2902:
2892:Hundred Days
2602:
2358:Indian Ocean
2291:
2274:
2267:
2245:
2233:
2207:English Wars
2189:
2167:
2154:
2112:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2065:
2052:
2039:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1952:
1937:
1928:
1912:
1897:
1882:
1864:
1849:
1834:
1816:
1801:
1786:
1591:
1574:Frederick VI
1517:
1450:
1418:
1265:Charles John
1226:
1158:William Pitt
809:(until 1804)
794:
673:Papal States
440:(until 1806)
409:
401:Belligerents
336:Rise of the
299:Fall of the
295:Saint Helena
276:Full results
275:
217:Indian Ocean
92:Part of the
66:
57:
50:Please help
46:
35:
18:
17167:World War I
17157:Nationalism
17045:Reformation
17030:Renaissance
17002:Black Death
16935:Kievan Rus'
16838:Middle Ages
16350:War of 1812
16308:Gunboat War
16265:Louis XVIII
16020:Jean Lannes
15934:Quatre Bras
15924:San Germano
15874:Occhiobello
15763:Champaubert
15753:La RothiĂšre
15677:San Marcial
15561:2nd Polotsk
15526:1st Polotsk
15511:Majadahonda
15451:Villagarcia
15380:Campo Maior
15168:Piave River
15093:Ciudad Real
15083:Villafranca
14952:Dos de Mayo
14901:Stralsund I
14653:18 Brumaire
14587:Netherlands
14485:WĂŒrttemberg
14257:Netherlands
14171:WĂŒrttemberg
14018:Switzerland
14000:Netherlands
13960:Parthenopea
13847:(1792â1815)
13782:Leo Tolstoy
13714:Napoleon I.
13428:online free
13002:(in German)
13000:Arme-Zeitun
12911:. Methuen.
12685:. Penguin.
12462:. Pimlico.
11963:. Penguin.
11835:J. Dodsley.
11718:J. Dodsley.
11706:Works cited
11633:6 September
11572:30 November
11526:Andrew 2018
11334:18 November
11093:Glover 1963
10900:Palmer 1974
10771:Lynch, John
10561:: 289â303.
9862:Knight 2013
9850:Halévy 1924
9835:15 February
9812:Briggs 1959
9800:Palmer 1974
9643:Tulard 1984
9631:Bryant 1944
9315:: 443â469.
9220:McLynn 1998
9168:Palmer 1941
8988:, pp.
8871:Bodart 1916
8668:22 November
8478:5 September
8384:15 February
8256:Arnold 1995
7608:War of 1812
7510:Jasper Kent
7487:La Bataille
7459:The Passion
7448:Dudley Pope
7444:Lord Ramage
7380:The Regency
7376:The Victory
7372:The Emperor
7360:Bloody Jack
7253:Raoul Walsh
7243:" starring
7221:Roger Brook
7149:Jane Austen
7107:cuirassiers
7049:impressment
7028:Vanity Fair
6997:Victor Hugo
6963:Leo Tolstoy
6858:nationalism
6790:Innovations
6576:mercenaries
6443:aristocracy
6415:Great Power
6347:due process
6338:reactionary
6273:Cuirassiers
6203:Quatre Bras
6165:Louis XVIII
6157:Netherlands
6109:Louis XVIII
5814:to be burnt
5748:with light
5652:Finnish War
5648:Alexander I
5563:escaped to
5473:War of 1812
5461:War of 1812
5455:War of 1812
5411:montenegrin
5407:Herzegovina
5363:Herzegovina
5204:Janissaries
5182:nationalism
5030:War of 1812
4726:World War I
4580:during the
4564:Finnish War
4560:Gunboat War
4239:Lord Nelson
4215:West Indies
4046:Cape Colony
3992:, July 1813
3871:Cape Colony
3547:formed the
3523:. In 1793,
3458:French Army
3419:nationalism
3397:great power
3366:Louis XVIII
3319:War of 1812
3183:Netherlands
3177:, Germany,
3175:Switzerland
3136:Crimean War
3092:nationalism
2263:War of 1812
2224:Finnish War
2212:Gunboat War
1906:Netherlands
1726:Alexander I
1714:Frederick I
1413:Jean Lannes
1335:Louis XVIII
1110:Alexander I
1098:Ferdinand I
1021:Switzerland
915:WĂŒrttemberg
823:(from 1804)
762:WĂŒrttemberg
736:Switzerland
649:Netherlands
375:nationalism
249:Middle East
245:East Indies
237:West Indies
127:Battles of
54:if you can.
17283:Categories
16930:Viking Age
16745:Prehistory
16492:Casualties
16406:Schönbrunn
16381:Artlenburg
16130:John Moore
16035:Michel Ney
15904:Scapezzano
15894:Cesenatico
15838:Montmartre
15768:Montmirail
15702:Wartenburg
15657:GroĂbeeren
15516:Gorodechno
15506:Klyastitsy
15486:Saltanovka
15375:Casal Novo
15248:Hollabrunn
15233:Korneuburg
15027:Somosierra
14931:Copenhagen
14754:Austerlitz
14744:DĂŒrenstein
14480:Westphalia
14423:and allies
14219:Pontecorvo
14161:Westphalia
14136:Regensburg
14072:Napoleonic
13975:Subalpinia
13935:Cispadania
13930:Cisalpinia
13218:. Cassel.
13060:" section
12483:. Sutton.
11824:. Collins.
11544:Talleyrand
11311:Jones 1992
11125:Dwyer 2013
11069:Riley 2013
11052:Dwyer 2013
10984:Riehn 1990
10960:Riehn 1990
10948:Riehn 1990
10936:Riehn 1990
10758:Black 2009
10169:, p.
10155:Gates 1986
10119:Riley 2013
9943:Kagan 2007
9749:Burke 1808
9659:Malia 2006
9574:Adams 1805
9562:Adams 1805
9550:Adams 1805
9538:Adams 1805
9526:Adams 1805
9514:Adams 1805
9502:Adams 1805
9490:Adams 1805
9478:Adams 1805
9452:, p.
9277:See also:
9109:, p.
9097:, chpt. 8.
9009:Kagan 2007
8986:Jones 1994
8968:7 November
8929:30 January
8859:Philo 2010
8842:White 2014
8831:Clodfelter
8816:White 2014
8798:White 2014
8767:White 2014
8749:Clodfelter
8745:White 2014
8615:Riehn 1991
8591:Payne 1973
8351:13 January
8258:, p.
8238:References
8172:until 1812
8163:until 1813
8154:until 1813
8145:until 1812
8136:until 1813
7482:The Battle
7446:series by
7401:series by
7339:series by
7328:Peter Weir
7269:Cary Grant
7232:Hornblower
7180:Persuasion
7175:Royal Navy
7171:midshipman
7153:Royal Navy
6952:See also:
6942:In fiction
6924:Talleyrand
6886:, and the
6742:militiamen
6699:Royal Navy
6539:Civil Code
6437:. Rule by
6427:Royal Navy
6423:Westphalia
6359:absolutism
6297:In Italy,
6207:escarpment
6195:Michel Ney
6127:See also:
5465:See also:
5375:Montenegro
5335:Montenegro
5009:Bernadotte
4586:Norwegians
4501:Königsberg
4328:Austerlitz
4219:Villeneuve
4177:Bucentaure
4168:Bucentaure
3899:reoccupied
3616:Revolution
3543:, and the
3519:, and the
3497:See also:
3493:Background
3409:superpower
3401:Royal Navy
3237:Austerlitz
3222:free trade
3192:George III
3181:, and the
3096:liberalism
2968:Austerlitz
2955:, and the
2784:Austerlitz
1395:Michel Ney
1377:Napoleon I
1347:Michel Ney
1122:George III
903:Westphalia
625:Montenegro
379:liberalism
350:, and the
323:Portuguese
291:Napoleon I
186:1815-11-20
182:1803-05-18
129:Austerlitz
16977:Feudalism
16948:Catalonia
16456:Casalanza
16431:Tauroggen
16386:Pressburg
16371:Lunéville
16276:conflicts
16109:Coalition
15959:La Suffel
15909:Tolentino
15793:Montereau
15778:Vauchamps
15727:Bornhöved
15682:Dennewitz
15627:Tarragona
15576:Chashniki
15476:Salamanca
15400:Tarragona
15324:Barquilla
15278:Almonacid
15238:Stockerau
15208:Stralsund
15178:2nd Porto
15158:Ebelsberg
15128:Abensberg
15098:1st Porto
15058:CastellĂłn
15042:Benavente
15007:Valmaseda
14921:Friedland
14916:Heilsberg
14886:OstroĆÄka
14876:Mohrungen
14810:Magdeburg
14739:Amstetten
14724:Trafalgar
14709:Elchingen
14694:Wertingen
14592:Brunswick
14517:Coalition
14121:Frankfurt
14075:creations
13980:Tiberinia
13856:republics
13298:. Mainz:
12875:144885121
12722:0013-8266
12428:159945703
12059:0707-5332
11436:Bell 2007
11349:Bell 2007
11231:2 October
11037:28 August
10859:See also
10709:The Serbs
10671:0026-3206
10567:0035-8991
10350:0037-6779
10268:0037-6779
10167:Tone 2010
10131:Grab 2003
10068:Götz 2014
10044:Ryan 1953
9655:Gray 2007
9329:162306794
9301:0269-1191
9180:Tone 1996
9107:Bell 2007
9048:2 October
8563:cite book
8243:Citations
8111:1813-1815
8093:1807-1814
8034:in 1807.
7980:1808â1813
7959:1814-1815
7928:1806â1815
7901:expenses.
7849:1813â1815
7810:1807â1812
7751:1808â1815
7646:The term
7618:World war
7512:'s novel
7505:for 1997.
7485:(French:
7352:Sean Bean
7350:starring
7348:TV Series
7322:starring
7235:books by
7214:The Idiot
7189:'s novel
7177:; and in
7071:into the
7025:'s novel
6977:'s novel
6835:Total war
6829:Total war
6529:in 1822.
6493:in 1830.
6419:Rhineland
6393:, as the
6391:Louis XIV
6363:civil law
6288:Rochefort
6000:Santander
5989:Andalusia
5769:dysentery
5545:strongmen
5444:Habsburgs
5440:KaraÄorÄe
5420:Dubrovnik
5367:Dubrovnik
5343:Podgorica
5295:Wallachia
5251:KaraÄorÄe
5247:Selim III
5041:Joséphine
4986:captured
4598:its fleet
4517:Friedland
4497:Pomerania
4456:AuerstÀdt
4425:Rhineland
4190:Temeraire
4074:world war
4058:Mauritius
4030:guerrilla
3911:Lampedusa
3877:had been
3659:Consulate
3600:Directory
3462:artillery
3450:total war
3441:in 1822.
3378:Rochefort
3260:Friedland
3216:formed a
3146:Napoleon
3138:in 1853.
3100:civil law
2984:Friedland
2603:1803â1814
2598:1793â1802
2593:1778â1783
2588:1754â1763
2583:1746â1763
2578:1744â1748
2573:1702â1713
2568:1689â1697
2563:1689â1815
2553:1666â1667
2548:1627â1629
2543:1562â1563
2538:1557â1559
2533:1542â1546
2528:1522â1526
2523:1512â1514
2518:1496â1498
2512:1415â1453
2508:1369â1389
2504:1337â1360
2500:1337â1453
2490:1294â1303
2485:1242â1243
2470:1215â1217
2465:1213â1214
2460:1202â1204
2455:1199â1200
2450:1197â1199
2445:1193â1196
2435:1173â1174
2430:1116â1120
2425:1109â1113
1757:Francis I
1323:William I
1065:Francis I
953:Lithuania
561:Brunswick
289:Exile of
229:North Sea
137:Friedland
17216:See also
17187:Cold War
16982:Crusades
16952:Valencia
16527:Uniforms
16441:Chaumont
16359:Treaties
16060:Joseph I
16000:Napoleon
15944:Waterloo
15884:Casaglia
15848:Toulouse
15732:Sehested
15707:Bidassoa
15687:2nd Kulm
15672:1st Kulm
15662:Katzbach
15652:Sorauren
15647:Pyrenees
15612:Castalla
15596:Berezina
15586:Smoliani
15556:Tarutino
15541:Borodino
15531:Valutino
15521:Smolensk
15491:Ostrovno
15461:Maguilla
15425:Valencia
15415:Saguntum
15263:Talavera
15143:Ratisbon
15133:Landshut
15108:Bergisel
15103:MedellĂn
15017:Espinosa
14977:Valencia
14850:Czarnowo
14820:Pasewalk
14815:Prenzlau
14790:Saalfeld
14729:Caldiero
14699:GĂŒnzburg
14577:Sardinia
14552:Portugal
14176:WĂŒrzburg
14036:Rauracia
14026:Helvetia
13965:Piedmont
13889:Connacht
13448:in JSTOR
13436:(2011).
13396:(2008).
13324:121 pp.
13076:May 2021
12998:Danzer,
11687:Archived
11566:archived
11505:Archived
11466:Archived
11403:Archived
11278:Archived
11225:Archived
11161:Archived
11031:Archived
10879:Archived
10807:Archived
10773:(1992).
10733:(2000).
10706:(2004).
10683:Archived
10579:Archived
10575:25506143
10528:Archived
10478:(1982).
10301:Archived
10219:Archived
10098:Archived
9986:Archived
9728:Archived
9689:Archived
9402:Archived
9363:Archived
9250:Archived
9144:Archived
9042:Archived
8962:Archived
8690:Archived
8662:Archived
8472:Archived
8433:Archived
8378:Archived
8345:Archived
8316:Archived
8283:Archived
8219:Archived
8084:in 1815.
8068:in 1815.
8051:in 1807.
7941:in 1806.
7699:in 1812.
7529:See also
7501:and the
7267:", with
7211:'s book
7118:Borodino
7116:A poem "
7056:The Duel
6975:Stendhal
6899:Napoleon
6771:and the
6730:Cossacks
6726:Bashkirs
6572:Napoleon
6439:fiefdoms
6319:Bourbons
6258:Vandamme
6215:Waterloo
6012:Pyrenees
5993:Asturias
5917:Napoleon
5852:Smolensk
5720:Napoleon
5556:(1818).
5430:policy.
5371:Dalmatia
5319:Leskovac
5299:uprising
5236:Bulgaria
5224:Belgrade
5200:reaction
5170:Napoleon
5093:Caroline
4969:Berthier
4876:May 2021
4773:Portugal
4469:marshals
4369:and the
4285:Boulogne
4207:Boulogne
4195:Sandwich
4164:flagship
4159:Sandwich
4123:frigates
3965:and the
3879:retained
3847:Napoleon
3829:treaty.
3804:Piedmont
3663:de facto
3588:Portugal
3561:Napoleon
3275:Portugal
3142:Overview
3134:and the
3081:Waterloo
2896:Waterloo
2894:1815:...
2852:1812:...
2840:Landshut
2653:620miles
2363:2nd Java
2343:1st Java
2047:Portugal
1875:Portugal
1778:Strength
1702:JerĂŽme I
1690:Joseph I
697:Sardinia
522:Portugal
356:Rise of
205:Caucasus
196:Location
184: â
165:Waterloo
36:require
17057:Baroque
16956:Majorca
16868:Francia
16274:Related
15853:Bayonne
15818:Craonne
15788:Mormant
15748:Brienne
15722:Nivelle
15712:Leipzig
15667:Dresden
15637:Vitoria
15622:Bautzen
15591:Krasnoi
15536:Mesoten
15496:Vitebsk
15456:Almaraz
15446:Badajoz
15405:Albuera
15390:Almeida
15385:Sabugal
15370:Redinha
15360:Barrosa
15339:Bussaco
15334:Almeida
15314:Astorga
15283:Tamames
15243:Gefrees
15198:Alcañiz
15138:EckmĂŒhl
15068:Corunna
15037:SahagĂșn
15002:Zornoza
14997:Vimeiro
14967:CabezĂłn
14891:Kolberg
14860:PuĆtusk
14855:Golymin
14845:Hamelin
14825:Stettin
14785:Schleiz
14630:Prelude
14622:battles
14597:Hanover
14542:Prussia
14532:Austria
14470:Bavaria
14450:Etruria
14445:Holland
14417:France,
14410:gerents
14263:Holland
14224:Tuscany
14194:Etruria
14166:Wetzlar
14106:Bavaria
14083:Germany
14031:Lemania
14008:Batavia
13950:Liguria
13925:Brescia
13920:Bologna
13915:Bergamo
13883:Ireland
13865:Germany
13839:of the
13438:excerpt
13426:(1917)
13416:(1995)
13406:(1998)
13398:excerpt
13386:(1989)
13379:(2002).
13372:(1988).
13362:(2008)
13320:(2012)
13310:(2005)
13119:(2008)
13108:(1938)
12420:2677528
12152:England
11472:18 June
11409:18 June
11192:27 July
11167:15 July
10885:3 April
10855:1920508
10813:13 July
10689:10 June
10679:4282743
10585:10 June
10534:10 June
10358:2497684
10307:10 June
10276:2497684
10104:18 June
9734:18 June
9695:18 June
9369:12 July
9256:18 June
9150:18 June
8990:193â194
8439:26 June
8410:Edward
8322:18 June
8225:18 June
7740:Britain
7261:The Gun
7192:Shirley
7163:militia
6732:in 1813
6629:Leipzig
6564:Marengo
6477:into a
6459:Finland
6447:Germany
6403:Prussia
6351:serfdom
6241:in the
6230:Grouchy
6199:BlĂŒcher
6105:Bourbon
6046:Dresden
6004:Vitoria
5977:Badajoz
5959:In the
5934:Bautzen
5750:Cossack
5694:Marshal
5401:of the
5351:Ćœabljak
5331:Petar I
5276:Balkans
5164:was an
5158:support
5102:(under
5087:(under
5065:(under
5023:led by
4946:Antwerp
4919:Eckmuhl
4730:serfdom
4688:at the
4664:Najaden
4660:frigate
4637:Ăresund
4629:Holland
4594:Denmark
4493:Silesia
4437:Bavaria
4363:Venetia
4324:Moravia
4277:Bavaria
4183:Victory
4094:Ireland
4002:Hanover
3946:of the
3944:elector
3920:Otranto
3816:Holland
3783:Prelude
3687:Bavaria
3645:in 1797
3537:Prussia
3525:Austria
3511:in 1792
3354:Leipzig
3248:Prussia
3198:of the
3196:elector
3194:was an
3116:Spanish
3049:Leipzig
2976:Prussia
2972:Austria
2964:Britain
2868:Leipzig
2826:Vitoria
2021:Prussia
1982:Austria
1843:Austria
1810:Prussia
1592:†
1533: (
1451:†
1419:†
1277:Maria I
1227:†
968:Holland
941:Etruria
876:Bavaria
831:clients
829:French
775:Denmark
748:Tuscany
599:Hungary
585:Hanover
548:Bavaria
469:Prussia
454:Austria
365:Italian
358:Prussia
340:as the
327:Spanish
180: (
157:Leipzig
38:cleanup
16944:Aragon
16923:Amalfi
16908:Venice
16896:Second
16451:Mantua
16401:Cintra
16396:Tilsit
16376:Amiens
15914:Ancona
15899:Pesaro
15869:Panaro
15798:Orthez
15783:Garris
15697:RoĂlau
15692:Göhrde
15632:Luckau
15617:LĂŒtzen
15581:Vyazma
15551:Burgos
15546:Moscow
15501:Kobryn
15410:Usagre
15365:Pombal
15355:Gebora
15228:Wagram
15188:Tarvis
15163:Girona
15123:Raszyn
15113:Sacile
15022:Tudela
15012:Burgos
14992:Roliça
14987:Bailén
14906:Mileto
14896:Danzig
14835:LĂŒbeck
14800:Erfurt
14719:Verona
14602:Nassau
14582:Sweden
14572:Persia
14557:Sicily
14537:Russia
14519:forces
14502:Persia
14475:Saxony
14460:Naples
14430:France
14408:Belli-
14284:Danzig
14279:Warsaw
14271:Poland
14214:Naples
14156:Saxony
14116:Erfurt
14041:Valais
13990:Venice
13910:Ancona
13854:Sister
13630:online
13596:
13547:(2013)
13539:online
13516:(1982)
13334:(1998)
13288:(1977)
13278:204824
13276:
13236:(1969)
13222:
13207:
13191:online
13180:online
13161:
13147:
13133:
13110:online
13056:This "
13027:
12936:
12915:
12894:
12873:
12842:
12821:
12800:
12779:
12758:
12737:
12720:
12689:
12668:
12648:
12629:
12608:
12565:
12540:
12519:
12487:
12466:
12445:
12426:
12418:
12385:
12364:
12343:
12322:
12301:
12280:
12236:
12215:
12194:
12162:
12148:London
12118:
12097:
12076:
12057:
12009:
11988:
11967:
11946:
11916:
11895:
11874:
11796:
11775:
11754:
11733:
11693:11 May
11660:
11624:
11558:
11511:5 June
11497:
11458:
11395:
11284:3 June
11217:
10871:
10853:
10744:
10716:
10677:
10669:
10631:
10607:
10573:
10565:
10489:
10356:
10348:
10274:
10266:
10225:7 June
10090:
10015:
9992:21 May
9966:21 May
9916:21 May
9720:
9681:
9408:29 May
9394:
9327:
9299:
9242:
9136:
9075:
9034:
8954:
8901:
8818:cites
8802:Danzer
8800:cites
8773:cites
8753:Danzer
8747:cites
8728:
8533:
8501:
8464:
8412:et al.
8308:
8211:
8127:, 1813
8078:Naples
7732:Sweden
7514:Twelve
7346:Sharpe
7336:Sharpe
7065:Hussar
6844:Goya's
6769:Naples
6759:, the
6475:Norway
6467:Sweden
6411:Saxony
6407:Poland
6303:Naples
6161:Cannes
5985:Burgos
5930:LĂŒtzen
5838:Kaluga
5765:typhus
5676:Niemen
5565:Brazil
5509:, and
5359:Bosnia
5353:, the
5321:, and
5291:Serbia
5244:Sultan
5005:Wagram
4993:Danube
4931:Wagram
4929:, and
4810:Lisbon
4781:Madrid
4767:(1814)
4718:German
4698:Poland
4671:Poland
4584:. The
4566:, and
4531:, and
4521:Tilsit
4509:Danzig
4452:Davout
4433:Saxony
4417:Saxony
4351:Vienna
4312:Vienna
4231:Naples
4062:Ceylon
4024:. The
4017:Jervis
4008:, and
4006:Tobago
3683:Moreau
3610:, the
3596:Sweden
3594:, and
3592:Russia
3582:, the
3539:, the
3531:, the
3527:, the
3479:Russia
3433:. The
3405:Empire
3384:. The
3323:Poland
3312:Wagram
3305:, and
3071:, and
3030:Russia
3019:José I
3011:Lisbon
2996:Wagram
2951:, the
2911:under
2854:Moscow
2798:Berlin
2651:1000km
2008:Russia
1891:Sweden
1872:
1824:
1795:Russia
1651:
1588:
1515:
1447:
1415:
1397:
1379:
1223:
1030:
1004:Naples
956:(1812)
890:Saxony
887:
844:
759:
724:Sicily
711:Saxony
708:
637:Nassau
610:
596:
545:
510:Sweden
507:
484:Russia
481:
466:
451:
434:
383:Europe
329:, and
264:Result
209:Europe
153:Moscow
149:Vienna
145:Madrid
141:Lisbon
133:Berlin
16913:Genoa
16891:First
16517:Films
15949:Wavre
15939:Ligny
15929:Gaeta
15889:Ronco
15879:Carpi
15843:Paris
15813:Reims
15717:Hanau
15309:CĂĄdiz
15288:Ocaña
15273:Ălper
15218:MarĂa
15183:Wörgl
15173:GrijĂł
15073:Valls
15063:Uclés
14957:Bruch
14881:Eylau
14805:Halle
14780:Maida
14770:Gaeta
14620:Major
14547:Spain
14507:Spain
14440:Italy
14300:Spain
14294:Spain
14247:Egypt
14242:Malta
14199:Italy
14186:Italy
14131:Leyen
14126:Hesse
14101:Baden
13955:Lucca
13945:Italy
13940:Crema
13897:Italy
13873:Mainz
13274:JSTOR
12956:3 May
12871:S2CID
12574:2 May
12424:S2CID
12416:JSTOR
11856:3 May
11847:(PDF)
11594:(8).
10851:JSTOR
10805:(1).
10675:JSTOR
10625:. New
10571:JSTOR
10354:JSTOR
10272:JSTOR
9325:S2CID
8820:Payne
7625:Notes
7120:" by
7008:Adieu
6765:Italy
6603:Eylau
6509:. In
6451:Italy
6387:power
6235:Wavre
6185:Ligny
6173:Ligny
5373:with
5323:Pazar
5311:Vidin
5261:, as
5208:Dahis
4777:Spain
4763:, by
4625:Spain
4505:Eylau
4371:Tyrol
4262:Genoa
4227:CĂĄdiz
4054:Malta
3883:Egypt
3822:Malta
3681:, by
3667:Rhine
3632:India
3279:Spain
3179:Italy
3061:Paris
2882:Paris
2113:Total
2078:Total
2060:Italy
1995:Spain
1858:Spain
980:Italy
661:Baden
497:Spain
161:Paris
16918:Pisa
16446:Kiel
16436:Ried
15982:Info
15969:Issy
15862:1815
15808:Laon
15741:1814
15605:1813
15471:Ekau
15434:1812
15348:1811
15302:1810
15223:Graz
15213:Raab
15051:1809
14945:1808
14869:1807
14763:1806
14677:1805
14141:Salm
14111:Berg
13970:Rome
13905:Alba
13843:and
13594:ISBN
13220:ISBN
13205:ISBN
13159:ISBN
13145:ISBN
13131:ISBN
13025:ISBN
12958:2017
12934:ISBN
12913:ISBN
12892:ISBN
12840:ISBN
12819:ISBN
12798:ISBN
12777:ISBN
12756:ISBN
12735:ISBN
12718:ISSN
12687:ISBN
12666:ISBN
12646:ISBN
12627:ISBN
12606:ISBN
12576:2021
12563:ISBN
12538:ISBN
12517:ISBN
12485:ISBN
12464:ISBN
12443:ISBN
12383:ISBN
12362:ISBN
12341:ISBN
12320:ISBN
12299:ISBN
12278:ISBN
12234:ISBN
12213:ISBN
12192:ISBN
12173:2021
12160:ISBN
12116:ISBN
12095:ISBN
12074:ISBN
12055:ISSN
12007:ISBN
11986:ISBN
11965:ISBN
11944:ISBN
11914:ISBN
11893:ISBN
11872:ISBN
11858:2017
11794:ISBN
11773:ISBN
11752:ISBN
11731:ISBN
11695:2021
11658:ISBN
11635:2016
11622:ISBN
11574:2023
11556:ISBN
11513:2021
11495:ISBN
11474:2015
11456:ISBN
11411:2015
11393:ISBN
11336:2008
11286:2015
11233:2020
11215:ISBN
11194:2024
11169:2023
11039:2020
10887:2021
10869:ISBN
10815:2019
10742:ISBN
10714:ISBN
10691:2023
10667:ISSN
10629:ISBN
10605:ISBN
10587:2023
10563:ISSN
10536:2023
10487:ISBN
10346:ISSN
10309:2023
10264:ISSN
10227:2023
10106:2015
10088:ISBN
10013:ISBN
9994:2011
9968:2011
9918:2011
9837:2016
9736:2015
9718:ISBN
9697:2015
9679:ISBN
9410:2016
9392:ISBN
9371:2013
9305:and
9297:ISSN
9258:2015
9240:ISBN
9152:2015
9134:ISBN
9073:ISBN
9050:2020
9032:ISBN
8970:2018
8952:ISBN
8931:2024
8899:ISBN
8751:and
8726:ISBN
8670:2023
8569:link
8531:ISBN
8509:The
8499:ISBN
8480:2017
8462:ISBN
8441:2014
8386:2016
8353:2018
8324:2015
8306:ISBN
8227:2015
8209:ISBN
7950:1814
7896:The
7887:1809
7865:1815
7519:The
7442:The
7397:The
7382:and
7357:The
7333:The
7304:The
7247:and
7229:The
6813:The
6738:army
6728:and
6703:army
6695:army
6686:The
6608:The
6449:and
6441:and
6421:and
6409:and
6324:The
6151:The
6131:and
6101:Elba
6025:The
5991:and
5951:The
5767:and
5682:The
5638:The
5626:The
5574:The
5533:José
5527:and
5471:The
5395:Tsar
5369:and
5347:SpuĆŸ
5259:past
5206:and
5166:ally
5156:the
5136:The
5098:the
5083:the
5072:the
5061:the
4923:Raab
4720:and
4627:and
4576:The
4495:and
4448:Jena
4435:and
4405:Jena
4296:Alps
4188:HMS
4181:HMS
4157:HMS
4060:and
3988:The
3976:The
3853:The
3808:Elba
3806:and
3448:and
3360:and
3358:Elba
3118:and
3094:and
3069:Elba
2903:The
2772:Key:
2608:1815
2558:1678
2495:1324
2480:1230
2475:1224
2440:1189
685:Iran
377:and
367:and
314:and
175:Date
15466:Mir
15329:CĂŽa
14714:Ulm
13784:at
13780:by
13716:".
13701:".
13686:".
13671:".
13556:doi
13266:doi
12863:doi
12710:doi
12408:doi
12270:doi
12045:doi
11548:doi
10843:doi
10833:".
10659:doi
10559:86C
10336:doi
10254:doi
10171:243
9454:356
9317:doi
9289:doi
8891:doi
8722:351
7508:In
7312:by
7201:'s
7136:by
7043:by
6995:by
6209:at
6144:by
5409:by
5393:as
5333:of
5315:Nis
4866:by
4339:Ulm
4326:at
4306:'s
4289:Ulm
4076:".
3761:).
3266:in
3110:in
2898:...
2884:...
2870:...
2856:...
2842:...
2828:...
2814:...
2800:...
2786:...
1536:DOW
381:in
293:to
17285::
16954:,
16950:,
16946:,
13463:.
13272:.
13262:18
13260:.
13199:.
12869:.
12859:26
12857:.
12716:.
12706:68
12704:.
12561:.
12422:.
12414:.
12404:65
12402:.
12276:.
12266:25
12264:.
12253:19
12251:.
12158:.
12150:,
12053:.
12041:37
12039:.
12035:.
11685:.
11681:.
11656:.
11620:.
11618:93
11592:25
11590:.
11564:,
11554:,
11542:,
11503:.
11464:.
11401:.
11223:.
11213:.
11185:.
11159:.
11155:.
11115:^
11059:^
11029:.
11025:.
10877:.
10849:.
10839:12
10837:.
10803:53
10795:.
10783:^
10681:.
10673:.
10665:.
10655:15
10653:.
10649:.
10577:.
10569:.
10557:.
10553:.
10526:.
10522:.
10474:;
10407:.
10392:^
10375:^
10352:.
10344:.
10332:37
10330:.
10326:.
10299:.
10295:.
10284:^
10270:.
10262:.
10250:37
10248:.
10244:.
10217:.
10213:.
10096:.
9904:.
9768:^
9726:.
9687:.
9617:;
9400:.
9361:.
9357:.
9323:.
9313:35
9311:.
9295:.
9285:10
9283:.
9248:.
9160:^
9142:.
9118:^
9111:51
9087:^
9040:.
9016:^
8997:^
8978:^
8960:.
8921:.
8897:.
8849:^
8808:^
8769:,
8759:^
8724:.
8704:^
8637:^
8622:^
8565:}}
8561:{{
8539:.
8507:.
8470:.
8427:.
8372:.
8361:^
8314:.
8260:36
8217:.
8116:^
8019:^
7854:^
7840:^
7803:^
7756:^
7378:,
7374:,
7275:,
7271:,
6938:.
6882:,
6878:,
6767:,
6763:,
6545:.
6373:.
6217:.
6061:.
6014:.
5995:.
5975:,
5963:,
5505:,
5480:,
5365:,
5361:,
5357:,
5349:,
5345:,
5317:,
5313:,
5110:);
4933:.
4925:,
4921:,
4917:,
4832:.
4820:.
4667:.
4562:,
4527:,
4175:.
4056:,
4052:,
4048:,
3739:.
3721:.
3590:,
3586:,
3574:A
3559:.
3535:,
3425:,
3349:.
3314:.
3044:.
3025:.
2998:.
2959:.
2947:,
2943:,
2939:,
2935:,
2510:,
2506:,
2097::
325:,
255:,
251:,
247:,
243:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
131:,
16958:)
16942:(
16729:e
16722:t
16715:v
16577:e
16570:t
16563:v
14336:e
14329:t
14322:v
13829:e
13822:t
13815:v
13734:"
13602:.
13558::
13450:.
13302:.
13280:.
13268::
13228:.
13193:.
13182:.
13089:)
13083:(
13078:)
13074:(
13064:.
13033:.
12942:.
12921:.
12900:.
12877:.
12865::
12848:.
12827:.
12806:.
12785:.
12764:.
12743:.
12724:.
12712::
12695:.
12674:.
12635:.
12614:.
12578:.
12546:.
12525:.
12493:.
12472:.
12451:.
12430:.
12410::
12391:.
12370:.
12349:.
12328:.
12307:.
12286:.
12272::
12255:.
12242:.
12221:.
12200:.
12179:.
12124:.
12103:.
12082:.
12061:.
12047::
12015:.
11994:.
11973:.
11952:.
11931:.
11922:.
11901:.
11880:.
11802:.
11781:.
11760:.
11739:.
11697:.
11666:.
11637:.
11550::
11528:.
11515:.
11476:.
11413:.
11338:.
11288:.
11235:.
11196:.
11171:.
11141:.
11109:.
11095:.
11083:.
11041:.
10974:.
10938:.
10902:.
10889:.
10857:.
10845::
10817:.
10760:.
10748:.
10738:.
10720:.
10693:.
10661::
10635:.
10611:.
10589:.
10538:.
10493:.
10483:.
10360:.
10338::
10311:.
10278:.
10256::
10229:.
10173:.
10157:.
10145:.
10108:.
10058:.
10046:.
10021:.
9996:.
9970:.
9920:.
9864:.
9839:.
9790:.
9751:.
9738:.
9699:.
9633:.
9456:.
9440:.
9412:.
9373:.
9331:.
9319::
9303:,
9291::
9275:.
9260:.
9154:.
9113:.
9081:.
9052:.
8992:.
8972:.
8933:.
8907:.
8893::
8873:.
8861:.
8844:.
8788:.
8734:.
8672:.
8632:.
8605:.
8571:)
8482:.
8443:.
8388:.
8355:.
8326:.
8262:.
8229:.
7767:.
7662:(
7418:.
7394:.
7354:.
7283:.
7081:.
7003:.
6566:.
5095:)
5076:(
4889:)
4883:(
4878:)
4874:(
4860:.
4791:(
3753:(
2888:9
2874:8
2860:7
2846:6
2832:5
2818:4
2804:3
2790:2
2776:1
2754:1
2742:2
2730:3
2718:4
2706:5
2694:6
2682:7
2670:8
2658:9
2514:)
2502:(
2402:e
2395:t
2388:v
2146:e
2139:t
2132:v
1539:)
1518:X
1161:#
833::
333:.
318:.
188:)
73:)
67:(
62:)
58:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.