283:, the death of civilians during an armed conflict, no matter how grave and regrettable, does not in itself constitute a war crime. International humanitarian law and the Rome Statute permit belligerents to carry out proportionate attacks against military objectives, even when it is known that some civilian deaths or injuries will occur. A crime occurs if there is an intentional attack directed against civilians (principle of distinction) (Article 8(2)(b)(i)) or an attack is launched on a military objective in the knowledge that the incidental civilian injuries would be clearly excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage (principle of proportionality) (Article 8(2)(b)(iv).
29:
363:. A large number of medical, government sources and media use this term widely in relation to deaths caused indirectly as a result of government policy such as lockdowns, and not directly by the virus itself. Significant debate on the pandemic strategy has ensued, with some advocating restrictions such as lockdowns to save lives, where others claim the 'collateral damage' caused by enforced lockdowns, masks and distancing may in fact cause more deaths over a longer term. An example is the
41:
340:
document uses "nintentional or incidental injury or damage to persons or objects that would not be lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at the time", which also states that "uch damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall military advantage anticipated
335:
defines the term as the "unintentional damage or incidental damage affecting facilities, equipment, or personnel, occurring as a result of military actions directed against targeted enemy forces or facilities", stating that "uch damage can occur to friendly, neutral, and even enemy forces". Another
919:
provides a widely accepted definition of military objective: "In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location, purpose or use make an effective contribution to military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or
286:
Article 8(2)(b)(iv) criminalizes intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term, and severe damage to the natural environment which would be clearly excessive in
1033:
596:
600:
943:
186:
it is a euphemism; abstract, agentless, and affectless, so that even if people succeeded in associating it with a real act or event, they would be insulated from any feelings of repulsion or moral outrage".
367:, purportedly signed by 3500 medical and other professionals (and mentioned in UK parliament and media) has a FAQ page titled 'Lockdowns and collateral damage', and refers to this phrase several times.
351:
The U.S. military follows a technology-based process for estimating and mitigating collateral damage. The software used is known as "FAST-CD" or "Fast
Assessment Strike Tool—Collateral Damage".
1345:
Reynolds, Jefferson D. (1 January 2005). "Collateral damage on the 21st century battlefield: enemy exploitation of the law of armed conflict, and the struggle for a moral high ground".
359:
While not actually invented by the military, its use in military context has been common. However, the term has since been widely adopted for non-military cases, and in particular, the
120:
1249:
Chuenpagdee, Ratana; Morgan, Lance E.; Maxwell, Sara M.; Norse, Elliott A.; Pauly, Daniel (2003). "Shifting gears: assessing collateral impacts of fishing methods in US waters".
71:, as the result of an activity. Originally coined to describe military operations, it is now also used in non-military contexts to refer to any unwanted fallout from an action.
260:
374:
to refer to the refusal of service to legitimate users when administrators take blanket preventative measures against some individuals who are abusing systems. For example,
241:. Offensives causing collateral damage are not automatically classed as a war crimes. They are war crimes when the objective is excessively or solely collateral damage.
940:
1171:
1331:
386:(IP) addresses rather than individual IPs associated with spam, which can deny legitimate users within those ranges the ability to send email to some domains.
509:
143:
or to the intentional killing of non-combatants and destruction of their property. The term was used in this context in a 1961 article in the journal
226:
248:
1365:
401:
such as dolphins are called collateral mortality; they are species that die in the pursuit of the legal death of fishing targets, such as
890:
263:
and published an open letter containing his findings. A section titled "Allegations concerning War Crimes" elucidates this usage of
693:
672:
800:
1157:
982:
393:
has been presumed to derive from the term "collateral damage" and has been applied within military and non-military contexts.
811:
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killed around 100,000 civilians, but the city's industrial productivity—the primary target of the bombing—was cut in half.
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neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time, offers a definite military advantage" (Source:
745:
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429:
172:
165:
78:
in the 1970s, military forces often claim to have gone to great lengths to minimize collateral damage.
75:
866:. 2 – Restrictive practices. The politics of style. "Collateral damage" and the politics of discourse
474:
Holland, Joseph (2007). "Military
Objective and Collateral Damage: Their Relationship and Dynamics".
202:
by a jury of linguistic scholars. With this choice, it was criticized that the term had been used by
161:
960:
183:
it is jargon, and to the extent that people cannot decode it, it conceals what is actually going on;
28:
1410:
523:
439:
330:
67:" is a term for any incidental and undesired death, injury or other damage inflicted, especially
111:
caused by military operations that are intended to terrorize or kill enemy civilians (e.g., the
1290:"Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties"
1018:
Bradley, Graham (21 February 2003). "Military Turns to
Software to Cut Civilian Casualties".
862:
503:
1300:
574:
575:"Defense.gov News Article: U.S. Military Works to Avoid Civilian Deaths, Collateral Damage"
345:
112:
8:
1395:
199:
108:
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348:, the unintentional destruction of allied or neutral targets is called "friendly fire".
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Article 8(2)(b)(iv) draws on the principles in
Article 51(5)(b) of the 1977 Additional
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52:
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Perice, Glen A. (23 January 2007). "The
Culture of Collateral Damage: A Genealogy".
1374:
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1258:
1128:
1120:
1079:
1071:
1058:
Feral-Pierssens, Anne-Laure; Claret, Pierre-GĂ©raud; Chouihed, Tahar (August 2020).
993:
836:
483:
424:
150:
961:"USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide — AIR FORCE PAMPHLET 14- 210 Intelligence"
1366:
The Faces of "Collateral Damage" by
Charlie Clements, Friends Journal, April 2003
1075:
947:
677:
642:
615:
549:
419:
191:
1289:
668:
617:
Military Ethics and
Virtues: An Interdisciplinary Approach for the 21st Century
238:
123:
openly described as "retaliatory" and intended to "make towns uninhabitable").
86:
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relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated.
51:
attack on the night of 9–10 March 1945, the single most destructive raid in
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116:
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673:"'Cleansing the stock' and other ways governments talk about human beings"
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82:
40:
1301:
USAF Intelligence
Targeting Guide – Attachment 7: Collateral Damage
1060:"Collateral damage of the COVID-19 outbreak: expression of concern"
444:
371:
164:
used the phrase to describe the killing of civilians in attacks on
1230:. Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, Dr. Sunetra Gupta and Dr. Martin Kulldorff
398:
394:
950:
9 February 2006. "Allegations concerning War Crimes" Pages 4, 5
771:
Strategic Terror: The
Politics and Ethics of Aerial Bombardment
93:
1109:"Collateral damage of COVID-19 pandemic: Delayed medical care"
827:
Schelling, T. C. (1961). "Dispersal, Deterrence, and Damage".
302:" excessive. The application of Article 8(2)(b)(iv) requires,
1248:
1057:
1034:"The meaning and origin of the expression: Collateral Damage"
550:"The meaning and origin of the expression: Collateral Damage"
375:
179:
arguments for finding this usage objectionable would be that
44:
298:, but restricts the criminal prohibition to cases that are "
1263:
10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0517:SGACIO]2.0.CO;2
402:
203:
100:
of military leadership in failing to prevent non-combatant
81:
Critics of use of the term "collateral damage" see it as a
16:
Damage to things that are incidental to the intended target
1176:
210:, which the jury considered to be an inhuman euphemism.
318:
whether (a) was "clearly excessive" in relation to (b).
742:
How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict
713:
How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict
802:
The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons
1371:"Collateral Damage: A Military Euphemism for Murder"
806:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. p. 266.
131:
The term "collateral damage" likely originated as a
1158:"Why most Covid-19 deaths won't be from the virus"
799:
739:
710:
354:
206:forces to describe civilian casualties during the
1199:"Why Won't the Media Listen to These Scientists?"
508:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
213:
1382:
694:"'The Bombers and the Bombed,' by Richard Overy"
121:Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
613:
597:"The Political Psychology of Collateral Damage"
667:
36:in 1945, which killed over 500 Dutch civilians
768:
640:
279:Under international humanitarian law and the
607:
476:Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
467:
1132:
1083:
826:
797:
691:
323:
312:the anticipated civilian damage or injury
1344:
1251:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1172:"Covid-19: Great Barrington Declaration"
634:
39:
27:
1287:
1196:
1155:
1106:
1017:
740:Ivan ArreguĂn-Toft (19 December 2005).
711:Ivan ArreguĂn-Toft (19 December 2005).
644:Techniques of Propaganda and Persuasion
473:
370:The term has also been borrowed by the
1383:
1305:
1064:European Journal of Emergency Medicine
614:Peter Olsthoorn (21 September 2010).
1288:Roblyer, Dwight A. (28 April 2003).
953:
647:. Prestwick House Inc. p. 134.
229:, are three important principles of
126:
1296:from the original on 21 April 2021.
338:United States Department of Defense
107:Collateral damage does not include
13:
1224:"Great Barrington Declaration FAQ"
315:the anticipated military advantage
21:Collateral damage (disambiguation)
14:
1422:
1281:
1197:Freeman, James (6 October 2020).
32:Ruins from the Allied accidental
769:Beau Grosscup (22 August 2006).
692:Macintyre, Ben (21 March 2014).
450:Center for Civilians in Conflict
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355:Non-military uses of the phrase
96:, used to reduce the perceived
1156:Gorvett, Zaria (28 May 2020).
963:. 1 February 1998. p. 180
798:Cordesman, Anthony H. (2003).
685:
661:
589:
567:
542:
516:
490:(inactive 18 September 2024).
397:are an example of this, where
255:, investigated allegations of
231:international humanitarian law
214:International humanitarian law
190:In 1999, "collateral damage" (
1:
941:OTP letter to senders re Iraq
460:
1228:Great Barrington Declaration
1076:10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000717
415:Non-combatant Casualty Value
365:Great Barrington Declaration
333:Intelligence Targeting Guide
253:International Criminal Court
7:
408:
166:legitimate military targets
34:bombing of the Bezuidenhout
10:
1427:
1113:Journal of Cardiac Surgery
891:"Ein Jahr, ein (Un-)Wort!"
746:Cambridge University Press
717:Cambridge University Press
620:. Routledge. p. 125.
528:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
455:Principle of double effect
430:Legitimate military target
382:generally block ranges of
200:German Un-Word of the Year
76:precision guided munitions
18:
488:10.1017/S1389135904000352
92:killed or injured during
74:Since the development of
1401:Linguistic controversies
983:"Joint Doctrine Library"
861:Deborah Cameron (1995).
376:Realtime Blackhole Lists
168:. According to Scottish
1203:The Wall Street Journal
440:Unintended consequences
641:Magedah Shabo (2008).
324:U.S. military approach
321:
195:
60:
37:
1377:, Znet, 16 April 2007
1320:10.1300/J134v10n04_06
946:27 March 2009 at the
927:page 5, footnote 11).
277:
261:2003 invasion of Iraq
43:
31:
1406:Military terminology
1347:Air Force Law Review
1107:Masroor, S. (2020).
841:10.1287/opre.9.3.363
777:. pp. 165–166.
391:collateral mortality
346:military terminology
308:, an assessment of:
113:bombing of Chongqing
19:For other uses, see
1391:Civilian casualties
1020:The Washington Post
829:Operations Research
671:(22 October 2014).
524:"Collateral Damage"
372:computing community
146:Operations Research
109:civilian casualties
1308:Journal of Poverty
1125:10.1111/jocs.14638
938:Luis Moreno-Ocampo
922:Luis Moreno-Ocampo
917:Geneva Conventions
748:. pp. 41–42.
719:. pp. 30–35.
698:The New York Times
341:from the attack".
296:Geneva Conventions
265:military necessity
245:Luis Moreno-Ocampo
235:legal use of force
219:Military necessity
61:
47:after the massive
38:
999:on 24 August 2014
813:978-0-275-98227-0
784:978-1-84277-543-1
755:978-0-521-54869-4
726:978-0-521-54869-4
654:978-1-58049-874-6
627:978-1-136-89429-9
577:. Defenselink.mil
530:. Merriam Webster
435:Principles of war
389:The related term
384:Internet Protocol
361:COVID-19 pandemic
196:Kollateralschaden
127:Origins and usage
65:Collateral damage
57:Tokyo firebombing
53:military aviation
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117:World War II
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69:on civilians
64:
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1234:17 February
1208:17 February
1182:17 February
1043:17 February
911:Additional
896:Der Spiegel
581:25 February
559:17 February
534:17 February
269:distinction
259:during the
223:distinction
156:During the
137:Vietnam War
135:during the
98:culpability
87:dehumanizes
49:firebombing
1396:Euphemisms
1385:Categories
1359:A133368631
925:References
913:Protocol I
878:041510355X
461:References
380:email spam
305:inter alia
292:Protocol I
257:war crimes
208:Kosovo War
102:casualties
1353:: 1–109.
1328:143970665
967:6 October
872:, p. 72.
870:Routledge
775:Zed Books
496:1389-1359
482:: 35–78.
395:Fisheries
177:Orwellian
133:euphemism
83:euphemism
1338:18622358
1294:Archived
1143:32419177
1094:32345850
990:dtic.mil
944:Archived
445:Roadkill
409:See also
344:In U.S.
170:linguist
1271:3868162
1134:7276840
1085:7202126
1003:3 April
915:to the
399:bycatch
300:clearly
251:at the
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271:, and
237:in an
192:German
94:combat
1332:INIST
1324:S2CID
1267:JSTOR
997:(PDF)
986:(PDF)
845:JSTOR
85:that
45:Tokyo
1355:Gale
1236:2021
1210:2021
1184:2021
1139:PMID
1090:PMID
1045:2021
1005:2018
969:2007
874:ISBN
808:ISBN
779:ISBN
750:ISBN
721:ISBN
649:ISBN
622:ISBN
583:2010
561:2021
536:2021
510:link
492:ISSN
403:tuna
331:USAF
328:The
225:and
204:NATO
119:and
1373:by
1316:doi
1259:doi
1129:PMC
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1080:PMC
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