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mentions the actions taken by the U.S. during the Cuban and Berlin crises and how they functioned as not only preparation for war but also signals. For example, Schelling points out that the bombing of North
Vietnam "is as much coercive as tactical." Not only was the bombing to cripple their enemies armies, but it also served to bring Vietnam to the table for negotiations. Much of this writing was influenced largely due to Schelling's personal interest in Game Theory and its application to nuclear armaments.
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persuade the other guy to give in, when the only method at your disposal—threatening to push him off the cliff—would doom you both? Answer: You start dancing, closer and closer to the edge. That way, you don't have to convince him that you would do something totally irrational: plunge him and yourself off the cliff. You just have to convince him that you are prepared to take a higher risk than he is of accidentally falling off the cliff. If you can do that, you win."
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per capita GNP we might have achieved by 2050 we would still achieve in 2051. Considering that agricultural productivity in most parts of the world continues to improve (and that many crops may benefit directly from enhanced photosynthesis due to increased carbon dioxide), it is not at all certain that the net impact on agriculture will be negative or much noticed in the developed world.
703:. He thus argued that motives, malicious or not, were indistinguishable as to explaining the phenomenon of complete local separation of distinct groups. He used coins on graph paper to demonstrate his theory by placing pennies and dimes in different patterns on the "board" and then moving them one by one if they were in an "unhappy" situation.
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Today, little of our gross domestic product is produced outdoors, and therefore, little is susceptible to climate. Agriculture and forestry are less than 3 percent of total output, and little else is much affected. Even if agricultural productivity declined by a third over the next half-century, the
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Co-operation, if available, may take many forms and thus potentially involve everything from "deterrence, limited war, and disarmament" to "negotiation." Indeed, it is through such actions that participants are left with less of a conflict and more of a "bargaining situation." The bargaining itself
594:
Schelling encourages in his work a strategic view toward conflict that is equally "rational" and "successful." He believes that conflict cannot be based merely on one's intelligence but must also address the "advantages" associated with a course of action. He considers that the advantages that are
670:
Within the work, Schelling discusses military capabilities and how they can be used as bargaining power. Instead of considering only the choices that are available on a surface level, one can think ahead to try to influence the other party to come to the desired conclusion. Specifically, Schelling
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columnist and one of
Schelling's former students, anecdotally summarizes Schelling's reorientation of game theory thus: "ou're standing at the edge of a cliff, chained by the ankle to someone else. You'll be released, and one of you will get a large prize, as soon as the other gives in. How do you
606:
Communication between parties, though, is another matter entirely. Verbal or written communication is known as "explicit," and involves such activities as "offering concessions." What happens, though, when this type of communication becomes impossible or improbable? This is when something called
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Schelling's dynamics has been cited as a way of explaining variations that are found in what are regarded as meaningful differences – gender, age, race, ethnicity, language, sexual preference, and religion. A cycle of such change, once it has begun, may have a self-sustaining
598:
Also, conflict has a distinct meaning. In
Schelling's approach, it is not enough to defeat an opponent, but one must also seize opportunities to co-operate of which there are usually many. He points out that it is only on the rarest of occasions, in what is known as "pure conflict," that the
411:
as an adjunct fellow, becoming a full-time researcher for a year after leaving Yale, and returning to adjunct status through 2002." In 1958 Schelling was appointed professor of economics at
Harvard. That same year, he "co-founded the Center for International Affairs, which was renamed the
224:
423:, where he was the Lucius N. Littauer Professor of Political Economy. He was among the "founding fathers" of the "modern" Kennedy School, as he helped to shift the curriculum's emphasis away from administration and more toward leadership.
607:"tacit maneuvers" become important. Think of this as action-based communication. Schelling uses the example of one's occupation or evacuation of strategic territory to illustrate this latter communication method.
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Schelling was married to
Corinne Tigay Saposs from 1947 to 1991, with whom he had four sons. Later in 1991 he married Alice M. Coleman, who brought two sons to the marriage; they became his stepsons.
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537:, an American 501 nonprofit legal advocacy organization specializing in civil rights and public interest litigation. Alice Schelling said her late husband had credited
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is best thought of in terms of the other participant's actions, as any gains one might realize are highly dependent upon the "choices or decisions" of their opponent.
400:
from 1948 to 1953. He wrote most of his dissertation on national income behavior working at night while in Europe. He left government to join the economics faculty at
699:." In those papers, he showed that a preference that one's neighbors be of the same color, or even a preference for a mixture "up to some limit," can lead to total
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756:: if the world were able to reduce emissions, poor countries would receive most of the benefits, but rich countries would bear most of the costs.
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in 1995 ranked it as one of the 100 most influential books in the 50 years since 1945. In this book
Schelling introduced concepts such as the
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participants' interests are implacably opposed. He uses the example of "a war of complete extermination" to illustrate this phenomenon.
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poses a serious threat to developing nations, but that the threat to the United States was exaggerated. He wrote that,
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Schelling's book comprised a series of scholarly journal articles that he had published over the period 1957–1960.
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Schelling's family auctioned his Nobel award medal, fetching $ 187,000. They donated this money to the
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and the
University of Maryland Department of Economics. In 1991, he accepted the presidency of the
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described the book as a "strikingly original contribution" and a "landmark in the literature."
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in 2009, and RAND Graduate School of Public
Analysis, as well as an honorary degree from the
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777:, and conversations between Kubrick, Schelling, and George eventually led to the 1964 movie
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gleaned should be firmly fixed in a value system that is both "explicit" and "consistent."
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467:
In 1977, Schelling received The Frank E. Seidman
Distinguished Award in Political Economy.
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361:
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1973:
Official list of
Schelling's publications at New England Complex Systems Institute website
1012:
651:, 1961), and makes a significant contribution to the growing literature on modern war and
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1385:(Reprint, illustrated and revised. ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 309.
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expanded on and generalized those themes and is often cited in the literature of
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1114:(in Dutch). Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. September 29, 2014. Archived from
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and "credible commitment." In a 1961 review, International Relations scholar
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504:, for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through
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385:
335:) for "having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through
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1247:
1205:"NAS Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War"
830:
749:
728:
572:, which Schelling published in 1960, pioneered the study of bargaining and
309:
1961:
1953:
1892:
610:
In an article celebrating Schelling's Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics,
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2183:
1957:
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1636:
852:
810:
780:
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
691:
In 1969 and 1971, Schelling published widely-cited articles dealing with
505:
452:
In 1995, he accepted the presidency of the Eastern Economic Association.
393:
336:
186:
100:
1907:
925:
237:
3934:
University of Maryland College of Behavioral and Social Sciences people
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2626:
2116:
1912:
1798:
Thomas C. Schelling, 2006 prologue to 'Meteors, Mischief, and War', in
1515:
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1249:
989:. University of Maryland School of Public Policy. 2008. Archived from
835:
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652:
472:
Award for Behavior Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War
431:
293:
214:
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1499:
3025:
1554:"Arms and Influence – Schelling, Thomas C. – Yale University Press"
767:
read an article Schelling wrote that included a description of the
515:
as the awardee of the Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy.
182:
1637:"H-Diplo Essay 198- Robert Jervis on Learning the Scholar's Craft"
889:
Signaling in Retrospect and the Informational Structure of Markets
435:
1838:
530:, from complications following a hip fracture at the age of 95.
1916:
1735:
Schelling, Thomas C (2006). "Some Fun, Thirty-Five Years Ago".
1345:
Family of Late UMD Professor Auctions Nobel Medal to Fight Hate
1013:"Nobel Committee Honors Former RAND Economist Thomas Schelling"
449:, an organization of which he was also a Distinguished Fellow.
389:
272:
National income behavior: An introduction to algebraic analysis
265:
786:
Schelling is also cited for the first known use of the phrase
1983:
620:
225:
The Frank E. Seidman Distinguished Award in Political Economy
1696: _____ (1971). "Dynamic Models of Segregation,"
1573:"Weakening the Belief in General War: Schelling on Strikes"
3994:
Distinguished fellows of the American Economic Association
3909:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
369:
145:
1041:"Thomas Schelling, Nobelist and game theory pioneer, 95"
683:
1348:
1477:
1475:
1108:"Honorary Doctorate for professor Thomas C. Schelling"
1312:"American and Israeli Share Nobel Prize in Economics"
292:(April 14, 1921 – December 13, 2016) was an American
3989:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1771:
1686:
Thomas C. Schelling (1969) "Models of segregation,"
1248:
Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy (2008).
428:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
426:
Between 1994 and 1999, he conducted research at the
1903:
An Astonishing Sixty Years: The Legacy of Hiroshima
1472:
759:
551:in 1927, as the most influential book he had read.
561:
2013:Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
727:debate since chairing a commission for President
695:dynamics and what he termed "a general theory of
3865:
1967:"War and Peace in the Nuclear Age; At the Brink"
1901:including the Nobel Lecture on December 8, 2005
1780:(1st ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty
1462:"100 Most Influential Books Since the War (TLS)"
1250:"2. Witten Lectures in Economics and Philosophy"
1231:"Nobel prize winner delivers SCI annual lecture"
752:, he argued that addressing global warming is a
635:Schelling's theories about war were extended in
455:Schelling was a contributing participant of the
3984:Presidents of the American Economic Association
3027:Presidents of the American Economic Association
1812:Schelling, T. C. (1961). "INFORMS PubsOnline".
2748:
1843:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1207:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
1079:University of Maryland School of Public Policy
443:University of Maryland School of Public Policy
3011:
2734:
2053:
576:in what he refers to as "conflict behavior."
3929:University of Maryland, College Park faculty
2073:Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences
1871:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1611:"Arms and Influence | Yale University Press"
627:
414:Weatherhead Center for International Affairs
4004:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
3018:
3004:
2741:
2727:
2060:
2046:
1896:
1875:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1197:
511:In 2008 he was the Witten Lecturer at the
31:
3959:21st-century American non-fiction writers
3949:20th-century American non-fiction writers
3924:University of California, Berkeley alumni
1969:an interview with Thomas Schelling, 1986.
1921:
1839:Schelling, Thomas C., 1921–2016. (1984).
1811:
1800:Strategies of commitment and other essays
1734:
1378:
1309:
498:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
352:Schelling was born on April 14, 1921, in
329:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
230:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
1068:
526:Schelling died on December 13, 2016, in
441:In 1990, he left Harvard and joined the
987:"Curriculum Vitae: Thomas C. Schelling"
922:Columbia Institute for Tele-Information
886:Spence, A. Michael (December 8, 2001),
3866:
1660:
1634:
1570:
1481:
1412:
885:
3999:New England Complex Systems Institute
2999:
2722:
2041:
1663:"Thomas C. Schelling: A Reminiscence"
1484:"Strategy and International Politics"
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1310:Uchitelle, Louis (October 11, 2005).
1069:Campbell, Megan (December 13, 2016).
801:, he explored various topics such as
481:He received honorary doctorates from
322:New England Complex Systems Institute
123:New England Complex Systems Institute
1661:Jervis, Robert (December 28, 2016).
1149:
1147:
1102:
1100:
1064:
1062:
1035:
1033:
981:
979:
977:
947:
945:
943:
462:
421:John F. Kennedy School of Government
419:In 1969, Schelling joined Harvard's
318:University of Maryland, College Park
1737:Handbook of Computational Economics
1628:
1406:
744:Drawing on his experience with the
713:agent-based computational economics
13:
3979:Fellows of the Econometric Society
3919:Academics from Oakland, California
2828:International Atomic Energy Agency
1459:
1353:
661:The Diplomacy of Ultimate Survival
366:University of California, Berkeley
133:University of California, Berkeley
14:
4020:
1933:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1886:
1802:, Harvard University Press, 2006.
1778:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
1698:Journal of Mathematical Sociology
1556:. January 7, 2016. Archived from
1537:"A Nobel Laureate Who's Got Game"
1144:
1097:
1059:
1030:
974:
940:
792:Dispersal, Deterrence, and Damage
718:
398:Executive Office of the President
3964:21st-century American economists
3954:20th-century American economists
1938:Library of Economics and Liberty
1776:. In Henderson, David R. (ed.).
1635:Jervis, Robert (March 4, 2020).
760:Contributions to popular culture
707:momentum. Schelling's 1978 book
554:
518:
320:. He was also co-faculty at the
2149:Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
1832:
1805:
1792:
1765:
1728:
1707:
1680:
1654:
1603:
1564:
1546:
1530:
1453:
1337:
1303:
1277:
1241:
1223:
1172:
1071:"In Memory of Thomas Schelling"
327:Schelling was awarded the 2005
3904:Harvard Kennedy School faculty
1715:Micromotives and Macrobehavior
1005:
910:
879:
723:Schelling was involved in the
709:Micromotives and Macrobehavior
685:Micromotives and Macrobehavior
347:
16:American economist (1921–2016)
1:
3944:American political scientists
1922:Schelling, Thomas C. (2002).
1772:Schelling, Thomas C. (2007).
1749:10.1016/S1574-0021(05)02037-X
1415:"War as a Commitment Problem"
1379:Schelling, Thomas C. (1980).
1155:"Thomas C. Schelling | NECSI"
953:"Thomas C. Schelling – Facts"
873:
578:The Times Literary Supplement
447:American Economic Association
4009:San Diego High School alumni
3914:Nobel laureates in Economics
1343:Levin, Sala (June 8, 2018).
1235:The University of Manchester
674:Schelling's work influenced
665:The Dynamics of Mutual Alarm
655:." Chapter headings include
483:Erasmus University Rotterdam
476:National Academy of Sciences
470:In 1993, he was awarded the
342:
7:
1713:Thomas C. Schelling (1978)
824:
535:Southern Poverty Law Center
368:, in 1944 and received his
10:
4025:
3884:Economists from California
2141:Friedrich August von Hayek
1482:Kaplan, Morton A. (1961).
1419:International Organization
1289:The Notable Names Database
1269:: CS1 maint: url-status (
513:Witten/Herdecke University
384:Schelling served with the
3899:Harvard University alumni
3706:
3539:
3378:
3291:Oliver M. W. Sprague
3217:
3080:
3033:
2923:
2898:
2873:
2842:
2813:
2789:
2758:
2539:Christopher A. Pissarides
2413:
2162:
2079:
2026:
2010:
1998:
1993:
1431:10.1017/s0020818306060061
868:Vicarious problem-solving
841:Focal point (game theory)
657:The Diplomacy of Violence
645:Strategy and Arms Control
379:
283:
279:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
236:
220:
206:
192:
172:
152:
128:
106:
96:
91:
87:
68:
42:
30:
23:
3889:American Nobel laureates
1688:American Economic Review
1382:The Strategy of Conflict
790:in his May 1961 article
641:The Strategy of Conflict
570:The Strategy of Conflict
563:The Strategy of Conflict
496:He was awarded the 2005
491:University of Manchester
407:In 1956, "he joined the
290:Thomas Crombie Schelling
47:Thomas Crombie Schelling
3969:RAND Corporation people
3939:Yale University faculty
3894:American game theorists
3607:Charles P. Kindleberger
3345:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser
1743:. Elsevier: 1639–1644.
1571:Leites, Nathan (1967).
1413:Powell, Robert (2006).
314:School of Public Policy
242:IDEAS / RePEc
3512:John Kenneth Galbraith
2929:Nobel Prize recipients
2875:Physiology or Medicine
1841:Choice and consequence
1136:: CS1 maint: others (
799:Choice and Consequence
742:
364:in economics from the
119:University of Maryland
2260:James M. Buchanan Jr.
1285:"Thomas C. Schelling"
849:(Schelling's dilemma)
737:
731:in 1980. He believed
358:San Diego High School
3565:Tjalling C. Koopmans
3178:Herbert J. Davenport
3088:Edwin R. A. Seligman
2523:Oliver E. Williamson
2153:Tjalling C. Koopmans
1826:10.1287/opre.9.3.363
1349:http://terp.umd.edu/
1184:Copenhagen Consensus
1118:on November 17, 2017
1085:on December 31, 2016
1075:publicpolicy.umd.edu
928:on December 25, 2018
819:behavioral economics
547:, the winner of the
457:Copenhagen Consensus
356:. He graduated from
3974:Nuclear strategists
3780:Christopher A. Sims
3679:Arnold C. Harberger
3643:Thomas C. Schelling
3601:Charles L. Schultze
3488:Kenneth E. Boulding
3440:Theodore W. Schultz
2551:Christopher A. Sims
2479:Thomas C. Schelling
2451:Robert F. Engle III
2352:Robert E. Lucas Jr.
2200:Theodore W. Schultz
1924:"Greenhouse Effect"
1893:Thomas C. Schelling
1814:Operations Research
1774:"Greenhouse Effect"
1560:on January 7, 2016.
1543:, October 12, 2005.
1541:The Washington Post
1466:www.interleaves.org
1047:. December 14, 2016
354:Oakland, California
260:Academic background
201:Niccolò Machiavelli
197:Carl von Clausewitz
61:Oakland, California
3494:William J. Fellner
3470:Joseph J. Spengler
3458:Gottfried Haberler
3428:George W. Stocking
3422:Morris A. Copeland
3309:Frederick C. Mills
3249:Matthew B. Hammond
3202:Wesley C. Mitchell
3184:Jacob H. Hollander
2774:Richard R. Schrock
2467:Edward C. Prescott
2455:Clive W.J. Granger
2431:Joseph E. Stiglitz
2404:Daniel L. McFadden
2292:Harry M. Markowitz
2019:Served alongside:
2006:Edward C. Prescott
1980:"Thomas Schelling"
1928:David R. Henderson
1895:on Nobelprize.org
1615:yalebooks.yale.edu
1316:The New York Times
1180:"Thomas Schelling"
957:www.nobelprize.org
754:bargaining problem
637:Arms and Influence
629:Arms and Influence
574:strategic behavior
540:Smoky the Cowhorse
528:Bethesda, Maryland
374:Harvard University
372:in economics from
360:. He received his
142:Harvard University
115:Harvard University
80:Bethesda, Maryland
3861:
3860:
3816:Olivier Blanchard
3804:Robert J. Shiller
3774:Orley Ashenfelter
3750:Thomas J. Sargent
3697:Dale W. Jorgenson
3631:Joseph A. Pechman
3583:William J. Baumol
3553:Lawrence R. Klein
3547:Franco Modigliani
3464:George J. Stigler
3446:Paul A. Samuelson
3357:Joseph Schumpeter
3267:William Z. Ripley
3261:George E. Barnett
3225:Edwin W. Kemmerer
3148:Walter F. Willcox
3100:Jeremiah W. Jenks
3047:Charles F. Dunbar
3041:Francis A. Walker
2993:
2992:
2900:Economic Sciences
2864:Theodor W. Hänsch
2833:Mohamed ElBaradei
2716:
2715:
2615:Richard H. Thaler
2579:Robert J. Shiller
2575:Lars Peter Hansen
2547:Thomas J. Sargent
2535:Dale T. Mortensen
2427:A. Michael Spence
2423:George A. Akerlof
2392:Robert A. Mundell
2360:James A. Mirrlees
2328:Douglass C. North
2300:William F. Sharpe
2252:Franco Modigliani
2228:George J. Stigler
2212:Lawrence R. Klein
2101:Paul A. Samuelson
2036:
2035:
2027:Succeeded by
863:Strategic realism
843:(Schelling point)
803:nuclear terrorism
788:collateral damage
750:World War II
463:Honors and awards
362:bachelor's degree
302:national security
296:and professor of
287:
286:
179:A. Michael Spence
167:James Duesenberry
72:December 13, 2016
37:Schelling in 2010
4016:
3792:William Nordhaus
3732:Martin Feldstein
3720:Robert Lucas Jr.
3577:Moses Abramovitz
3524:Walter W. Heller
3518:Kenneth J. Arrow
3500:Wassily Leontief
3398:Calvin B. Hoover
3386:John H. Williams
3285:Alvin S. Johnson
3255:Ernest L. Bogart
3172:Henry B. Gardner
3154:Thomas N. Carver
3065:Arthur T. Hadley
3020:
3013:
3006:
2997:
2996:
2931:
2914:Thomas Schelling
2806:(United Kingdom)
2768:Robert H. Grubbs
2743:
2736:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2709:
2701:
2699:Philip H. Dybvig
2682:
2663:
2661:Robert B. Wilson
2648:
2638:Abhijit Banerjee
2629:
2623:William Nordhaus
2617:
2609:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2565:
2563:Lloyd S. Shapley
2553:
2541:
2531:Peter A. Diamond
2525:
2513:
2505:
2503:Roger B. Myerson
2489:
2487:Edmund S. Phelps
2481:
2475:Robert J. Aumann
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2406:
2400:James J. Heckman
2394:
2386:
2378:
2376:Myron S. Scholes
2372:Robert C. Merton
2366:
2354:
2346:
2340:John F. Nash Jr.
2336:John C. Harsanyi
2330:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2296:Merton H. Miller
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2204:Sir Arthur Lewis
2194:
2192:Herbert A. Simon
2186:
2174:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2129:Wassily Leontief
2123:
2121:Kenneth J. Arrow
2111:
2103:
2095:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2038:
1999:Preceded by
1991:
1990:
1987:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1936:(1st ed.).
1900:
1881:
1880:
1870:
1862:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1667:War on the Rocks
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1544:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1460:Teeter, Robert.
1457:
1451:
1450:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1376:
1351:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1081:. Archived from
1066:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
983:
972:
971:
969:
967:
961:Nobel Foundation
949:
938:
937:
935:
933:
924:. Archived from
914:
908:
907:
906:
904:
897:Nobel Foundation
894:
883:
409:RAND Corporation
306:nuclear strategy
163:Wassily Leontief
75:
56:
54:
35:
25:Thomas Schelling
21:
20:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4013:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3840:Christina Romer
3738:Daniel McFadden
3702:
3691:D. Gale Johnson
3685:Robert W. Fogel
3673:Anne O. Krueger
3667:Victor R. Fuchs
3649:William Vickrey
3613:Alice M. Rivlin
3595:W. Arthur Lewis
3571:Robert M. Solow
3535:
3530:R. Aaron Gordon
3482:Milton Friedman
3452:Edward S. Mason
3434:Arthur F. Burns
3392:Harold A. Innis
3374:
3363:Howard S. Ellis
3339:I. Leo Sharfman
3333:Joseph S. Davis
3327:Albert B. Wolfe
3321:Edwin G. Nourse
3315:Sumner Slichter
3273:Harry A. Millis
3231:Thomas S. Adams
3213:
3190:Henry R. Seager
3160:John R. Commons
3130:Frank A. Fetter
3124:Henry W. Farnam
3118:Edmund J. James
3106:Simon N. Patten
3076:
3029:
3024:
2994:
2989:
2927:
2919:
2916:(United States)
2894:
2869:
2860:(United States)
2854:(United States)
2838:
2809:
2785:
2776:(United States)
2770:(United States)
2754:
2747:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2695:Douglas Diamond
2685:
2666:
2651:
2632:
2620:
2612:
2607:Bengt Holmström
2600:
2592:
2584:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2528:
2516:
2508:
2492:
2484:
2472:
2463:Finn E. Kydland
2460:
2448:
2443:Vernon L. Smith
2439:Daniel Kahneman
2436:
2420:
2409:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2369:
2364:William Vickrey
2357:
2349:
2344:Reinhard Selten
2333:
2324:Robert W. Fogel
2321:
2313:
2308:Ronald H. Coase
2305:
2289:
2284:Trygve Haavelmo
2281:
2273:
2268:Robert M. Solow
2265:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2197:
2189:
2177:
2172:Milton Friedman
2169:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2126:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2086:
2075:
2066:
2032:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2002:Finn E. Kydland
1978:
1942:
1940:
1889:
1884:
1864:
1863:
1851:
1837:
1833:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1733:
1729:
1712:
1708:
1695:
1690:, 1969, 59(2),
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1589:10.2307/2009722
1569:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1535:
1531:
1500:10.2307/2009441
1480:
1473:
1458:
1454:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1377:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1211:on June 4, 2011
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1067:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1045:Harvard Gazette
1039:
1038:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
993:on July 3, 2007
985:
984:
975:
965:
963:
951:
950:
941:
931:
929:
916:
915:
911:
902:
900:
892:
884:
880:
876:
827:
821:point of view.
765:Stanley Kubrick
762:
721:
689:
649:Morton Halperin
633:
617:Washington Post
612:Michael Kinsley
567:
557:
521:
487:Yale University
465:
402:Yale University
382:
350:
345:
228:
213:
185:
181:
174:
165:
161:
159:Arthur Smithies
154:
140:
129:Alma mater
121:
117:
113:
111:Yale University
92:Academic career
83:
77:
73:
64:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4006:
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3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3798:Richard Thaler
3795:
3789:
3786:Claudia Goldin
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3744:George Akerlof
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3619:Gary S. Becker
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3589:Gardner Ackley
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3559:Jacob Marschak
3556:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3416:Edwin E. Witte
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3237:Fred M. Taylor
3234:
3228:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3208:Allyn A. Young
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3112:Davis R. Dewey
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3071:Richard T. Ely
3068:
3062:
3059:Henry C. Adams
3056:
3050:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2883:Barry Marshall
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2852:Roy J. Glauber
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2707:Claudia Goldin
2702:
2683:
2676:Joshua Angrist
2664:
2649:
2646:Michael Kremer
2630:
2618:
2610:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2571:Eugene F. Fama
2566:
2554:
2542:
2526:
2514:
2506:
2499:Eric S. Maskin
2495:Leonid Hurwicz
2490:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2347:
2331:
2319:
2316:Gary S. Becker
2311:
2303:
2287:
2279:
2276:Maurice Allais
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2195:
2187:
2184:James E. Meade
2175:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2124:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1919:
1910:
1905:
1888:
1887:External links
1885:
1883:
1882:
1849:
1831:
1820:(3): 363–370.
1804:
1791:
1764:
1758:978-0444512536
1757:
1727:
1706:
1679:
1653:
1641:H-Diplo | ISSF
1627:
1602:
1583:(4): 709–719.
1577:World Politics
1563:
1545:
1529:
1494:(4): 642–652.
1488:World Politics
1471:
1452:
1405:
1392:978-0674840317
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860:
855:
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847:Hobbesian trap
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838:
833:
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823:
761:
758:
733:climate change
725:global warming
720:
719:Global warming
717:
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682:
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76:(aged 95)
70:
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59:
57:April 14, 1921
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40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
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3835:
3832:
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3811:
3810:Alvin E. Roth
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
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3775:
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3756:Avinash Dixit
3754:
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3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:Peter Diamond
3724:
3721:
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3715:
3714:Sherwin Rosen
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3659:
3656:
3655:Zvi Griliches
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3637:GĂ©rard Debreu
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3625:Robert Eisner
3623:
3620:
3617:
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3611:
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3477:
3476:Fritz Machlup
3474:
3471:
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3462:
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3456:
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3441:
3438:
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3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3410:John D. Black
3408:
3405:
3404:Simon Kuznets
3402:
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3279:John M. Clark
3277:
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3259:
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3197:
3196:Carl C. Plehn
3194:
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3179:
3176:
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3170:
3167:
3166:Irving Fisher
3164:
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3119:
3116:
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3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3094:F. W. Taussig
3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3053:John B. Clark
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
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2908:Robert Aumann
2906:
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2804:Harold Pinter
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2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:Alvin E. Roth
2555:
2552:
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2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:Elinor Ostrom
2515:
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2500:
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2253:
2248:
2245:
2244:Richard Stone
2240:
2237:
2236:GĂ©rard Debreu
2232:
2229:
2224:
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2213:
2208:
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2196:
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2173:
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2167:
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2161:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:Gunnar Myrdal
2133:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2117:John R. Hicks
2113:
2110:
2109:Simon Kuznets
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2093:Jan Tinbergen
2090:
2089:Ragnar Frisch
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2031:
2030:Edmund Phelps
2024:
2023:
2022:Robert Aumann
2015:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
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1911:
1909:
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1444:
1440:
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1432:
1428:
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1416:
1409:
1398:September 21,
1394:
1388:
1384:
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1185:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1159:www.necsi.edu
1156:
1150:
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1139:
1133:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1084:
1080:
1076:
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1065:
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1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1018:
1014:
1008:
997:September 18,
992:
988:
982:
980:
978:
962:
958:
954:
948:
946:
944:
927:
923:
919:
918:"Eli M. Noam"
913:
899:, p. 407
898:
891:
890:
882:
878:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:Precommitment
856:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
822:
820:
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812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
784:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
766:
757:
755:
751:
747:
746:Marshall Plan
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
716:
714:
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
686:
681:
680:
677:
676:Robert Jervis
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
630:
625:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:
587:
586:Morton Kaplan
583:
582:"focal point"
579:
575:
571:
564:
559:
555:Notable works
552:
550:
549:Newbery Medal
546:
542:
541:
536:
531:
529:
524:
519:Personal life
516:
514:
509:
507:
503:
502:Robert Aumann
500:, along with
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
460:
458:
453:
450:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
417:
415:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:Marshall Plan
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
340:
338:
334:
333:Robert Aumann
331:(shared with
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
282:
278:
274:
273:
269:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
207:Contributions
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
177:
171:
168:
164:
160:
157:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
90:
86:
81:
71:
67:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3852:Janet Currie
3828:Janet Yellen
3822:Ben Bernanke
3762:Angus Deaton
3707:2001–present
3642:
3369:Frank Knight
3351:Paul Douglas
3297:Alvin Hansen
3243:Edwin F. Gay
3142:John H. Gray
3136:David Kinley
2959:
2913:
2889:Robin Warren
2858:John L. Hall
2780:Yves Chauvin
2691:Ben Bernanke
2680:Guido Imbens
2657:Paul Milgrom
2642:Esther Duflo
2595:Angus Deaton
2511:Paul Krugman
2478:
2414:2001–present
2180:Bertil Ohlin
2020:
2017:2005
2011:
1941:. Retrieved
1931:
1902:
1840:
1834:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1767:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1714:
1709:
1700:, 1(2), pp.
1697:
1687:
1682:
1672:December 10,
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1630:
1620:November 14,
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1558:the original
1548:
1540:
1532:
1491:
1487:
1465:
1455:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1381:
1339:
1329:November 16,
1327:. Retrieved
1315:
1305:
1295:November 18,
1293:. Retrieved
1288:
1279:
1253:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1225:
1215:February 16,
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1164:November 16,
1162:. Retrieved
1158:
1122:November 16,
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1111:
1089:December 13,
1087:. Retrieved
1083:the original
1074:
1051:November 16,
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1022:November 16,
1020:. Retrieved
1017:www.rand.org
1016:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
966:December 13,
964:. Retrieved
956:
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
912:
901:, retrieved
888:
881:
831:Brinkmanship
798:
797:In his book
796:
791:
785:
778:
772:
769:Peter George
763:
743:
738:
729:Jimmy Carter
722:
708:
705:
690:
684:
679:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
644:
640:
636:
634:
628:
615:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
577:
569:
568:
562:
558:
538:
532:
525:
522:
510:
495:
480:
469:
466:
454:
451:
440:
430:(IIASA), in
425:
418:
406:
383:
351:
326:
310:arms control
289:
288:
275: (1951)
271:
74:(2016-12-13)
18:
3879:2016 deaths
3874:1921 births
3846:Susan Athey
3768:Robert Hall
3661:Amartya Sen
3506:James Tobin
3303:Jacob Viner
2891:(Australia)
2885:(Australia)
2751:Nobel Prize
2603:Oliver Hart
2587:Jean Tirole
2384:Amartya Sen
2220:James Tobin
1913:Appearances
1908:IDEAS/RePEc
1784:December 7,
1719:Description
1189:January 16,
932:October 16,
853:Internality
811:daydreaming
701:segregation
643:(1960) and
508:analysis."
506:game-theory
394:White House
348:Early years
339:analysis."
337:game theory
238:Information
211:Focal point
187:Tyler Cowen
107:Institution
101:Game theory
3868:Categories
3834:David Card
2791:Literature
2672:David Card
2627:Paul Romer
1850:0674127706
1717:, Norton.
1255:August 19,
1112:www.eur.nl
874:References
815:euthanasia
545:Will James
396:, and the
193:Influences
53:1921-04-14
3540:1976–2000
3379:1951–1975
3218:1926–1950
3081:1901–1925
3034:1886–1900
2866:(Germany)
2760:Chemistry
2753:laureates
2163:1976–2000
2080:1969–1975
2069:Laureates
1962:163149563
1954:317650570
1867:cite book
1597:1086-3338
1524:144001424
1508:1086-3338
1439:0020-8183
1324:0362-4331
836:Egonomics
817:, from a
807:blackmail
774:Red Alert
653:diplomacy
493:in 2010.
485:in 2003,
474:from the
432:Laxenburg
376:in 1951.
343:Biography
294:economist
215:Egonomics
2910:(Israel)
2782:(France)
1958:50016270
1943:March 8,
1447:15861342
1265:cite web
1132:cite web
825:See also
183:Eli Noam
175:students
173:Doctoral
153:Doctoral
2844:Physics
2835:(Egypt)
2071:of the
1994:Awards
1930:(ed.).
1859:9893879
1723:preview
1702:143–186
1692:488–493
1646:June 8,
1516:2009441
903:June 8,
697:tipping
436:Austria
312:at the
227:(1977)
155:advisor
3854:(2024)
3848:(2023)
3842:(2022)
3836:(2021)
3830:(2020)
3824:(2019)
3818:(2018)
3812:(2017)
3806:(2016)
3800:(2015)
3794:(2014)
3788:(2013)
3782:(2012)
3776:(2011)
3770:(2010)
3764:(2009)
3758:(2008)
3752:(2007)
3746:(2006)
3740:(2005)
3734:(2004)
3728:(2003)
3722:(2002)
3716:(2001)
3699:(2000)
3693:(1999)
3687:(1998)
3681:(1997)
3675:(1996)
3669:(1995)
3663:(1994)
3657:(1993)
3651:(1992)
3645:(1991)
3639:(1990)
3633:(1989)
3627:(1988)
3621:(1987)
3615:(1986)
3609:(1985)
3603:(1984)
3597:(1983)
3591:(1982)
3585:(1981)
3579:(1980)
3573:(1979)
3567:(1978)
3561:(1978)
3555:(1977)
3549:(1976)
3532:(1975)
3526:(1974)
3520:(1973)
3514:(1972)
3508:(1971)
3502:(1970)
3496:(1969)
3490:(1968)
3484:(1967)
3478:(1966)
3472:(1965)
3466:(1964)
3460:(1963)
3454:(1962)
3448:(1961)
3442:(1960)
3436:(1959)
3430:(1958)
3424:(1957)
3418:(1956)
3412:(1955)
3406:(1954)
3400:(1953)
3394:(1952)
3388:(1951)
3371:(1950)
3365:(1949)
3359:(1948)
3353:(1947)
3347:(1946)
3341:(1945)
3335:(1944)
3329:(1943)
3323:(1942)
3317:(1941)
3311:(1940)
3305:(1939)
3299:(1938)
3293:(1937)
3287:(1936)
3281:(1935)
3275:(1934)
3269:(1933)
3263:(1932)
3257:(1931)
3251:(1930)
3245:(1929)
3239:(1928)
3233:(1927)
3227:(1926)
3210:(1925)
3204:(1924)
3198:(1923)
3192:(1922)
3186:(1921)
3180:(1920)
3174:(1919)
3168:(1918)
3162:(1917)
3156:(1916)
3150:(1915)
3144:(1914)
3138:(1913)
3132:(1912)
3126:(1911)
3120:(1910)
3114:(1909)
3108:(1908)
3102:(1906)
3096:(1904)
3090:(1902)
3073:(1900)
3067:(1898)
3061:(1896)
3055:(1894)
3049:(1893)
3043:(1886)
2705:2023:
2621:2018:
2613:2017:
2601:2016:
2593:2015:
2585:2014:
2569:2013:
2557:2012:
2545:2011:
2529:2010:
2517:2009:
2509:2008:
2493:2007:
2485:2006:
2473:2005:
2461:2004:
2449:2003:
2437:2002:
2421:2001:
2398:2000:
2390:1999:
2382:1998:
2370:1997:
2358:1996:
2350:1995:
2334:1994:
2322:1993:
2314:1992:
2306:1991:
2290:1990:
2282:1989:
2274:1988:
2266:1987:
2258:1986:
2250:1985:
2242:1984:
2234:1983:
2226:1982:
2218:1981:
2210:1980:
2198:1979:
2190:1978:
2178:1977:
2170:1976:
2147:1975:
2135:1974:
2127:1973:
2115:1972:
2107:1971:
2099:1970:
2087:1969:
1952:
1917:C-SPAN
1857:
1847:
1755:
1595:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1445:
1437:
1389:
1322:
1291:. 2008
813:, and
771:novel
748:after
693:racial
687:(1978)
647:(with
631:(1966)
565:(1960)
392:, the
390:Europe
380:Career
308:, and
266:Thesis
232:(2005)
221:Awards
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
2960:2005
2815:Peace
2749:2005
1984:JSTOR
1975:(PDF)
1926:. In
1520:S2CID
1512:JSTOR
1443:S2CID
1425:(1).
893:(PDF)
621:op‑ed
97:Field
2985:2010
2980:2009
2975:2008
2970:2007
2965:2006
2955:2004
2950:2003
2945:2002
2940:2001
2935:2000
2819:2005
2795:2005
2687:2022
2668:2021
2653:2020
2634:2019
1950:OCLC
1945:2016
1877:link
1873:link
1855:OCLC
1845:ISBN
1786:2017
1753:ISBN
1674:2021
1648:2021
1622:2019
1593:ISSN
1504:ISSN
1435:ISSN
1400:2010
1387:ISBN
1331:2017
1320:ISSN
1297:2008
1271:link
1257:2024
1217:2011
1191:2016
1166:2017
1138:link
1124:2017
1091:2016
1053:2017
1024:2017
999:2008
968:2016
934:2016
905:2017
663:and
69:Died
43:Born
1915:on
1822:doi
1745:doi
1585:doi
1496:doi
1427:doi
543:by
416:."
388:in
370:PhD
316:at
240:at
146:PhD
3870::
2697:/
2693:/
2689::
2678:/
2674:/
2670::
2659:/
2655::
2644:/
2640:/
2636::
2625:/
2605:/
2577:/
2573:/
2561:/
2549:/
2537:/
2533:/
2521:/
2501:/
2497:/
2477:/
2465:/
2453:/
2441:/
2429:/
2425:/
2402:/
2374:/
2362:/
2342:/
2338:/
2326:/
2298:/
2294:/
2202:/
2182:/
2151:/
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