802:
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Emeritus of Forage Crops
Ecology at University of Tennessee's Department of Plant Sciences, Dr. Henry Fribourg, was an Army scientist in the mid-1950s who helped develop the most efficient dispersal techniques for anti-crop fungus spores and herbicides in labs at Ft. Detrick and in field tests in South Dakota, Texas, and Florida. Dr. Fribourg said, "The idea in those days was that the enemy's crops could be killed and this would be a much more humane way of winning a war than using atomic bombs."
612:
510:
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the degree of crop injury in relation to the time and number of inoculations. Rocky
Mountain Arsenal, from January 1962 to October 1969, "grew, purified and militarized" the plant pathogen wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis, var. tritici) known as Agent TX for the Air Force biological anti-crop program. Agent TX-treated grain was grown at Edgewood Arsenal and from 1962–1968 in Sections 23-26 at Rocky Mountain Arsenal The unprocessed agent was transported to
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The use of a chemical or biological agents to destroy Japan's rice was contemplated by the Allies during World War II. In 1945 Japan's rice crop was terribly affected by rice blast disease. The outbreak as well as another in
Germany's potato crop coincided with covert Allied research in these areas.
730:
is a parasitic, spindle-shaped fungus of rice causing the destructive plant disease known as rice blast. "Rice blast disease causes lesions to form on the plant, threatening the crop, and the fungus is estimated to destroy enough rice to feed 60 million people a year." A number of strains were known
812:
was also under investigation, and the usual screening program for chemical anticrop agents was continued. A gradual increase in the scope of the rest of the anti-crop program accompanied this development. Large scale greenhouse experiments on stripe rust of wheat yielded considerable information on
897:
The use of a military weather control program was related to the destruction of enemy food crops. Whether the weather modification program was related to any of the CBW programs is not documented. However, it is certain that some of the military herbicides used in
Vietnam required rainfall to be
686:
In addition to work done in the anti-crop theater, the screening program for chemical defoliants was greatly accelerated in the 1960s. By FY 1962 contracts for synthesis and testing of a thousand chemical defoliants were in the process of negotiation. Approximately 1600 compounds had been examined
742:
were begun at several states in the
Midwest and South U.S. and in Okinawa with partial success and the accumulation of useful data. The research gained on rice blast fungus from the field and laboratory experiments conducted in Okinawa and Florida by Fort Detrick's Crops division, Directorate of
682:
During the Second World War limited test use of aerial spray delivery systems was employed only on several
Japanese-controlled tropical islands to demarcate points for navigation and to kill dense island foliage. Despite the availability of the spray equipment, herbicide application with aerial
583:
In the mid-1950s, the
Chemical Corps continued the search for anti-crop agents in order destroy the food and economic crops of enemy nations in wartime as part of the secret programs started during World War II. Several chemical and biological anti-crop agents were standardized. Former Professor
747:
increased the knowledge required to use this crop disease a strategic weapon of war and limit an enemy's food supply. The focus of this research was sources of inoculum and the minimum amount required to cause the disease, spore dispersal, meteorological and other conditions required for
751:
Between 1961 and 1962 U.S. documents reveal the testing of militarized rice blast agent on
Okinawa was conducted over a dozen times. Rice blast fungus was disseminated on rice paddies to determine how the agent affected rice crop production. The Okinawa project test sites included
722:
Agricultural BW doctrine was re-developed by the Air Force and Army during the early 1960s. At the outset of FY 1962 an important increase in emphasis in this field for technical advice on the conduct of the defoliation and anti-crop activities in
Southeast Asia.
592:
that permitted laboratory production of the agent to increase to limited production capability, testing the adequacy of the agent against varieties on rice found in the Orient and to determine the effectiveness of the agent by means of large scale field tests.
776:. During the biological field testing for rice blast documents reveal the U.S. Army "used a midget duster to release inoculum alongside fields in Okinawa and Taiwan", and took measurements regarding the effectiveness of the agent against the rice crop.
889:
and CIA without the authorization of
Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird who had categorically denied to Congress that a program for modification of the weather for use as a tactical weapon even existed. The program was used to induce rain and extend the
779:
In 1962 international research on the pathogenic races of rice blast disease was taken up as a three-year project beginning in 1963, when cooperation in scientific research was conducted in concert by the governments of the U.S. and Japan.
587:
However, in 1957 the Army found it had no funds to carry on the anti-crops research and the program nearly halted. Even though the anti-crop program had been phased out, the Chemical Corps continued to produce the new agent under an
1113:
655:
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The timing of these outbreaks generated persistent speculation of some connection between the events however the rumors were never proven and the outbreaks could have been naturally occurring.
865:
was a highly classified weather modification program in Southeast Asia during 1967–1972 that was developed from research conducted on Okinawa and other locations. A report titled
670:
or had also been standardized by the Army as anti-crop agents. In 1963 the two agents LNA and LNB were combined to make a new anti-crop Agent called LNX that was also known as
544:
A U.S. War Departments report notes that "in addition to the results of human experimentation much data is available from the Japanese experiments on animals and food crops".
748:
establishment of infection and disease buildup, spread, yield reduction, control measures, and the present ability to predict disease outbreak, buildup, and yield losses.
761:
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was classified as a standard anti-crop BW agent. It then known as anti-crop Agent LX. During this time period, Rice Blast spores were produced under contract to
415:
458:
885:. The chemical weather modification program conducted from Thailand over Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam was allegedly sponsored by Secretary of State
691:
computer system. Of these 1600 compounds, 100 showed defoliant activity and 300 exhibited herbicidal effects in the primary defoliation process.
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absorbed. In theory, any CBW program using mosquitoes or fungus would have also benefited from prolonged periods of rain. Rice blast
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848:(CIA) acknowledged that it had developed and field tested methods for conducting covert attacks that could cause severe crop damage.
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in refrigerated trucks for purification and storage and was kept refrigerated until loaded into specialized bombs adapted from the
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approaches 100%. Laboratory measurements indicate sporulation increases with the length of time 100% relative humidity prevails.
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at the Far Eastern Command Printing Plant, Yokohama, Japan. November 1, 1950. Adapted from the leaflet bomb casing design, the
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During 1960 research on anti-crop agents proceeded at the pace dictated by the limited resources available. Field tests for
1347:"U.S. Army tested biological weapons in Okinawa: Rice fungus released in at least two sites in early 1960s, documents show"
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489:. Interest among military strategists waned before a budgetary increase allowed further research during the early
244:
1546:
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997:
1069:"Archives Search Report Findings for Field Testing of 2,4,5-T and Other Herbicides," (April 4, 2012) Section 2
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or Agent LNF, (also 4-Fluorophenoxyacetic acid or simply "KF") as a standard chemical agent effective against
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385:
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21:
493:. The U.S. research culminated in the U.S. military defoliation program during the Vietnam war known as
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chemical delivery systems were not systematically implemented in the Pacific theater during the war.
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and tested in Okinawa, Guam, Philippines, Texas, and Florida in a hurricane study program called
1469:
U.S.-Japan Cooperative Research on the International Pathogenic Races of the Rice Blast Fungus,
1218:
Historical Office, Army Chemical Center via rockymountainarsenalarchive.wordpress.com blog. 1962
1317:
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924:
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to research scientists and the U.S. Army planned to use a mixture of races as the new agent.
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837:. The deployment of the M115 represented the United States' first, though limited, anti-crop
390:
29:
1426:
Thomas H. Barksdale; Olin C. Miller; Marco A. Marchetti; Bernard R. Grove Jr. (July 1965).
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Both field tests and process research were maintained for the agent of rice blast disease.
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8:
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56:
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http://rockymountainarsenalarchive.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/summhist_1958_p61-132.pdf
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951:"U.S. War Department, War Crimes Office Report (undated), retrieved: January 17, 2014"
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season in support of U.S. government efforts related to the War in Southeast Asia.
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136:
1044:"Service & Sacrifice: Scientist exposed to Agent Orange warns fellow veterans"
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1021:"Rocky Mountain Arsenal Summary of Major Events and Problems" (1958), (p.104-110)
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834:
735:
571:
141:
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Rice Blast Epiphytology studies at Avon Park, Florida, 1960, Technical Report 69
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651:
329:
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47:
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1454:
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1234:
1187:
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1089:
1029:
874:
66:; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links.
1152:
Committee on the Disposition of the Air Force Health Study (25 April 2006).
1313:
1308:
The Oceans and Environmental Security: Shared U.S. And Russian Perspectives
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826:
671:
563:
1276:
Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Containing and Preventing Biological Threats
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870:
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for Fort Detrick's test program. By 1958 the Army adopted the chemical
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509:
1253:' Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, MD. Accession Number AD898001.
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deployed by aircraft in a program that was developed in California at
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Rocky Mountain Arsenal's south plant, viewed from the east, circa 1970
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A new investigation to find the pathogen suitable for use against the
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814:
796:
773:
551:
1663:. Daytona Beach, Florida. New York Times News Service. May 19, 1974.
719:
and shipped to Fort Detrick for classification, drying and storage.
1674:
Orville, Capt. H.T. (USN) (May 28, 1954). "Weather Made to Order".
830:
567:
1378:
1642:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1259:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1028:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
667:
121:
716:
1212:"Summary of Major Events and Problems: Fiscal Years 1961–1962"
711:
to also warrant the organism in the BW arsenal. In March 1958
769:
663:
1272:
753:
659:
1628:(Report). Department of the Navy. May 1971. Archived from
833:, was a U.S. biological cluster bomb designed to deliver
760:
and directly was associated with similar research at the
1104:
863:
Operation Pop Eye / Motorpool / Intermediary-Compatriot
69:(To hide this tag, set the "invisible" field to "true")
1590:(Report). Department of Defense. 1974. Archived from
743:
Biological Research and Biomathematics division and
570:, was a biological cluster bomb designed to deliver
64:
request whitelisting by following these instructions
787:began in the third quarter of financial year 1962.
1379:Thomas H. Barksdale; Marian W. Jones (June 1965).
1305:
1107:ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC ANTI-CROP WEAPONS SYSTEMS(U)
922:
1687:
1381:Technical Report 60: Rice Blast Epiphytology (U)
1100:
1098:
992:), Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 217-18, (
1247:PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST DEFOLIATION CONFERENCE
646:were effective at reducing the yield of crops.
1567:Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute
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986:Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945
687:since July 1961 with the results entered in a
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1495:
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1016:
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1562:Agricultural Biological Warfare: An Overview
1558:
22:Biological warfare § Anti-agriculture
1473:Cav., and their International Differentials
1297:
1082:Crops Division, Chemical Branch, (Page 7).
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1114:Armed Service Technical Information Agency
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1200:
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1155:Disposition of the Air Force Health Study
1105:Dunlap & Associates (June 26, 1962).
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978:
1657:"Rainmaking used as a Weapon in SE Asia"
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1372:
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662:crops. Both Agent LNA (Agent GREEN) or
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106:United States biological weapons program
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1273:Jeffrey R. Ryan; Jan F. Glarum (2008).
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50:has detected links on this page on the
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975:
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1716:Chemical weapons of the United States
1503:"TX Anticrop Agent & Project 112"
1367:
923:Sharad S. Chauhan (January 1, 2004).
656:Butyl 2-Chloro-4-Fluorophenoxyacetate
62:If the links are appropriate you may
18:Japan and weapons of mass destruction
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879:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
606:
504:
485:with additional research during the
33:
648:Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation
13:
1355:. Okinawa, Japan. January 12, 2014
790:
14:
1727:
1541:), Macmillan, 2002, pp. 156-57, (
1432:U.S. Army Biological Laboratories
1388:U.S. Army Biological Laboratories
1304:James Broadus (1 November 1994).
1251:United States Army Chemical Corps
929:. APH Publishing. pp. 121–.
821:used to deliver propaganda. The
745:Directorate of Technical Services
705:Sufficient work had been done on
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1535:Biological Warfare Against Crops
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1042:Becker, John (January 5, 2017).
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38:
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902:on diseased leaves occurs when
590:Industrial Preparedness Measure
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666:and Agent LNB (Agent PINK) or
1:
1661:Daytona Beach Morning Journal
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694:
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7:
1430:(Report). Crops. Division,
1386:(Report). Crops. Division,
846:Central Intelligence Agency
578:
556:airborne leaflet propaganda
114:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
1732:
1074:December 22, 2016, at the
855:
794:
717:Charles Pfizer and Company
698:
642:It was also found certain
600:
103:
74:List of blacklisted links:
15:
762:Avon Park Air Force Range
652:esters of these compounds
87:\bfiles\.wordpress\.com\b
1160:National Academies Press
89:on the global blacklist
1216:US Army Chemical Corps
984:Wheelis, Mark, et al.
806:
575:
1559:Jonathan Ban (2000).
1281:Butterworth-Heinemann
1050:. WBIR-NBC-TV-10 News
852:Rain-making component
844:By the mid-1970s the
804:
552:M16M1 cluster adapter
550:
30:Entomological warfare
1711:Weather modification
1635:on February 1, 2014.
1123:on February 18, 2017
867:Rainmaking in SEASIA
825:, also known as the
810:Stripe rust of wheat
597:Anti-crop herbicides
562:, also known as the
495:Operation Ranch Hand
48:An automated process
1678:. Collier's Weekly.
1397:on January 13, 2014
1249:, 29-30 JULY 1963,
963:on February 3, 2004
823:M115 anti-crop bomb
644:phenoxyacetic acids
560:M115 anti-crop bomb
1696:Biological warfare
1471:Piricularia Oryzae
926:Biological Weapons
892:East Asian Monsoon
839:biological warfare
807:
740:rice blast disease
736:stem rust of wheat
708:Pyricularia oryzae
622:. You can help by
603:Herbicidal warfare
576:
520:. You can help by
473:Herbicidal warfare
26:Herbicidal warfare
1623:Project Stormfury
1588:SEASIA Rainmaking
1533:Whitby, Simon M.
1327:978-1-61091-335-5
1290:978-0-7506-8489-7
1283:. pp. 166–.
1169:978-0-309-16470-2
936:978-81-7648-732-0
904:relative humidity
883:Project Stormfury
841:(BW) capability.
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481:began during the
477:conducted by the
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1438:on March 5, 2016
1434:. Archived from
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1390:. Archived from
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869:outlines use of
858:Operation Popeye
766:Sebring, Florida
672:Herbicide ORANGE
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1644:public domain
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1594:on 2009-06-12
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1078:- History of
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1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
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1570:. Retrieved
1561:
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1539:Google Books
1534:
1529:
1507:. Retrieved
1470:
1467:Goto Kazuo.
1462:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1421:
1399:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1357:. Retrieved
1350:
1314:Island Press
1307:
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1275:
1268:
1242:
1222:February 18,
1220:. Retrieved
1214:. Maryland:
1173:. Retrieved
1154:
1147:
1125:. Retrieved
1118:the original
1080:Fort Detrick
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1047:
1037:
990:Google Books
985:
965:. Retrieved
958:the original
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827:feather bomb
808:
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624:adding to it
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564:feather bomb
543:
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522:adding to it
517:
501:World War II
478:
471:
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320:South Africa
315:Saudi Arabia
309:Soviet Union
152:Radiological
84:
68:
51:
1359:January 31,
1316:. pp.
967:February 3,
900:sporulation
871:lead iodide
785:opium poppy
574:(Agent TX).
491:Vietnam War
340:Switzerland
325:South Korea
285:Philippines
275:North Korea
270:Netherlands
1706:Herbicides
1690:Categories
1598:2009-06-12
1547:0333920856
1127:January 9,
1112:(Report).
1054:January 6,
998:0674016998
910:References
701:Rice blast
695:Rice blast
678:Defoliants
631:March 2017
529:March 2017
487:Korean War
370:Yugoslavia
161:By country
137:Biological
59:blacklist.
16:See also:
1478:(Report).
1401:April 20,
815:Beale AFB
797:Stem rust
774:Louisiana
768:, and in
728:P. oryzae
713:P. oryzae
650:produced
185:Australia
180:Argentina
1572:25 April
1509:July 19,
1442:March 7,
1175:25 April
1072:Archived
1048:wbir.com
831:E73 bomb
579:Cold War
568:E73 bomb
475:research
433:Category
404:Treaties
396:Missiles
386:Chemical
295:Rhodesia
280:Pakistan
195:Bulgaria
142:Chemical
1162:(NAP).
829:or the
668:2,4,5-T
566:or the
391:Nuclear
355:Ukraine
300:Romania
265:Myanmar
220:Germany
175:Algeria
170:Albania
147:Nuclear
129:By type
1545:
1324:
1287:
1166:
996:
933:
350:Taiwan
335:Sweden
305:Russia
290:Poland
260:Mexico
240:Israel
215:France
200:Canada
190:Brazil
57:global
28:, and
1633:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
1476:(PDF)
1395:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
1110:(PDF)
961:(PDF)
954:(PDF)
770:Texas
764:near
758:Shuri
664:2,4-D
345:Syria
330:Spain
255:Libya
250:Japan
245:Italy
225:India
210:Egypt
205:China
53:local
1574:2013
1543:ISBN
1511:2012
1444:2015
1403:2013
1361:2014
1322:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1224:2013
1177:2013
1164:ISBN
1129:2017
1056:2017
994:ISBN
969:2004
931:ISBN
873:and
772:and
756:and
754:Nago
738:and
660:rice
235:Iraq
230:Iran
1537:, (
1320:–.
1318:103
988:, (
626:.
524:.
55:or
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307:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
