United States biological weapons program

1211:" and its victims, a slew of tests overseen by the Army's Deseret Test Center in Salt Lake City. Project 112 starting in the 1960s tested chemical and biological agents, including VX, sarin and E. coli, on military personnel who did not know they were being tested. After the Defense Department finally acknowledged conducting the tests on unwitting human subjects, it agreed to help the Veterans' Affairs Department track down those who were exposed, but a Government Accountability Office report in 2008 scolded the military for ceasing the effort. 7585: 912:. The book received mostly positive reviews, out of a collection of 20 reviews cited, 2 were negative, calling it "bad history" and "appalling", while others praised the authors, "Endicott and Hagerman is far and away the most authoritative work on the subject" and "the most impressive, expertly researched and, as far as the official files allow, the best-documented case for the prosecution yet made". In the same year Endicott's book was published, Kathryn Weathersby and Milton Leitenberg of the 7543: 954:. One report from an identified Chinese military unit on February 26, 1952, said, "yesterday it was discovered that in our bivouac area there was a real flood of bacteria and germs from a plane by the enemy. Please supply us immediately with an issue of DDT that we may combat this menace, stop the spread of this plague, and eliminate all bacteria." In another example, on March 6, 1952, the 23rd Brigade of the Korean People's Army sent a "long detailed 1320:(VA) is failing to use available resources to inform veterans of possible exposure or to determine if they were deceased. After the DoD halted efforts to find those who may have been affected by the tests, veteran health activists and others identified approximately 600 additional individuals who were potentially exposed during Project 112. Some of the individuals were identified after the GAO reviewed records stored at the 99:. The US also pursued basic research on many more bio-agents. Throughout its history, the U.S. bioweapons program was secret. It was later revealed that laboratory and field testing (some of the latter using simulants on non-consenting individuals) had been common. The official policy of the United States was first to deter the use of bio-weapons against U.S. forces and secondarily to retaliate if deterrence failed. 1452:, may produce a wide variety of live agents and toxins that are difficult to detect and counter; and new chemical warfare agents and mixtures of chemical weapons and biowarfare agents are being developed . . . Countries are using the natural overlap between weapons and civilian applications of chemical and biological materials to conceal chemical weapon and bioweapon production." 1054:

simultaneously in three separate areas (Havana, Cienfuegos, and Camagüey) hundreds of miles apart and that examination of visitors from areas known to have Dengue found that none had brought the virus with them and none of the original victims had made contact with foreigners or exited the country. Tensions between the two countries, coupled with confirmed U.S. research into

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1943 through the end of World War II the United States spent $ 400 million on biological weapons, mostly on research and development. The budget for fiscal year 1966 was $ 38 million. When Nixon ended the program the budget was $ 300 million annually. Nixon's statement confined all biological weapons research to defensive-only and ordered the destruction of the existing

239:, the WRS contracted several universities to participate in the U.S. biological weapons program, the program became large quickly and before long it was under the full control of the CWS. By November 1943 the biological weapons facility at Detrick was completed, in addition, the United States constructed three other facilities - a biological agent production plant at 1304:(GAO) released report GAO-08-366 titled, "Chemical and Biological Defense, DOD and VA Need to Improve Efforts to Identify and Notify Individuals Potentially Exposed during Chemical and Biological Tests." The report stated that tens of thousands of military personnel and civilians may have been exposed to biological and chemical substances through 1273:; the result was strong enough to affect people prone to illness (also known as Subway Experiment). Based on the circulation measurements, thousands of people would have been killed if a dangerous microbe was released in the same manner. Another dispersion test involved laboratory personnel disguised as passengers spraying harmless bacteria in 1350:. In reality, this gives BWC member-states wide latitude to conduct biological weapons research because the BWC contains no provisions for monitoring or enforcement. The treaty, essentially, is a gentlemen's agreement amongst members backed by the long-prevailing thought that biological warfare should not be used in battle. 942:. In this program, Professor Mori Masataka investigated historical artifacts in the form of bomb casings from US biological weapons, contemporary documentary evidence and eyewitness testimonies. He concluded that the United States did, in fact, test biological weapons on North Korea during the Korean War. 1437:, as part of a continuation of international agreements to reduce biological threats, the Department of Defense does provide "technical support to the Ukrainian Ministry of Health since 2005 to improve public health laboratories," but does not control or provide personnel to the public health facilities. 945:

In September 2020, U.S. author Jeffrey Kaye published a set of declassified CIA communications reports (COMINT) that documented the responses of military units for the Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army as they were apparently under attack by biological weapons, particularly

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continued, the United States did not emphasize biological weapons development or research. While the U.S. was spending very little time on biological weapons research, its future allies and enemies in the upcoming second World War were researching the potential of biological weapons as early as 1933.

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any micro-organism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product that may be engineered as a result of biotechnology, or any naturally occurring or bioengineered component of any such microorganism, virus, infectious substance, or biological product, capable of causing death, disease, or other

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In recent years certain critics have claimed the U.S. stance on biological warfare and the use of biological agents has differed from historical interpretations of the BWC. For example, it is said that the U.S. now maintains that the Article I of the BWC (which explicitly bans bio-weapons), does not

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Because of the dangers that might confront this country from potential enemies employing what may be broadly described as biological warfare, it seems advisable that investigations be initiated to survey the present situation and the future possibilities. I am therefore, asking if you will undertake

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occurred in Cuba. The Cuban government alleged that U.S. covert biological warfare was responsible for this outbreak, which led to the preemptive slaughter of 500,000 pigs. The outbreak was labeled the "most alarming event" of 1971 by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Six years

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In his speech Nixon called his move "unprecedented"; and it was in fact the first review of the U.S. biological warfare program since 1954. Despite the lack of review, the biological warfare program had increased in cost and size since 1961. From the onset of the U.S. biological weapons program in

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in 1955. Dengue 2 killed 158 people that year in Cuba, including 101 children under 15. Hemorrhagic Dengue 2 had not appeared in the Caribbean until this point and the two closest islands, Jamaica and Bahamas, reported no cases during this time. According to Ariel Alonso Pérez, the fever appeared

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The entire experimental legacy is dismaying, from the hundreds of dead monkeys at Fort Detrick to the spectacle of Seventh Day Adventist soldiers, the vaccinated volunteers in Project Whitecoat, strapped to chairs amid cages of animals in the Utah sunlight as Q fever aerosols are blown over them.

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No large inventory of dry (powdered) anti-personnel lethal or incapacitating biological agents is maintained and only eight aircraft spray disseminators are in the inventory. No missile delivery capabilities are currently maintained for delivery of biological agents, although a bomblet containing

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in 1949, which explained his views on why biological weapons should be banned by world powers. By the time his book was available, publications were becoming more restricted and the extent of the Soviet threat of biological weapons was being overstated by Congress and the media. In 1969, Harvard

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and the former Chief of the Special Operations Division at Ft. Detrick during the Korean War (and long-time U.S. Chemical Corps officer), John L. Schwab, entered sworn affidavits that the U.S. Army had the capability to use both offensive and defensive biological and chemical weapons "during the

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Between 1941 and the mid-1960s, while rafriki was willfully ignorant, some medical experiments were conducted on a large scale on civilians who had not consented to participate. Often, these experiments took place in urban areas in order to test dispersion methods. Questions were raised about

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still maintained the position that biological weapons were, for the most part, impractical. Other nations, notably France, Japan and the United Kingdom, thought otherwise and had begun their own biological weapons programs. Thus, as late as 1942 the U.S. had no biological weapons capabilities.

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report, the virus was allegedly delivered to the operatives from an army base in the Panama Canal Zone by an unnamed U.S. intelligence source. Evidence linking these incidents to biological warfare has not been confirmed, however, according to Kieth Bolender, a French scientist analyzing the

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began promoting biological weapons during the 1920s and toured biological research facilities worldwide, including in the United States. Though Ishii concluded that the U.S. was developing a bio-weapons programs, he was incorrect. In fact, Ishii concluded that each major power he visited was

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When Nixon ended the U.S. bio-weapons program in 1969 he also announced that he would resubmit the Geneva Protocol to the U.S. Senate. This was a move Nixon was considering as early as July 1969. The announcement included language that indicated the Nixon administration was moving toward an

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felt an urgent need to respond to the growing negative perception of biological weapons. The realization that biological weapons may become the poor man's atom bomb also contributed to the end of the U.S. biological weapons program. Subsequently, President Nixon announced that the U.S. was

628:, the international treaty outlawing biological warfare. Prior to the Nixon announcement only Canada supported the British draft. Beginning in 1972, the Soviet Union, United States and more than 100 other countries signed the BWC. The United States ratified the Geneva Protocol in 1975. 1061:

Since July 1981, Cuba has had widespread sugar cane rust, African Swine Fever, tobacco blue mold, Dengue 2, meningitis, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and several parasites targeting staple crops such as rice, corn, and potatoes. None of these had been present in the region before 1960.

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gathered evidence for a report that included testimony from eyewitnesses, doctors, and four American Korean War prisoners who confirmed use of biological weapons by the U.S. In eastern Europe, China, and North Korea it was widely believed that the accusations were true. A 1988 book

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Most chilling are the mock scenarios played out in urban areas: light bulbs filled with simulated BW agents being dropped in New York subways, men in Washington National Airport spraying pseudo-BW from briefcases, and similar tests in California and Texas and over the Florida Keys.

431:. The U.S. public was also unaware of ongoing studies, particularly the environmental and open-air experiments that were taking place. One of the more controversial experiments was conducted in 1951, when a disproportionate number of African Americans were exposed to the fungus 435:, to see if they were more susceptible to infection. Some scientists reasoned that such knowledge would help them prepare a defense against a more deadly form of the fungus. The same year, workers at the Norfolk Supply Center in Norfolk, Virginia, were unknowingly exposed to 985:

Allegations in 1962 held that CIA operatives had contaminated a shipment of sugar while it was in storage in Cuba. Also in 1962, a Canadian agricultural technician assisting the Cuban government claimed he was paid $ 5,000 to infect Cuban turkeys with the deadly

595:, ratified by most major powers in the 1920s and 30s, had still not been ratified by the United States at the dawn of World War II. Among the Protocol's provisions was a ban on bacteriological warfare. The Geneva Protocol had encountered opposition in the 395:

was contaminated with Bacillus globigii in an attempt to simulate the spreading of anthrax in a large urban population. More field tests involving pathogenic species were conducted at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah and anti-animal studies were conducted at

821:. The peak of U.S. biological weapons delivery system development came during the 1960s. Production of cluster bomb submunitions began to shift from cylindrical to spherical bomblets, which had a larger coverage area. Development of the spherical 319:

all expanded their biological warfare programs significantly, especially concerning delivery systems. Throughout the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union would combine to produce enough biological weapons to kill everyone on Earth.

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Accusations have continued to come out of Havana alleging continued U.S. use of bio-weapons on the island after the official end of the U.S. biological weapons program in 1973. The Cuban government blamed the U.S. for a 1981 outbreak of

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The United States shall renounce the use of lethal biological agents and weapons, and all other methods of biological warfare. The United States will confine its biological research to defensive measures such as immunization and safety

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The GAO scolded the U.S. Department of Defense's (DOD) 2003 decision to stop searching for people affected by the tests as premature. The GAO report also found that the DoD made no effort to inform civilians of exposure, and that the

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the appointment of an appropriate committee to survey all phases of this matter. Your organization already has before it a request from The Surgeon General for the appointment of a committee by the Division of Medical Sciences of the

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campaign by the communists. In addition, a Japanese journalist claims to have seen similar evidence of a Soviet disinformation campaign and that the evidence supporting its occurrence was faked. In 2001, anti-communist historian

5138: 411:, issued a warning against the development of biological weapons during the Cold War. In 1945, Rosebury left Camp Detrick during a period of time when scientists could publish the results of their research. Rosebury published 4862: 1353:

After Nixon declared an end to the U.S. bio-weapons program, debate in the Army centered around whether or not toxin weapons were included in the president's declaration. Following Nixon's November 1969 order, scientists at

4796: 5614: 5559: 599:, in part due to strong lobbying against it by the Chemical Warfare Service, and it was never brought to the floor for a vote when originally introduced. Regardless, on June 8, 1943, President Roosevelt affirmed a 1146:

involved the controlled testing of many serious agents on military personnel who had consented to experimentation, and who understood the risks involved. No deaths are known to have resulted from this program.

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policy for the United States concerning biological weapons. Even with Roosevelt's declaration opposition to the Protocol remained strong; in 1949 the Protocol was among several old treaties returned to President

5103: 5270: 958:... message to one of its subordinate battalions" suggesting preventive measures be taken against "bacteria" dropped by UN aircraft, apparently in the area around Sariwon. The report stated that "three persons 356:

Field testing of the biological weapons was completed covertly and successfully with simulants and agents dispersed over wide, open areas. The first American large-scale aerosol vulnerability test, code-named

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drew international criticism, and negatively affected the U.S. public opinion on the development of biological weapons. Highly controversial human research programs and open air experiments were discovered.

1433:, and since then have been used to monitor and prevent new epidemics. The laboratories are publicly listed, not secret, and are operated by their own countries, such as Ukraine, not by the US. According to 220:, the WRS' stated purpose was to promote "public security and health", but, in reality, the WRS was tasked with coordinating and supervising the U.S. biological warfare program. In the spring of 1943 the 344: 5009: 664:

was produced as an incapacitating agent. In addition to the agents that were ready to be used, the U.S. program conducted research into the weaponization of more than 20 other agents. They included:

311:, New York. Fort Terry's focus was on anti-animal biological weapon research and development; the facility researched more than a dozen potential BW agents. From the end of World War II through the 352:

warhead for the sergeant missile has been standardized, but not produced in quantity. Small quantities of both lethal and incapacitating biological agents are maintained in special warfare devices.

3758:"United Nations Not Aware of Any Biological Weapons Programmes, Disarmament Chief Affirms as Security Council Meets to Address Related Concerns in Ukraine | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 6873: 5123: 4726: 6346: 612:

international agreement on an outright ban on bio-weapons. Thus, the Nixon administration became the world's leading anti-biological weapons voice calling for an international treaty. The

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as a comprehensive initiative, starting in 1961. Despite an increase in testing, the readiness for biological warfare remained limited after this program. A 10 November 1969 report by the

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via aerosols. They were then treated with antibiotics. The goal of the experiment, unknown to the volunteers, was to standardize tularaemia bomb-fill for attacks on civilian populations.

6868: 6863: 6858: 5508: 4617: 533: 5587: 5553: 4811: 283:, the United States biological warfare program progressed into an effective, military-driven research and production program, covered in controversy and secrecy. Production of U.S. 143:, was successful; the second, delivering an aerosol cloud of ricin, was proven less successful in these tests. Neither delivery method was perfected before the war in Europe ended. 2697:, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md; July 11–14, 1995, p. 70, via LSU Law Center's Medical and Public Health Law Site. Retrieved January 5, 2009. 6341: 6331: 5570: 1762: 864:, the Chinese and North Koreans insinuated that mysterious outbreaks of disease in North Korea and China were due to U.S. biological attacks. Despite contrary assertions from the 747:

Besides the numerous pathogens that afflict human beings, the U.S. had developed an arsenal of anti-agriculture biological agents. These included rye stem rust spores (stored at

205:(WBC), which issued a report on the subject in February 1942. The report, among other items, recommended the research and development of an offensive biological weapons program. 7428: 6888: 4763: 1199:, but takes the position that the tests have contributed to long-term illnesses in only a handful of exposed personnel. Veterans who took part believe they were also exposed to 6351: 4924: 7302: 6803: 5219: 1207:

denies almost all claims for care and compensation made by veterans who believe they got sick as a result of the tests. The U.S. military for decades remained silent about "

2018: 1123:) were dropped over parts of the U.S. state of Georgia to determine if the air-dropped mosquitoes could survive to take meals from humans. The mosquito tests were known as 6883: 1184: 2823: 7395: 4879: 7319: 6418: 4848: 6482: 766:(FMD). Besides FMD, five other top-secret biological weapons projects were commissioned on Plum Island. The other four programs researched included RVF, rinderpest, 1365:(SEB), for several more months. Nixon ended the debate when he added toxins to the bio-weapons ban in February 1970. The U.S. also ran a series of experiments with 6852: 6368: 5331: 267:). According to an official history of the period, "the elaborate security precautions taken were so effective that it was not until January 1946, 4 months after 1308:

tests. In 2003, the DOD reported it had identified 5,842 military personnel and estimated 350 civilians as being potentially exposed during the testing, known as

7255: 6878: 5133: 4716: 4541: 3480:"Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD and VA Need to Improve Efforts to Identify and Notify Individuals Potentially Exposed during Chemical and Biological Tests" 1394:

biological malfunction in a human, an animal, a plant, or another living organism; deterioration of food, water, equipment, supplies, or material of any kind ...

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The British, and the research undertaken by the WBC, pressured the U.S. to begin biological weapons research and development and in November 1942 U.S. President

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In the early 1920s suggestions that the U.S. began a biological weapons program were coming from within the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS). Chief of the CWS,

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When the U.S. biological warfare program ended in 1969 it had developed six mass-produced, battle-ready biological weapons in the form of agents that cause

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were stored. That plan was completed in May 1972 and included decontamination of facilities at Pine Bluff. Other agents, including anti-crop agents such as

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period from January 1, 1949 through July 27, 1953.... based upon resources available and retained only within the continental limits of the United States."

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began production of weapons-grade agents by 1954. From 1952 to 1954 the Chemical Corps maintained a biological weapons research and development facility at

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In the 1960s, the U.S. changed its main approach from biological agents aimed to kill to those that would incapacitate. In 1964, research programs studied

7407: 7288: 7224: 5917: 4597: 1511: 855: 135:, a product of the castor plant. The U.S. conducted tests concerning two methods of ricin dissemination: the first, which involved adhering the toxin to 7272: 7245: 6796: 6757: 6678: 5173: 4491: 3845: 1496: 1161: 897: 212:

officially approved an American biological weapons program. In response to the information provided by the WBC, Roosevelt ordered Stimson to form the

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The U.S. military acknowledges that it tested several chemical and biological weapons on US military personnel in the desert facility, including the

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was also developed during this time period. The Flettner rotor was called, "probably one of the better devices for disseminating microorganisms", by

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argued that the biological warfare programs would eventually hurt US security because potential enemy nations could easily emulate these weapons.

7654: 7390: 7337: 7050: 6984: 6791: 6786: 6373: 5948: 5619: 5575: 4778: 2430: 2153:"Scientists and the history of biological weapons: A brief historical overview of the development of biological weapons in the twentieth century" 546:. The statement officially ended all U.S. offensive biological weapons programs. Nixon noted that biological weapons were unreliable and stated: 1385:

apply to "non-lethal" biological agents. Previous interpretation was stated to be in line with a definition laid out in Public Law 101-298, the

813:, was also completed and battle-ready by 1952. Other delivery systems researched and at least partially developed during the 1950s included the 423:

The general population remained uninformed of any breakthroughs concerning biological warfare. This included new production plants for anthrax,

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and two other defendants for sedition for reporting that the U.S. used biological weapons during the Korean War, the U.S. Attorney in the case,

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Operatives sprayed harmless bacteria into the building's air conditioning system and observed as the microbes spread throughout the Pentagon.

7506: 7045: 6974: 6732: 6722: 6578: 6469: 6356: 6094: 6053: 5531: 4944: 2338: 1569: 1501: 1386: 990:. Though the technician later claimed he had just pocketed the money, many Cubans and some US citizens believed a clandestinely administered 920:

in Washington released a cache of Soviet and Chinese documents that claimed to have revealed that the biowarfare allegation was an elaborate

3557: 377:, and fluorescent particles. Bacillus species were chosen in these tests because of their spore-forming abilities and their similarities to 7347: 7198: 7188: 7172: 6558: 6084: 6060: 5912: 4701: 1317: 1204: 762:

A U.S. facility at Fort Terry focused primarily on anti-animal biological agents. The first agent that was a candidate for development was

7262: 7232: 7108: 7097: 6781: 6583: 6548: 5536: 5286: 5211: 5035: 1426: 2583: 1099:. EW is a specific type of biological warfare which aims to use insects as weapon, either directly or through their potential to act as 872:, whom the Chinese denounced as being dominated by US influence and thus biased, the Chinese government pursued an investigation by the 7193: 7123: 7090: 6830: 6819: 6762: 6543: 5933: 5049: 4960: 4772: 4755: 1466: 1241: 1071: 181: 3705: 7442: 7352: 7208: 7009: 6999: 6845: 6439: 6040: 5907: 5581: 5055: 3733: 3060: 3031: 221: 2989: 1409:, the Russians claimed that they had come across "US military-run biolabs in Ukraine" supposedly developing biological weapons. The 7182: 7118: 7060: 7004: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6916: 6712: 6702: 6538: 6459: 6454: 6413: 6261: 6079: 6045: 5820: 5093: 4817: 4669: 4612: 2512:

Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare

2348: 1979: 1337: 4496: 3957: 3796: 2714: 2490: 7448: 7327: 7019: 6979: 6936: 6931: 6840: 6508: 5353: 4954: 4065: 2402: 2275: 521: 194: 3995: 2555: 1328:. Many of the newly identified suffer from long-term illnesses that may have been caused by the biological or chemical testing. 493:

brought public awareness to the U.S. biological weapons program. The use of chemicals, riot-control agents, and herbicides like

7546: 7459: 7357: 7130: 6528: 6449: 6408: 4852: 4721: 4602: 2872: 1929: 1506: 913: 557: 1869: 458:, the preventive treatment of diseases. Pathogens studied included the biological agents causing a myriad of diseases such as 7479: 7474: 6926: 6707: 6690: 6518: 6498: 6386: 5928: 4653: 4132: 3625: 3353: 3284: 3249: 3217: 3172: 2937: 2051: 613: 929:

supported Weathersby and Leitenberg, criticizing Endicott's research for using evidence provided by the Chinese government.

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ended all offensive (i.e., non-defensive) aspects of the U.S. bio-weapons program. In 1975 the U.S. ratified both the 1925

84: 295:. Most of the research and development was done there, while production and testing occurred at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and 7556: 7469: 7412: 7167: 7113: 7103: 6697: 6616: 6553: 6533: 6523: 6503: 6203: 6033: 6021: 6001: 5813: 5708: 5357: 4889: 2913: 2458: 1646: 1599: 1305: 4038: 1721: 1687: 7611: 7576: 7571: 7367: 7134: 7065: 6948: 6835: 6825: 6588: 6477: 6403: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6236: 6130: 6008: 5902: 4914: 4693: 805:

Work on delivery systems for the U.S. bioweapons arsenal led to the first mass-produced biological weapon in 1952, the

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issued his "Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs" on November 25, 1969, in a speech from

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U.S. biological weapons stocks were destroyed over the next few years. A $ 12 million disposal plan was undertaken at

7177: 7153: 6776: 6737: 6685: 6444: 6434: 6145: 5609: 5253: 5118: 4950: 4736: 4592: 4556: 4313: 4243: 3980: 3630: 3604: 2516: 2232: 1491: 1430: 1422: 1410: 1399: 962:... became suddenly feverish", presumably in their unit. Their nervous systems were said to have become "benumbed". 583:. These anti-crop agents, along with agents at Fort Detrick used for research purposes were destroyed in March 1973. 287:

agents went from "factory-level to laboratory-level". By 1950 the principal U.S. bio-weapons facility was located at

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the dropping of bacteria-laden insects. Some of these COMINT reports were also published a few months previously in

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Zilinskas, R. A. (1999). "Cuban Allegations of Biological Warfare by the United States: Assessing the Evidence".

617: 3781: 1421:. who stated the labs are performing public health research. The US dismissed the allegations as propaganda and 7616: 7464: 7454: 6649: 6611: 6246: 6241: 6231: 6152: 5897: 5436: 4073: 4046: 4027: 3988: 3969: 3565: 3361: 3107: 3068: 3039: 2997: 2835: 2722: 2591: 2498: 2466: 2438: 2410: 2283: 1987: 1937: 1909: 1877: 1729: 1695: 1654: 1607: 1441: 475: 3057:

Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution Through the Clinton Years

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John Ellis; Courtland Moon (2009). "The US Biological Weapons Program". In Mark Wheelis; Lajos Rózsa (eds.).

1579: 1564: 1461: 1343: 677: 625: 111: 1135:. A 1981 Army report outlined these tests as well as multiple cost-associated issues that occurred with EW. 1022:

six weeks before the outbreak in 1971 to destabilize the Cuban economy and encourage domestic opposition to

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claimed that evidence exists implicating the U.S. in biological warfare in Cuba. These claims are disputed.

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An Evaluation of Entomological Warfare as a Potential Danger to the United States and European NATO Nations

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The Salt Lake City Tribune, 2010-01-18, "Vets Say Toxic Tests Sickened Them; Government Says Prove It,"

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The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention

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An American Editor in Early Revolutionary China: John William Powell and the China Weekly/monthly Review

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Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research

1667: 7489: 6213: 6140: 6099: 6089: 5975: 5881: 5875: 4622: 4536: 4000: 3822:"EXCLUSIVE WHO says it advised Ukraine to destroy pathogens in health labs to prevent disease spread" 1223: 869: 264: 252: 202: 3870: 3621: 2620: 1103:. During the 1950s the United States conducted a series of field tests using entomological weapons. 7236: 7138: 5671: 5004: 4988: 4788: 2019:"The Schnacke Affidavit: U.S. Admission of Offensive Germ Warfare Capability During the Korean War" 292: 136: 7601: 7591: 5869: 5784: 5361: 5142: 5127: 5098: 2827: 2541:(the causal agent of melioidosis) from 1943–1944. Neither bacteria was weaponized. See Khardori, 865: 217: 173:

Initial interest in biological weapons by the Chemical Warfare Service began in 1941. That fall,

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submitted its findings to the Nixon administration that the American BW capability was limited:

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Biological Weapons: From the Invention of State-sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism

1188: 838: 834: 763: 580: 362: 328: 308: 55: 3599: 3453: 3099: 1259:, which were thought to be harmless, at public places such as subways. Light bulbs containing 5922: 5779: 5774: 5660: 5564: 5541: 4894: 4587: 4516: 4450: 4430: 3479: 3330: 3159:. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Vol. 150. pp. 15–68. 2887: 2000: 1325: 1321: 1100: 1092: 1058:

during the 1950s, made these charges seem not implausible to some scientists and historians.

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Reviews of The United States and Biological Warfare: secrets of the Early Cold War and Korea

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Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History

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situation concluded that it was not possible that the outbreak had occurred naturally.

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The CB Battlefield Legacy: Understanding the Potential Problem of Clustered CB Weapons

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BASELESS : my search for secrets in the ruins of the freedom of information act

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Lab 257: The Disturbing Story of the Government's Secret Plum Island Germ Laboratory

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disease usually carried by mosquitoes, the same species of yellow-fever mosquitoes (

439:

spores. Another case of human research was the biodefense medical research program,

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The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea

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Decontamination of Warfare Agents: Enzymatic Methods for the Removal of B/C Weapons

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The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea

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Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction

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reported that there was no association between the testing and the occurrence of

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spores (stored at the same facility 1962–1969), and the causative agent of

752: 737: 605: 592: 572: 336: 185: 156: 140: 107: 88: 3706:"Analysis: Russia and QAnon have the same false conspiracy theory about Ukraine" 403:

At the time, many scientists disagreed with the creation of biological weapons.

335:

Another substantive expansion phase was during the Kennedy-Johnson years, after

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unilaterally renouncing its biological warfare program, ultimately signing the

324: 316: 291:

in Maryland under the auspices of the Research and Engineering Division of the

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was used because it is easily identifiable from its red pigment. In 1966, the

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Despite the World War I-era interest in ricin, as World War II erupted, the

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was responsible for a subsequent outbreak of the disease in Cuban turkeys.

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It has been rumored that the U.S. employed biological weapons against the

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was discussing a British draft of a biological weapons treaty which the

127:

Initial interest in any form of biological warfare came at the close of

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Pluto Press. p. 114. 2961:Kaye, Jeffrey (2021-06-13). 2794:U.S. News & World Report 2681:. Retrieved January 5, 2009. 2227:, Wiley-VCH, 2008, pp. 5–6, 2017:Kaye, Jeffrey (2021-07-30). 1582:. Retrieved January 3, 2009. 1288:, that was monitored in the 1193:Deseret Chemical Test Center 1113:). In May 1955 over 300,000 662:staphylococcal enterotoxin B 182:National Academy of Sciences 97:Staphylococcal enterotoxin B 7: 6773:Enlisted recruit training: 6041:Department of the Air Force 5908:Deputy Secretary of Defense 5437:Biological Materials MASINT 5350:National Response Framework 5259:Laboratory Response Network 5220:Biological Threat Reduction 5164:Battelle Memorial Institute 4542:Horn Island Testing Station 4008:, accessed January 7, 2009. 3649:Palmer, Ewan (2022-03-08). 3309:Weapons of Mass Destruction 2886:Herbert Romerstein (2001). 2608:Weapons of Mass Destruction 1621:Weapons of Mass Destruction 1455: 1275:Washington National Airport 1172:, set up its first test at 1066:Experimentation and testing 1016:Central Intelligence Agency 257:Horn Island Testing Station 251:), a field-testing site on 10: 7671: 6073:Service branches and heads 5837:United States Armed Forces 5705:Aeromedical Isolation Team 3996:Global Guide to Bioweapons 2926:NICHOLSON., Baker (2021). 2691:U.S. Public Health Service 2151:Guillemin, Jeanne (2006). 1666:Covert, Norman M. (2000), 1417:, Russian scientists, and 1335: 1234:ship that in 1951 sprayed 1185:East Demilitarization Area 1080: 1069: 853: 829:, similar to the chemical 620:approved in 1968 and that 531: 117: 7537: 7421: 7383: 7312: 7281: 7223: 7035: 6947: 6812: 6636: 6629: 6602: 6571: 6491: 6468: 6427: 6394: 6382: 6284: 6214:Unified combatant command 6212: 6174: 6113: 6100:Chief of Space Operations 6090:Chief of Naval Operations 6072: 5993: 5984: 5890: 5843: 5722: 5680: 5636: 5629: 5600: 5524: 5495: 5488: 5456: 5424: 5396: 5387: 5340: 5322: 5296: 5244: 5204: 5195: 5152: 5084: 5075: 5018: 4997: 4981: 4974: 4903: 4872: 4839: 4830: 4787: 4754: 4735: 4692: 4683: 4676: 4623:War Bureau of Consultants 4570: 4537:Granite Peak Installation 4484: 4408: 4327: 4211: 4155: 4055:, Engelberg, Stephen and 3134:10.1080/10408419991299202 2709:Stueck, William Whitney. 2543:Bioterrorism Preparedness 2097:10.1038/sj.embor.embor849 1151:Vulnerability field tests 870:World Health Organization 265:Granite Peak Installation 203:War Bureau of Consultants 195:National Research Council 123:Early history (1918–1941) 7139:Air Force Specialty Code 6853:Awards & decorations 5277:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD) 5005:State Health Departments 4989:Local Health Departments 3238:Bolender, Keith (2010). 2169:10.1038/sj.embor.7400689 992:biological weapons agent 885:, by Western historians 798:, Teschers disease, and 293:U.S. Army Chemical Corps 235:Though initially, under 5785:Isolation (health care) 5755:Biological warfare (BW) 5128:University of Rochester 5099:Henry L. Stimson Center 3193:San Francisco Chronicle 3165:10.1007/1-4020-2098-8_3 2204:Dr. Robert A. Wampler, 1284:released material over 965: 866:International Red Cross 587:Geneva Protocol and BWC 558:U.S. biological arsenal 218:Federal Security Agency 7159:Military Health System 6029:Department of the Navy 6017:Department of the Army 4409:Operations and testing 4380:Flettner rotor bomblet 4080:Department of the Army 2807:Korea: The Unknown War 1974:Wheelis, Mark, et al. 1641:Zilinskas, Raymond A. 1396: 1300:In February 2008, the 1189:Deseret Chemical Depot 883:Korea: The Unknown War 839:William C. Patrick III 835:Flettner rotor bomblet 764:foot and mouth disease 581:Rocky Mountain Arsenal 553: 513: 363:San Francisco Bay Area 354: 199: 164:World War II (1941–45) 56:Francisella tularensis 6617:Air Force Art Program 6204:Coast Guard Auxiliary 6002:Department of Defense 5976:Goldwater–Nichols Act 5923:Joint Chiefs of Staff 5780:Entomological warfare 5681:Defunct organizations 5661:Wood Green ricin plot 5565:Project Bioshield Act 5542:Executive Order 13139 4895:Dugway Proving Ground 4588:Entomological warfare 4517:Dugway Proving Ground 4451:Operation Magic Sword 4431:Operation Dark Winter 3435:. Global Security.org 3331:Dugway Proving Ground 3206:Zinn, Howard (1980). 3028:War and Public Health 2787:May 24, 2011, at the 1391: 1358:worked on one toxin, 1326:Institute of Medicine 1322:Dugway Proving Ground 1093:entomological warfare 1081:Further information: 1077:Entomological testing 1056:entomological warfare 918:Woodrow Wilson Center 876:. A committee led by 776:bovine virus diarrhea 726:late blight of potato 548: 508: 437:Aspergillus fumigatus 433:Aspergillus fumigatus 383:, a causing agent of 349: 297:Dugway Proving Ground 190: 175:U.S. Secretary of War 25:Franklin D. Roosevelt 7408:Aircraft designation 7057:Creeds & Codes: 6176:Civilian auxiliaries 5994:Military departments 5903:Secretary of Defense 5656:2001 anthrax attacks 5324:Medical intelligence 5307:Select Agent Program 5231:Project Clear Vision 4628:War Research Service 4618:U.S. bio-weapons ban 4355:E48 particulate bomb 4041:), Wiley-VCH, 2006, 2782:Unmasking an Old Lie 2633:Army Chemical Review 2578:Carroll, Michael C. 2163:(Spec No): S45–S49. 2091:(Suppl 1): S47–S52. 1670:, 4th Edition: 2000. 1517:2001 anthrax attacks 1375:Project Clear Vision 860:In 1952, during the 800:vesicular stomatitis 774:, bovine influenza, 751:, 1951–1957), 577:Beale Air Force Base 517:Nixon administration 502:, wife of biologist 413:Peace or Pestilence? 398:Eglin Air Force Base 393:New York City Subway 275:Cold War (1947–1969) 245:Terre Haute, Indiana 224:were established at 214:War Research Service 7294:Crew-served weapons 7183:Chiefs of Chaplains 6404:Current deployments 4562:Vigo Ordnance Plant 4512:Deseret Test Center 4466:Operation Whitecoat 4461:Operation Polka Dot 4441:Operation Drop Kick 4416:Operation Sea-Spray 4105:American Experience 3983:), ABC-CLIO, 2005, 3531:. Salt Lake Tribune 3508:. Salt Lake Tribune 3195:. January 10, 1977. 2397:Mauroni, Albert J. 1924:Zubay, Geoffrey L. 1715:Moreno, Jonathan D. 1477:Operation Sea-Spray 1450:genetic engineering 1444:, "Developments in 1348:defensive in nature 1237:Serratia marcescens 1164:, operating out of 1144:Operation Whitecoat 1129:Operation Drop Kick 1026:. According to the 999:African Swine Fever 874:World Peace Council 833:. The experimental 768:African swine fever 441:Operation Whitecoat 374:Serratia marcescens 359:Operation Sea-Spray 249:Vigo Ordnance Plant 180:requested that the 102:In 1969, President 7289:Individual weapons 6529:Hispanic Americans 6509:Buddhist Americans 6292:United States Code 6262:Special Operations 6115:Reserve components 5672:2013 ricin letters 5667:2003 ricin letters 5214:, implemented the 5143:George Mason Univ. 4583:Biological warfare 4552:Pine Bluff Arsenal 4426:Operation Big Itch 4421:Operation Big Buzz 4183:Enterotoxin type B 3962:Carnegie Endowment 3950:Cirincione, Joseph 3877:. 24 February 2022 3406:2010-01-20 at the 3333:, March 1981, via 3325:Rose, William H. " 2780:Auster, Bruce B. " 2766:Biological Weapons 2744:The New York Times 2661:Eitzen, Edward M. 2626:2012-10-19 at the 2564:Middlebury College 2361:Cirincione, Joseph 2331:Smart, Jeffery K. 2320:Biological Weapons 2307:Biological Weapons 2250:Miller, pp. 61–64. 1954:Biological Weapons 1746:Biological Warfare 1643:Biological Warfare 1562:Smart, Jeffery K. 1363:enterotoxin type B 1217:In civilian venues 1197:Fort Douglas, Utah 1156:In military venues 1125:Operation Big Buzz 1110:Xenopsylla cheopis 1105:Operation Big Itch 1051:Operation Big Buzz 1003:Western Hemisphere 939:People & Power 934:Al Jazeera English 927:Herbert Romerstein 565:Pine Bluff Arsenal 484:coccidioidomycosis 452:Enterotoxin type B 380:Bacillus anthracis 361:, occurred in the 329:Robert H. Schnacke 301:Pine Bluff Arsenal 285:biological warfare 210:Franklin Roosevelt 170:United States Army 46:Bacillus anthracis 7627: 7626: 7533: 7532: 7219: 7218: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6644:Service academies 6625: 6624: 6499:African Americans 6280: 6279: 5803: 5802: 5750:Biological hazard 5718: 5717: 5596: 5595: 5484: 5483: 5471:Biosafety cabinet 5383: 5382: 5342:Disaster response 5236:Project Jefferson 5191: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5169:SRI International 5071: 5070: 4970: 4969: 4826: 4825: 4636: 4635: 4456:Operation May Day 4340:E133 cluster bomb 4212:Researched agents 4156:Weaponized agents 4100:The Living Weapon 4057:Broad, William J. 4033:Khardori, Nancy. 4012:Guillemin, Jeanne 3578:Joseph Cirincione 3552:Littlewood, Jez. 3456:. BBC. 2006-02-13 3336:thesmokinggun.com 3286:978-959-211-316-9 3251:978-1-78371-094-2 3219:978-0-06-014803-4 3174:978-1-4020-2096-4 2939:978-0-7352-1576-4 2932:. Penguin Books. 2762:Guillemin, Jeanne 2303:Guillemin, Jeanne 2053:978-0-674-04513-2 1950:Guillemin, Jeanne 1896:Whitby, Simon M. 1742:Guillemin, Jeanne 1594:Garrett, Laurie. 1398:According to the 1379:Project Jefferson 1262:Bacillus globigii 1257:Bacillus globigii 1160:In August 1949 a 1133:Operation May Day 988:Newcastle disease 974:island nation of 792:Newcastle disease 772:Blue tongue virus 734:Newcastle disease 718:Rift Valley fever 575:, were stored at 569:biological agents 368:Bacillus globigii 76:Coxiella burnetii 33:biological agents 7662: 7587: 7586: 7545: 7544: 7434:Nuclear football 7279: 7278: 7173:Veterans Affairs 6992:Warrant officers 6768:The Basic School 6676: 6664: 6652: 6634: 6633: 6612:Army Art Program 6519:Muslim Americans 6514:Jewish Americans 6392: 6391: 6199:Civil Air Patrol 5991: 5990: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5807: 5806: 5745:Biological agent 5700:Sunshine Project 5634: 5633: 5493: 5492: 5394: 5393: 5356:(DHS; including 5205:Threat reduction 5202: 5201: 5174:Idaho Technology 5113:Brown University 5085:Academic centers 5082: 5081: 4979: 4978: 4837: 4836: 4690: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4578:Biological agent 4400:M33 cluster bomb 4375:E96 cluster bomb 4370:E86 cluster bomb 4365:E77 balloon bomb 4142: 4135: 4128: 4119: 4118: 4020:Internet Archive 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3926: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3895:Stronski, Paul. 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3784:. 17 March 2022. 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3646: 3635: 3618: 3609: 3596: 3585: 3575: 3569: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3429: 3414: 3397: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3371: 3365: 3346: 3340: 3323: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3235: 3224: 3223: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3117: 3111: 3100:Internet Archive 3087: 3072: 3049: 3043: 3025:Sidel, Victor W. 3018: 3001: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2900: 2899: 2883: 2877: 2864: 2858: 2845: 2839: 2828:relevant excerpt 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2778: 2769: 2759: 2748: 2735: 2726: 2707: 2698: 2688: 2682: 2674:Borden Institute 2659: 2653: 2643: 2637: 2617: 2611: 2604: 2595: 2576: 2567: 2552: 2546: 2527: 2521: 2508: 2502: 2476: 2470: 2451: 2442: 2423: 2414: 2395: 2368: 2358: 2352: 2344:Borden Institute 2329: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2300: 2287: 2270:Graham, Thomas. 2268: 2251: 2248: 2235: 2219: 2213: 2202: 2191: 2190: 2180: 2148: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2076: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2014: 2008: 1997: 1991: 1972: 1957: 1947: 1941: 1922: 1913: 1894: 1881: 1862: 1849: 1838: 1807: 1806: 1796: 1772: 1766: 1755: 1749: 1739: 1733: 1712: 1699: 1680: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1639: 1624: 1617: 1611: 1592: 1583: 1575:Borden Institute 1560: 1265:were dropped in 1178:Washington, D.C. 1095:(EW) during the 961: 957: 898:Stephen Endicott 819:E86 cluster bomb 815:E77 balloon bomb 807:M33 cluster bomb 784:goat pneumonitis 749:Edgewood Arsenal 740:, and the toxin 540:Richard M. Nixon 504:Matthew Meselson 500:Jeanne Guillemin 418:Matthew Meselson 405:Theodor Rosebury 323:At the trial of 255:in Mississippi ( 178:Henry L. Stimson 139:for delivery by 16:Military program 7670: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7529: 7417: 7413:Helicopter arms 7379: 7308: 7277: 7215: 7098:Service numbers 7061:Code of Conduct 7031: 6943: 6808: 6804:Other education 6745:Warrant officer 6691:Merchant Marine 6621: 6598: 6572:History centers 6567: 6504:Asian Americans 6487: 6464: 6423: 6384: 6378: 6276: 6208: 6194:Merchant Marine 6170: 6109: 6068: 5980: 5886: 5839: 5834: 5804: 5799: 5775:Decontamination 5760:Biosurveillance 5714: 5682: 5676: 5638: 5637:Past biological 5625: 5602: 5592: 5520: 5503:Geneva Protocol 5480: 5466:Biosafety level 5452: 5420: 5389: 5379: 5336: 5318: 5292: 5246:Biosurveillance 5240: 5226:Project Bacchus 5197: 5183: 5155: 5148: 5087:and think tanks 5086: 5077: 5067: 5014: 4993: 4966: 4899: 4868: 4841: 4832: 4822: 4783: 4750: 4731: 4685: 4672: 4667: 4637: 4632: 4566: 4480: 4476:Project Bacchus 4404: 4323: 4207: 4203:Wheat stem rust 4151: 4146: 4095: 4004:– "Bioterror", 3946: 3944:Further reading 3941: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3730: 3723: 3714: 3712: 3702: 3695: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3659: 3657: 3647: 3638: 3619: 3612: 3597: 3588: 3582:Deadly Arsenals 3576: 3572: 3551: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3487: 3476: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3417: 3408:Wayback Machine 3398: 3389: 3380: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3347: 3343: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3302: 3287: 3271: 3267: 3252: 3236: 3227: 3220: 3204: 3200: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3153: 3149: 3118: 3114: 3088: 3075: 3050: 3046: 3019: 3004: 2984:Chomsky, Noam. 2983: 2979: 2970: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2940: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2903: 2884: 2880: 2865: 2861: 2854:York University 2846: 2842: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2789:Wayback Machine 2779: 2772: 2760: 2751: 2736: 2729: 2708: 2701: 2689: 2685: 2660: 2656: 2646:Countermeasures 2644: 2640: 2628:Wayback Machine 2618: 2614: 2605: 2598: 2577: 2570: 2553: 2549: 2538:B. pseudomallei 2528: 2524: 2509: 2505: 2477: 2473: 2453:O'Brien, Neil. 2452: 2445: 2424: 2417: 2396: 2371: 2365:Deadly Arsenals 2359: 2355: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2313: 2301: 2290: 2269: 2254: 2249: 2238: 2220: 2216: 2203: 2194: 2149: 2122: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2025: 2015: 2011: 1998: 1994: 1973: 1960: 1948: 1944: 1923: 1916: 1895: 1884: 1863: 1852: 1839: 1810: 1773: 1769: 1756: 1752: 1740: 1736: 1713: 1702: 1681: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1640: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1593: 1586: 1561: 1530: 1525: 1458: 1371:Project Bacchus 1340: 1334: 1298: 1286:Victoria, Texas 1219: 1158: 1153: 1141: 1139:Clinical trials 1085: 1079: 1074: 1068: 968: 959: 955: 948:Nicholson Baker 906:York University 902:Edward Hagerman 858: 852: 847: 753:wheat stem rust 634: 606:Harry S. Truman 593:Geneva Protocol 589: 573:wheat stem rust 536: 530: 277: 186:Frank B. Jewett 166: 157:interwar period 141:artillery shell 125: 120: 108:Geneva Protocol 89:Botulinum toxin 17: 12: 11: 5: 7668: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7504: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7446: 7436: 7431: 7429:WWII equipment 7425: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7322: 7320:All watercraft 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7240: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6907:Identification 6898: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6771: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6671: 6659: 6640: 6638: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6608: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6524:Sikh Americans 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6272:Transportation 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6153:National Guard 6150: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6119: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6038: 6037: 6036: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6013: 6012: 5997: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5833: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5730:Agro-terrorism 5726: 5724: 5723:Related topics 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5603:representation 5598: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5458:Biocontainment 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5208: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5136: 5131: 5121: 5116: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5043: 5033: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4958: 4948: 4938: 4932: 4922: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4860: 4845: 4843: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4686:administrative 4678: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4603:List of topics 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4571:Related topics 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4094: 4093:External links 4091: 4090: 4089: 4077: 4053:Miller, Judith 4050: 4031: 4009: 3992: 3973: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3912: 3901:Foreign Policy 3887: 3862: 3837: 3812: 3787: 3773: 3749: 3721: 3693: 3666: 3636: 3610: 3586: 3570: 3542: 3519: 3496: 3467: 3445: 3415: 3410:, archived at 3387: 3366: 3341: 3313: 3300: 3285: 3265: 3250: 3225: 3218: 3198: 3180: 3173: 3147: 3128:(3): 173–227. 3112: 3073: 3044: 3021:Levy, Barry S. 3002: 2977: 2953: 2938: 2918: 2901: 2878: 2859: 2840: 2811: 2809:(Viking, 1988) 2799: 2770: 2749: 2727: 2699: 2683: 2654: 2638: 2619:Kirby, Reid. " 2612: 2596: 2568: 2547: 2522: 2503: 2471: 2443: 2425:Mangold, Tom. 2415: 2369: 2353: 2349:Air University 2324: 2311: 2288: 2252: 2236: 2214: 2192: 2120: 2068: 2059: 2052: 2034: 2009: 1992: 1958: 1942: 1914: 1882: 1850: 1846:Air University 1808: 1767: 1750: 1734: 1700: 1672: 1659: 1625: 1612: 1584: 1527: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1457: 1454: 1423:disinformation 1415:United Nations 1361:Staphylococcus 1336:Main article: 1333: 1330: 1297: 1294: 1218: 1215: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1140: 1137: 1078: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1049:) utilized in 967: 964: 922:disinformation 878:Joseph Needham 854:Main article: 851: 848: 846: 843: 660:. In addition 633: 630: 588: 585: 532:Main article: 529: 526: 325:John W. Powell 317:U.S. Air Force 276: 273: 165: 162: 124: 121: 119: 116: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7667: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6889:International 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6859:Inter-service 6857: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6419:Civil affairs 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6324:Installations 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934:Vice Chairman 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601:International 5599: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390:and equipment 5386: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5194: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5151: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4829: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4677:Organizations 4675: 4671: 4664: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446:Operation LAC 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436:Operation Dew 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4279:Potato blight 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4113: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3923: 3916: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3530: 3523: 3507: 3500: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3472: 3455: 3449: 3434: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3090:Blum, William 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2967: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2863: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2808: 2803: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2768:, pp. 99–105. 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2739:Wartime Lies? 2734: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479:Carter, April 2475: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2309:, pp. 122–27. 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2234: 2233:9783527621620 2230: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2055: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1787:(8): 450–54. 1786: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1669: 1663: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 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