Racism against African Americans

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study also found that African-Americans and Whites view the traits that they identify each other with as threatening, interracial communication between the two is likely to be "hesitant, reserved, and concealing". Interracial communication is guided by stereotypes; stereotypes are transferred into personality and character traits which then have an effect on communication. Multiple factors go into how stereotypes are established, such as age and the setting in which they are being applied. For example, in a study done by the Entman-Rojecki Index of Race and Media in 2014, 89% of Black women in movies are shown swearing and exhibiting offensive behavior while only 17% of White women are portrayed in this manner.

3417: 2354: 3709:. Zimmerman, a neighborhood-watch volunteer, claimed that Martin was being suspicious and called the Sanford police to report him. While on the call to police, Zimmerman began following Martin. Between ending his call with police and their arrival, Zimmerman fatally shot Martin outside of the townhouse he was staying at following an altercation. Zimmerman was injured in the altercation and claimed self-defense. The incident caused national outrage after Zimmerman was not charged over the shooting. The national coverage of the incident lead Sandford police to arrest Zimmerman and charge him with second-degree murder, but he was found not guilty at 3389:

from Nixon's time in office further revealed his bigoted views of minorities, commenting on African Americans: "I know they're not going to make it for 500 years. They aren't. You know it, too. The Mexicans are a different cup of tea. They have a heritage. At the present time they steal, they're dishonest, but they do have some concept of family life. They don't live like a bunch of dogs, which the Negroes do live like." The perception that the Republican Party had served as the "vehicle of white supremacy in the South", particularly post 1964, made it difficult for the Party to win back the support of Black voters in the South in later years.

2483: 2441: 3142: 2575:), Lincoln accepted the federal consensus that the Constitution did not give Congress the power to end it. But he was also Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy. An action based on military necessity, against states that were in rebellion, would be appropriate as a step towards their defeat. The South of course interpreted the Emancipation Proclamation as a hostile act, but it allowed Lincoln to abolish slavery to a limited extent, without igniting resistance from anti-abolitionist forces in the Union. The slaves were not immediately affected by the proclamation, but advancing Union armies freed them. 2474:(the name given to the transportation of slaves from Africa to North America). These sales of slaves broke up many families, with Berlin writing that whether slaves were directly uprooted or lived in fear that they or their families would be involuntarily moved, "the massive deportation traumatized black people". Individuals lost their connection to families and clans. Added to the earlier colonists combining slaves from different tribes, many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa. Most were descended from families who had been in the U.S. for many generations. 3324: 3134:, with a stoic Mamie gazing at her murdered child's ravaged body, that forced the world to reckon with the brutality of American racism." News photographs were circulated around the country, and they drew an intense public reaction. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the Black community throughout the U.S. Vann R. Newkirk wrote "the trial of his killers became a pageant illuminating the tyranny of White supremacy". The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam, but they were speedily acquitted by an 7293: 2920:. Within Chicago, for example, between 1910 and 1970, the population fraction of African-Americans leapt from 2.0 percent to 32.7 percent. The demographic patterns of Black migrants and external economic conditions are largely studied stimulants regarding the Great Migration. For example, migrating Black people (between 1910 and 1920) were more likely to be literate than Blacks who remained in the South. Known economic push factors played a role in migration, such as the emergence of a split labor market and agricultural distress which resulted from the 3092: 3820:

the cops. I'm going to tell them there's an African American man threatening my life." During her phone call, with the man standing a distance away from her and recording her, she spoke in an audibly distraught voice, "There's a man, African American, he is.. threatening me and my dog. Please send the cops immediately!". Other examples of White women calling the police on Black people include reporting an eight-year-old girl for selling bottles of water without a permit in San Francisco, reporting a Black family barbecuing in a park in

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and social inferiority of Black Americans, consistently portraying Black people as simple, irresponsible, and oftentimes, in situations of suffering that were implied to be their fault (and not the effects of slavery and other oppression). Black Americans were also depicted as expendable and their suffering as commonplace, as evidenced by a poem about "Ten Little Nigger Boys" dying off one by one that was circulated as a children's counting exercise from 1875 to the mid-1900s. Historian

12246: 2865: 2532:, which took effect on January 1, 1863, marked a change in the federal government's position on slavery. (Up to that time, the federal government had never even taken a limited pro-emancipation stance, and it could do so only in 1862 because of the 1861 departure of almost all of the Southern members of Congress). Though the proclamation was welcomed by abolitionists, its application was limited. It did not apply, for example, to the nearly 500,000 slaves in the slave-holding 2738: 2626: 19: 3216: 2928: 10203: 8248: 2940:

Southern Blacks were used to attribute issues in urban areas, such as crime and disease, to the presence of African-Americans. Overall, African-Americans in most Northern and Western cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for Black people were routed to the lowest-status and restrictive in potential mobility. In 1900 Reverend Matthew Anderson, speaking at the annual

2800: 8268: 3043: 2965: 2294: 47: 2709:. Segregation, which began with slavery, continued with the passage and enforcement of Jim Crow laws, along with the posting of signs which were used to show Black people where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, non-Whites had to wait until all White customers were dealt with. Segregated facilities extended from White-only schools to White-only graveyards. 10213: 8258: 3074:" status for Black people. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were almost always inferior to those which were provided to Whites. The most important laws required that public schools, public places and public transportation, like trains and buses, have separate facilities for Whites and Blacks. State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the 2788:) disenfranchised particularly in the South. Furthermore, the discrimination was extended to state legislation which "allocated vastly unequal financial support" for Black and White schools. In addition to this, county officials sometimes redistributed resources which were earmarked for Black people to White schools, further undermining educational opportunities. In response to 2979:—mob-directed hangings, usually racially motivated—increased dramatically in the 1920s. Urban riots—Whites attacking Blacks—became a northern and western problem. Many Whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Americans, while many other Whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions, a process known as 2345:, their function was to police slaves, especially runaways. Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or rebellions, so state militias were formed to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols so they could be used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or rebellions. 2715:, which forbade marriage and even sex between whites and non-whites (which typically covered Blacks but in some cases also Indians and Asians), existed in most of the states well into the 20th century, even after emancipation and even in states that advocated the abolition of slavery. Such anti-miscegenation laws existed in many states until 1967, when the 3496:, often sold by and to African-Americans, carried a mandatory five-year prison sentence. However, for powder cocaine, often sold by and to White Americans, it would take one hundred times that amount, or 500 grams, for the same sentence, leading many to criticize the law as discriminatory. The 100:1 sentencing disparity was reduced to 18:1 in 2010 by the 2501:, for the first time, allowed African Americans to serve in the Union militias as soldiers. However, Black members were discriminated against in pay, with Black members being paid half of White members. Besides discrimination in pay, colored units were often disproportionately assigned laborer work, rather than combat assignments. General 3161:, four young African American college students entered a Woolworth store and sat down at the counter but were refused service. The men had learned about non-violent protest in college, and continued to sit peacefully as Whites tormented them at the counter, pouring ketchup on their heads and burning them with cigarettes. The 3304:, the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as banking, insurance, access to jobs, access to health care, or even supermarkets to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. Although in the U.S. informal discrimination and segregation have always existed, redlining began with the 2413:, That it is as much the duty of the state to guard against insubordination or insurrection among our colored population, or to control and regulate any cause which might excite or produce it, as to guard against any other evil, political or physical, which might assail us. This duty is paramount to all 2855:

wrote in response to the Atlanta riots: "Separation of the races is the only radical solution of the negro problem in this country. There is nothing new about it. It was the Almighty who established the bounds of the habitation of the races. The negroes were brought here by compulsion; they should be

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of Kentucky, stated that because of "unconquerable prejudice resulting from their color, they never could amalgamate with the free whites of this country. It was desirable, therefore, as it respected them, and the residue of the population of the country, to drain them off". Thousands of Black people

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efforts around the country, though mainly motivated by political considerations, often effectively disproportionately affect African Americans and other minorities. In 2016, one in 13 African-Americans of voting age was disenfranchised, more than four times greater than that of non-African-Americans.

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Russ Long stated that there is now a more subtle form of racism that associates a specific race with a specific characteristic. In a 1993 study conducted by Katz and Braly, it was presented that "blacks and whites hold a variety of stereotypes towards each other, often negative". The Katz and Braley

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analyzed the American curriculum as completely lacking any mention of Black Americans' merits in the early 20th century. Based on his observations of the time, he wrote that American students, including Black students, who went through U.S. schooling would come out believing that Black people had no

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stated, "People say that it was degrading for an Olympic champion to run against a horse, but what was I supposed to do? I had four gold medals, but you can't eat four gold medals." On the lack of opportunities, Owens added, "There was no television, no big advertising, no endorsements then. Not for

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Up until the 1940s, the full revenue potential of what was called "the Negro market" was largely ignored by White-owned manufacturers in the U.S. with advertising focused on Whites. Black people were also denied commercial deals. On his decision to take part in exhibition races against racehorses in

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marked a turning point during the civil rights era. On Sunday, September 15, 1963, with a stack of dynamite hidden on an outside staircase, Ku Klux Klansmen destroyed one side of the Birmingham church. The bomb exploded in proximity to twenty-six children who were preparing for choir practice in the

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The curriculum in U.S. schools has also contained racism against non-white Americans, including Native Americans, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian Americans. Particularly during the 19th and early 20th centuries, school textbooks and other teaching materials emphasized the biological

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report concluded the Contra drug links included... "Payments to drug traffickers by the U.S. State Department of funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras, in some cases after the traffickers had been indicted by federal law enforcement agencies on drug charges, in

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developed strategies that successfully contributed to the political realignment of many White, conservative voters in the South who had traditionally supported the Democratic Party rather than the Republican Party. In 1971, angered by African delegates at the UN siding against the U.S. in a vote to

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and dragged them out of bed for living together as an interracial couple, on the basis that "any white person intermarry with a colored person"— or vice versa—each party "shall be guilty of a felony" and face prison terms of five years. The law was ruled unconstitutional in 1967 by the U.S. Supreme

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received wide publicity after it was caught on film. After he had asked her to put her dog on a leash (as per the rules in an area of the park to protect other wildlife), she approached him, to which he responded "Please don't come close to me", before she yelled, "I'm taking a picture and calling

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Segregation continued even after the demise of the Jim Crow laws. Data on house prices and attitudes towards integration suggest that in the mid-20th century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by Whites to exclude Black people from their neighborhoods. Segregation also took the

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About four million Black slaves were freed in 1865. Ninety-five percent of Black people lived in the South, comprising one-third of its total population, while only five percent of Black people lived in the North, comprising only one percent of its total population. Consequently, fears of eventual

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stated in a phone call to president Nixon, "To see those... those monkeys from those African countries – damn them, they're still uncomfortable wearing shoes!" Nixon adopted Reagan's offensive language to complain about "cannibals jumping up and down" after the vote passed. Recorded conversations

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Southern migrants were often treated in accordance with pre-existing racial stratification. The rapid influx of Black people into the North and West disturbed the racial balance within cities, exacerbating hostility between both Black and White residents in the two regions. Stereotypic schemas of

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in Virginia, said that "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South. There seems to be an apparent effort throughout the North, especially in the cities to debar the colored worker from all the avenues of higher remunerative labor,

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families held Black people in slavery prior to the Civil War. According to the 1860 U.S. census, there were about 385,000 slave owners out of a White population of approximately 7 million in the slave states. White European Americans who participated in the slave industry tried to justify their

2463:.) Enslaved family members could be split up (ie., sold off) never to see or hear of each other again. Between 1830 and 1840, nearly 250,000 slaves were taken across state lines. In the 1850s, more than 193,000 were transported, and historians estimate nearly one million in total were traded. 3802:

wrote, "historically, White women have used the violence of White men and the institutions these men control as their own muscle. Untold numbers of lynchings were executed because White women had claimed that a black man raped, assaulted, talked to or glanced at them. This exercise in racial

2381:(set free) on the condition that they emigrate. The slave states made no secret that they wanted to get rid of free Blacks, who they believed threatened their investment, the slaves, encouraging escapes and revolts. The support for the ACS was primarily Southern. The founder of the ACS, 3752:

launched the National Center for Building Community Trust and Justice in 2014. This program collects data concerning racial profiling to create change in the criminal justice system concerning implicit and explicit racial bias towards African-Americans as well as other minorities.

2447:, a cloth that recounts a slave sale separating a mother and her daughter. The sack belonged to a nine-year-old girl, Ashley. It was a parting gift from her mother, Rose, after Ashley had been sold. Rose filled the sack with a dress, braid of her hair, pecans, and "my love always". 2187:. For instance, after 1890, less than 9,000 of Mississippi's 147,000 eligible African-American voters were registered to vote, or about 6%. Louisiana went from 130,000 registered African-American voters in 1896 to 1,342 in 1904 (about a 99% decrease). They were also subjected to 2334:, and it was his call for science to determine the obvious "inferiority" of Black people that is regarded as "an extremely important stage in the evolution of scientific racism." He concluded that Black people were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind." 3757: 3173:

took place to non-violently protest against racism and inequality. Sit-ins continued throughout the South and spread to other areas. Eventually, after many sit-ins and other non-violent protests, including marches and boycotts, places began to agree to desegregate.

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with Georgia being racially segregated, and at the Oscars ceremony in Los Angeles she was required to sit at a segregated table at the far wall of the room; the hotel had a strict no-Blacks policy, but allowed McDaniel in as a favor. Her final wish to be buried in

3851:. All four police officers present were fired the next day, and later arrested. Chauvin was charged with and later convicted of second-degree murder, and the other three officers were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder. Floyd's murder sparked a 6436:

While many might remember first hearing the phrase "Black Lives Matter" during the 2014 protests in Ferguson, Missouri, the movement actually began a year earlier, the day when George Zimmerman was found not guilty of murdering 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in

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continue to overlap in the United States. This reality is a direct legacy of the past, in particular, it is a direct legacy of slavery, segregation and the forcible resettlement of Native Americans, which was confronted by the United States during the

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than Obama as being most qualified to be commander in chief, likeliest to unite the country and most apt to capture the White House in November. Black people named Obama over Clinton by even stronger margins—two- and three-to one—in all three areas."

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Yet the revised time provided by prosecutors conflicts with videotapes obtained by The New York Times after the May 25 killing along a Minneapolis street. The videos show Mr. Chauvin's knee on Mr. Floyd's neck for at least eight minutes and 15

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to African American men (previously only white men of property could vote), and these cumulative federal efforts, African Americans began taking advantage of enfranchisement. They began voting, seeking office positions, and getting a

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emancipation were much greater in the South than in the North. Based on 1860 census figures, eight percent of males who were aged 13 to 43 died in the Civil War, including six percent in the North and eighteen percent in the South.

2517:. About 20 percent of colored soldiers died, their death toll being about 35 percent higher than that of white Union troops. The 1862 Militia Act, however, did not open military service to all races, only to Black Americans. In the 2945:

which makes it more difficult to improve his economic condition even than in the South." Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence,

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that restricted African Americans' freedom and compelled them to work for low wages, and through the use of the exception in the Thirteenth Amendment, which permitted slavery "as a punishment for crime". They were also subject to

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CERD Task Force of the US Human Rights Network (August 2010). "From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Implementing US Obligations Under the International Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)".

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as well as any social or political causes which might instrumentally lead to such insubordination or insurrection, and declaring that this purpose was paramount over all other laws, constitutions, and domestic or international

5697: 3673:(41%). Racial divisions persisted throughout the election; wide margins of Black voters gave Obama an edge during the presidential primary, where 8 out of 10 African-Americans voted for him in the primaries, and an 2171:

at both the federal and state level, as well as the right to hold certain government offices, jury duty, military service, and many other activities, besides access to government assistance and services. The second

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Au, Wayne, 1972–. Reclaiming the multicultural roots of U.S. curriculum : communities of color and official knowledge in education. Brown, Anthony Lamar, Aramoni Calderón, Dolores, Banks, James A. New York.

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Though the Thirteenth Amendment formally abolished slavery throughout the United States, some Black Americans became subjected to revised forms of involuntary labor, particularly in the South, through the use of

4053: 3807:, often by White women, to invoke the power and force of the police who they are fully aware are hostile to black men". White women in the U.S. who used their White privilege as a weapon have been given a 7424: 7394: 7257: 11618: 11613: 2888:, the relocation of millions of African Americans from their roots in the rural Southern states to the industrial centers of the North and West between 1910 and 1970, particularly in cities such as 2084:, and gradually came to be perceived as socially and morally unacceptable by large elements of American society. Despite this, racism against Black Americans remains widespread in the U.S., as does 2425:. It arises from the supreme and permanent law of nature, the law of self-preservation; and will never, by this state, be renounced, compromised, controlled or participated with any power whatever. 2180:

of every "free able-bodied white male citizen". Tennessee's 1834 Constitution included a provision: "the free white men of this State have a right to Keep and bear arms for their common defense."

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As the civil rights movement and the dismantling of Jim Crow laws in the 1950s and 1960s deepened existing racial tensions in much of the Southern U.S, a Republican Party electoral strategy—the

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Karthikeyan, Hrishi; Chin, Gabriel Jackson (April 14, 2011). "Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910–1950".

3955:. However, whereas the country managed to establish equal treatment and non-discrimination in its laws, it has yet to redress the socioeconomic consequences of the historical legacy of racism." 6752: 11366: 7334: 6814: 3203:

being fingerprinted after being arrested for not giving up her seat on the bus so that a single white passenger could have an entire row of seats with no Black person sitting across the aisle

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The importation of slaves into the United States was outlawed by federal law from 1808, but smuggling continued, the last known ship to bring enslaved Africans to the United States being the

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issued a rare warning to the US and its leadership to "unequivocally and unconditionally" condemn racist speech and crime, following violence in Charlottesville during a rally organized by

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were resettled in Liberia, where they formed an American English-speaking enclave which could not assimilate back into African life and as a result, most of them died of tropical diseases.

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discriminated against tens of thousands of Black American farmers, denying loans that were provided to White farmers in similar circumstances. The discrimination was the subject of the

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which overruled remaining Jim Crow laws. Nonetheless, neither had been implemented by the end of the 1960s as civil rights leaders continued to strive for political and social freedom.

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Werner, John Melvin. "Race riots in the United States during the age of Jackson: 1824-1849" (PhD dissertation, Indiana University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1972. 7314619).

3130:, Emmett's Mother, "brought him home to Chicago and insisted on an open casket. Tens of thousands filed past Till's remains, but it was the publication of the searing funeral image in 11630: 2509:, remarked "I fear that many high officials outside of Washington have no other intention than that these men shall be used as diggers and drudges." Black members were organized into 7247: 6847: 7349: 3371:—was enacted to increase political support among White voters in the South by appealing to racism against African Americans. Republican politicians such as presidential candidate 7112: 7389: 4859:, in articles "Civil Rights Movement" by Patricia Sullivan (pp. 441–455) and "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" by Kate Tuttle (pp. 1, 388–381, 391). 2088:

between black and white Americans. In 1863, two years prior to emancipation, Black people owned 0.5 percent of the national wealth, while in 2019 it is just over 1.5 percent.

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has identified more than 100 instances of mass racial violence in the United States since 1935 and has noted that almost every instance was precipitated by a police incident.

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Citizenship, however, did not guarantee any particular rights, such as the right to vote. Black Americans, for example, who gained formal U.S. citizenship by 1870, were soon

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A group of White men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the body of the Black lynching victim Will Brown before they decide to mutilate and burn it during the

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poll found that race was a key factor in whether a candidate was perceived as being ready for office. In South Carolina, for instance, "Whites were far likelier to name

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of 1977, which requires banks to apply the same lending criteria in all communities. Although redlining is illegal some argue that it continues to exist in other forms.

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where he asserted that the CIA-backed Contras played a major role in the crack epidemic. The series caused outrage in the African-American community, particularly in

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Carol Berkin, Christopher Miller, Robert Cherny, James Gormly (2011). "Making America: A History of the United States, Volume 2: From 1865". p. 749. Cengage Learning

3316:(which prevents redlining when the criteria for redlining are based on race, religion, gender, familial status, disability, or ethnic origin), and later through the 3968:. Prosecutors revised this about three weeks later to 7:46. In August, police body camera footage was publicly released, which showed the duration to be about 9:30. 12419: 9692: 7409: 6977: 3828:

where he is a resident before calling the police, and a woman accusing a boy of groping her in a store in Brooklyn, New York, which was disproven by surveillance.

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thousands of Whites rampaged through the Black community, killing men and women, burning and looting stores and homes. It's estimated that 300 people were killed.

16925: 15805: 15066: 12362: 7252: 7187: 7122: 7055: 3098:'s mother Mamie (middle) at her son's funeral in 1955. He was killed by White men after a White woman accused him of offending her in her family's grocery store. 17684: 16412: 16180: 16014: 15670: 12151: 12146: 11695: 10427: 10284: 8753: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7162: 2984: 2662: 2642: 2565: 514: 7344: 16701: 16268: 16158: 15129: 13505: 11958: 11830: 10415: 7359: 7227: 7197: 4123:. (May 19, 2015): Reprinted from "Strange New Land: Africans in Colonial America" by Peter H. Wood with permission from Oxford University Press. ©1996, 2003. 3744:

in the town. In the years following, mass media has followed other high profile police shootings of African-Americans, often with video evidence from police

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Estreicher, Samuel (1974). "Federal Power to Regulate Private Discrimination: The Revival of the Enforcement Clauses of the Reconstruction Era Amendments".

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basement assembly room. The explosion killed four Black girls, Carole Robertson (14), Cynthia Wesley (14), Denise McNair (11) and Addie Mae Collins (14).

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was gaining momentum. Membership in the NAACP increased in states across the U.S. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of

17845: 17679: 16073: 13631: 13621: 13581: 8956: 7329: 7324: 7277: 7217: 7192: 7182: 6783: 5341: 4116: 3669:, the country's first Black president. In fact, Obama received a greater percentage of the White vote (43%), than did the previous Democratic candidate, 723: 6573: 16613: 16471: 10525: 7232: 7132: 5853: 5175:

Michael O. Emerson, Christian Smith (2001). "Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America". p. 42. Oxford University Press

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in the U.S. (which argued that Obama was not born in the United States) and ran a racially tinged campaign, has been viewed by some commentators as a

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During the 1980s and '90s, a number of riots occurred that were related to longstanding racial tensions between police and minority communities. The

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Michael Kazin, Rebecca Edwards, Adam Rothman (2009). "The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History". p. 245. Princeton University Press

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It is often said that Trump has no real ideology, which is not true—his ideology is White supremacy, in all its truculent and sanctimonious power.

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followed, which was eliminated in a decision that undermined federal power to thwart private racial discrimination. Nonetheless, the last of the

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Orbe, Mark P., and Tina M. Harris. "Interracial Communication: Theory Into Practice."Google Books. Sage Publications, n.d. Web. February 2, 2014

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prospered, with more than 470,000 persons forcibly transported from Africa between 1626 and 1860 to what is now the United States. Prior to the

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received hundreds of thousands of hate mail letters from fans, angry at him for trying to break the all-time homerun record at the time set by

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Prosecutors have said Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for nearly 8 minutes, but Kueng's video showed that it was about 9 minutes and 30 seconds.

17632: 17037: 16273: 15480: 15134: 14973: 13265: 12276: 12210: 12205: 11137: 10585: 4388: 3918: 3729: 3647: 2184: 6718: 2649:, which provided a range of civil rights and granted them to all persons who were born in the United States. Despite this, the emergence of 2091:

In recent years research has uncovered extensive evidence of racial discrimination in various sectors of modern U.S. society, including the

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that were occupied by Union forces. In those states, slavery remained legal until abolished by state action or by the ratification of the

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White supremacist American governments emphasized the importance of the subjugation and control of other racial populations. In 1824 the

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White segregationists (foreground) trying to prevent Black people from swimming at a "White only" beach in St. Augustine, Florida in 1964

5737: 5408: 4233: 3261:. By the late 1800s, 38 US states had anti-miscegenation statutes, and by 1924 it was still in force in 29 states. In 1958, officers in 17605: 17120: 17115: 17105: 16478: 16207: 15455: 12188: 11132: 11127: 8738: 3780: 3457: 3421: 3118:

at a White woman. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head before being thrown into the

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for most mail received by any private citizen in one year, receiving over 900,000 letters with a third of them being letters of hate.

3238:, it became an integral aspect of transformed perceptions of conditions for Black people in America. It influenced the passage of the 3157:

In response to heightening discrimination and violence, non-violent acts of protest began to occur. For example, in February 1960, in

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a black man, anyway." In the reception to honor his Olympic success Owens was not permitted to enter through the main doors of the

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was informally and systemically enforced, to solidify the pre-existing social order. Although they were technically able to vote,

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had granted U.S. citizenship only to whites, and in 1868 the effort to broaden civil rights was underscored by the passage of the

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U.S. Human Rights Network (August 2010). "The United States of America: Summary Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review".

3913: 3655: 3464: 2816: 2401:, declaring that the paramount objective of its government was to prevent the insubordination of black citizens and any possible 2081: 2065: 4579: 4357: 17828: 17537: 17220: 17125: 16955: 16903: 16864: 16431: 16426: 16280: 16217: 16170: 16148: 16113: 15768: 15624: 15071: 14963: 14887: 14872: 14819: 14746: 14713: 14657: 12756: 12387: 12367: 12357: 12322: 12220: 12215: 12183: 11953: 11857: 11820: 11767: 11601: 10188: 8912: 8683: 8511: 8496: 8491: 8337: 8233: 5872: 2196: 2085: 1985: 681: 436: 264: 249: 244: 74: 6656: 5532:

The goal was not to relax lending restrictions but rather to get banks to apply the same criteria in the inner-city as in the

3452:, some violence against Black churches has also continued—145 fires were set to churches around the South in the 1990s, and a 2459:

continued to be a major economic activity. Maryland and Virginia, for example, would export surplus slaves to the south. (See

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Entine, Jon (2000). Taboo: Why Black Athletes Dominate Sports and why We are Afraid to Talk about it. PublicAffairs. p. 187.

4004:

Henry, P. J., David O. Sears. Race and Politics: The Theory of Symbolic Racism. University of California, Los Angeles. 2002.

2060:. Even free African Americans have faced restrictions on their political, social, and economic freedoms, being subjected to 17840: 17737: 17674: 17664: 17547: 17338: 17301: 17230: 17062: 17027: 16578: 16308: 16041: 15812: 15763: 15736: 15660: 15619: 14940: 14925: 14824: 14756: 12663: 12462: 12392: 12377: 12126: 12111: 11975: 11884: 11879: 11813: 10274: 9251: 8566: 8388: 6471: 6391: 5320: 4329: 3626:

has been impacted by a resurgence of high levels of racism and discrimination. One new phenomenon has been the rise of the

2653:

sanctioned acts of subjugation against Black people and they also continued to bar African Americans from exercising their

2341:, were formed to monitor enslaved Black people. First established in South Carolina in 1704 and later established in other 2201: 2009: 1026: 319: 133: 4537: 3034:

during the war, and sometimes, Black soldiers who traveled on trains had to give their seats up to Nazi prisoners of war.

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called this forced migration of slaves the "Second Middle Passage", because it reproduced many of the same horrors as the

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and legal discrimination against citizens of African descent in the United States. Throughout the post Civil War period,

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In his 2009 visit to the US, the Special Rapporteur on Racism noted that "Socio-economic indicators show that poverty,

3400:. Aaron would eventually break Ruth's homerun record by hitting his 715th homerun on April 8, 1974. That same year, the 2961:

in Harlem, New York City, was a whites-only establishment, with Black acts allowed to perform, but to a White audience.

2265:(1775–1783), when slavery was widely institutionalized as a racial caste system which was based on African ancestry and 17769: 17710: 17595: 17590: 17527: 17289: 17250: 17210: 17057: 17010: 16990: 16603: 16230: 16225: 16130: 16078: 15607: 15362: 15221: 14622: 14566: 12783: 12680: 12658: 12477: 12337: 12091: 11985: 11901: 11745: 11526: 11326: 10477: 10455: 9465: 8939: 7041: 7017: 6214: 6051: 6022: 5525: 5498: 5194: 4652: 4625: 4484: 4151: 3908: 3816: 3745: 3474: 3449: 3208: 3193:. In his trials for murder De La Beckwith evaded conviction via all-White juries (both trials ended with hung juries). 3075: 3022:. Black soldiers were often poorly trained and equipped, and they were often put on the frontlines and forced to go on 2988: 2885: 2533: 2266: 2168: 1240: 706: 5905: 3748:

cameras. Amongst 15 high-profile police shooting deaths of African-Americans, only one officer faced prison time. The

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officers. They were subsequently acquitted on charges of manslaughter and evidence tampering. Similarly, the six-day

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While substantial gains were made in the succeeding decades through middle class advancement and public employment,

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which deprived African-Americans of voting rights by instituting systemic and discriminatory policies of unequal

2002: 1215: 718: 474: 269: 5825: 3790:

White women calling the police on Black people has become more publicized in recent years. In a 2020 article in

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The Causes of the Civil War: The Political, Cultural, Economic and Territorial Disputes between North and South

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By the end of Reconstruction in the mid 1870s, violent white supremacists came to power with the assistance of

2634: 329: 8718: 6775: 6281: 5345: 2665:, which granted citizenship to "ll persons born or naturalized in the United States", regardless of race. The 479: 17585: 17449: 17365: 17296: 17267: 17205: 17095: 17067: 16711: 16083: 15976: 15214: 15160: 15021: 14852: 14794: 14786: 14776: 14685: 14612: 14184: 12484: 12452: 12439: 11980: 11913: 11896: 11842: 11791: 11730: 11635: 11596: 11536: 11336: 10725: 10705: 10512: 10491: 10119: 9835: 8556: 7267: 6899: 6450: 5102: 3840: 3783:

in Charleston, South Carolina. All victims were African Americans, including senior pastor and state senator

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Willis, Haley; Hill, Evan; Stein, Robin; Triebert, Christiaan; Laffin, Ben; Jordan, Drew (August 11, 2020).

6346:

Leonard, Rebecca; Locke, Don C (1993). "Communication Stereotypes: Is Interracial Communication Possible?".

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against the election of Barack Obama. Both before and after the election, Trump's speeches and actions have

3349:

and instead forced to travel up to the event in a freight elevator. The first Black Academy Award recipient

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Burch, Audra D. S.; Cai, Weiyi; Gianordoli, Gabriel; McCarthy, Morrigan; Patel, Jugal K. (June 13, 2020).

17801: 17752: 17567: 17469: 17392: 17274: 17170: 16995: 16980: 16918: 16553: 16508: 16315: 16197: 16051: 14882: 14733: 14520: 14495: 14291: 12628: 12068: 12060: 12003: 11918: 11406: 11311: 11167: 11149: 11051: 10710: 10680: 10405: 10325: 10304: 10030: 9882: 9301: 8902: 8848: 8098: 7914: 7488: 7272: 6870: 5110: 4958: 4437:. Vol. 5, Slavery and the Constitution, 1789–1845. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 207. 3943: 3509: 3489: 3080: 2716: 2650: 2584: 2572: 2353: 2188: 2151:, which limited naturalization to "free white person", thus excluding from citizenship Native Americans, 2069: 2030: 1827: 1671: 1076: 671: 609: 5115: 5027:

Beck, E.M.; Tolnay, Stewart (1990). "Black Flight: Lethal Violence and the Great Migration, 1900–1930".

4821:

Beck, E.M.; Tolnay, Stewart (1990). "Black Flight: Lethal Violence and the Great Migration, 1900–1930".

2513:. By the end of that war, in April 1865, 175 colored regiments were constituting about one-tenth of the 2167:. Citizenship and the lack of it had special impact on various legal and political rights, most notably 17705: 17575: 17407: 17387: 17375: 17185: 17175: 16857: 16762: 16375: 16365: 15892: 15887: 15877: 15872: 15394: 15046: 14950: 14834: 14276: 12499: 12086: 12023: 12013: 11563: 11321: 11281: 10638: 10332: 10139: 8924: 8611: 8342: 7855: 7031: 5854:"Charleston Church Shooting: South Carolina Racism Will Not Change After Killings, Black Residents Say" 3776: 3453: 3429: 3361: 3317: 3190: 3158: 3015: 2658: 2654: 2298: 2262: 2140: 1936: 693: 364: 79: 3521:

others while traffickers were under active investigation by these same agencies". In 1996, journalist

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of 1923. The Atlanta riot was characterized as a "racial massacre of negroes" by the French newspaper

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and lack of education continued in the context of de-industrialization. Despite gains made after the

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in New Orleans, 1960. As soon as Bridges entered the school, White parents pulled their children out.

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Over 7.4% of adult African-Americans were disenfranchised compared to 1.8% of non-African-Americans.

1267: 1081: 975: 860: 521: 489: 143: 69: 6959: 5644: 4807: 4378:

Loewen, James W. Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong. The New Press, 2013. Print.

17397: 16777: 16747: 16742: 16732: 16498: 16454: 16295: 16056: 15842: 15706: 15520: 15460: 14857: 14515: 14490: 13274: 13121: 12843: 12793: 12739: 12531: 11685: 11249: 11162: 10806: 10595: 10410: 10350: 10340: 10266: 9752: 9640: 9487: 9256: 9193: 9021: 8976: 8838: 8723: 8705: 8641: 8571: 8455: 7788: 3965: 3445: 3346: 3313: 3239: 2941: 2761: 2753: 2666: 2646: 2440: 1533: 1421: 1262: 1031: 960: 788: 743: 599: 484: 464: 394: 324: 200: 4392: 3787:. The perpetrator later confessed that he committed the shooting in hopes of igniting a race war. 3266: 16891: 16627: 16385: 15352: 14452: 14059: 13601: 12771: 12707: 12018: 11568: 11222: 11191: 10971: 10911: 10776: 10519: 10206: 10035: 10015: 9877: 9867: 9825: 9455: 9296: 9158: 9128: 9123: 9066: 9001: 8986: 8919: 8892: 8877: 8290: 8261: 8181: 7986: 7926: 7904: 7631: 7461: 7438: 7073: 6710: 6063: 5789: 5083: 4553: 3749: 3328: 3051: 2869: 2120: 2100: 1832: 1812: 1666: 1656: 1614: 1230: 1071: 925: 895: 890: 833: 768: 753: 688: 661: 646: 30: 9103: 6321: 4617: 4430: 4407:

The slumbering volcano: American slave ship revolts and the production of rebellious masculinity

870: 17889: 17343: 16693: 16503: 16483: 16285: 16140: 15935: 15882: 15867: 15711: 15399: 15003: 14239: 12798: 12653: 12524: 11933: 11663: 10901: 10695: 10685: 10623: 10433: 10372: 10134: 10107: 10097: 9577: 9557: 9420: 9291: 9188: 9138: 9108: 9088: 9016: 8996: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8872: 8843: 8816: 8792: 8787: 8383: 8373: 8146: 8049: 7969: 7798: 7739: 7641: 7538: 7481: 5621: 4426: 4250: 3898: 3836: 3565: 3553: 3292: 3288: 3231: 3063: 2881: 2318: 2238: 1931: 1904: 1894: 1352: 1332: 1195: 1066: 955: 905: 875: 855: 783: 763: 738: 733: 728: 641: 604: 577: 553: 548: 128: 118: 4230: 4209: 4172: 4143: 3808: 3440:

in Charleston in 1822; 35 people, including Vesey, were hanged and the church was burned down.

2204:

disqualifies over 10% of its citizens for life and over 23% of its African-American citizens.

17542: 17225: 16340: 15897: 15862: 15857: 15800: 15783: 15513: 14637: 14419: 14336: 14301: 14296: 14197: 13656: 13626: 13356: 13319: 13241: 13089: 13084: 12697: 12598: 12372: 12008: 11521: 11386: 11341: 11157: 10876: 10841: 10660: 10643: 10450: 10367: 10102: 10062: 9995: 9892: 9840: 9767: 9522: 9286: 9198: 9173: 9168: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9083: 9031: 8991: 8897: 8867: 8770: 8393: 8201: 8093: 8088: 8003: 7964: 7771: 7766: 7379: 6711:"8 Minutes, 46 Seconds Became a Symbol in George Floyd's Death. The Exact Time Is Less Clear" 5415: 5243: 5098: 5063: 4794: 4786: 4474: 3952: 3882: 3867: 3852: 3530: 3405: 3103: 3085: 2946: 2820: 2757: 2452: 2390: 2077: 1899: 1859: 1792: 1681: 1629: 1548: 1297: 1061: 965: 940: 935: 920: 915: 910: 850: 798: 758: 666: 636: 531: 138: 6259: 5673:

From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994.

5599: 5567: 4976: 4135: 3598:, who served as president of the United States from 2009 to 2017 and was the nation's first 3323: 17894: 17022: 16896: 16787: 16165: 15597: 15577: 15525: 15475: 15416: 15347: 14409: 14399: 14389: 14379: 14331: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14202: 13641: 13606: 13596: 13433: 13251: 13221: 13175: 13041: 13016: 12838: 12776: 12668: 12250: 11658: 11421: 11232: 11184: 11056: 10946: 10851: 10618: 10608: 10580: 10445: 10299: 9973: 9507: 9381: 9098: 9056: 9006: 8981: 8802: 8765: 8506: 8368: 8156: 8022: 7666: 7603: 7573: 7558: 7543: 6978:"White man fatally shoots 3 Black people at a Florida store in a hate crime, officials say" 6680:"Former officer knelt on George Floyd for 9 minutes and 29 seconds – not the infamous 8:46" 5738:"Hank Aaron Used Record Setting Hate Mail for Inspiration Before Breaking Babe Ruth Record" 5452:

Eisenhauer, Elizabeth (2001). "In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition".

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was arrested and spent a night in jail for attempting to eat at a White-only restaurant in

3186: 2851: 2377:, and persuaded thousands of former slaves and free Blacks to move there. Some slaves were 2306: 2284: 2152: 1770: 1282: 1156: 865: 823: 773: 748: 563: 526: 259: 113: 6623:"California woman threatens to call police on eight-year-old black girl for selling water" 4935: 2823:, and expressions of White supremacy all increased. So did anti-Black violence, including 8: 17434: 17350: 17160: 16876: 16561: 16192: 15389: 14978: 14582: 14404: 14374: 14364: 14354: 14234: 14128: 13727: 13720: 13698: 13676: 13671: 13559: 13480: 13299: 13236: 13206: 13158: 13148: 13101: 13077: 13031: 13026: 12874: 12744: 12702: 12633: 12618: 12613: 12509: 12033: 11391: 11306: 10786: 10575: 10465: 10395: 10149: 10010: 9645: 9547: 9527: 9316: 9224: 9183: 9163: 9133: 9026: 8821: 8636: 8176: 7931: 7810: 7563: 7301: 7282: 7117: 5830: 5618:"Oscar's First Black Winner Accepted Her Honor in a Segregated 'No Blacks' Hotel in L.A." 5140: 5005: 3924:

List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States

3825: 3821: 3603: 3497: 3469: 3401: 2905: 2836: 2804: 2781: 2498: 2173: 1946: 1807: 1426: 1322: 1302: 1091: 999: 950: 930: 900: 793: 582: 389: 12038: 4876: 3508:, collaborated with and protected known drug traffickers as part of efforts to fund the 3242:(that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions) and 2076:, and other forms of discrimination, both before and after the Civil War. Thanks to the 16674: 16662: 16380: 16370: 16347: 16330: 15726: 15470: 15465: 15337: 14842: 14814: 14427: 14394: 14384: 14359: 14268: 14207: 14192: 14177: 13646: 13616: 13544: 13522: 13490: 13468: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13400: 13361: 13351: 13346: 13309: 13284: 13211: 13153: 13116: 13065: 13060: 12932: 12925: 12910: 12893: 12869: 12848: 12833: 12823: 12808: 12788: 12766: 12712: 12643: 12608: 12106: 12043: 11786: 11244: 11011: 10991: 10896: 10821: 10648: 10553: 10543: 10531: 10422: 10319: 10294: 9922: 9917: 9907: 9855: 9845: 9820: 9762: 9720: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9532: 8833: 8206: 8186: 7845: 7776: 7744: 7711: 7701: 7583: 6455: 6363: 5923: 5771: 5469: 5144: 5067: 5044: 5009: 4963: 4878: 4838: 4735: 4727: 4692: 4610: 4306: 4289: 4270: 3812: 3761: 3714: 3272: 3223: 3162: 3119: 3111: 3071: 3047: 2993: 2954: 2880:

In addition, racism, which had been viewed as a problem which primarily existed in the

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was to persuade them to emigrate to Africa. In 1821, the ACS established the colony of

2310: 2156: 2049: 1711: 1706: 1696: 1644: 1634: 1609: 1543: 1501: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1307: 594: 7052:

Historical dictionary of school segregation and desegregation: The American experience

5710: 5244:"How The Horrific Photograph of Emmett Till Helped Energize The Civil Rights Movement" 4768: 4644:

Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans

3665:

as a step forward in race relations: White Americans played a role in the election of

17417: 16573: 15925: 15423: 15342: 15327: 14535: 14485: 14369: 14311: 14244: 13703: 13688: 13681: 13651: 13611: 13586: 13569: 13527: 13495: 13485: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13388: 13383: 13376: 13366: 13304: 13289: 13231: 13226: 13194: 13163: 13126: 13111: 13094: 13053: 13021: 12999: 12972: 12920: 12818: 12813: 12803: 12761: 12749: 12638: 12588: 11553: 11274: 10936: 10906: 10501: 10258: 10181: 10092: 10020: 10005: 9804: 9747: 9552: 9460: 9351: 9271: 9118: 8423: 7865: 7830: 7820: 7781: 7721: 7671: 7593: 7578: 7548: 7137: 7037: 7013: 7006: 6933: 6367: 6047: 6026: 6018: 5948: 5880: 5521: 5494: 5473: 5190: 5075: 4911: 4860: 4782: 4739: 4648: 4621: 4587: 4480: 4446: 4438: 4410: 4311: 4147: 4136: 3863: 3859: 3631: 3582: 3549: 3513: 3368: 3091: 2840: 2828: 2327: 2053: 1978: 1889: 1817: 1802: 1585: 1528: 1327: 1235: 1126: 1046: 885: 168: 14101: 13915: 12261: 6451:"In 15 High-Profile Cases Involving Deaths of Blacks, One Officer Faces Prison Time" 5548: 17333: 17180: 16886: 16706: 15716: 15557: 15540: 15535: 15374: 15170: 14321: 14316: 14306: 14286: 13965: 13843: 13763: 13693: 13666: 13636: 13549: 13532: 13510: 13428: 13339: 13334: 13324: 13260: 13168: 13141: 13131: 13106: 13072: 13004: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12967: 12915: 12905: 12898: 12879: 12855: 12828: 12734: 12467: 11709: 11680: 11675: 11573: 11541: 11514: 11239: 10856: 10826: 10816: 10811: 10378: 10144: 10129: 10057: 9978: 9948: 9779: 9615: 9321: 8887: 8882: 8733: 8631: 7959: 7936: 7919: 7909: 7887: 7850: 7840: 7825: 7815: 7734: 7729: 7706: 7696: 7222: 7202: 7147: 7142: 6745:"Prosecutors say officer had knee on George Floyd's neck for 7:46 rather than 8:46" 6355: 6128: 6101: 5763: 5515: 5461: 5136: 5106: 5079: 5036: 5001: 4830: 4719: 4684: 4301: 4266: 4262: 3706: 3702: 3635: 3611: 3545: 3084:. One of the first federal court cases which challenged segregation in schools was 2913: 2726: 2683: 2444: 2394: 2331: 2288: 2258: 2225: 1941: 1926: 1854: 1775: 1745: 1560: 1396: 1096: 656: 651: 494: 384: 5942: 4534: 3885:. He shot them to death with a Glock handgun and an AR-15 semi-automatic rifle. A 17042: 16818: 16716: 16488: 15788: 15721: 15490: 15411: 15357: 14281: 14229: 13870: 13833: 13788: 13715: 13564: 13554: 13517: 13500: 13473: 13408: 13329: 13314: 13294: 13216: 13199: 13180: 13136: 13046: 13036: 13009: 12994: 12950: 12519: 11704: 11531: 11441: 11436: 11367:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

11217: 11172: 11026: 11016: 10996: 10981: 10881: 10756: 10746: 10385: 10159: 10067: 9963: 9912: 9772: 9757: 9737: 9702: 9415: 9326: 9261: 9061: 9011: 8797: 8656: 8251: 8216: 8108: 7941: 7860: 7835: 7803: 7793: 7761: 7756: 7651: 7608: 7598: 7588: 7553: 7533: 7518: 7152: 6871:"'I Can't Breathe': 4 Minneapolis Officers Fired After Black Man Dies in Custody" 6328: 6166: 5488: 5440: 4889: 4541: 4237: 4226: 4087:"6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement, 2016" 3871: 3799: 3741: 3678: 3639: 3517: 3437: 3376: 3350: 3332: 3284: 3023: 2975:

Throughout this period, racial tensions exploded, most violently in Chicago, and

2873: 2832: 2589: 2525: 2164: 2128: 1956: 1864: 1760: 1701: 1553: 1538: 1518: 1483: 1190: 1101: 1036: 828: 778: 558: 409: 6482: 6402: 2645:, formally abolishing slavery, was ratified. The next year, Congress passed the 17512: 17412: 16795: 15930: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15582: 15445: 15379: 14771: 14592: 14462: 14123: 14076: 13940: 13935: 13900: 13885: 13463: 13279: 13246: 12724: 12719: 12141: 11546: 11509: 11499: 11259: 11254: 11196: 11031: 10961: 10891: 10886: 10390: 10314: 10154: 10112: 10082: 10072: 9990: 9983: 9968: 9958: 9794: 9730: 9672: 9667: 9652: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9311: 9246: 8775: 8748: 8601: 8313: 8228: 7882: 7751: 7242: 7167: 7027: 6359: 5944:

Kill the Messenger: How the CIA's Crack Cocaine Controversy Destroyed Gary Webb

4558:

The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution

3878: 3694: 3643: 3615: 3485: 3135: 3031: 3004: 2471: 2358: 2313:, eight serving presidents were slaveholders, and slavery was protected by the 2148: 2048:

From the arrival of the first Africans in early colonial times until after the

1951: 1909: 1879: 1869: 1787: 1780: 1765: 1755: 1575: 1511: 1453: 1448: 1433: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1086: 1021: 536: 509: 354: 38: 6900:"All four former officers involved in George Floyd's killing now face charges" 6106: 5465: 4877:

Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 (February 28, 2001),

3988: 3279: 17909: 16493: 15793: 15602: 15237: 14168: 14039: 13987: 13975: 13970: 13960: 13950: 13945: 13865: 13838: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13371: 12494: 11099: 11081: 11071: 11041: 10986: 10941: 10926: 10871: 10861: 10846: 10796: 10791: 10761: 10558: 10486: 10309: 10166: 9789: 9725: 9710: 9572: 9537: 9517: 9388: 9331: 9266: 8678: 8581: 8044: 7691: 7656: 7568: 7528: 7033:

Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America

6937: 6807:"Daily Mail publishes leaked bodycam footage of George Floyd arrest, killing" 6089: 5884: 5127:

Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".

4992:

Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".

4723: 4450: 4138:

Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database

3844: 3538: 3493: 3433: 3385: 3372: 3219: 3145:

Due to threats and violence against her, U.S. Marshals escorted six-year-old

3059: 2702: 2678: 2553: 2502: 2234: 2192: 2073: 1963: 1570: 1506: 1491: 1347: 1312: 1292: 1163: 1106: 1041: 431: 334: 5187:

Block by block : neighborhoods and public policy on Chicago's West Side

4015:"Why the racial wealth gap persists, more than 150 years after emancipation" 3548:

were catalyzed by the killing of an African-American motorist by four White

3110:, a 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with his relatives in 2983:. Racially restrictive housing covenants were ruled unenforceable under the 2864: 16800: 16772: 15827: 14148: 14024: 13808: 11411: 11179: 11104: 11076: 11061: 11046: 11001: 10976: 10956: 10866: 10836: 10831: 10801: 10751: 10603: 10289: 10000: 9887: 9715: 9682: 9662: 9592: 9582: 9562: 9542: 9178: 9076: 9071: 8807: 8782: 8646: 8586: 8551: 8521: 8211: 8056: 7001: 6578: 5690:"G.O.P. Tries Hard to Win Black Votes, but Recent History Works Against It" 4315: 3964:

The initial criminal complaint gave the duration as 8:46, which came to be

3947: 3832: 3666: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3505: 3481: 3182: 3146: 3115: 3027: 2980: 2876:. Photographs and postcards of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S. 2777: 2698: 2338: 2323: 2177: 1797: 1676: 1496: 1463: 1443: 1367: 1357: 1337: 1317: 945: 843: 838: 568: 543: 399: 339: 304: 274: 6295: 6030: 5321:"Siblings of the bombing: Remembering Birmingham church blast 50 years on" 4612:

Black Woman Reformer: Ida B. Wells, Lynching, & Transatlantic Activism

3803:

extremism has been dragged into the modern era through the weaponizing of

17077: 16608: 15945: 15847: 15587: 15450: 15206: 14799: 14761: 14143: 14064: 14044: 13930: 13803: 13708: 11431: 11416: 11264: 11227: 11066: 11021: 11006: 10771: 10766: 10613: 9902: 9862: 9830: 9697: 9657: 9497: 9410: 9361: 9336: 9236: 8929: 8668: 8651: 8606: 8526: 8136: 8103: 7681: 7661: 7065: 6190:"FBI and DHS Warned of Growing Threat From White Supremacists Months Ago" 4857:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

3725: 3720: 3561: 3425: 3341: 3107: 3095: 3011: 2958: 2921: 2737: 2625: 2378: 1691: 1651: 1619: 1478: 1438: 1272: 1185: 1136: 1111: 1011: 698: 421: 404: 359: 279: 6869:

Hauser, Christine; Taylor, Derrick Bryson; Vigdor, Neil (May 26, 2020).

6215:"White Supremacist Extremism Poses Persistent Threat of Lethal Violence" 5148: 5013: 4886:

Tulsa Race Riot Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921

4274: 3815:

a contemporary name. In May 2020, a White woman calling the police on a

3215: 3070:

of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965. They mandated "

2927: 2780:, founded in the Reconstruction South), and discriminatory laws such as 15940: 15746: 15572: 15567: 15485: 15165: 15086: 15081: 14106: 14049: 13880: 10966: 10951: 10921: 10916: 10665: 10633: 10472: 10440: 10176: 10171: 10052: 10047: 9943: 9927: 9784: 9677: 9635: 9597: 9405: 9393: 9366: 9356: 9276: 8695: 8690: 8661: 8596: 8445: 8032: 7686: 7676: 7613: 5974: 5775: 5048: 4842: 4731: 3713:. Public outcry followed the acquittal, leading to the creation of the 3670: 3586:

significant history and had contributed nothing to human civilization.

3393: 3200: 3127: 3123: 2785: 2773: 2514: 2467: 2382: 2370: 2160: 1973: 1968: 1849: 1844: 1740: 1716: 1565: 1458: 1416: 1372: 1180: 1168: 1141: 1131: 1051: 448: 443: 414: 349: 190: 14153: 13905: 11302:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

6000:

Guardians of Tradition: American Schoolbooks of the Nineteenth Century

4696: 4435:

State Documents on Federal Relations: The States and the United States

2796:(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1909. 17429: 17422: 15155: 14480: 14457: 14432: 14158: 14054: 13910: 13860: 13778: 11580: 11426: 10931: 10715: 10653: 10548: 10077: 10025: 9742: 9341: 8471: 8196: 8131: 7636: 7306: 6897: 6240:

White Americans play major role in electing the first black president

4253:(October 1970). "Uprooting Racism and Racists in the United States". 3769: 3686: 3627: 3522: 3397: 3301: 3126:

fan tied around his neck with barbed wire. David Jackson writes that

2950: 2901: 2893: 2799: 2765: 2745: 2741: 2557: 1874: 1822: 1523: 1116: 224: 13890: 10227: 5767: 5040: 4834: 4688: 3654:

have identified White supremacist violence as the leading threat of

3488:

spread across the country in the mid 1980s, Congress would pass the

3424:

where nine Black church-goers, including the pastor, were killed by

3042: 2964: 15612: 15562: 14437: 14091: 14081: 14009: 13982: 13895: 13875: 13813: 13793: 13773: 13768: 12053: 12048: 11558: 10042: 9872: 9799: 9450: 9376: 9281: 9241: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8541: 8536: 8481: 8166: 7292: 6162:"Where the alt-right wants to take America — with or without Trump" 3886: 3765: 3480:

Numerous authors, academics, and historians have asserted that the

3262: 2931:

White tenants seeking to prevent Black people from moving into the

2637:, Cairo, Illinois, 1909. A crowd of thousands watched the lynching. 2561: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2293: 2061: 1839: 1661: 1580: 1225: 1151: 1056: 1016: 379: 374: 369: 294: 289: 234: 11317:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

2361:

showing the scars accumulated from whipping during his enslavement

15104: 14516:

Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

14249: 14163: 14138: 14086: 14071: 13955: 13783: 13753: 12472: 10670: 8546: 8450: 8430: 8403: 8378: 8282: 8126: 6522:"United Nations issues 'racism warning' over growing US tensions" 6472:"Timeline of Race, Racism, Resistance and Philanthropy 1992–2014" 6392:"Timeline of Race, Racism, Resistance and Philanthropy 1992–2014" 5533: 4041:

Universal Periodic Review Joint Reports: United States of America

3992:

Universal Periodic Review Joint Reports: United States of America

3037: 2909: 2789: 2374: 2317:. Creating wealth for the White elite, approximately one in four 2230: 299: 195: 175: 148: 123: 46: 4442: 3364:

was denied because the graveyard was restricted to Whites only.

3335:

faced a backlash for his involvement with a White woman in 1957.

14442: 14034: 14019: 14014: 14002: 13997: 13925: 13855: 13758: 13537: 11504: 9502: 8531: 8435: 8413: 8408: 8358: 7504: 6840:"Two police bodycam videos in killing of George Floyd released" 6647:

Forliti, Amy; Karnowski, Steve; Webber, Tammy (April 5, 2021).

5344:. L.A. Rebellion: Film & Television Archive. Archived from 4290:"A Brave Old World: An Analysis of Scientific Racism and BiDil" 3740:, an African American, in Ferguson, Missouri led to widespread 3381: 3170: 2917: 2897: 2889: 2792:

racism, protest and lobbyist groups emerged, most notably, the

1277: 284: 180: 158: 153: 103: 5754:

Wade, Richard C. (1964). "The Vesey Plot: A Reconsideration".

3824:, blocking a Black man from entering an apartment building in 3283:"We Cater to White Trade Only" sign on a restaurant window in 2595: 2328:"scientific" theory of White superiority and Black inferiority 14133: 14116: 14096: 14029: 13992: 13920: 13850: 11316: 9512: 8363: 8141: 5711:"Ronald Reagan called Africans at UN 'monkeys', tapes reveal" 3877:

In 2023, a white man shot and killed 3 black people inside a

3804: 3674: 3178: 2793: 2521:

army, non-white men were not permitted to serve as soldiers.

2080:, formal racial discrimination was gradually outlawed by the 1287: 108: 18: 6958:

McKinley, Jesse; Traub, Alex; Closson, Troy (May 14, 2022).

6776:"New Footage Shows Delayed Medical Response to George Floyd" 3432:. The church had been rebuilt after one of its co-founders, 3312:(FHA). The practice was fought first through passage of the 14447: 13798: 11361: 10124: 9953: 5517:

Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival

5273:"How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today" 1921: 1750: 6923: 6898:

Josh Campbell; Sara Sidner; Eric Levenson (June 3, 2020).

5189:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 213–214. 2297:

Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in

7473: 7008:

Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism

6982: 6960:"Gunman Kills 10 at Buffalo Supermarket in Racist Attack" 6548:"How White Women Use Themselves as Instruments of Terror" 5248:

100 Photographs | The Most Influential Images of All Time

4476:

Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture

4038: 6926:"How Black Lives Matter Reached Every Corner of America" 6649:"Police chief: Kneeling on Floyd's neck violated policy" 5725:

Faithful Antiracism: Moving Past Talk to Systemic Change

4769:"Barack Obama legacy: Did he improve US race relations?" 3758:

UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

3620:

widely been considered either racist or racially charged

3602:

president, as a sign that the nation had entered a new,

3230:

With the bombing occurring only a couple of weeks after

3026:. The U.S. military was still heavily segregated during 14512:

Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity

6773: 6737: 6258:. Pew Research Center. November 5, 2008. Archived from 3796:

How White Women Use Themselves as Instruments of Terror

14565: 6646: 6090:"One Year Later and the Myth of a Post-Racial Society" 5812:

A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America

5231:"Forgotten' details heroism of black soldiers in WWII" 4987: 4985: 2884:, burst onto the nation's consciousness following the 12291: 6500:"UN issues rare warning over 'alarming' racism in US" 5645:"Nixon's Southern strategy: 'It's All in the Charts'" 5066:. In Browne, Hugh; Kruse, Edwina; Walker, Thomas C.; 3847:, who forced his knee on Floyd's neck for a total of 3122:, his body weighed down with a 70-pound (32 kg) 6957: 6046:. Internet Archive. Trenton, NJ: AfricaWorld Press. 5723:

Edmondson, Christina Barland; Brennan, Chad (2022).

5394:

David M. Cutler, Edward L. Glaeser, Jacob L. Vigdor

4751: 4749: 3484:

has been racially and politically motivated. As the

3062:

were state and local laws which were enacted in the

3010:

throughout the federal government's bureaucracy. In

2191:

and discriminated against in the Southern states by

5814:(New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1993), 400–414. 5026: 4982: 4855:Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. 4820: 4350:"Slave Patrols: An Early Form of American Policing" 3492:. Under these sentencing guidelines, five grams of 3226:(right), organizers of the March, on August 7, 1963 3030:. In addition, no African-American was awarded the 7005: 6868: 6421:"Alicia Garza on the origin of Black Lives Matter" 6002:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 5924:"The Contras, Cocaine, and U.S. Covert Operations" 4609: 4431:"103. Resolutions of the Senate of South Carolina" 10088:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 8192:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 6322:"How to Think about Racial and Ethnic Inequality" 5970:"Yes, Black America Fears the Police. Here's Why" 5611: 5609: 4746: 3817:Black man bird-watching in Central Park, New York 3646:from the United States. Since the mid-2010s, the 3610:in 2016, who was a chief proponent of the racist 3594:Some Americans saw the presidential candidacy of 2968:A White gang looking for Black people during the 2127:permeates all aspects of life and extends to all 1885:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 17907: 16641:Native American recognition in the United States 11352:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 6341: 6339: 6337: 5804: 5722: 5074:. Hampton bulletinno. 9–10, 12–16. Vol. 4. 2592:violence and selective enforcement of statutes. 2393:enacted a resolution echoing the wording of the 2365:During the 1820s and 1830s, the solution of the 2143:set the first uniform rules for the granting of 2134: 11397:Black players in professional American football 11347:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 9748:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6798: 6708: 6064:"A New, 'Post-Racial' Political Era in America" 5409:"Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities" 5233:. New York Daily News. Retrieved August 5, 2017 4780: 2237:, has existed in many cultures, dating back to 2041:, and it continues to be a persistent issue in 1529:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 9230:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 6088:Dawson, Michael C.; Bobo, Lawrence D. (2009). 5873:"Bias Payments Come Too Late for Some Farmers" 5826:"In Church Fires, a Pattern but No Conspiracy" 5606: 5298:A Death in the Delta: The story of Emmett Till 5165:. Holloway House Publishing. 1989. p. 27. 4759:, Magazine of History (OAH Publications, 2004) 4569:James McPherson, Drawn with the Sword, page 15 3958: 3570:Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture 3411: 3038:From World War II to the civil rights movement 2641:After the Civil War, on December 6, 1865, the 1005:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 17038:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 15222: 14551: 12277: 10243: 8298: 7489: 7081: 6334: 5513: 5099:Occupational Changes Among Negroes in Chicago 5072:Annual Report of the Hampton Negro Conference 4616:. University of Georgia Press. 2015. p. 3919:List of lynching victims in the United States 3730:Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks 3541:served, and subsequently praised the series. 3008:authorized the practice of racial segregation 2477: 2010: 11110:Historically black colleges and universities 7415:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6418: 6345: 5967: 4142:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 3504:, during the 1980s, US officials, including 3353:was not permitted to attend the premiere of 2953:and racial steering". A club central to the 2119:. In the view of the United Nations and the 2092: 9446:List of people killed for being transgender 6893: 6891: 6709:Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (June 18, 2020). 6042:Woodson, Carter G. (Carter Godwin) (1993). 5940: 5615: 5392:The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto 5266: 5264: 4710:Klarman, Michael (1998). "The Plessy Era". 4344: 4342: 3772:and various right-wing militias in August. 3589: 3454:mass shooting in Charleston, South Carolina 2596:From the Reconstruction Era to World War II 2487:Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia 2337:Groups of armed White men, who were called 1221:List of people killed for being transgender 15236: 15229: 15215: 14558: 14544: 12284: 12270: 10250: 10236: 8305: 8291: 7496: 7482: 7095: 7088: 7074: 6574:"How 'Karen' Became a Coronavirus Villain" 6541: 6539: 6087: 5451: 5398:, Vol. 107, No. 3 (Jun. 1999), pp. 455–506 5064:"The Economic Aspect of the Negro Problem" 4920:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4916:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4674: 4560:, W. W. Norton & Company, 2021, p. 55. 4479:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 3858:A white male gunman who was identified as 3781:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church 3556:erupted after the acquittal of four White 3422:Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church 3392:In 1973, African American baseball legend 2732: 2348: 2017: 2003: 16651:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 11327:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 8162:Interminority racism in the United States 6296:"Strong black vote gives Obama big boost" 6105: 5178: 4525:Official Record Ser. III Vol. III p. 1126 4506: 4305: 3331:ended in California in 1948, entertainer 3167:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 2811:This era is sometimes referred to as the 2744:was exhibited in the Monkey House of the 2616:Mass racial violence in the United States 2571:While personally opposed to slavery (see 8562:Social determinants of health in poverty 6888: 6677: 5870: 5683: 5681: 5597: 5591: 5261: 5184: 4339: 4229:, George Clack, and Mildred Sola Neely. 3855:across the United States and worldwide. 3719: 3663:2008 United States presidential election 3415: 3322: 3278: 3236:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom 3214: 3195: 3177:In June 1963, civil rights activist and 3140: 3090: 3041: 2963: 2926: 2863: 2798: 2736: 2624: 2556:, and it also did not apply in parts of 2481: 2439: 2352: 2292: 2222:History of the United States (1849–1865) 2218:History of the United States (1789–1849) 315:Social determinants of health in poverty 17: 16702:List of counties and county equivalents 14481:People of the United States / Americans 12730:Southeast Africans in the United States 12688:African immigrants to the United States 6571: 6536: 6469: 5851: 5616:Abramovitch, Seth (February 19, 2015). 5078:: Hampton Institute Press. p. 39. 5061: 4948:from the original on February 25, 2021. 4709: 4640: 4634: 4409:. p. 264. Duke University Press, 1997. 3966:often cited by protesters and the media 3914:List of expulsions of African Americans 3866:shot and killed 10 black people in the 3777:killed nine people during a Bible study 3656:domestic terrorism in the United States 3465:United States Department of Agriculture 3149:to and from the previously–whites-only 3114:, Till was killed for allegedly having 2429: 17916:Anti-black racism in the United States 17908: 15120:Family responsibilities discrimination 12757:Southern Africans in the United States 12599:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans 12226:Topics related to the African diaspora 11332:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 8234:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 6187: 6159: 6127: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5994: 5992: 5968:Hannah-Jones, Nikole (March 4, 2015). 5790:"JBHE Statistical Shocker of the Year" 5688:Apple, R.W. Jr. (September 19, 1996). 5486: 5480: 5385: 5126: 4991: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4287: 4193: 3456:was committed in 2015 at the historic 3340:order to earn money, Olympic champion 2856:induced to leave here by persuasion." 15210: 14539: 12693:Central Africans in the United States 12265: 12206:Landmark African-American legislation 10257: 10231: 8286: 7477: 7069: 7026: 6846:. Associated Press. August 11, 2020. 6804: 6282:"U.S. President: National: Exit Poll" 5823: 5687: 5678: 5559: 5096: 4249: 4243: 4133: 3874:were being replaced by Black people. 3697:, a seventeen-year-old teenager, was 3560:officers who had been filmed beating 2620: 2214:Colonial history of the United States 2104: 12664:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans 11337:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 10212: 9252:Capital punishment for homosexuality 8567:Social determinants of mental health 8257: 7000: 6850:from the original on August 19, 2020 6817:from the original on August 14, 2020 6786:from the original on August 15, 2020 6721:from the original on August 13, 2020 6545: 5852:Whitman, Elizabeth (June 23, 2015). 5753: 5642: 5565: 5549:"How Pepsi Opened Door to Diversity" 5514:Grogan, Paul; Proscio, Tony (2001). 5141:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009 5006:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009 4425: 4328:Paul Finkelman (November 12, 2012). 4114: 3165:contributed to the formation of the 2207: 2202:Felony disenfranchisement in Florida 1027:Capital punishment for homosexuality 320:Social determinants of mental health 13733:White Hispanic and Latino Americans 12956:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans 12889:North Africans in the United States 12676:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans 11691:African-American Vernacular English 9372:Genital modification and mutilation 7647:Discrimination based on nationality 6751:. Associated Press. June 18, 2020. 6690:from the original on March 29, 2021 6448: 6389: 6160:Lozada, Carlos (November 3, 2017). 6081: 6005: 5989: 5700:from the original on June 12, 2022. 4899:from the original on March 26, 2021 4457: 4399: 4389:"Background on conflict in Liberia" 3568:, the Director of the Harlem-based 2924:destruction of the cotton economy. 2896:, Chicago, Detroit, New York City ( 2752:The new century saw a hardening of 2241:. Slavery is not inherently racial 2125:discrimination in the United States 1147:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 14567:Social issues in the United States 12784:West Africans in the United States 12659:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans 11609:U.S. cities with large populations 11312:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 8312: 6994: 6755:from the original on June 23, 2020 6655:. Associated Press. Archived from 6121: 5318: 3909:Discrimination based on skin color 3475:National Black Farmers Association 3473:lawsuit brought by members of the 3450:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 3404:confirmed that Hank Aaron set the 3209:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 3076:Supreme Court of the United States 2859: 14: 17927: 16047:Director of National Intelligence 14328:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin 13662:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans 12293:Demographics of the United States 10482:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 10478:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 10285:African American founding fathers 6678:Levenson, Eric (March 29, 2021). 6546:Blow, Charles M. (May 28, 2020). 6449:Lee, Jasmine (December 7, 2017). 6419:Alicia Garza (October 18, 2020). 6256:"Inside Obama's Sweeping Victory" 5871:Southall, Ashley (May 25, 2010). 5490:How East New York Became a Ghetto 5070:; Wheelock, Frederick D. (eds.). 4214:Foreign Policy Research Institute 4166: 4117:"The Birth of Race-Based Slavery" 3809:different name over the centuries 3050:("colored") drinking fountain in 3014:, Black people who served in the 2935:erected this sign. Detroit, 1942. 2399:Constitution of the United States 16203:Government Accountability Office 15130:Institutionalized discrimination 14506:Race and ethnicity in the census 12594:African diaspora in the Americas 12244: 11362:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 10507:Nadir of American race relations 10211: 10202: 10201: 9851:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 9688:Law for Protection of the Nation 9588:White genocide conspiracy theory 8266: 8256: 8247: 8246: 7291: 7258:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6970: 6951: 6917: 6862: 6832: 6767: 6702: 6671: 6640: 6615: 6593: 6572:Tiffany, Kaitlyn (May 6, 2020). 6565: 6514: 6492: 6463: 6442: 6412: 6383: 6374: 6314: 6288: 6274: 6188:Winter, Jana (August 14, 2017). 5824:Booth, William (June 19, 1996). 5396:The Journal of Political Economy 3889:was painted on one of the guns. 3564:, an African-American motorist. 3151:William Frantz Elementary School 2813:nadir of American race relations 2606:Nadir of American race relations 2436:Slave trade in the United States 2035:racism against African Americans 1640:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1469:Law for Protection of the Nation 1363:White genocide conspiracy theory 45: 12604:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans 10368:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 10358:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 9693:MSM blood donation restrictions 9441:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 8267: 6248: 6233: 6207: 6181: 6153: 6056: 6036: 5961: 5934: 5916: 5898: 5864: 5845: 5817: 5782: 5756:The Journal of Southern History 5747: 5731: 5716: 5704: 5665: 5636: 5582: 5541: 5507: 5445: 5433: 5401: 5360: 5334: 5312: 5303: 5290: 5236: 5224: 5215: 5203: 5169: 5155: 5120: 5090: 5055: 5020: 4969: 4952: 4928: 4870: 4849: 4814: 4774: 4771:. BBC. Retrieved August 9, 2017 4762: 4703: 4668: 4602: 4572: 4563: 4547: 4528: 4519: 4493: 4419: 4405:Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997). 4381: 4372: 4356:. July 10, 2019. Archived from 4354:National Law Enforcement Museum 4322: 4281: 4261:(2). Paradigm Publishers: 2–5. 4220: 4202: 4187: 4160: 4127: 3835:, a 46-year-old Black man, was 3652:Federal Bureau of Investigation 3648:Department of Homeland Security 2784:kept Black Americans (and many 2245:In the United States, however, 1474:MSM blood donation restrictions 1216:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 17846:Separation of church and state 16062:National Reconnaissance Office 16005:President of the United States 12649:Kittian and Nevisian Americans 12624:Dominican Americans (Dominica) 11357:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 10363:Civil right movement 1896–1954 9706:(as religious or racial quota) 8152:Go back to where you came from 6805:Xiong, Chao (August 3, 2020). 6044:The mis-education of the Negro 5910:American Civil Liberties Union 5713:. BBC. Retrieved July 31, 2019 5368:"Eugenics, Race, and Marriage" 5270: 4979:. PBS. Retrieved July 28, 2016 4267:10.1080/00064246.1970.11431000 4108: 4079: 4066:"Tennessee Constitution, 1834" 4058: 4047: 4032: 4007: 3998: 3982: 3936: 3775:On June 17, 2015, a white man 3634:coalition which advocates the 3436:, was suspected of planning a 3384:, then Governor of California 3310:Federal Housing Administration 2457:domestic trade in human beings 1487:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 14185:Hispanic and Latino Americans 11537:Cherokee freedmen controversy 10513:The Negro Motorist Green Book 10120:Second-generation gender bias 9836:Constitutional colorblindness 8557:Social determinants of health 5947:. Nation Books. p. 115. 3975: 3841:Minneapolis Police Department 3575: 2612:Lynching in the United States 2367:American Colonization Society 2135:Citizenship and voting rights 2116: 2096: 1917:Second-generation gender bias 1625:Constitutional colorblindness 310:Social determinants of health 16208:Government Publishing Office 15676:Technological and industrial 14255:Indigenous Mexican Americans 6470:Saloman, Larry (June 2014). 5858:International Business Times 5744:. Retrieved January 22, 2021 5643:Boyd, James (May 17, 1970). 5103:Work Projects Administration 5097:Scott, Estelle Hill (1939). 4641:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002). 3606:. The election of President 3306:National Housing Act of 1934 2507:United States Colored Troops 2461:Franklin and Armfield Office 2279:Slavery in the United States 7: 17680:Women's reproductive health 16646:Federally recognized tribes 16509:Public utilities commission 16413:Public Health Service Corps 16316:Code of Federal Regulations 16198:Congressional Budget Office 16052:Central Intelligence Agency 15958:Water supply and sanitation 15385:Declaration of Independence 14724:Water supply and sanitation 14496:Maps of American ancestries 14292:French Polynesian Americans 12629:Dutch West Indian Americans 11407:Black players in ice hockey 11342:National Urban League (NUL) 11168:American Society of Muslims 10406:Selma to Montgomery marches 10326:Brown v. Board of Education 10031:Medical model of disability 9883:Hate speech laws by country 6133:"The First White President" 5998:Elson, Ruth Miller (1964). 5296:Whitfield, Stephen (1991). 4647:. Oryx Press. p. 284. 4473:Morgan, Marcyliena (2002). 4330:"The Monster of Monticello" 3892: 3510:Central Intelligence Agency 3490:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 3412:From the 1980s to the 2000s 3329:ban on interracial marriage 3081:Brown v. Board of Education 2717:United States Supreme Court 2573:Abraham Lincoln and slavery 2330:. One such slave owner was 2108: 2031:racism in the United States 1828:Medical model of disability 1672:Hate speech laws by country 10: 17932: 16858:Red states and blue states 16763:City commission government 16758:Council–manager government 14277:Pacific Islander Americans 11564:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 11322:Nashville Student Movement 10333:Children of the plantation 10140:Social model of disability 8612:Discrimination against men 7503: 7036:. New York: Nation Books. 6360:10.1177/002193479302300303 5342:"Birmingham Church Bombed" 5129:Annual Review of Sociology 5062:Matthew, Anderson (1900). 4994:Annual Review of Sociology 4336:. Retrieved July 14, 2020. 4294:McGill Journal of Medicine 4054:second Militia Act of 1792 3430:Charleston church shooting 3318:Community Reinvestment Act 3267:Richard and Mildred Loving 3159:Greensboro, North Carolina 3016:United States Armed Forces 2659:Naturalization Act of 1790 2609: 2599: 2478:Civil War and emancipation 2433: 2299:Charleston, South Carolina 2282: 2276: 2272: 2211: 2141:Naturalization Act of 1790 2112: 1937:Social model of disability 365:Discrimination against men 17867: 17693: 17566: 17498: 17151: 17147: 17138: 17086: 16951: 16942: 16838: 16809: 16786: 16725: 16692: 16683: 16626: 16614:Comparison of governments 16589: 16552: 16529: 16445: 16425: 16356: 16294: 16216: 16139: 15997: 15988: 15984: 15975: 15697: 15688: 15633: 15593:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 15434:drafting and ratification 15407:Articles of Confederation 15320: 15254: 15245: 15143: 15095: 15067:Films about social issues 15045: 15012: 14949: 14881: 14833: 14785: 14732: 14694: 14666: 14573: 14476: 14468:Punjabi Mexican Americans 14418: 14347: 14267: 13741: 13592:Liechtensteiner Americans 13399: 12943: 12581: 12570: 12438: 12308: 12299: 12234: 12201:Index of related articles 12079: 11994: 11718: 11651: 11589: 11489: 11450: 11382: 11375: 11290: 11210: 11202:Doctrine of Father Divine 11148: 11090: 10739: 10594: 10586:Women's suffrage movement 10539:Reconstruction Amendments 10346:Voting Rights Act of 1965 10265: 10197: 9936: 9813: 9606: 9493:Opposition to immigration 9217: 8857: 8704: 8464: 8414:Race / Ethnicity 8351: 8320: 8242: 8119: 7952: 7720: 7622: 7511: 7433: 7400:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7300: 7289: 7101: 7012:. New York: Basic Books. 6219:FBI Intelligence Bulletin 6107:10.1017/S1742058X09990282 5493:. NYU Press. p. 42. 5185:Seligman, Amanda (2005). 4240:. US Department of State. 3738:shooting of Michael Brown 3535:South Central Los Angeles 3502:National Security Archive 3255:Maryland General Assembly 3244:Voting Rights Act of 1965 2970:Chicago race riot of 1919 2530:Emancipation Proclamation 2369:(ACS) to the presence of 2322:economic exploitation of 2239:early human civilizations 2145:United States citizenship 1268:Opposition to immigration 159:Race / Ethnicity 17633:Prescription drug prices 16753:Mayor–council government 16743:Coterminous municipality 16733:Consolidated city-county 16499:Agriculture commissioner 16149:House of Representatives 16057:National Security Agency 15707:Contiguous United States 15135:Religious discrimination 14491:Native American ancestry 13266:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies 13122:Indo-Caribbean Americans 12844:Sierra Leonean Americans 12794:Bissau-Guinean Americans 12740:South Sudanese Americans 12251:United States portal 11686:African-American English 11115:Inventors and scientists 10807:George Washington Carver 10411:Chicago Freedom Movement 9488:Occupational segregation 9257:Compulsory sterilization 7420:Turks and Caicos Islands 6348:Journal of Black Studies 6327:August 26, 2017, at the 5598:Schwartz, Larry (2007). 5111:2027/uiug.30112046302813 4724:10.1086/scr.1998.3109701 4712:The Supreme Court Review 4540:August 19, 2016, at the 4535:XIII – Slavery Abolished 4501:Generations of Captivity 4288:Garrod, Joel Z. (2006). 4210:"Teaching about Slavery" 4198:. McFarland. p. 10. 4096:. The Sentencing Project 3929: 3849:9 minutes and 29 seconds 3661:Many Americans cite the 3622:. During the mid-2010s, 3590:From 2008 to the present 3347:Waldorf Astoria New York 3314:Fair Housing Act of 1968 3308:, which established the 3240:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2942:Hampton Negro Conference 2754:institutionalized racism 2667:Civil Rights Act of 1875 2647:Civil Rights Act of 1866 2391:Senate of South Carolina 2086:socioeconomic inequality 1263:Occupational segregation 1032:Compulsory sterilization 17718:Criticism of government 17063:Social welfare programs 16656:State-recognized tribes 15641:Outline of U.S. history 15353:Continental Association 14681:Higher education bubble 14453:Louisiana Creole people 13602:Luxembourgish Americans 12772:South African Americans 12708:Equatoguinean Americans 12174:African-American firsts 11223:Back-to-Africa movement 11192:Black Hebrew Israelites 10972:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 10520:Partus sequitur ventrem 10016:Internalized oppression 9878:Fighting Discrimination 9868:Fat acceptance movement 9826:Anti-discrimination law 9466:Native American mascots 8182:Psychometrics of racism 7632:Anti-miscegenation laws 5487:Thabit, Walter (2003). 5466:10.1023/A:1015772503007 5300:. pp. 41–42. JHU Press. 4959:"DEPORTING THE NEGROES" 4514:"The Negro's Civil War" 4427:Ames, Herman Vandenburg 4231:"Outline of US History" 3750:U.S. Justice Department 3463:From 1981 to 1997, the 3257:in 1691, criminalizing 3191:White Citizens' Council 3052:Halifax, North Carolina 2870:Omaha race riot of 1919 2733:Post-Reconstruction era 2713:Anti-miscegenation laws 2552:, and the new state of 2349:Controlling free Blacks 2121:US Human Rights Network 1813:Internalized oppression 1667:Fighting Discrimination 1657:Fat acceptance movement 1615:Anti-discrimination law 1241:Native American mascots 17780:Environmental movement 17623:Health insurance costs 17518:Educational attainment 17043:Federal Reserve System 17001:Science and technology 16504:Insurance commissioner 16042:Intelligence Community 15737:minor outlying islands 15500:Civil rights movement 15125:Housing discrimination 14931:Racial achievement gap 14676:Educational inequality 14240:Puerto Rican Americans 12799:Cape Verdean Americans 12654:Saint Lucian Americans 12430:Ethnocultural politics 12398:Racial achievement gap 12328:Educational attainment 12142:Spingarn Medal winners 11631:States and territories 11402:Black NFL quarterbacks 10902:Martin Luther King Jr. 10434:Dred Scott v. Sandford 10373:Montgomery bus boycott 10135:Social identity threat 10108:Reverse discrimination 10098:Racial color blindness 9578:Violence against women 9558:Sex-selective abortion 8147:Ethnic plastic surgery 7642:Biological determinism 7335:British Virgin Islands 7096:Racism in the Americas 5622:The Hollywood Reporter 5600:"Owens pierced a myth" 5568:"Owens Pierced a Myth" 5029:Social Science History 4944:. September 24, 1906. 4823:Social Science History 4802:Cite journal requires 4236:April 5, 2008, at the 3811:by Black people, with 3764:, White supremacists, 3733: 3566:Khalil Gibran Muhammad 3554:1992 Los Angeles riots 3537:, where Congresswoman 3441: 3380:admit China and expel 3336: 3296: 3293:St. Augustine, Florida 3289:Martin Luther King Jr. 3251:anti-miscegenation law 3232:Martin Luther King Jr. 3227: 3204: 3154: 3099: 3055: 2972: 2936: 2877: 2808: 2772:(often perpetrated by 2749: 2638: 2490: 2448: 2427: 2362: 2302: 2176:also provided for the 1932:Social identity threat 1905:Reverse discrimination 1895:Racial color blindness 1353:Violence against women 1333:Sex-selective abortion 23: 17606:Immigrant health care 17121:Transportation safety 17116:Transportation policy 17106:Public transportation 16176:President pro tempore 16032:Executive departments 15801:National Park Service 15456:Territorial evolution 14337:New Zealand Americans 14302:Micronesian Americans 14297:Marshallese Americans 14198:Costa Rican Americans 13657:Sammarinese Americans 13627:Montenegrin Americans 13357:Azerbaijani Americans 13320:Palestinian Americans 13242:Singaporean Americans 13090:Bangladeshi Americans 12698:Cameroonian Americans 12420:Unemployment by state 11452:Athletic associations 11387:Negro league baseball 11158:African-American Jews 10877:Ketanji Brown Jackson 10842:Henry Highland Garnet 10701:Negro National Anthem 10451:George Floyd protests 10416:Post–civil rights era 10103:Religious intolerance 10063:Political correctness 9893:Intersex human rights 9841:Cultural assimilation 9523:Religious persecution 9287:Disability hate crime 9072:Jewish / Antisemitism 8067:In Jewish communities 8045:Hispanic & Latino 7248:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6488:on December 21, 2018. 6408:on December 21, 2018. 5906:"Fair Sentencing Act" 5727:. InterVarsity Press. 5271:II, Vann R. Newkirk. 4961:(September 30, 1906) 4936:"Un lynchage monstre" 4590:on September 27, 2007 4194:Calore, Paul (2008). 4134:Eltis, David (2008). 3953:civil rights movement 3883:Jacksonville, Florida 3868:2022 Buffalo shooting 3723: 3531:San Jose Mercury News 3516:rebels. In 1989, the 3458:Mother Emanuel Church 3419: 3406:Guinness World Record 3326: 3282: 3218: 3199: 3144: 3104:Civil Rights Movement 3094: 3086:Mendez v. Westminster 3045: 2987:in the 1948 landmark 2967: 2947:restrictive covenants 2930: 2867: 2821:racial discrimination 2802: 2758:racial stratification 2740: 2719:unanimously ruled in 2628: 2610:Further information: 2485: 2455:in 1859 or 1860. The 2443: 2408: 2356: 2296: 2283:Further information: 2212:Further information: 2078:civil rights movement 2045:in the 21st century. 1900:Religious intolerance 1860:Political correctness 1682:Intersex human rights 1630:Cultural assimilation 1298:Religious persecution 1062:Disability hate crime 839:Jewish / Antisemitism 21: 17775:Environmental issues 17440:Political ideologies 17339:Indigenous languages 16539:List of legislatures 16336:separation of powers 16037:Independent agencies 15963:World Heritage Sites 15598:September 11 attacks 15521:Spanish–American War 15461:Mexican–American War 15417:Confederation period 15348:Continental Congress 15115:Caste discrimination 14916:Mass racial violence 14906:Interminority racism 14901:Environmental racism 14410:Venezuelan Americans 14400:Surinamese Americans 14390:Paraguayan Americans 14380:Ecuadorian Americans 14332:Australian Americans 14223:Salvadoran Americans 14218:Panamanian Americans 14213:Nicaraguan Americans 14203:Guatemalan Americans 13642:Portuguese Americans 13607:Macedonian Americans 13597:Lithuanian Americans 13434:Belarusian Americans 13252:Vietnamese Americans 13222:Indonesian Americans 13176:Sri Lankan Americans 13042:Fuzhounese Americans 12839:Senegalese Americans 12777:Zimbabwean Americans 12669:Vincentian Americans 11659:Afro-Seminole Creole 11185:Azusa Street Revival 11057:Booker T. Washington 10581:Underground Railroad 10446:Free people of color 10300:Atlantic slave trade 9508:Political repression 8517:Anti-left handedness 8507:Anti-intellectualism 8157:Herrenvolk democracy 5941:Schou, Nick (2006). 5421:on November 30, 2007 4977:"Legacy of Lynching" 4115:Wood, Peter (2003). 3785:Clementa C. Pinckney 3756:In August 2017, the 3736:In 2014, the police 3628:"alt-right" movement 3527:Dark Alliance series 3265:entered the home of 3259:interracial marriage 3187:Byron De La Beckwith 3185:was assassinated by 2985:Fourteenth Amendment 2764:, pervasive acts of 2725:that such laws were 2566:Thirteenth Amendment 2430:Domestic slave trade 2307:Atlantic slave trade 2285:Atlantic slave trade 2129:communities of color 1283:Political repression 270:Anti-left handedness 260:Anti-intellectualism 17618:Health care finance 17111:Rail transportation 16877:Imperial presidency 16599:State constitutions 16544:List of legislators 16494:Auditor/Comptroller 16467:Lieutenant governor 16193:Library of Congress 16084:Diplomatic Security 15727:Indian reservations 15390:American Revolution 14979:Prison overcrowding 14969:Illegal immigration 14658:Widening income gap 14583:Abusive supervision 14405:Uruguayan Americans 14375:Colombian Americans 14365:Brazilian Americans 14355:Argentine Americans 14235:Dominican Americans 14129:Alaskan Athabaskans 13728:Non-Hispanic whites 13721:Ukrainian Americans 13699:Slovenian Americans 13677:Norwegian Americans 13672:Icelandic Americans 13560:Hungarian Americans 13506:Dagestani Americans 13481:Bulgarian Americans 13300:Jordanian Americans 13237:Malaysian Americans 13207:Cambodian Americans 13159:Pakistani Americans 13149:Maldivian Americans 13102:Bhutanese Americans 13078:Mongolian Americans 13032:Taiwanese Americans 13027:Hong Kong Americans 12875:Ethiopian Americans 12745:Tanzanian Americans 12703:Congolese Americans 12634:Grenadian Americans 12619:Bermudian Americans 12614:Barbadian Americans 12348:Housing segregation 12302:Demographic history 12054:Trinidad and Tobago 11669:Black American Sign 11496:By African descent 11490:Ethnic subdivisions 11477:Southwestern (SWAC) 11392:Baseball color line 11307:Black Panther Party 11211:Political movements 11128:in computer science 10787:Carol Moseley Braun 10576:Tulsa race massacre 10569:Treatment of slaves 10401:March on Washington 10396:Birmingham movement 10011:Historical eugenics 9548:Segregation academy 9528:Religious terrorism 9317:Enemy of the people 9225:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 8744:Jehovah's Witnesses 8637:Perpetual foreigner 8177:Perpetual foreigner 7425:U.S. Virgin Islands 7268:Trinidad and Tobago 7113:Antigua and Barbuda 7054:(Bloomsbury, 1998) 5831:The Washington Post 5553:Wall Street Journal 5348:on October 15, 2013 5212:, 334 U.S. 1 (1948) 5068:Moton, Robert Russa 4677:Columbia Law Review 4584:Harvardmagazine.com 4580:"The Deadliest War" 4395:on January 8, 2011. 4175:on October 27, 2013 4019:The Washington Post 3870:. He believed that 3826:St. Louis, Missouri 3822:Oakland, California 3500:. According to the 3498:Fair Sentencing Act 3470:Pigford v. Glickman 3402:U.S. Postal Service 3046:A Black youth at a 2837:Tulsa race massacre 2805:Tulsa race massacre 2782:grandfather clauses 2776:such as the reborn 2691:paramilitary groups 2505:, commander of the 2499:Militia Act of 1862 2263:American Revolution 2261:by the time of the 2174:Militia Act of 1792 2153:indentured servants 1808:Historical eugenics 1323:Segregation academy 1303:Religious terrorism 1092:Enemy of the people 1000:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 505:Jehovah's Witnesses 390:Perpetual foreigner 17728:affirmative action 17701:Capital punishment 17660:Poverty and health 17655:Physician shortage 17628:Health care prices 17558:Standard of living 17241:standard of living 17048:Financial position 16675:Hawaiian home land 16663:Indian reservation 16636:Tribal sovereignty 16479:Secretary of state 16348:United States Code 16264:Territorial courts 16236:Associate Justices 16121:Inspector generals 15608:War in Afghanistan 15471:Reconstruction era 15338:Stamp Act Congress 15110:Age discrimination 14815:Child prostitution 14633:Standard of living 14395:Peruvian Americans 14385:Guyanese Americans 14360:Bolivian Americans 14282:Chamorro Americans 14208:Honduran Americans 14193:Belizean Americans 14178:Canadian Americans 13647:Romanian Americans 13617:Moldovan Americans 13545:Galician Americans 13523:Estonian Americans 13491:Croatian Americans 13469:Scottish Americans 13424:Austrian Americans 13419:Asturian Americans 13414:Albanian Americans 13362:Georgian Americans 13352:Assyrian Americans 13347:Armenian Americans 13310:Lebanese Americans 13285:Bahraini Americans 13212:Filipino Americans 13154:Nepalese Americans 13117:Gujarati Americans 13066:Ryukyuan Americans 13061:Japanese Americans 12933:Sudanese Americans 12926:Tunisian Americans 12911:Algerian Americans 12894:Egyptian Americans 12870:Eritrean Americans 12849:Togolese Americans 12834:Nigerian Americans 12824:Liberian Americans 12809:Ghanaian Americans 12789:Beninese Americans 12767:Malawian Americans 12713:Gabonese Americans 12644:Jamaican Americans 12609:Bahamian Americans 12515:Moorish Scientists 12415:Standard of living 12152:US representatives 12147:US cabinet members 12039:Dominican Republic 11626:Metropolitan areas 11467:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 11292:Civic and economic 11270:Self-determination 11091:Education, science 11012:Fred Shuttlesworth 10992:A. Philip Randolph 10897:Coretta Scott King 10822:Frederick Douglass 10649:Harlem Renaissance 10554:Separate but equal 10544:Reconstruction era 10532:Plessy v. Ferguson 10423:Cornerstone Speech 10337:Civil Rights Acts 10320:Black Lives Matter 10295:American Civil War 9923:Social integration 9918:Self-determination 9908:Racial integration 9856:Diversity training 9846:Cultural pluralism 9821:Affirmative action 9721:Racial segregation 9631:Crime of apartheid 9533:Religious violence 9036:Indigenous people 8441:Sexual orientation 8207:Racial integration 8187:Race and sexuality 7992:Japanese Americans 7712:Racial segregation 7702:Racial nationalism 7178:Dominican Republic 6986:. August 27, 2023. 6964:The New York Times 6930:The New York Times 6875:The New York Times 6780:The New York Times 6715:The New York Times 6552:The New York Times 6456:The New York Times 6302:. January 26, 2008 5928:nsarchive2.gwu.edu 5877:The New York Times 5694:The New York Times 5652:The New York Times 5555:. January 9, 2016. 5372:Facing History.org 5210:Shelley v. Kraemer 4964:The New York Times 4544:The Avalon Project 4334:The New York Times 3798:, Black columnist 3792:The New York Times 3762:White nationalists 3734: 3715:Black Lives Matter 3512:funded right-wing 3442: 3362:Hollywood Cemetery 3356:Gone with the Wind 3337: 3297: 3273:Loving v. Virginia 3253:was passed by the 3228: 3224:Cleveland Robinson 3205: 3189:, a member of the 3163:Greensboro sit-ins 3155: 3120:Tallahatchie River 3112:Money, Mississippi 3102:By the 1950s, the 3100: 3072:separate but equal 3056: 2994:Shelley v. Kraemer 2973: 2957:in the 1920s, the 2955:Harlem Renaissance 2937: 2878: 2809: 2750: 2748:, New York in 1906 2722:Loving v. Virginia 2707:racial segregation 2671:Reconstruction Era 2639: 2621:Reconstruction era 2602:Reconstruction era 2568:in December 1865. 2495:American Civil War 2491: 2449: 2363: 2303: 2082:federal government 2050:American Civil War 2037:dates back to the 2029:In the context of 1712:Social integration 1707:Self-determination 1697:Racial integration 1645:Diversity training 1635:Cultural pluralism 1610:Affirmative action 1502:Racial segregation 1412:Crime of apartheid 1308:Religious violence 803:Indigenous people 186:Sexual orientation 24: 17903: 17902: 17863: 17862: 17859: 17858: 17829:National security 17538:Income inequality 17418:Statue of Liberty 17221:income inequality 17134: 17133: 17126:Trucking industry 16938: 16937: 16934: 16933: 16865:Foreign relations 16853:Electoral College 16834: 16833: 16622: 16621: 16574:District attorney 16421: 16420: 16248:Courts of appeals 15971: 15970: 15684: 15683: 15625:COVID-19 pandemic 15578:Feminist Movement 15424:American frontier 15343:Thirteen Colonies 15204: 15203: 15072:Freedom of speech 14964:Human trafficking 14896:African Americans 14888:racial inequality 14820:Child trafficking 14747:Domestic violence 14714:Natural disasters 14598:Farmers' suicides 14533: 14532: 14529: 14528: 14486:American ancestry 14370:Chilean Americans 14312:Palauan Americans 14245:Mexican Americans 13704:Spanish Americans 13689:Serbian Americans 13682:Swedish Americans 13652:Russian Americans 13632:Occitan Americans 13622:Monacan Americans 13612:Maltese Americans 13587:Latvian Americans 13582:Kosovan Americans 13570:Italian Americans 13528:Finnish Americans 13496:Cypriot Americans 13486:Catalan Americans 13459:English Americans 13454:Cornish Americans 13449:British Americans 13444:Bosnian Americans 13439:Belgian Americans 13389:Turkish Americans 13384:Kurdish Americans 13377:Israeli Americans 13367:Iranian Americans 13305:Kuwaiti Americans 13290:Emirati Americans 13232:Laotian Americans 13227:Iu Mien Americans 13195:Burmese Americans 13164:Punjabi Americans 13127:Punjabi Americans 13112:Bengali Americans 13095:Bengali Americans 13054:Tibetan Americans 13022:Chinese Americans 13000:Turkmen Americans 12973:Pashtun Americans 12921:Moroccan American 12819:Ivorian Americans 12814:Guinean Americans 12804:Gambian Americans 12762:Angolan Americans 12750:Ugandan Americans 12639:Haitian Americans 12589:African Americans 12388:Racial inequality 12358:Income inequality 12323:Gender inequality 12259: 12258: 12087:African Americans 11959:Dallas–Fort Worth 11554:Black Southerners 11485: 11484: 10937:Thurgood Marshall 10907:Bernard Lafayette 10502:Million Man March 10259:African Americans 10225: 10224: 10093:Racism by country 10021:Intersectionality 10006:Heteronormativity 9805:Voter suppression 9553:Sexual harassment 9352:Forced conversion 9272:Cultural genocide 8935:African Americans 8754:post–Cold War era 8739:Eastern Orthodoxy 8502:Anti-drug addicts 8497:Anti-homelessness 8424:Scientific racism 8280: 8279: 8028:African Americans 7975:Chinese Americans 7672:Ethnic stereotype 7471: 7470: 7050:Raffel, Jeffrey. 6749:Los Angeles Times 6659:on April 10, 2021 6524:. August 23, 2017 6244:Los Angeles Times 6129:Coates, Ta-Nehisi 5566:Schwartz, Larry. 5319:Ravitz, Jessica. 5084:2027/chi.14025588 5076:Hampton, Virginia 4512:James McPherson, 4255:The Black Scholar 3864:Conklin, New York 3860:Payton S. Gendron 3831:On May 25, 2020, 3644:racial minorities 3632:White nationalist 3583:Carter G. Woodson 3550:Miami-Dade Police 3514:Nicaraguan Contra 3369:Southern strategy 3287:in 1938. In 1964 2849:. The Charleston 2841:Rosewood massacre 2839:of 1921, and the 2829:Atlanta race riot 2590:White supremacist 2511:colored regiments 2371:free Black people 2315:U.S. Constitution 2208:Antebellum period 2197:Voter suppression 2054:African Americans 2027: 2026: 1890:Racism by country 1818:Intersectionality 1803:Heteronormativity 1586:Voter suppression 1328:Sexual harassment 1127:Forced conversion 1047:Cultural genocide 703:African Americans 515:post–Cold War era 500:Eastern Orthodoxy 255:Anti-drug addicts 250:Anti-homelessness 169:Scientific racism 17923: 17883: 17876: 17763:African American 17645:Health insurance 17533:Household income 17403:National symbols 17334:American English 17307:Federal holidays 17216:household income 17149: 17148: 17145: 17144: 16949: 16948: 16887:Anti-Americanism 16811:Special district 16738:Independent city 16707:County executive 16690: 16689: 16484:Attorney general 16443: 16442: 16432:Federal District 16015:Executive Office 15995: 15994: 15986: 15985: 15982: 15981: 15742:populated places 15722:federal enclaves 15717:federal district 15695: 15694: 15558:American Century 15541:Great Depression 15536:Roaring Twenties 15496:Women's suffrage 15375:Halifax Resolves 15368:Founding Fathers 15363:military history 15328:Pre-colonial era 15252: 15251: 15231: 15224: 15217: 15208: 15207: 15196:Police brutality 15171:Political apathy 14936:Racial profiling 14921:Native Americans 14560: 14553: 14546: 14537: 14536: 14322:Tongan Americans 14317:Samoan Americans 14307:Native Hawaiians 14287:Fijian Americans 14189:Central America 13749:Native Americans 13694:Slovak Americans 13667:Danish Americans 13637:Polish Americans 13550:German Americans 13533:French Americans 13511:Lezgin Americans 13429:Basque Americans 13372:Jewish Americans 13340:Yemeni Americans 13335:Syrian Americans 13325:Qatari Americans 13261:Romani Americans 13169:Sindhi Americans 13142:Telugu Americans 13132:Sindhi Americans 13107:Indian Americans 13073:Korean Americans 13005:Uyghur Americans 12990:Kyrgyz Americans 12985:Kazakh Americans 12980:Baloch Americans 12968:Afghan Americans 12916:Libyan Americans 12906:Berber Americans 12899:Coptic Americans 12880:Somali Americans 12856:Yoruba Americans 12829:Malian Americans 12735:Kenyan Americans 12579: 12578: 12572:By continent and 12343:Household income 12286: 12279: 12272: 12263: 12262: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12211:Lynching victims 11710:Louisiana Creole 11681:American English 11569:Louisiana Creole 11542:Choctaw freedmen 11380: 11379: 10917:Huddie Ledbetter 10857:Fannie Lou Hamer 10827:W. 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Gayle 10252: 10245: 10238: 10229: 10228: 10215: 10214: 10205: 10204: 10145:Social privilege 10130:Social exclusion 10058:Police brutality 9979:Multiculturalism 9949:Amatonormativity 9780:Social exclusion 9616:Age of candidacy 9416:Homeless dumping 9322:Ethnic cleansing 8307: 8300: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8270: 8269: 8260: 8259: 8250: 8249: 8104:Racial supremacy 8062:Jewish Americans 8040:Native Americans 8009:Zainichi Koreans 7997:Japanese Koreans 7980:Zainichi Chinese 7953:Racism by target 7730:Global apartheid 7722:Racism by region 7707:Racial profiling 7697:Racial hierarchy 7498: 7491: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7390:Saint Barthélemy 7350:Falkland Islands 7295: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7067: 7066: 7047: 7023: 7011: 6988: 6987: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6921: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6895: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6543: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6529: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6481:. 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16351: 16350: 16345: 16344: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16318: 16313: 16312: 16311: 16304:Bill of Rights 16300: 16298: 16292: 16291: 16289: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16277: 16276: 16274:list of judges 16271: 16269:list of courts 16257: 16256: 16255: 16253:list of judges 16245: 16244: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16222: 16220: 16214: 16213: 16211: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16188:Capitol Police 16185: 16184: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16163: 16162: 16161: 16156: 16145: 16143: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16117: 16116: 16111: 16109:Secret Service 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16022:Vice President 16019: 16018: 16017: 16012: 16001: 15999: 15992: 15979: 15973: 15972: 15969: 15968: 15966: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15949: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15810: 15809: 15808: 15806:National Parks 15798: 15797: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15766: 15761: 15759:Extreme points 15756: 15751: 15750: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15698: 15692: 15686: 15685: 15682: 15681: 15679: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15637: 15635: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15616: 15615: 15610: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15554: 15553: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15517: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15446:Federalist Era 15443: 15442: 15441: 15439:Bill of Rights 15436: 15426: 15421: 15420: 15419: 15414: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15397: 15387: 15382: 15380:Lee Resolution 15377: 15372: 15371: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15330: 15324: 15322: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15258: 15256: 15249: 15243: 15242: 15240: articles 15234: 15233: 15226: 15219: 15211: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15147: 15145: 15141: 15140: 15138: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15101: 15099: 15097:Discrimination 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15063: 15062: 15051: 15049: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15018: 15016: 15010: 15009: 15007: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14989:Race and crime 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14955: 14953: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14892: 14890: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14848:Women's health 14845: 14839: 14837: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14810:Child marriage 14807: 14802: 14797: 14791: 14789: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14779: 14774: 14772:Nuclear family 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14738: 14736: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14709:Climate change 14706: 14700: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14672: 14670: 14664: 14663: 14661: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14638:Street vendors 14635: 14630: 14628:Slum Clearance 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14593:Cost of living 14590: 14588:Communications 14585: 14579: 14577: 14571: 14570: 14563: 14562: 14555: 14548: 14540: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14508: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14424: 14422: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14351: 14349: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14341: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14326: 14325: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14273: 14271: 14265: 14264: 14262: 14261: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14257: 14252: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14226: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14181: 14180: 14174: 14173: 14172: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14124:Alaska Natives 14121: 14120: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14102:Tohono Oʼodham 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14068: 14067: 14062: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14006: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13847: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13745: 13743: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13712: 13711: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13685: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13578: 13577: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13464:Manx Americans 13461: 13456: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13405: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13380: 13379: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13343: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13280:Arab Americans 13271: 13270: 13269: 13268: 13257: 13256: 13255: 13254: 13249: 13247:Thai Americans 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13190:Southeast Asia 13187: 13186: 13185: 13184: 13183: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13166: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13104: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13069: 13068: 13058: 13057: 13056: 13051: 13050: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13029: 13014: 13013: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12976: 12975: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12947: 12945: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12935: 12930: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12852: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12727: 12725:Igbo Americans 12722: 12720:Fula Americans 12717: 12716: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12685: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12585: 12583: 12576: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12552:Scientologists 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12525:Value Creators 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12455: 12450: 12444: 12442: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12373:Middle classes 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12338:Home-ownership 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12314: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12289: 12288: 12281: 12274: 12266: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12253: 12241: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12162:Visual artists 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12122:Mathematicians 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12063: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12000: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11946: 11941: 11939:South Carolina 11936: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11909:North Carolina 11906: 11905: 11904: 11894: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11877: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11854:Massachusetts 11852: 11851: 11850: 11840: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11823: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11789: 11784: 11783: 11782: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11755: 11750: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11733: 11728: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11701: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11696:social context 11693: 11683: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11661: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11638: 11628: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11577: 11576: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11547:Creek Freedmen 11544: 11539: 11534: 11524: 11522:Alabama Creole 11519: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11462:Central (CIAA) 11458: 11456: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11383: 11377: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11298: 11296: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11255:Pan-Africanism 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11225: 11220: 11214: 11212: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11197:Black theology 11194: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11177: 11176: 11175: 11170: 11160: 11154: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11138:in STEM fields 11135: 11130: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11096: 11094: 11093:and technology 11088: 11087: 11085: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11032:Harriet Tubman 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10962:Michelle Obama 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10892:Barbara Jordan 10889: 10887:Harriet Jacobs 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10777:Amelia Boynton 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10743: 10741: 10740:Notable people 10737: 10736: 10734: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10676:LGBT community 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10600: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10528: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10475: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10419: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10391:Freedom Riders 10388: 10383: 10375: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10335: 10330: 10322: 10317: 10315:Black genocide 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10271: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10255: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10232: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10209: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10113:Reverse racism 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10083:Prisoner abuse 10080: 10075: 10073:Power distance 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9991:Ethnic penalty 9988: 9987: 9986: 9984:Neurodiversity 9981: 9971: 9969:Dehumanization 9966: 9961: 9959:Cisnormativity 9956: 9951: 9946: 9940: 9938: 9937:Related topics 9934: 9933: 9931: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9795:State religion 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9731:Nuremberg Laws 9728: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9673:Ghetto benches 9670: 9668:Gerrymandering 9665: 9660: 9655: 9653:Gender pay gap 9650: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9612: 9610: 9607:Discriminatory 9604: 9603: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9436:Lavender scare 9433: 9431:Kill Haole Day 9428: 9426:Indian rolling 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9402: 9401: 9391: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9312:Eliminationism 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9247:Cancel culture 9244: 9239: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9221: 9219: 9218:Manifestations 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9114:Middle Eastern 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8864: 8862: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8851: 8849:Zoroastrianism 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8776:Untouchability 8773: 8763: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8602:Leprosy stigma 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8461: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8421: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8314:Discrimination 8310: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8287: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8274: 8264: 8254: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8229:Reverse racism 8226: 8225: 8224: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8202:Racial figleaf 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8121: 8120:Related topics 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8079:Middle Eastern 8076: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8042: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7994: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7962: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7871:United Kingdom 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7813: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7732: 7726: 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7626: 7623:Manifestations 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7405:Sint Eustatius 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7340:Cayman Islands 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7298: 7297: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7107: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7048: 7043:978-1568584645 7042: 7024: 7019:978-0465068173 7018: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6969: 6950: 6916: 6887: 6861: 6831: 6797: 6766: 6736: 6701: 6670: 6639: 6614: 6592: 6564: 6535: 6513: 6491: 6462: 6441: 6411: 6382: 6373: 6354:(3): 332–343. 6333: 6313: 6287: 6273: 6262:on May 9, 2011 6247: 6232: 6221:. May 10, 2017 6206: 6194:Foreign Policy 6180: 6152: 6120: 6094:Du Bois Review 6080: 6055: 6052:978-0865431713 6035: 6023:978-0807756782 6004: 5988: 5960: 5953: 5933: 5915: 5897: 5863: 5844: 5816: 5803: 5781: 5762:(2): 143–161. 5746: 5730: 5715: 5703: 5677: 5664: 5635: 5605: 5590: 5581: 5558: 5540: 5527:978-0813339528 5526: 5506: 5500:978-0814782675 5499: 5479: 5460:(2): 125–133. 5444: 5432: 5400: 5384: 5359: 5333: 5311: 5302: 5289: 5260: 5235: 5223: 5214: 5202: 5196:978-0226746630 5195: 5177: 5168: 5154: 5119: 5105:. p. 91. 5089: 5054: 5035:(3): 351–352. 5019: 4981: 4975:Moyers, Bill. 4968: 4951: 4927: 4879:"Final Report" 4869: 4848: 4829:(3): 347–370. 4813: 4804:|journal= 4773: 4761: 4757:Jim Crow Blues 4755:Leon Litwack, 4745: 4702: 4683:(3): 452–454. 4667: 4654:978-1573561488 4653: 4633: 4627:978-0820345574 4626: 4601: 4571: 4562: 4546: 4527: 4518: 4505: 4492: 4486:978-0521001496 4485: 4456: 4429:, ed. (1904). 4418: 4398: 4380: 4371: 4338: 4321: 4280: 4242: 4219: 4201: 4186: 4167:Eltis, David. 4159: 4153:978-0300134360 4152: 4126: 4107: 4078: 4057: 4046: 4031: 4006: 3997: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3957: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3891: 3879:Dollar General 3732:in August 2020 3695:Trayvon Martin 3591: 3588: 3577: 3574: 3486:crack epidemic 3413: 3410: 3136:all-White jury 3039: 3036: 3032:Medal of Honor 3005:Woodrow Wilson 2861: 2858: 2734: 2731: 2675:15th Amendment 2663:14th Amendment 2643:13th Amendment 2629:The mob-style 2622: 2619: 2597: 2594: 2479: 2476: 2472:Middle Passage 2466:The historian 2434:Main article: 2431: 2428: 2350: 2347: 2326:by creating a 2277:Main article: 2274: 2271: 2209: 2206: 2149:naturalization 2136: 2133: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1910:Reverse racism 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1880:Prisoner abuse 1877: 1872: 1870:Power distance 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1788:Ethnic penalty 1785: 1784: 1783: 1781:Neurodiversity 1778: 1768: 1766:Dehumanization 1763: 1758: 1756:Cisnormativity 1753: 1748: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1732:Related topics 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1576:State religion 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1512:Nuremberg Laws 1509: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1454:Ghetto benches 1451: 1449:Gerrymandering 1446: 1441: 1436: 1434:Gender pay gap 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1211:Lavender scare 1208: 1206:Kill Haole Day 1203: 1201:Indian rolling 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087:Eliminationism 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1022:Cancel culture 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 996: 995: 994: 993: 991:Manifestations 990: 989: 986: 985: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 881:Middle Eastern 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 847: 846: 836: 831: 826: 821: 820: 819: 814: 809: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 715: 714: 709: 704: 696: 691: 686: 685: 684: 679: 674: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 632: 631: 630: 624: 623: 620: 619: 613: 612: 610:Zoroastrianism 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 586: 585: 575: 574: 573: 572: 571: 566: 561: 556: 541: 540: 539: 537:Untouchability 534: 524: 519: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 487: 482: 477: 471: 470: 469: 468: 463: 462: 459: 458: 452: 451: 446: 441: 440: 439: 434: 429: 419: 418: 417: 412: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 355:Leprosy stigma 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 220: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 172: 171: 166: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 100: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 90: 89: 83: 82: 77: 72: 67: 61: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 39:Discrimination 35: 34: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17928: 17917: 17914: 17913: 17911: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17887: 17882: 17878: 17875: 17871: 17870: 17866: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17835: 17832: 17831: 17830: 17827: 17823: 17820: 17819: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17777: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17770:Energy policy 17768: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17725: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17712: 17711:incarceration 17709: 17708: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17698: 17696: 17692: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17620: 17619: 17616: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17596:Prenatal care 17594: 17592: 17591:Birth control 17589: 17587: 17584: 17583: 17582: 17579: 17577: 17574: 17573: 17571: 17569: 17565: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17528:Homeownership 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17505: 17503: 17501: 17497: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17405: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17358: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17331: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17308: 17305: 17304: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17291: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17260: 17259: 17256: 17252: 17251:working class 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17211:homeownership 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17198: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17137: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17093: 17091: 17089: 17085: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16991:Manufacturing 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16954: 16953: 16950: 16947: 16945: 16941: 16927: 16924: 16920: 16919:Third parties 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16905: 16902: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16884: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16871: 16868: 16867: 16866: 16863: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16850: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16840: 16837: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16812: 16808: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16793: 16791: 16789: 16785: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16724: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16699: 16697: 16695: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16682: 16676: 16673: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16633: 16631: 16629: 16625: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16592: 16588: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16572: 16568: 16565: 16564: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16557: 16555: 16551: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16532: 16528: 16520: 16517: 16516: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16473: 16470: 16469: 16468: 16465: 16461: 16458: 16457: 16456: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16448: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16433: 16428: 16424: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16368: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16355: 16349: 16346: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16323: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16305: 16302: 16301: 16299: 16297: 16293: 16287: 16286:U.S. attorney 16284: 16282: 16279: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16265: 16261: 16258: 16254: 16251: 16250: 16249: 16246: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16231:Chief Justice 16229: 16228: 16227: 16226:Supreme Court 16224: 16223: 16221: 16219: 16215: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16168: 16167: 16164: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16151: 16150: 16147: 16146: 16144: 16142: 16138: 16132: 16131:Public policy 16129: 16127: 16126:Civil service 16124: 16122: 16119: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16071: 16070: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16044: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16007: 16006: 16003: 16002: 16000: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15987: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15974: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15908: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15815: 15814: 15811: 15807: 15804: 15803: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15794:Sierra Nevada 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15771: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15732:insular zones 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15703: 15700: 15699: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15687: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15632: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15603:War on Terror 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15583:LGBT Movement 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15552: 15549: 15548: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15409: 15408: 15405: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15335: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15323: 15319: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15259: 15257: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15244: 15239: 15238:United States 15232: 15227: 15225: 15220: 15218: 15213: 15212: 15209: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15142: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15094: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15048: 15044: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15015: 15011: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14952: 14948: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14889: 14884: 14880: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14788: 14784: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14731: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14697: 14693: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14673: 14671: 14669: 14665: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14561: 14556: 14554: 14549: 14547: 14542: 14541: 14538: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14511: 14507: 14504: 14503: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14475: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14417: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14348:South America 14346: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14270: 14266: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14183: 14182: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14126: 14125: 14122: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13750: 13747: 13746: 13744: 13742:North America 13740: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13710: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13539: 13536: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13410: 13407: 13406: 13404: 13402: 13398: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13378: 13375: 13374: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13282: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13273: 13272: 13267: 13264: 13263: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13191: 13188: 13182: 13179: 13178: 13177: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13161: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13091: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13015: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12942: 12934: 12931: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12904: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12864: 12857: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12755: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12689: 12686: 12682: 12681:Black Indians 12679: 12677: 12674: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12584: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12542:Non-religious 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12437: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12307: 12303: 12298: 12294: 12287: 12282: 12280: 12275: 12273: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12252: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12221:Neighborhoods 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12184:Sports firsts 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12172: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12078: 12070: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11986:West Virginia 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11923:Pennsylvania 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11903: 11902:New York City 11900: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11832: 11829: 11828: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11747: 11746:San Francisco 11744: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719:By state/city 11717: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11664:American Sign 11662: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11597:Neighborhoods 11595: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11579: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11528: 11527:Black Indians 11525: 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11449: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11384: 11381: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11289: 11283: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11105:Black schools 11103: 11101: 11100:Black studies 11098: 11097: 11095: 11089: 11083: 11082:Whitney Young 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11072:Oprah Winfrey 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11042:Denmark Vesey 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10987:Joseph Rainey 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10942:Toni Morrison 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10927:Joseph Lowery 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10872:Jesse Jackson 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10862:Kamala Harris 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10847:Marcus Garvey 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10797:Blanche Bruce 10795: 10793: 10792:Edward Brooke 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10782:James Bradley 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10762:James Baldwin 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10738: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10706:Neighborhoods 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10559:Silent Parade 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10487:Jim Crow laws 10485: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10310:Black cowboys 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10253: 10248: 10246: 10241: 10239: 10234: 10233: 10230: 10218: 10210: 10208: 10200: 10199: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10167:Social stigma 10165: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9935: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9790:State atheism 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9726:Jim Crow laws 9724: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9711:One-drop rule 9709: 9707: 9705: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9626:Blood quantum 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9605: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9573:Victimisation 9571: 9569: 9568:Trans bashing 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9538:Religious war 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9518:Racialization 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9389:Glass ceiling 9387: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9332:Ethnic hatred 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9267:Counter-jihad 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9051: 9050:United States 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8913:United States 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8856: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8834:Protestantism 8832: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8749:LDS or Mormon 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8679:Transmisogyny 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8582:Gerontophobia 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8512:Anti-intersex 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8487:Anti-albinism 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8328:Institutional 8326: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8303: 8301: 8296: 8294: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8273: 8265: 8263: 8255: 8253: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8099:Wine industry 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7927:South America 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7915:United States 7913: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7905:North America 7903: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7692:Racialization 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7657:Ethnic hatred 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7574:Laissez-faire 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7559:Institutional 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7544:Environmental 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7494: 7492: 7487: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7476: 7464: 7463: 7462:South America 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7439:North America 7436: 7435: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355:French Guiana 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7294: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7273:United States 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7003: 7002:Bell, Derrick 6999: 6998: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6920: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6892: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6828: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6733: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6643: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6602: 6596: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6568: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6540: 6523: 6517: 6501: 6495: 6484: 6480: 6479:Racial Equity 6473: 6466: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6404: 6400: 6399:Racial Equity 6393: 6386: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6283: 6277: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5791: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5594: 5585: 5569: 5562: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5510: 5502: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5417: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5322: 5315: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5198: 5192: 5188: 5181: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4988: 4986: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4660:September 14, 4656: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4637: 4629: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4613: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4566: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4503:, pp. 161–62. 4502: 4496: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4197: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4100:September 22, 4095: 4088: 4082: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4001: 3994:. p. 44. 3993: 3985: 3981: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845:Derek Chauvin 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3584: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3539:Maxine Waters 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494:crack cocaine 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446:Black poverty 3439: 3435: 3434:Denmark Vesey 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3386:Ronald Reagan 3383: 3378: 3374: 3373:Richard Nixon 3370: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3327:Although the 3325: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3220:Bayard Rustin 3217: 3213: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:wolf-whistled 3113: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068:border states 3065: 3061: 3060:Jim Crow laws 3053: 3049: 3044: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2989:Supreme Court 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2835:of 1919, the 2834: 2831:of 1906, the 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2703:Jim Crow laws 2700: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2679:voting rights 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554:West Virginia 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534:border states 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:Daniel Ullman 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2445:Ashley's Sack 2442: 2437: 2426: 2424: 2423:constitutions 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2360: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339:slave patrols 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2193:Jim Crow laws 2190: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074:Jim Crow laws 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1964:Social stigma 1962: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1729: 1728: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1571:State atheism 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1507:Jim Crow laws 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1492:One-drop rule 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1407:Blood quantum 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1348:Victimisation 1346: 1344: 1343:Trans bashing 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1313:Religious war 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1293:Racialization 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1164:Glass ceiling 1162: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1107:Ethnic hatred 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1042:Counter-jihad 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 988: 987: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 845: 842: 841: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 818: 817:United States 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 804: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 713: 710: 708: 705: 702: 701: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 683: 682:United States 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 628: 622: 621: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 595:Protestantism 593: 591: 588: 584: 581: 580: 579: 576: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 551: 550: 547: 546: 545: 542: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 528: 525: 523: 520: 516: 513: 511: 510:LDS or Mormon 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 466: 461: 460: 450: 447: 445: 442: 438: 435: 433: 432:Transmisogyny 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 420: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 335:Gerontophobia 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 265:Anti-intersex 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240:Anti-albinism 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 213: 212: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 101: 92: 91: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 65:Institutional 63: 62: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 32: 28: 27: 20: 16: 17812:Human rights 17792:Gun politics 17762: 17743:Islamophobia 17733:antisemitism 17601:Hospice care 17543:Middle class 17523:Homelessness 17500:Social class 17460:Social class 17324:Human rights 17314:Homelessness 17226:middle class 17191:Demographics 17166:Architecture 17073:Unemployment 17053:Labor unions 16801:Town meeting 16778:City council 16773:City manager 16514:State police 16376:Marine Corps 16366:Armed Forces 16341:civil rights 16321:Constitution 15893:Southwestern 15888:Southeastern 15878:Northwestern 15873:Northeastern 15838:Mid-Atlantic 15828:Great Plains 15546:World War II 15429:Constitution 15333:Colonial era 15312:2008–present 15186:Human rights 15144:Other issues 15027:Malnutrition 14911:Islamophobia 14895: 14863:Prostitution 14843:Acid attacks 14767:Martial rape 14742:Cohabitation 14704:Conservation 14653:Unemployment 14648:Urbanization 14608:Land reforms 12963:Central Asia 12562:Zoroastrians 12410:Social class 12137:Sportspeople 12107:Billionaires 12024:Sierra Leone 11927:Philadelphia 11763:Jacksonville 11590:Demographics 11422:Jack Johnson 11412:Muhammad Ali 11245:Conservatism 11180:Black church 11077:Andrew Young 11062:Ida B. Wells 11052:David Walker 11047:C. T. Vivian 11002:Paul Robeson 10997:Hiram Revels 10977:Colin Powell 10957:Barack Obama 10912:James Lawson 10867:Jimi Hendrix 10837:James Farmer 10832:Medgar Evers 10802:Ralph Bunche 10752:Maya Angelou 10726:Middle class 10604:Afrofuturism 10530: 10518: 10511: 10432: 10377: 10324: 10290:Afrocentrism 10280:Abolitionism 10001:Gender-blind 9888:Human rights 9716:Racial quota 9703: 9683:Jewish quota 9663:Gerontocracy 9658:Gender roles 9636:Disabilities 9621:Blood purity 9593:Wife selling 9583:White flight 9563:Slut-shaming 9543:Scapegoating 9461:Murder music 9134:Palestinians 9077:Anti-Zionism 8945:South Africa 8934: 8930:Black people 8908:South Africa 8729:Christianity 8719:Baháʼí Faith 8647:Sectarianism 8587:Heterosexism 8552:Ephebiphobia 8522:Anti-Masonry 8389:Hair texture 8222:in Australia 8212:Racial quota 8027: 7856:Soviet Union 7799:Saudi Arabia 7740:South Africa 7667:Ethnic slurs 7662:Ethnic jokes 7564:Internalized 7460: 7437: 7410:Sint Maarten 7395:Saint Martin 7302:Dependencies 7051: 7032: 7007: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6953: 6943:February 19, 6941:. Retrieved 6929: 6919: 6907:. Retrieved 6903: 6878:. Retrieved 6874: 6864: 6852:. Retrieved 6843: 6834: 6826: 6819:. Retrieved 6811:Star Tribune 6810: 6800: 6788:. Retrieved 6779: 6769: 6757:. Retrieved 6748: 6739: 6730: 6723:. Retrieved 6714: 6704: 6692:. Retrieved 6683: 6673: 6661:. Retrieved 6657:the original 6653:Star Tribune 6652: 6642: 6630:. Retrieved 6627:The Guardian 6626: 6617: 6605:. Retrieved 6595: 6583:. Retrieved 6579:The Atlantic 6577: 6567: 6555:. Retrieved 6551: 6526:. Retrieved 6516: 6504:. Retrieved 6502:. Al Jazeera 6494: 6483:the original 6478: 6465: 6454: 6444: 6435: 6428:. Retrieved 6424: 6414: 6403:the original 6398: 6385: 6376: 6351: 6347: 6320:Long, Russ. 6316: 6306:February 16, 6304:. Retrieved 6299: 6290: 6276: 6264:. Retrieved 6260:the original 6250: 6243: 6235: 6223:. Retrieved 6218: 6209: 6197:. Retrieved 6193: 6183: 6171:. Retrieved 6165: 6155: 6147: 6140:. Retrieved 6137:The Atlantic 6136: 6123: 6111:. Retrieved 6097: 6093: 6083: 6071:. 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Retrieved 5247: 5238: 5226: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5186: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5157: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5092: 5071: 5057: 5032: 5028: 5022: 4997: 4993: 4971: 4962: 4954: 4939: 4930: 4901:, retrieved 4885: 4872: 4856: 4851: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4795:cite journal 4776: 4764: 4756: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4658:. Retrieved 4643: 4636: 4611: 4604: 4594:February 16, 4592:. Retrieved 4588:the original 4583: 4574: 4565: 4557: 4554:Oakes, James 4549: 4530: 4521: 4513: 4508: 4500: 4495: 4475: 4434: 4421: 4406: 4401: 4393:the original 4383: 4374: 4362:. Retrieved 4358:the original 4353: 4333: 4324: 4300:(1): 54–60. 4297: 4293: 4283: 4258: 4254: 4251:Boggs, James 4245: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4173:the original 4162: 4137: 4129: 4120: 4110: 4098:. Retrieved 4093: 4081: 4071:February 14, 4069:. Retrieved 4060: 4049: 4043:. p. 8. 4040: 4034: 4022:. 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