Normandy landings - Knowledge

2874: 4109:

Operation Fortitude were successful, leaving the Germans obliged to defend a huge stretch of coastline. Rommel was in Berlin and the forecasted stormy weather meant that some other German commanders and troops were not present in Normandy. The Allies achieved and maintained air supremacy, which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks. Infrastructure for transport in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance, making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies. Some of the opening bombardment was off-target or not concentrated enough to have any impact, but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha (where most of it had been lost at sea), providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches. Indecisiveness and an overly complicated command structure on the part of the German high command were also factors in the Allied success.

1811: 249: 2579: 4105:

Utah) linked with a front line 10 to 16 kilometres (6 to 10 mi) from the beaches; none of these latter objectives were achieved. At Utah the 4th Division made significant progress inland, making a rendezvous with the airborne troops, and the British and Canadians were between four and seven miles inland (six to eleven kilometres). The five beachheads were not connected until 12 June, by which time the Allies held a front around 97 kilometres (60 mi) long and 24 kilometres (15 mi) deep. Caen, a major objective, was still in German hands at the end of D-Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July. The Germans had ordered French civilians other than those deemed essential to the war effort to leave potential combat zones in Normandy. Civilian casualties on D-Day and D+1 are estimated at 3,000.

3601: 1918:, which comprised all land forces involved in the invasion. On 31 December 1943, Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan, which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions with two more divisions in support. The two generals insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions, with airborne descents by three additional divisions, to allow operations on a wider front and to hasten the capture of Cherbourg. The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June. Eventually, thirty-nine Allied divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: twenty-two American, twelve British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops. 3872: 3017: 4204: 3551:(the first town liberated in the invasion) and began working to protect the western flank. Because of the failure of the pathfinders to accurately mark their drop zone, the two regiments dropped on the west side of the Merderet were extremely scattered, with only four per cent landing in the target area. Many landed in nearby swamps, with much loss of life. Paratroopers consolidated into small groups, usually a combination of men of various ranks from different units, and attempted to concentrate on nearby objectives. They captured but failed to hold the Merderet River bridge at La Fière, and fighting for the crossing continued for several days. 4028: 375: 2096:. The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn, midway between low and high tide, with the tide coming in. This would improve the visibility of obstacles on the beach while minimising the amount of time the men would be exposed in the open. Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault. However, on 4 June, conditions were unsuitable for a landing: high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft, and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets. The weather forecast that reported the storms was sent from a weather station on the western coast of Ireland. 4173: 605: 490: 417: 3492: 291: 790: 760: 580: 568: 556: 544: 532: 520: 508: 222: 2838: 392: 3753:

teams began to exit the beach at around 09:00, with some infantry wading through the flooded fields rather than travelling on the single road. They skirmished throughout the day with elements of the 919th Grenadier Regiment, who were armed with antitank guns and rifles. The main strongpoint in the area and another 1,300 yards (1.2 km) to the south were disabled by noon. The 4th Infantry Division did not meet all of their D-Day objectives at Utah Beach, partly because they had arrived too far to the south, but they landed 21,000 troops at the cost of only 197 casualties.

235: 3845:. They faced the 352nd Infantry Division rather than the expected single regiment. Strong currents forced many landing craft east of their intended position or caused them to be delayed. For fear of hitting the landing craft, US bombers delayed releasing their loads and as a result most of the beach obstacles at Omaha remained undamaged when the men came ashore. Many of the landing craft ran aground on sandbars, and the men had to wade 50–100m in water up to their necks while under fire to get to the beach. In spite of the rough seas, DD tanks of two companies of the 361: 75: 263: 2958: 2927: 2798: 2337: 346: 3857:

resume. Exit from the beach was possible only via five heavily defended gullies, and by late morning barely 600 men had reached the higher ground. By noon, as the artillery fire took its toll and the Germans started to run out of ammunition, the Americans were able to clear some lanes on the beaches. They also started clearing the gullies of enemy defences so that vehicles could move off the beach. The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days, and the D-Day objectives for Omaha were accomplished by 9 June.

3064: 2458: 3050: 4189: 3965: 11888: 2784: 2386: 4158: 3201: 681: 478: 466: 454: 442: 430: 277: 2770: 3697: 3357: 3082: 2852: 2486: 2756: 209: 304: 3407:, twelve cruisers, and thirty-seven destroyers. Naval bombardment of areas behind the beach commenced at 05:45, while it was still dark, with the gunners switching to pre-assigned targets on the beach as soon as it was light enough to see, at 05:50. Since troops were scheduled to land at Utah and Omaha starting at 06:30 (an hour earlier than the British beaches), these areas received only about 40 minutes of naval bombardment before the assault troops began to land on the shore. 331: 2968: 2703: 3762: 2941: 3826: 318: 4043:, 21 of 25 DD tanks of the first wave were successful in getting safely ashore to provide cover for the infantry, who began disembarking at 07:30. The beach was heavily mined and peppered with obstacles, making the work of the beach clearing teams difficult and dangerous. In the windy conditions, the tide came in more quickly than expected, so manoeuvring the armour was difficult. The beach quickly became congested. Brigadier 2742: 2549: 3101: 1614:, to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. The weather on the day selected for D-Day was not ideal, and the operation had to be delayed 24 hours; a further postponement would have meant a delay of at least two weeks, as the planners had requirements for the phase of the moon, the tides, and time of day, that meant only a few days each month were deemed suitable. 2100: 3728: 1994: 3216: 3042: 3002: 2823: 4093: 3476:

on the plane ... There was an easy familiar touch about the way they were getting ready, as though they had done it often before. Well, yes, they had kitted up and climbed aboard often just like this—twenty, thirty, forty times some of them, but it had never been quite like this before. This was the first combat jump for every one of them.

2034:. Genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast, to give the Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there. Patton was stationed in England until 6 July, thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais. 1725:, a major objective, was not captured until 21 July. Only two of the beaches (Juno and Gold) were linked on the first day, and all five beachheads were not connected until 12 June. German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied casualties were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead. 3713:(DD tanks), specially designed for the Normandy landings, were to land shortly before the infantry to provide covering fire. However, few arrived in advance of the infantry, and at Omaha many sank before reaching the shore. Other specialist tanks landed in the early waves to clear the beach defences. 4083:

began advancing to Caen on foot, coming within a few kilometres of the town, but had to withdraw due to lack of armour support. At 16:00, the 21st Panzer Division mounted a counter-attack between Sword and Juno and nearly succeeded in reaching the Channel. It met stiff resistance from the British 3rd

3810:

and others arrived. By then, Rudder's men had run out of ammunition and were using captured German weapons. Several men were killed as a result, because the German weapons made a distinctive noise, and the men were mistaken for the enemy. By the end of the battle, the Rangers casualties were 135 dead

3181:

the few that were actually significant. In the weeks preceding the landings, lists of messages and their meanings were distributed to resistance groups. An increase in radio activity on 5 June was correctly interpreted by German intelligence to mean that an invasion was imminent or underway. However,

2679:

Rommel believed that Germany's best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore. He requested that the mobile reserves, especially tanks, be stationed as close to the coast as possible. Rundstedt, Geyr, and other senior commanders objected. They believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the

2131:

and would have increased the chance that the invasion plans would be detected. After much discussion with the other senior commanders, Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead on 6 June. A major storm battered the Normandy coast from 19 to 22 June, which would have made the beach landings

1881:

to Britain, the Germans considered it to be the most likely initial landing zone, so it was the most heavily fortified region. But it offered few opportunities for expansion, as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals, whereas, landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous

4108:

The Allied victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors. German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished; shortly before D-Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere. The deceptions undertaken in

4100:

The Normandy landings were the largest seaborne invasion in history, with nearly 5,000 landing and assault craft, 289 escort vessels, and 277 minesweepers participating. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on D-Day, with 875,000 men disembarking by the end of June. Allied casualties on

3980:

was delayed because of choppy seas, and the men arrived ahead of their supporting armour, suffering many casualties while disembarking. Most of the offshore bombardment had missed the German defences. Several exits from the beach were created, but not without difficulty. At Mike Beach on the western

3415:

The success of the amphibious landings depended on the establishment of a secure lodgement from which to expand the beachhead to allow the build-up of a well-supplied force capable of breaking out. The amphibious forces were especially vulnerable to strong enemy counter-attacks before the arrival of

3367:

began around midnight with more than 2,200 British, Canadian, and US bombers attacking targets along the coast and further inland. The coastal bombing attack was largely ineffective at Omaha, because low cloud cover made the assigned targets difficult to see. Concerned about inflicting casualties on

4104:

The Allied invasion plans had demanded a rapid build-up of troops and the establishment of a secure bridgehead, which was achieved with fewer casualties than expected. The plan had also called for the capture of Carentan, Saint-Lô, Caen, and Bayeux on the first day, with all the beaches (other than

3856:

Casualties were around 2,000, as the men were subjected to fire from the cliffs above. Problems clearing the beach of obstructions led to the beachmaster calling a halt to further landings of vehicles at 08:30. A group of destroyers arrived around this time to provide fire support so landings could

3475:

Their faces were darkened with cocoa; sheathed knives were strapped to their ankles; tommy guns strapped to their waists; bandoliers and hand grenades, coils of rope, pick handles, spades, rubber dinghies hung around them, and a few personal oddments, like the lad who was taking a newspaper to read

3420:

were used to seize key objectives such as bridges, road crossings, and terrain features, particularly on the eastern and western flanks of the landing areas. The airborne landings some distance behind the beaches were also intended to ease the egress of the amphibious forces off the beaches, and in

2669:

In Germany itself we scarcely had any troop units at our disposal. If the airports at Hamburg and Bremen could be taken by parachute units and the ports of these cities seized by small forces, invasion armies debarking from ships would, I feared, meet no resistance and would be occupying Berlin and

2624:

Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion, so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore. In addition to concrete gun emplacements at strategic points along the coast, he ordered wooden stakes, metal tripods, mines, and

2604:

in 1942, Hitler had ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway, to protect against an expected Allied invasion. He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops, but shortages, particularly of concrete and manpower, meant that most of the

3752:

The initial assault battalions were quickly followed by 28 DD tanks and several waves of engineer and demolition teams to remove beach obstacles and clear the area directly behind the beach of obstacles and mines. Gaps were blown in the sea wall to allow quicker access for troops and tanks. Combat

1966:

would protect the US flank and attempt to establish airfields near Caen on the first day. (A sixth beach, code-named "Band", was considered to the east of the Orne). A secure lodgement would be established with all invading forces linked together, with an attempt to hold all territory north of the

3739:

of the 4th Infantry Division were the first to land, arriving at 06:30. Their landing craft were pushed to the south by strong currents, and they found themselves about 2,000 yards (1.8 km) from their intended landing zone. This site turned out to be better, as there was only one strongpoint

4012:

late in the afternoon, but by this time their supporting armour was low on ammunition so the Canadians dug in for the night. The airfield was not captured until a month later as the area became the scene of fierce fighting. By nightfall, the contiguous Juno and Gold beachheads covered an area 12

3886:

were set for 07:25 because of the differences in the tide between there and the US beaches. High winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft, and the amphibious DD tanks were released close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned. Three of the four guns in a

3262:

The invasion fleet, which was drawn from eight different navies, comprised 6,939 vessels: 1,213 warships, 4,126 landing craft of various types, 736 ancillary craft, and 864 merchant vessels. The majority of the fleet was supplied by the UK, which provided 892 warships and 3,261 landing craft. In

2902:

Overall, the Second Army contingent consisted of 83,115 men, 61,715 of them British. The British and Commonwealth air and naval support units included a large number of personnel from Allied nations, including several RAF squadrons manned almost exclusively by overseas air crew. For example, the

2126:

June. He and his meteorological team predicted that the weather would improve enough for the invasion to proceed on 6 June. The next available dates with the required tidal conditions (but without the desirable full moon) would be two weeks later, from 18 to 20 June. Postponement of the invasion

3581:

After 24 hours, only 2,500 men of the 101st and 2,000 of the 82nd Airborne were under the control of their divisions, approximately a third of the force dropped. This wide dispersal had the effect of confusing the Germans and fragmenting their response. The 7th Army received notification of the

3424:

The US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned to objectives west of Utah Beach, where they hoped to capture and control the few narrow causeways through terrain that had been intentionally flooded by the Germans. Reports from Allied intelligence in mid-May of the arrival of the German

3648:

arrived in the third wave of gliders at 03:30, along with equipment, such as antitank guns and jeeps, and more troops to help secure the area from counter-attacks, which were initially staged only by troops in the immediate vicinity of the landings. At 02:00, the commander of the German 716th

2684:, the armoured units stationed near the coast had been damaged by naval bombardment. Rommel's opinion was that because of Allied air supremacy, the large-scale movement of tanks would not be possible once the invasion was under way. Hitler made the final decision, which was to leave three 2625:

large anti-tank obstacles to be placed on the beaches to delay the approach of landing craft and impede the movement of tanks. Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach, he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the

3784:. Their task was to scale the 30 m (98 ft) cliffs with grappling hooks, ropes, and ladders to destroy the coastal gun battery located at the top. The cliffs were defended by the German 352nd Infantry Division and French collaborators firing from above. Allied destroyers 3185:

A 1965 report from the Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center details the results of the French Resistance's sabotage efforts: "In the southeast, 52 locomotives were destroyed on 6 June and the railway line cut in more than 500 places. Normandy was isolated as of 7 June."

3669:, Allied forces disabled the guns with plastic explosives at a cost of 75 casualties. The emplacement was found to contain 75 mm guns rather than the expected 150 mm heavy coastal artillery. Otway's remaining force withdrew with the assistance of a few members of the 4101:

the first day were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead and the Germans had 4,000–9,000 casualties (killed, wounded, missing, or captured). The Germans never achieved Hitler's stated aim of "throwing the Allies back into the sea" on D-Day or at any time thereafter.

2091:

The invasion planners determined a set of conditions involving the phase of the moon, the tides, and the time of day that would be satisfactory on only a few days in each month. A full moon was desirable, as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the

4139:, a target of the British 6th Airborne, was the site of some of the earliest action of the Normandy landings. The bridge was replaced in 1994 by one similar in appearance, and the original is housed on the grounds of a nearby museum complex. Sections of Mulberry Harbour 3798:

provided fire support. After scaling the cliffs, the Rangers discovered that the guns had already been withdrawn. They located the weapons, unguarded but ready to use, in an orchard some 550 metres (600 yd) south of the point, and disabled them with explosives.

3582:

parachute drops at 01:20, but Rundstedt did not initially believe that a major invasion was underway. The destruction of radar stations along the Normandy coast in the week before the invasion meant that the Germans did not detect the approaching fleet until 02:00.

3950:(future site of Mulberry "B"), and contact was made on the eastern flank with the Canadian forces at Juno. Bayeux was not captured the first day because of stiff resistance from the 352nd Infantry Division. Allied casualties at Gold Beach are estimated at 1,000. 1949:

bridges and north of Carentan on the western flank. The Americans, assigned to land at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach, were to attempt to capture Carentan and Saint-Lô the first day, then cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and eventually capture the port facilities at

3744:

had bombed the defences from lower than their prescribed altitude, inflicting considerable damage. In addition, the strong currents had washed ashore many of the underwater obstacles. The assistant commander of the 4th Infantry Division, Brigadier General

2664:

notes in his 1969 autobiography that the German high command, concerned about the susceptibility of the airports and port facilities along the North Sea coast, held a conference on 6–8 June 1944 to discuss reinforcing defences in that area. Speer wrote:

2609:. Rommel was assigned to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion front, which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg, and was given command of the newly re-formed Army Group B, which included the 7th Army, the 1933:

on the continent. The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Operation Neptune. To gain the air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies undertook a bombing campaign (codenamed

3530:

and machine-gun fire. Some paratroopers were killed on impact when their parachutes did not have time to open, and others drowned in the flooded fields. Gathering together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the

2680:

beaches. Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine: keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified. He also noted that in the

3644:) were blown off course and had to set up the navigation aids too far east. Many paratroopers, also blown too far east, landed far from their intended drop zones; some took hours or even days to be reunited with their units. Major General 2179:(eastern legions)—conscripts and volunteers from Russia, Mongolia, and other areas of the Soviet Union. They were provided mainly with unreliable captured equipment and lacked motorised transport. Many German units were under strength. 3653:

before he could commit his formation. Feuchtinger did not receive orders until nearly 09:00, but in the meantime on his own initiative he put together a battle group (including tanks) to fight the British forces east of the Orne.

1877:. As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus, so these sites were rejected. With the Pas-de-Calais being the closest point in 2605:

strongpoints were never built. As it was expected to be the site of the invasion, the Pas de Calais was heavily defended. In the Normandy area, the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and

2210:, 507th Heavy Panzer Battalion and the 311th and 322nd StuG Assault Gun Brigades. All told, the German forces stationed in France were deprived of 45,827 troops and 363 tanks, assault guns, and self-propelled anti-tank guns. 1698:, and barbed wire, making the work of the beach-clearing teams difficult and dangerous. The highest number of casualties was at Omaha, with its high cliffs. At Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in 4263:

The official British history gives an estimated figure of 156,115 men landed on D-Day. This comprised 57,500 Americans and 75,215 British and Canadians from the sea and 15,500 Americans and 7,900 British from the air.

3539:, stone walls, and marshes. Some units did not arrive at their targets until afternoon, by which time several of the causeways had already been cleared by members of the 4th Infantry Division moving up from the beach. 4063:

to attack from the rear a German gun battery on the shore. A concrete observation and control tower at this emplacement had to be bypassed and was not captured until several days later. French forces under Commander

3526:. The C-47s could not fly in a tight formation because of thick cloud cover, and many paratroopers were dropped far from their intended landing zones. Many planes came in so low that they were under fire from both 3368:

their own troops, many bombers delayed their attacks too long and failed to hit the beach defences. The Germans had 570 aircraft stationed in Normandy and the Low Countries on D-Day, and another 964 in Germany.

2013:

included Fortitude North, a misinformation campaign using fake radio traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway, and Fortitude South, a major deception involving the creation of a fictitious

3649:

Infantry Division ordered Feuchtinger to move his 21st Panzer Division into position to counter-attack. However, as the division was part of the armoured reserve, Feuchtinger was obliged to seek clearance from

1890:

and eventually into Germany. Normandy was hence chosen as the landing site. The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast—the lack of port facilities—would be overcome through the development of artificial

12618: 4079:, headquarters of the 736th Infantry Regiment, was a large complex defensive work that had come through the morning's bombardment essentially undamaged. It was not captured until 20:15. The 2nd Battalion, 3546:

and destroying two bridges over the Douve. On the east side of the river, 75 per cent of the paratroopers landed in or near their drop zone, and within two hours they captured the important crossroads at

3665:, in charge of the operation, decided to proceed regardless, as the emplacement had to be destroyed by 06:00 to prevent it firing on the invasion fleet and the troops arriving on Sword Beach. In the 2173:, meant that the Germans no longer had a pool of able young men from which to draw. German soldiers were now on average six years older than their Allied counterparts. Many in the Normandy area were 3279:) in the British and Canadian sectors. Available to the fleet were five battleships, 20 cruisers, 65 destroyers, and two monitors. German ships in the area on D-Day included three torpedo boats, 29 2688:

under Geyr's command and give Rommel operational control of three more as reserves. Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves, not to be used without his direct orders.

3574:), bringing additional troops and heavy equipment. Like the paratroopers, many landed far from their drop zones. Even those that landed on target experienced difficulty, with heavy cargo such as 4121:

sits at the location of a former German strongpoint. Pointe du Hoc is little changed from 1944, with the terrain covered with bomb craters and most of the concrete bunkers still in place. The

3371:

Minesweepers began clearing channels for the invasion fleet shortly after midnight and finished just after dawn without encountering the enemy. The Western Task Force included the battleships

3903:

at 06:20. The fourth gun resumed firing intermittently in the afternoon, and its garrison surrendered on 7 June. Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint, which had its

2009:

Under the overall umbrella of Operation Bodyguard, the Allies conducted several subsidiary operations designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the Allied landings.

12633: 3429:

meant the intended drop zones had to be shifted eastward and to the south. The British 6th Airborne Division, on the eastern flank, was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the

8596: 7391:(PhD thesis). Cranfield, Bedford: Cranfield University; Cranfield Defence and Security School, Department of Applied Science, Security and Resilience, Security and Resilience Group. 2061:

that caused a radar return which was mistakenly interpreted by German radar operators as a naval convoy near Le Havre. The illusion was bolstered by a group of small vessels towing

1760:

made a joint announcement that a "... full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942." However, British Prime Minister

12568: 4203: 4004:, 3 miles (5 km) inland, discovered that the road was well covered by machine gun emplacements that had to be outflanked before the advance could proceed. Elements of the 12471: 3640:. Meanwhile, the pathfinders tasked with setting up radar beacons and lights for further paratroopers (scheduled to begin arriving at 00:50 to clear the landing zone north of 3507:

at 00:15. Navigation was difficult because of a bank of thick cloud, and as a result, only one of the five paratrooper drop zones was accurately marked with radar signals and

3849:

were dropped 5,000 yards (4,600 m) from shore; however, 27 of the 32 flooded and sank, with the loss of 33 crew. Some tanks, disabled on the beach, continued to provide

2169:, with another eighteen stationed in Denmark and Norway. Fifteen divisions were in the process of formation in Germany. Combat losses throughout the war, particularly on the 12583: 12588: 4068:(the first French soldiers to arrive in Normandy) attacked and cleared the heavily fortified strongpoint at the casino at Riva Bella, with the aid of one of the DD tanks. 3522:

Paratroops from 101st Airborne were dropped beginning around 01:30, tasked with controlling the causeways behind Utah Beach and destroying road and rail bridges over the

12548: 10459: 2873: 10204: 7280: 12553: 9812: 3416:

sufficient forces in the beachhead could be accomplished. To slow or eliminate the enemy's ability to organise and launch counter-attacks during this critical period,

2037:

Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed in preparation for the landings. In addition, on the night before the invasion, a small group of

11810: 9828: 1757: 2237:, had only arrived in France in March–May 1944 for extensive refit after being badly damaged during the Dnieper-Carpathian operation. Seven of the eleven panzer or 1799:

in Washington in May 1943. Initial planning was constrained by the number of available landing craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and

10148: 7388:

The development of British civil affairs and its employment in the British Sector of Allied military operations during the Battle of Normandy, June to August 1944

3806:. The men were isolated, and some were captured. By dawn on 7 June, Rudder had only 90 men able to fight. Relief did not arrive until 8 June, when members of the 12628: 12623: 12613: 9751: 9723: 8867: 3985:, which were then covered by a temporary bridge. The beach and nearby streets were clogged with traffic for most of the day, making it difficult to move inland. 3177:

from London. Several hundred of these messages, which might be snippets of poetry, quotations from literature, or random sentences, were regularly transmitted,

11789: 10468: 10155: 9289: 1836: 10771: 10134: 9443: 9068: 1772: 9784: 9730: 8916: 2633:, and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry. On Rommel's order, the number of mines along the coast was tripled. The Allied 2214: 10241: 9737: 9353: 3658: 12464: 8763: 7576:

Liedtke, Gregory (2 January 2015). "Lost in the Mud: The (Nearly) Forgotten Collapse of the German Army in the Western Ukraine, March and April 1944".

12578: 12573: 10127: 9574: 9450: 2904: 12010: 9427: 8807: 7727: 4172: 3676:

With this action, the last of the D-Day goals of the British 6th Airborne Division was achieved. They were reinforced at 12:00 by commandos of the

3613: 3567: 3195: 1020: 4084:

Division and was soon recalled to assist in the area between Caen and Bayeux. Estimates of Allied casualties on Sword Beach are as high as 1,000.

3331:

that had been laid by the RAF to shield the fleet from the long-range battery at Le Havre. Allied losses to mines included the American destroyer

12543: 9864: 9176: 1907: 1815: 12558: 12395: 9683: 8985: 4229: 3625: 2697: 896: 11682: 12457: 10475: 10438: 10415: 9936: 8858: 8828: 8565: 1810: 254: 10190: 8383: 11941: 10568: 10424: 10408: 10380: 9628: 8835: 3942:

awarded on D-Day for his actions including attacking two pillboxes at the Mont Fleury high point. On the western flank, the 1st Battalion,

7829: 4133:, and there is one dedicated to the activities of the US airmen at Sainte-Mère-Église. Two German military cemeteries are located nearby. 12241: 11325: 10392: 10304: 10248: 10211: 9493: 1942:, were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from learning the timing and location of the invasion. 1138: 12438: 12246: 10297: 9029: 7307:

The Use and Effectiveness of Sabotage as a Means of Unconventional Warfare – An Historical Perspective from World War I Through Vietnam

3911:

fire along the beach and had a thick concrete wall on the seaward side. Its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16:00, when an

3749:, the first senior officer ashore, made the decision to "start the war from right here," and ordered further landings to be re-routed. 2915:, and hundreds of personnel posted to RAF units and RN warships. The RAF supplied two-thirds of the aircraft involved in the invasion. 2461: 2340: 2086: 1899:, dealt with specific requirements expected for the Normandy Campaign such as mine clearing, demolishing bunkers, and mobile bridging. 1150: 826: 816: 8546: 11803: 10431: 8821: 8779: 2135:

Allied control of the Atlantic meant German meteorologists had less information than the Allies on incoming weather patterns. As the

1749: 1411: 3519:. To avoid flying over the invasion fleet, the planes arrived from the west over the Cotentin Peninsula and exited over Utah Beach. 12512: 12497: 11652: 9471: 9245: 9008: 8874: 8685: 8592: 7314: 3988:

Major German strongpoints with 75 mm guns, machine-gun nests, concrete fortifications, barbed wire, and mines were located at

3633: 3053: 2881: 2649:

could muster only 815 aircraft over Normandy in comparison to the Allies' 9,543. Rommel arranged for booby-trapped stakes known as

12598: 12507: 12502: 12492: 12349: 10547: 10344: 9381: 8881: 8793: 8729: 4210: 4122: 3681: 2578: 1547: 2141:

meteorological centre in Paris was predicting two weeks of stormy weather, many Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend

137: 11981: 10750: 10262: 9112: 8650: 4117:

At Omaha Beach, parts of the Mulberry harbour are still visible, and a few of the beach obstacles remain. A memorial to the US

3842: 3637: 3629: 3486: 3067: 2961: 2787: 1975:

line within the first three weeks. Montgomery envisaged a ninety-day battle, lasting until all Allied forces reached the River

1645: 1041: 744: 662: 634: 85: 3811:

and wounded, while German casualties were 50 killed and 40 captured. An unknown number of French collaborators were executed.

11346: 11251: 10778: 10524: 10399: 9485: 9459: 9316: 9022: 8939: 8464: 8441: 8420: 8352: 8328: 8282: 8235: 8213: 8166: 8142: 8123: 8101: 8077: 8055: 8027: 8008: 7989: 7967: 7948: 7926: 7907: 7885: 7773: 7700: 7681: 7622: 7566: 7547: 7512: 7493: 7449: 7430: 7375: 7353: 7270: 7206: 7184: 7162: 7143: 7119: 3736: 2971: 2944: 2841: 2759: 1640:

The invasion began shortly after midnight on the morning of 6 June with extensive aerial and naval bombardment as well as an

705: 652: 629: 89: 4164: 3922:

Meanwhile, infantry began clearing the heavily fortified houses along the shore and advanced on targets further inland. The

3542:

Troops of the 82nd Airborne began arriving around 02:30, with the primary objective of capturing two bridges over the River

3360:

Map of the invasion area showing channels cleared of mines, location of vessels engaged in bombardment, and targets on shore

11579: 10986: 10872: 10037: 9504: 9500: 9478: 9082: 7754:. Washington: Special Operations Research Office, Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center, United States Army. 1965. 3871: 3846: 3600: 3304: 11919: 3263:

total there were 195,700 naval personnel involved; of these 112,824 were from the Royal Navy with another 25,000 from the

1807:

in November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the long-delayed second front in May 1944.

11494: 10958: 10290: 10276: 9489: 4080: 3645: 2389: 2207: 2199: 944: 806: 8601: 11703: 11572: 11450: 11028: 10743: 10694: 10452: 10007: 9259: 9098: 8946: 8800: 8391:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Ottawa: Department of National Defence. Archived from 8304: 4224: 4188: 4157: 3426: 2309: 2203: 1840: 1768:

to postpone the promised invasion as, even with US help, the Allies did not have adequate forces for such an activity.

1606:

Planning for the operation began in 1943. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a substantial

889: 35: 8512:"Air Operations by the Allied Expeditionary Air Force in N.W. Europe From November 15th, 1943 to September 30th, 1944" 11819: 10701: 10673: 10490: 10072: 9791: 9758: 8251: 8190: 2618: 2614: 2230: 2070: 17: 8974: 4147:, opened in 2003, was funded by the Canadian federal and provincial governments, France, and Canadian veterans. The 2401:, a full-strength unit of around 12,000 brought in by Rommel on 15 March and reinforced by two additional regiments. 2049:. These dummies led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne landing had occurred. On that same night, in 11934: 11856: 11014: 10951: 10086: 9922: 9045: 3912: 3670: 2489: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2187: 776: 282: 9599: 12428: 11380: 11221: 11210: 11046: 10805: 10764: 10657: 10595: 9982: 9252: 9121: 9089: 7345: 3389:, plus eight cruisers, twenty-eight destroyers, and one monitor. The Eastern Task Force included the battleships 2681: 2218: 1822: 1266: 295: 9769: 9337: 3016: 12423: 12155: 11766: 11738: 11616: 11409: 10646: 10097: 10023: 9819: 9190: 8909: 8814: 8699: 4118: 3923: 3666: 3264: 2976: 2510: 2015: 1998: 1025: 4282:

The original estimate for Allied casualties was 10,000, of which 2,500 were killed. Research under way by the

3731:

Carrying their equipment, US assault troops move onto Utah Beach. Landing craft can be seen in the background.

3578:

shifting during landing, crashing through the wooden fuselage, and in some cases crushing personnel on board.

2030:. Fortitude South was intended to deceive the Germans into believing that the main attack would take place at 11826: 11759: 11710: 11641: 11466: 10972: 10923: 10687: 10680: 10283: 10044: 9835: 8888: 4044: 4005: 3993: 3421:

some cases to neutralise German coastal defence batteries and more quickly expand the area of the beachhead.

3267:; 52,889 were American; and 4,998 sailors from other allied countries. The invasion fleet was split into the 3121: 882: 739: 7854: 3158:

was a delaying operation aimed at the enemy forces that would potentially reinforce Axis forces at Normandy.

3092:

provided specialised armoured vehicles which supported the landings on all beaches in Second Army's sector.

1791:

in September the same year. By then, Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a major victory at the

11951: 11900: 11796: 11171: 11132: 10051: 9886: 9871: 9798: 9777: 9595: 9273: 9059: 9052: 9036: 8747: 8706: 8678: 7460: 4179: 4130: 4009: 3125: 2893: 2730:

The First Army contingent totalled approximately 73,000 men, including 15,600 from the airborne divisions.

2170: 1902:

The Allies planned to launch the invasion on 1 May 1944. The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the

1796: 1753: 1600: 1528: 685: 62: 12161: 3661:

tasked with eliminating the enemy battery at Merville arrived at the rendezvous point. Lieutenant Colonel

1938:) that targeted German aircraft production, fuel supplies, and airfields. Elaborate deceptions, codenamed 1325: 12638: 12608: 11927: 11863: 11187: 11139: 10757: 10729: 10582: 10197: 10176: 9697: 9360: 9266: 8756: 8087: 7337: 3709:

Some of the landing craft had been modified to provide close support fire, and self-propelled amphibious

3677: 2855: 2685: 2330:

Allied forces attacking Utah Beach faced the following German units stationed on the Cotentin Peninsula:

2186:) was significantly weakened by personnel and materiel transfers to the Eastern Front. During the Soviet 1734: 1421: 7735: 7526: 1683:. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions, particularly at Utah and Omaha. 12593: 12533: 11661: 11157: 11076: 11021: 10909: 10865: 10515: 10141: 10065: 9967: 9844: 9716: 9709: 9669: 9642: 9374: 9307: 8902: 8713: 8643: 8586: 8456: 4027: 3450: 2993: 2930: 2908: 2349: 2277: 1186: 698: 609: 560: 290: 3735:

Utah Beach was in the area defended by two battalions of the 919th Grenadier Regiment. Members of the

3511:. Paratroopers of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, numbering over 13,000 men, were delivered by 3182:

because of the barrage of previous false warnings and misinformation, most units ignored the warning.

2243:

divisions stationed in France were not fully operational or only partially mobile in early June 1944.

12603: 12034: 11563: 11480: 11265: 11125: 11097: 10930: 10835: 10625: 10058: 9132: 8786: 7412:

Folliard, Edward T. (12 June 1942). "Molotov's Visit to White House, Postwar Amity Pledge Revealed".

4148: 4143:

B still sit in the sea at Arromanches, and the well-preserved Longues-sur-Mer battery is nearby. The

3256: 2745: 1945:

The landings were to be preceded by airborne operations near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the

1784: 1306: 1247: 965: 645: 351: 322: 309: 9330: 3471:

war correspondent Robert Barr described the scene as paratroopers prepared to board their aircraft:

1663:

06:30. The target 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors:

1176: 12563: 12167: 12040: 11302: 11279: 10531: 10332: 10325: 9989: 9649: 9621: 9614: 9001: 8367:

Canada's Battle in Normandy: The Canadian Army's Share in the Operations, 6 June – 1 September 1944

8065: 3943: 3931: 3803: 3516: 3268: 3006: 2948: 2721: 2103: 1833: 1788: 1448: 1443: 1299: 1242: 1213: 1126: 716: 9346: 9323: 12538: 12298: 11724: 11668: 11538: 11398: 11083: 10736: 10632: 10538: 10106: 9974: 9944: 9908: 9893: 9765: 9657: 9635: 9581: 9567: 9549: 9213: 8994: 8722: 8671: 8540: 8392: 8135:

D-Day in History and Memory: The Normandy Landings in International Remembrance and Commemoration

4283: 3888: 3548: 3136:. The Allies developed four plans for the Resistance to execute on D-Day and the following days: 2826: 2801: 2191: 1903: 1826: 1438: 1433: 667: 622: 336: 3919:

emplacement at La Rivière containing an 88 mm gun had been neutralised by a tank at 07:30.

3491: 12375: 11416: 11309: 11111: 11062: 10965: 10858: 10828: 10611: 10499: 10225: 10016: 9607: 9588: 9558: 9105: 9075: 8507: 8342: 8258: 8223: 7763: 7522: 3785: 3746: 3307:

reached the Eastern Task Force and launched fifteen torpedoes, sinking the Norwegian destroyer

3085: 2877: 2773: 2058: 1988: 1854: 1570: 1453: 1259: 1201: 980: 958: 657: 470: 197: 80: 31: 7837: 7805: 2093: 12433: 11907: 11630: 11473: 11369: 11339: 11295: 11035: 11000: 10993: 10916: 10814: 10255: 10232: 10079: 9690: 9227: 8967: 8953: 8636: 3512: 3504: 3496: 3020: 2654: 2610: 1951: 1765: 1630: 1590: 1500: 723: 366: 12125: 9525: 8091: 7615:

Countdown to D-Day: The German Perspective: The German High Command in Occupied France, 1944

2423:

Allied forces at Gold and Juno faced the following elements of the 352nd Infantry Division:

1230: 1191: 12308: 11949: 11731: 11586: 11237: 11194: 11164: 11090: 10900: 10879: 9805: 9282: 8960: 8570: 8526: 8511: 8492: 7649: 4286:

has confirmed 4,414 deaths, of which 2,499 were American and 1,915 were from other nations.

3807: 3777: 3442: 3372: 3235:

as a "never surpassed masterpiece of planning". In overall command was British Admiral Sir

3109: 2912: 2634: 2513:; renamed 22nd Panzer Regiment in May 1944 to avoid confusion with 100th Panzer Battalion) 2293: 2054: 1935: 1847: 1829: 1795:. The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the next year was taken at the 1792: 1737: 1634: 1619: 1596: 1401: 970: 794: 421: 12046: 8560: 8453:

Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness

3997: 1372: 8: 12406: 12400: 12385: 12313: 12149: 12096: 12022: 11998: 11849: 11623: 11501: 11457: 10979: 10113: 9879: 9406: 9236: 9220: 9169: 7194: 4295:

The tank remained in place until 1972 when it was removed and restored by members of the

4195: 4072: 3989: 3364: 3308: 3071: 2859: 2845: 2142: 2038: 2010: 1939: 1896: 1883: 1858: 1611: 1493: 1416: 1379: 1365: 1292: 1208: 937: 930: 874: 8589:: US Department of Defense, Department of the Army footage from the US National Archives 8551: 7313:(MSc thesis). Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Air Force Institute of Technology. 4013:

miles (19 km) wide and 7 miles (10 km) deep. Casualties at Juno were 961 men.

2837: 2451:

Allied forces attacking Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches faced the following German units:

1599:, and the rest of Western Europe, and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the 12449: 12417: 12278: 12262: 12143: 12137: 12090: 12028: 11992: 11986: 11969: 11842: 11675: 11600: 11554: 11524: 11432: 11272: 10937: 10821: 10715: 10666: 10604: 10360: 10311: 10120: 9744: 9399: 9197: 8607: 8318: 8201: 8180: 7601: 7305: 7172: 7133: 4126: 3830: 3390: 3378: 3332: 3322: 3248: 2302: 2261: 2195: 1926: 1911: 1878: 1870: 1653: 1607: 1578: 1514: 1391: 1358: 1351: 1318: 1311: 1254: 1196: 1181: 1143: 987: 906: 572: 512: 458: 74: 58: 7656:. Vol. 11. The invasion of France and Germany, 1944–1945. Boston: Little, Brown. 7386: 3841:

Omaha, the most heavily defended beach, was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division and

1771:

Instead of an immediate return to France, the western Allies staged offensives in the

12411: 12102: 12078: 12060: 12054: 11833: 11717: 11607: 11547: 11508: 11423: 11389: 11332: 11286: 11230: 11055: 10793: 10785: 10722: 10575: 10169: 9701: 9162: 9141: 8851: 8460: 8437: 8416: 8370: 8348: 8324: 8300: 8278: 8247: 8231: 8209: 8186: 8162: 8138: 8119: 8097: 8073: 8051: 8023: 8004: 7985: 7963: 7944: 7922: 7903: 7881: 7769: 7696: 7677: 7669: 7657: 7618: 7605: 7593: 7562: 7543: 7508: 7489: 7445: 7426: 7400: 7371: 7349: 7266: 7245: 7224: 7216: 7202: 7180: 7158: 7139: 7115: 7108: 4144: 3898: 3741: 3685: 3595: 3458: 3454: 3402: 3396: 3384: 3315: 3280: 3133: 3105: 2926: 2805: 2763: 2749: 2499: 2273: 2074: 2050: 1972: 1819: 1804: 1780: 1761: 1687: 1566: 1521: 1479: 1472: 1465: 1285: 1271: 1032: 951: 380: 8156: 7633: 2957: 12339: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12251: 12119: 12072: 11752: 11745: 11689: 11353: 11118: 11104: 11007: 10944: 10895: 10708: 10561: 10508: 10318: 10269: 10183: 9413: 9390: 8923: 8613: 7895: 7585: 7483: 7392: 5604: 4076: 4065: 4000:. The towns had to be cleared in house-to-house fighting. Soldiers on their way to 3981:

flank, a large crater was filled using an abandoned AVRE tank and several rolls of

3850: 3462: 3339: 3232: 2830: 2797: 2791: 2645:

over western Europe, so Rommel knew he could not expect effective air support. The

2336: 2066: 2019: 1892: 1582: 1507: 1486: 1406: 1344: 1155: 1104: 584: 66: 8932: 8431: 2153:

returned to Germany for his wife's birthday and to petition Hitler for additional

12256: 12131: 12084: 12066: 12016: 12004: 11775: 11487: 11402: 11360: 11258: 11201: 11069: 10851: 10842: 10371: 9953: 9929: 9183: 8314: 8111: 7873: 7589: 7363: 7103: 4296: 4244: 4151:

above Gold Beach was designed by the architect Liam O'Connor and opened in 2021.

3964: 3591: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3417: 3252: 3224: 3205: 3063: 3049: 2934: 2777: 2626: 2597: 2543: 2470: 2457: 2398: 2385: 2298: 2128: 2119: 2062: 1915: 1649: 1641: 1337: 1278: 1235: 1225: 1160: 1063: 1058: 1013: 999: 764: 548: 39: 11887: 4001: 3636:. The five bridges over the Dives were destroyed with minimal difficulty by the 3275:) supporting the US sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force (under Admiral Sir 2613:, and the forces guarding the Netherlands. Reserves for this group included the 1702:, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled using specialised tanks. 12344: 12329: 11782: 11318: 11244: 9296: 9155: 8574: 8488: 8385:

Volume III. The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945

8338: 8152: 8116:

Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign

7936: 7479: 4238: 4136: 4056: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3617: 3571: 3453:

were assigned to objectives in Brittany from 5 June until August in Operations

3251:

four years earlier. He had also been responsible for the naval planning of the

3236: 3081: 2783: 2582: 2046: 1850: 1695: 1396: 1068: 1053: 1048: 994: 975: 680: 482: 477: 465: 453: 441: 429: 214: 8619: 8580: 8481: 7265:] (in French). Vincennes, France: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre. 3356: 2769: 30:"D-Day", "Operation Neptune", and "Jour-J" redirect here. For other uses, see 12527: 12365: 12303: 12204: 11593: 9518: 9367: 9206: 7977: 7825: 7784: 7661: 7597: 7404: 7129: 3915:(AVRE) tank fired a large demolition charge into its rear entrance. A second 3892: 3769: 3662: 3438: 3200: 3178: 3174: 2897: 2851: 2642: 2586: 2553: 2539: 2517: 2166: 2127:

would have required recalling men and ships already in position to cross the

2107: 2002: 1874: 1745: 1699: 1626: 1094: 925: 604: 489: 446: 434: 416: 227: 152: 139: 8374: 4782: 4780: 4778: 3696: 2755: 2485: 1906:

in August 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of the

11955: 11892: 11696: 9996: 9901: 9532: 8895: 8659: 8292: 8176: 7759: 7333: 7249: 3792: 3781: 3624:). Both bridges were quickly captured intact, with light casualties by the 3621: 3434: 3328: 3272: 3240: 3089: 3010: 2725: 2661: 2313: 2287: 2247: 2150: 1946: 1843: 1776: 1741: 1622: 1615: 789: 759: 579: 567: 555: 543: 536: 531: 524: 519: 507: 494: 397: 131: 7228: 1595:, it is the largest seaborne invasion in history. The operation began the 12380: 12224: 12198: 11531: 11517: 11179: 9855: 9676: 9661: 9015: 8482:

Extended onsite interview of Dwight Eisenhower on his D-Day recollections

8362: 8270: 7711: 4775: 4052: 4040: 4032: 4022: 3947: 3834: 3820: 3523: 3446: 3342: 3288: 3276: 2885: 2601: 2503: 2354: 2175: 2115: 1955: 1886:, coastal ports further west in Brittany, and an overland attack towards 1800: 1680: 1668: 1111: 1084: 93: 3853:

until their ammunition ran out or they were swamped by the rising tide.

3776:

situated between Utah and Omaha, was assigned to two hundred men of the

3761: 2702: 1714: 12390: 12218: 12212: 12192: 10886: 10639: 10618: 9511: 8844: 8772: 7503:

Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994).

6663: 6192: 4584: 4433: 4431: 4060: 3977: 3969: 3959: 3883: 3876: 3866: 3722: 3508: 3430: 3327:. After attacking, the German vessels turned away and fled east into a 3209: 3057: 3024: 2967: 2630: 2606: 1963: 1959: 1676: 1672: 1664: 1121: 1116: 1089: 863: 7960:

Gators of Neptune: Naval Amphibious Planning for the Normandy Invasion

7878:

Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944–1945

7855:"Maureen Flavin Sweeney Dies at 100; Her Weather Report Delayed D-Day" 7288: 5633: 5631: 5041: 11149: 10554: 10351: 10162: 9960: 9915: 7396: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4458: 4273:

Includes guns from 100mm to 210mm, as well as 320mm rocket launchers.

3968:

Royal Canadian Naval Beach Commando "W" land on Mike Beach sector of

3904: 3605: 3575: 2940: 2137: 1968: 1930: 1706: 1691: 268: 12619:

Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II

9436: 7348:

United Kingdom Military Series. London: Naval & Military Press.

6204: 5715: 4428: 3825: 3495:

Gliders delivered reinforcements to the Cotentin Peninsula towed by

2657:) to be installed in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings. 1625:

in command of German forces and developing fortifications along the

12334: 9420: 9148: 6267: 6243: 5787: 5628: 5270: 4048: 3916: 3908: 3773: 3641: 3543: 3536: 3129: 2741: 2042: 1866: 1710: 1574: 1386: 127: 8597:

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home

7750: 5610: 5412: 5410: 5408: 4509: 8625:– US Government film on the paradrop during the Normandy landings 7712:"British Normandy Memorial unveiled in France to honour veterans" 7244:] (in French). Paris: Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS. 6791: 6789: 6378: 3982: 3710: 2257: 2183: 2154: 8433:

The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day

7734:. Mémorial Pegasus D-Day Commemoration Committee. Archived from 6470: 6468: 4047:

and his 1st Special Service Brigade arrived in the second wave,

3802:

The Rangers fended off numerous counter-attacks from the German

3165:

dealt with cutting underground telephone and teleprinter cables.

2888:, 6 June 1944. An armoured bridgelayer tank is in the background 2473:. At 7,000 troops, the division was significantly understrength. 10030: 8628: 8050:. Osprey Campaign Series. Vol. 1. Botley, Oxford: Osprey. 7880:. Vol. I. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 7223:. The Second World War. Vol. V. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 6132: 5751: 5405: 5065: 4765: 4763: 3532: 3292: 3284: 3220: 2590: 2548: 2358:(non-German conscripts recruited from Soviet prisoners of war). 2146: 2031: 2027: 1718: 240: 7032: 6825: 6801: 6786: 6747: 6639: 6591: 6540: 6504: 6492: 6441: 6000: 5913: 5299: 5297: 3231:

Naval operations for the invasion were described by historian

3100: 3045:

British I Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker

2165:

Germany had at its disposal fifty divisions in France and the

2099: 10218: 8275:

Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris

6465: 6318: 5852: 5850: 5217: 3727: 3244: 3215: 2379:

Americans assaulting Omaha Beach faced the following troops:

1993: 1976: 1887: 7442:

Normandy: From D-Day to the Breakout: June 6 – July 31, 1944

7177:

Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day

6873: 6453: 6402: 6221: 6219: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5517: 5515: 5502: 5500: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5195: 5193: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5104: 4992: 4990: 4792: 4760: 1929:

was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale

8133:

Dolski, Michael; Edwards, Sam; Buckley, John, eds. (2014).

7281:"D-Day and the Battle of Normandy: Your Questions Answered" 7068: 6813: 6581: 6579: 6255: 5691: 5460: 5458: 5294: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4608: 4572: 4470: 4241:, a rehearsal for the landings that resulted in many deaths 3527: 3255:

in 1942, and one of the two fleets carrying troops for the

2023: 1997:

Shoulder patches were designed for units of the fictitious

1722: 12634:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

8593:

Documents on World War II: D-Day, The Invasion of Normandy

7056: 7020: 6960: 6890: 6888: 6687: 6675: 6627: 6615: 6564: 6528: 6516: 6480: 6291: 6231: 6144: 6120: 6072: 6048: 6036: 6012: 5976: 5937: 5862: 5847: 5763: 5727: 5679: 5667: 5077: 5007: 5005: 4929: 4927: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4881: 4879: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4700: 4487: 4485: 3295:

available, and all the approaches had been heavily mined.

3095: 3041: 3001: 2822: 904: 8228:

Normandy '44: D-Day and the Epic 77-Day Battle for France

7654:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

7080: 7044: 6984: 6861: 6764: 6762: 6390: 6308: 6306: 6216: 5966: 5964: 5891: 5889: 5739: 5643: 5544: 5527: 5512: 5497: 5422: 5229: 5190: 5151: 5101: 5089: 4987: 4975: 4536: 4092: 4075:

was captured after about an hour of fighting. The nearby

3650: 3468: 1569:

and associated airborne operations on 6 June 1944 of the

12479: 7110:

D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II

6576: 6419: 6417: 6279: 6168: 6060: 5901: 5655: 5455: 5369: 5345: 5241: 5178: 5130: 5053: 4891: 4840: 4659: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4596: 4560: 4448: 4446: 4416: 2149:, and men in many units were given leave. Field Marshal 1709:

at each of the five landing sites on the first day, but

1652:. The early morning aerial assault was soon followed by 12569:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland

6885: 5823: 5443: 5381: 5282: 5205: 5029: 5002: 4924: 4903: 4876: 4852: 4816: 4804: 4733: 4712: 4620: 4482: 4377: 3169:

The resistance was alerted to carry out these tasks by

2712:

Commander, 21st Army Group: General Bernard Montgomery

9290:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

7279: 7008: 6996: 6972: 6948: 6912: 6837: 6774: 6759: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6651: 6603: 6552: 6366: 6342: 6330: 6303: 6180: 6156: 6108: 6084: 5961: 5925: 5886: 5799: 5775: 5703: 5487: 5485: 4750: 4748: 4688: 4530: 4367: 4365: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 3628:

Regiment. They were then reinforced by members of the

2413:

726th Infantry Regiment (from 716th Infantry Division)

2215:

1st SS Panzer Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"

8158:

D-Day in Numbers: The Facts Behind Operation Overlord

7559:

Men of Steel: Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy, 1944

7527:"D-Day: Exploding the myths of the Normandy landings" 7502: 7368:

The Heroines of SOE: Britain's Secret Women in France

7342:

Victory in the West, Volume I: The Battle of Normandy

6936: 6924: 6849: 6429: 6414: 6354: 6210: 6096: 6024: 5988: 5949: 5874: 5811: 5721: 5637: 5592: 5568: 5556: 5393: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5276: 5047: 5017: 4963: 4864: 4676: 4632: 4443: 4406: 4404: 12584:

Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

8411:

Tute, Warren; Costello, John; Hughes, Terry (1975).

8132: 5580: 5357: 5258: 4951: 4828: 4548: 4497: 4350: 3314:

off Sword Beach but missing the British battleships

1748:

began pressing his new allies for the creation of a

12589:

Battles of World War II involving the United States

6900: 5616: 5482: 5470: 4745: 4362: 4335: 4316: 3891:were disabled by direct hits from the cruisers HMS 3503:The US airborne landings began with the arrival of 3441:6 miles (9.7 km) to the east, and destroy the 3144:

was a 15-day operation to sabotage the rail system.

1865:The Allies considered four sites for the landings: 12549:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom 8612:is available for free viewing and download at the 8602:Lt. General Omar Bradley's June 6, 1944 D-Day Maps 8410: 8199: 7693:The Armoured Campaign in Normandy June–August 1944 7332: 7107: 4437: 4401: 1694:and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes, 12554:Amphibious operations involving the United States 7900:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 5835: 4939: 4389: 4276: 4129:. A museum about the Utah landings is located at 869:4,000–9,000 killed, wounded, missing, or captured 81:Taxis to Hell – and Back – Into the Jaws of Death 12525: 8263:Dawn of D-Day: These Men Were There, 6 June 1944 8020:Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944 3875:British troops come ashore at Jig Green sector, 3614:capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges 3196:List of Allied warships in the Normandy landings 273: 8001:Rangers Lead the Way: Pointe-du-Hoc, D-Day 1944 7803: 7728:"Pegasus Bridge: The Bridge of the Longest Day" 6879: 4257: 3291:and patrol boats. The Germans also had several 3118:État-major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur 1908:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force 1816:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force 12629:Naval battles of World War II involving Poland 12624:Naval battles of World War II involving Canada 12614:Military history of Canada during World War II 3626:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 2710:Commander, SHAEF: General Dwight D. Eisenhower 2698:List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign 357: 182:Five Allied beachheads established in Normandy 12465: 11935: 8644: 7976: 7193: 4798: 4476: 4247:, the only woman to land at Normandy on D-Day 3616:via a glider assault at 00:16 (since renamed 3108:and the US 82nd Airborne division during the 2868: 1629:in anticipation of an invasion. US President 890: 327: 300: 11950:Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, 8571:Complete Broadcast Day: D-Day (June 6, 1944) 8508:Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory 8493:"The Assault Phase of the Normandy Landings" 8244:Normandy '44 D-Day and the Battle for France 7943:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. 7785:"D-Day: In the words of the BBC journalists" 7726: 7709: 7287:. Portsmouth Museum Services. Archived from 7086: 7050: 4112: 3765:US Rangers scaling the wall at Pointe du Hoc 3151:dealt with destroying electrical facilities. 2238: 12242:American logistics in the Normandy campaign 8182:Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy 8137:. Denton: University of North Texas Press. 8070:The Normandy Campaign: 1944: Sixty Years On 8048:Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout 7674:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–45 4031:British troops take cover after landing on 3657:Only 160 men out of the 600 members of the 2041:operators deployed dummy paratroopers over 1783:had been won. The Allies then launched the 1690:overlooking the beaches, and the shore was 12472: 12458: 12439:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord 12247:British logistics in the Normandy campaign 11942: 11928: 8651: 8637: 8450: 8110: 7612: 7540:Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe 7420: 7370:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. 7062: 7038: 7026: 6990: 6966: 6831: 6807: 6795: 6753: 6681: 6669: 6645: 6597: 6570: 6546: 6534: 6522: 6510: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6459: 6447: 6408: 6396: 6384: 6324: 6297: 6273: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6198: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6042: 6018: 6006: 5982: 5943: 5919: 5868: 5856: 5793: 5769: 5745: 5685: 5673: 5550: 5538: 5521: 5506: 5464: 5437: 5375: 5303: 5252: 5235: 5223: 5199: 5184: 5172: 5145: 5124: 5112: 5095: 5059: 4996: 4670: 4614: 4578: 4566: 4542: 4464: 4422: 4383: 2087:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord 2065:. A similar deception was undertaken near 897: 883: 92:wading ashore from their landing craft on 8543:at the US Army Center of Military History 8313: 8093:D-Day: 6 June 1944: The Normandy Landings 7984:. Fortress 34. Oxford; New York: Osprey. 7916: 7902:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7836:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from 7336:; Allen, G.R.G.; Warhurst, A.E. (2004) . 7215: 6867: 6585: 6285: 6261: 5757: 5661: 5649: 5449: 5416: 5387: 5288: 5211: 4933: 4918: 4885: 4858: 4769: 4727: 4706: 4602: 4491: 3930:and captured it the following day in the 3700:Map of the beaches and first day advances 3612:The first Allied action of D-Day was the 2691: 2506:, plus supporting infantry and artillery. 2182:In early 1944, the German Western Front ( 2160: 1779:were already stationed. By mid-1943, the 1752:in western Europe. In late May 1942, the 388: 12579:Battles of World War II involving France 12574:Battles of World War II involving Canada 8429: 8175: 7894: 7485:The Second World War: A Complete History 7439: 7411: 5035: 4822: 4810: 4739: 4554: 4091: 4026: 3963: 3870: 3824: 3760: 3726: 3695: 3680:, who landed on Sword Beach, and by the 3634:7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion 3599: 3490: 3355: 3214: 3199: 3099: 2872: 2701: 2577: 2547: 2509:100th Panzer Regiment (at Falaise under 2190:(24 December 1943 – 17 April 1944), the 2122:(RAF) met Eisenhower on the evening of 4 2098: 1992: 1895:. A series of modified tanks, nicknamed 1809: 860:10,000+ casualties; 4,414 confirmed dead 342: 245: 27:World War II landing operation in Europe 8257: 8222: 8086: 8064: 8017: 7872: 7824: 7648: 7631: 7575: 7521: 7478: 7440:Francois, Dominique (13 October 2013). 7303: 7152: 7102: 7074: 6894: 5697: 5611:Special Operations Research Office 1965 5562: 5491: 5476: 5083: 5071: 4897: 4846: 4694: 4653: 4452: 4410: 4211:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial 4123:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial 3740:nearby rather than two, and bombers of 3585: 3096:Coordination with the French Resistance 14: 12544:Amphibious operations involving Canada 12526: 11982:American airborne landings in Normandy 10498: 10476:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8381: 8361: 8291: 8269: 8206:The Invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944 8045: 7998: 7935: 7752:A Study of Rear Area Security Measures 7690: 7668: 7617:. Philadelphia; Oxford, UK: Casemate. 7578:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 7537: 7458: 7362: 7199:Sand and Steel: A New History of D-Day 7128: 7014: 7002: 6978: 6954: 6918: 6855: 6843: 6819: 6780: 6768: 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6657: 6633: 6621: 6609: 6558: 6435: 6423: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6336: 6312: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6114: 6102: 6090: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6030: 5994: 5970: 5955: 5931: 5907: 5895: 5880: 5805: 5781: 5733: 5709: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5399: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5264: 5023: 5011: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4870: 4786: 4754: 4682: 4641: 4626: 4590: 4503: 4395: 4371: 4356: 4344: 4329: 3487:American airborne landings in Normandy 3410: 2407:915th Grenadier Regiment (as reserves) 12559:Amphibious operations of World War II 12453: 11923: 11347:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 10779:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 10425:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10381:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9486:Rape during the occupation of Germany 8632: 8609:Big Picture: D-Day Convoy to Normandy 8536:. 31 August 1944. pp. 4043–4054. 8151: 8022:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 7852: 7758: 7421:Ford, Ken; Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). 7384: 7256: 7235: 7171: 6942: 6930: 5829: 5817: 5363: 5351: 4945: 4834: 4055:, Lovat's personal piper. Members of 3684:, who arrived in gliders at 21:00 in 2945:50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division 2516:125th Panzergrenadier Regiment(under 2446: 2325: 1818:(SHAEF), 1 February 1944. Front row: 1686:The men landed under heavy fire from 1650:British, and Canadian airborne troops 878: 10469:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9501:Rape during the liberation of France 8337: 7962:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 7957: 7782: 7556: 6906: 5841: 5622: 4096:Situation map for 24:00, 6 June 1944 2907:to the operation included a regular 2674: 2374: 2206:SS Panzer Divisions, as well as the 8577:, available at the Internet Archive 8527:"Awards bestowed by King George VI" 7320:from the original on 8 January 2020 7153:Bickers, Richard Townshend (1994). 6211:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5722:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5638:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5277:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5048:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 3608:glider is examined by German troops 2567: Allies and occupied countries 1773:Mediterranean Theatre of Operations 24: 12035:Greenline, Pomegranate and Express 10695:German invasion of the Netherlands 8975:Weather events during World War II 8566:Naval History and Heritage Command 8347:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 8038: 7114:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4225:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 4165:Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery 3780:, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel 3009:, commanded by Lieutenant General 2933:, commanded by Lieutenant General 2706:D-day assault routes into Normandy 2670:all of Germany within a few days. 2352:numbered 12,320 men, many of them 2235:2nd SS Panzer Division "Das Reich" 2194:was forced to transfer the entire 1982: 1705:The Allies were able to establish 36:Operation Neptune (disambiguation) 25: 12650: 11326:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 8475: 4593:, pp. 177–178, chart p. 180. 3691: 3189: 2561: Axis and occupied countries 1021:Caen canal and Orne river bridges 12011:Capture of Caen and Orne bridges 11886: 8658: 8534:Supplement to the London Gazette 8519:Supplement to the London Gazette 8500:Supplement to The London Gazette 8161:. London: Michael O'Mara Books. 8118:. London: William Collins Sons. 7982:D-Day Fortifications in Normandy 7505:D-Day: The Story and Photographs 4438:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 4289: 4202: 4196:Bayeux Commonwealth war cemetery 4187: 4171: 4156: 4081:King's Shropshire Light Infantry 4008:advanced to within sight of the 3913:Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers 3756: 3671:1st Canadian Parachute Battalion 3480: 3437:, destroy five bridges over the 3080: 3062: 3048: 3040: 3015: 3000: 2966: 2956: 2939: 2925: 2850: 2836: 2821: 2796: 2782: 2768: 2754: 2740: 2533: 2484: 2456: 2384: 2335: 2233:Panzer divisions, alongside the 788: 758: 679: 603: 578: 566: 554: 542: 530: 518: 506: 488: 476: 464: 452: 440: 428: 415: 390: 373: 359: 344: 329: 316: 302: 289: 275: 261: 247: 233: 220: 207: 84:, an iconic image of men of the 73: 12429:People of Western Europe speech 12350:Military cemeteries in Normandy 8072:. London; New York: Routledge. 7507:. McLean, Virginia: Brassey's. 7444:. Minneapolis: Voyageur Press. 7346:History of the Second World War 7304:Douthit, Howard L. III (1988). 7095: 4267: 3926:moved toward the small port at 3298: 2526:155th Panzer Artillery Regiment 2198:from France, consisting of the 959:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum 12599:Invasions by the United States 12424:June 6, 1944, order of the day 11573:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 9283:Territorial changes of Germany 9191:Indonesian National Revolution 8561:Allied veterans remember D-Day 7853:Traub, Alex (2 January 2024). 7806:"The German Response to D-Day" 7710:O'Connor, Mary (6 June 2021). 7179:. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. 7135:D-Day: The Battle for Normandy 4071:The 'Morris' strongpoint near 4016: 3924:No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando 3814: 3667:Battle of Merville Gun Battery 3449:paratroopers from the British 3351: 2523:192nd Panzergrenadier Regiment 2511:Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski 2462:716th Static Infantry Division 2341:709th Static Infantry Division 2256:West (Supreme Commander West; 2016:First United States Army Group 1999:First United States Army Group 1787:in July 1943 and subsequently 822:Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches: 724:3rd Canadian Infantry Division 13: 1: 10973:Japanese invasion of Thailand 10924:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 10688:German invasion of Luxembourg 9069:Mediterranean and Middle East 7958:Yung, Christopher D. (2006). 7695:. Stroud: The History Press. 7138:. New York; Toronto: Viking. 4305: 4045:Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat 4006:9th Canadian Infantry Brigade 3953: 3860: 3716: 3499:on the evening of 6 June 1944 3122:French Forces of the Interior 2829:, commanded by Major General 2748:, commanded by Major General 2290:: Field Marshal Erwin Rommel 2069:in the Pas de Calais area by 1921: 1728: 1657: 1637:in command of Allied forces. 96:on the morning of 6 June 1944 12183: 12179: 10880:Invasion of the Soviet Union 10569:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 9887:Independent State of Croatia 8320:The Battle of Normandy, 1944 8230:. New York: Grove Atlantic. 7590:10.1080/13518046.2015.998134 7425:. Oxford; New York: Osprey. 7423:Overlord: The D-Day Landings 4310: 4180:La Cambe German war cemetery 4087: 3204:D-Day planning map, used at 3126:Special Operations Executive 2977:47th (Royal Marine) Commando 2188:Dnieper–Carpathian offensive 2057:dropped strips of "window", 1882:threats against the port of 1789:invaded the Italian mainland 7: 12259:(Pipe-Line Under The Ocean) 11864:End of World War II in Asia 11704:Western invasion of Germany 11211:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 11188:Second Battle of El Alamein 10758:Hundred Regiments Offensive 10730:Battle of the Mediterranean 10583:Italian invasion of Albania 8757:Air warfare of World War II 8451:Zetterling, Niklas (2000). 8436:. Boulder: Westview Press. 8208:. Mason City, Iowa: Savas. 7542:. London: Arms and Armour. 7459:Garner, Tom (4 June 2019). 4467:, pp. 60, 63, 118–120. 4218: 3678:1st Special Service Brigade 3348:, a 173-foot patrol craft. 3128:orchestrated a campaign of 2715: 1914:was named commander of the 10: 12655: 11790:Naval bombardment of Japan 11158:First Battle of El Alamein 11077:Battle of Christmas Island 11022:Japanese invasion of Burma 10786:Italian invasion of Greece 10702:German invasion of Belgium 10674:German invasion of Denmark 10647:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 10516:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 8780:Comparative military ranks 8582:D-Day to D plus 3 (33m19s) 8489:Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay 8457:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing 8369:. Ottawa: King's Printer. 8297:D-Day: The Soldiers' Story 7999:Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). 7917:Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009). 7613:Margaritis, Peter (2019). 7561:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 7461:"D-Day's forgotten Greeks" 4789:, Map, inside front cover. 4531:Portsmouth Museum Services 4020: 3957: 3864: 3818: 3720: 3589: 3554:Reinforcements arrived by 3484: 3193: 3068:6th Airborne Division (UK) 2994:Juno Beach order of battle 2991: 2909:Royal Australian Air Force 2869:British and Canadian zones 2695: 2660:German armaments minister 2635:air offensive over Germany 2629:. Tangles of barbed wire, 2537: 2502:included 146 tanks and 50 2350:Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben 2278:Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg 2246:German Supreme commander: 2084: 2080: 1986: 1855:Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory 1721:remained in German hands. 1654:Allied amphibious landings 1646:landing of 24,000 American 850:170 coastal artillery guns 29: 12488: 12396:Allied forces in Normandy 12358: 12322: 12271: 12234: 12177: 12112: 11962: 11879: 11711:Bratislava–Brno offensive 11651: 11642:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 11379: 11266:Allied invasion of Sicily 11220: 11126:Aleutian Islands campaign 11098:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 11045: 11036:Greek famine of 1941–1944 10931:Second Battle of Changsha 10836:German invasion of Greece 10804: 10681:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 10656: 10594: 10489: 10370: 10096: 10006: 9854: 9557: 9548: 9306: 9131: 9023:North and Central Pacific 8984: 8746: 8739: 8666: 7921:. Stroud: History Press. 7676:. Washington: Brassey's. 7634:"South Africans in D-Day" 4477:Zaloga & Johnson 2005 4213:, overlooking Omaha Beach 4149:British Normandy Memorial 4113:War memorials and tourism 3934:. Company Sergeant Major 3887:large emplacement at the 3445:overlooking Sword Beach. 3132:to be implemented by the 3116:Through the London-based 2896:: Lieutenant General Sir 2479:1716th Artillery Regiment 2239: 2018:under Lieutenant General 1589:and often referred to as 966:Combined Bomber Offensive 918: 854: 837: 593: 561:L. Geyr von Schweppenburg 404: 190: 100: 72: 56: 51: 11303:Allied invasion of Italy 11280:Solomon Islands campaign 11029:Third Battle of Changsha 10626:First Battle of Changsha 10532:Second Sino-Japanese War 9472:German military brothels 9338:United States war crimes 8430:Whitlock, Flint (2004). 8200:Holderfield, Randal J.; 8046:Badsey, Stephen (1990). 7980:; Johnson, Hugh (2005). 7691:Napier, Stephen (2015). 7538:Hooton, Edward (1999) . 7385:Flint, Edward R (2009). 6276:, pp. 158–159, 164. 6252:, pp. 131, 160–161. 5796:, pp. 125, 128–129. 5074:, pp. 227–228, 235. 4251: 4234:crossword security alarm 3944:Royal Hampshire Regiment 3932:Battle of Port-en-Bessin 3829:US assault troops in an 3804:914th Grenadier Regiment 3704: 3517:IX Troop Carrier Command 3269:Western Naval Task Force 3253:invasion of North Africa 2596:Alarmed by the raids on 2439:352nd Artillery Regiment 2436:916th Grenadier Regiment 2433:915th Grenadier Regiment 2430:914th Grenadier Regiment 2416:352nd Artillery Regiment 2410:916th Grenadier Regiment 2404:914th Grenadier Regiment 2367:919th Grenadier Regiment 2364:739th Grenadier Regiment 2361:729th Grenadier Regiment 2104:Surface weather analysis 2022:, supposedly located in 1781:campaign in North Africa 1738:invaded the Soviet Union 90:US 1st Infantry Division 11725:Second Guangxi campaign 11580:Philippines (1944–1945) 11084:Battle of the Coral Sea 10987:Fall of the Philippines 10633:Battle of South Guangxi 10539:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 9945:Italian Social Republic 8547:Neptune Operations Plan 8299:. London: John Murray. 7941:The Struggle For Europe 7830:"Australians and D-Day" 4284:National D-Day Memorial 3907:facing east to provide 3889:Longues-sur-Mer battery 2905:Australian contribution 2833:, making up 34,250 men 2802:101st Airborne Division 2573: Neutral countries 2476:736th Infantry Regiment 2390:352nd Infantry Division 2208:349th Infantry Division 1764:persuaded US President 1700:house-to-house fighting 1656:on the coast of France 845:195,700 naval personnel 807:352nd Infantry Division 668:101st Airborne Division 12376:D-Day naval deceptions 11310:Armistice of Cassibile 11112:Battle of Dutch Harbor 11063:Battle of the Java Sea 10966:Attack on Pearl Harbor 10866:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10859:Battle of South Shanxi 10829:Invasion of Yugoslavia 10612:Battle of the Atlantic 10226:Korean Liberation Army 9939:(until September 1943) 9896:(until September 1944) 9874:(until September 1944) 8018:Zuehlke, Mark (2004). 7765:Inside the Third Reich 7636:. South African Legion 7201:. London: Hutchinson. 7157:. London: Leo Cooper. 7063:Ford & Zaloga 2009 7039:Ford & Zaloga 2009 7027:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6991:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6967:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6832:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6808:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6796:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6754:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6682:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6670:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6646:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6598:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6571:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6547:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6535:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6523:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6511:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6499:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6487:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6475:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6460:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6448:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6409:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6397:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6387:, pp. 64–65, 334. 6385:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6325:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6298:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6274:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6250:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6238:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6226:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6199:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6151:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6139:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6127:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6043:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6019:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6007:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5983:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5944:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5920:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5869:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5857:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5794:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5770:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5746:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5686:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5674:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5551:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5539:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5522:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5507:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5465:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5438:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5376:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5304:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5253:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5200:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5185:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5173:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5146:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5125:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5113:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5096:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5060:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4997:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4671:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4615:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4579:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4567:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4543:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4465:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4423:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4384:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4097: 4036: 3973: 3882:The first landings on 3879: 3843:29th Infantry Division 3838: 3766: 3747:Theodore Roosevelt Jr. 3732: 3701: 3682:6th Airlanding Brigade 3609: 3513:Douglas C-47 Skytrains 3500: 3497:Douglas C-47 Skytrains 3478: 3427:91st Infantry Division 3361: 3228: 3212: 3113: 3086:79th Armoured Division 2911:(RAAF) squadron, nine 2889: 2878:Royal Marine Commandos 2856:29th Infantry Division 2788:90th Infantry Division 2774:82nd Airborne Division 2707: 2692:Allied order of battle 2672: 2593: 2575: 2310:General der Artillerie 2161:German order of battle 2111: 2006: 1989:D-Day naval deceptions 1862: 1837:Sir Bernard Montgomery 1428:Air and Sea operations 1221:Anglo-Canadian Sector 1100:Anglo-Canadian Sector 706:50th Infantry Division 663:90th Infantry Division 658:82nd Airborne Division 635:29th Infantry Division 471:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 405:Commanders and leaders 110:; 80 years ago 86:16th Infantry Regiment 32:D-Day (disambiguation) 11474:Second Battle of Guam 11370:Bengal famine of 1943 11340:Second Battle of Kiev 11296:Battle of the Dnieper 11001:Battle of Wake Island 10873:East African campaign 10815:Battle of South Henan 10460:atrocities by Germans 10233:Korean Volunteer Army 9214:Occupation of Germany 8968:Music in World War II 8541:The Normandy Invasion 8502:. pp. 5109–5124. 8415:. London: Pan Books. 8382:Stacey, C.P. (1960). 8277:. New York: Penguin. 7783:Staff (5 June 2014). 7650:Morison, Samuel Eliot 7632:Meadows, Ian (2016). 7488:. New York: H. Holt. 7257:Corta, Henry (1997). 7236:Corta, Henry (1952). 5760:, pp. 51–52, 69. 4095: 4077:'Hillman' strongpoint 4030: 3967: 3874: 3828: 3764: 3737:8th Infantry Regiment 3730: 3699: 3638:3rd Parachute Brigade 3630:5th Parachute Brigade 3603: 3494: 3473: 3359: 3218: 3203: 3103: 3054:3rd Infantry Division 3021:3rd Canadian Division 2962:56th Infantry Brigade 2882:3rd Infantry Division 2876: 2842:1st Infantry Division 2760:4th Infantry Division 2724:: Lieutenant General 2705: 2667: 2581: 2551: 2102: 1996: 1962:and the Canadians at 1857:; Lieutenant General 1813: 1766:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1633:placed Major General 1631:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1460:Supporting operations 855:Casualties and losses 827:716th Static Division 817:709th Static Division 745:6th Airborne Division 740:3rd Infantry Division 653:4th Infantry Division 630:1st Infantry Division 12146:(Canada, Poland, US) 12099:(Canada, Poland, UK) 12093:(Canada, Poland, UK) 11760:Surrender of Germany 11238:Battle of West Hubei 11195:Guadalcanal campaign 11165:Battle of Stalingrad 11091:Battle of Madagascar 9865:Albania protectorate 9652:(formerly Swaziland) 9361:Wehrmacht war crimes 9177:Expulsion of Germans 8961:Art and World War II 8859:British contribution 8808:Governments in exile 8557:at Naval-History.Net 7919:D-Day in Photographs 7732:memorial-pegasus.org 7557:Horn, Bernd (2010). 7195:Caddick-Adams, Peter 6822:, pp. 143, 148. 6141:, pp. 228, 230. 4131:Sainte-Marie-du-Mont 3847:741st Tank Battalion 3808:743rd Tank Battalion 3778:2nd Ranger Battalion 3586:British and Canadian 3443:Merville Gun Battery 3259:the following year. 3239:, who had served as 3219:Large landing craft 3175:BBC's French service 2972:8th Armoured Brigade 2913:Article XV squadrons 2790:: Brigadier General 2490:21st Panzer Division 2071:No. 218 Squadron RAF 2055:No. 617 Squadron RAF 1936:Operation Pointblank 1873:, Normandy, and the 1853:; Air Chief Marshal 1830:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1793:Battle of Stalingrad 1635:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1597:liberation of France 912:(Battle of Normandy) 777:21st Panzer Division 422:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12407:Operation Bodyguard 12401:Liberation of Paris 11850:Potsdam Declaration 11739:Italy (Spring 1945) 11502:Liberation of Paris 10959:Siege of Sevastopol 9977:(until August 1944) 9880:Wang Jingwei regime 9702:from September 1943 9662:from September 1944 9600:from September 1944 9460:Romanian war crimes 9451:Persecution of Jews 9437:Croatian war crimes 9407:Japanese war crimes 9221:Occupation of Japan 9170:First Indochina War 8882:Military production 8794:Declarations of war 8491:(30 October 1947). 8398:on 21 December 2020 8323:. London: Cassell. 8202:Varhola, Michael J. 8096:. London: Cassell. 7874:Weigley, Russell F. 7810:Imperial War Museum 7414:The Washington Post 7173:Brown, Anthony Cave 7077:, pp. 349–350. 7041:, pp. 346–348. 6880:Imperial War Museum 6834:, pp. 326–327. 6810:, pp. 248–249. 6798:, pp. 244–245. 6756:, pp. 239–240. 6696:, pp. 133–135. 6672:, Map, pp. 314–315. 6648:, pp. 312–313. 6636:, pp. 274–275. 6624:, pp. 272–273. 6600:, pp. 289–290. 6549:, pp. 298–299. 6513:, pp. 281–282. 6501:, pp. 276–277. 6450:, pp. 333–334. 6201:, Map, pp. 216–217. 6081:, pp. 238–239. 6009:, pp. 149–150. 5922:, pp. 166–167. 5736:, pp. 81, 117. 5700:, pp. 136–137. 5354:, pp. 483–484. 5226:, pp. 414–418. 5086:, pp. 224–225. 4984:, pp. 224–226. 4772:, pp. 592–593. 4440:, pp. 521–533. 4073:Colleville-sur-Orne 3990:Courseulles-sur-Mer 3418:airborne operations 3411:Airborne operations 3365:Bombing of Normandy 3287:, and 35 auxiliary 3173:transmitted by the 3171:messages personnels 2860:Charles H. Gerhardt 2846:Clarence R. Huebner 2307:LXXXIV Corps under 2192:German High Command 2039:Special Air Service 2011:Operation Fortitude 1940:Operation Bodyguard 1859:Walter Bedell Smith 1612:Operation Bodyguard 149: / 12639:Operation Overlord 12609:Landing operations 12483:bombardment groups 12434:Rommel's asparagus 12418:Operation Jedburgh 12263:Operation Chastity 11843:Surrender of Japan 11676:Battle of Iwo Jima 11525:Belgrade offensive 10938:Siege of Leningrad 10822:Battle of Shanggao 10751:British Somaliland 10716:Dunkirk evacuation 10667:Norwegian campaign 10605:Invasion of Poland 10432:Japanese prisoners 9400:Italian war crimes 9331:British war crimes 9246:Soviet occupations 9030:South-West Pacific 8917:Allied cooperation 8875:Military equipment 8552:Naval details for 8510:(2 January 1947). 8484:(YouTube, 1:22:15) 8265:. London: Collins. 8185:. London: Joseph. 8003:. Oxford: Osprey. 7768:. New York: Avon. 7670:Murray, Williamson 7217:Churchill, Winston 6477:, pp. 56, 83. 6327:, pp. 95–104. 6057:, p. 246–247. 5127:, pp. 60, 63. 4799:Caddick-Adams 2019 4127:Colleville-sur-Mer 4098: 4037: 4010:Carpiquet airfield 3974: 3938:received the only 3880: 3839: 3831:LCVP landing craft 3767: 3733: 3711:Duplex-Drive tanks 3702: 3610: 3549:Sainte-Mère-Église 3535:terrain, with its 3501: 3362: 3257:invasion of Sicily 3249:Dunkirk evacuation 3229: 3213: 3114: 3110:Battle of Normandy 2890: 2708: 2655:Rommel's asparagus 2594: 2576: 2492:, (south of Caen) 2447:Forces around Caen 2326:Cotentin Peninsula 2303:Friedrich Dollmann 2262:Gerd von Rundstedt 2196:II SS Panzer Corps 2112: 2007: 1927:Operation Overlord 1912:Bernard Montgomery 1879:continental Europe 1871:Cotentin Peninsula 1863: 1851:Sir Bertram Ramsay 1841:Lieutenant General 1797:Trident Conference 1785:invasion of Sicily 1740:in June 1941, the 1608:military deception 1579:Operation Overlord 1567:landing operations 1255:Normandy massacres 1144:Operation Chastity 908:Operation Overlord 573:Friedrich Dollmann 513:Gerd von Rundstedt 459:Bernard Montgomery 59:Operation Overlord 12594:Conflicts in 1944 12534:Operation Neptune 12521: 12520: 12481:Normandy landings 12447: 12446: 12412:Operation Dragoon 12087:(UK 6th Airborne) 11917: 11916: 11875: 11874: 11718:Battle of Okinawa 11617:Burma (1944–1945) 11451:Mariana and Palau 11231:Tunisian campaign 11056:Fall of Singapore 10980:Fall of Hong Kong 10723:Battle of Britain 10576:Operation Himmler 10485: 10484: 10149:Dutch East Indies 9792:Southern Rhodesia 9544: 9543: 9444:Genocide of Serbs 9347:German war crimes 9324:Soviet war crimes 9317:Allied war crimes 9163:Division of Korea 9142:Chinese Civil War 8940:Strategic bombing 8852:Manhattan Project 8621:Dropzone Normandy 8521:. pp. 37–92. 8466:978-0-921991-56-4 8443:978-0-8133-4218-4 8422:978-0-330-24418-3 8354:978-0-671-20814-1 8330:978-0-304-35837-3 8284:978-0-14-023542-5 8237:978-0-8021-4709-7 8215:978-1-882810-45-1 8168:978-1-782-43205-0 8144:978-1-57441-548-3 8125:978-0-00-217056-7 8103:978-1-841-88031-0 8079:978-1-134-20303-1 8057:978-0-85045-921-0 8029:978-1-55365-050-8 8010:978-1-84603-394-0 7991:978-1-4728-0382-5 7969:978-1-59114-997-2 7950:978-1-85326-677-5 7928:978-0-7524-5095-7 7909:978-0-521-55879-2 7896:Weinberg, Gerhard 7887:978-0-253-13333-5 7834:Anniversary talks 7775:978-0-380-00071-5 7702:978-0-7509-6473-9 7683:978-1-57488-125-7 7624:978-1-61200-769-4 7568:978-1-55488-708-8 7549:978-1-86019-995-0 7514:978-0-02-881057-7 7495:978-0-8050-1788-5 7451:978-0-7603-4558-0 7432:978-1-84603-424-4 7377:978-0-7524-5661-4 7355:978-1-84574-058-0 7272:978-2-86323-103-6 7238:Les bérets rouges 7208:978-1-84794-8-281 7186:978-1-59921-383-5 7164:978-0-85052-412-3 7145:978-0-670-02119-2 7121:978-0-671-67334-5 6462:, pp. 90–91. 6411:, pp. 76–77. 6264:, pp. 50–51. 6177:, pp. 56–58. 6069:, pp. 52–53. 5910:, pp. 61–64. 5832:, pp. 65–78. 5613:, pp. 51–52. 5306:, pp. 54–56. 5050:, pp. 16–19. 5014:, pp. 42–43. 4900:, pp. 19–21. 4849:, pp. 71–72. 4709:, pp. 12–13. 4656:, pp. 73–74. 4629:, pp. 33–34. 4617:, pp. 13–14. 4581:, pp. 10–11. 4145:Juno Beach Centre 3998:Bernières-sur-Mer 3742:IX Bomber Command 3686:Operation Mallard 3596:Operation Mallard 3303:At 05:10, German 3281:fast attack craft 3134:French Resistance 3106:French Resistance 2884:move inland from 2806:Maxwell D. Taylor 2764:Raymond O. Barton 2750:J. Lawton Collins 2675:Armoured reserves 2637:had crippled the 2556:, shown in yellow 2500:Edgar Feuchtinger 2375:Grandcamps Sector 2274:Panzer Group West 2260:): Field Marshal 2075:Operation Glimmer 2051:Operation Taxable 1954:. The British at 1904:Quebec Conference 1893:Mulberry harbours 1823:Sir Arthur Tedder 1820:Air Chief Marshal 1805:Tehran Conference 1762:Winston Churchill 1587:Operation Neptune 1563:Normandy landings 1556: 1555: 1412:Mantes-Gassicourt 1076:Normandy landings 873: 872: 381:Southern Rhodesia 186: 185: 52:Normandy landings 18:Operation Neptune 16:(Redirected from 12646: 12604:June 1944 events 12474: 12467: 12460: 12451: 12450: 12420:(France, UK, US) 12414:(France, UK, US) 12386:Hobart's Funnies 12340:Hillman Fortress 12252:Mulberry harbour 12185: 12181: 12178:Landing points ( 12156:Merville Battery 12025:(Deception plan) 11944: 11937: 11930: 11921: 11920: 11910: 11903: 11896: 11893:World portal 11891: 11890: 11866: 11859: 11852: 11845: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11813: 11806: 11799: 11792: 11785: 11778: 11769: 11762: 11755: 11753:Prague offensive 11748: 11746:Battle of Berlin 11741: 11734: 11727: 11720: 11713: 11706: 11699: 11692: 11690:Vienna offensive 11685: 11678: 11671: 11669:Battle of Manila 11664: 11644: 11635: 11626: 11619: 11610: 11603: 11596: 11589: 11582: 11575: 11568: 11559: 11550: 11543: 11534: 11527: 11520: 11513: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11476: 11469: 11462: 11453: 11446: 11437: 11428: 11419: 11412: 11410:Korsun–Cherkassy 11405: 11394: 11372: 11363: 11356: 11349: 11342: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11291: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11254: 11252:Bombing of Gorky 11247: 11240: 11233: 11213: 11206: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11174: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11121: 11119:Battle of Midway 11114: 11107: 11105:Battle of Gazala 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11065: 11058: 11038: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11015:Battle of Borneo 11010: 11008:Malayan campaign 11003: 10996: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10952:Bombing of Gorky 10947: 10945:Battle of Moscow 10940: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10905: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10845: 10838: 10831: 10824: 10817: 10797: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10725: 10718: 10711: 10709:Battle of France 10704: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10676: 10669: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10621: 10614: 10607: 10585: 10578: 10571: 10564: 10562:Munich Agreement 10557: 10550: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10518: 10511: 10496: 10495: 10478: 10471: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10447:Soviet prisoners 10441: 10434: 10427: 10418: 10411: 10402: 10395: 10388: 10387:German prisoners 10383: 10363: 10354: 10347: 10340: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10026: 10019: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9947: 9940: 9932: 9925: 9923:French Indochina 9918: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9867: 9847: 9838: 9831: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9801: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9770:from August 1944 9761: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9653: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9555: 9554: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9496: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9462: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9414:Nanjing Massacre 9409: 9402: 9393: 9391:Nuremberg trials 9384: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9276: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9232: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9124: 9115: 9108: 9101: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9062: 9055: 9048: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8995:Asia and Pacific 8977: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8926: 8924:Mulberry harbour 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8766: 8759: 8744: 8743: 8732: 8725: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8674: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8630: 8629: 8614:Internet Archive 8583: 8537: 8531: 8522: 8516: 8503: 8497: 8470: 8447: 8426: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8397: 8390: 8378: 8358: 8334: 8315:Neillands, Robin 8310: 8288: 8266: 8246:by Bantam Press 8241: 8219: 8196: 8172: 8148: 8129: 8107: 8088:Collier, Richard 8083: 8061: 8033: 8014: 7995: 7978:Zaloga, Steven J 7973: 7954: 7932: 7913: 7891: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7840:on 26 April 2014 7821: 7819: 7817: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7779: 7755: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7706: 7687: 7665: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7628: 7609: 7572: 7553: 7534: 7518: 7499: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7455: 7436: 7417: 7408: 7381: 7364:Escott, Beryl E. 7359: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7312: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7285:ddaymuseum.co.uk 7276: 7253: 7232: 7221:Closing the Ring 7212: 7190: 7168: 7155:Air War Normandy 7149: 7125: 7113: 7104:Ambrose, Stephen 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7051:Mémorial Pegasus 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5525: 5519: 5510: 5504: 5495: 5489: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5420: 5414: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5149: 5143: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5000: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4773: 4767: 4758: 4752: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4333: 4327: 4300: 4293: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4261: 4206: 4191: 4175: 4160: 4142: 4066:Philippe Kieffer 3994:St Aubin-sur-Mer 3401:and the monitor 3340:submarine chaser 3233:Correlli Barnett 3088:: Major General 3084: 3070:: Major General 3066: 3056:: Major General 3052: 3044: 3023:: Major General 3019: 3004: 2970: 2960: 2953:reinforced with 2947:: Major General 2943: 2929: 2858:: Major General 2854: 2844:: Major General 2840: 2831:Leonard T. Gerow 2825: 2804:: Major General 2800: 2792:Jay W. MacKelvie 2786: 2776:: Major General 2772: 2762:: Major General 2758: 2744: 2686:Panzer divisions 2682:Italian Campaign 2641:and established 2585:deployed on the 2572: 2566: 2560: 2520:from April 1944) 2488: 2460: 2388: 2339: 2254:Oberbefehlshaber 2242: 2241: 2125: 2067:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2063:barrage balloons 2020:George S. Patton 1897:Hobart's Funnies 1688:gun emplacements 1662: 1659: 1642:airborne assault 1583:Second World War 1187:La Haye-du-Puits 1172:American Sector 1080:American Sector 1026:Merville Battery 1006:Airborne assault 913: 909: 899: 892: 885: 876: 875: 843:156,000 soldiers 793: 792: 763: 762: 684: 683: 608: 607: 585:Hans von Salmuth 583: 582: 571: 570: 559: 558: 547: 546: 535: 534: 523: 522: 511: 510: 493: 492: 481: 480: 469: 468: 457: 456: 445: 444: 433: 432: 424: 420: 419: 400: 396: 394: 393: 379: 377: 376: 369: 365: 363: 362: 354: 350: 348: 347: 339: 335: 333: 332: 321: 320: 319: 312: 308: 306: 305: 294: 293: 285: 281: 279: 278: 267: 265: 264: 257: 253: 251: 250: 239: 237: 236: 226: 224: 223: 213: 211: 210: 164: 163: 161: 160: 159: 154: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 118: 116: 111: 102: 101: 77: 67:Second World War 49: 48: 21: 12654: 12653: 12649: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12644: 12643: 12564:Battle for Caen 12524: 12523: 12522: 12517: 12484: 12478: 12448: 12443: 12354: 12318: 12299:Longues-sur-Mer 12267: 12230: 12173: 12162:Verrières Ridge 12108: 12001:(UK and Canada) 11958: 11948: 11918: 11913: 11906: 11899: 11885: 11883: 11871: 11862: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11832: 11825: 11818: 11809: 11804:Atomic bombings 11802: 11795: 11788: 11781: 11774: 11765: 11758: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11730: 11723: 11716: 11709: 11702: 11695: 11688: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11647: 11640: 11629: 11622: 11615: 11606: 11599: 11592: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11562: 11553: 11546: 11537: 11530: 11523: 11516: 11507: 11500: 11495:Eastern Romania 11493: 11488:Warsaw Uprising 11486: 11481:Tannenberg Line 11479: 11472: 11467:Western Ukraine 11465: 11456: 11449: 11440: 11431: 11422: 11415: 11408: 11397: 11388: 11375: 11368: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11285: 11278: 11271: 11264: 11259:Battle of Kursk 11257: 11250: 11243: 11236: 11229: 11216: 11209: 11200: 11193: 11186: 11177: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11147: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11103: 11096: 11089: 11082: 11075: 11070:St Nazaire Raid 11068: 11061: 11054: 11041: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10894: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10852:Anglo-Iraqi War 10850: 10843:Battle of Crete 10841: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10800: 10791: 10784: 10777: 10772:Eastern Romania 10770: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10728: 10721: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10652: 10645: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10603: 10590: 10581: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10546: 10537: 10530: 10523: 10514: 10507: 10481: 10474: 10467: 10458: 10451: 10446: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10414: 10407: 10398: 10391: 10386: 10379: 10366: 10359: 10350: 10343: 10338: 10333:Western Ukraine 10331: 10324: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10277:Northeast China 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10015: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9983:Slovak Republic 9981: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9954:Empire of Japan 9952: 9943: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9870: 9863: 9850: 9843: 9834: 9827: 9818: 9811: 9804: 9797: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9764: 9757: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9656: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9540: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9499: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9466:Sexual violence 9465: 9458: 9449: 9442: 9435: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9405: 9398: 9389: 9380: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9235: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9196: 9189: 9184:Greek Civil War 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9127: 9120: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9009:South-East Asia 9007: 9000: 8993: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8868:Military awards 8866: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8834: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8762: 8755: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8693: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8662: 8657: 8606:The short film 8581: 8529: 8525: 8514: 8506: 8495: 8487: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8444: 8423: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8355: 8344:The Longest Day 8339:Ryan, Cornelius 8331: 8307: 8285: 8238: 8216: 8193: 8169: 8145: 8126: 8104: 8080: 8058: 8041: 8039:Further reading 8036: 8030: 8011: 7992: 7970: 7951: 7937:Wilmot, Chester 7929: 7910: 7888: 7863: 7861: 7843: 7841: 7828:(6 June 2004). 7815: 7813: 7794: 7792: 7776: 7741: 7739: 7738:on 7 April 2014 7717: 7715: 7703: 7684: 7639: 7637: 7625: 7569: 7550: 7531:edition.cnn.com 7525:(5 June 2014). 7515: 7496: 7480:Gilbert, Martin 7469: 7467: 7452: 7433: 7378: 7356: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7294: 7292: 7291:on 29 June 2013 7273: 7263:Who dares, wins 7209: 7187: 7165: 7146: 7122: 7098: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6893: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6284: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5962: 5954: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5528: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5498: 5490: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5423: 5415: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5242: 5236:Margaritis 2019 5234: 5230: 5224:Margaritis 2019 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5152: 5144: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4776: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4545:, pp. 8–9. 4541: 4537: 4529: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4297:Royal Engineers 4294: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4245:Martha Gellhorn 4232:Daily Telegraph 4221: 4214: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4183: 4176: 4167: 4161: 4140: 4115: 4090: 4025: 4019: 3976:The landing at 3962: 3956: 3869: 3863: 3823: 3817: 3759: 3725: 3719: 3707: 3694: 3598: 3592:Operation Tonga 3590:Main articles: 3588: 3564:Mission Detroit 3560:Mission Chicago 3489: 3483: 3413: 3354: 3301: 3271:(under Admiral 3225:English Channel 3206:Southwick House 3198: 3192: 3124:), the British 3104:Members of the 3098: 3078: 3031: 2996: 2985: 2935:Gerard Bucknall 2871: 2866: 2812: 2778:Matthew Ridgway 2718: 2711: 2700: 2694: 2677: 2627:high water mark 2583:Czech hedgehogs 2574: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2546: 2544:English Channel 2538:Main articles: 2536: 2531: 2471:Wilhelm Richter 2468:Generalleutnant 2449: 2444: 2421: 2399:Dietrich Kraiss 2396:Generalleutnant 2377: 2372: 2347:Generalleutnant 2328: 2240:panzergrenadier 2163: 2129:English Channel 2123: 2120:Royal Air Force 2089: 2083: 1991: 1985: 1983:Deception plans 1924: 1916:21st Army Group 1814:Meeting of the 1731: 1660: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1539: 1326:Verrières Ridge 1248:Le Mesnil-Patry 1171: 1169:Ground campaign 1079: 1042:American Sector 1009:British Sector 1008: 914: 911: 907: 905: 903: 861: 849: 844: 833: 798: 797: 787: 783: 768: 767: 765:5th Panzer Army 757: 751: 689: 688: 678: 674: 613: 612: 602: 589: 577: 565: 553: 549:Theodor Krancke 541: 529: 517: 505: 499: 487: 475: 463: 451: 439: 427: 414: 413: 391: 389: 385: 374: 372: 360: 358: 345: 343: 330: 328: 317: 315: 303: 301: 288: 276: 274: 262: 260: 248: 246: 234: 232: 221: 219: 208: 206: 202: 178: 157: 155: 151: 148: 143: 140: 138: 136: 135: 134: 114: 112: 109: 78: 43: 40:Jour J (comics) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12652: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12539:1944 in France 12536: 12519: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12477: 12476: 12469: 12462: 12454: 12445: 12444: 12442: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12415: 12409: 12404: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12362: 12360: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12352: 12347: 12345:Pegasus Bridge 12342: 12337: 12332: 12330:Falaise pocket 12326: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12275: 12273: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12265: 12260: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12196: 12189: 12187: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12168:Villers-Bocage 12165: 12159: 12153: 12147: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12107: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12088: 12082: 12076: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12052: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12026: 12020: 12014: 12008: 12002: 11996: 11990: 11984: 11979: 11978:(assault plan) 11973: 11972:(overall plan) 11966: 11964: 11960: 11959: 11947: 11946: 11939: 11932: 11924: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11904: 11897: 11880: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11860: 11853: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11823: 11820:South Sakhalin 11816: 11815: 11814: 11800: 11793: 11786: 11779: 11772: 11771: 11770: 11756: 11749: 11742: 11735: 11728: 11721: 11714: 11707: 11700: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11665: 11657: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11645: 11638: 11637: 11636: 11620: 11613: 11612: 11611: 11597: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11560: 11551: 11544: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11505: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11454: 11447: 11438: 11429: 11420: 11413: 11406: 11395: 11385: 11383: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11357: 11343: 11336: 11329: 11322: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11299: 11292: 11283: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11255: 11248: 11245:Battle of Attu 11241: 11234: 11226: 11224: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11207: 11198: 11191: 11184: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11136: 11122: 11115: 11108: 11101: 11094: 11087: 11080: 11073: 11066: 11059: 11051: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11004: 10997: 10994:Battle of Guam 10990: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10927: 10920: 10917:Battle of Kiev 10913: 10906: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10876: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10848: 10847: 10846: 10832: 10825: 10818: 10810: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10740: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10670: 10662: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10650: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10600: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10579: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10544: 10543: 10542: 10535: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10504: 10502: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10472: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10456: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10428: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10416:United Kingdom 10412: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10384: 10376: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10364: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10348: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10308: 10301: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10229: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10102: 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10012: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9971: 9964: 9957: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9933: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9883: 9876: 9868: 9860: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9820:British Empire 9813:United Kingdom 9809: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9762: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9654: 9646: 9639: 9632: 9629:Czechoslovakia 9625: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9563: 9561: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9529: 9526:Rape of Manila 9522: 9515: 9508: 9497: 9482: 9475: 9463: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9447: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9403: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9378: 9364: 9357: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9312: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9297:United Nations 9293: 9286: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9242: 9233: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9159: 9156:Decolonization 9152: 9145: 9137: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9102: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9065: 9064: 9063: 9056: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8990: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8920: 8906: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8848: 8841: 8840: 8839: 8832: 8829:United Kingdom 8825: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8768: 8767: 8752: 8750: 8741: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8726: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8675: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8656: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8617: 8604: 8599: 8590: 8578: 8575:CBS Radio News 8568: 8563: 8558: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8523: 8504: 8485: 8477: 8476:External links 8474: 8472: 8471: 8465: 8448: 8442: 8427: 8421: 8408: 8379: 8359: 8353: 8335: 8329: 8311: 8306:978-1473649019 8305: 8289: 8283: 8267: 8259:Howarth, David 8255: 8236: 8224:Holland, James 8220: 8214: 8197: 8191: 8173: 8167: 8149: 8143: 8130: 8124: 8108: 8102: 8084: 8078: 8062: 8056: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8028: 8015: 8009: 7996: 7990: 7974: 7968: 7955: 7949: 7933: 7927: 7914: 7908: 7892: 7886: 7870: 7859:New York Times 7850: 7826:Stanley, Peter 7822: 7801: 7780: 7774: 7756: 7748: 7724: 7707: 7701: 7688: 7682: 7666: 7646: 7629: 7623: 7610: 7584:(1): 215–238. 7573: 7567: 7554: 7548: 7535: 7523:Holland, James 7519: 7513: 7500: 7494: 7476: 7465:History of War 7456: 7450: 7437: 7431: 7418: 7409: 7382: 7376: 7360: 7354: 7330: 7301: 7277: 7271: 7254: 7242:The Red Berets 7233: 7213: 7207: 7191: 7185: 7169: 7163: 7150: 7144: 7130:Beevor, Antony 7126: 7120: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7079: 7067: 7065:, p. 352. 7055: 7043: 7031: 7029:, p. 346. 7019: 7017:, p. 292. 7007: 7005:, p. 291. 6995: 6983: 6981:, p. 289. 6971: 6969:, p. 343. 6959: 6957:, p. 290. 6947: 6945:, p. 336. 6935: 6933:, p. 102. 6923: 6921:, p. 360. 6911: 6899: 6897:, p. 275. 6884: 6872: 6870:, p. 104. 6868:Whitmarsh 2009 6860: 6848: 6846:, p. 283. 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6785: 6783:, p. 138. 6773: 6771:, p. 143. 6758: 6746: 6744:, p. 277. 6734: 6732:, p. 131. 6722: 6720:, p. 276. 6710: 6708:, p. 135. 6698: 6686: 6684:, p. 317. 6674: 6662: 6660:, p. 275. 6650: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6612:, p. 129. 6602: 6590: 6586:Whitmarsh 2009 6575: 6573:, p. 292. 6563: 6561:, p. 272. 6551: 6539: 6537:, p. 286. 6527: 6525:, p. 299. 6515: 6503: 6491: 6489:, p. 337. 6479: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6377: 6375:, p. 106. 6365: 6353: 6351:, p. 155. 6341: 6339:, p. 263. 6329: 6317: 6315:, p. 102. 6302: 6300:, p. 165. 6290: 6286:Whitmarsh 2009 6278: 6266: 6262:Whitmarsh 2009 6254: 6242: 6240:, p. 130. 6230: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6189:, p. 242. 6179: 6167: 6165:, p. 282. 6155: 6153:, p. 230. 6143: 6131: 6129:, p. 222. 6119: 6117:, p. 239. 6107: 6095: 6093:, p. 240. 6083: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6045:, p. 167. 6035: 6023: 6021:, p. 151. 6011: 5999: 5987: 5985:, p. 145. 5975: 5973:, p. 244. 5960: 5948: 5946:, p. 139. 5936: 5934:, p. 116. 5924: 5912: 5900: 5898:, p. 243. 5885: 5873: 5871:, p. 134. 5861: 5859:, p. 133. 5846: 5834: 5822: 5820:, p. 159. 5810: 5808:, p. 234. 5798: 5786: 5784:, p. 175. 5774: 5772:, p. 114. 5762: 5758:Whitmarsh 2009 5750: 5738: 5726: 5714: 5712:, p. 255. 5702: 5690: 5688:, p. 233. 5678: 5676:, p. 205. 5666: 5662:Whitmarsh 2009 5654: 5652:, p. 594. 5650:Churchill 1951 5642: 5627: 5625:, p. 133. 5615: 5603: 5601:, p. 229. 5591: 5579: 5577:, p. 138. 5567: 5555: 5553:, p. 201. 5543: 5541:, p. 200. 5526: 5524:, p. 270. 5511: 5509:, p. 271. 5496: 5481: 5469: 5454: 5450:Whitmarsh 2009 5442: 5440:, p. 125. 5421: 5417:Whitmarsh 2009 5404: 5402:, p. 192. 5392: 5388:Whitmarsh 2009 5380: 5368: 5366:, p. 482. 5356: 5344: 5342:, p. 283. 5332: 5330:, p. 280. 5320: 5318:, p. 263. 5308: 5293: 5289:Whitmarsh 2009 5281: 5269: 5257: 5240: 5238:, p. 321. 5228: 5216: 5212:Whitmarsh 2009 5204: 5202:, p. 206. 5189: 5177: 5175:, p. 275. 5150: 5129: 5117: 5115:, p. 122. 5100: 5098:, p. 118. 5088: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5038:, p. 118. 5028: 5026:, p. 144. 5016: 5001: 4999:, p. 131. 4986: 4974: 4972:, p. 224. 4962: 4950: 4938: 4934:Whitmarsh 2009 4923: 4919:Whitmarsh 2009 4902: 4890: 4886:Whitmarsh 2009 4875: 4873:, p. 282. 4863: 4859:Whitmarsh 2009 4851: 4839: 4837:, p. 465. 4827: 4825:, p. 680. 4815: 4813:, p. 698. 4803: 4801:, p. 136. 4791: 4774: 4770:Churchill 1951 4759: 4744: 4742:, p. 684. 4732: 4728:Whitmarsh 2009 4711: 4707:Whitmarsh 2009 4699: 4697:, p. 491. 4687: 4685:, p. 182. 4675: 4658: 4646: 4644:, p. 170. 4631: 4619: 4607: 4605:, p. 404. 4603:Churchill 1951 4595: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4508: 4496: 4492:Whitmarsh 2009 4481: 4469: 4457: 4442: 4427: 4425:, p. 342. 4415: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4361: 4359:, p. 492. 4349: 4334: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4288: 4275: 4266: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4239:Exercise Tiger 4236: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4186: 4184: 4177: 4170: 4168: 4162: 4155: 4137:Pegasus Bridge 4125:is nearby, in 4119:National Guard 4114: 4111: 4089: 4086: 4059:moved through 4057:No. 4 Commando 4021:Main article: 4018: 4015: 3958:Main article: 3955: 3952: 3940:Victoria Cross 3936:Stanley Hollis 3928:Port-en-Bessin 3865:Main article: 3862: 3859: 3837:, 6 June 1944. 3819:Main article: 3816: 3813: 3772:, a prominent 3758: 3755: 3721:Main article: 3718: 3715: 3706: 3703: 3693: 3692:Beach landings 3690: 3618:Pegasus Bridge 3587: 3584: 3572:Mission Elmira 3568:Mission Keokuk 3566:), and 21:00 ( 3558:around 04:00 ( 3485:Main article: 3482: 3479: 3412: 3409: 3353: 3350: 3300: 3297: 3237:Bertram Ramsay 3227:on 6 June 1944 3194:Main article: 3191: 3190:Naval activity 3188: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3097: 3094: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3060: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 2997: 2992:Main article: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2964: 2951: 2949:Douglas Graham 2931:XXX Corps (UK) 2922: 2921: 2920: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2848: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2794: 2780: 2766: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2717: 2714: 2693: 2690: 2676: 2673: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2265: 2264: 2162: 2159: 2114:Group Captain 2108:weather fronts 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 1984: 1981: 1923: 1920: 1777:British troops 1730: 1727: 1554: 1553: 1551: 1550: 1538: 1537: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1470: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1449:Pierres Noires 1446: 1441: 1436: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1290: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1243:Villers-Bocage 1233: 1228: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1177:Brécourt Manor 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1130: 1129: 1127:Port-en-Bessin 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 985: 978: 976:Transport Plan 973: 968: 963: 962: 961: 956: 949: 942: 928: 919: 916: 915: 902: 901: 894: 887: 879: 871: 870: 867: 857: 856: 852: 851: 846: 840: 839: 835: 834: 832: 831: 830: 829: 820: 819: 810: 809: 786: 785: 784: 782: 781: 780: 779: 772:South of Caen: 756: 755: 754: 752: 750: 749: 748: 747: 742: 736: 735: 727: 726: 720: 719: 709: 708: 702: 701: 677: 676: 675: 673: 672: 671: 670: 665: 660: 655: 649: 648: 638: 637: 632: 626: 625: 601: 600: 599: 596: 595: 594:Units involved 591: 590: 588: 587: 575: 563: 551: 539: 527: 515: 502: 500: 498: 497: 485: 483:Bertram Ramsay 473: 461: 449: 437: 425: 410: 407: 406: 402: 401: 386: 384: 383: 370: 355: 340: 325: 313: 298: 286: 283:Czechoslovakia 271: 258: 243: 230: 217: 215:United Kingdom 203: 193: 192: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 172:Allied victory 170: 166: 165: 153:49.34°N 0.60°W 126: 124: 120: 119: 106: 98: 97: 70: 69: 54: 53: 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12651: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12482: 12475: 12470: 12468: 12463: 12461: 12456: 12455: 12452: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12366:Atlantic Wall 12364: 12363: 12361: 12357: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12274: 12272:Gun batteries 12270: 12264: 12261: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12226: 12223: 12220: 12217: 12214: 12211: 12206: 12205:Pointe du Hoc 12203: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12176: 12169: 12166: 12163: 12160: 12157: 12154: 12151: 12148: 12145: 12142: 12139: 12136: 12133: 12130: 12127: 12124: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12111: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12092: 12089: 12086: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12065: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12045: 12042: 12039: 12036: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12024: 12021: 12018: 12015: 12012: 12009: 12006: 12003: 12000: 11997: 11994: 11991: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11977: 11974: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11952:Western Front 11945: 11940: 11938: 11933: 11931: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11865: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11851: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11840: 11835: 11831: 11830: 11828: 11827:Kuril Islands 11824: 11821: 11817: 11812: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11780: 11777: 11773: 11768: 11764: 11763: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11743: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11722: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11694: 11691: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11666: 11663: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11643: 11639: 11634: 11633: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11614: 11609: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11594:Syrmian Front 11591: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11540:Market Garden 11536: 11533: 11529: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11506: 11503: 11499: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11471: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11421: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11399:Monte Cassino 11396: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11371: 11367: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11316: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11284: 11281: 11277: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11263: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11227: 11225: 11223: 11219: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11173: 11169: 11166: 11162: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11106: 11102: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11005: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10984: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10897: 10893: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10870: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10844: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10796: 10795: 10790: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10765:Baltic states 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10609: 10606: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10566: 10563: 10559: 10556: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10545: 10540: 10536: 10533: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10466: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10422: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10409:United States 10406: 10401: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10349: 10346: 10345:Quốc dân Đảng 10342: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10234: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10070: 10067: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10045:Liechtenstein 10042: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10021: 10018: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9994: 9991: 9987: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9965: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9951: 9946: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9853: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829:United States 9826: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9800: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9749: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9644: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9612: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9547: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9519:Comfort women 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9503: / 9502: 9498: 9495: 9492: / 9491: 9488: / 9487: 9483: 9480: 9479:Camp brothels 9476: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9457: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368:The Holocaust 9365: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9354:forced labour 9351: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9211: 9208: 9207:Marshall Plan 9204: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9167: 9164: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9123: 9119: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9061: 9060:Eastern Front 9057: 9054: 9053:Western Front 9050: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8947:Puppet states 8944: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8889:Naval history 8886: 8883: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8837: 8836:United States 8833: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8665: 8661: 8654: 8649: 8647: 8642: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8631: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8468: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8394: 8387: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8293:Milton, Giles 8290: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8252:9781787631274 8249: 8245: 8242:, (in the UK 8239: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8192:0-671-46029-3 8188: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8177:Hastings, Max 8174: 8170: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8112:D'Este, Carlo 8109: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8066:Buckley, John 8063: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8043: 8031: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7965: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7760:Speer, Albert 7757: 7753: 7749: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7635: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7477: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7338:Butler, J.R.M 7335: 7331: 7316: 7309: 7308: 7302: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7259:Qui ose gagne 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7112: 7111: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7088: 7087:O'Connor 2021 7083: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6993:, p. 36. 6992: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6932: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6909:, p. 13. 6908: 6903: 6896: 6891: 6889: 6881: 6876: 6869: 6864: 6858:, p. 74. 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6797: 6792: 6790: 6782: 6777: 6770: 6765: 6763: 6755: 6750: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6588:, p. 70. 6587: 6582: 6580: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6555: 6548: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6438:, p. 90. 6437: 6432: 6426:, p. 91. 6425: 6420: 6418: 6410: 6405: 6399:, p. 45. 6398: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6363:, p. 50. 6362: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6326: 6321: 6314: 6309: 6307: 6299: 6294: 6288:, p. 51. 6287: 6282: 6275: 6270: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6228:, p. 73. 6227: 6222: 6220: 6213:, p. 84. 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6105:, p. 57. 6104: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6033:, p. 71. 6032: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6008: 6003: 5997:, p. 69. 5996: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5965: 5958:, p. 67. 5957: 5952: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5897: 5892: 5890: 5883:, p. 27. 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5748:, p. 69. 5747: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5724:, p. 82. 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5664:, p. 30. 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5632: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5607: 5600: 5595: 5589:, p. 43. 5588: 5583: 5576: 5571: 5565:, p. 23. 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5478: 5473: 5467:, p. 66. 5466: 5461: 5459: 5452:, p. 53. 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5419:, Map, p. 12. 5418: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5401: 5396: 5390:, p. 15. 5389: 5384: 5378:, p. 31. 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5291:, p. 12. 5290: 5285: 5279:, p. 12. 5278: 5273: 5267:, p. 33. 5266: 5261: 5255:, p. 30. 5254: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5214:, p. 73. 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5187:, p. 60. 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5148:, p. 63. 5147: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5062:, p. 37. 5061: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5036:Francois 2013 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5006: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4960:, p. 21. 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4936:, p. 33. 4935: 4930: 4928: 4921:, p. 31. 4920: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4888:, p. 34. 4887: 4882: 4880: 4872: 4867: 4861:, p. 27. 4860: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4824: 4823:Weinberg 1995 4819: 4812: 4811:Weinberg 1995 4807: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740:Weinberg 1995 4736: 4730:, p. 13. 4729: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4673:, p. 14. 4672: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4569:, p. 10. 4568: 4563: 4556: 4555:Folliard 1942 4551: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4506:, p. 72. 4505: 4500: 4494:, p. 87. 4493: 4488: 4486: 4479:, p. 29. 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4455:, p. 67. 4454: 4449: 4447: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4397: 4392: 4386:, p. 25. 4385: 4380: 4374:, p. 99. 4373: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4347:, p. 76. 4346: 4341: 4339: 4332:, p. 82. 4331: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4315: 4298: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4270: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4182:, near Bayeux 4181: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3972:, 6 June 1944 3971: 3966: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3858: 3854: 3852: 3851:covering fire 3848: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:Pointe du Hoc 3763: 3757:Pointe du Hoc 3754: 3750: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3729: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3698: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663:Terence Otway 3660: 3659:9th Battalion 3655: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3481:United States 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3358: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3338:off Utah and 3337: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3306: 3305:torpedo boats 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3265:Merchant Navy 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2987: 2986: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2898:Miles Dempsey 2895: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2704: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2651:Rommelspargel 2648: 2644: 2643:air supremacy 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2587:Atlantic Wall 2584: 2580: 2555: 2554:Atlantic Wall 2550: 2545: 2541: 2540:Atlantic Wall 2534:Atlantic Wall 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518:Hans von Luck 2515: 2512: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299:Generaloberst 2295: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2171:Eastern Front 2168: 2167:Low Countries 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2095: 2094:highest tides 2088: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2004: 2003:George Patton 2000: 1995: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1875:Pas-de-Calais 1872: 1868: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1758:United States 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Joseph Stalin 1743: 1739: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1696:metal tripods 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:Atlantic Wall 1624: 1621: 1620:Field Marshal 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1601:Western Front 1598: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260:Ardenne Abbey 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1095:Pointe du Hoc 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 990: 986: 984: 983: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 960: 957: 955: 954: 950: 948: 947: 943: 941: 940: 936: 935: 934: 933: 929: 927: 926:Atlantic Wall 924: 923: 922: 917: 910: 900: 895: 893: 888: 886: 881: 880: 877: 868: 865: 859: 858: 853: 847: 842: 841: 836: 828: 825: 824: 823: 818: 815: 814: 813: 808: 805: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 791: 778: 775: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 761: 753: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 733: 732: 730: 725: 722: 721: 718: 715: 714: 712: 707: 704: 703: 700: 697: 696: 694: 691: 690: 687: 682: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 647: 644: 643: 641: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624: 621: 620: 618: 615: 614: 611: 606: 598: 597: 592: 586: 581: 576: 574: 569: 564: 562: 557: 552: 550: 545: 540: 538: 533: 528: 526: 521: 516: 514: 509: 504: 503: 501: 496: 491: 486: 484: 479: 474: 472: 467: 462: 460: 455: 450: 448: 447:Miles Dempsey 443: 438: 436: 435:Arthur Tedder 431: 426: 423: 418: 412: 411: 409: 408: 403: 399: 387: 382: 371: 368: 356: 353: 341: 338: 326: 324: 314: 311: 299: 297: 292: 287: 284: 272: 270: 259: 256: 244: 242: 231: 229: 228:United States 218: 216: 205: 204: 201: 199: 195: 194: 189: 181: 176: 175: 171: 168: 167: 162: 133: 129: 125: 122: 121: 107: 104: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82: 76: 71: 68: 64: 63:Western Front 60: 55: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12480: 12370: 12323:Other places 12134:(UK, Canada) 12047: 11975: 11956:World War II 11901:Bibliography 11884: 11697:Project Hula 11662:Vistula–Oder 11631: 11564: 11555: 11539: 11509: 11458: 11442: 11441: 11433: 11424: 11390: 11287: 11202: 11178: 11148: 10899: 10792: 10737:North Africa 10439:Soviet Union 10393:Soviet Union 10319:Soviet Union 10087:Vatican City 9997:Vichy France 9902:German Reich 9799:Soviet Union 9785:South Africa 9778:Sierra Leone 9731:Newfoundland 9550:Participants 9533:Marocchinate 9237: 9228: 9198: 9076:North Africa 9037:Indian Ocean 8896:Nazi plunder 8787:Cryptography 8660:World War II 8620: 8608: 8553: 8533: 8518: 8499: 8455:. Winnipeg: 8452: 8432: 8412: 8400:. Retrieved 8393:the original 8384: 8366: 8363:Stacey, C.P. 8343: 8319: 8296: 8274: 8271:Keegan, John 8262: 8243: 8227: 8205: 8181: 8157: 8153:Field, Jacob 8134: 8115: 8092: 8069: 8047: 8019: 8000: 7981: 7959: 7940: 7918: 7899: 7877: 7862:. Retrieved 7858: 7842:. Retrieved 7838:the original 7833: 7814:. Retrieved 7809: 7793:. Retrieved 7788: 7764: 7751: 7740:. Retrieved 7736:the original 7731: 7716:. Retrieved 7692: 7673: 7653: 7638:. Retrieved 7614: 7581: 7577: 7558: 7539: 7530: 7504: 7484: 7468:. Retrieved 7464: 7441: 7422: 7413: 7387: 7367: 7341: 7322:. Retrieved 7306: 7293:. Retrieved 7289:the original 7284: 7262: 7258: 7241: 7237: 7220: 7198: 7176: 7154: 7134: 7109: 7096:Bibliography 7082: 7075:Zuehlke 2004 7070: 7058: 7046: 7034: 7022: 7010: 6998: 6986: 6974: 6962: 6950: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6902: 6895:Holland 2014 6875: 6863: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6776: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6629: 6617: 6605: 6593: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6494: 6482: 6455: 6443: 6431: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6320: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6233: 6206: 6194: 6182: 6170: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6026: 6014: 6002: 5990: 5978: 5951: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5876: 5864: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5698:Weigley 1981 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5645: 5640:, p. 6. 5618: 5606: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5563:Douthit 1988 5558: 5546: 5492:Holland 2014 5477:Stanley 2004 5472: 5445: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5311: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5180: 5120: 5091: 5084:Liedtke 2015 5079: 5072:Liedtke 2015 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5019: 4977: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4898:Bickers 1994 4893: 4866: 4854: 4847:Zuehlke 2004 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4757:, p. 3. 4735: 4702: 4695:Gilbert 1989 4690: 4678: 4654:Ambrose 1994 4649: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4499: 4472: 4460: 4453:Morison 1962 4418: 4411:Meadows 2016 4391: 4379: 4352: 4291: 4278: 4269: 4259: 4231: 4135: 4116: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4070: 4049:piped ashore 4038: 4002:Bény-sur-Mer 3987: 3975: 3921: 3899: 3893: 3881: 3855: 3840: 3801: 3794: 3787: 3782:James Rudder 3768: 3751: 3734: 3708: 3675: 3656: 3646:Richard Gale 3622:Horsa Bridge 3611: 3604:A destroyed 3580: 3553: 3541: 3521: 3502: 3474: 3467: 3423: 3414: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3363: 3344: 3334: 3329:smoke screen 3323: 3317: 3310: 3302: 3299:Naval losses 3289:minesweepers 3273:Alan G. Kirk 3261: 3241:Flag officer 3230: 3223:crosses the 3184: 3170: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3117: 3115: 3090:Percy Hobart 3079: 3072:Richard Gale 3011:John Crocker 2901: 2891: 2880:attached to 2729: 2726:Omar Bradley 2719: 2709: 2678: 2668: 2662:Albert Speer 2659: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2623: 2619:116th Panzer 2617:, 21st, and 2595: 2504:assault guns 2497:Generalmajor 2496: 2467: 2450: 2422: 2395: 2378: 2353: 2346: 2329: 2314:Erich Marcks 2308: 2297: 2288:Army Group B 2253: 2248:Adolf Hitler 2245: 2212: 2181: 2174: 2164: 2151:Erwin Rommel 2136: 2134: 2132:impossible. 2113: 2106:map showing 2090: 2036: 2008: 1960:Gold Beaches 1944: 1925: 1901: 1864: 1844:Omar Bradley 1839:. Back row: 1770: 1754:Soviet Union 1750:second front 1732: 1704: 1685: 1639: 1623:Erwin Rommel 1616:Adolf Hitler 1610:, codenamed 1605: 1591: 1586: 1585:. Codenamed 1573:invasion of 1562: 1560: 1541: 1540: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1458: 1454:Audierne Bay 1427: 1426: 1380: 1373: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1330: 1319: 1312: 1300: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1236: 1220: 1168: 1167: 1132: 1131: 1105: 1099: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1014: 1005: 1004: 988: 982:Postage Able 981: 952: 945: 938: 931: 920: 821: 811: 802:Omaha Beach: 801: 771: 728: 710: 692: 639: 616: 537:Hugo Sperrle 525:Erwin Rommel 495:Omar Bradley 367:South Africa 196: 191:Belligerents 158:49.34; -0.60 79: 44: 12381:Dieppe Raid 12314:Mont Canisy 11632:Bodenplatte 11518:Gothic Line 10744:West Africa 10291:Philippines 10270:Netherlands 10135:Czech lands 10073:Switzerland 10017:Afghanistan 9968:Philippines 9836:Puerto Rico 9752:Philippines 9738:New Zealand 9724:Netherlands 9677:Free France 9428:Prosecution 9229:Osoaviakhim 9099:West Africa 9083:East Africa 8730:Conferences 7742:6 September 7470:15 February 7334:Ellis, L.F. 7015:Wilmot 1997 7003:Wilmot 1997 6979:Wilmot 1997 6955:Wilmot 1997 6919:Wilmot 1997 6856:Beevor 2009 6844:Wilmot 1997 6820:Beevor 2009 6781:Beevor 2009 6769:Beevor 2009 6742:Wilmot 1997 6730:Beevor 2009 6718:Wilmot 1997 6706:Beevor 2009 6694:Beevor 2009 6658:Wilmot 1997 6634:Wilmot 1997 6622:Wilmot 1997 6610:Beevor 2009 6559:Wilmot 1997 6436:Beevor 2009 6424:Beevor 2009 6373:Beevor 2009 6361:Zaloga 2009 6349:Beevor 2009 6337:Wilmot 1997 6313:Beevor 2009 6187:Wilmot 1997 6175:Beevor 2009 6163:Wilmot 1997 6115:Wilmot 1997 6103:Beevor 2009 6091:Wilmot 1997 6079:Wilmot 1997 6067:Beevor 2009 6055:Wilmot 1997 6031:Beevor 2009 5995:Beevor 2009 5971:Wilmot 1997 5956:Beevor 2009 5932:Beevor 2009 5908:Beevor 2009 5896:Wilmot 1997 5881:Beevor 2009 5806:Wilmot 1997 5782:Wilmot 1997 5734:Beevor 2009 5710:Wilmot 1997 5599:Wilmot 1997 5587:Beevor 2009 5575:Escott 2010 5400:Wilmot 1997 5340:Hooton 1999 5328:Murray 1983 5316:Murray 1983 5265:Beevor 2009 5024:Wilmot 1997 5012:Beevor 2009 4982:Wilmot 1997 4970:Wilmot 1997 4958:Beevor 2009 4871:Beevor 2009 4787:Beevor 2009 4755:Beevor 2009 4683:Wilmot 1997 4642:Wilmot 1997 4627:Beevor 2009 4591:Wilmot 1997 4504:Napier 2015 4396:Garner 2019 4372:Beevor 2009 4357:Beevor 2009 4345:Beevor 2009 4330:Beevor 2009 4053:Bill Millin 4051:by Private 4041:Sword Beach 4033:Sword Beach 4023:Sword Beach 4017:Sword Beach 3948:Arromanches 3835:Omaha Beach 3821:Omaha Beach 3815:Omaha Beach 3524:Douve River 3509:Aldis lamps 3505:pathfinders 3451:SAS Brigade 3447:Free French 3352:Bombardment 3309:HNoMS 3277:Philip Vian 3247:during the 3034:Sword Beach 2894:Second Army 2892:Commander, 2886:Sword Beach 2815:Omaha Beach 2720:Commander, 2631:booby traps 2621:divisions. 2552:Map of the 2355:Ostlegionen 2176:Ostlegionen 2157:divisions. 2116:James Stagg 1735:German Army 1581:during the 1502:Houndsworth 1422:La Rochelle 812:Utah Beach: 729:Sword Beach 686:Second Army 617:Omaha Beach 337:New Zealand 310:Netherlands 177:Territorial 156: / 115:6 June 1944 108:6 June 1944 94:Omaha Beach 12528:Categories 12391:Rhino tank 12279:Amfreville 11963:Operations 11732:West Hunan 11565:Pointblank 10901:Silver Fox 10887:Summer War 10640:Winter War 10619:Phoney War 10400:Azerbaijan 10361:Yugoslavia 10256:Luxembourg 10098:Resistance 9845:Yugoslavia 9710:Luxembourg 9512:Sook Ching 9308:War crimes 8910:Technology 8903:Opposition 8845:Lend-Lease 8822:Australian 8815:Home front 8773:Blitzkrieg 8723:Casualties 8714:Commanders 8686:Operations 7791:. BBC News 6943:Flint 2009 6931:Flint 2009 5830:Corta 1997 5818:Corta 1952 5364:Speer 1971 5352:Speer 1971 4946:Traub 2024 4835:Brown 2007 4306:References 4061:Ouistreham 3978:Juno Beach 3970:Juno Beach 3960:Juno Beach 3954:Juno Beach 3884:Gold Beach 3877:Gold Beach 3867:Gold Beach 3861:Gold Beach 3723:Utah Beach 3717:Utah Beach 3433:and River 3431:Caen Canal 3210:Portsmouth 3058:Tom Rennie 3025:Rod Keller 2988:Juno Beach 2919:Gold Beach 2734:Utah Beach 2722:First Army 2696:See also: 2607:Saint-Malo 2598:St Nazaire 2276:: General 2059:metal foil 1987:See also: 1964:Juno Beach 1947:Orne River 1922:Operations 1910:. General 1733:After the 1729:Background 1707:beachheads 1548:Cemeteries 1402:Saint-Malo 971:Pointblank 864:M4 Sherman 711:Juno Beach 693:Gold Beach 640:Utah Beach 610:First Army 12235:Logistics 12150:Cherbourg 12097:Tractable 12023:Fortitude 11999:Charnwood 11797:Manchuria 11683:Indochina 11459:Bagration 10910:Lithuania 10555:Anschluss 10352:Viet Minh 10249:Lithuania 10191:Hong Kong 9961:Manchukuo 9916:Azad Hind 9575:Australia 9375:Aftermath 9238:Paperclip 9133:Aftermath 8933:Total war 8801:Diplomacy 8764:In Europe 7939:(1997) . 7898:(1995) . 7864:4 January 7844:8 January 7762:(1971) . 7662:757924260 7606:144324751 7598:1351-8046 7405:757064836 7397:1826/4017 7324:8 January 7219:(1951) . 7175:(2007) . 7106:(1994) . 6907:Horn 2010 5842:Barr 1944 5623:Yung 2006 4311:Citations 4088:Aftermath 3946:captured 3917:casemated 3905:embrasure 3833:approach 3793:HMS 3788:Satterlee 3786:USS 3606:Waco CG-4 3537:hedgerows 3392:Ramillies 3343:USS 3333:USS 3324:Ramillies 3316:HMS 2746:VII Corps 2647:Luftwaffe 2639:Luftwaffe 2611:15th Army 2143:war games 2138:Luftwaffe 2110:on 5 June 1969:Avranches 1952:Cherbourg 1931:lodgement 1884:Cherbourg 1803:. At the 1565:were the 1542:Aftermath 1495:Bulbasket 1444:Cherbourg 1381:Tractable 1294:Charnwood 1209:Cherbourg 1133:Logistics 939:Fortitude 932:Bodyguard 699:XXX Corps 646:VII Corps 269:Australia 12403:(France) 12359:See also 12335:Hill 262 12309:Merville 12294:Houlgate 12289:Crisbecq 12284:Azeville 12221:(Canada) 12164:(Canada) 12144:Chambois 12138:Carentan 12126:Bréville 12105:(Canada) 12091:Totalize 12075:(Canada) 12051:(German) 12029:Goodwood 11993:Bluecoat 11989:(Canada) 11987:Atlantic 11970:Overlord 11908:Category 11857:document 11767:document 11624:Ardennes 11608:Budapest 11556:Crossbow 11434:Overlord 11273:Smolensk 10491:Timeline 10326:Slovakia 10312:Thailand 10163:Ethiopia 10128:Bulgaria 10052:Portugal 9990:Thailand 9872:Bulgaria 9650:Eswatini 9643:Ethiopia 9596:Bulgaria 9421:Unit 731 9382:Response 9199:Keelhaul 9149:Cold War 9122:Americas 9113:timeline 9106:Atlantic 8986:Theaters 8554:Overlord 8375:39263107 8365:(1946). 8341:(1959). 8317:(2002). 8295:(2018). 8273:(1994). 8261:(1959). 8226:(2019). 8204:(2001). 8179:(1984). 8155:(2014). 8114:(1983). 8090:(1992). 8068:(2006). 7876:(1981). 7812:. London 7672:(1983). 7652:(1962). 7482:(1989). 7366:(2010). 7315:Archived 7295:18 April 7197:(2019). 7132:(2009). 4219:See also 3909:enfilade 3900:Argonaut 3795:Talybont 3774:headland 3642:Ranville 3632:and the 3544:Merderet 3398:Warspite 3374:Arkansas 3318:Warspite 3130:sabotage 3112:in 1944. 3005:British 2716:US zones 2294:7th Army 2043:Le Havre 1867:Brittany 1775:, where 1756:and the 1715:Saint-Lô 1711:Carentan 1575:Normandy 1516:Jedburgh 1439:La Caine 1392:Chambois 1387:Hill 262 1366:Hill 140 1360:Totalize 1353:Bluecoat 1332:Breakout 1320:Goodwood 1313:Atlantic 1307:2nd Odon 1231:Bréville 1197:Carentan 1192:Saint-Lô 1182:Graignes 1156:Mulberry 1139:American 989:Tarbrush 946:Zeppelin 838:Strength 795:7th Army 128:Normandy 123:Location 61:and the 57:Part of 12113:Battles 12103:Windsor 12079:Titanic 12061:Martlet 12055:Mallard 12048:Lüttich 12041:Jupiter 11976:Neptune 11834:Shumshu 11601:Hungary 11548:Estonia 11532:Lapland 11510:Dragoon 11443:Neptune 11425:Ichi-Go 11391:Tempest 11333:Changde 11288:Cottage 11180:Jubilee 10896:Finland 10794:Compass 10500:Prelude 10453:Finland 10339:Vietnam 10305:Romania 10177:Germany 10156:Estonia 10142:Denmark 10121:Belgium 10114:Austria 10107:Albania 10038:Ireland 10024:Andorra 10008:Neutral 9975:Romania 9909:Hungary 9894:Finland 9766:Romania 9658:Finland 9636:Denmark 9582:Belgium 9568:Algeria 9274:Romania 9260:Hungary 9016:Pacific 8740:General 8694:Leaders 8679:Battles 8672:Outline 8595:at the 8587:YouTube 8402:23 June 7804:Staff. 7795:10 June 7789:bbc.com 7640:9 April 7340:(ed.). 7250:8226637 3983:fascine 3515:of the 3459:Samwest 3455:Dingson 3404:Roberts 3345:PC-1261 3311:Svenner 3293:U-boats 3285:R boats 3179:masking 3007:I Corps 2827:V Corps 2258:OB West 2184:OB West 2118:of the 2081:Weather 1973:Falaise 1848:Admiral 1834:General 1827:General 1801:Pacific 1744:leader 1618:placed 1530:Wallace 1523:Dragoon 1481:Titanic 1474:Samwest 1467:Dingson 1397:Falaise 1374:Lüttich 1301:Jupiter 1287:Windsor 1273:Martlet 1267:Douvres 1202:Hill 30 1151:British 1064:Detroit 1059:Chicago 1034:Mallard 953:Titanic 921:Prelude 848:50,350+ 734:I Corps 717:I Corps 623:V Corps 398:Germany 179:changes 141:49°20′N 113: ( 65:of the 12073:Spring 11811:Debate 11783:Taipei 11776:Borneo 11354:Tarawa 10548:Europe 10509:Africa 10298:Poland 10284:Norway 10263:Malaya 10242:Latvia 10184:Greece 10170:France 10066:Sweden 10031:Bhutan 9759:Poland 9745:Norway 9717:Mexico 9684:Greece 9670:France 9608:Canada 9589:Brazil 9559:Allies 9505:Serbia 9494:Poland 9267:Poland 9253:Baltic 9046:Europe 8748:Topics 8700:Allied 8623:(1944) 8463: 8440: 8419: 8373: 8351: 8327: 8303: 8281: 8250: 8234: 8212: 8189: 8165: 8141: 8122: 8100: 8076: 8054: 8026: 8007: 7988: 7966: 7947: 7925: 7906: 7884: 7816:4 June 7772: 7718:6 June 7699: 7680: 7660: 7621: 7604: 7596: 7565: 7546: 7533:. CNN. 7511: 7492: 7448: 7429: 7403: 7374: 7352: 7269: 7248: 7229:396150 7227: 7205: 7183: 7161: 7142: 7118: 4230:D-Day 4141: 3996:, and 3556:glider 3533:bocage 3463:Cooney 3461:, and 3383:, and 3380:Nevada 3221:convoy 3163:Violet 3156:Tortue 2602:Dieppe 2591:Calais 2571: 2565: 2559: 2495:under 2466:under 2394:under 2345:under 2155:Panzer 2147:Rennes 2124: 2047:Isigny 2032:Calais 2028:Sussex 2001:under 1869:, the 1742:Soviet 1719:Bayeux 1717:, and 1679:, and 1661: 1571:Allied 1532:& 1509:Loyton 1488:Cooney 1434:Ushant 1346:Spring 1106:Gambit 1069:Elmira 1054:Boston 1049:Albany 1000:Fabius 395: 378: 364: 352:Greece 349: 334: 323:Norway 307: 296:Poland 280: 266: 255:France 252: 241:Canada 238: 225: 212: 198:Allies 169:Result 144:0°36′W 132:France 38:, and 12513:Sword 12498:Omaha 12371:D-Day 12304:Maisy 12257:Pluto 12225:Sword 12201:(US) 12199:Omaha 12120:Brest 12085:Tonga 12067:Perch 12017:Epsom 12005:Cobra 11587:Leyte 11417:Narva 11403:Anzio 11361:Makin 11319:Burma 11203:Torch 11172:Rzhev 11133:Kiska 10219:Korea 10205:Japan 10198:Italy 10080:Tibet 10059:Spain 9937:Italy 9698:Italy 9691:India 9615:China 9490:Japan 9090:Italy 9002:China 8954:Women 8573:from 8530:(PDF) 8515:(PDF) 8496:(PDF) 8413:D-Day 8396:(PDF) 8389:(PDF) 7714:. BBC 7602:S2CID 7318:(PDF) 7311:(PDF) 7261:[ 7240:[ 4252:Notes 3705:Tanks 3576:Jeeps 3439:Dives 3386:Texas 3335:Corry 3283:, 36 3245:Dover 3208:near 3161:Plan 3154:Plan 3147:Plan 3140:Plan 2589:near 2231:116th 1977:Seine 1956:Sword 1888:Paris 1692:mined 1681:Sword 1669:Omaha 1644:—the 1592:D-Day 1534:Hardy 1417:Paris 1407:Brest 1339:Cobra 1280:Epsom 1237:Perch 1214:Naval 1161:Pluto 1112:Sword 1085:Omaha 1015:Tonga 995:Tiger 866:tanks 12508:Juno 12503:Gold 12493:Utah 12227:(UK) 12219:Juno 12215:(UK) 12213:Gold 12207:(US) 12195:(US) 12193:Utah 12170:(UK) 12158:(UK) 12152:(US) 12140:(US) 12132:Caen 12128:(UK) 12122:(US) 12081:(UK) 12069:(UK) 12063:(UK) 12057:(UK) 12043:(UK) 12037:(UK) 12031:(UK) 12019:(UK) 12013:(UK) 12007:(US) 11995:(UK) 11653:1945 11381:1944 11222:1943 11150:Blue 11140:Attu 11047:1942 10806:1941 10658:1940 10596:1939 10525:Asia 10372:POWs 10212:Jews 9930:Iraq 9856:Axis 9806:Tuva 9622:Cuba 8707:Axis 8461:ISBN 8438:ISBN 8417:ISBN 8404:2014 8371:OCLC 8349:ISBN 8325:ISBN 8301:ISBN 8279:ISBN 8248:ISBN 8232:ISBN 8210:ISBN 8187:ISBN 8163:ISBN 8139:ISBN 8120:ISBN 8098:ISBN 8074:ISBN 8052:ISBN 8024:ISBN 8005:ISBN 7986:ISBN 7964:ISBN 7945:ISBN 7923:ISBN 7904:ISBN 7882:ISBN 7866:2024 7846:2020 7818:2024 7797:2014 7770:ISBN 7744:2019 7720:2021 7697:ISBN 7678:ISBN 7658:OCLC 7642:2023 7619:ISBN 7594:ISSN 7563:ISBN 7544:ISBN 7509:ISBN 7490:ISBN 7472:2021 7446:ISBN 7427:ISBN 7401:OCLC 7372:ISBN 7350:ISBN 7326:2020 7297:2014 7267:ISBN 7246:OCLC 7225:OCLC 7203:ISBN 7181:ISBN 7159:ISBN 7140:ISBN 7116:ISBN 4209:The 4194:The 4178:The 4163:The 3897:and 3894:Ajax 3791:and 3620:and 3594:and 3570:and 3562:and 3528:flak 3435:Orne 3395:and 3321:and 3149:Bleu 3142:Vert 2600:and 2542:and 2229:and 2227:19th 2223:11th 2213:The 2204:10th 2202:and 2045:and 2026:and 2024:Kent 1958:and 1723:Caen 1677:Juno 1673:Gold 1665:Utah 1561:The 1226:Caen 1122:Gold 1117:Juno 1090:Utah 862:185 105:Date 8585:on 7586:doi 7393:hdl 4039:On 3651:OKW 3469:BBC 3243:at 2615:2nd 2219:9th 2200:9th 2145:in 2073:in 1577:in 12530:: 11954:, 11401:/ 8532:. 8517:. 8498:. 8459:. 7857:. 7832:. 7808:. 7787:. 7730:. 7600:. 7592:. 7582:28 7580:. 7529:. 7463:. 7399:. 7344:. 7283:. 6887:^ 6788:^ 6761:^ 6578:^ 6467:^ 6416:^ 6305:^ 6218:^ 5963:^ 5888:^ 5849:^ 5630:^ 5529:^ 5514:^ 5499:^ 5484:^ 5457:^ 5424:^ 5407:^ 5296:^ 5243:^ 5192:^ 5153:^ 5132:^ 5103:^ 5004:^ 4989:^ 4926:^ 4905:^ 4878:^ 4777:^ 4762:^ 4747:^ 4714:^ 4661:^ 4634:^ 4511:^ 4484:^ 4445:^ 4430:^ 4403:^ 4364:^ 4337:^ 4318:^ 4035:. 3992:, 3688:. 3673:. 3465:. 3457:, 3377:, 2296:: 2225:, 2221:, 2217:, 2077:. 2053:, 2005:. 1979:. 1846:; 1832:; 1825:; 1713:, 1675:, 1671:, 1667:, 1658:c. 1648:, 1603:. 731:: 713:: 695:: 642:: 619:: 130:, 88:, 34:, 12473:e 12466:t 12459:v 12186:) 12184:E 12182:→ 12180:W 11943:e 11936:t 11929:v 10904:) 10898:( 9772:) 9768:( 9704:) 9700:( 9664:) 9660:( 9602:) 9598:( 8652:e 8645:t 8638:v 8616:. 8469:. 8446:. 8425:. 8406:. 8377:. 8357:. 8333:. 8309:. 8287:. 8254:) 8240:. 8218:. 8195:. 8171:. 8147:. 8128:. 8106:. 8082:. 8060:. 8032:. 8013:. 7994:. 7972:. 7953:. 7931:. 7912:. 7890:. 7868:. 7848:. 7820:. 7799:. 7778:. 7746:. 7722:. 7705:. 7686:. 7664:. 7644:. 7627:. 7608:. 7588:: 7571:. 7552:. 7517:. 7498:. 7474:. 7454:. 7435:. 7416:. 7407:. 7395:: 7380:. 7358:. 7328:. 7299:. 7275:. 7252:. 7231:. 7211:. 7189:. 7167:. 7148:. 7124:. 7089:. 7053:. 6882:. 5844:. 5494:. 5479:. 4948:. 4557:. 4533:. 4413:. 4398:. 4299:. 3120:( 2653:( 2280:) 2272:( 1971:- 1861:. 898:e 891:t 884:v 200:: 117:) 42:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index