Operation Overlord

3775:, rather than the expected single regiment. Strong currents forced many landing craft east of their intended position or delayed them. Casualties were heavier than all the other landings combined, as the men were subjected to fire from the cliffs above. Problems clearing the beach of obstructions led to the beachmaster calling a halt to further landings of vehicles at 08:30. A group of destroyers arrived around this time to offer supporting artillery fire. Exit from Omaha was possible only via five gullies, and by late morning barely six hundred men had reached the higher ground. By noon, as the artillery fire took its toll and the Germans started to run out of ammunition, the Americans were able to clear some lanes on the beaches. They also started clearing the draws of enemy defences so that vehicles could move off the beach. The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days, and the D-Day objectives were accomplished by D+3 (9 June). 3372: 2978: 206: 4190:

Fortitude were successful, leaving the Germans obliged to defend a huge stretch of coastline. The Allies achieved and maintained air superiority, which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks. Transport infrastructure in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance, making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies. Much of the opening artillery barrage was off-target or not concentrated enough to have any impact, but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha, providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches. The indecisiveness and overly complicated command structure of the German high command was also a factor in the Allied success.

4241:

Zetterling notes that OB West's figures for summer 1944 in the west (thus including in its scope Operation Dragoon in southern France) amounted to 289,000: 23,019 killed, 67,060 wounded, and 198,616 missing. He states that the record is generally reliable, but also that it might have underestimated losses in some places, such as Cherbourg. Zetterling goes on to estimate specifically German army casualties in the Normandy region specifically from June 6 to August as 210,000; however, he also notes that "the Germans most likely suffered further manpower losses when air or naval bases were overrun. On this no figures have been available for this study." Other sources arrive at higher estimates: 400,000 (200,000 killed or wounded and a further 200,000 captured), 500,000 (290,000 killed or wounded, 210,000 captured), to 530,000 in total.

4259: 3650:, and even on the east coast for men who would be coming across in later waves. A complex system called Movement Control assured that the men and vehicles left on schedule from twenty departure points. Some men had to board their craft nearly a week before departure. The ships met at a rendezvous point (nicknamed "Piccadilly Circus") south-east of the Isle of Wight to assemble into convoys to cross the Channel. Minesweepers began clearing lanes on the evening of 5 June, and a thousand bombers left before dawn to attack the coastal defences. Some 1,200 aircraft departed England just before midnight to transport three airborne divisions to their drop zones behind enemy lines several hours before the beach landings. The American 4007: 4076:

resistance and captured Falaise on 16 August. The gap was closed on 21 August, trapping 50,000 German troops but more than a third of the German 7th Army and the remnants of nine of the eleven Panzer divisions had escaped to the east. Montgomery's decision-making regarding the Falaise Gap was criticised at the time by American commanders, especially Patton, although Bradley was more sympathetic and believed Patton would not have been able to close the gap. The issue has been the subject of much discussion among historians, criticism being levelled at American, British and Canadian forces. Hitler relieved Kluge of his command of OB West on 15 August and replaced him with Field Marshal

3191:, moved into the area to bolster the illusion that a large force was gathering there. As well as the broadcast of fake radio-traffic, genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast, to give the Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there. Patton remained stationed in England until 6 July, thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais. Military and civilian personnel alike were aware of the need for secrecy, and the invasion troops were as much as possible kept isolated, especially in the period immediately before the invasion. American general 3328:. The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn, midway between low and high tide, with the tide coming in. This would improve the visibility of obstacles the enemy had placed on the beach while minimising the amount of time the men had to spend exposed in the open. Specific criteria were also set for wind speed, visibility, and cloud cover. Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault; however, on 4 June, conditions were clearly unsuitable for a landing, as high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft, and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets. 353: 4204: 3046: 3857:, Caen, and Bayeux on the first day, with all the beaches (other than Utah), linked with a front line 10 to 16 kilometres (6 to 10 mi) from the beaches; none of these objectives was achieved. The five bridgeheads were not connected until 12 June, by which time the Allies held a front around 97 kilometres (60 mi) long and 24 kilometres (15 mi) deep. Caen, a major objective, was still in German hands at the end of D-Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August. 3717: 599: 413: 2808:, with two more divisions in support. The two generals immediately insisted on expanding the scale of the initial invasion to five divisions, with airborne descents by three additional divisions, to allow operations on a wider front and to speed up the capture of the port at Cherbourg. This significant expansion required the acquisition of additional landing craft, which caused the invasion to be delayed by a month until June 1944. Eventually the Allies committed 39 divisions to the Battle of Normandy: 22 American, 12 British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops. 534: 516: 496: 166: 629: 619: 376: 220: 192: 12479: 3756:, was to scale the 30 metres (98 ft) cliffs with ropes and ladders to destroy the gun battery located there. While under fire from above, the men scaled the cliff, only to discover that the guns had already been withdrawn. The Rangers located the weapons, unguarded but ready to use, in an orchard some 550 metres (600 yd) south of the point, and disabled them. Under attack, the men at the point became isolated, and some were captured. By dawn on D+1 (7 June), Rudder had only 90 men able to fight. Relief did not come until D+2 (8 June), when members of the 3347:, Eisenhower's chief of staff, were eager to launch the invasion. Admiral Bertram Ramsay was prepared to commit his ships, while Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory expressed concern that the conditions would be unfavourable for Allied aircraft. After much discussion, Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead. Allied control of the Atlantic meant that German meteorologists did not have access to as much information as the Allies on incoming weather patterns. As the Luftwaffe meteorological centre in Paris predicted two weeks of stormy weather, many 339: 4320: 12640: 3779: 389: 232: 3838: 4216:. The Allied air forces, having flown 480,317 sorties in support of the invasion, lost 4,101 aircraft and 16,714 airmen (8,536 members of the USAAF, and 8,178 flying under the command of the RAF). The Free French SAS paratroopers suffered 77 killed, with 197 wounded and missing. Allied tank losses have been estimated at 4,000, with losses split evenly between the American and British/Canadian armies. Historians slightly differ on overall casualties during the campaign, with the lowest losses totaling 225,606 and the highest at 226,386. 4286:) emphasising the need to limit the destruction to French heritage sites. These sites, named in the Official Civil Affairs Lists of Monuments, were not to be used by troops unless permission was received from the upper echelons of the chain of command. Nevertheless, church spires and other stone buildings throughout the area were damaged or destroyed to prevent them being used by the Germans. Efforts were made to prevent reconstruction workers from using rubble from important ruins to repair roads, and to search for artefacts. The 288: 3258: 260: 12414: 609: 476: 461: 446: 432: 273: 179: 314: 3312: 4225: 3921: 246: 2817: 4137: 302: 59: 3210:, a Spanish opponent of the Nazis known by the code name "Garbo", developed over the two years leading up to D-Day a fake network of informants that the Germans believed were collecting intelligence on their behalf. In the months preceding D-Day, Pujol sent hundreds of messages to his superiors in Madrid, messages specially prepared by the British intelligence service to convince the Germans that the attack would come in July at Calais. 326: 3729:

advance about 4 miles (6.4 km), making contact with the 101st Airborne Division. The airborne landings west of Utah were not very successful, as only ten per cent of the paratroopers landed in their drop zones. Gathering the men together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the terrain, with its hedgerows, stone walls and marshes. The 82nd Airborne Division captured its primary objective at

4445:

September 1944. This source shows the number killed in action during the Battle of Normandy (6 June – 24 July 1944) as 13,959 and Northern France (25 July to 14 September 1944) as 15,239 for a total of 29,198. Total deaths among battle casualties (including accidental deaths, disease, etc) for Normandy (6 June – 24 July 1944) were 16,293 and in Northern France (25 July – 14 September 1944) were 17,844, for a total of 34,137.

3606: 3513: 4359: 3567:

wire, booby traps, and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry. On Rommel's order, the number of mines along the coast was tripled. Given the Allied air supremacy (4,029 Allied aircraft assigned to operations in Normandy plus 5,514 aircraft assigned to bombing and defence, versus 570 Luftwaffe planes stationed in France and the Low Countries), booby-trapped stakes known as

3471:, which no longer allowed any transfers from the west to the east. There were also transfers to the Italian front: von Rundstedt complained that many of his best units had been sent on a "fool's errand" to Italy, saying it was "madness ... that frightful boot of a country should have been evacuated ... we should have held a decent front with a few divisions on the Alpine frontier." 3880:, with thorny hedgerows on embankments 3 to 4 feet (0.91 to 1.2 m) high with a ditch on either side. Many areas were additionally protected by rifle pits and machine-gun emplacements. Most of the roads were too narrow for tanks. The Germans had flooded the fields behind Utah with sea water for up to 2 miles (3.2 km) from the coast. German forces on the peninsula included the 2781:, then still under development. The Germans regarded it as the most likely initial landing zone and accordingly made it the most heavily fortified region; however, it offered the Allies few opportunities for expansion as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals. On the other hand, landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous threats against the port of 3065:, the Allies developed new technologies for Overlord. To supplement the preliminary offshore bombardment and aerial assaults, some of the landing craft were equipped with artillery and anti-tank guns to provide close supporting fire. The Allies had decided not to immediately attack any of the heavily protected French ports and two artificial ports, called 3592:), and other senior commanders believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the beaches. Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine: keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified. Geyr also noted that in the 4212:

First Canadian and Second British Armies are placed at 83,045: 15,995 killed, 57,996 wounded, and 9,054 missing. Of these, Canadian losses amounted to 18,444, with 5,021 killed in action. One in seven Canadian soldiers killed between 6–11 June were killed after surrendering, in a series of executions that would be named the

2785:, coastal ports further west in Brittany, and an overland attack towards Paris and eventually into Germany. The Allies therefore chose Normandy as the landing site. The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast – the lack of port facilities – would be overcome through the development and deployment of artificial harbours. 3293:

communication with the outside world. Troops were briefed using maps that were correct in every detail except for the place names, and most were not told their actual destination until they were already at sea. A news blackout in Britain increased the effectiveness of the deception operations. Travel to and from the

3467:, 507th Heavy Panzer Battalion and the 311th and 322nd StuG Assault Gun Brigades. All told, the German forces stationed in France were deprived of 45,827 troops and 363 tanks, assault guns, and self-propelled anti-tank guns. It was the first major transfer of forces from France to the east since the creation of 4240:

German forces in France reported losses of 158,930 men between D-Day and 14 August, just before the start of Operation Dragoon in Southern France. In action at the Falaise pocket, 50,000 men were lost, of whom 10,000 were killed and 40,000 captured. Sources vary on the total German casualties. Niklas

4236:

Allied forces in northern France reported the capture of 47,000 Germans in June, 36,000 in July, and 150,000 in August, a total of 233,000 for the three months of Overlord. Around 80,000 German soldiers are buried in Normandy, although this figure does include an unreported number of Germans who died

3812:

Landings of infantry at Juno were delayed because of rough seas, and the men arrived ahead of their supporting armour, suffering many casualties while disembarking. Most of the offshore bombardment had missed the German defences. In spite of these difficulties, the Canadians quickly cleared the beach

3800:

At Gold, high winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft, and the amphibious DD tanks were landed close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned. Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint, and its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16:00.

3630:

You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the

3817:

led to congestion on the beach, but by nightfall, the contiguous Juno and Gold beachheads covered an area 12 miles (19 km) wide and 7 miles (10 km) deep. One troop of the 1st Hussar Tank Regiment was the only Allied unit to achieve its objective on the first day of the invasion. Casualties

3362:

Had Eisenhower postponed the invasion again, the next available period with the right combination of tides (but without the desirable full moon) was two weeks later, from 18 to 20 June. As it happened, during this period the invaders would have encountered a major storm lasting four days, between 19

3292:

Allied planners considered tactical surprise to be a necessary element of the plan for the landings. Information on the exact date and location of the landings was provided only to the topmost levels of the armed forces. Men were sealed into their marshalling areas at the end of May, with no further

3288:

in Scotland. Naval exercises took place in Northern Ireland, and medical teams in London and elsewhere rehearsed how they would handle the expected waves of casualties. Paratroopers conducted exercises, including a huge demonstration drop on 23 March 1944 observed by Churchill, Eisenhower, and other

4472:

The British 79th Armoured Division never operated as a single formation, and thus has been excluded from the total. In addition, a combined total of 16 (three from the 79th Armoured Division) British, Belgian, Canadian, and Dutch independent brigades were committed to the operation, along with four

4189:

Victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors. German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished; shortly before D-Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere. The deceptions undertaken in Operation

4119:

on the morning of 27 August. The area was strongly held; the 4th and 6th Canadian brigades suffered many casualties over the course of three days as the Germans fought a delaying action in terrain well suited to defence. The Germans pulled back on 29 August, withdrawing over the Seine the next day.

3682:). Some 132,000 men were transported by sea on D-Day, and a further 24,000 came by air. Preliminary naval bombardment commenced at 05:45 and continued until 06:25 from five battleships, twenty cruisers, sixty-five destroyers, and two monitors. Infantry began arriving on the beaches at around 06:30. 4147:

Eisenhower took direct command of all Allied ground forces on 1 September. Concerned about German counter-attacks and the limited materiel arriving in France, he decided to continue operations on a broad front rather than attempting narrow thrusts. The linkup of the Normandy forces with the Allied

3596:

the armour stationed near the coast had been damaged by naval bombardment. Rommel's opinion was that because of the overwhelming Allied air superiority, large-scale movement of tanks would not be possible once the invasion was underway. Hitler made the final decision: he left three divisions under

3529:

and Dieppe in 1942, Hitler ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway, to protect against an expected Allied invasion. He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops, but due to shortages, particularly of concrete and manpower, most of

4270:

During the liberation of Normandy, between 13,632 and 19,890 French civilians were killed, and more were seriously wounded. In addition to those who died during the campaign, 11,000 to 19,000 Normans are estimated to have been killed during pre-invasion bombing. A total of 70,000 French civilians

4211:

From D-Day to 21 August, the Allies landed 2,052,299 men in northern France. The cost of the Normandy campaign was high for both sides. Between 6 June and the end of August, the American armies suffered 124,394 casualties, of whom 20,668 were killed, and 10,128 were missing. Casualties within the

3728:

assaulting Utah were pushed by the current to a spot about 1,800 metres (2,000 yd) south of their intended landing zone. The troops met light resistance, suffering fewer than 200 casualties. Their efforts to push inland fell far short of their targets for the first day, but they were able to

3566:

to be placed on the beach to delay the approach of landing craft and to impede the movement of tanks. Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach, he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the high-tide mark. Tangles of barbed

2989:

flew over 3,200 photo-reconnaissance sorties from April 1944 until 6 June. Photos of the coastline were taken at extremely low altitude to show the invaders the terrain, obstacles on the beach, and defensive structures such as bunkers and gun emplacements. To conceal the location of the invasion,

4330:

The beaches of Normandy are still known by their invasion code names. Significant places have plaques, memorials, or small museums, and guide books and maps are available. Some of the German strong points remain preserved; Pointe du Hoc, in particular, is little changed from 1944. The remains of

4249:

of 21st Army Group indicates that the Allies destroyed around 550 tanks in June and July and another 500 in August, for a total of 1,050 tanks destroyed, including 100 destroyed by aircraft. Luftwaffe losses amounted to 2,127 aircraft. By the end of the Normandy campaign, 55 German divisions (42

3641:

By May 1944, 1.5 million American troops had arrived in the United Kingdom. Most were housed in temporary camps in the south-west of England, ready to move across the Channel to the western section of the landing zone. British and Canadian troops were billeted in accommodation further east,

3541:

A report by Rundstedt to Hitler in October 1943 regarding the weak defences in France led to the appointment of Rommel to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion-front, which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg. Rommel was given command of the newly

4519:

The most common tank/assault gun deployed at Normandy by the Germans was by far the Panzer IV, followed by the Panther (650) and Stug III (550). Also present were 120–130 Tiger Is, 20 Tiger IIs, and smaller numbers of other types, including Marder and Jagdpanther self-propelled anti-tank guns.

4444:

American casualties are sourced from the G-3 War Room Summary 91, dated 5 September 1944, covering the campaign. In 1953, the US Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General issued a final report on US casualties (excluding Air Force losses) for the period from 6 June to 14

4091:

The French Resistance in Paris rose against the Germans on 19 August. Eisenhower initially wanted to bypass the city to pursue other targets, but amid reports that the citizens were going hungry and Hitler's stated intention to destroy it, de Gaulle insisted that it should be taken immediately.

4070:

on 11 August. Although Hitler continued to insist until 14 August that his forces should counter-attack, Kluge and his officers began planning a retreat eastward. The German forces were severely hampered by Hitler's insistence on making all major decisions himself, which left his forces without

3821:

On Sword, 21 of 25 DD tanks succeeded in getting safely ashore to provide cover for the infantry, who began disembarking at 07:30. They quickly cleared the beach and created several exits for the tanks. In the windy conditions, the tide came in more quickly than expected, making manoeuvring the

3610: 4244:

There are no exact figures regarding German tank losses in Normandy. Approximately 2,300 tanks and assault guns were committed to the battle, of which only 100 to 120 crossed the Seine at the end of the campaign. While German forces reported only 481 tanks destroyed between D-day and 31 July,

4181:

The Normandy landings were the largest seaborne invasion in history, with nearly 5,000 landing and assault craft, 289 escort vessels, and 277 minesweepers. The opening of another front in western Europe was a tremendous psychological blow for Germany's military, who feared a repetition of the

4075:

in Bavaria. On the evening of 12 August, Patton asked Bradley if his forces should continue northward to close the gap and encircle the German forces. Bradley refused because Montgomery had already assigned the First Canadian Army to take the territory from the north. The Canadians met heavy

3845:

The first components of the Mulberry harbours were brought across on D+1 (7 June) and the structures were in use for unloading by mid-June. One was constructed at Arromanches by the British, the other at Omaha by the Americans. Severe storms on 19 June interrupted the landing of supplies and

3608: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3498:, had only arrived in March–May 1944 to France for extensive refit after being badly damaged during the Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive. Seven of the eleven panzer or panzergrenadier divisions stationed in France were still not fully operational or only partially mobile in early June 1944. 3614: 3557:

Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion, so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore. In addition to concrete gun-emplacements at strategic points along the coast, he ordered wooden stakes,

4346:

and contains the remains of 9,388 American military dead, most of whom were killed during the invasion of Normandy and ensuing military operations in World War II. Included are graves of Army Air Corps crews shot down over France as early as 1942 and four American women.

3615: 3387:

Nazi Germany had at its disposal 50 divisions in France and the Low Countries, with another 18 stationed in Denmark and Norway. Fifteen divisions were in the process of formation in Germany, but there was no strategic reserve. The Calais region was defended by the

3144:), another design developed by Hobart's group, was a self-propelled amphibious tank kept afloat using a waterproof canvas screen inflated with compressed air. These tanks were easily swamped, and on D-Day, many sank before reaching the shore, especially at Omaha. 4046:

to protect their flank. By 3 August, Patton and the Third Army were able to leave a small force in Brittany and drive eastward towards the main concentration of German forces south of Caen. Over Kluge's objections, on 4 August Hitler ordered a counter-offensive

3611: 2843:, communications infrastructure and road and rail links were bombed to cut off the north of France and to make it more difficult to bring up reinforcements. These attacks were widespread so as to avoid revealing the exact location of the invasion. Elaborate 3166:

included Fortitude North, a misinformation campaign using fake radio-traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway, and Fortitude South, a major deception designed to fool the Germans into believing that the landings would take place at

3961:

with part of the 7th Armoured Division, while I Corps tried to pass Caen to the east. The attack by I Corps was quickly halted and XXX Corps briefly captured Villers-Bocage. Advanced elements of the British force were ambushed, initiating a day-long

2897:

to the south-east of Caen in order to protect the American flank, while establishing airfields near Caen. Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give the Anglo-Canadian forces a suitable staging area for a push south to capture the town of

4294:

near Le Mans from the start of the war, and survived intact. The occupying German forces also kept a list of protected buildings, but their intent was to keep the facilities in good condition for use as accommodation by German troops.

3323:

The invasion planners specified a set of conditions regarding the timing of the invasion, deeming only a few days in each month suitable. A full moon was desirable, as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the

3912:, took control of the peninsula in fierce fighting from 19 June; Cherbourg was captured on 26 June. By this time, the Germans had destroyed the port facilities, which were not brought back into full operation until September. 4283: 3892:. By D+3 the Allied commanders realised that Cherbourg would not quickly be taken, and decided to cut off the peninsula to prevent any further reinforcements from being brought in. After failed attempts by the inexperienced 3978:. Although the operation failed to take Caen, the Germans suffered many tank losses after committing every available Panzer unit to the operation. Rundstedt was dismissed on 1 July and replaced as OB West by Field Marshal 3875:

In the western part of the lodgement, US troops were to occupy the Cotentin Peninsula, especially Cherbourg, which would provide the Allies with a deep water harbour. The terrain behind Utah and Omaha was characterised by

2741:

of 19 August 1942, the Allies decided not to directly assault a heavily defended French seaport in their first landing. The failure at Dieppe also highlighted the need for adequate artillery and air support, particularly

2670:

in Western Europe. Churchill declined because he felt that even with American help the British did not have adequate forces to do it, and he wished to avoid costly frontal assaults such as those that had occurred at the

3546:, which included the 7th Army, the 15th Army, and the forces guarding the Netherlands. Nazi Germany's tangled command structure made it difficult for Rommel to achieve his task. He was not allowed to give orders to the 4310:

Looting was perpetrated by all sides: the retreating Germans, the invading Allies, and the local French population. Looting was never condoned by Allied forces, and those who were found to be looting were punished.

4250:

infantry and 13 panzer) had been rendered combat ineffective; seven of these were disbanded. By September, OB West had only 13 infantry divisions, 3 panzer divisions, and 2 panzer brigades rated as combat effective.

4500:

The German official history stated that Army Group G, which faced the Dragoon landings, suffered 141,000 casualties by mid-September. This figure is based on several internal reports and work conducted by German

4302:

there remained only 8,000 liveable quarters for a population of over 60,000. Of the 18 listed churches in Caen, four were seriously damaged and five were destroyed, along with 66 other listed monuments. In the

14011: 3583:

Rommel, believing that the Germans' best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore, requested that mobile reserves—especially tanks—be stationed as close to the coast as possible. Rundstedt, General

14016: 3534:

were never built. As the expected site of an Allied invasion, Pas de Calais was heavily defended. In the Normandy area the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and

3597:

Geyr's command and gave Rommel operational control of three tank-divisions as reserves. Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves, not to be used without his direct orders.

2459: 3225:

that German radar operators interpreted as a naval convoy approaching Cap d'Antifer (about 80 km from the actual D-Day landings). The illusion was bolstered by a group of small vessels towing

3609: 3419:, meant the Germans no longer had a pool of able young men from which to draw. German soldiers were now on average six years older than their Allied counterparts. Many in the Normandy area were 3128:, which other tanks could use as a bridge to scale sea-walls or to overcome other obstacles. In some areas, the beaches consisted of a soft clay that could not support the weight of tanks. The 2754:

greatly limited the number of potential landing-sites, as comprehensive air support depended upon having planes overhead for as long as possible. Morgan considered four sites for the landings:

4182:

two-front war of World War I. The Normandy landings also heralded the start of the "race for Europe" between the Soviet forces and the Western powers, which some historians consider to be the

4160:

into Germany. The Allied advance slowed due to German resistance and the lack of supplies (especially fuel). On 16 December the Germans launched the Ardennes Offensive, also known as the

3850:

daily and was in continuous use for the next ten months, but most shipments were brought in over the beaches until the port of Cherbourg was cleared of mines and obstructions on 16 July.

3429:, Russia, Mongolia, and elsewhere. The Wehrmacht had provided them mainly with unreliable captured equipment; they lacked motorised transport. Formations that arrived later, such as the 2804:, which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion. On 31 December 1943, Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the COSSAC plan, which proposed amphibious landings by three 4100:

arrived from the west on 24 August, while the U.S. 4th Infantry Division pressed up from the south. Scattered fighting continued throughout the night, and by the morning of 25 August

1607: 1410: 3272:, was evacuated in December 1943, and taken over by the armed forces as a site for training exercises that included the use of landing craft and the management of beach obstacles. A 14006: 14001: 3853:

Allied casualties on the first day were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead. The Germans lost 1,000 men. The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Carentan,

2990:

sorties were flown along all European coastline. Inland terrain, bridges, troop emplacements, and buildings were also photographed, in many cases from several angles. Members of

3085:

shelters (codenamed "Gooseberries"). With the expectation that fuel would be difficult or impossible to obtain on the continent, the Allies built a "Pipe-Line Under The Ocean" (

2835:

and is often referred to as "D-Day". To gain the required air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies launched a strategic bombing campaign (codenamed

3339:, predicted that the weather would improve sufficiently so that the invasion could go ahead on 6 June. He met Eisenhower and other senior commanders at their headquarters at 3093:

to Cherbourg by D-Day plus 18. Technical problems and the delay in capturing Cherbourg meant the pipeline was not operational until 22 September. A second line was laid from

3037:, was broken by the end of March. German intelligence changed the Enigma codes after the Allied landings but by 17 June the Allies were again consistently able to read them. 8686: 2885:, and Caen. The Americans, assigned to land at Utah and Omaha, were to cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and capture the port facilities at Cherbourg. The British at Sword and 2722:

in Washington in May 1943 took the decision to launch a cross-Channel invasion within the next year. Churchill favoured making the main Allied thrust into Germany from the

3017:

worked to break codes as quickly as possible to provide advance information on German plans and troop movements. British military intelligence code-named this information

10985: 10730: 3136:(AVRE) was a Churchill tank modified for many combat engineering tasks, including laying bridges; it was armed with a demolition gun that could fire large charges into 10338: 3437: 12336: 10354: 13118: 13113: 12966: 10674: 8191:

The Development of British Civil Affairs and its Employment in the British Sector of Allied Military Operations during the Battle of Normandy, June to August 1944

14066: 13007: 10277: 10249: 9393: 13073: 8529: 13215: 12315: 10994: 10681: 9815: 9029: 1600: 1403: 2594:

The Allies failed to accomplish their objectives for the first day, but gained a tenuous foothold that they gradually expanded when they captured the port at

13420: 13182: 11297: 10660: 9969: 9594: 4307:

department (location of the Normandy beachhead), 76,000 citizens were rendered homeless. Of Caen's 210 pre-war Jewish population, only one survived the war.

3187:. The Allies constructed dummy tanks, trucks, and landing craft, and positioned them near the coast. Several military units, including II Canadian Corps and 2723: 7924:

Montgomery's Scientists: Operational Research in Northwest Europe: The Work of No. 2 Operational Research Section with 21 Army Group, June 1944 to July 1945

3268:

Training exercises for the Overlord landings took place as early as July 1943. As the nearby beach resembled the planned Normandy landing-site, the town of

13123: 10310: 10256: 9442: 3475: 3982:

after remarking that the war was now lost. The northern suburbs of Caen were bombed on the evening of 7 July and then occupied north of the River Orne in

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incident there on 27 April 1944 resulted in as many as 450 deaths. The following day, an additional estimated 749 American soldiers and sailors died when

10767: 10263: 9879: 8108:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 3631:

destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world.

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Liedtke, Gregory (2 January 2015). "Lost in the Mud: The (nearly) Forgotten Collapse of the German Army in the Western Ukraine, March and April 1944".

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resulted in a delay in sealing off the Cotentin Peninsula. The 101st Airborne Division helped protect the southern flank and captured the lock on the

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Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed by the RAF in preparation for the landings. On the night before the invasion, in

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The Germans thought they had an extensive network of spies operating in the UK, but in fact, all their agents had been captured, and some had become

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captured the rest of Caen and the high ground to the south from 18 to 21 July, by which time the city was nearly destroyed. Hitler survived an

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and then the Battle of the Box. The British were forced to withdraw to Tilly-sur-Seulles. After a delay because of storms from 17 to 23 June,

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In addition, the Allied air forces made 480,317 sorties directly connected to the operation, with the loss of 4,101 planes and 16,714 lives.

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provided details on Axis troop movements and on construction techniques used by the Germans for bunkers and other defensive installations.

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countries and the United States, it would not be possible to regain a foothold in continental Europe in the near future. After the Axis

13960: 13768: 10823: 9555: 8168: 4372: 3889: 3885: 3306: 2643: 1420: 980: 4156:, an unsuccessful attempt by Anglo-American airborne troops to capture bridges in the Netherlands to allow ground forces to cross the 12329: 10957: 9347: 9305: 2667: 2563:. To meet the conditions expected on the Normandy beachhead, special technology was developed, including two artificial ports called 1241: 3908:

to the task. They reached the west coast of the Cotentin on 17 June, cutting off Cherbourg. The 9th Division, joined by the 4th and

104: 14041: 12596: 12178: 9997: 9771: 9534: 9400: 9211: 2642:. British craft evacuated to England over 338,000 Allied troops trapped along the northern coast of France (including much of the 14046: 13871: 12741: 11073: 10870: 9907: 9407: 9319: 9255: 4339: 4332: 1377: 13503: 12731: 11276: 10788: 9638: 9176: 3909: 3893: 3768: 3671: 3659: 3316: 2579:

that used electronic and visual misinformation to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings.

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mounted a counterattack between Sword and Juno and nearly succeeded in reaching the coast. They met stiff resistance from the

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In early 1944, OB West was significantly weakened by personnel and materiel transfers to the Eastern Front. During the Soviet

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coast in northwestern France was chosen as the site of the landings, with the Americans assigned to land at sectors codenamed

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Allied planners envisaged preceding the sea-borne landings with airborne drops: near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the

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on 21 July. A failed counterattack by German forces in response to Allied advances on 7 August left 50,000 soldiers of the

2447: 13441: 7678:. Washington, DC: Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, Department of the Army. 1 June 1953. 2737:, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and in the Pacific. In part because of lessons learned in the 12020: 11484: 10816: 10802: 10015: 3823: 3772: 3464: 3456: 2866:

on the Cotentin Peninsula. Sectors were further subdivided into beaches identified by the colours Green, Red, and White.

774: 12864: 4164:, the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. A series of successful Soviet actions began with the 1961: 13318: 12460: 12229: 12098: 11976: 11554: 11269: 11220: 10978: 10533: 9785: 9624: 9472: 9326: 3881: 3460: 2694:

were put forward for 1942–43, but neither was deemed by the British to be practical or likely to succeed. Instead, the

2024: 1674: 1569: 719: 3826:

advanced on foot to within a few kilometres of Caen, but had to withdraw due to lack of armour support. At 16:00, the

2726:, but the Americans, who were providing the bulk of the men and equipment, over-ruled him. British Lieutenant-General 13991: 12746: 12345: 11227: 11199: 11016: 10598: 10317: 10284: 8936: 8917: 8857: 8816: 8481: 8385: 8363: 8241: 8113: 8070: 7954: 7872: 7766: 7700: 3491: 1723: 13351: 12514: 12509: 12475: 9500: 8589: 4115:, making contact with British and Canadian armoured divisions. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division advanced into the 2766:. As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, the Germans could have cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow 13456: 12698: 12382: 11540: 11477: 10612: 10448: 9571: 4097: 4062:

on 8 August, Bradley and Montgomery realised that there was an opportunity for the bulk of the German forces to be

3827: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3444: 3133: 2991: 2199: 278: 12504: 10125: 3104:, to deal with conditions expected during the Normandy campaign. Developed under the supervision of Major-General 2831:

on the Continent. The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was code-named

14081: 14031: 13950: 13308: 12572: 12499: 11906: 11747: 11736: 11572: 11331: 11290: 11183: 11121: 10508: 9778: 9647: 9615: 7926:. Waterloo, Ontario: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University. 3593: 3479: 2966: 1096: 436: 10295: 9863: 7675:

Army Battle Casualties and Non-Battle Deaths in World War II,: Final Report, 7 December 1941 to 31 December 1946

3162:, the overall strategy designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. 2788:

The COSSAC staff planned to begin the invasion on 1 May 1944. The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the

13945: 13677: 13264: 13170: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12292: 12264: 12142: 11935: 11172: 10623: 10549: 10345: 9716: 9435: 9340: 9225: 8612: 4510:

The German official history highlights Allied intelligence reports that indicated OB West lost 400–500,000 men

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intelligence as it could only be provided to the most senior commanders. The Enigma code used by Field Marshal

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orders for periods as long as 24 hours while information was sent back and forth to the Führer's residence at

4006: 13323: 12586: 12567: 12453: 12352: 12285: 12236: 12167: 11992: 11498: 11449: 11213: 11206: 10809: 10570: 10361: 9414: 4335:

serve as the final resting place for many of the Allied and German soldiers killed in the Normandy campaign.

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and other enciphering techniques and the codes were changed frequently. A team of code breakers stationed at

1660: 1574: 712: 8677: 4482:

As of November 1943. They also had 206 divisions on the Eastern Front, 24 in the Balkans, and 22 in Italy. .

4107:

Operations continued in the British and Canadian sectors until the end of the month. On 25 August, the U.S.

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The Pas de Calais, the closest point in continental Europe to Britain, was the location of launch sites for

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British casualties are sourced from "War Diary, 21st Army Group, 'A' Section, SITEP" dated 29 August 1944.

4298:

Many cities and towns in Normandy were totally devastated by the fighting and bombings. By the end of the

2902:. A secure lodgement would be established and an attempt made to hold all territory captured north of the 2128: 1155: 13996: 13981: 13449: 13269: 13160: 12580: 12389: 11713: 11665: 11283: 11255: 11108: 10723: 10702: 10223: 9886: 9792: 9282: 8452: 8101: 7737: 4149: 3971: 1716: 1251: 1973: 1516: 638:

16,714 Allied airmen killed (8,536 members of the USAAF, and 8,178 flying under the command of the RAF)

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destroyed the Omaha harbour. The repaired Arromanches harbour was able to receive around 6,000 tons of

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The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations of the Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)

8252: 3284:. Exercises with landing craft and live ammunition also took place at the Combined Training Centre in 14061: 14056: 13556: 12736: 12629: 12089: 12006: 11791: 11651: 11623: 11456: 11361: 11151: 10584: 9658: 9312: 3901: 2953:

to Juno and Sword. Land forces were under the command of Montgomery, and air command was assigned to

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The Italian Social Republic forces during Operation Overlord were composed of the 4,000 men of the

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and Isigny. These dummies led the Germans to believe an additional airborne assault had occurred.

3132:

tank unrolled matting over the soft surface, leaving it behind as a route for ordinary tanks. The

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and worked to protect the western flank. Its failure to capture the river crossings at the River

3730: 3716: 3655: 3448: 3129: 2934: 2789: 2676: 2655: 2370: 2314: 2133: 1966: 1956: 1781: 1500: 1462: 1268: 1263: 394: 251: 8742:

Il Ministero degli affari esteri e le relazioni internazionali della Repubblica Sociale Italiana

20: 13897: 13405: 13369: 13139: 12976: 12920: 12726: 12591: 12547: 11942: 11835: 11637: 11588: 11491: 11384: 11354: 11137: 11025: 10751: 10542: 10133: 10114: 10084: 9631: 9601: 9079: 4229: 3784: 3651: 3222: 3070: 2958: 2695: 2691: 2481: 2353: 2329: 2180: 1796: 1786: 1771: 1283: 1089: 1031: 810: 788: 465: 157: 4291: 4279:

continued to inflict casualties upon the Norman population following the end of the campaign.

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General Eisenhower's D-Day Invasion orders, presented in a 21st-century video by the U.S. Army

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were planned to prevent the Germans from determining the timing and location of the invasion.

13955: 13344: 13328: 12494: 12433: 12156: 11999: 11895: 11865: 11821: 11561: 11526: 11519: 11442: 11340: 10781: 10758: 10605: 10216: 9753: 9493: 9479: 9162: 4304: 4169: 4121: 3647: 3572: 3389: 3195:

was sent back to the United States in disgrace after revealing the invasion date at a party.

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was appointed Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Commander (COSSAC), to begin detailed planning.

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Eyewitness D-Day: Firsthand Accounts from the Landing at Normandy to the Liberation of Paris

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to swing around and attack Caen from the south-west and establish a bridgehead south of the

2319: 1060: 1021: 13830: 13471: 13279: 13059: 13038: 13033: 12761: 12683: 12483: 12257: 12112: 11763: 11720: 11690: 11616: 11426: 11405: 10331: 9808: 9486: 8654: 4387: 4080:. Kluge committed suicide on 19 August after Hitler became aware of his involvement in the 3757: 3720:

U.S. soldiers of the 8th Infantry, 4th Infantry Division advance over the sea-wall at Utah.

3405: 3230: 3218: 3094: 3018: 2836: 2747: 2659: 2603: 2524: 2268: 2165: 2060: 1894: 1776: 1691: 1681: 1231: 800: 417: 13568: 12845: 9019: 8910:

Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness

4048: 3979: 3207: 2423: 1202: 8: 13928: 13922: 13907: 13835: 13671: 13618: 13544: 13520: 13333: 13303: 13177: 13103: 13098: 13083: 13078: 13028: 12946: 12375: 12149: 12027: 11983: 11505: 10639: 10405: 9932: 9762: 9746: 9695: 4851: 4276: 4246: 4161: 4101: 4038:, activated on 1 August, quickly took most of Brittany and territory as far south as the 3983: 3866: 3359:

returned to Germany for his wife's birthday and to meet Hitler to try to get more tanks.

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on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August.

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United States Army in World War II: European Theater of Operations: The Supreme Command

8516: 8307: 7943: 7819: 7715: 7403:, w.e. March 11 PART I LAND Section H, Miscellaneous 3 Allied Achievements in the West. 4392: 4213: 4059: 4027: 3991: 3987: 3778: 3452: 3412: 3297:

was banned, and movement within several kilometres of the coast of England restricted.

3192: 3153: 3137: 3022: 2918: 2844: 2797: 2759: 2719: 2715: 2647: 2576: 2532: 2505: 2387: 2148: 1942: 1873: 1806: 1791: 1652: 1472: 1444: 1344: 1221: 1188: 1181: 1148: 1141: 1084: 1026: 1011: 973: 817: 520: 450: 13108: 9145: 4875:, w.e. March 11 PART I LAND Section H, Miscellaneous 3 Allied Achievements in the West 3837: 2921:) supporting the American sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force (under Admiral Sir 2850:

The coastline of Normandy was divided into seventeen sectors, with code-names using a

13933: 13892: 13624: 13600: 13582: 13576: 13497: 13375: 13149: 13144: 13088: 12883: 12840: 12688: 12668: 12658: 12624: 12542: 12359: 12243: 12133: 12073: 12034: 11967: 11949: 11915: 11858: 11812: 11756: 11581: 11319: 11311: 11248: 11101: 10695: 10227: 9688: 9667: 9377: 9125: 9106: 9085: 9061: 9037: 9004: 8982: 8962: 8932: 8913: 8894: 8875: 8853: 8831: 8812: 8790: 8771: 8749: 8711: 8690: 8689:. Vol. III. Ottawa: Published by Authority of the Minister of National Defence. 8664: 8640: 8620: 8558: 8520: 8508: 8477: 8470: 8438: 8419: 8400: 8381: 8359: 8340: 8314: 8284: 8277: 8272: 8237: 8215: 8194: 8152: 8109: 8066: 8044: 7994: 7973: 7950: 7927: 7907: 7890: 7882: 7868: 7846: 7827: 7807: 7781: 7762: 7743: 7722: 7696: 7679: 7659: 4085: 4055: 4026:

on 25 July and advanced further south to Avranches by 1 August. The British launched

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Conduct Unbecoming: The Story of the Murder of Canadian Prisoners of War in Normandy

8416:

Overlord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II

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prior to the battle and those who died in captivity after the end of the fighting.

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at La Barquette, but did not capture the assigned nearby bridges on the first day.

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By the evening of 4 June, the Allied meteorological team, headed by Group Captain

3257: 13778: 13653: 13606: 13588: 13538: 13526: 13012: 12951: 12835: 12781: 12301: 12013: 11928: 11886: 11784: 11727: 11595: 11377: 11368: 10897: 10479: 10455: 9709: 9049: 8504: 8058: 7795: 7778:

The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5

7647: 4287: 4023: 3967: 3942: 3932: 3925: 3563: 3526: 3340: 3336: 3262: 3226: 3086: 2801: 2774: 2699: 2536: 2509: 2501: 2278: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2118: 1983: 1911: 1863: 1825: 1740: 1527: 1167: 1108: 1065: 1055: 990: 893: 888: 843: 829: 67: 12413: 8016: 4423:. Other forces include former prisoners-of-war put in labor and anti-air units. 4174: 3814: 3436:, were, for the most part, younger and far better equipped and trained than the 3069:, were designed by COSSAC planners. Each assembly consisted of a floating outer 2839:) to target German aircraft-production, fuel supplies, and airfields. Under the 13866: 13851: 13226: 12961: 12875: 12856: 12827: 12792: 12773: 12308: 11844: 11770: 9822: 9681: 9075: 8845: 8726: 8632: 8328: 8015:. US Department of the Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from 4364: 4299: 4063: 4011: 3559: 3281: 3269: 3113: 3014: 3010: 2995: 2914: 2878: 2840: 2751: 2639: 2607: 1901: 1686: 1641: 1585: 1226: 898: 883: 878: 824: 805: 608: 480: 475: 460: 445: 431: 184: 13274: 13054: 8081: 4010:

Map showing the breakout from the Normandy beachhead and the formation of the

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Fighting in the Caen area versus the 21st Panzer, the 12th SS Panzer Division

2714:

in September. These campaigns provided the troops with valuable experience in

13975: 13887: 13825: 13726: 13210: 12119: 10044: 9893: 9732: 9041: 8974: 8966: 8867: 8694: 8668: 8608: 8512: 8302: 8207: 8198: 8036: 8032: 7811: 7710: 7683: 5685: 3950: 3745: 3695: 3507: 3395: 3380: 3376: 3273: 3168: 3125: 3090: 2938: 2862:. Eight further sectors were added when the invasion was extended to include 2763: 2734: 2663: 2588: 2406: 2324: 2273: 2012: 1837: 1667: 1552: 924: 755: 598: 412: 171: 119: 106: 5327: 5325: 5323: 3343:

in Hampshire to discuss the situation. General Montgomery and Major-General

3311: 13477: 13240: 13165: 12678: 12418: 12222: 10522: 10427: 10058: 9421: 9185: 9149: 9089: 8472:

Exercise Tiger: The Dramatic True Story of a Hidden Tragedy of World War II

8373: 8229: 7977: 4081: 4077: 4072: 3995: 3975: 3793: 3753: 3551: 3543: 3356: 3325: 3199: 3117: 3105: 2930: 2870: 2635: 2584: 2580: 2489: 1887: 1388: 543: 538: 533: 515: 500: 495: 381: 50: 8124:"Estimated Battle Casualties during the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944" 8063:

Decision in Normandy: The Real Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign

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Prior to the invasion, SHAEF issued instructions (later the basis for the

4224: 3920: 2998:. An appeal for holiday pictures and postcards of Europe announced on the 13902: 13746: 13720: 13425: 13358: 12663: 12478: 12057: 12043: 11705: 10381: 10202: 10187: 9541: 8996: 7889:. The Second World War. Vol. II. Boston; Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. 5320: 4748: 3806: 3711: 3699: 3667: 3643: 3531: 3421: 3332: 3081:) and several floating piers. The Mulberry harbours were supplemented by 3062: 2922: 2907: 2859: 2855: 2738: 2680: 2638:

had triumphed in what he called "the most famous victory in history"—the

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The decision to undertake cross-channel landings in 1944 was made at the

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Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History

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in August 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of

2191: 26:"Normandy campaign" redirects here. For the 13th-century campaigns, see 16:

Successful Allied liberation of Nazi-held western Europe in World War II

13912: 13740: 13734: 13714: 11412: 11165: 11144: 10037: 9370: 9298: 8354:

Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994).

7919: 7411: 7409: 7370: 5957: 5757: 5062: 4878: 4397: 4136: 3707: 3703: 3691: 3663: 3554:, so in some places he had to assign soldiers to do construction work. 3535: 3109: 2890: 2886: 2863: 2827:"Overlord" was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale 2778: 2560: 2556: 2544: 1853: 1630: 951: 946: 919: 8872:

The Devil's Garden: Rommel's Desperate Defense of Omaha Beach on D-Day

7993:] (in French). Vincennes: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre. 7322: 6773: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4067: 3834:

and were soon recalled to assist in the area between Caen and Bayeux.

58: 11675: 11080: 10877: 10688: 10486: 10441: 8979:

SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive 1940–1946

5229: 4272: 4066:. The Third Army continued the encirclement from the south, reaching 3658:

were assigned objectives on the Cotentin Peninsula west of Utah. The

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in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler's proclaimed

2539:, which comprised all the land forces involved in the operation. The 2508:

involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the

2484:

operation that launched the successful liberation of German-occupied

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The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower

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Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom

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The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945

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Around 812,000 were American and 640,000 were British or Canadian

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After securing territory in the Cotentin Peninsula south as far as

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and 22 June, that would have made the initial landings impossible.

3246: 2969:, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Other Allied nations participated. 2874: 2755: 2540: 1858: 1216: 14017:

Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States

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forces in southern France occurred on 12 September as part of the

3002:

produced over ten million items, some of which proved useful. The

2925:) in the British and Canadian sectors. The American forces of the 9024:. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. 7972:] (in French). Paris: Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS. 7153: 7151: 6422: 6398: 4331:

Mulberry harbour B still sits in the sea at Arromanches. Several

4043: 3141: 3030: 2767: 2571:. In the months leading up to the landings, the Allies conducted 525: 259: 9101:

The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day

8809:

The Long Left Flank: The Hard Fought Way to the Reich, 1944–1945

8624: 8253:"Giugno 1944: gli Italiani in Normandia nei giorni dello sbarco" 7238: 7097: 5981: 4034:

and the high ground of Mont Pinçon. Lieutenant General Patton's

3575:) were set up in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings. 2877:

on the western flank. The initial goal was to capture Carentan,

2650:(27 May to 4 June). British planners reported to Prime Minister 10556: 9154: 7906:. The Second World War. Vol. V. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 6106: 6104: 5373: 4112: 3877: 3512: 3352: 3277: 3180: 3158:

In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted

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followed on 25 August. German forces retreated east across the

628: 618: 197: 98: 7612: 7457: 7433: 7298: 7148: 6881: 6857: 6749: 6713: 6554: 6470: 6323: 4600: 4342:

has hosted numerous visitors each year. The site covers 172.5

4290:

and other important cultural treasures had been stored at the

3813:

and created two exits to the villages above. Delays in taking

10744: 8687:

Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War

7780:. Germany and the Second World War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 7310: 6446: 6386: 5207: 5205: 4738: 4736: 4343: 4157: 4125: 4039: 3763:

Omaha, the most heavily defended sector, was assigned to the

3738: 2917:, was split into the Western Naval Task Force (under Admiral 2623: 2610:

by 19 August. The Allies launched a second invasion from the

7824:

Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day

7180: 7178: 6662: 6434: 6121: 6119: 6101: 6036: 6034: 6032: 5800: 5308: 4656: 4654: 4262:

A British soldier escorts an elderly lady in heavily bombed

2698:

expanded their activity in the Mediterranean, launching the

2626:

on 30 August 1944, marking the close of Operation Overlord.

613:~65,000 casualties; 11,000 killed; 54,000 wounded or missing 7073: 7049: 6542: 6136: 6134: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6017: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5110: 5098: 5040: 5038: 5011: 4929: 4927: 4263: 4042:, while the First Army maintained pressure eastward toward 4031: 3176: 2599: 8708:

Determining the Decisive Moments: The Invasion of Normandy

7358: 7214: 7013: 6953: 6941: 6917: 6905: 6893: 6869: 6809: 6737: 6725: 6689: 6626: 6602: 6578: 6530: 6494: 6482: 6458: 6362: 5882: 5870: 5651: 5649: 5612: 5610: 5499: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5202: 4975: 4733: 4253: 4207:

American assault troops injured while storming Omaha Beach

3674:

battalion of 538 men was assigned objectives in Brittany (

734: 8100:

Ellis, Lionel; Allen, G. R. G.; Warhurst, A. E. (2004) .

7546: 7544: 7445: 7421: 7334: 7250: 7175: 7126: 7124: 6679: 6677: 6410: 6340: 6338: 6272: 6260: 6236: 6151: 6149: 6116: 6029: 5969: 5911: 5909: 5769: 5535: 4651: 4463:

V-weapons were first launched against the UK on 12 June.

4338:

Above the English Channel on a bluff at Omaha Beach, the

2999: 14007:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany

7654:

D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II

7578: 7576: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7493: 7037: 6785: 6701: 6614: 6311: 6224: 6190: 6188: 6161: 6131: 6089: 6046: 6005: 5945: 5894: 5841: 5824: 5812: 5781: 5661: 5595: 5559: 5547: 5489: 5487: 5385: 5349: 5296: 5265: 5173: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5050: 5035: 4999: 4987: 4951: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4893: 4789: 4787: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4690: 4678: 3415:. Combat losses throughout the war, particularly on the 2994:

clandestinely prepared detailed harbour maps, including

14002:

Battles and operations of World War II involving France

8236:. Battle Zone Normandy. Cheltenham: Sutton Publishing. 7481: 7001: 6301: 6299: 6248: 5993: 5646: 5607: 5571: 5433: 5421: 5217: 5134: 4939: 4566: 4564: 4562: 3315:

Men of the British 22nd Independent Parachute Company,

9816:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

7624: 7541: 7505: 7346: 7286: 7274: 7226: 7202: 7190: 7163: 7136: 7121: 7109: 7085: 7025: 6989: 6977: 6965: 6929: 6845: 6821: 6797: 6761: 6674: 6650: 6590: 6566: 6518: 6350: 6335: 6284: 6173: 6146: 5906: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5190: 5074: 4772: 4702: 4588: 4537: 4535: 4440: 4438: 3953:

to encircle Caen. XXX Corps made a flanking move from

3949:

but soon abandoned the direct approach in favour of a

8397:

Men of Steel: Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy, 1944

8353: 7600: 7588: 7573: 7556: 7529: 7517: 7061: 6212: 6200: 6185: 6083: 6065: 5963: 5939: 5921: 5858: 5763: 5751: 5733: 5691: 5673: 5622: 5523: 5511: 5484: 5472: 5460: 5409: 5367: 5241: 5146: 5122: 5086: 5023: 4963: 4905: 4784: 4760: 4714: 4617: 4615: 8701: 8455:[The Luxembourg "Brigade Piron"] (in French) 8297: 7475: 7415: 7388: 7262: 6296: 5721: 5697: 5583: 5397: 4887: 4845: 4828: 4666: 4627: 4576: 4559: 4419:. About 100 of them were stationed on the island of 4354: 3662:

was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the

3476:

1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler

2733:

The initial plans were constrained by the number of

9021:

Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943–1944

8613:"Chapter XIV: The Pursuit Stops Short of the Rhine" 8451: 7776:Boog, Horst; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006). 6833: 6638: 5634: 5277: 4639: 4606: 4547: 4532: 4435: 3425:(eastern legions)—conscripts and "volunteers" from 3366: 3351:commanders left their posts to attend war games in 9098: 9053: 8469: 8332: 8306: 8276: 8167: 8099: 7942: 7799: 7714: 7651: 7376: 7328: 6779: 5709: 5343: 5259: 5235: 4799: 4612: 4178:in Berlin, and Germany surrendered on 7 May 1945. 3355:, and men in many units were given leave. Marshal 3280:surprised members of Assault Force "U" conducting 3009:Many German radio messages were encoded using the 2893:, were to capture Caen and form a front line from 8768:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 8702:Tamelander, Michael; Zetterling, Niklas (2003) . 8169:"The disaster that could have scuppered Overlord" 6506: 3941:and other units soon reached a stalemate. During 3245:(SAS) operators deployed dummy paratroopers over 2937:(Omaha). On the British side, Lieutenant-General 13973: 8929:Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944 8009:"D-Day, the Normandy Invasion, 6 – 25 June 1944" 1615: 269: 8891:Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II 8660:The Canadian Army 1939–45: A Historical Summary 8193:(PhD thesis). Cranfield: Cranfield University. 3945:, XXX Corps attempted to advance south towards 3100:The British built specialised tanks, nicknamed 2794:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force 2529:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force 14067:Military history of Canada during World War II 8530:"The 1st Polish Armoured Division in Normandy" 7775: 7463: 7439: 4383:List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign 4271:were killed throughout the course of the war. 4001: 2654:on 4 October that even with the help of other 335: 13457: 12461: 9170: 8704:Avgörandets Ögonblick: Invasionen i Normandie 8043:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 3319:being briefed for the invasion, 4–5 June 1944 2492:. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 ( 2207: 1601: 1404: 720: 242: 88:(2 months, 3 weeks and 3 days) 13472:Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, 9122:Operation Cobra 1944: Breakout from Normandy 8852:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. 8724: 8432: 7865:British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944 7244: 4860: 4314: 3550:, which was commanded by armaments minister 3393: 2567:and an array of specialised tanks nicknamed 1418: 687:11,000–19,000 killed in pre-invasion bombing 13764:American logistics in the Normandy campaign 8378:Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy 8106:Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy 8007: 7693:Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout 4594: 4378:American logistics in the Normandy campaign 2981:Air plan for the Allied landing in Normandy 13961:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord 13769:British logistics in the Normandy campaign 13464: 13450: 12468: 12454: 9177: 9163: 8907: 8725:"German Air Activities in OVERLORD Area". 8710:] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedts. 8453:"Les Luxembourgeois de la "Brigade Piron"" 8205: 8122: 8057: 7840: 7618: 7451: 7427: 7364: 7304: 7256: 7220: 7157: 6863: 6755: 6743: 6731: 6719: 6695: 6632: 6608: 6560: 6476: 6464: 6452: 6440: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6329: 6278: 6266: 6125: 6110: 6040: 5975: 5888: 5775: 5565: 5541: 5391: 5302: 5184: 5116: 5056: 5044: 5017: 4981: 4899: 4778: 4696: 4684: 4660: 4417:1ª Divisione Atlantica Fucilieri di Marina 4373:British logistics in the Normandy campaign 4124:crossed the Seine near Elbeuf and entered 3748:, the task for the two hundred men of the 3307:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord 3252: 2214: 2200: 1608: 1594: 1411: 1397: 727: 713: 8784: 8770:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8590:"Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial" 8588: 8552: 7945:Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy 7901: 7881: 7630: 7316: 7184: 6707: 6620: 6317: 6167: 6140: 6095: 6059: 5852: 5835: 5806: 5794: 5655: 5616: 5505: 5454: 5442: 5427: 5379: 5355: 5314: 5271: 5211: 5080: 4993: 4957: 4058:pushed south from Caen toward Falaise in 3801:On the western flank, the 1st Battalion, 2629: 2221: 372: 14022:Battles of World War II involving Canada 8825: 8803: 8762: 8557:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 8372: 8335:The Second World War: A Complete History 8250: 8031: 7949:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7401:SHAEF Weekly Intelligence Summary, No.51 7043: 6668: 6011: 5818: 5577: 5223: 4945: 4873:SHAEF Weekly Intelligence Summary, No.51 4645: 4570: 4318: 4257: 4223: 4202: 4172:on 30 April as Soviet troops neared his 4135: 4005: 3919: 3836: 3777: 3715: 3604: 3511: 3447:(24 December 1943 – 17 April 1944), the 3370: 3310: 3256: 3183:under the command of Lieutenant General 3044: 2976: 2815: 284: 202: 12742:French Committee of National Liberation 8926: 8748:] (in Italian). Milano: Jaca Book. 8631: 8571: 8490: 8327: 7859: 7794: 7756: 7742:. New York: Little, Brown and Company. 7672: 7646: 7487: 7007: 6023: 5999: 5987: 5739: 5679: 5667: 5601: 5553: 5415: 5247: 5196: 5167: 5104: 5092: 5005: 4969: 4766: 4742: 4708: 4621: 4340:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial 4254:Civilians and French heritage buildings 4152:. On 17 September, Montgomery launched 3120:tank (equipped with a mine flail), the 2913:The invasion fleet, led by Admiral Sir 2811: 2591:in anticipation of landings in France. 671:1,500–2,400 tanks and assault guns lost 28:French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204) 13974: 13504:American airborne landings in Normandy 12732:French Civil and Military High Command 11024: 11002:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8893:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 8888: 8866: 8844: 8739: 8728:USAF reports related to WWII and Korea 8675: 8653: 8527: 8493:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8413: 8271: 8165: 7735: 7709: 7690: 7550: 7511: 7352: 7292: 7280: 7232: 7208: 7196: 7169: 7142: 7130: 7115: 7103: 7091: 7079: 7055: 7031: 7019: 6995: 6983: 6971: 6959: 6947: 6935: 6923: 6911: 6899: 6887: 6875: 6851: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6767: 6683: 6656: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6548: 6536: 6524: 6500: 6488: 6356: 6344: 6305: 6290: 6230: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6179: 6155: 6071: 5951: 5927: 5915: 5900: 5876: 5864: 5715: 5640: 5628: 5529: 5517: 5493: 5478: 5466: 5331: 5290: 5155: 5140: 5128: 5068: 5029: 4918: 4805: 4793: 4727: 4672: 4633: 4582: 4553: 4541: 4473:battalions of the Special Air Service. 3300: 3241:. On the same night, a small group of 3219:617 Squadron (the famous "Dambusters") 3202:working for the Allies as part of the 13445: 12449: 11873:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 11305:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 10951:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10907:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 10012:Rape during the occupation of Germany 9158: 8931:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 8828:Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Pas De Calais 8607: 8467: 8228: 8188: 8141: 7984: 7963: 7818: 7606: 7594: 7582: 7567: 7535: 7523: 7340: 7067: 6791: 6254: 6242: 5727: 5703: 5589: 5403: 4933: 4754: 3822:armour difficult. The 2nd Battalion, 2195: 1589: 1392: 708: 562:More than 1,452,000 troops by 25 July 12817:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 10995:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 10027:Rape during the liberation of France 8733:Air Force Historical Research Agency 8394: 8079: 8041:The Oxford Companion to World War II 7940: 7918: 7499: 7268: 6839: 6644: 6512: 4863:, La Cambe German Military Cemetery. 3463:SS Panzer Divisions, as well as the 3175:was invented, supposedly located in 2992:Combined Operations Pilotage Parties 690:13,632–19,890 killed during invasion 14072:Military operations of World War II 9124:. Campaign No. 88. Oxford: Osprey. 8874:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 7757:Bickers, Richard Townshend (1994). 6084:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5964:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5940:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5764:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5752:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5692:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5368:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 4120:On the afternoon of 30 August, the 3788:shows American troops, part of the 3636:Eisenhower, Letter to Allied Forces 2500:(Operation Neptune). A 1,200-plane 19:For the Vietnam War operation, see 13: 13557:Greenline, Pomegranate and Express 12638: 11221:German invasion of the Netherlands 9501:Weather events during World War II 9084:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 8947: 8435:Travel the Liberation Route Europe 8433:Inman, Nick; Staines, Joe (2019). 7867:. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. 7695:. Campaign No. 1. Oxford: Osprey. 7658:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7476:Giangreco, Moore & Polmar 2004 4325:Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery 4247:No. 2 Operational Research Section 4140:Canadian soldiers with a captured 4084:. An invasion in southern France ( 3767:, supplemented by troops from the 3752:, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel 3578: 3496:2nd SS Panzer Division "Das Reich" 3451:was forced to transfer the entire 2965:included personnel and units from 580:2,200–2,500 tanks and assault guns 454:(Ground Forces Commander in Chief) 14: 14093: 12747:Provisional Consultative Assembly 11852:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 9139: 8639:. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger. 8414:Hughes, Thomas Alexander (2010). 8251:Frittoli, Edoardo (7 June 2019). 5071:, pp. 177–178, chart p. 180. 4131: 3124:(a flame-throwing tank), and the 2972: 2933:, comprised VII Corps (Utah) and 851:Caen canal and Orne river bridges 603:124,394 casualties; 20,668 killed 440:(Deputy Supreme Allied Commander) 13533:Capture of Caen and Orne bridges 12477: 12412: 9184: 8671:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 8627:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 8418:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 8356:D-Day: The Story and Photographs 8313:. New York: Barnes & Noble. 7686:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 7416:Tamelander & Zetterling 2003 7394: 7389:Tamelander & Zetterling 2003 7377:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 7329:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 6780:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 5344:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 5260:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 5236:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 4888:Tamelander & Zetterling 2003 4846:Tamelander & Zetterling 2003 4829:Tamelander & Zetterling 2003 4513: 4504: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4357: 4284:1954 Hague Convention Protocol I 3970:began on 26 June, an attempt by 3904:commander, assigned the veteran 3824:King's Shropshire Light Infantry 3501: 3494:Panzer divisions, alongside the 3367:German preparations and defences 2858:, to Roger on the east flank of 2770:, so these sites were rejected. 627: 617: 607: 597: 565:2,052,299 (by the end of August) 532: 514: 494: 474: 459: 444: 430: 411: 387: 374: 351: 337: 324: 312: 300: 286: 271: 258: 244: 230: 218: 204: 190: 177: 164: 70:deployed, unloading supplies on 57: 14042:Invasions by the United Kingdom 13951:People of Western Europe speech 13872:Military cemeteries in Normandy 9115:– via Archive Foundation. 9070:– via Archive Foundation. 8486:– via Archive Foundation. 8349:– via Archive Foundation. 8323:– via Archive Foundation. 8293:– via Archive Foundation. 7959:– via Archive Foundation. 7841:Buckingham, William F. (2004). 7814:– via Archive Foundation. 7731:– via Archive Foundation. 7668:– via Archive Foundation. 4866: 4466: 4457: 4448: 4426: 4409: 4051:) from Vire towards Avranches. 4022:, the U.S. First Army launched 3890:709th Static Infantry Divisions 3455:from France, consisting of the 3134:Assault Vehicle Royal Engineers 2686:Two tentative plans code-named 2634:In June 1940, Germany's leader 2614:of southern France (code-named 789:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum 623:18,444 casualties; 5,021 killed 14047:Invasions by the United States 13946:June 6, 1944, order of the day 12099:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 9809:Territorial changes of Germany 9717:Indonesian National Revolution 9146:Works about Operation Overlord 8961:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 8912:. Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz. 7826:. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. 7717:D-Day: The Battle for Normandy 4122:3rd Canadian Infantry Division 3029:West (Supreme Commander West; 2987:Allied Expeditionary Air Force 74:for the breakout from Normandy 1: 13421:Mediterranean and Middle East 13324:End of World War II in Europe 12587:French Forces of the Interior 11499:Japanese invasion of Thailand 11450:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 11214:German invasion of Luxembourg 9595:Mediterranean and Middle East 9081:The Longest Day: June 6, 1944 8166:Fenton, Ben (26 April 2004). 7721:. New York; Toronto: Viking. 7639: 4193: 4088:) was launched on 15 August. 3832:British 3rd Infantry Division 3660:British 6th Airborne Division 3097:to Boulogne in late October. 3040: 1575:End of World War II in Europe 86:6 June – 30 August 1944 13705: 13701: 11406:Invasion of the Soviet Union 11095:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 10413:Independent State of Croatia 9056:The Battle of Normandy, 1944 8981:. London: BBC Publications. 8505:10.1080/13518046.2015.998134 8214:. Oxford; New York: Osprey. 8212:Overlord: The D-Day Landings 7902:Churchill, Winston (1951) . 7464:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2006 7440:Boog, Krebs & Vogel 2006 4526: 4333:large cemeteries in the area 3860: 3445:Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive 3221:dropped strips of "window", 3147: 2929:, led by Lieutenant General 2823:assault routes into Normandy 2662:in June 1941, Soviet leader 663: 7: 13781:(Pipe-Line Under The Ocean) 12581:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 12390:End of World War II in Asia 12230:Western invasion of Germany 11737:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 11714:Second Battle of El Alamein 11284:Hundred Regiments Offensive 11256:Battle of the Mediterranean 11109:Italian invasion of Albania 9283:Air warfare of World War II 9003:. New York: Penguin Books. 8908:Zetterling, Niklas (2000). 8476:. New York: Prentice-Hall. 8151:. New York: Penguin Group. 4757:, Chapter XIV, footnote 10. 4350: 4228:German forces surrender in 4150:drive to the Siegfried Line 4002:Breakout from the beachhead 3828:German 21st Panzer Division 3769:U.S. 29th Infantry Division 3600: 3440:stationed along the coast. 3233:also dropped "window" near 2800:was named commander of the 2644:British Expeditionary Force 2598:on 26 June and the city of 2535:was named commander of the 2527:was appointed commander of 664:Casualties differ by source 644:226,386 casualties in total 574:380,000 troops (by 23 July) 10: 14098: 12972:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 12704:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 12597:French Expeditionary Corps 12316:Naval bombardment of Japan 11684:First Battle of El Alamein 11603:Battle of Christmas Island 11548:Japanese invasion of Burma 11312:Italian invasion of Greece 11228:German invasion of Belgium 11200:German invasion of Denmark 11173:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 11042:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 9306:Comparative military ranks 8889:Zaloga, Steven J. (2015). 8830:. Philadelphia: Casemate. 8785:Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009). 8553:Margolian, Howard (1998). 8528:Maczek, Stainslaw (2006). 8399:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 8082:"Juno Beach: World War II" 8013:Frequently Asked Questions 5334:, Map, inside front cover. 4219: 3930: 3864: 3841:Gold Beach on 7 June 1944. 3790:U.S. 1st Infantry Division 3765:U.S. 1st Infantry Division 3726:U.S. 4th Infantry Division 3689: 3685: 3622: 3586:Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg 3505: 3304: 3151: 2176:Raids on the Atlantic Wall 2171:Strategic Bombing Campaign 484:(Naval Commander in Chief) 25: 18: 13918:Allied forces in Normandy 13880: 13844: 13793: 13756: 13699: 13634: 13484: 13395: 13365:1946 legislative election 13294: 13251: 13224: 13191: 13132: 13021: 12995: 12929: 12913: 12897: 12873: 12854: 12825: 12809: 12790: 12771: 12760: 12737:French National Committee 12717: 12649: 12636: 12630:French Forces of the West 12523: 12490: 12405: 12237:Bratislava–Brno offensive 12177: 12168:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 11905: 11792:Allied invasion of Sicily 11746: 11652:Aleutian Islands campaign 11624:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 11571: 11562:Greek famine of 1941–1944 11457:Second Battle of Changsha 11362:German invasion of Greece 11330: 11207:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 11182: 11120: 11015: 10896: 10622: 10532: 10380: 10083: 10074: 9832: 9657: 9549:North and Central Pacific 9510: 9272: 9265: 9192: 9018:Matloff, Maurice (1959). 8789:. Stroud: History Press. 8574:"South Africans in D-Day" 8534:Canadian Military History 8358:. McLean, VA: Brassey's. 8283:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 7843:D-Day: The First 72 Hours 7106:, pp. 481, 483, 494. 4315:War memorials and tourism 4198: 3564:large anti-tank obstacles 3140:. The Duplex-Drive tank ( 2949:was assigned to Gold and 2708:Allied invasion of Sicily 2476:was the codename for the 2448:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2232: 1627: 1432: 796:Combined Bomber Offensive 748: 678: 587: 553: 400: 147: 78: 56: 44: 39: 13992:1944 in military history 13382:Trial of Philippe Pétain 13309:1945 municipal elections 13206:Liberation of Strasbourg 11829:Allied invasion of Italy 11806:Solomon Islands campaign 11555:Third Battle of Changsha 11152:First Battle of Changsha 11058:Second Sino-Japanese War 9998:German military brothels 9864:United States war crimes 9097:Whitlock, Flint (2004). 8437:. London: Rough Guides. 8189:Flint, Edward R (2009). 8080:Drez, Ronald J. (2005). 7691:Badsey, Stephen (1990). 5990:, pp. 227–228, 235. 5694:, pp. 50–51, 54–57. 5262:, pp. 521–523, 524. 4861:Inman & Staines 2019 4403: 4170:Hitler committed suicide 3964:Battle of Villers-Bocage 3871:Bombardment of Cherbourg 3656:101st Airborne Divisions 3525:Alarmed by the raids on 3431:12th SS Panzer Division 3383:in France, 21 March 1944 2712:Allied invasion of Italy 2660:invaded the Soviet Union 2618:) on 15 August, and the 470:(Air Commander in Chief) 424:Supreme Allied Commander 13099:Liberation of Marseille 12251:Second Guangxi campaign 12106:Philippines (1944–1945) 11610:Battle of the Coral Sea 11513:Fall of the Philippines 11159:Battle of South Guangxi 11065:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 10471:Italian Social Republic 9120:Zaloga, Steven (2001). 8850:The Struggle For Europe 8826:Williams, Paul (2013). 8740:Viganò, Marino (1991). 8176:. Telegraph Media Group 7941:Copp, J. Terry (2003). 7736:Beevor, Antony (2012). 4607:Luxembourg Army website 4154:Operation Market Garden 4128:to a jubilant welcome. 3915: 3910:79th Infantry Divisions 3773:352nd Infantry Division 3465:349th Infantry Division 3261:Training exercise with 3253:Rehearsals and security 3116:. Examples include the 2889:, and the Canadians at 2559:, and the Canadians at 1463:Siegfried Line campaign 395:Italian Social Republic 14082:World War II invasions 14032:Invasions by Australia 13898:D-Day naval deceptions 13339:Provisional Government 13003:Liberation of Saint-Lô 12977:Maquis de Saint-Marcel 12957:Liberation of Limousin 12921:Battle of Mont Mouchet 12905:Liberation of Limousin 12801:Syria–Lebanon campaign 12752:Provisional Government 12727:Empire Defense Council 12643: 12592:French Liberation Army 11836:Armistice of Cassibile 11638:Battle of Dutch Harbor 11589:Battle of the Java Sea 11492:Attack on Pearl Harbor 11392:Syria–Lebanon campaign 11385:Battle of South Shanxi 11355:Invasion of Yugoslavia 11138:Battle of the Atlantic 10752:Korean Liberation Army 10465:(until September 1943) 10422:(until September 1944) 10400:(until September 1944) 9036:. London: Hutchinson. 9034:Normandy to the Baltic 9001:Six Armies in Normandy 8927:Zuehlke, Mark (2004). 8576:. South African Legion 8148:The Third Reich at War 7761:. London: Leo Cooper. 7619:Ford & Zaloga 2009 7257:Ford & Zaloga 2009 7221:Ford & Zaloga 2009 7158:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6864:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6756:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6744:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6732:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6720:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6696:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6633:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6609:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6561:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6477:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6465:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6453:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6441:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6431:, pp. 76–77, 334. 6429:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6417:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6407:, pp. 64–65, 334. 6405:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6393:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6381:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6369:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6330:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6279:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6267:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6126:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6111:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6041:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5976:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5889:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5776:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5566:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5542:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5392:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5185:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5117:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5057:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5045:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5018:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4982:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4327: 4267: 4245:research conducted by 4233: 4230:Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive 4208: 4166:Vistula–Oder Offensive 4144: 4015: 3928: 3894:90th Infantry Division 3882:91st Infantry Division 3842: 3818:at Juno were 961 men. 3797: 3785:Into the Jaws of Death 3724:The craft bearing the 3721: 3639: 3620: 3522: 3404:, and Normandy by the 3394: 3384: 3320: 3265: 3171:in July. A fictitious 3108:, these were modified 3058: 3057:(Gold) as seen in 1990 2982: 2959:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 2873:bridges, and north of 2824: 2718:. Those attending the 2706:in November 1942, the 2692:Operation Sledgehammer 2630:Preparations for D-Day 2583:placed Field Marshal 2236:Africa and Middle East 1258:Air and Sea operations 1051:Anglo-Canadian Sector 930:Anglo-Canadian Sector 466:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 401:Commanders and leaders 13329:Victory in Europe Day 13008:Battle of Mont Gargan 12865:Liberation of Corsica 12642: 12618:4th Moroccan Mountain 12613:3rd Algerian Infantry 12608:2nd Moroccan Infantry 12000:Second Battle of Guam 11896:Bengal famine of 1943 11866:Second Battle of Kiev 11822:Battle of the Dnieper 11527:Battle of Wake Island 11399:East African campaign 11341:Battle of South Henan 10986:atrocities by Germans 10759:Korean Volunteer Army 9740:Occupation of Germany 9494:Music in World War II 9105:. Boulder: Westview. 8811:. Toronto: Stoddart. 8676:Stacey, C.P. (1960). 8572:Meadows, Ian (2016). 8468:Lewis, Nigel (1990). 8380:. New York: Vintage. 8339:. New York: H. Holt. 7985:Corta, Henry (1997). 7964:Corta, Henry (1952). 4322: 4261: 4227: 4206: 4184:start of the Cold War 4139: 4094:2nd Armoured Division 4092:French forces of the 4030:on 30 July to secure 4009: 3996:assassination attempt 3923: 3906:9th Infantry Division 3840: 3781: 3719: 3628: 3618: 3515: 3375:German troops of the 3374: 3317:6th Airborne Division 3314: 3260: 3189:2nd Canadian Division 3173:First U.S. Army Group 3126:Armoured Ramp Carrier 3061:After the disastrous 3055:Arromanches-les-Bains 3048: 2980: 2819: 2724:Mediterranean theatre 2666:began pressing for a 2523:in May 1943. General 2418:Indian Ocean and Asia 1869:Battle of Britain Day 1290:Supporting operations 588:Casualties and losses 577:~640,000 troops total 13668:(Canada, Poland, US) 13621:(Canada, Poland, UK) 13615:(Canada, Poland, UK) 13314:Advance to the Rhine 13119:Battle of Montélimar 13114:Liberation of Guéret 13094:Liberation of Toulon 12967:Liberation of Guéret 12684:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12484:Liberation of France 12286:Surrender of Germany 11764:Battle of West Hubei 11721:Guadalcanal campaign 11691:Battle of Stalingrad 11617:Battle of Madagascar 10391:Albania protectorate 10178:(formerly Swaziland) 9887:Wehrmacht war crimes 9703:Expulsion of Germans 9487:Art and World War II 9385:British contribution 9334:Governments in exile 8787:D-Day in Photographs 8395:Horn, Bernd (2010). 7739:The Second World War 7379:, pp. 488, 493. 7082:, pp. 445, 447. 7058:, pp. 421, 444. 6669:Dear & Foot 2005 6551:, pp. 143, 148. 5819:Dear & Foot 2005 5107:, pp. 397, 478. 4946:Dear & Foot 2005 4388:Liberation of France 4111:fought its way into 4109:2nd Armored Division 3758:743rd Tank Battalion 3750:2nd Ranger Battalion 3666:and River Orne. The 3278:German torpedo-boats 3231:No. 218 Squadron RAF 3033:), commander of the 2854:—from Able, west of 2812:Allied invasion plan 2762:, Normandy, and the 2748:Supermarine Spitfire 2525:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2166:Defence of the Reich 1647:The Heligoland Bight 742:(Battle of Normandy) 696:25,000–39,000 killed 418:Dwight D. Eisenhower 120:49.41806°N 1.17639°W 21:Battle of Long Khánh 14052:Invasions of France 14037:Invasions by Canada 13929:Operation Bodyguard 13923:Liberation of Paris 13319:Invasion of Germany 13183:Battle of Meximieux 13178:Battle of Arracourt 13140:Liberation of Nancy 13104:Liberation of Paris 13084:Battle of La Ciotat 13079:Battle of Port Cros 13044:Liberation of Brest 13029:Battle for Brittany 12947:Battle of Cherbourg 12376:Potsdam Declaration 12265:Italy (Spring 1945) 12028:Liberation of Paris 11485:Siege of Sevastopol 10503:(until August 1944) 10406:Wang Jingwei regime 10228:from September 1943 10188:from September 1944 10126:from September 1944 9986:Romanian war crimes 9977:Persecution of Jews 9963:Croatian war crimes 9933:Japanese war crimes 9747:Occupation of Japan 9696:First Indochina War 9408:Military production 9320:Declarations of war 9060:. London: Cassell. 9030:Montgomery, Bernard 8955:Ambrose, Stephen E. 8065:. London: Penguin. 8019:on 24 November 2010 7820:Brown, Anthony Cave 7621:, pp. 345–354. 7502:, pp. 399–400. 7391:, pp. 341–342. 7343:, pp. 288–289. 7331:, pp. 487–488. 7319:, pp. 125–155. 7307:, pp. 517–518. 7247:, pp. 531–535. 7160:, pp. 341–342. 7022:, pp. 439–440. 6962:, pp. 416–417. 6950:, pp. 434–435. 6926:, pp. 399–400. 6914:, pp. 398–400. 6902:, pp. 366–367. 6878:, pp. 332–333. 6866:, pp. 340–341. 6818:, pp. 232–237. 6782:, pp. 247–254. 6758:, pp. 185–193. 6722:, pp. 118–120. 6671:, pp. 627–630. 6587:, pp. 215–216. 6563:, pp. 326–327. 6539:, pp. 277–278. 6503:, pp. 275–276. 6491:, pp. 270–273. 6479:, pp. 281–282. 6332:, pp. 166–167. 6245:, pp. 157–161. 6026:, pp. 224–225. 5879:, pp. 224–226. 5317:, pp. 592–593. 5238:, pp. 521–533. 4936:, pp. 336–337. 4890:, pp. 342–343. 4745:, pp. 117–120. 4292:Château de Sourches 4277:unexploded ordnance 4162:Battle of the Bulge 4102:Paris was liberated 3984:Operation Charnwood 3867:Battle of Cherbourg 3520: Atlantic Wall 3469:Führer Directive 51 3449:German High Command 3345:Walter Bedell Smith 3301:Weather forecasting 3295:Republic of Ireland 3243:Special Air Service 3206:. The double agent 3204:Double-Cross System 3164:Operation Fortitude 3160:Operation Bodyguard 3122:Churchill Crocodile 3079:Phoenix breakwaters 2963:First Canadian Army 2728:Frederick E. Morgan 2704:French North Africa 2620:Liberation of Paris 2573:Operation Bodyguard 2155:Strategic campaigns 1758:Ypres–Comines Canal 1570:Invasion of Germany 116: / 13997:August 1944 events 13982:Operation Overlord 13956:Rommel's asparagus 13940:Operation Jedburgh 13785:Operation Chastity 13387:Klaus Barbie trial 13124:Liberation of Nice 12942:Battle of Carentan 12937:Operation Overlord 12674:Bernard Montgomery 12644: 12369:Surrender of Japan 12202:Battle of Iwo Jima 12051:Belgrade offensive 11464:Siege of Leningrad 11348:Battle of Shanggao 11277:British Somaliland 11242:Dunkirk evacuation 11193:Norwegian campaign 11131:Invasion of Poland 10958:Japanese prisoners 9926:Italian war crimes 9857:British war crimes 9772:Soviet occupations 9556:South-West Pacific 9443:Allied cooperation 9401:Military equipment 8637:Defeat in the West 8301:; Moore, Kathryn; 8273:Gaddis, John Lewis 8128:www.britannica.com 8086:www.britannica.com 7883:Churchill, Winston 7845:. Stroud: Tempus. 7806:. New York: Holt. 6794:, pp. 36, 97. 6455:, pp. 56, 83. 6395:, pp. 95–104. 5809:, pp. 30, 36. 5754:, pp. 59, 61. 5346:, pp. 78, 81. 4393:Operation Downfall 4328: 4268: 4234: 4214:Normandy Massacres 4209: 4145: 4064:trapped at Falaise 4060:Operation Totalize 4028:Operation Bluecoat 4016: 3992:Operation Goodwood 3988:Operation Atlantic 3929: 3924:Operations in the 3843: 3803:Hampshire Regiment 3798: 3731:Sainte-Mère-Église 3722: 3621: 3573:Rommel's asparagus 3523: 3453:II SS Panzer Corps 3413:Friedrich Dollmann 3400:(Colonel General) 3385: 3321: 3266: 3193:Henry J. F. Miller 3154:Military deception 3059: 3023:Gerd von Rundstedt 2983: 2825: 2798:Bernard Montgomery 2760:Cotentin Peninsula 2720:Trident Conference 2716:amphibious warfare 2710:in July 1943, and 2648:Dunkirk evacuation 2577:military deception 2533:Bernard Montgomery 2517:Trident Conference 2506:amphibious assault 2478:Battle of Normandy 2474:Operation Overlord 2181:Battle of Atlantic 1085:Normandy massacres 974:Operation Chastity 738:Operation Overlord 521:Gerd von Rundstedt 451:Bernard Montgomery 125:49.41806; -1.17639 40:Operation Overlord 14077:Operation Neptune 14027:Conflicts in 1944 13969: 13968: 13934:Operation Dragoon 13609:(UK 6th Airborne) 13439: 13438: 13376:Trente Glorieuses 13352:Épuration sauvage 13290: 13289: 13150:Operation Undergo 13145:Operation Astonia 13089:Provence landings 12889:Battle of Glières 12884:Battle of Vercors 12846:Battle of Réunion 12841:Tunisian campaign 12689:Raymond O. Barton 12669:Winston Churchill 12659:Charles de Gaulle 12443: 12442: 12401: 12400: 12244:Battle of Okinawa 12143:Burma (1944–1945) 11977:Mariana and Palau 11757:Tunisian campaign 11582:Fall of Singapore 11506:Fall of Hong Kong 11249:Battle of Britain 11102:Operation Himmler 11011: 11010: 10675:Dutch East Indies 10318:Southern Rhodesia 10070: 10069: 9970:Genocide of Serbs 9873:German war crimes 9850:Soviet war crimes 9843:Allied war crimes 9689:Division of Korea 9668:Chinese Civil War 9466:Strategic bombing 9378:Manhattan Project 9131:978-1-84176-296-8 9112:978-0-8133-4218-4 9067:978-0-304-35837-3 9010:978-0-14-005293-0 8988:978-0-563-20193-9 8900:978-0-8117-6113-0 8881:978-0-8117-1228-6 8868:Zaloga, Steven J. 8837:978-1-84884-817-7 8805:Williams, Jeffery 8796:978-0-7524-5095-7 8777:978-0-521-55879-2 8764:Weinberg, Gerhard 8755:978-88-16-95081-8 8717:978-91-1-301204-9 8646:978-0-548-43948-7 8609:Pogue, Forrest C. 8564:978-1-4426-7321-2 8444:978-1-78919-430-2 8425:978-1-43911-853-5 8406:978-1-55488-708-8 8346:978-0-8050-1788-5 8320:978-0-7607-5045-2 8299:Giangreco, Dennis 8290:978-0-07-557258-9 8221:978-1-84603-424-4 8158:978-0-14-311671-4 8143:Evans, Richard J. 8050:978-0-19-280666-6 8000:978-2-86323-103-6 7966:Les bérets rouges 7933:978-0-9697955-9-9 7887:Their Finest Hour 7852:978-0-7524-2842-0 7833:978-1-59921-383-5 7802:A Soldier's Story 7787:978-0-198-22889-9 7749:978-0-316-02374-0 7728:978-0-670-02119-2 7665:978-0-671-67334-5 7245:USAF Reports 1957 6443:, pp. 90–91. 6257:, pp. 64–79. 6113:, pp. 54–56. 5966:, pp. 16–19. 5954:, pp. 58–59. 5903:, pp. 42–43. 5766:, pp. 61–62. 5670:, pp. 19–21. 5604:, pp. 71–72. 5556:, pp. 42–43. 5508:, pp. 89–90. 5457:, pp. 27–28. 5214:, pp. 12–13. 5170:, pp. 73–74. 5143:, pp. 33–34. 5119:, pp. 13–14. 5020:, pp. 10–11. 5008:, pp. 21–22. 4232:, 21 August 1944 4117:Forêt de la Londe 4086:Operation Dragoon 4056:II Canadian Corps 4049:Operation Lüttich 3980:Günther von Kluge 3955:Tilly-sur-Seulles 3898:J. Lawton Collins 3771:. They faced the 3680:Operation Samwest 3676:Operation Dingson 3625:Normandy landings 3616: 3590:Panzer Group West 3548:Organisation Todt 3239:Operation Glimmer 3215:Operation Taxable 3208:Juan Pujol García 3073:, inner concrete 3067:Mulberry harbours 3004:French resistance 2955:Air Chief Marshal 2852:spelling alphabet 2833:Operation Neptune 2796:(SHAEF). General 2790:Quebec Conference 2744:close air support 2688:Operation Roundup 2652:Winston Churchill 2616:Operation Dragoon 2612:Mediterranean Sea 2565:Mulberry harbours 2551:, the British at 2498:Normandy landings 2468: 2467: 2460:Wallis and Futuna 2189: 2188: 1583: 1582: 1386: 1385: 1242:Mantes-Gassicourt 906:Normandy landings 703: 702: 359:Southern Rhodesia 143: 142: 14089: 14062:June 1944 events 14057:July 1944 events 13942:(France, UK, US) 13936:(France, UK, US) 13908:Hobart's Funnies 13862:Hillman Fortress 13774:Mulberry harbour 13707: 13703: 13700:Landing points ( 13678:Merville Battery 13547:(Deception plan) 13466: 13459: 13452: 13443: 13442: 13345:Épuration légale 13297: 13259:Atlantic pockets 13235:Atlantic pockets 13201:Battle of Alsace 13155:Atlantic pockets 13049:Atlantic pockets 12987:Battle of Ushant 12982:Maquis de Saffré 12769: 12768: 12720: 12709:Philippe Kieffer 12699:Philippe Leclerc 12694:George S. Patton 12652: 12538:Commando Kieffer 12526: 12482: 12481: 12470: 12463: 12456: 12447: 12446: 12436: 12429: 12422: 12419:World portal 12417: 12416: 12392: 12385: 12378: 12371: 12362: 12355: 12348: 12339: 12332: 12325: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12295: 12288: 12281: 12279:Prague offensive 12274: 12272:Battle of Berlin 12267: 12260: 12253: 12246: 12239: 12232: 12225: 12218: 12216:Vienna offensive 12211: 12204: 12197: 12195:Battle of Manila 12190: 12170: 12161: 12152: 12145: 12136: 12129: 12122: 12115: 12108: 12101: 12094: 12085: 12076: 12069: 12060: 12053: 12046: 12039: 12030: 12023: 12016: 12009: 12002: 11995: 11988: 11979: 11972: 11963: 11954: 11945: 11938: 11936:Korsun–Cherkassy 11931: 11920: 11898: 11889: 11882: 11875: 11868: 11861: 11854: 11847: 11838: 11831: 11824: 11817: 11808: 11801: 11794: 11787: 11780: 11778:Bombing of Gorky 11773: 11766: 11759: 11739: 11732: 11723: 11716: 11709: 11700: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11668: 11661: 11654: 11647: 11645:Battle of Midway 11640: 11633: 11631:Battle of Gazala 11626: 11619: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11591: 11584: 11564: 11557: 11550: 11543: 11541:Battle of Borneo 11536: 11534:Malayan campaign 11529: 11522: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11478:Bombing of Gorky 11473: 11471:Battle of Moscow 11466: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11394: 11387: 11380: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11323: 11314: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11244: 11237: 11235:Battle of France 11230: 11223: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11195: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11111: 11104: 11097: 11090: 11088:Munich Agreement 11083: 11076: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11044: 11037: 11022: 11021: 11004: 10997: 10988: 10981: 10974: 10973:Soviet prisoners 10967: 10960: 10953: 10944: 10937: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10913:German prisoners 10909: 10889: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10840: 10833: 10826: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10791: 10784: 10777: 10770: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10740: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10473: 10466: 10458: 10451: 10449:French Indochina 10444: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10415: 10408: 10401: 10393: 10373: 10364: 10357: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10306: 10299: 10296:from August 1944 10287: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10238: 10231: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10198: 10191: 10179: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10136: 10129: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10081: 10080: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10022: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9988: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9956: 9949: 9942: 9940:Nanjing Massacre 9935: 9928: 9919: 9917:Nuremberg trials 9910: 9903: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9866: 9859: 9852: 9845: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9781: 9774: 9767: 9758: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9670: 9650: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9521:Asia and Pacific 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9452: 9450:Mulberry harbour 9445: 9438: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9403: 9396: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9292: 9285: 9270: 9269: 9258: 9251: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9156: 9155: 9135: 9116: 9104: 9093: 9071: 9059: 9050:Neillands, Robin 9045: 9025: 9014: 8992: 8970: 8942: 8923: 8904: 8885: 8863: 8841: 8822: 8800: 8781: 8759: 8736: 8721: 8698: 8684: 8672: 8650: 8628: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8568: 8549: 8547: 8545: 8524: 8487: 8475: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8448: 8429: 8410: 8391: 8369: 8350: 8338: 8324: 8312: 8294: 8282: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8247: 8225: 8208:Zaloga, Steven J 8202: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8171: 8162: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8119: 8102:Butler, J. R. M. 8096: 8094: 8092: 8076: 8054: 8039:, eds. (2005) . 8028: 8026: 8024: 8004: 7981: 7960: 7948: 7937: 7915: 7904:Closing the Ring 7898: 7878: 7856: 7837: 7815: 7805: 7796:Bradley, Omar N. 7791: 7772: 7759:Air War Normandy 7753: 7732: 7720: 7706: 7687: 7669: 7657: 7648:Ambrose, Stephen 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7571: 7565: 7554: 7548: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7155: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7128: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6233:, p. 51–52. 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6144: 6138: 6129: 6123: 6114: 6108: 6099: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6044: 6038: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5839: 5833: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4984:, pp. 8–10. 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4916: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4849: 4843: 4832: 4826: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4446: 4442: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4413: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4098:Philippe Leclerc 3896:, Major General 3637: 3617: 3594:Italian Campaign 3519: 3402:Hans von Salmuth 3399: 3270:Slapton in Devon 3235:Boulogne-sur-Mer 3227:barrage balloons 3185:George S. Patton 3102:Hobart's Funnies 3051:Mulberry harbour 3027:Oberbefehlshaber 2895:Caumont-l'Éventé 2575:, a substantial 2569:Hobart's Funnies 2502:airborne assault 2227: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2018:Atlantic Pockets 1622: 1618:Western Front of 1610: 1603: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1427: 1425: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1390: 1389: 1017:La Haye-du-Puits 1002:American Sector 910:American Sector 856:Merville Battery 836:Airborne assault 743: 739: 729: 722: 715: 706: 705: 681:Civilian deaths: 661:233,000 captured 633:2,097 casualties 632: 631: 622: 621: 612: 611: 602: 601: 537: 536: 519: 518: 499: 498: 479: 478: 468: 464: 463: 449: 448: 435: 434: 420: 416: 415: 393: 391: 390: 384: 380: 378: 377: 357: 355: 354: 347: 343: 341: 340: 329: 328: 327: 317: 316: 315: 305: 304: 303: 296: 292: 290: 289: 281: 277: 275: 274: 263: 262: 254: 250: 248: 247: 236: 234: 233: 223: 222: 221: 214: 210: 208: 207: 196: 194: 193: 183: 181: 180: 170: 168: 167: 131: 130: 128: 127: 126: 121: 117: 114: 113: 112: 109: 80: 79: 68:barrage balloons 61: 37: 36: 14097: 14096: 14092: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14086: 13972: 13971: 13970: 13965: 13876: 13840: 13821:Longues-sur-Mer 13789: 13752: 13695: 13684:Verrières Ridge 13630: 13523:(UK and Canada) 13480: 13470: 13440: 13435: 13391: 13370:Fourth Republic 13295: 13286: 13247: 13220: 13193: 13187: 13128: 13109:Maillé massacre 13017: 13013:Operation Cobra 12991: 12952:Battle for Caen 12925: 12909: 12893: 12869: 12850: 12836:Operation Torch 12821: 12805: 12786: 12782:Battle of Gabon 12763: 12756: 12718: 12713: 12650: 12645: 12634: 12603:1st Free French 12524: 12519: 12486: 12476: 12474: 12444: 12439: 12432: 12425: 12411: 12409: 12397: 12388: 12381: 12374: 12367: 12358: 12351: 12344: 12335: 12330:Atomic bombings 12328: 12321: 12314: 12307: 12300: 12291: 12284: 12277: 12270: 12263: 12256: 12249: 12242: 12235: 12228: 12221: 12214: 12207: 12200: 12193: 12186: 12173: 12166: 12155: 12148: 12141: 12132: 12125: 12118: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12088: 12079: 12072: 12063: 12056: 12049: 12042: 12033: 12026: 12021:Eastern Romania 12019: 12014:Warsaw Uprising 12012: 12007:Tannenberg Line 12005: 11998: 11993:Western Ukraine 11991: 11982: 11975: 11966: 11957: 11948: 11941: 11934: 11923: 11914: 11901: 11894: 11885: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11850: 11843: 11834: 11827: 11820: 11811: 11804: 11797: 11790: 11785:Battle of Kursk 11783: 11776: 11769: 11762: 11755: 11742: 11735: 11726: 11719: 11712: 11703: 11696: 11689: 11682: 11673: 11664: 11657: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11629: 11622: 11615: 11608: 11601: 11596:St Nazaire Raid 11594: 11587: 11580: 11567: 11560: 11553: 11546: 11539: 11532: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11476: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11420: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11390: 11383: 11378:Anglo-Iraqi War 11376: 11369:Battle of Crete 11367: 11360: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11326: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11298:Eastern Romania 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11233: 11226: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11198: 11191: 11178: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11136: 11129: 11116: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11040: 11033: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10984: 10977: 10972: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10940: 10933: 10924: 10917: 10912: 10905: 10892: 10885: 10876: 10869: 10864: 10859:Western Ukraine 10857: 10850: 10843: 10836: 10829: 10822: 10815: 10808: 10803:Northeast China 10801: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10773: 10766: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10666: 10659: 10652: 10645: 10638: 10631: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10569: 10562: 10555: 10548: 10541: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10509:Slovak Republic 10507: 10499: 10492: 10485: 10480:Empire of Japan 10478: 10469: 10461: 10454: 10447: 10440: 10433: 10426: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10396: 10389: 10376: 10369: 10360: 10353: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10182: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10139: 10132: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10066: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10025: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9992:Sexual violence 9991: 9984: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9915: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9862: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9761: 9752: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9722: 9715: 9710:Greek Civil War 9708: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9653: 9646: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9535:South-East Asia 9533: 9526: 9519: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9394:Military awards 9392: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9288: 9281: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9219: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9188: 9183: 9142: 9132: 9119: 9113: 9096: 9076:Ryan, Cornelius 9074: 9068: 9048: 9028: 9017: 9011: 8995: 8989: 8973: 8953: 8950: 8948:Further reading 8945: 8939: 8920: 8901: 8882: 8860: 8846:Wilmot, Chester 8838: 8819: 8797: 8778: 8756: 8718: 8682: 8647: 8633:Shulman, Milton 8598: 8596: 8594:tracesofwar.com 8579: 8577: 8565: 8543: 8541: 8484: 8458: 8456: 8445: 8426: 8407: 8388: 8366: 8347: 8329:Gilbert, Martin 8321: 8291: 8262: 8260: 8257:www.panorama.it 8244: 8222: 8179: 8177: 8159: 8132: 8130: 8116: 8090: 8088: 8073: 8051: 8022: 8020: 8001: 7991:Who dares, wins 7957: 7934: 7875: 7853: 7834: 7788: 7769: 7750: 7729: 7703: 7666: 7642: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7574: 7566: 7557: 7549: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7452:Zetterling 2000 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7428:Zetterling 2000 7426: 7422: 7414: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7195: 7191: 7183: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7156: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7129: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6694: 6690: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6186: 6182:, pp. 1–2. 6178: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6147: 6139: 6132: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6047: 6039: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5842: 5834: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5441: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5303:Buckingham 2004 5301: 5297: 5289: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4906: 4900:Zetterling 2000 4898: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4835: 4827: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4697:Zetterling 2000 4695: 4691: 4685:Zetterling 2000 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4661:Zetterling 2000 4659: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4595:US Navy website 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4317: 4288:Bayeux Tapestry 4256: 4222: 4201: 4196: 4168:on 12 January. 4134: 4036:U.S. Third Army 4024:Operation Cobra 4004: 3968:Operation Epsom 3943:Operation Perch 3935: 3933:Battle for Caen 3926:Battle for Caen 3918: 3873: 3865:Main articles: 3863: 3782:The photograph 3714: 3690:Main articles: 3688: 3638: 3635: 3627: 3605: 3603: 3581: 3579:Mobile reserves 3521: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3369: 3341:Southwick House 3337:Royal Air Force 3309: 3303: 3289:top officials. 3263:live ammunition 3255: 3156: 3150: 3114:Churchill tanks 3043: 2996:depth soundings 2975: 2814: 2802:21st Army Group 2702:an invasion of 2700:Operation Torch 2632: 2606:trapped in the 2604:German 7th Army 2537:21st Army Group 2510:English Channel 2471: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2190: 2185: 1912:St Nazaire Raid 1864:The Hardest Day 1731:Fort Eben-Emael 1717:Rotterdam Blitz 1675:The Netherlands 1623: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1584: 1579: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1387: 1382: 1369: 1156:Verrières Ridge 1078:Le Mesnil-Patry 1001: 999:Ground campaign 909: 872:American Sector 839:British Sector 838: 744: 741: 737: 735: 733: 699: 674: 662: 660: 653: 640: 636: 626: 616: 606: 596: 583: 568: 549: 541: 531: 523: 513: 503: 493: 487: 483: 473: 469: 458: 457: 453: 443: 439: 429: 421: 410: 409: 388: 386: 385: 375: 373: 371: 363: 352: 350: 338: 336: 325: 323: 313: 311: 301: 299: 287: 285: 272: 270: 257: 245: 243: 231: 229: 219: 217: 205: 203: 191: 189: 178: 176: 165: 163: 124: 122: 118: 115: 110: 107: 105: 103: 102: 101: 87: 62: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14095: 14085: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13987:1944 in France 13984: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13937: 13931: 13926: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13884: 13882: 13878: 13877: 13875: 13874: 13869: 13867:Pegasus Bridge 13864: 13859: 13854: 13852:Falaise pocket 13848: 13846: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13797: 13795: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13787: 13782: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13760: 13758: 13754: 13753: 13751: 13750: 13744: 13738: 13732: 13731: 13730: 13718: 13711: 13709: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13693: 13690:Villers-Bocage 13687: 13681: 13675: 13669: 13663: 13657: 13651: 13645: 13638: 13636: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13622: 13616: 13610: 13604: 13598: 13592: 13586: 13580: 13574: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13548: 13542: 13536: 13530: 13524: 13518: 13512: 13506: 13501: 13500:(assault plan) 13495: 13494:(overall plan) 13488: 13486: 13482: 13481: 13469: 13468: 13461: 13454: 13446: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13400:WW II theatres 13396: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13355: 13348: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13300: 13298: 13292: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13243: 13231: 13229: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13197: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13136: 13134: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13065: 13064: 13063: 13062: 13057: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13025: 13023: 13019: 13018: 13016: 13015: 13010: 13005: 12999: 12997: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12962:Tulle massacre 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12933: 12931: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12923: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12910: 12908: 12907: 12901: 12899: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12891: 12886: 12880: 12878: 12871: 12870: 12868: 12867: 12861: 12859: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12832: 12830: 12823: 12822: 12820: 12819: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12803: 12797: 12795: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12778: 12776: 12766: 12758: 12757: 12755: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12723: 12721: 12719:Administration 12715: 12714: 12712: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12655: 12653: 12647: 12646: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12553:3rd Army Corps 12550: 12540: 12535: 12533:Army of Africa 12529: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12473: 12472: 12465: 12458: 12450: 12441: 12440: 12438: 12437: 12430: 12423: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12386: 12379: 12365: 12364: 12363: 12349: 12346:South Sakhalin 12342: 12341: 12340: 12326: 12319: 12312: 12305: 12298: 12297: 12296: 12282: 12275: 12268: 12261: 12254: 12247: 12240: 12233: 12226: 12219: 12212: 12205: 12198: 12191: 12183: 12181: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12146: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12123: 12116: 12109: 12102: 12095: 12086: 12077: 12070: 12061: 12054: 12047: 12040: 12031: 12024: 12017: 12010: 12003: 11996: 11989: 11980: 11973: 11964: 11955: 11946: 11939: 11932: 11921: 11911: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11899: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11883: 11869: 11862: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11825: 11818: 11809: 11802: 11795: 11788: 11781: 11774: 11771:Battle of Attu 11767: 11760: 11752: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11740: 11733: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11701: 11694: 11687: 11680: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11662: 11648: 11641: 11634: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11592: 11585: 11577: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11558: 11551: 11544: 11537: 11530: 11523: 11520:Battle of Guam 11516: 11509: 11502: 11495: 11488: 11481: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11443:Battle of Kiev 11439: 11432: 11418: 11417: 11416: 11402: 11395: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11358: 11351: 11344: 11336: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11280: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11252: 11245: 11238: 11231: 11224: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11188: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11134: 11126: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11061: 11047: 11046: 11045: 11030: 11028: 11019: 11013: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10990: 10989: 10982: 10970: 10969: 10968: 10954: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10942:United Kingdom 10938: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10910: 10902: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10874: 10862: 10855: 10848: 10841: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10755: 10741: 10734: 10727: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10636: 10628: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10546: 10538: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10459: 10452: 10445: 10438: 10431: 10424: 10416: 10409: 10402: 10394: 10386: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10346:British Empire 10339:United Kingdom 10335: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10307: 10300: 10288: 10281: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10180: 10172: 10165: 10158: 10155:Czechoslovakia 10151: 10144: 10137: 10130: 10118: 10111: 10104: 10097: 10089: 10087: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10055: 10052:Rape of Manila 10048: 10041: 10034: 10023: 10008: 10001: 9989: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9973: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9950: 9943: 9929: 9922: 9921: 9920: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9904: 9890: 9883: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9838: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9826: 9823:United Nations 9819: 9812: 9805: 9804: 9803: 9796: 9789: 9782: 9768: 9759: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9682:Decolonization 9678: 9671: 9663: 9661: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9628: 9621: 9620: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9582: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9516: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9483: 9476: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9446: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9374: 9367: 9366: 9365: 9358: 9355:United Kingdom 9351: 9337: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9278: 9276: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9201: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9182: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9141: 9140:External links 9138: 9137: 9136: 9130: 9117: 9111: 9094: 9072: 9066: 9046: 9026: 9015: 9009: 8993: 8987: 8975:Foot, M. R. D. 8971: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8937: 8924: 8918: 8905: 8899: 8886: 8880: 8864: 8858: 8842: 8836: 8823: 8817: 8801: 8795: 8782: 8776: 8760: 8754: 8737: 8722: 8716: 8699: 8673: 8651: 8645: 8629: 8605: 8586: 8569: 8563: 8550: 8525: 8499:(1): 215–238. 8488: 8482: 8465: 8449: 8443: 8430: 8424: 8411: 8405: 8392: 8386: 8370: 8364: 8351: 8345: 8325: 8319: 8303:Polmar, Norman 8295: 8289: 8269: 8248: 8242: 8234:Villers Bocage 8226: 8220: 8203: 8186: 8163: 8157: 8139: 8120: 8114: 8097: 8077: 8071: 8055: 8049: 8029: 8005: 7999: 7982: 7970:The Red Berets 7961: 7955: 7938: 7932: 7920:Copp, J. Terry 7916: 7899: 7879: 7873: 7857: 7851: 7838: 7832: 7816: 7792: 7786: 7773: 7767: 7754: 7748: 7733: 7727: 7711:Beevor, Antony 7707: 7701: 7688: 7670: 7664: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7609:, p. 292. 7599: 7597:, p. 337. 7587: 7585:, p. 352. 7572: 7570:, p. 354. 7555: 7553:, p. 520. 7540: 7538:, p. 350. 7528: 7526:, p. 305. 7516: 7514:, p. 470. 7504: 7492: 7490:, p. 166. 7480: 7478:, p. 252. 7468: 7466:, p. 616. 7456: 7444: 7442:, p. 661. 7432: 7420: 7418:, p. 343. 7405: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7367:, p. 517. 7357: 7355:, p. 522. 7345: 7333: 7321: 7317:Margolian 1998 7309: 7297: 7295:, p. 292. 7285: 7283:, p. 291. 7273: 7271:, p. 259. 7261: 7249: 7237: 7235:, p. 289. 7225: 7223:, p. 343. 7213: 7211:, p. 290. 7201: 7199:, p. 149. 7189: 7187:, p. 109. 7185:Whitmarsh 2009 7174: 7172:, p. 485. 7162: 7147: 7145:, p. 219. 7135: 7133:, p. 286. 7120: 7118:, p. 430. 7108: 7096: 7094:, p. 429. 7084: 7072: 7070:, p. 642. 7060: 7048: 7046:, p. 369. 7036: 7034:, p. 424. 7024: 7012: 7010:, p. 377. 7000: 6998:, p. 420. 6988: 6986:, p. 418. 6976: 6974:, p. 440. 6964: 6952: 6940: 6938:, p. 410. 6928: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6890:, Map, p. 344. 6880: 6868: 6856: 6854:, p. 273. 6844: 6832: 6830:, p. 347. 6820: 6808: 6806:, p. 342. 6796: 6784: 6772: 6770:, p. 186. 6760: 6748: 6746:, p. 182. 6736: 6734:, p. 179. 6724: 6712: 6708:Whitmarsh 2009 6700: 6698:, p. 175. 6688: 6686:, p. 301. 6673: 6661: 6659:, p. 360. 6649: 6637: 6635:, p. 335. 6625: 6621:Whitmarsh 2009 6613: 6611:, p. 331. 6601: 6599:, p. 387. 6589: 6577: 6575:, p. 283. 6565: 6553: 6541: 6529: 6527:, p. 131. 6517: 6505: 6493: 6481: 6469: 6467:, p. 337. 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6383:, Map, p. 170. 6373: 6371:, p. 172. 6361: 6359:, p. 115. 6349: 6347:, p. 116. 6334: 6322: 6318:Whitmarsh 2009 6310: 6295: 6293:, p. 118. 6283: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6199: 6184: 6172: 6168:Whitmarsh 2009 6160: 6158:, p. 192. 6145: 6141:Whitmarsh 2009 6130: 6115: 6100: 6096:Whitmarsh 2009 6088: 6076: 6064: 6060:Whitmarsh 2009 6045: 6028: 6016: 6014:, p. 182. 6004: 6002:, p. 225. 5992: 5980: 5968: 5956: 5944: 5932: 5920: 5918:, p. 144. 5905: 5893: 5891:, p. 131. 5881: 5869: 5857: 5853:Whitmarsh 2009 5840: 5836:Whitmarsh 2009 5823: 5821:, p. 667. 5811: 5807:Whitmarsh 2009 5799: 5795:Whitmarsh 2009 5780: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5732: 5730:, p. 227. 5720: 5708: 5706:, p. 254. 5696: 5684: 5672: 5660: 5656:Whitmarsh 2009 5645: 5633: 5631:, p. 282. 5621: 5617:Whitmarsh 2009 5606: 5594: 5592:, p. 465. 5582: 5580:, p. 680. 5570: 5558: 5546: 5544:, p. 208. 5534: 5532:, p. 195. 5522: 5520:, p. 182. 5510: 5506:Whitmarsh 2009 5498: 5496:, p. 321. 5483: 5481:, p. 183. 5471: 5469:, p. 181. 5459: 5455:Whitmarsh 2009 5447: 5443:Whitmarsh 2009 5432: 5428:Whitmarsh 2009 5420: 5408: 5406:, p. 623. 5396: 5384: 5380:Whitmarsh 2009 5372: 5360: 5358:, p. 594. 5356:Churchill 1951 5348: 5336: 5319: 5315:Churchill 1951 5307: 5295: 5276: 5274:, p. 642. 5272:Churchill 1951 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5226:, p. 684. 5216: 5212:Whitmarsh 2009 5201: 5199:, p. 491. 5189: 5172: 5160: 5158:, p. 170. 5145: 5133: 5131:, p. 316. 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5081:Whitmarsh 2009 5073: 5061: 5049: 5034: 5032:, p. 319. 5022: 5010: 4998: 4996:, p. 582. 4994:Churchill 1951 4986: 4974: 4962: 4960:, p. 115. 4958:Churchill 1949 4950: 4948:, p. 322. 4938: 4923: 4921:, p. 519. 4904: 4892: 4877: 4865: 4850: 4848:, p. 342. 4833: 4831:, p. 341. 4810: 4798: 4796:, p. 271. 4783: 4779:britannica.com 4771: 4759: 4747: 4732: 4730:, p. 434. 4713: 4711:, p. 192. 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4663:, p. 408. 4650: 4638: 4636:, p. 181. 4626: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4585:, p. 492. 4575: 4558: 4546: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4512: 4503: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4434: 4425: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4365:History portal 4352: 4349: 4316: 4313: 4300:Battle of Caen 4255: 4252: 4221: 4218: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4133: 4132:Campaign close 4130: 4096:under General 4014:, August 1944. 4012:Falaise Pocket 4003: 4000: 3959:Villers-Bocage 3931:Main article: 3917: 3914: 3862: 3859: 3687: 3684: 3633: 3623:Main article: 3602: 3599: 3588:(commander of 3580: 3577: 3516: 3506:Main article: 3503: 3500: 3368: 3365: 3305:Main article: 3302: 3299: 3282:Exercise Tiger 3254: 3251: 3149: 3146: 3042: 3039: 3015:Bletchley Park 3011:Enigma machine 2974: 2973:Reconnaissance 2971: 2945:, under which 2941:commanded the 2915:Bertram Ramsay 2841:Transport Plan 2813: 2810: 2752:Hawker Typhoon 2646:(BEF)) in the 2640:fall of France 2631: 2628: 2608:Falaise pocket 2531:, and General 2486:Western Europe 2466: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2204: 2196: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1981: 1976: 1974:Hürtgen Forest 1971: 1964: 1959: 1957:Siegfried Line 1954: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1907:Commando Raids 1904: 1902:Baedeker Blitz 1899: 1892: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1733: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1707:The Grebbeberg 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1671: 1670: 1657: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1519: 1517:Hürtgen Forest 1514: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1401: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1368: 1367: 1356: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1279:Pierres Noires 1276: 1271: 1266: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1073:Villers-Bocage 1063: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1007:Brécourt Manor 996: 995: 994: 993: 988: 978: 977: 976: 960: 959: 957:Port-en-Bessin 954: 949: 944: 939: 928: 927: 922: 917: 902: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 868: 867: 860: 859: 858: 853: 833: 832: 827: 822: 815: 808: 806:Transport Plan 803: 798: 793: 792: 791: 786: 779: 772: 758: 749: 746: 745: 732: 731: 724: 717: 709: 701: 700: 698: 697: 691: 688: 684: 676: 675: 673: 672: 669: 668:2,127 aircraft 666: 659:80,000+ killed 656: 654: 652: 651: 648: 647:4,101 aircraft 645: 641: 635: 634: 624: 614: 604: 593: 590: 589: 585: 584: 582: 581: 578: 575: 571: 569: 567: 566: 563: 559: 556: 555: 551: 550: 548: 547: 529: 511: 490: 488: 486: 485: 481:Bertram Ramsay 471: 455: 441: 427: 406: 403: 402: 398: 397: 364: 362: 361: 348: 333: 321: 309: 297: 282: 279:Czechoslovakia 267: 255: 240: 227: 215: 200: 187: 185:United Kingdom 174: 161: 153: 150: 149: 145: 144: 141: 140: 139:Allied victory 137: 133: 132: 96: 94: 90: 89: 84: 76: 75: 54: 53: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14094: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13977: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13941: 13938: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13888:Atlantic Wall 13886: 13885: 13883: 13879: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13794:Gun batteries 13792: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13755: 13748: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13733: 13728: 13727:Pointe du Hoc 13725: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13698: 13691: 13688: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13673: 13670: 13667: 13664: 13661: 13658: 13655: 13652: 13649: 13646: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13633: 13626: 13623: 13620: 13617: 13614: 13611: 13608: 13605: 13602: 13599: 13596: 13593: 13590: 13587: 13584: 13581: 13578: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13567: 13564: 13561: 13558: 13555: 13552: 13549: 13546: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13531: 13528: 13525: 13522: 13519: 13516: 13513: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13474:Western Front 13467: 13462: 13460: 13455: 13453: 13448: 13447: 13444: 13432: 13431:Sino Japanese 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13416:Eastern Front 13414: 13412: 13411:Western Front 13409: 13407: 13404: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13394: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13377: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13360: 13356: 13354: 13353: 13349: 13347: 13346: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13293: 13281: 13280:Saint-Nazaire 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13250: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13232: 13230: 13228: 13223: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13211:Colmar Pocket 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13190: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13061: 13060:Saint-Nazaire 13058: 13056: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13020: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12994: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12928: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12916: 12912: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12879: 12877: 12872: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12853: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12824: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12789: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12759: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12716: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12648: 12641: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12573:32nd Infantry 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12548:Cavalry Corps 12546: 12545: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12480: 12471: 12466: 12464: 12459: 12457: 12452: 12451: 12448: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12391: 12387: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12361: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12353:Kuril Islands 12350: 12347: 12343: 12338: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12327: 12324: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12310: 12306: 12303: 12299: 12294: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12283: 12280: 12276: 12273: 12269: 12266: 12262: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12248: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12220: 12217: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12196: 12192: 12189: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12176: 12169: 12165: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12135: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12120:Syrmian Front 12117: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12075: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12066:Market Garden 12062: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12018: 12015: 12011: 12008: 12004: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11944: 11940: 11937: 11933: 11930: 11926: 11925:Monte Cassino 11922: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11897: 11893: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11870: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11842: 11837: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11823: 11819: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11775: 11772: 11768: 11765: 11761: 11758: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11685: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11663: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11604: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11583: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11563: 11559: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11542: 11538: 11535: 11531: 11528: 11524: 11521: 11517: 11514: 11510: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11482: 11479: 11475: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11419: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11370: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11352: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11302: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11291:Baltic states 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11260: 11257: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11181: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11135: 11132: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11110: 11106: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11092: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11043: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10987: 10983: 10980: 10976: 10975: 10971: 10966: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10935:United States 10932: 10927: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10895: 10888: 10884: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10871:Quốc dân Đảng 10868: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10846: 10842: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10825: 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10700: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10672: 10669: 10665: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10648: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10621: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10571:Liechtenstein 10568: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10472: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10372: 10368: 10363: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355:United States 10352: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10286: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10261: 10258: 10254: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10045:Comfort women 10042: 10039: 10035: 10032: 10029: / 10028: 10024: 10021: 10018: / 10017: 10014: / 10013: 10009: 10006: 10005:Camp brothels 10002: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9983: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9951: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9918: 9914: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894:The Holocaust 9891: 9888: 9884: 9881: 9880:forced labour 9877: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9806: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9783: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9733:Marshall Plan 9730: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9645: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9587: 9586:Eastern Front 9583: 9580: 9579:Western Front 9576: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9560: 9557: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9532: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9473:Puppet states 9470: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9430: 9426: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9415:Naval history 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9391: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9368: 9363: 9362:United States 9359: 9356: 9352: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9296: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9175: 9173: 9168: 9166: 9161: 9160: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9133: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9103: 9102: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9063: 9058: 9057: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8951: 8940: 8938:1-55365-050-6 8934: 8930: 8925: 8921: 8919:0-921991-56-8 8915: 8911: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8859:1-85326-677-9 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8818:0-7737-2194-0 8814: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8680: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8655:Stacey, C. P. 8652: 8648: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8483:0-13-127796-0 8479: 8474: 8473: 8466: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8417: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8387:0-307-27571-X 8383: 8379: 8375: 8374:Hastings, Max 8371: 8367: 8365:0-02-881057-0 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8337: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8274: 8270: 8258: 8254: 8249: 8245: 8243:0-7509-3012-8 8239: 8235: 8231: 8230:Forty, George 8227: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8175: 8174:The Telegraph 8170: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8115:1-84574-058-0 8111: 8107: 8103: 8098: 8087: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8072:0-14-101761-9 8068: 8064: 8060: 8059:D'Este, Carlo 8056: 8052: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7987:Qui ose gagne 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7956:0-8020-3730-5 7952: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7874:0-415-40773-7 7870: 7866: 7862: 7861:Buckley, John 7858: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7804: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7768:0-85052-412-1 7764: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7719: 7718: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7702:0-85045-921-4 7698: 7694: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7632: 7631:Traces of War 7627: 7620: 7615: 7608: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7552: 7547: 7545: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7454:, p. 74. 7453: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7430:, p. 77. 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7410: 7402: 7397: 7390: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7337: 7330: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7294: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7265: 7259:, p. 36. 7258: 7253: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7229: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7198: 7193: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7171: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7044:Hastings 2006 7040: 7033: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6956: 6949: 6944: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6842:, p. 73. 6841: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6721: 6716: 6710:, p. 49. 6709: 6704: 6697: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6670: 6665: 6658: 6653: 6647:, p. 13. 6646: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6623:, p. 87. 6622: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6550: 6545: 6538: 6533: 6526: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6419:, p. 45. 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6331: 6326: 6320:, p. 51. 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6292: 6287: 6281:, p. 70. 6280: 6275: 6269:, p. 69. 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6221:, p. 51. 6220: 6215: 6209:, p. 79. 6208: 6203: 6197:, p. 74. 6196: 6191: 6189: 6181: 6176: 6170:, p. 42. 6169: 6164: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6143:, p. 15. 6142: 6137: 6135: 6128:, p. 31. 6127: 6122: 6120: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6098:, p. 12. 6097: 6092: 6086:, p. 11. 6085: 6080: 6074:, p. 33. 6073: 6068: 6062:, p. 13. 6061: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6043:, p. 30. 6042: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6012:Williams 2013 6008: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5978:, p. 37. 5977: 5972: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5942:, p. 13. 5941: 5936: 5930:, p. 34. 5929: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5867:, p. 21. 5866: 5861: 5855:, p. 33. 5854: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5838:, p. 31. 5837: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5797:, p. 30. 5796: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5778:, p. 46. 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5742:, p. 36. 5741: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5682:, p. 35. 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5658:, p. 34. 5657: 5652: 5650: 5642: 5637: 5630: 5625: 5619:, p. 27. 5618: 5613: 5611: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5578:Weinberg 1995 5574: 5568:, p. 73. 5567: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5480: 5475: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5451: 5445:, p. 11. 5444: 5439: 5437: 5430:, p. 21. 5429: 5424: 5418:, p. 81. 5417: 5412: 5405: 5400: 5394:, p. 25. 5393: 5388: 5382:, Map, p. 12. 5381: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5316: 5311: 5305:, p. 88. 5304: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5250:, p. 13. 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5224:Weinberg 1995 5220: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5198: 5193: 5187:, p. 14. 5186: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5142: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5095:, p. 23. 5094: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5059:, p. 10. 5058: 5053: 5047:, p. 11. 5046: 5041: 5039: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4983: 4978: 4972:, p. 20. 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4928: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4902:, p. 83. 4901: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4855: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4775: 4769:, p. 92. 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4705: 4699:, p. 34. 4698: 4693: 4687:, p. 32. 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 85. 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4646:Frittoli 2019 4642: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4571:Williams 1988 4567: 4565: 4563: 4556:, p. 76. 4555: 4550: 4544:, p. 82. 4543: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4516: 4507: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4321: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4260: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4138: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3986:on 8–9 July. 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3951:pincer attack 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3927: 3922: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3746:Pointe du Hoc 3742: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696:Pointe du Hoc 3693: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3632: 3626: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3569:Rommelspargel 3565: 3562:, mines, and 3561: 3560:metal tripods 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3514: 3509: 3508:Atlantic Wall 3502:Atlantic Wall 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3438:static troops 3435: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3417:Eastern Front 3414: 3411: 3410:Generaloberst 3408:commanded by 3407: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3396:Generaloberst 3391: 3382: 3381:Atlantic Wall 3378: 3377:Indian Legion 3373: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3326:highest tides 3318: 3313: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274:friendly fire 3271: 3264: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200:double agents 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3169:Pas de Calais 3165: 3161: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3091:Isle of Wight 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3035:Western Front 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939:Miles Dempsey 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2764:Pas de Calais 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2735:landing craft 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2677:Passchendaele 2674: 2669: 2665: 2664:Joseph Stalin 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2589:Atlantic Wall 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2442:North America 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2407:Colmar Pocket 2405: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2315:Monte Cassino 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2298:Eastern Front 2296: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2274:Run for Tunis 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2013:Colmar Pocket 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1968:Market Garden 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1839: 1838:Haddock Force 1836: 1835: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1668:Schuster Line 1666: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1621: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1553:Colmar Pocket 1551: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1501:Market Garden 1498: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1468:Channel Coast 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1422:Western Front 1414: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090:Ardenne Abbey 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 992: 989: 987: 984: 983: 982: 979: 975: 972: 971: 970: 967: 966: 965: 964: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 937: 933: 932: 931: 926: 925:Pointe du Hoc 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 912: 911: 908: 907: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 875: 874: 873: 866: 865: 861: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 847: 846: 842: 841: 840: 837: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 820: 816: 814: 813: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 790: 787: 785: 784: 780: 778: 777: 773: 771: 770: 766: 765: 764: 763: 759: 757: 756:Atlantic Wall 754: 753: 752: 747: 740: 730: 725: 723: 718: 716: 711: 710: 707: 695: 692: 689: 686: 685: 683: 682: 677: 670: 667: 665: 658: 657: 655: 649: 646: 643: 642: 639: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 594: 592: 591: 586: 579: 576: 573: 572: 570: 564: 561: 560: 558: 557: 552: 545: 540: 535: 530: 527: 522: 517: 512: 509: 508: 502: 497: 492: 491: 489: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 456: 452: 447: 442: 438: 437:Arthur Tedder 433: 428: 425: 419: 414: 408: 407: 405: 404: 399: 396: 383: 370: 369: 365: 360: 349: 346: 334: 332: 322: 320: 310: 308: 298: 295: 283: 280: 268: 266: 261: 256: 253: 241: 239: 228: 226: 216: 213: 201: 199: 188: 186: 175: 173: 172:United States 162: 160: 159: 155: 154: 152: 151: 146: 138: 135: 134: 129: 100: 95: 92: 91: 85: 82: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 60: 55: 52: 48: 47:Western Front 43: 38: 33: 29: 22: 13845:Other places 13656:(UK, Canada) 13569: 13491: 13478:World War II 13374: 13357: 13350: 13343: 13304:End of Vichy 12936: 12679:Henri Giraud 12579: 12427:Bibliography 12410: 12223:Project Hula 12188:Vistula–Oder 12157: 12090: 12081: 12065: 12035: 11984: 11968: 11959: 11958: 11950: 11916: 11813: 11728: 11704: 11674: 11425: 11318: 11263:North Africa 10965:Soviet Union 10919:Soviet Union 10845:Soviet Union 10613:Vatican City 10523:Vichy France 10428:German Reich 10325:Soviet Union 10311:South Africa 10304:Sierra Leone 10257:Newfoundland 10076:Participants 10059:Marocchinate 9763: 9754: 9724: 9602:North Africa 9563:Indian Ocean 9422:Nazi plunder 9313:Cryptography 9186:World War II 9150:Open Library 9121: 9100: 9080: 9055: 9033: 9020: 9000: 8997:Keegan, John 8978: 8958: 8928: 8909: 8890: 8871: 8849: 8827: 8808: 8786: 8767: 8745: 8741: 8727: 8707: 8703: 8678: 8659: 8636: 8616: 8597:. Retrieved 8593: 8578:. Retrieved 8554: 8542:. Retrieved 8537: 8533: 8496: 8492: 8471: 8457:. Retrieved 8434: 8415: 8396: 8377: 8355: 8334: 8308: 8278: 8261:. Retrieved 8259:(in Italian) 8256: 8233: 8211: 8190: 8178:. Retrieved 8173: 8147: 8131:. Retrieved 8127: 8105: 8089:. Retrieved 8085: 8062: 8040: 8037:Foot, M.R.D. 8033:Dear, I.C.B. 8021:. Retrieved 8017:the original 8012: 7990: 7986: 7969: 7965: 7944: 7923: 7903: 7886: 7864: 7842: 7823: 7801: 7777: 7758: 7738: 7716: 7692: 7674: 7653: 7626: 7614: 7602: 7590: 7531: 7519: 7507: 7495: 7488:Shulman 2007 7483: 7471: 7459: 7447: 7435: 7423: 7400: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7216: 7204: 7192: 7165: 7138: 7111: 7099: 7087: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7039: 7027: 7015: 7008:Bradley 1951 7003: 6991: 6979: 6967: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6799: 6787: 6775: 6763: 6751: 6739: 6727: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6664: 6652: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6364: 6352: 6325: 6313: 6308:, p. 5. 6286: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6202: 6175: 6163: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6024:Liedtke 2015 6019: 6007: 6000:Liedtke 2015 5995: 5988:Liedtke 2015 5983: 5971: 5959: 5947: 5935: 5923: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5814: 5802: 5771: 5759: 5747: 5740:Zuehlke 2004 5735: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5687: 5680:Zuehlke 2004 5675: 5668:Bickers 1994 5663: 5643:, p. 4. 5636: 5624: 5602:Zuehlke 2004 5597: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5554:Zuehlke 2004 5549: 5537: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5474: 5462: 5450: 5423: 5416:Zuehlke 2004 5411: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5370:, p. 6. 5363: 5351: 5339: 5310: 5298: 5293:, p. 3. 5267: 5255: 5248:Buckley 2006 5243: 5231: 5219: 5197:Gilbert 1989 5192: 5168:Ambrose 1994 5163: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5105:Gilbert 1989 5100: 5093:Zuehlke 2004 5088: 5083:, p. 9. 5076: 5064: 5052: 5025: 5013: 5006:Zuehlke 2004 5001: 4989: 4977: 4970:Zuehlke 2004 4965: 4953: 4941: 4895: 4872: 4868: 4801: 4774: 4767:US Army 1953 4762: 4750: 4743:Buckley 2006 4709:Shulman 2007 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4641: 4629: 4622:Meadows 2016 4602: 4590: 4578: 4573:, p. x. 4549: 4515: 4506: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4428: 4416: 4411: 4337: 4329: 4309: 4297: 4281: 4269: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4210: 4188: 4180: 4175:Führerbunker 4173: 4146: 4106: 4090: 4082:20 July plot 4078:Walter Model 4073:Obersalzberg 4053: 4017: 3998:on 20 July. 3939:Hitlerjugend 3938: 3936: 3874: 3852: 3844: 3820: 3815:Bény-sur-Mer 3811: 3799: 3794:Higgins Boat 3792:, leaving a 3783: 3762: 3754:James Rudder 3743: 3723: 3642:spread from 3640: 3629: 3582: 3568: 3556: 3552:Albert Speer 3544:Army Group B 3540: 3532:strongpoints 3524: 3473: 3442: 3433:Hitlerjugend 3432: 3420: 3409: 3386: 3361: 3357:Erwin Rommel 3330: 3322: 3291: 3267: 3212: 3197: 3157: 3118:Sherman Crab 3106:Percy Hobart 3099: 3060: 3026: 3008: 2984: 2931:Omar Bradley 2912: 2868: 2849: 2826: 2787: 2772: 2732: 2685: 2668:second front 2656:Commonwealth 2636:Adolf Hitler 2633: 2593: 2585:Erwin Rommel 2581:Adolf Hitler 2514: 2504:preceded an 2490:World War II 2477: 2473: 2472: 2429: 2400: 2364: 2354:Saint-Marcel 2335: 2334: 2330:Mont Mouchet 2303: 2279: 2257: 2154: 2153: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2023: 2022: 2001: 1984: 1967: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1924: 1923: 1895: 1888: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1845: 1844: 1826: 1807: 1763: 1762: 1741: 1722: 1721: 1673: 1672: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1629: 1620:World War II 1557: 1545: 1538: 1526: 1499: 1450: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1288: 1284:Audierne Bay 1257: 1256: 1210: 1203: 1189: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1160: 1149: 1142: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1066: 1050: 998: 997: 962: 961: 935: 929: 904: 903: 870: 869: 863: 844: 835: 834: 818: 812:Postage Able 811: 782: 775: 768: 761: 750: 736: 693: 680: 679: 650:~4,000 tanks 637: 544:Army Group B 539:Erwin Rommel 505: 501:Adolf Hitler 366: 345:South Africa 156: 148:Belligerents 51:World War II 45:Part of the 32: 13903:Dieppe Raid 13836:Mont Canisy 13359:Tripartisme 13334:Victory Day 13270:La Rochelle 13161:La Rochelle 12664:Jean Moulin 12625:Second Army 12599:Divisions: 12568:1st Armored 12510:Netherlands 12158:Bodenplatte 12044:Gothic Line 11270:West Africa 10817:Philippines 10796:Netherlands 10661:Czech lands 10599:Switzerland 10543:Afghanistan 10494:Philippines 10362:Puerto Rico 10278:Philippines 10264:New Zealand 10250:Netherlands 10203:Free France 9954:Prosecution 9755:Osoaviakhim 9625:West Africa 9609:East Africa 9256:Conferences 8599:21 February 8544:10 February 8459:28 November 8263:29 November 8206:Ford, Ken; 8180:16 February 7551:Beevor 2009 7512:Zaloga 2015 7365:D'Este 2004 7353:Beevor 2009 7305:D'Este 2004 7293:Wilmot 1997 7281:Wilmot 1997 7233:Wilmot 1997 7209:Wilmot 1997 7197:Gaddis 1990 7170:Wilmot 1997 7143:Stacey 1948 7131:Stacey 1960 7116:Wilmot 1997 7104:Beevor 2009 7092:Wilmot 1997 7080:Beevor 2009 7056:Wilmot 1997 7032:Wilmot 1997 7020:Beevor 2009 6996:Wilmot 1997 6984:Wilmot 1997 6972:Beevor 2009 6960:Wilmot 1997 6948:Beevor 2009 6936:Wilmot 1997 6924:Wilmot 1997 6912:Wilmot 1997 6900:Beevor 2009 6888:Beevor 2009 6876:Beevor 2009 6852:Beevor 2009 6828:Wilmot 1997 6816:Beevor 2009 6804:Wilmot 1997 6768:Beevor 2009 6684:Wilmot 1997 6657:Wilmot 1997 6597:Wilmot 1997 6585:Beevor 2009 6573:Wilmot 1997 6549:Beevor 2009 6537:Wilmot 1997 6525:Beevor 2009 6501:Wilmot 1997 6489:Wilmot 1997 6357:Beevor 2009 6345:Beevor 2009 6306:Hughes 2010 6291:Beevor 2009 6231:Beevor 2009 6219:Beevor 2009 6207:Beevor 2009 6195:Beevor 2009 6180:Beevor 2009 6156:Wilmot 1997 6072:Beevor 2009 5952:Zaloga 2013 5928:Beevor 2009 5916:Wilmot 1997 5901:Beevor 2009 5877:Wilmot 1997 5865:Beevor 2009 5716:Fenton 2004 5641:Beevor 2009 5629:Beevor 2009 5530:Wilmot 1997 5518:Wilmot 1997 5494:Wilmot 1997 5479:Wilmot 1997 5467:Wilmot 1997 5332:Beevor 2009 5291:Beevor 2009 5156:Wilmot 1997 5141:Beevor 2009 5129:Wilmot 1997 5069:Wilmot 1997 5030:Beevor 2012 4919:Beevor 2009 4806:Maczek 2006 4794:Stacey 1960 4728:Wilmot 1997 4673:Badsey 1990 4634:Viganò 1991 4583:Beevor 2009 4554:Beevor 2009 4542:Beevor 2009 4501:historians. 4266:, July 1944 3947:Mont Pinçon 3807:Arromanches 3739:River Douve 3712:Sword Beach 3700:Omaha Beach 3668:Free French 3644:Southampton 3422:Ostlegionen 3333:James Stagg 3063:Dieppe Raid 3049:Remains of 2943:Second Army 2923:Philip Vian 2908:River Seine 2779:V-2 rockets 2739:Dieppe Raid 2681:World War I 2496:) with the 2224:Free French 2054:Blockbuster 1962:Netherlands 1917:Dieppe Raid 1712:Afsluitdijk 1637:River Forth 1424:(1944–1945) 1332:Houndsworth 1252:La Rochelle 510:of Germany) 319:Netherlands 252:New Zealand 123: / 72:Omaha Beach 13976:Categories 13913:Rhino tank 13801:Amfreville 13485:Operations 13194:March 1945 13192:Nov 1944 - 13039:Saint-Malo 12898:March 1944 12543:First Army 12505:Luxembourg 12258:West Hunan 12091:Pointblank 11427:Silver Fox 11413:Summer War 11166:Winter War 11145:Phoney War 10926:Azerbaijan 10887:Yugoslavia 10782:Luxembourg 10624:Resistance 10371:Yugoslavia 10236:Luxembourg 10038:Sook Ching 9834:War crimes 9436:Technology 9429:Opposition 9371:Lend-Lease 9348:Australian 9341:Home front 9299:Blitzkrieg 9249:Casualties 9240:Commanders 9212:Operations 7640:References 7607:Flint 2009 7595:Flint 2009 7583:Flint 2009 7568:Flint 2009 7536:Flint 2009 7524:Flint 2009 7341:Corta 1997 7068:Evans 2008 6792:Forty 2004 6255:Corta 1997 6243:Corta 1952 5728:Lewis 1990 5704:Lewis 1990 5590:Brown 2007 5404:Evans 2008 4934:Flint 2009 4755:Pogue 1954 4398:Rhino tank 4273:Land mines 4194:Casualties 3972:VIII Corps 3708:Juno Beach 3704:Gold Beach 3692:Utah Beach 3664:Caen Canal 3542:re-formed 3536:Saint-Malo 3527:St Nazaire 3223:metal foil 3152:See also: 3110:M4 Sherman 3071:breakwater 3041:Technology 2927:First Army 2871:Orne River 2845:deceptions 2837:Pointblank 2521:Washington 2395:Strasbourg 2376:Marseilles 2269:Bir Hakeim 2061:Lumberjack 1931:Baby Blitz 1896:Donnerkeil 1854:Kanalkampf 1777:Montcornet 1682:Maastricht 1661:Luxembourg 1631:Phoney War 1559:Reichswald 1378:Cemeteries 1232:Saint-Malo 801:Pointblank 307:Luxembourg 111:01°10′35″W 108:49°25′05″N 13757:Logistics 13672:Cherbourg 13619:Tractable 13545:Fortitude 13521:Charnwood 13296:Aftermath 13133:Sept 1944 12996:July 1944 12323:Manchuria 12209:Indochina 11985:Bagration 11436:Lithuania 11081:Anschluss 10878:Viet Minh 10775:Lithuania 10717:Hong Kong 10487:Manchukuo 10442:Azad Hind 10101:Australia 9901:Aftermath 9764:Paperclip 9659:Aftermath 9459:Total war 9327:Diplomacy 9290:In Europe 9042:637320842 8967:660826327 8848:(1997) . 8766:(1995) . 8695:695595624 8669:890761635 8635:(2007) . 8521:144324751 8513:1351-8046 8376:(2006) . 8275:(1990) . 8199:757064836 8061:(2004) . 7863:(2006) . 7822:(2007) . 7812:769013111 7684:220594130 7650:(1994) . 7500:Copp 2000 7269:Copp 2003 6840:Copp 2000 6645:Horn 2010 6513:Drez 2005 4527:Citations 4142:Nazi flag 3902:VII Corps 3861:Cherbourg 3805:captured 3796:on Omaha. 3760:arrived. 3427:Turkestan 3390:15th Army 3349:Wehrmacht 3286:Inveraray 3148:Deception 3138:pillboxes 3095:Dungeness 3083:blockship 2947:XXX Corps 2919:Alan Kirk 2904:Avranches 2829:lodgement 2806:divisions 2783:Cherbourg 2596:Cherbourg 2436:Indochina 2226:campaigns 2161:The Blitz 2144:Nuremberg 2139:Heilbronn 2124:Frankfurt 2109:Paderborn 2087:Undertone 2040:Veritable 2033:Blackcock 1925:1944–1945 1882:1941–1943 1816:Abbeville 1697:Rotterdam 1692:The Hague 1547:Blackcock 1372:Aftermath 1325:Bulbasket 1274:Cherbourg 1211:Tractable 1124:Charnwood 1039:Cherbourg 963:Logistics 769:Fortitude 762:Bodyguard 238:Australia 97:Northern 13925:(France) 13881:See also 13857:Hill 262 13831:Merville 13816:Houlgate 13811:Crisbecq 13806:Azeville 13743:(Canada) 13686:(Canada) 13666:Chambois 13660:Carentan 13648:Bréville 13627:(Canada) 13613:Totalize 13597:(Canada) 13573:(German) 13551:Goodwood 13515:Bluecoat 13511:(Canada) 13509:Atlantic 13492:Overlord 13406:Atlantic 13252:May 1945 13074:Égletons 13022:Aug 1944 12930:Jun 1944 12914:May 1944 12810:Dec 1941 12764:campaign 12434:Category 12383:document 12293:document 12150:Ardennes 12134:Budapest 12082:Crossbow 11960:Overlord 11799:Smolensk 11017:Timeline 10852:Slovakia 10838:Thailand 10689:Ethiopia 10654:Bulgaria 10578:Portugal 10516:Thailand 10398:Bulgaria 10176:Eswatini 10169:Ethiopia 10122:Bulgaria 9947:Unit 731 9908:Response 9725:Keelhaul 9675:Cold War 9648:Americas 9639:timeline 9632:Atlantic 9512:Theaters 9078:(1959). 9052:(2002). 9032:(1946). 8999:(1982). 8977:(1984). 8957:(1969). 8870:(2013). 8807:(1988). 8657:(1948). 8625:53-61717 8611:(1954). 8331:(1989). 8305:(2004). 8232:(2004). 8210:(2009). 8145:(2008). 8091:23 March 8023:30 March 7922:(2000). 7885:(1949). 7798:(1951). 7713:(2009). 4421:Cézembre 4351:See also 4305:Calvados 4020:Saint-Lô 3957:towards 3884:and the 3848:materiel 3735:Merderet 3648:Newhaven 3634:— 3601:Invasion 3406:7th Army 3247:Le Havre 3077:(called 3075:caissons 2875:Carentan 2756:Brittany 2541:Normandy 2401:Nordwind 2388:Dompaire 2383:Lorraine 2336:Overlord 2258:Exporter 2129:Würzburg 2008:2nd Alps 2002:Nordwind 1944:Chastity 1937:Overlord 1889:Cerberus 1875:Sea Lion 1859:Adlertag 1833:1st Alps 1792:Boulogne 1748:Gembloux 1653:Wikinger 1540:Nordwind 1507:Lorraine 1488:Boulogne 1478:Le Havre 1445:Chastity 1438:Overlord 1346:Jedburgh 1269:La Caine 1222:Chambois 1217:Hill 262 1196:Hill 140 1190:Totalize 1183:Bluecoat 1162:Breakout 1150:Goodwood 1143:Atlantic 1137:2nd Odon 1061:Bréville 1027:Carentan 1022:Saint-Lô 1012:Graignes 986:Mulberry 969:American 819:Tarbrush 776:Zeppelin 554:Strength 93:Location 13635:Battles 13625:Windsor 13601:Titanic 13583:Martlet 13577:Mallard 13570:Lüttich 13563:Jupiter 13498:Neptune 13426:Pacific 13275:Lorient 13265:Dunkirk 13171:Dunkirk 13055:Lorient 12651:Leaders 12495:Belgium 12360:Shumshu 12127:Hungary 12074:Estonia 12058:Lapland 12036:Dragoon 11969:Neptune 11951:Ichi-Go 11917:Tempest 11859:Changde 11814:Cottage 11706:Jubilee 11422:Finland 11320:Compass 11026:Prelude 10979:Finland 10865:Vietnam 10831:Romania 10703:Germany 10682:Estonia 10668:Denmark 10647:Belgium 10640:Austria 10633:Albania 10564:Ireland 10550:Andorra 10534:Neutral 10501:Romania 10435:Hungary 10420:Finland 10292:Romania 10184:Finland 10162:Denmark 10108:Belgium 10094:Algeria 9800:Romania 9786:Hungary 9542:Pacific 9266:General 9220:Leaders 9205:Battles 9198:Outline 9090:1175409 8735:. 1957. 8580:9 April 8540:(2): 20 8104:(ed.). 7978:8226637 4220:Germany 4068:Alençon 4044:Le Mans 3686:Beaches 3379:on the 3335:of the 3142:DD tank 3031:OB West 2951:I Corps 2935:V Corps 2900:Falaise 2768:isthmus 2488:during 2454:Oceania 2430:Crimson 2424:Réunion 2365:Dragoon 2359:Vercors 2320:Glières 2310:Corsica 2286:Tunisia 2149:Hamburg 2119:TF Baum 2101:Varsity 2094:Plunder 2072:Cologne 2067:Remagen 2047:Grenade 2025:Germany 1991:Scheldt 1951:Dragoon 1847:Britain 1802:Dunkirk 1724:Belgium 1702:Zeeland 1522:Scheldt 1483:Dunkirk 1452:Dragoon 1360:Wallace 1353:Dragoon 1311:Titanic 1304:Samwest 1297:Dingson 1227:Falaise 1204:Lüttich 1131:Jupiter 1117:Windsor 1103:Martlet 1097:Douvres 1032:Hill 30 981:British 894:Detroit 889:Chicago 864:Mallard 783:Titanic 751:Prelude 526:OB West 382:Germany 265:Belgium 13595:Spring 13216:Bitche 13069:Lioran 13034:Rennes 12762:French 12525:Forces 12515:Norway 12337:Debate 12309:Taipei 12302:Borneo 11880:Tarawa 11074:Europe 11035:Africa 10824:Poland 10810:Norway 10789:Malaya 10768:Latvia 10710:Greece 10696:France 10592:Sweden 10557:Bhutan 10285:Poland 10271:Norway 10243:Mexico 10210:Greece 10196:France 10134:Canada 10115:Brazil 10085:Allies 10031:Serbia 10020:Poland 9793:Poland 9779:Baltic 9572:Europe 9274:Topics 9226:Allied 9128: 9109: 9088: 9064: 9040: 9007: 8985: 8965: 8935: 8916: 8897: 8878: 8856: 8834: 8815: 8793: 8774: 8752: 8714: 8693: 8667: 8643: 8623: 8561: 8519: 8511: 8480: 8441: 8422: 8403: 8384: 8362: 8343: 8317: 8287: 8240: 8218: 8197: 8155: 8112: 8069: 8047: 7997: 7976: 7953: 7930: 7912:396150 7910: 7895:396145 7893: 7871: 7849: 7830: 7810: 7784: 7765: 7746: 7725: 7699: 7682: 7662: 4199:Allies 4113:Elbeuf 4054:While 3900:, the 3878:bocage 3855:St. Lô 3710:, and 3518: 3392:under 3353:Rennes 3181:Sussex 3130:Bobbin 2967:Poland 2961:. The 2883:Bayeux 2879:Isigny 2758:, the 2696:Allies 2482:Allied 2480:, the 2371:Toulon 2292:Europe 2134:Kassel 2080:Gisela 1979:Aachen 1808:Dynamo 1797:Calais 1782:Saumur 1765:France 1753:La Lys 1736:Hannut 1512:Aachen 1493:Calais 1473:Dieppe 1362:& 1339:Loyton 1318:Cooney 1264:Ushant 1176:Spring 936:Gambit 899:Elmira 884:Boston 879:Albany 830:Fabius 694:Total: 507:Führer 392: 379: 356: 342: 331:Norway 294:Greece 291: 276: 249: 235: 225:Poland 212:France 209: 198:Canada 195: 182: 169: 158:Allies 136:Result 99:France 13893:D-Day 13826:Maisy 13779:Pluto 13747:Sword 13723:(US) 13721:Omaha 13642:Brest 13607:Tonga 13589:Perch 13539:Epsom 13527:Cobra 13241:Royan 13166:Royan 12855:Sept 12500:Italy 12113:Leyte 11943:Narva 11929:Anzio 11887:Makin 11845:Burma 11729:Torch 11698:Rzhev 11659:Kiska 10745:Korea 10731:Japan 10724:Italy 10606:Tibet 10585:Spain 10463:Italy 10224:Italy 10217:India 10141:China 10016:Japan 9616:Italy 9528:China 9480:Women 8744:[ 8706:[ 8683:(PDF) 8517:S2CID 8133:3 May 7989:[ 7968:[ 4404:Notes 4344:acres 4158:Rhine 4126:Rouen 4040:Loire 3886:243rd 3492:116th 3087:PLUTO 3053:B at 3019:Ultra 2860:Sword 2856:Omaha 2821:D-day 2673:Somme 2624:Seine 2553:Sword 2549:Omaha 2494:D-Day 2342:Paris 2304:Husky 2280:Torch 2264:Kufra 2252:Keren 2247:Gabon 2242:Dakar 1996:Bulge 1985:Queen 1827:Paula 1821:Lille 1787:Arras 1772:Sedan 1742:David 1534:Bulge 1528:Queen 1458:Paris 1364:Hardy 1247:Paris 1237:Brest 1169:Cobra 1110:Epsom 1067:Perch 1044:Naval 991:Pluto 942:Sword 915:Omaha 845:Tonga 825:Tiger 66:with 13749:(UK) 13741:Juno 13737:(UK) 13735:Gold 13729:(US) 13717:(US) 13715:Utah 13692:(UK) 13680:(UK) 13674:(US) 13662:(US) 13654:Caen 13650:(UK) 13644:(US) 13603:(UK) 13591:(UK) 13585:(UK) 13579:(UK) 13565:(UK) 13559:(UK) 13553:(UK) 13541:(UK) 13535:(UK) 13529:(US) 13517:(UK) 13227:1945 13225:Apr 12876:1944 12874:Jan 12857:1943 12828:1942 12826:Nov 12793:1941 12791:Jun 12774:1940 12772:Nov 12179:1945 11907:1944 11748:1943 11676:Blue 11666:Attu 11573:1942 11332:1941 11184:1940 11122:1939 11051:Asia 10898:POWs 10738:Jews 10456:Iraq 10382:Axis 10332:Tuva 10148:Cuba 9233:Axis 9126:ISBN 9107:ISBN 9086:OCLC 9062:ISBN 9038:OCLC 9005:ISBN 8983:ISBN 8963:OCLC 8933:ISBN 8914:ISBN 8895:ISBN 8876:ISBN 8854:ISBN 8832:ISBN 8813:ISBN 8791:ISBN 8772:ISBN 8750:ISBN 8712:ISBN 8691:OCLC 8665:OCLC 8641:ISBN 8621:LCCN 8601:2019 8582:2023 8559:ISBN 8546:2023 8509:ISSN 8478:ISBN 8461:2020 8439:ISBN 8420:ISBN 8401:ISBN 8382:ISBN 8360:ISBN 8341:ISBN 8315:ISBN 8285:ISBN 8265:2020 8238:ISBN 8216:ISBN 8195:OCLC 8182:2014 8153:ISBN 8135:2022 8110:ISBN 8093:2022 8067:ISBN 8045:ISBN 8025:2017 7995:ISBN 7974:OCLC 7951:ISBN 7928:ISBN 7908:OCLC 7891:OCLC 7869:ISBN 7847:ISBN 7828:ISBN 7808:OCLC 7782:ISBN 7763:ISBN 7744:ISBN 7723:ISBN 7697:ISBN 7680:OCLC 7660:ISBN 4323:The 4275:and 4264:Caen 4032:Vire 3990:and 3976:Odon 3916:Caen 3888:and 3869:and 3670:4th 3654:and 3652:82nd 3530:the 3490:and 3488:19th 3484:11th 3474:The 3461:10th 3459:and 3179:and 3177:Kent 3112:and 2985:The 2957:Sir 2891:Juno 2887:Gold 2864:Utah 2777:and 2750:and 2690:and 2675:and 2600:Caen 2561:Juno 2557:Gold 2555:and 2547:and 2545:Utah 2412:Alps 2349:Elba 2114:Ruhr 1687:Mill 1642:Saar 1565:Alps 1056:Caen 952:Gold 947:Juno 920:Utah 368:Axis 83:Date 64:LSTs 12563:5th 12558:4th 9148:at 8501:doi 3744:At 3672:SAS 3646:to 3480:9th 3457:9th 3237:in 3217:, 3000:BBC 2775:V-1 2683:. 2679:in 2519:in 2325:Ist 49:of 13978:: 13476:, 13261:: 13237:: 13157:: 13051:: 11927:/ 8731:. 8685:. 8615:. 8592:. 8538:15 8536:. 8532:. 8515:. 8507:. 8497:28 8495:. 8255:. 8172:. 8126:. 8084:. 8035:; 8011:. 7575:^ 7558:^ 7543:^ 7408:^ 7177:^ 7150:^ 7123:^ 6676:^ 6337:^ 6298:^ 6187:^ 6148:^ 6133:^ 6118:^ 6103:^ 6048:^ 6031:^ 5908:^ 5843:^ 5826:^ 5783:^ 5648:^ 5609:^ 5486:^ 5435:^ 5322:^ 5279:^ 5204:^ 5175:^ 5148:^ 5037:^ 4926:^ 4907:^ 4880:^ 4853:^ 4836:^ 4813:^ 4786:^ 4735:^ 4716:^ 4653:^ 4614:^ 4561:^ 4534:^ 4437:^ 4186:. 4104:. 3706:, 3702:, 3698:, 3694:, 3678:, 3538:. 3486:, 3482:, 3478:, 3229:. 3025:, 2910:. 2881:, 13708:) 13706:E 13704:→ 13702:W 13465:e 13458:t 13451:v 13402:: 12469:e 12462:t 12455:v 11430:) 11424:( 10298:) 10294:( 10230:) 10226:( 10190:) 10186:( 10128:) 10124:( 9178:e 9171:t 9164:v 9134:. 9092:. 9044:. 9013:. 8991:. 8969:. 8941:. 8922:. 8903:. 8884:. 8862:. 8840:. 8821:. 8799:. 8780:. 8758:. 8720:. 8697:. 8649:. 8603:. 8584:. 8567:. 8548:. 8523:. 8503:: 8463:. 8447:. 8428:. 8409:. 8390:. 8368:. 8267:. 8246:. 8224:. 8201:. 8184:. 8161:. 8137:. 8118:. 8095:. 8075:. 8053:. 8027:. 8003:. 7980:. 7936:. 7914:. 7897:. 7877:. 7855:. 7836:. 7790:. 7771:. 7752:. 7705:. 7633:. 6515:. 5718:. 4808:. 4781:. 4648:. 4624:. 4609:. 4597:. 4047:( 3571:( 2215:e 2208:t 2201:v 1609:e 1602:t 1595:v 1412:e 1405:t 1398:v 728:e 721:t 714:v 546:) 542:( 528:) 524:( 504:( 426:) 422:( 30:. 23:.

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Operation Overlord

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