725:
an appeal through the Polish Army containing the Polish
Government's pledge to treat the soldier exiles fairly. Anders argued that he could not advise the soldiers to return to Poland unless the Polish Government promised elections this spring. Bevin, too, wanted immediate Polish elections, but both men knew that the chances were becoming slimmer. In Poland the split between the Communist-Socialist groups and shrewd Stanislaw Mikolajczyk's Polish Peasant Party was deepening. Security Police raids on Peasant Party headquarters were reported last week. If efforts to smash the Mikolajczyk forces failed, then the Communist-Socialist groups would fight for a late fall election, when the popularity of the Polish Peasant Party, sure winner of an election now, might have waned. Nevertheless, Bevin argued that, elections or no, the Poles in Anders' army should go home.
821:
809:
746:. At first the British Government invited representatives of the newly recognised regime in Warsaw to march in the Parade, but the delegation from Poland never arrived, the reason never being adequately explained; pressure from Moscow is the most likely explanation. Bowing to press and public pressure, the British eventually invited Polish veterans of the RAF that then represented the Polish Air Force under British Command, to attend in their place. They, in turn, refused to attend in protest at similar invitations not being extended to the Polish Army and Navy. The only Polish representative at the parade was Colonel Józef Kuropieska, the military attaché of the Communist regime in Warsaw, who attended as a diplomatic courtesy.
529:, who had been one of the first to voice his doubt of the Poles, said: "I must confess that I had been a little doubtful of the effect which their experience in their own countries and in France might have had upon the Polish and Czech pilots, but my doubts were laid to rest, because all three squadrons swung into the fight with a dash and enthusiasm which is beyond praise. They were inspired by a burning hatred for the Germans which made them very deadly opponents." Dowding later stated further that "had it not been for the magnificent the Polish squadrons and their unsurpassed gallantry, I hesitate to say that the outcome of the Battle would have been the same."
1038:
1326:
832:
1028:
27:
1098:
124:
1137:(later they suffered heavy losses, with little possibility of replenishment). Polish aircrew losses serving with Bomber Command 1940-45 were 929 killed; total Polish aircrew losses were 1,803 killed. Ultimately eight Polish fighter squadrons were formed within the RAF and had claimed 621 Axis aircraft destroyed by May 1945. By the end of the war, around 19,400 Poles were serving in the RAF.
1069:(RAF) had welcomed foreign pilots to supplement the dwindling pool of British pilots. On 11 June 1940, the Polish government in exile signed an agreement with the British government to form a Polish army and Polish air force in the United Kingdom. The first two (of an eventual ten) Polish fighter squadrons went into action in August 1940. Four Polish squadrons eventually took part in the
1094:, achieved the highest number of kills (126) of all fighter squadrons engaged in the Battle of Britain, even though it only joined the combat on 30 August 1940. These Polish pilots, representing about 5% of total Allied pilots in the Battle, were responsible for 12% of total victories (203) in the Battle and achieved the highest number of kills of any Allied squadron.
735:
been murdered. "Circumstances in many cases appear to point to the complicity of the Polish
Security Police. ... I regard it as imperative that the Polish Provisional Government should put an immediate stop to these crimes in order that free and unfettered elections may be held as soon as possible, in accordance with the
976:. No. 6 (Polish) Troop was under the command of Captain Smrokowski and comprised seven officers and 84 men, who were recruited from a variety of different sources. Some were former Polish civilians. Some were Polish Army soldiers taken prisoner after the 1939 German invasion of Poland and forcibly conscripted into the
1164:
1371:
during the war, escorted 787 convoys, conducted 1,162 patrols and combat operations, sank 12 enemy ships (including 5 submarines) and 41 merchant vessels, damaged 24 more (including 8 submarines) and shot down 20 aircraft. The number of seamen who lost their lives in action was 450 out of over 4,000.
724:
promised Anders that those of his soldiers who did not want to return to the new Poland could find asylum in the
British Empire. Argentina and Brazil were also reported ready to offer them homes. But Britain thought the best solution would be for them to return to Poland, and Britain was circulating
1089:
fighter squadrons), with 89 Polish pilots. Together with more than 50 Poles fighting in
British squadrons, about 145 Polish pilots defended British skies. Polish pilots were among the most experienced in the battle, most of them having already fought in the 1939 September Campaign in Poland and the
734:
reported "Britain's
Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin told a tense House of Commons last week that terror had become an instrument of national policy in the new Poland. Many members of Vice Premier Stanislaw Mikolajczyk's Polish Peasant Party who opposed the Communist-dominated Warsaw Government had
1348:
and a large number of smaller ships; most were RN ships loaned to take advantage of availability of Polish crews at a time when the Royal Navy had insufficient manpower to crew all its ships. The Polish Navy fought with great distinction alongside the other Allied navies in many important and
525:. The squadrons were composed of Polish pilots and ground crews, although their flight commanders and commanding officers were British. Once given the opportunity to fly, it did not take long for their British counterparts to appreciate the tenacity of the Poles. Even Air Officer Commanding
493:
agreement was signed in
November of the same year. Under this agreement, Polish sailors were permitted to don Polish uniforms, and their commanding officers were Polish; however, the ships used were of British manufacture. By 1940, the sailors had already impressed
894:, all Polish units were pressed into formation although, due to inefficient French logistics and policies, all Polish units were missing much equipment and supplies—particularly the 3rd and 4th divisions, which were still in the middle of organization. In
790:
communities. After the United States
Congress passed a 1948 law, amended in 1950, which allowed the immigration of Polish soldiers who were demobilized in Great Britain, a number of them moved to the U.S. where, in 1952, they organized the association
1659:
The Polish intelligence structure remained mostly intact following the fall of Poland in 1939 and continued to report to the Polish
Government in Exile. Known as the 'Second Department', it cooperated with the other Allies in every
1698:. Although military actions of the Polish resistance operating in Poland and its armed forces operating in the West are not commonly grouped together, several important links existed between them, in addition to the common
774:(Polski Korpus Przysposobienia i Rozmieszczenia); 114,000 Polish soldiers went through that organization. Since many Poles had been stationed in the United Kingdom and served alongside British units in the war, the
964:. Despite its name, it never reached corps strength and was not used as a tactical unit until after the war, when it took part in the occupation of Germany as part of the Allied forces stationed around the port of
729:
In
January 1946, Bevin protested against killings by the Polish provisional government, which defended its actions saying it was fighting terrorists loyal to Anders and funded by the British. In February 1946,
770:." The number of Polish ex-soldiers unwilling to return to communist Poland was so high that a special organization was formed by the British government to assist settling them in the United Kingdom: the
980:, who had then deserted whenever they had the chance. Some came from the 13,000 Polish personnel who were interned by the Swiss government, but who managed to escape Swiss custody and make their way to
968:. Prior to that date, its two main units fought separately and were grouped together mostly for logistical reasons. In August 1942, the British Commandos formed No. 6 troop which was integrated into
505:. At first, the Polish pilots were overlooked, despite being numerous (close to 8,500 by mid-1940). Despite having flown for years, most of them were posted either to RAF bomber squadrons or the
859:
509:. This was due to lack of understanding in the face of Polish defeat by the Germans, as well as language barriers and British commanders' opinion of Polish attitudes. On 11 June 1940, the
2665:
762:, and thus meeting with persecution and imprisonment (in extreme cases, death). Failure of allied Western governments to keep their promise to Poland, which now fell under the
2660:
936:
was able to evacuate many Polish troops to the United
Kingdom (estimates range from 20,000 to 35,000). The Polish I Corps was formed from these soldiers. It comprised the
284:
in France comprised 86 aircraft in four squadrons; one-and-a-half of the squadrons were fully operational, while the rest were in various stages of training. Two Polish
1062:, several small units detached to French squadrons, and numerous flights of industry defence (approximately 130 pilots, who achieved 55 victories at a loss of 15 men).
611:. By the end of the Second World War, they were 195,000 strong, and by July 1945 had increased to 228,000, most of the newcomers being released prisoners-of-war and ex-
2655:
603:
By March 1944, the Polish Armed Forces in the West, fighting under British command, numbered 165,000 at the end of that year, including about 20,000 personnel in the
2354:
1090:
1940 Battle of France. Additionally, prewar Poland had set a very high standard of pilot training. No. 303 Squadron, named after the Polish-American hero, General
701:
2641:
1102:
739:. ... I am looking forward to the end of these police states ...", while the Polish government blamed Anders and his British backers for the bloodshed there.
2585:
2278:
619:
489:
had been the first to regroup off the shores of the United Kingdom. Polish ships and sailors had been sent to Britain in mid-1939 by General Sikorski, and a
2613:
556:. Whilst in this area, the Corps was reorganised and expanded. The opportunity to form another Polish army came in 1941, following an agreement between the
2115:
2038:
2633:
Listen to Lynn Olsen & Stanley Cloud, authors of "A Question of Honor," speak about the "Kościuszko" Squadron and Polish contribution to World War II
1133:
Circus") and in raids on Germany (1940–45). In the second half of 1941 and early 1942, Polish bomber squadrons were the sixth part of forces available to
1766:
237:
in France in 1944. The Polish Armed Forces in the West were disbanded after the war, in 1947, with many former servicemen forced to remain in exile.
540:
brigades (largely manned by surplus officers at battalion strength) and took over responsibility in October 1940 for the defence of the counties of
1935:
44:
490:
2202:
792:
1822:
1293:
1253:
1683:. Forty-three percent of all the reports received by the British secret services from continental Europe in 1939-45 came from Polish sources.
91:
2158:
2136:
1045:
514:
63:
2670:
1907:
1741:
1650:
2579:
1654:
70:
2634:
1008:
533:
2183:
1715:
895:
1691:
77:
1012:
758:, where they were often seen by the Polish communists as "enemies of the state", influenced by the Western ideas, loyal to the
2566:
2506:
2410:
2089:
1233:
902:
273:
59:
2642:
https://www.britishpoles.uk/we-are-the-descendants-of-the-anders-army-our-interview-with-chris-vickers-from-7-regiment-rlc/
1896:
Dirty Little Secrets of World War II: Military Information No One Told You About the Greatest, Most Terrible War in History
945:
2351:
2221:
1736:
883:
879:
265:
257:
568:
releasing Polish soldiers, civilians and citizens from imprisonment. From these, a 75,000-strong army was formed in the
2523:
855:
820:
808:
666:
293:
1940:
To Return To Poland Or Not To Return" - The Dilemma Facing The Polish Armed Forces At The End Of The Second World War.
2468:
2446:
2428:
2336:
2214:
2050:
1903:
1756:
953:
779:
277:
110:
2603:
991:, the Soviets released Polish citizens, from whom a 75,000-strong army was formed in the Soviet Union under General
548:; this included reinforcing coastal defences that had already been started. I Corps was under the direct command of
623:
517:, and in July 1940 the RAF announced that it would form two Polish fighter squadrons equipped with British planes:
2275:
1731:
1590:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1243:
1223:
1174:
1086:
1082:
1031:
871:
631:
522:
518:
222:
171:
2555:
The Armed Forces of Poland in the West, 1939–46: Strategic Concepts, Planning, Limited Success but No Victory!
1210:
1197:
1154:
1144:
1078:
1074:
949:
754:
The formation was disbanded in 1947, many of its soldiers choosing to remain in exile rather than to return to
662:
48:
2403:
The Spy Who Loved: The Secrets and Lives of Christine Granville, Britain's First Special Agent of World War II
969:
920:(during which about 6,000 Polish soldiers died fighting), about 13,000 Polish personnel had been interned in
755:
743:
84:
2618:
2370:
2594:
1680:
1511:
937:
863:
835:
Polish military grave (the text reads "unknown soldiers") in the cemetery at Grainville-Langannerie, France
775:
639:
1016:
973:
2423:, Boulder, Colorado, East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 1995, 325 pp.,
999:). This army, successively gathered in Bouzoulouk, Samarkand, was later ferried from Krasnovodsk to the
1495:
1350:
843:, which began to be organized soon after the fall of Poland in 1939, was composed of about 85,000 men.
759:
557:
510:
250:
178:
2295:
2544:
1819:
1619:
898:
771:
201:. Making a large contribution to the war effort, the Polish Armed Forces in the West was composed of
684:, which considered a possible attack on the Soviet Union in order to enforce an independent Poland.
536:, comprised the 1st Independent Rifle Brigade, the 10th Motorised Cavalry Brigade (as infantry) and
2457:
The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II
1703:
1484:
851:
289:
127:
2521:, "The British-Polish Agreement of August 1940: Its Antecedents, Significance and Consequences,"
2166:
2144:
1761:
1707:
1478:
1465:
933:
778:
permitted all of them to settle in the United Kingdom after the war, multiplying the size of the
655:
635:
618:
The Polish Armed Forces in the West fought in most Allied operations against Nazi Germany in the
471:
218:
37:
2540:
2532:
1865:. Świat Polonii. Please note that various sources give estimates that can differ by few percent.
1786:
1420:
910:
627:
532:
As for ground troops, some Polish ground units regrouped in southern Scotland. These units, as
151:
1791:
670:
451:
Note: Until July 1945, when recruitment was halted, some 26,830 Polish soldiers were declared
2550:
2518:
2486:
2474:
2452:
2434:
2416:
2320:
2079:
2062:
1625:
1574:
1546:
1003:(Iran) through the Caspian Sea (in March and August 1942). The Polish units later formed the
992:
693:
681:
573:
506:
501:
After being evacuated after the defeat of France, Polish fliers had an important role in the
182:
1190:
1091:
1781:
1603:
1531:
1524:
1436:
1309:
1303:
1216:
1184:
1126:
1203:
1130:
8:
1942:
1710:); while in the West supplies were gathered for the resistance, and elite commandos, the
1695:
1676:
1671:. Many Poles also served in other Allied intelligence services, including the celebrated
1386:
1037:
941:
847:
285:
225:, where the Polish flag was raised on the ruined abbey on 18 May 1944, as well as in the
147:
1567:
1325:
957:
1862:
1537:
1134:
925:
906:
840:
651:
475:
246:
190:
1165:
No. 301 "Pomerania and Defenders of Warsaw" Polish Transport "Special Duties" Squadron
482:) was able to evacuate many Polish troops—probably over 20,000—to the United Kingdom.
2562:
2536:
2528:
2511:
2502:
2479:
2464:
2442:
2424:
2406:
2332:
2210:
2085:
2046:
1899:
1719:
1458:
1106:
1070:
887:
824:
787:
647:
597:
502:
495:
456:
269:
226:
1445:
2460:
2328:
1771:
1699:
1672:
1519:
1504:
1379:
1118:
1110:
1055:
1051:
891:
767:
736:
677:
604:
549:
537:
452:
297:
281:
230:
194:
16:
Polish military divisions which fought with the Allies on the Western Front of WWII
742:
It is often said that the Polish Armed Forces in the West were not invited to the
2622:
2598:
2498:
2382:
2358:
2282:
2225:
1831:
1826:
1638:
1596:
1471:
1429:
1395:
1066:
1004:
996:
783:
716:
577:
545:
460:
401:
374:
360:
191:
defeat and occupation of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939
139:
2238:
1702:. Resistance gathered and passed vital intelligence to the West (for example on
1583:
1349:
successful operations, including those conducted against the German battleship,
2490:
2261:
2207:
A Question of Honor: The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II
1776:
1751:
1612:
929:
917:
479:
427:
198:
2218:
1958:
Peszke, Michael Alfred (2011). "The British-Polish Agreement of August 1940".
2649:
2385:. Lecture notes of prof Anna M. Cienciala. Last accessed on 21 December 2006.
1687:
1368:
988:
981:
965:
961:
561:
2398:
1887:
1746:
1364:
987:
In 1941, following an agreement between the Polish government in exile and
763:
708:
704:
697:
569:
565:
553:
526:
459:
or had died of wounds. After that date, an additional 21,000 former Polish
330:
214:
167:
163:
155:
905:
was formed to which about 4,000 Polish troops had escaped, mostly through
2198:
1891:
1711:
1337:
1333:
1000:
921:
643:
608:
589:
585:
486:
261:
186:
159:
1332:
Just on the eve of war, three destroyers—representing most of the major
831:
1341:
612:
2515:, vol. LV, no. 4, 2010, pp. 467–68. Unique Identifier: 709924806.
1993:
Skalski Against All Odds: The First Allied Ace of the Second World War
1637:
As well as the above, there were a number of minor ships, transports,
2463:, Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Company, 2005, 244 pp.,
1561:
1413:
1360:
1356:
977:
581:
405:
316:
206:
2586:
Polish contribution to the Allied victory in World War 2 (1939-1945)
2276:
Polish contribution to the Allied victory in World War 2 (1939-1945)
2043:
The Lion and the Eagle: Polish Second World War Veterans in Scotland
260:
originally of about 80,000 men. Their units were subordinate to the
26:
2558:
1059:
1027:
707:. At the same time, there was British and American concern about a
700:—which feared competition for jobs from Polish immigrants—and from
234:
2477:, "The Demise of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, 1945–1947,"
1690:
organization) were also loyal to the government in exile with the
1344:(RN). At various stages of the war, the Polish Navy comprised two
1668:
1664:
country and operated one of the largest intelligence networks in
1553:
1345:
1122:
1097:
867:
301:
2628:
2591:
1665:
1661:
1294:
No. 318 "City of Gdańsk" Polish Fighter-Reconnaissance Squadron
413:
409:
388:
345:
254:
123:
2081:
The Poles in Britain, 1940-2000: From Betrayal to Assimilation
665:, Polish troops took part in occupation duties in the Western
498:, who remarked that he had "rarely seen a finer body of men".
1714:, were trained. The Polish government also wanted to use the
1686:
The majority of Polish resistance (particularly the dominant
813:
676:
Polish troops were factored into the British 1945 top secret
2609:
Personnel of the Polish Air Force in Great Britain 1940-1947
1161:) 1940 to 1943 when 301 Bomber Squadron merged with 300 Sqn.
669:. A Polish town was created: it was first named Lwow, then
593:
541:
280:, to which many Polish troops had escaped from Poland. The
210:
202:
2608:
513:
signed an agreement with the British Government to form a
2629:
Gilbert J. Mros: This V-E Day say 'dziekuje' to the Poles
1254:
No. 309 "Czerwień" Polish Fighter-Reconnaissance Squadron
1820:
Polish veterans to take pride of place in victory parade
1651:
History of Polish intelligence services § 1939–1945
720:
reported on Polish "Surplus Heroes", stating that Bevin
2666:
Military units and formations of Poland in World War II
2495:
303 Squadron: The Legendary Battle of Britain Squadron
2383:
Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939-May 1945
1336:
ships—had been sent for safety to the British Isles (
2661:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1947
2116:"The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search"
1490:("Hurricane", also known in some Polish sources as
827:
of the Polish Armed Forces in the West (reenacting)
580:". This army, successively gathered in Bouzoulouk,
197:in June 1940, the formations were recreated in the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2110:
2108:
2656:Military units and formations established in 1939
2077:
1367:), the Polish Navy sailed a total of 1.2 million
315:Deserters from forced conscription in the German
2647:
1274:No. 316 "City of Warsaw" Polish Fighter Squadron
1264:No. 315 "City of Dęblin" Polish Fighter Squadron
1244:No. 308 "City of Kraków" Polish Fighter Squadron
1175:No. 302 "City of Poznan" Polish Fighter Squadron
584:, was later ferried from Krasnovodsk across the
2614:Polish Exile Forces in the West in World War II
2580:Military contribution of Poland to World War II
2105:
1284:No. 317 "City of Wilno" Polish Fighter Squadron
1224:No. 306 "City of Toruń" Polish Fighter Squadron
1211:No. 305 "Greater Poland" Polish Bomber Squadron
749:
2557:, Helion Studies in Military History, no. 13,
2497:, translated by Jarek Garliński, Los Angeles,
2371:The Battle of the Atlantic and the Polish Navy
1835:, 5 July 2005. Last accessed on 31 March 2006.
1796:7 Regiment Royal logistic Corps (British Army)
1767:Polish Combatants' Association (United States)
1644:
1234:No. 307 "City of Lwów" Polish Fighter Squadron
304:and two infantry divisions were being formed.
2441:, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1999, 222 pp.,
2239:"Poland in Exile - Polish Resettlement Corps"
1304:No. 663 Polish Artillery Observation Squadron
1046:Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain
812:Polish soldiers welcomed by the residents of
2604:Polish units in defence of France, 1939-1940
2588:, PDF at the site of Polish Embassy (Canada)
2561:, England, Helion & Company, Ltd, 2013,
2285:, PDF at the site of Polish Embassy (Canada)
2071:
2010:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 52–53.
1975:
1742:Polish Armed Forces (Second Polish Republic)
1722:, but the request was denied by the Allies.
1708:about the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket
1185:No. 303 "Kościuszko" Polish Fighter Squadron
600:was formed from it and other units in 1943.
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1631:("Falcon") (British U-class) - 1941 onwards
984:via the British consulates in Switzerland.
2582:, Polish Ministry of Defence official page
2376:
2271:
2269:
1976:Olson, Lynne, & Stanley Cloud (2003).
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1655:Polish resistance movement in World War II
1155:No. 301 "Pomerania" Polish Bomber Squadron
766:sphere of influence, became known as the "
2257:
2255:
2178:
2176:
1995:. Stroud: Fonthill Media. pp. 47–48.
1990:
150:formations formed to fight alongside the
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2483:, vol. LV, no. 2, 2010, pp. 231–39.
2345:
1912:
1868:
1716:Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade
1324:
1198:No. 304 "Silesia" Polish Bomber Squadron
1145:No. 300 "Masovia" Polish Bomber Squadron
1140:Polish squadrons in the United Kingdom:
1096:
1065:From the very beginning of the war, the
1036:
1026:
830:
819:
807:
166:. Polish forces were also raised within
122:
2364:
2266:
2034:
2032:
1838:
1215:Ziemi Wielkopolskiej imienia Marszałka
1009:Polish 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division
798:
470:At the capitulation of France, General
217:in Allied service, most notably in the
2648:
2319:
2252:
2194:
2192:
2173:
2078:Peter D. Stachura (27 February 2004).
1957:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1101:126 German airplanes shot down by the
449:
130:of the Polish Armed Forces in the West
1641:auxiliary vessels, and patrol boats.
1543:("Kujawian") (Hunt class) - sunk 1942
1355:. With their 26 ships (2 cruisers, 9
1169:Ziemi Pomorskiej im Obrońców Warszawy
903:Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade
882:) were organized in mainland France.
274:Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade
2029:
2005:
1971:
1969:
1953:
1951:
1692:Government Delegate's Office at Home
1013:Polish 5th Kresowa Infantry Division
948:, and other formations, such as the
946:Polish Independent Parachute Brigade
940:(which later became attached to the
638:being one of the most notable), the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2671:Armies in exile during World War II
2231:
2189:
1807:
1737:Polish contribution to World War II
1694:being the highest authority of the
1501:) - returned to Free French in 1941
1340:). There they fought alongside the
884:Polish Independent Highland Brigade
880:Polish Independent Highland Brigade
696:in Britain, particularly among the
266:Polish Independent Highland Brigade
13:
2524:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
2313:
2262:The Poles in the Battle of Britain
1960:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
876:10éme Brigade de cavalerie blindée
856:Second Infantry Fusiliers Division
667:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
654:and latter operations, especially
294:Second Infantry Fusiliers Division
240:
14:
2682:
2573:
2186:. Last accessed on 31 March 2007.
2165:. 4 February 1946. Archived from
2068:, Paris 1948, ed. La Jeune Parque
2020:
1980:. London: Heinemann. p. 128.
1966:
1948:
954:16th Independent Armoured Brigade
144:Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie
60:"Polish Armed Forces in the West"
2547:, no. 24, 2011, pp. 648–58.
2084:. Psychology Press. p. 61.
308:Polish Armed Forces in the West
25:
2625: (archived 27 October 2009)
2392:
2288:
2151:
2143:. 25 March 1946. Archived from
2129:
2055:
2008:History of the Polish Air Force
1732:Polish Armed Forces in the East
1718:in Poland, particularly during
1202:Ziemi Śląskiej imienia Ksiecia
1032:No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron
872:10th Brigade of Armored Cavalry
793:Polish Veterans of World War II
687:
249:in September–October 1939, the
172:Polish Armed Forces in the East
136:Polish Armed Forces in the West
36:needs additional citations for
2592:The Poles on the Fronts of WW2
2300:WWII Behind Closed Doors - PBS
2014:
1999:
1991:Grabowski, Franciszek (2017).
1984:
1556:") (Hunt class) - 1942 onwards
663:German Instrument of Surrender
213:forces. The Poles soon became
1:
1800:
1757:First Polish Army (1944–1945)
970:No.10 (Inter-Allied) Commando
909:and would later fight in the
744:London Victory Parade of 1946
620:Mediterranean and Middle East
310:at the height of their power
177:The formations, loyal to the
2421:Battle for Warsaw, 1939-1944
2373:. Retrieved on 31 July 2007.
2361:. Retrieved on 31 July 2007.
2159:"POLAND: Behind the Curtain"
1681:Special Operations Executive
1022:
938:Polish 1st Armoured Division
776:Polish Resettlement Act 1947
750:Disbandment and resettlement
170:territories; these were the
7:
2619:Polish Squadrons Remembered
2405:, London, Macmillan, 2012,
2352:86 years of the Polish Navy
1725:
1679:") in the United Kingdom's
1645:Intelligence and resistance
1481:), - torpedoed October 1943
1017:Polish 2nd Armoured Brigade
974:1st Special Service Brigade
956:. It was commanded by Gen.
756:communist-controlled Poland
692:By 1945, there was growing
444:
431:
417:
392:
378:
364:
350:
335:
300:, while a Polish motorized
10:
2687:
2545:Taylor & Francis Group
2296:"WWII Behind Closed Doors"
1945:Retrieved on 31 July 2007.
1648:
1043:
760:Polish government in exile
558:Polish government in exile
515:Polish Air Force in the UK
511:Polish Government in Exile
251:Polish government-in-exile
233:(both also in Italy), and
189:territories following the
179:Polish government-in-exile
2357:30 September 2007 at the
1978:For Your Freedom and Ours
1863:Wojsko Polskie we Francji
1308:No. 145 Fighter Squadron
892:German invasion of France
890:in early 1940; after the
780:Polish minority in the UK
772:Polish Resettlement Corps
640:Western European Campaign
576:and informally known as "
523:303 "Kościuszko" Squadron
426:Polish diaspora from the
2439:Poland's Navy, 1918-1945
2325:Poland's Navy, 1918–1945
2137:"POLANb: Surplus Heroes"
1704:Nazi concentration camps
1058:as one fighter squadron
878:) and infantry brigade (
852:First Grenadier Division
519:302 "Poznański" Squadron
290:First Grenadier Division
128:Shoulder sleeve insignia
2281:17 October 2005 at the
2045:, Cualann Press, 2001,
1898:, HarperCollins, 1996,
1320:
1121:also fought in 1943 in
924:. Nevertheless, Polish
803:
782:. Many also joined the
711:being built in Poland.
656:Operation Market Garden
636:Battle of Monte Cassino
278:French Mandate of Syria
219:Battle of Monte Cassino
181:, were first formed in
2321:Peszke, Michael Alfred
2224:24 August 2003 at the
1329:
1114:
1041:
1034:
911:North African Campaign
866:), a Polish motorized
864:4th infantry divisions
836:
828:
817:
727:
628:North African Campaign
387:Recruits in liberated
143:
131:
2551:Michael Alfred Peszke
2519:Michael Alfred Peszke
2487:Michael Alfred Peszke
2475:Michael Alfred Peszke
2453:Michael Alfred Peszke
2435:Michael Alfred Peszke
2417:Michael Alfred Peszke
1825:18 March 2007 at the
1649:Further information:
1328:
1204:Józefa Poniatowskiego
1100:
1044:Further information:
1040:
1030:
1007:. It was composed of
950:4th Infantry Division
841:Polish Army in France
834:
823:
811:
722:
694:anti-Polish sentiment
682:Operation Unthinkable
507:RAF Volunteer Reserve
253:quickly organized in
126:
2147:on 19 February 2011.
2006:Cynk, Jerzy (1972).
1782:Civilian Labor Group
1762:Polish People's Army
1310:Polish Fighting Team
1127:Polish Fighting Team
799:History by formation
491:Polish-British Naval
258:a new fighting force
45:improve this article
2597:20 May 2005 at the
1908:Google Print, p.139
1792:Bataliony Chłopskie
1787:Sikorski's tourists
1696:Polish Secret State
1677:Christine Granville
1258:Ziemi Czerwieńskiej
1217:Józefa Piłsudskiego
1191:Tadeusza Kościuszki
1189:Warszawski imienia
942:First Canadian Army
816:, Netherlands, 1944
311:
296:) took part in the
264:. In early 1940, a
2219:Excerpt (prologue)
2184:THE VICTORY PARADE
2182:Rudolf Falkowski,
2066:Mémoires 1939–1946
2039:Diana M. Henderson
1330:
1238:Lwowskich Puchaczy
1149:Ziemi Mazowieckiej
1135:RAF Bomber Command
1115:
1092:Tadeusz Kościuszko
1081:Bomber Squadrons;
1042:
1035:
934:Władysław Sikorski
926:commander-in-chief
837:
829:
818:
652:Battle of Normandy
476:commander-in-chief
472:Władysław Sikorski
329:Evacuees from the
307:
276:was formed in the
132:
2567:978-1-908916-54-9
2512:The Polish Review
2507:978-1-60772-004-1
2480:The Polish Review
2411:978-1-4472-2565-2
2323:(February 1999).
2091:978-0-7146-5562-8
1720:Operation Tempest
1532:Hunt-class escort
1520:Escort destroyers
1510:("Thunderbolt") (
1107:Battle of Britain
1071:Battle of Britain
1019:and other units.
888:Battles of Narvik
886:took part in the
825:Universal Carrier
788:Polish Australian
702:Foreign Secretary
624:European theatres
607:and 3,000 in the
503:Battle of Britain
496:Winston Churchill
468:
467:
464:
457:missing in action
298:defence of France
270:Battles of Narvik
268:took part in the
227:Battle of Bologna
121:
120:
113:
95:
2678:
2461:Piotr S. Wandycz
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2329:Hippocrene Books
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2292:
2286:
2273:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2196:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2169:on 27 June 2010.
2155:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2075:
2069:
2063:Władysław Anders
2059:
2053:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2023:Last Hope Island
2018:
2012:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1946:
1933:
1910:
1885:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1836:
1816:
1772:Western betrayal
1700:chain of command
1673:Krystyna Skarbek
1591:American S-class
1534:) - 1941 onwards
1514:) - 1940 onwards
1338:Operation Peking
1314:Skalski's Circus
1159:Ziemi Pomorskiej
1119:Polish Air Force
1056:Battle of France
1052:Polish Air Force
993:Władysław Anders
972:attached to the
958:Stanisław Maczek
768:Western betrayal
678:contingency plan
632:Italian Campaign
605:Polish Air Force
574:Władysław Anders
550:Scottish Command
453:killed in action
450:
312:
306:
282:Polish Air Force
231:Battle of Ancona
223:Italian Campaign
146:) refers to the
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2623:Wayback Machine
2599:Wayback Machine
2576:
2499:Aquila Polonica
2395:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2359:Wayback Machine
2350:
2346:
2339:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2283:Wayback Machine
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2226:Wayback Machine
2209:, Knopf, 2003,
2197:
2190:
2181:
2174:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2037:
2030:
2019:
2015:
2004:
2000:
1989:
1985:
1974:
1967:
1956:
1949:
1934:
1913:
1886:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1839:
1832:Financial Times
1827:Wayback Machine
1817:
1808:
1803:
1728:
1657:
1647:
1639:merchant-marine
1620:British U-class
1530:("Cracovian") (
1451:("Lightning") (
1323:
1171:) 1944 to 1946.
1109:. Painted on a
1067:Royal Air Force
1048:
1025:
1005:Polish II Corps
896:French-mandated
806:
801:
784:Polish Canadian
752:
737:Crimea decision
714:In March 1945,
690:
598:Polish II Corps
402:Polish diaspora
375:occupied Europe
309:
247:Poland's defeat
243:
241:General history
148:Polish military
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2574:External links
2572:
2571:
2570:
2548:
2516:
2491:Arkady Fiedler
2484:
2472:
2459:, foreword by
2450:
2432:
2414:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2344:
2337:
2331:. p. 37.
2312:
2287:
2265:
2251:
2230:
2188:
2172:
2150:
2128:
2104:
2090:
2070:
2054:
2028:
2013:
1998:
1983:
1965:
1947:
1936:Mark Ostrowski
1911:
1888:James Dunnigan
1867:
1837:
1818:Kwan Yuk Pan,
1805:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1777:Polish British
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Gwardia Ludowa
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1646:
1643:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1623:
1610:
1594:
1581:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1544:
1535:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1502:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1443:
1427:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1393:
1369:nautical miles
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1054:fought in the
1024:
1021:
930:prime minister
918:fall of France
805:
802:
800:
797:
751:
748:
689:
686:
572:under General
534:Polish I Corps
480:prime minister
466:
465:
463:were inducted.
447:
446:
443:
437:
436:
433:
430:
428:United Kingdom
423:
422:
419:
416:
398:
397:
394:
391:
384:
383:
380:
377:
373:Escapees from
370:
369:
366:
363:
356:
355:
352:
349:
344:Evacuees from
341:
340:
337:
334:
326:
325:
322:
319:
242:
239:
199:United Kingdom
195:fall of France
152:Western Allies
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2683:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:0-7864-2009-X
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:0-7818-0672-0
2444:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:0-88033-324-3
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2340:
2338:0-7818-0672-0
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:0-375-41197-6
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:Stanley Cloud
2200:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2051:0-9535036-4-X
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2025:. p. 94.
2024:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1905:
1904:0-688-12288-4
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:Armia Krajowa
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1593:) – lost 1942
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:) – lost 1940
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1442:) – lost 1940
1441:
1439:
1435:("Thunder") (
1434:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:torpedo boats
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:Joseph Stalin
985:
983:
982:Great Britain
979:
975:
971:
967:
966:Wilhelmshaven
963:
962:Marian Kukiel
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
833:
826:
822:
815:
810:
796:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
726:
721:
719:
718:
712:
710:
706:
703:
699:
695:
685:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Joseph Stalin
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
462:
458:
454:
448:
442:
439:
438:
434:
429:
425:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
400:
399:
395:
390:
386:
385:
381:
376:
372:
371:
367:
362:
358:
357:
353:
347:
343:
342:
338:
332:
328:
327:
323:
320:
318:
314:
313:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:in Norway. A
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2639:
2554:
2522:
2510:
2494:
2489:, review of
2478:
2456:
2438:
2420:
2402:
2399:Clare Mulley
2393:Bibliography
2378:
2366:
2347:
2324:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2242:. Retrieved
2233:
2206:
2167:the original
2162:
2153:
2145:the original
2140:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2095:. Retrieved
2080:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2042:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1959:
1939:
1895:
1830:
1747:Armia Ludowa
1685:
1658:
1636:
1627:
1614:
1604:
1598:
1585:
1575:
1569:
1548:
1539:
1526:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1410:Destroyers:
1402:
1397:
1387:
1381:
1351:
1331:
1313:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1129:, known as "
1116:
1103:303 Squadron
1064:
1049:
997:Anders' Army
986:
915:
875:
846:Four Polish
845:
838:
753:
741:
731:
728:
723:
715:
713:
709:police state
705:Ernest Bevin
698:trade unions
691:
688:Denouncement
675:
660:
617:
602:
578:Anders' Army
570:Soviet Union
554:British Army
531:
527:Hugh Dowding
500:
484:
474:(the Polish
469:
440:
244:
215:shock troops
193:. After the
176:
164:World War II
156:Nazi Germany
135:
133:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2199:Lynne Olson
1892:Albert Nofi
1860:(in Polish)
1712:Cichociemni
1573:("Eagle") (
1419:("Storm") (
1334:Polish Navy
1105:during the
1001:Middle East
922:Switzerland
644:Dieppe Raid
609:Polish Navy
590:Middle East
586:Caspian Sea
487:Polish Navy
262:French Army
221:during the
187:Middle East
2650:Categories
2535:; online:
1801:References
1618:("Boar") (
1602:("Wolf") (
1589:("Hawk") (
1562:Submarines
1497:Bourrasque
1448:Błyskawica
1376:Cruisers:
1361:submarines
1357:destroyers
1342:Royal Navy
1278:Warszawski
952:, and the
944:) and the
916:After the
661:After the
634:(with the
613:labor camp
359:Liberated
71:newspapers
2541:1556-3006
2533:1351-8046
1943:Chapter 1
1527:Krakowiak
1268:Dębliński
1248:Krakowski
1179:Poznański
1131:Skalski's
1111:Hurricane
1023:Air force
978:Wehrmacht
848:divisions
615:inmates.
582:Samarkand
406:Argentina
317:Wehrmacht
286:divisions
2595:Archived
2559:Solihull
2527:(print:
2501:, 2010,
2355:Archived
2279:Archived
2222:Archived
2061:General
1823:Archived
1726:See also
1662:European
1586:Jastrząb
1554:Silesian
1540:Kujawiak
1352:Bismarck
1346:cruisers
1288:Wileński
1228:Toruński
1060:GC 1/145
932:General
650:through
596:) where
445:249,000
354:(14.0%)
348:in 1940
339:(33.7%)
333:in 1942
324:(35.8%)
235:Hill 262
229:and the
185:and its
158:and its
154:against
101:May 2012
2621:at the
2305:25 June
2244:25 June
2121:25 June
2021:Olson.
1669:Germany
1512:N-class
1492:Huragan
1487:Ouragan
1479:M-class
1466:G-class
1461:Garland
1363:and 11
1298:Gdański
1123:Tunisia
907:Romania
868:brigade
671:Maczkow
588:to the
566:Soviets
552:of the
435:(0.7%)
421:(0.9%)
396:(2.8%)
382:(5.7%)
379:14,210
368:(8.7%)
365:21,750
351:35,000
336:83,000
321:89,300
302:brigade
162:during
85:scholar
2565:
2539:
2531:
2505:
2467:
2445:
2427:
2409:
2335:
2213:
2097:30 May
2088:
2049:
1962:: 654.
1902:
1653:, and
1549:Ślązak
1507:Piorun
1455:class)
1422:Wicher
1405:class)
1398:Conrad
1382:Dragon
764:Soviet
642:(from
630:, the
626:: the
564:, the
432:1,780
418:2,290
414:Canada
410:Brazil
393:7,000
389:France
346:France
292:, and
255:France
245:After
183:France
168:Soviet
160:allies
140:Polish
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2635:here.
2509:, in
1628:Sokół
1607:class
1578:class
1576:Orzel
1570:Orzeł
1499:class
1474:Orkan
1440:class
1424:class
1416:Burza
1403:Danae
1390:class
1388:Danae
1125:(the
899:Syria
814:Breda
648:D-Day
546:Angus
538:cadre
441:Total
404:from
211:naval
92:JSTOR
78:books
2563:ISBN
2537:ISSN
2529:ISSN
2503:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2333:ISBN
2307:2015
2246:2015
2211:ISBN
2163:Time
2141:Time
2123:2015
2099:2012
2086:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1706:and
1666:Nazi
1626:ORP
1615:Dzik
1613:ORP
1605:Wilk
1599:Wilk
1597:ORP
1584:ORP
1568:ORP
1547:ORP
1538:ORP
1525:ORP
1505:ORP
1472:ORP
1459:ORP
1453:Grom
1446:ORP
1438:Grom
1432:Grom
1430:ORP
1414:ORP
1396:ORP
1380:ORP
1359:, 5
1321:Navy
1117:The
1085:and
1077:and
1050:The
960:and
928:and
901:, a
862:and
839:The
804:Army
786:and
732:Time
717:Time
646:and
622:and
594:Iran
560:and
544:and
542:Fife
521:and
485:The
478:and
461:POWs
412:and
361:POWs
331:USSR
209:and
203:army
134:The
64:news
2543:),
1494:) (
1485:OF
1087:303
1083:302
1079:301
1075:300
860:3rd
658:).
455:or
207:air
47:by
2652::
2553:,
2493:,
2455:,
2437:,
2419:,
2401:,
2327:.
2298:.
2268:^
2254:^
2217:,
2205:,
2201:,
2191:^
2175:^
2161:.
2139:.
2107:^
2041:,
2031:^
1968:^
1950:^
1938:.
1914:^
1906:,
1894:;
1890:,
1870:^
1840:^
1829:,
1809:^
1675:("
1564::
1552:("
1015:,
1011:,
913:.
874:,
858:,
854:,
795:.
680:,
673:.
408:,
205:,
174:.
142::
2569:.
2471:.
2449:.
2431:.
2413:.
2341:.
2309:.
2248:.
2228:.
2125:.
2101:.
1622:)
1609:)
1477:(
1468:)
1464:(
1426:)
1401:(
1392:)
1385:(
1316:)
1312:(
1300:)
1296:(
1290:)
1286:(
1280:)
1276:(
1270:)
1266:(
1260:)
1256:(
1250:)
1246:(
1240:)
1236:(
1230:)
1226:(
1220:)
1213:(
1207:)
1200:(
1194:)
1187:(
1181:)
1177:(
1167:(
1157:(
1151:)
1147:(
1113:.
1073:(
995:(
870:(
850:(
592:(
288:(
138:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
