Normandy landings - Knowledge

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Operation Fortitude were successful, leaving the Germans obliged to defend a huge stretch of coastline. Rommel was in Berlin and the forecasted stormy weather meant that some other German commanders and troops were not present in Normandy. The Allies achieved and maintained air supremacy, which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks. Infrastructure for transport in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance, making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies. Some of the opening bombardment was off-target or not concentrated enough to have any impact, but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha (where most of it had been lost at sea), providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches. Indecisiveness and an overly complicated command structure on the part of the German high command were also factors in the Allied success.

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Utah) linked with a front line 10 to 16 kilometres (6 to 10 mi) from the beaches; none of these latter objectives were achieved. At Utah the 4th Division made significant progress inland, making a rendezvous with the airborne troops, and the British and Canadians were between four and seven miles inland (six to eleven kilometres). The five beachheads were not connected until 12 June, by which time the Allies held a front around 97 kilometres (60 mi) long and 24 kilometres (15 mi) deep. Caen, a major objective, was still in German hands at the end of D-Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July. The Germans had ordered French civilians other than those deemed essential to the war effort to leave potential combat zones in Normandy. Civilian casualties on D-Day and D+1 are estimated at 3,000.

3590: 1907:, which comprised all land forces involved in the invasion. On 31 December 1943, Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan, which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions with two more divisions in support. The two generals insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions, with airborne descents by three additional divisions, to allow operations on a wider front and to hasten the capture of Cherbourg. The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June. Eventually, thirty-nine Allied divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: twenty-two American, twelve British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops. 3861: 3006: 4193: 3540:(the first town liberated in the invasion) and began working to protect the western flank. Because of the failure of the pathfinders to accurately mark their drop zone, the two regiments dropped on the west side of the Merderet were extremely scattered, with only four per cent landing in the target area. Many landed in nearby swamps, with much loss of life. Paratroopers consolidated into small groups, usually a combination of men of various ranks from different units, and attempted to concentrate on nearby objectives. They captured but failed to hold the Merderet River bridge at La Fière, and fighting for the crossing continued for several days. 4017: 364: 2085:. The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn, midway between low and high tide, with the tide coming in. This would improve the visibility of obstacles on the beach while minimising the amount of time the men would be exposed in the open. Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault. However, on 4 June, conditions were unsuitable for a landing: high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft, and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets. The weather forecast that reported the storms was sent from a weather station on the western coast of Ireland. 4162: 594: 479: 406: 3481: 280: 779: 749: 569: 557: 545: 533: 521: 509: 497: 211: 2827: 381: 3742:

teams began to exit the beach at around 09:00, with some infantry wading through the flooded fields rather than travelling on the single road. They skirmished throughout the day with elements of the 919th Grenadier Regiment, who were armed with antitank guns and rifles. The main strongpoint in the area and another 1,300 yards (1.2 km) to the south were disabled by noon. The 4th Infantry Division did not meet all of their D-Day objectives at Utah Beach, partly because they had arrived too far to the south, but they landed 21,000 troops at the cost of only 197 casualties.

224: 3834:. They faced the 352nd Infantry Division rather than the expected single regiment. Strong currents forced many landing craft east of their intended position or caused them to be delayed. For fear of hitting the landing craft, US bombers delayed releasing their loads and as a result most of the beach obstacles at Omaha remained undamaged when the men came ashore. Many of the landing craft ran aground on sandbars, and the men had to wade 50–100m in water up to their necks while under fire to get to the beach. In spite of the rough seas, DD tanks of two companies of the 350: 64: 252: 2947: 2916: 2787: 2326: 335: 3846:

resume. Exit from the beach was possible only via five heavily defended gullies, and by late morning barely 600 men had reached the higher ground. By noon, as the artillery fire took its toll and the Germans started to run out of ammunition, the Americans were able to clear some lanes on the beaches. They also started clearing the gullies of enemy defences so that vehicles could move off the beach. The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days, and the D-Day objectives for Omaha were accomplished by 9 June.

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on the plane ... There was an easy familiar touch about the way they were getting ready, as though they had done it often before. Well, yes, they had kitted up and climbed aboard often just like this—twenty, thirty, forty times some of them, but it had never been quite like this before. This was the first combat jump for every one of them.

2023:. Genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast, to give the Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there. Patton was stationed in England until 6 July, thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais. 1714:, a major objective, was not captured until 21 July. Only two of the beaches (Juno and Gold) were linked on the first day, and all five beachheads were not connected until 12 June. German casualties on D-Day have been estimated at 4,000 to 9,000 men. Allied casualties were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead. 3702:(DD tanks), specially designed for the Normandy landings, were to land shortly before the infantry to provide covering fire. However, few arrived in advance of the infantry, and at Omaha many sank before reaching the shore. Other specialist tanks landed in the early waves to clear the beach defences. 4072:

began advancing to Caen on foot, coming within a few kilometres of the town, but had to withdraw due to lack of armour support. At 16:00, the 21st Panzer Division mounted a counter-attack between Sword and Juno and nearly succeeded in reaching the Channel. It met stiff resistance from the British 3rd

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and others arrived. By then, Rudder's men had run out of ammunition and were using captured German weapons. Several men were killed as a result, because the German weapons made a distinctive noise, and the men were mistaken for the enemy. By the end of the battle, the Rangers casualties were 135 dead

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the few that were actually significant. In the weeks preceding the landings, lists of messages and their meanings were distributed to resistance groups. An increase in radio activity on 5 June was correctly interpreted by German intelligence to mean that an invasion was imminent or underway. However,

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Rommel believed that Germany's best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore. He requested that the mobile reserves, especially tanks, be stationed as close to the coast as possible. Rundstedt, Geyr, and other senior commanders objected. They believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the

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and would have increased the chance that the invasion plans would be detected. After much discussion with the other senior commanders, Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead on 6 June. A major storm battered the Normandy coast from 19 to 22 June, which would have made the beach landings

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to Britain, the Germans considered it to be the most likely initial landing zone, so it was the most heavily fortified region. But it offered few opportunities for expansion, as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals, whereas, landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous

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The Allied victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors. German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished; shortly before D-Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere. The deceptions undertaken in

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The Normandy landings were the largest seaborne invasion in history, with nearly 5,000 landing and assault craft, 289 escort vessels, and 277 minesweepers participating. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on D-Day, with 875,000 men disembarking by the end of June. Allied casualties on

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was delayed because of choppy seas, and the men arrived ahead of their supporting armour, suffering many casualties while disembarking. Most of the offshore bombardment had missed the German defences. Several exits from the beach were created, but not without difficulty. At Mike Beach on the western

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The success of the amphibious landings depended on the establishment of a secure lodgement from which to expand the beachhead to allow the build-up of a well-supplied force capable of breaking out. The amphibious forces were especially vulnerable to strong enemy counter-attacks before the arrival of

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began around midnight with more than 2,200 British, Canadian, and US bombers attacking targets along the coast and further inland. The coastal bombing attack was largely ineffective at Omaha, because low cloud cover made the assigned targets difficult to see. Concerned about inflicting casualties on

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The Allied invasion plans had demanded a rapid build-up of troops and the establishment of a secure bridgehead, which was achieved with fewer casualties than expected. The plan had also called for the capture of Carentan, Saint-Lô, Caen, and Bayeux on the first day, with all the beaches (other than

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Casualties were around 2,000, as the men were subjected to fire from the cliffs above. Problems clearing the beach of obstructions led to the beachmaster calling a halt to further landings of vehicles at 08:30. A group of destroyers arrived around this time to provide fire support so landings could

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Their faces were darkened with cocoa; sheathed knives were strapped to their ankles; tommy guns strapped to their waists; bandoliers and hand grenades, coils of rope, pick handles, spades, rubber dinghies hung around them, and a few personal oddments, like the lad who was taking a newspaper to read

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were used to seize key objectives such as bridges, road crossings, and terrain features, particularly on the eastern and western flanks of the landing areas. The airborne landings some distance behind the beaches were also intended to ease the egress of the amphibious forces off the beaches, and in

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In Germany itself we scarcely had any troop units at our disposal. If the airports at Hamburg and Bremen could be taken by parachute units and the ports of these cities seized by small forces, invasion armies debarking from ships would, I feared, meet no resistance and would be occupying Berlin and

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Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion, so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore. In addition to concrete gun emplacements at strategic points along the coast, he ordered wooden stakes, metal tripods, mines, and

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in 1942, Hitler had ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway, to protect against an expected Allied invasion. He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops, but shortages, particularly of concrete and manpower, meant that most of the

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The initial assault battalions were quickly followed by 28 DD tanks and several waves of engineer and demolition teams to remove beach obstacles and clear the area directly behind the beach of obstacles and mines. Gaps were blown in the sea wall to allow quicker access for troops and tanks. Combat

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would protect the US flank and attempt to establish airfields near Caen on the first day. (A sixth beach, code-named "Band", was considered to the east of the Orne). A secure lodgement would be established with all invading forces linked together, with an attempt to hold all territory north of the

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of the 4th Infantry Division were the first to land, arriving at 06:30. Their landing craft were pushed to the south by strong currents, and they found themselves about 2,000 yards (1.8 km) from their intended landing zone. This site turned out to be better, as there was only one strongpoint

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late in the afternoon, but by this time their supporting armour was low on ammunition so the Canadians dug in for the night. The airfield was not captured until a month later as the area became the scene of fierce fighting. By nightfall, the contiguous Juno and Gold beachheads covered an area 12

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were set for 07:25 because of the differences in the tide between there and the US beaches. High winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft, and the amphibious DD tanks were released close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned. Three of the four guns in a

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The invasion fleet, which was drawn from eight different navies, comprised 6,939 vessels: 1,213 warships, 4,126 landing craft of various types, 736 ancillary craft, and 864 merchant vessels. The majority of the fleet was supplied by the UK, which provided 892 warships and 3,261 landing craft. In

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Overall, the Second Army contingent consisted of 83,115 men, 61,715 of them British. The British and Commonwealth air and naval support units included a large number of personnel from Allied nations, including several RAF squadrons manned almost exclusively by overseas air crew. For example, the

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June. He and his meteorological team predicted that the weather would improve enough for the invasion to proceed on 6 June. The next available dates with the required tidal conditions (but without the desirable full moon) would be two weeks later, from 18 to 20 June. Postponement of the invasion

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After 24 hours, only 2,500 men of the 101st and 2,000 of the 82nd Airborne were under the control of their divisions, approximately a third of the force dropped. This wide dispersal had the effect of confusing the Germans and fragmenting their response. The 7th Army received notification of the

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The US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned to objectives west of Utah Beach, where they hoped to capture and control the few narrow causeways through terrain that had been intentionally flooded by the Germans. Reports from Allied intelligence in mid-May of the arrival of the German

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arrived in the third wave of gliders at 03:30, along with equipment, such as antitank guns and jeeps, and more troops to help secure the area from counter-attacks, which were initially staged only by troops in the immediate vicinity of the landings. At 02:00, the commander of the German 716th

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large anti-tank obstacles to be placed on the beaches to delay the approach of landing craft and impede the movement of tanks. Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach, he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the

3773:. Their task was to scale the 30 m (98 ft) cliffs with grappling hooks, ropes, and ladders to destroy the coastal gun battery located at the top. The cliffs were defended by the German 352nd Infantry Division and French collaborators firing from above. Allied destroyers 3174:

A 1965 report from the Counter-insurgency Information Analysis Center details the results of the French Resistance's sabotage efforts: "In the southeast, 52 locomotives were destroyed on 6 June and the railway line cut in more than 500 places. Normandy was isolated as of 7 June."

3658:, Allied forces disabled the guns with plastic explosives at a cost of 75 casualties. The emplacement was found to contain 75 mm guns rather than the expected 150 mm heavy coastal artillery. Otway's remaining force withdrew with the assistance of a few members of the 4090:

the first day were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead and the Germans had 4,000–9,000 casualties (killed, wounded, missing, or captured). The Germans never achieved Hitler's stated aim of "throwing the Allies back into the sea" on D-Day or at any time thereafter.

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The invasion planners determined a set of conditions involving the phase of the moon, the tides, and the time of day that would be satisfactory on only a few days in each month. A full moon was desirable, as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the

4128:, a target of the British 6th Airborne, was the site of some of the earliest action of the Normandy landings. The bridge was replaced in 1994 by one similar in appearance, and the original is housed on the grounds of a nearby museum complex. Sections of Mulberry Harbour 3787:

provided fire support. After scaling the cliffs, the Rangers discovered that the guns had already been withdrawn. They located the weapons, unguarded but ready to use, in an orchard some 550 metres (600 yd) south of the point, and disabled them with explosives.

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parachute drops at 01:20, but Rundstedt did not initially believe that a major invasion was underway. The destruction of radar stations along the Normandy coast in the week before the invasion meant that the Germans did not detect the approaching fleet until 02:00.

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bridges and north of Carentan on the western flank. The Americans, assigned to land at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach, were to attempt to capture Carentan and Saint-Lô the first day, then cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and eventually capture the port facilities at

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had bombed the defences from lower than their prescribed altitude, inflicting considerable damage. In addition, the strong currents had washed ashore many of the underwater obstacles. The assistant commander of the 4th Infantry Division, Brigadier General

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notes in his 1969 autobiography that the German high command, concerned about the susceptibility of the airports and port facilities along the North Sea coast, held a conference on 6–8 June 1944 to discuss reinforcing defences in that area. Speer wrote:

2598:. Rommel was assigned to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion front, which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg, and was given command of the newly re-formed Army Group B, which included the 7th Army, the 1922:

on the continent. The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was codenamed Operation Neptune. To gain the air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies undertook a bombing campaign (codenamed

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and machine-gun fire. Some paratroopers were killed on impact when their parachutes did not have time to open, and others drowned in the flooded fields. Gathering together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the

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beaches. Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine: keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified. He also noted that in the

3633:) were blown off course and had to set up the navigation aids too far east. Many paratroopers, also blown too far east, landed far from their intended drop zones; some took hours or even days to be reunited with their units. Major General 2168:(eastern legions)—conscripts and volunteers from Russia, Mongolia, and other areas of the Soviet Union. They were provided mainly with unreliable captured equipment and lacked motorised transport. Many German units were under strength. 3642:

before he could commit his formation. Feuchtinger did not receive orders until nearly 09:00, but in the meantime on his own initiative he put together a battle group (including tanks) to fight the British forces east of the Orne.

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strongpoints were never built. As it was expected to be the site of the invasion, the Pas de Calais was heavily defended. In the Normandy area, the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and

2199:, 507th Heavy Panzer Battalion and the 311th and 322nd StuG Assault Gun Brigades. All told, the German forces stationed in France were deprived of 45,827 troops and 363 tanks, assault guns, and self-propelled anti-tank guns. 1687:, and barbed wire, making the work of the beach-clearing teams difficult and dangerous. The highest number of casualties was at Omaha, with its high cliffs. At Gold, Juno, and Sword, several fortified towns were cleared in 4252:

The official British history gives an estimated figure of 156,115 men landed on D-Day. This comprised 57,500 Americans and 75,215 British and Canadians from the sea and 15,500 Americans and 7,900 British from the air.

3528:, stone walls, and marshes. Some units did not arrive at their targets until afternoon, by which time several of the causeways had already been cleared by members of the 4th Infantry Division moving up from the beach. 4052:

to attack from the rear a German gun battery on the shore. A concrete observation and control tower at this emplacement had to be bypassed and was not captured until several days later. French forces under Commander

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their own troops, many bombers delayed their attacks too long and failed to hit the beach defences. The Germans had 570 aircraft stationed in Normandy and the Low Countries on D-Day, and another 964 in Germany.

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included Fortitude North, a misinformation campaign using fake radio traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway, and Fortitude South, a major deception involving the creation of a fictitious

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Infantry Division ordered Feuchtinger to move his 21st Panzer Division into position to counter-attack. However, as the division was part of the armoured reserve, Feuchtinger was obliged to seek clearance from

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and eventually into Germany. Normandy was hence chosen as the landing site. The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast—the lack of port facilities—would be overcome through the development of artificial

12607: 4068:, headquarters of the 736th Infantry Regiment, was a large complex defensive work that had come through the morning's bombardment essentially undamaged. It was not captured until 20:15. The 2nd Battalion, 3535:

and destroying two bridges over the Douve. On the east side of the river, 75 per cent of the paratroopers landed in or near their drop zone, and within two hours they captured the important crossroads at

3654:, in charge of the operation, decided to proceed regardless, as the emplacement had to be destroyed by 06:00 to prevent it firing on the invasion fleet and the troops arriving on Sword Beach. In the 2162:, meant that the Germans no longer had a pool of able young men from which to draw. German soldiers were now on average six years older than their Allied counterparts. Many in the Normandy area were 3268:) in the British and Canadian sectors. Available to the fleet were five battleships, 20 cruisers, 65 destroyers, and two monitors. German ships in the area on D-Day included three torpedo boats, 29 2677:

under Geyr's command and give Rommel operational control of three more as reserves. Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves, not to be used without his direct orders.

3563:), bringing additional troops and heavy equipment. Like the paratroopers, many landed far from their drop zones. Even those that landed on target experienced difficulty, with heavy cargo such as 4110:

sits at the location of a former German strongpoint. Pointe du Hoc is little changed from 1944, with the terrain covered with bomb craters and most of the concrete bunkers still in place. The

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Minesweepers began clearing channels for the invasion fleet shortly after midnight and finished just after dawn without encountering the enemy. The Western Task Force included the battleships

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at 06:20. The fourth gun resumed firing intermittently in the afternoon, and its garrison surrendered on 7 June. Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint, which had its

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Under the overall umbrella of Operation Bodyguard, the Allies conducted several subsidiary operations designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the Allied landings.

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meant the intended drop zones had to be shifted eastward and to the south. The British 6th Airborne Division, on the eastern flank, was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the

8585: 7380:(PhD thesis). Cranfield, Bedford: Cranfield University; Cranfield Defence and Security School, Department of Applied Science, Security and Resilience, Security and Resilience Group. 2050:

that caused a radar return which was mistakenly interpreted by German radar operators as a naval convoy near Le Havre. The illusion was bolstered by a group of small vessels towing

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made a joint announcement that a "... full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942." However, British Prime Minister

12557: 4192: 3993:, 3 miles (5 km) inland, discovered that the road was well covered by machine gun emplacements that had to be outflanked before the advance could proceed. Elements of the 12460: 3629:. Meanwhile, the pathfinders tasked with setting up radar beacons and lights for further paratroopers (scheduled to begin arriving at 00:50 to clear the landing zone north of 3496:

at 00:15. Navigation was difficult because of a bank of thick cloud, and as a result, only one of the five paratrooper drop zones was accurately marked with radar signals and

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were dropped 5,000 yards (4,600 m) from shore; however, 27 of the 32 flooded and sank, with the loss of 33 crew. Some tanks, disabled on the beach, continued to provide

2158:, with another eighteen stationed in Denmark and Norway. Fifteen divisions were in the process of formation in Germany. Combat losses throughout the war, particularly on the 12572: 12577: 4057:(the first French soldiers to arrive in Normandy) attacked and cleared the heavily fortified strongpoint at the casino at Riva Bella, with the aid of one of the DD tanks. 3511:

Paratroops from 101st Airborne were dropped beginning around 01:30, tasked with controlling the causeways behind Utah Beach and destroying road and rail bridges over the

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sufficient forces in the beachhead could be accomplished. To slow or eliminate the enemy's ability to organise and launch counter-attacks during this critical period,

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Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed in preparation for the landings. In addition, on the night before the invasion, a small group of

11799: 9817: 1746: 2226:, had only arrived in France in March–May 1944 for extensive refit after being badly damaged during the Dnieper-Carpathian operation. Seven of the eleven panzer or 1788:

in Washington in May 1943. Initial planning was constrained by the number of available landing craft, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and

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The development of British civil affairs and its employment in the British Sector of Allied military operations during the Battle of Normandy, June to August 1944

3795:. The men were isolated, and some were captured. By dawn on 7 June, Rudder had only 90 men able to fight. Relief did not arrive until 8 June, when members of the 12617: 12612: 12602: 9740: 9712: 8856: 3974:, which were then covered by a temporary bridge. The beach and nearby streets were clogged with traffic for most of the day, making it difficult to move inland. 3166:

from London. Several hundred of these messages, which might be snippets of poetry, quotations from literature, or random sentences, were regularly transmitted,

11778: 10457: 10144: 9278: 1825: 10760: 10123: 9432: 9057: 1761: 9773: 9719: 8905: 2622:, and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry. On Rommel's order, the number of mines along the coast was tripled. The Allied 2203: 10230: 9726: 9342: 3647: 12453: 8752: 7565:

Liedtke, Gregory (2 January 2015). "Lost in the Mud: The (Nearly) Forgotten Collapse of the German Army in the Western Ukraine, March and April 1944".

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With this action, the last of the D-Day goals of the British 6th Airborne Division was achieved. They were reinforced at 12:00 by commandos of the

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Division and was soon recalled to assist in the area between Caen and Bayeux. Estimates of Allied casualties on Sword Beach are as high as 1,000.

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that had been laid by the RAF to shield the fleet from the long-range battery at Le Havre. Allied losses to mines included the American destroyer

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awarded on D-Day for his actions including attacking two pillboxes at the Mont Fleury high point. On the western flank, the 1st Battalion,

7818: 4122:, and there is one dedicated to the activities of the US airmen at Sainte-Mère-Église. Two German military cemeteries are located nearby. 12230: 11314: 10381: 10293: 10237: 10200: 9482: 1931:, were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from learning the timing and location of the invasion. 1127: 12427: 12235: 10286: 9018: 7296:

The Use and Effectiveness of Sabotage as a Means of Unconventional Warfare – An Historical Perspective from World War I Through Vietnam

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fire along the beach and had a thick concrete wall on the seaward side. Its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16:00, when an

3738:, the first senior officer ashore, made the decision to "start the war from right here," and ordered further landings to be re-routed. 2904:, and hundreds of personnel posted to RAF units and RN warships. The RAF supplied two-thirds of the aircraft involved in the invasion. 2450: 2329: 2075: 1888:, dealt with specific requirements expected for the Normandy Campaign such as mine clearing, demolishing bunkers, and mobile bridging. 1139: 815: 805: 8535: 11792: 10420: 8810: 8768: 2124:

Allied control of the Atlantic meant German meteorologists had less information than the Allies on incoming weather patterns. As the

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Major German strongpoints with 75 mm guns, machine-gun nests, concrete fortifications, barbed wire, and mines were located at

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could muster only 815 aircraft over Normandy in comparison to the Allies' 9,543. Rommel arranged for booby-trapped stakes known as

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meteorological centre in Paris was predicting two weeks of stormy weather, many Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend

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At Omaha Beach, parts of the Mulberry harbour are still visible, and a few of the beach obstacles remain. A memorial to the US

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line within the first three weeks. Montgomery envisaged a ninety-day battle, lasting until all Allied forces reached the River

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and wounded, while German casualties were 50 killed and 40 captured. An unknown number of French collaborators were executed.

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The invasion began shortly after midnight on the morning of 6 June with extensive aerial and naval bombardment as well as an

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Meanwhile, infantry began clearing the heavily fortified houses along the shore and advanced on targets further inland. The

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Troops of the 82nd Airborne began arriving around 02:30, with the primary objective of capturing two bridges over the River

3349:

Map of the invasion area showing channels cleared of mines, location of vessels engaged in bombardment, and targets on shore

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total there were 195,700 naval personnel involved; of these 112,824 were from the Royal Navy with another 25,000 from the

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in November 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the long-delayed second front in May 1944.

11483: 10947: 10279: 10265: 9478: 4069: 3634: 2378: 2196: 2188: 933: 795: 8590: 11692: 11561: 11439: 11017: 10732: 10683: 10441: 9996: 9248: 9087: 8935: 8789: 8380:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Ottawa: Department of National Defence. Archived from 8293: 4213: 4177: 4146: 3415: 2298: 2192: 1829: 1757:

to postpone the promised invasion as, even with US help, the Allies did not have adequate forces for such an activity.

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Planning for the operation began in 1943. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a substantial

878: 24: 8501:"Air Operations by the Allied Expeditionary Air Force in N.W. Europe From November 15th, 1943 to September 30th, 1944" 11808: 10690: 10662: 10479: 10061: 9780: 9747: 8240: 8179: 2607: 2603: 2219: 2059: 8963: 4136:, opened in 2003, was funded by the Canadian federal and provincial governments, France, and Canadian veterans. The 2390:, a full-strength unit of around 12,000 brought in by Rommel on 15 March and reinforced by two additional regiments. 2038:. These dummies led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne landing had occurred. On that same night, in 11923: 11845: 11003: 10940: 10075: 9911: 9034: 3901: 3659: 2478: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2176: 765: 271: 9588: 12417: 11369: 11210: 11199: 11035: 10794: 10753: 10646: 10584: 9971: 9241: 9110: 9078: 7334: 3378:, plus eight cruisers, twenty-eight destroyers, and one monitor. The Eastern Task Force included the battleships 2670: 2207: 1811: 1255: 284: 9758: 9326: 3005: 12412: 12144: 11755: 11727: 11605: 11398: 10635: 10086: 10012: 9808: 9179: 8898: 8803: 8688: 4107: 3912: 3655: 3253: 2965: 2499: 2004: 1987: 1014: 4271:

The original estimate for Allied casualties was 10,000, of which 2,500 were killed. Research under way by the

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Carrying their equipment, US assault troops move onto Utah Beach. Landing craft can be seen in the background.

3567:

shifting during landing, crashing through the wooden fuselage, and in some cases crushing personnel on board.

2019:. Fortitude South was intended to deceive the Germans into believing that the main attack would take place at 11815: 11748: 11699: 11630: 11455: 10961: 10912: 10676: 10669: 10272: 10033: 9824: 8877: 4033: 3994: 3982: 3410:

some cases to neutralise German coastal defence batteries and more quickly expand the area of the beachhead.

3256:; 52,889 were American; and 4,998 sailors from other allied countries. The invasion fleet was split into the 3110: 871: 728: 7843: 3147:

was a delaying operation aimed at the enemy forces that would potentially reinforce Axis forces at Normandy.

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provided specialised armoured vehicles which supported the landings on all beaches in Second Army's sector.

1780:

in September the same year. By then, Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a major victory at the

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The First Army contingent totalled approximately 73,000 men, including 15,600 from the airborne divisions.

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The Allies planned to launch the invasion on 1 May 1944. The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the

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tasked with eliminating the enemy battery at Merville arrived at the rendezvous point. Lieutenant Colonel

1927:) that targeted German aircraft production, fuel supplies, and airfields. Elaborate deceptions, codenamed 1314: 12627: 12597: 11916: 11852: 11176: 11128: 10746: 10718: 10571: 10186: 10165: 9686: 9349: 9255: 8745: 8076: 7326: 3698:

Some of the landing craft had been modified to provide close support fire, and self-propelled amphibious

3666: 2844: 2674: 2319:

Allied forces attacking Utah Beach faced the following German units stationed on the Cotentin Peninsula:

2175:) was significantly weakened by personnel and materiel transfers to the Eastern Front. During the Soviet 1723: 1410: 7724: 7515: 1672:. Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions, particularly at Utah and Omaha. 12582: 12522: 11650: 11146: 11065: 11010: 10898: 10854: 10504: 10130: 10054: 9956: 9833: 9705: 9698: 9658: 9631: 9363: 9296: 8891: 8702: 8632: 8575: 8445: 4016: 3439: 2982: 2919: 2897: 2338: 2266: 1175: 687: 598: 549: 279: 3724:

Utah Beach was in the area defended by two battalions of the 919th Grenadier Regiment. Members of the

3500:. Paratroopers of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, numbering over 13,000 men, were delivered by 3171:

because of the barrage of previous false warnings and misinformation, most units ignored the warning.

2232:

divisions stationed in France were not fully operational or only partially mobile in early June 1944.

12592: 12023: 11552: 11469: 11254: 11114: 11086: 10919: 10824: 10614: 10047: 9121: 8775: 7401:

Folliard, Edward T. (12 June 1942). "Molotov's Visit to White House, Postwar Amity Pledge Revealed".

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B still sit in the sea at Arromanches, and the well-preserved Longues-sur-Mer battery is nearby. The

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The landings were to be preceded by airborne operations near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the

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war correspondent Robert Barr described the scene as paratroopers prepared to board their aircraft:

1652:

06:30. The target 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors:

1165: 12552: 12156: 12029: 11291: 11268: 10520: 10321: 10314: 9978: 9638: 9610: 9603: 8990: 8356:

Canada's Battle in Normandy: The Canadian Army's Share in the Operations, 6 June – 1 September 1944

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D-Day in History and Memory: The Normandy Landings in International Remembrance and Commemoration

4272: 3877: 3537: 3125:. The Allies developed four plans for the Resistance to execute on D-Day and the following days: 2815: 2790: 2180: 1892: 1815: 1427: 1422: 656: 611: 325: 3908:

emplacement at La Rivière containing an 88 mm gun had been neutralised by a tank at 07:30.

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reached the Eastern Task Force and launched fifteen torpedoes, sinking the Norwegian destroyer

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Countdown to D-Day: The German Perspective: The German High Command in Occupied France, 1944

2412:

Allied forces at Gold and Juno faced the following elements of the 352nd Infantry Division:

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has confirmed 4,414 deaths, of which 2,499 were American and 1,915 were from other nations.

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as a "never surpassed masterpiece of planning". In overall command was British Admiral Sir

3098: 2901: 2623: 2502:; renamed 22nd Panzer Regiment in May 1944 to avoid confusion with 100th Panzer Battalion) 2282: 2043: 1924: 1836: 1818: 1784:. The decision to undertake a cross-channel invasion within the next year was taken at the 1781: 1726: 1623: 1608: 1585: 1390: 959: 783: 410: 12035: 8549: 8442:

Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness

3986: 1361: 8: 12395: 12389: 12374: 12302: 12138: 12085: 12011: 11987: 11838: 11612: 11490: 11446: 10968: 10102: 9868: 9395: 9225: 9209: 9158: 7183: 4284:

The tank remained in place until 1972 when it was removed and restored by members of the

4184: 4061: 3978: 3353: 3297: 3060: 2848: 2834: 2131: 2027: 1999: 1928: 1885: 1872: 1847: 1600: 1482: 1405: 1368: 1354: 1281: 1197: 926: 919: 863: 8578:: US Department of Defense, Department of the Army footage from the US National Archives 8540: 7302:(MSc thesis). Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Air Force Institute of Technology. 4002:

miles (19 km) wide and 7 miles (10 km) deep. Casualties at Juno were 961 men.

2826: 2440:

Allied forces attacking Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches faced the following German units:

1588:, and the rest of Western Europe, and laid the foundations of the Allied victory on the 12438: 12406: 12267: 12251: 12132: 12126: 12079: 12017: 11981: 11975: 11958: 11831: 11664: 11589: 11543: 11513: 11421: 11261: 10926: 10810: 10704: 10655: 10593: 10349: 10300: 10109: 9733: 9388: 9186: 8596: 8307: 8190: 8169: 7590: 7294: 7161: 7122: 4115: 3819: 3379: 3367: 3321: 3311: 3237: 2291: 2250: 2184: 1915: 1900: 1867: 1859: 1642: 1596: 1567: 1503: 1380: 1347: 1340: 1307: 1300: 1243: 1185: 1170: 1132: 976: 895: 561: 501: 447: 63: 47: 7645:. Vol. 11. The invasion of France and Germany, 1944–1945. Boston: Little, Brown. 7375: 3830:

Omaha, the most heavily defended beach, was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division and

1760:

Instead of an immediate return to France, the western Allies staged offensives in the

12400: 12091: 12067: 12049: 12043: 11822: 11706: 11596: 11536: 11497: 11412: 11378: 11321: 11275: 11219: 11044: 10782: 10774: 10711: 10564: 10158: 9690: 9151: 9130: 8840: 8449: 8426: 8405: 8359: 8337: 8313: 8289: 8267: 8236: 8220: 8198: 8175: 8151: 8127: 8108: 8086: 8062: 8040: 8012: 7993: 7974: 7952: 7933: 7911: 7892: 7870: 7758: 7685: 7666: 7658: 7646: 7607: 7594: 7582: 7551: 7532: 7497: 7478: 7434: 7415: 7389: 7360: 7338: 7255: 7234: 7213: 7205: 7191: 7169: 7147: 7128: 7104: 7097: 4133: 3887: 3730: 3674: 3584: 3447: 3443: 3391: 3385: 3373: 3304: 3269: 3122: 3094: 2915: 2794: 2752: 2738: 2488: 2262: 2063: 2039: 1961: 1808: 1793: 1769: 1750: 1676: 1555: 1510: 1468: 1461: 1454: 1274: 1260: 1021: 940: 369: 8145: 7622: 2946: 12328: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12240: 12108: 12061: 11741: 11734: 11678: 11342: 11107: 11093: 10996: 10933: 10884: 10697: 10550: 10497: 10307: 10258: 10172: 9402: 9379: 8912: 8602: 7884: 7574: 7472: 7381: 5593: 4065: 4054: 3989:. The towns had to be cleared in house-to-house fighting. Soldiers on their way to 3970:

flank, a large crater was filled using an abandoned AVRE tank and several rolls of

3839: 3451: 3328: 3221: 2819: 2786: 2780: 2634:

over western Europe, so Rommel knew he could not expect effective air support. The

2325: 2055: 2008: 1881: 1571: 1496: 1475: 1395: 1333: 1144: 1093: 573: 55: 8921: 8420: 2142:

returned to Germany for his wife's birthday and to petition Hitler for additional

12245: 12120: 12073: 12055: 12005: 11993: 11764: 11476: 11391: 11349: 11247: 11190: 11058: 10840: 10831: 10360: 9942: 9918: 9172: 8303: 8100: 7862: 7578: 7352: 7092: 4285: 4233: 4140:

above Gold Beach was designed by the architect Liam O'Connor and opened in 2021.

3953: 3580: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3406: 3241: 3213: 3194: 3052: 3038: 2923: 2766: 2615: 2586: 2532: 2459: 2446: 2387: 2374: 2287: 2117: 2108: 2051: 1904: 1638: 1630: 1326: 1267: 1224: 1214: 1149: 1052: 1047: 1002: 988: 753: 537: 28: 11876: 3990: 3625:. The five bridges over the Dives were destroyed with minimal difficulty by the 3264:) supporting the US sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force (under Admiral Sir 2602:, and the forces guarding the Netherlands. Reserves for this group included the 1691:, and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled using specialised tanks. 12333: 12318: 11771: 11307: 11233: 9285: 9144: 8563: 8477: 8374:

Volume III. The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945

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Decision in Normandy: The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign

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were assigned to objectives in Brittany from 5 June until August in Operations

3240:

four years earlier. He had also been responsible for the naval planning of the

3225: 3070: 2772: 2571: 2035: 1839: 1684: 1385: 1057: 1042: 1037: 983: 964: 669: 471: 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 203: 8608: 8569: 8470: 7254:] (in French). Vincennes, France: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre. 3345: 2758: 19:"D-Day", "Operation Neptune", and "Jour-J" redirect here. For other uses, see 12516: 12354: 12292: 12193: 11582: 9507: 9356: 9195: 7966: 7814: 7773: 7650: 7586: 7393: 7118: 3904:(AVRE) tank fired a large demolition charge into its rear entrance. A second 3881: 3758: 3651: 3427: 3189: 3167: 3163: 2886: 2840: 2631: 2575: 2542: 2528: 2506: 2155: 2116:

would have required recalling men and ships already in position to cross the

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in August 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of the

11944: 11881: 11685: 9985: 9890: 9521: 8884: 8648: 8281: 8165: 7748: 7322: 7238: 3781: 3770: 3613:). Both bridges were quickly captured intact, with light casualties by the 3610: 3423: 3317: 3261: 3229: 3078: 2999: 2714: 2650: 2302: 2276: 2236: 2139: 1935: 1832: 1765: 1730: 1611: 1604: 778: 748: 568: 556: 544: 532: 525: 520: 513: 508: 496: 483: 386: 120: 7217: 1584:, it is the largest seaborne invasion in history. The operation began the 12369: 12213: 12187: 11520: 11506: 11168: 9844: 9665: 9650: 9004: 8471:

Extended onsite interview of Dwight Eisenhower on his D-Day recollections

8351: 8259: 7700: 4764: 4041: 4029: 4021: 4011: 3936: 3823: 3809: 3512: 3435: 3331: 3277: 3265: 2874: 2590: 2492: 2343: 2164: 2104: 1944: 1875:, coastal ports further west in Brittany, and an overland attack towards 1789: 1669: 1657: 1100: 1073: 82: 3842:

until their ammunition ran out or they were swamped by the rising tide.

3765:

situated between Utah and Omaha, was assigned to two hundred men of the

3750: 2691: 1703: 12379: 12207: 12201: 12181: 10875: 10628: 10607: 9500: 8833: 8761: 7492:

Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994).

6652: 6181: 4573: 4422: 4420: 4049: 3966: 3958: 3948: 3872: 3865: 3855: 3711: 3497: 3419: 3316:. After attacking, the German vessels turned away and fled east into a 3198: 3046: 3013: 2956: 2619: 2595: 1952: 1948: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1110: 1105: 1078: 852: 7949:

Gators of Neptune: Naval Amphibious Planning for the Normandy Invasion

7867:

Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944–1945

7844:"Maureen Flavin Sweeney Dies at 100; Her Weather Report Delayed D-Day" 7277: 5622: 5620: 5030: 11138: 10543: 10340: 10151: 9949: 9904: 7385: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4447: 4262:

Includes guns from 100mm to 210mm, as well as 320mm rocket launchers.

3957:

Royal Canadian Naval Beach Commando "W" land on Mike Beach sector of

3893: 3594: 3564: 2929: 2126: 1957: 1919: 1695: 1680: 257: 12608:

Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II

9425: 7337:

United Kingdom Military Series. London: Naval & Military Press.

6193: 5704: 4417: 3814: 3484:

Gliders delivered reinforcements to the Cotentin Peninsula towed by

2646:) to be installed in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings. 1614:

in command of German forces and developing fortifications along the

12323: 9409: 9137: 6256: 6232: 5776: 5617: 5259: 4037: 3905: 3897: 3762: 3630: 3532: 3525: 3118: 2730: 2031: 1855: 1699: 1563: 1375: 116: 8586:

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home

7739: 5599: 5401: 5399: 5397: 4498: 8614:– US Government film on the paradrop during the Normandy landings 7701:"British Normandy Memorial unveiled in France to honour veterans" 7233:] (in French). Paris: Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS. 6780: 6778: 6367: 3971: 3699: 2246: 2172: 2143: 8422:

The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day

7723:. Mémorial Pegasus D-Day Commemoration Committee. Archived from 6459: 6457: 4036:

and his 1st Special Service Brigade arrived in the second wave,

3791:

The Rangers fended off numerous counter-attacks from the German

3154:

dealt with cutting underground telephone and teleprinter cables.

2877:, 6 June 1944. An armoured bridgelayer tank is in the background 2462:. At 7,000 troops, the division was significantly understrength. 10019: 8617: 8039:. Osprey Campaign Series. Vol. 1. Botley, Oxford: Osprey. 7869:. Vol. I. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 7212:. The Second World War. Vol. V. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 6121: 5740: 5394: 5054: 4754: 4752: 3521: 3281: 3273: 3209: 2579: 2537: 2347:(non-German conscripts recruited from Soviet prisoners of war). 2135: 2020: 2016: 1707: 229: 7021: 6814: 6790: 6775: 6736: 6628: 6580: 6529: 6493: 6481: 6430: 5989: 5902: 5288: 5286: 3220:

Naval operations for the invasion were described by historian

3089: 3034:

British I Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker

2154:

Germany had at its disposal fifty divisions in France and the

2088: 10207: 8264:

Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris

6454: 6307: 5841: 5839: 5206: 3716: 3233: 3204: 2368:

Americans assaulting Omaha Beach faced the following troops:

1982: 1965: 1876: 7431:

Normandy: From D-Day to the Breakout: June 6 – July 31, 1944

7166:

Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day

6862: 6442: 6391: 6210: 6208: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5506: 5504: 5491: 5489: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5184: 5182: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5093: 4981: 4979: 4781: 4749: 1918:

was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale

8122:

Dolski, Michael; Edwards, Sam; Buckley, John, eds. (2014).

7270:"D-Day and the Battle of Normandy: Your Questions Answered" 7057: 6802: 6570: 6568: 6244: 5680: 5449: 5447: 5283: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4597: 4561: 4459: 4230:, a rehearsal for the landings that resulted in many deaths 3516: 3244:

in 1942, and one of the two fleets carrying troops for the

2012: 1986:

Shoulder patches were designed for units of the fictitious

1711: 12623:

Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

8582:

Documents on World War II: D-Day, The Invasion of Normandy

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available, and all the approaches had been heavily mined.

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Normandy '44: D-Day and the Epic 77-Day Battle for France

7643:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

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was captured after about an hour of fighting. The nearby

3639: 3457: 1558:

and associated airborne operations on 6 June 1944 of the

12468: 7099:

D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II

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at each of the five landing sites on the first day, but

1641:. The early morning aerial assault was soon followed by 12558:

Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland

6874: 5812: 5432: 5370: 5271: 5194: 5018: 4991: 4913: 4892: 4865: 4841: 4805: 4793: 4722: 4701: 4609: 4471: 4366: 3158:

The resistance was alerted to carry out these tasks by

2701:

Commander, 21st Army Group: General Bernard Montgomery

9279:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

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Regiment. They were then reinforced by members of the

2402:

726th Infantry Regiment (from 716th Infantry Division)

2204:

1st SS Panzer Division "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler"

8147:

D-Day in Numbers: The Facts Behind Operation Overlord

7548:

Men of Steel: Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy, 1944

7516:"D-Day: Exploding the myths of the Normandy landings" 7491: 7357:

The Heroines of SOE: Britain's Secret Women in France

7331:

Victory in the West, Volume I: The Battle of Normandy

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Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom

8400:

Tute, Warren; Costello, John; Hughes, Terry (1975).

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off Sword Beach but missing the British battleships

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began pressing his new allies for the creation of a

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Battles of World War II involving the United States

6889: 5605: 5471: 5459: 4734: 4351: 4324: 4305: 3880:were disabled by direct hits from the cruisers HMS 3492:The US airborne landings began with the arrival of 3430:6 miles (9.7 km) to the east, and destroy the 3133:

was a 15-day operation to sabotage the rail system.

1854:The Allies considered four sites for the landings: 12538:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom 8601:is available for free viewing and download at the 8591:Lt. General Omar Bradley's June 6, 1944 D-Day Maps 8399: 8188: 7682:The Armoured Campaign in Normandy June–August 1944 7321: 7096: 4426: 4390: 1683:and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes, 12543:Amphibious operations involving the United States 7889:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 5824: 4928: 4378: 4265: 4118:. A museum about the Utah landings is located at 858:4,000–9,000 killed, wounded, missing, or captured 70:Taxis to Hell – and Back – Into the Jaws of Death 12514: 8252:Dawn of D-Day: These Men Were There, 6 June 1944 8009:Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944 3864:British troops come ashore at Jig Green sector, 3603:capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges 3185:List of Allied warships in the Normandy landings 262: 7990:Rangers Lead the Way: Pointe-du-Hoc, D-Day 1944 7792: 7717:"Pegasus Bridge: The Bridge of the Longest Day" 6868: 4246: 3280:and patrol boats. The Germans also had several 3107:État-major des Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur 1897:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force 1805:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force 12618:Naval battles of World War II involving Poland 12613:Naval battles of World War II involving Canada 12603:Military history of Canada during World War II 3615:Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 2699:Commander, SHAEF: General Dwight D. Eisenhower 2687:List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign 346: 171:Five Allied beachheads established in Normandy 12454: 11924: 8633: 7965: 7182: 4787: 4465: 4236:, the only woman to land at Normandy on D-Day 3605:via a glider assault at 00:16 (since renamed 3097:and the US 82nd Airborne division during the 2857: 1618:in anticipation of an invasion. US President 879: 316: 289: 11939:Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, 8560:Complete Broadcast Day: D-Day (June 6, 1944) 8497:Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory 8482:"The Assault Phase of the Normandy Landings" 8233:Normandy '44 D-Day and the Battle for France 7932:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. 7774:"D-Day: In the words of the BBC journalists" 7715: 7698: 7276:. Portsmouth Museum Services. Archived from 7075: 7039: 4101: 3754:US Rangers scaling the wall at Pointe du Hoc 3140:dealt with destroying electrical facilities. 2227: 12231:American logistics in the Normandy campaign 8171:Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy 8126:. Denton: University of North Texas Press. 8059:The Normandy Campaign: 1944: Sixty Years On 8037:Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout 7663:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–45 4020:British troops take cover after landing on 3646:Only 160 men out of the 600 members of the 2030:operators deployed dummy paratroopers over 1772:had been won. The Allies then launched the 1679:overlooking the beaches, and the shore was 12461: 12447: 12428:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord 12236:British logistics in the Normandy campaign 11931: 11917: 8640: 8626: 8439: 8099: 7601: 7529:Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe 7409: 7359:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. 7051: 7027: 7015: 6979: 6955: 6820: 6796: 6784: 6742: 6670: 6658: 6634: 6586: 6559: 6535: 6523: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6448: 6436: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6313: 6286: 6262: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6187: 6139: 6127: 6115: 6031: 6007: 5995: 5971: 5932: 5908: 5857: 5845: 5782: 5758: 5734: 5674: 5662: 5539: 5527: 5510: 5495: 5453: 5426: 5364: 5292: 5241: 5224: 5212: 5188: 5173: 5161: 5134: 5113: 5101: 5084: 5048: 4985: 4659: 4603: 4567: 4555: 4531: 4453: 4411: 4372: 2076:Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord 2054:. A similar deception was undertaken near 886: 872: 81:wading ashore from their landing craft on 8532:at the US Army Center of Military History 8302: 8082:D-Day: 6 June 1944: The Normandy Landings 7973:. Fortress 34. Oxford; New York: Osprey. 7905: 7891:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7825:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from 7325:; Allen, G.R.G.; Warhurst, A.E. (2004) . 7204: 6856: 6574: 6274: 6250: 5746: 5650: 5638: 5438: 5405: 5376: 5277: 5200: 4922: 4907: 4874: 4847: 4758: 4716: 4695: 4591: 4480: 3919:and captured it the following day in the 3689:Map of the beaches and first day advances 3601:The first Allied action of D-Day was the 2680: 2495:, plus supporting infantry and artillery. 2171:In early 1944, the German Western Front ( 2149: 1768:were already stationed. By mid-1943, the 1741:in western Europe. In late May 1942, the 377: 12568:Battles of World War II involving France 12563:Battles of World War II involving Canada 8418: 8164: 7883: 7474:The Second World War: A Complete History 7428: 7400: 5024: 4811: 4799: 4728: 4543: 4080: 4015: 3952: 3859: 3813: 3749: 3715: 3684: 3669:, who landed on Sword Beach, and by the 3623:7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion 3588: 3479: 3344: 3203: 3188: 3088: 2861: 2690: 2566: 2536: 2498:100th Panzer Regiment (at Falaise under 2179:(24 December 1943 – 17 April 1944), the 2111:(RAF) met Eisenhower on the evening of 4 2087: 1981: 1884:. A series of modified tanks, nicknamed 1798: 849:10,000+ casualties; 4,414 confirmed dead 331: 234: 16:World War II landing operation in Europe 8246: 8211: 8075: 8053: 8006: 7861: 7813: 7637: 7620: 7564: 7510: 7467: 7429:Francois, Dominique (13 October 2013). 7292: 7141: 7091: 7063: 6883: 5686: 5600:Special Operations Research Office 1965 5551: 5480: 5465: 5072: 5060: 4886: 4835: 4683: 4642: 4441: 4399: 4200:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial 4112:Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial 3729:nearby rather than two, and bombers of 3574: 3085:Coordination with the French Resistance 12533:Amphibious operations involving Canada 12515: 11971:American airborne landings in Normandy 10487: 10465:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8370: 8350: 8280: 8258: 8195:The Invasion of Normandy, June 6, 1944 8034: 7987: 7924: 7741:A Study of Rear Area Security Measures 7679: 7657: 7606:. Philadelphia; Oxford, UK: Casemate. 7567:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 7526: 7447: 7351: 7188:Sand and Steel: A New History of D-Day 7117: 7003: 6991: 6967: 6943: 6907: 6844: 6832: 6808: 6769: 6757: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6646: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6547: 6424: 6412: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6301: 6175: 6163: 6151: 6103: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6055: 6043: 6019: 5983: 5959: 5944: 5920: 5896: 5884: 5869: 5794: 5770: 5722: 5698: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5388: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5253: 5012: 5000: 4970: 4958: 4946: 4859: 4775: 4743: 4671: 4630: 4615: 4579: 4492: 4384: 4360: 4345: 4333: 4318: 3476:American airborne landings in Normandy 3399: 2396:915th Grenadier Regiment (as reserves) 12548:Amphibious operations of World War II 12442: 11912: 11336:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 10768:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 10414:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10370:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9475:Rape during the occupation of Germany 8621: 8598:Big Picture: D-Day Convoy to Normandy 8525:. 31 August 1944. pp. 4043–4054. 8140: 8011:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 7841: 7747: 7410:Ford, Ken; Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). 7373: 7245: 7224: 7160: 6931: 6919: 5818: 5806: 5352: 5340: 4934: 4823: 4044:, Lovat's personal piper. Members of 3673:, who arrived in gliders at 21:00 in 2934:50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division 2505:125th Panzergrenadier Regiment(under 2435: 2314: 1807:(SHAEF), 1 February 1944. Front row: 1675:The men landed under heavy fire from 1639:British, and Canadian airborne troops 867: 10458:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9490:Rape during the liberation of France 8326: 7951:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 7946: 7771: 7545: 6895: 5830: 5611: 4085:Situation map for 24:00, 6 June 1944 2896:to the operation included a regular 2663: 2363: 2195:SS Panzer Divisions, as well as the 8566:, available at the Internet Archive 8516:"Awards bestowed by King George VI" 7309:from the original on 8 January 2020 7142:Bickers, Richard Townshend (1994). 6200:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5711:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5627:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5266:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 5037:Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1994 3597:glider is examined by German troops 2556: Allies and occupied countries 1762:Mediterranean Theatre of Operations 13: 12024:Greenline, Pomegranate and Express 10684:German invasion of the Netherlands 8964:Weather events during World War II 8555:Naval History and Heritage Command 8336:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 8027: 7103:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 4214:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 4154:Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery 3769:, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel 2998:, commanded by Lieutenant General 2922:, commanded by Lieutenant General 2695:D-day assault routes into Normandy 2659:all of Germany within a few days. 2341:numbered 12,320 men, many of them 2224:2nd SS Panzer Division "Das Reich" 2183:was forced to transfer the entire 1971: 1694:The Allies were able to establish 25:Operation Neptune (disambiguation) 14: 12639: 11315:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 8464: 4582:, pp. 177–178, chart p. 180. 3680: 3178: 2550: Axis and occupied countries 1010:Caen canal and Orne river bridges 12000:Capture of Caen and Orne bridges 11875: 8647: 8523:Supplement to the London Gazette 8508:Supplement to the London Gazette 8489:Supplement to The London Gazette 8150:. London: Michael O'Mara Books. 8107:. London: William Collins Sons. 7971:D-Day Fortifications in Normandy 7494:D-Day: The Story and Photographs 4427:Ellis, Allen & Warhurst 2004 4278: 4191: 4185:Bayeux Commonwealth war cemetery 4176: 4160: 4145: 4070:King's Shropshire Light Infantry 3997:advanced to within sight of the 3902:Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers 3745: 3660:1st Canadian Parachute Battalion 3469: 3426:, destroy five bridges over the 3069: 3051: 3037: 3029: 3004: 2989: 2955: 2945: 2928: 2914: 2839: 2825: 2810: 2785: 2771: 2757: 2743: 2729: 2522: 2473: 2445: 2373: 2324: 2222:Panzer divisions, alongside the 777: 747: 668: 592: 567: 555: 543: 531: 519: 507: 495: 477: 465: 453: 441: 429: 417: 404: 379: 362: 348: 333: 318: 305: 291: 278: 264: 250: 236: 222: 209: 196: 73:, an iconic image of men of the 62: 12418:People of Western Europe speech 12339:Military cemeteries in Normandy 8061:. London; New York: Routledge. 7496:. McLean, Virginia: Brassey's. 7433:. Minneapolis: Voyageur Press. 7335:History of the Second World War 7293:Douthit, Howard L. III (1988). 7084: 4256: 3915:moved toward the small port at 3287: 2515:155th Panzer Artillery Regiment 2187:from France, consisting of the 948:Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum 12588:Invasions by the United States 12413:June 6, 1944, order of the day 11562:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 9272:Territorial changes of Germany 9180:Indonesian National Revolution 8550:Allied veterans remember D-Day 7842:Traub, Alex (2 January 2024). 7795:"The German Response to D-Day" 7699:O'Connor, Mary (6 June 2021). 7168:. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. 7124:D-Day: The Battle for Normandy 4060:The 'Morris' strongpoint near 4005: 3913:No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando 3803: 3656:Battle of Merville Gun Battery 3438:paratroopers from the British 3340: 2512:192nd Panzergrenadier Regiment 2500:Hermann von Oppeln-Bronikowski 2451:716th Static Infantry Division 2330:709th Static Infantry Division 2245:West (Supreme Commander West; 2005:First United States Army Group 1988:First United States Army Group 1776:in July 1943 and subsequently 811:Gold, Juno, and Sword Beaches: 713:3rd Canadian Infantry Division 1: 10962:Japanese invasion of Thailand 10913:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 10677:German invasion of Luxembourg 9058:Mediterranean and Middle East 7947:Yung, Christopher D. (2006). 7684:. Stroud: The History Press. 7127:. New York; Toronto: Viking. 4294: 4034:Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat 3995:9th Canadian Infantry Brigade 3942: 3849: 3705: 3488:on the evening of 6 June 1944 3111:French Forces of the Interior 2818:, commanded by Major General 2737:, commanded by Major General 2279:: Field Marshal Erwin Rommel 2058:in the Pas de Calais area by 1910: 1717: 1646: 1626:in command of Allied forces. 85:on the morning of 6 June 1944 12172: 12168: 10869:Invasion of the Soviet Union 10558:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 9876:Independent State of Croatia 8309:The Battle of Normandy, 1944 8219:. New York: Grove Atlantic. 7579:10.1080/13518046.2015.998134 7414:. Oxford; New York: Osprey. 7412:Overlord: The D-Day Landings 4299: 4169:La Cambe German war cemetery 4076: 3193:D-Day planning map, used at 3115:Special Operations Executive 2966:47th (Royal Marine) Commando 2177:Dnieper–Carpathian offensive 2046:dropped strips of "window", 1871:threats against the port of 1778:invaded the Italian mainland 7: 12248:(Pipe-Line Under The Ocean) 11853:End of World War II in Asia 11693:Western invasion of Germany 11200:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 11177:Second Battle of El Alamein 10747:Hundred Regiments Offensive 10719:Battle of the Mediterranean 10572:Italian invasion of Albania 8746:Air warfare of World War II 8440:Zetterling, Niklas (2000). 8425:. Boulder: Westview Press. 8197:. Mason City, Iowa: Savas. 7531:. London: Arms and Armour. 7448:Garner, Tom (4 June 2019). 4456:, pp. 60, 63, 118–120. 4207: 3667:1st Special Service Brigade 3337:, a 173-foot patrol craft. 3117:orchestrated a campaign of 2704: 1903:was named commander of the 10: 12644: 11779:Naval bombardment of Japan 11147:First Battle of El Alamein 11066:Battle of Christmas Island 11011:Japanese invasion of Burma 10775:Italian invasion of Greece 10691:German invasion of Belgium 10663:German invasion of Denmark 10636:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 10505:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 8769:Comparative military ranks 8571:D-Day to D plus 3 (33m19s) 8478:Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay 8446:J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing 8358:. Ottawa: King's Printer. 8286:D-Day: The Soldiers' Story 7988:Zaloga, Steven J. (2009). 7906:Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009). 7602:Margaritis, Peter (2019). 7550:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 7450:"D-Day's forgotten Greeks" 4778:, Map, inside front cover. 4520:Portsmouth Museum Services 4009: 3946: 3853: 3807: 3709: 3578: 3543:Reinforcements arrived by 3473: 3182: 3057:6th Airborne Division (UK) 2983:Juno Beach order of battle 2980: 2898:Royal Australian Air Force 2858:British and Canadian zones 2684: 2649:German armaments minister 2624:air offensive over Germany 2618:. Tangles of barbed wire, 2526: 2491:included 146 tanks and 50 2339:Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben 2267:Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg 2235:German Supreme commander: 2073: 2069: 1975: 1844:Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory 1710:remained in German hands. 1643:Allied amphibious landings 1635:landing of 24,000 American 839:170 coastal artillery guns 18: 12477: 12385:Allied forces in Normandy 12347: 12311: 12260: 12223: 12166: 12101: 11951: 11868: 11700:Bratislava–Brno offensive 11640: 11631:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 11368: 11255:Allied invasion of Sicily 11209: 11115:Aleutian Islands campaign 11087:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 11034: 11025:Greek famine of 1941–1944 10920:Second Battle of Changsha 10825:German invasion of Greece 10793: 10670:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 10645: 10583: 10478: 10359: 10085: 9995: 9843: 9546: 9537: 9295: 9120: 9012:North and Central Pacific 8973: 8735: 8728: 8655: 7910:. Stroud: History Press. 7665:. Washington: Brassey's. 7623:"South Africans in D-Day" 4466:Zaloga & Johnson 2005 4202:, overlooking Omaha Beach 4138:British Normandy Memorial 4102:War memorials and tourism 3923:. Company Sergeant Major 3876:large emplacement at the 3434:overlooking Sword Beach. 3121:to be implemented by the 3105:Through the London-based 2885:: Lieutenant General Sir 2468:1716th Artillery Regiment 2228: 2007:under Lieutenant General 1578:and often referred to as 955:Combined Bomber Offensive 907: 843: 826: 582: 550:L. Geyr von Schweppenburg 393: 179: 89: 61: 45: 40: 11292:Allied invasion of Italy 11269:Solomon Islands campaign 11018:Third Battle of Changsha 10615:First Battle of Changsha 10521:Second Sino-Japanese War 9461:German military brothels 9327:United States war crimes 8419:Whitlock, Flint (2004). 8189:Holderfield, Randal J.; 8035:Badsey, Stephen (1990). 7969:; Johnson, Hugh (2005). 7680:Napier, Stephen (2015). 7527:Hooton, Edward (1999) . 7374:Flint, Edward R (2009). 6265:, pp. 158–159, 164. 6241:, pp. 131, 160–161. 5785:, pp. 125, 128–129. 5063:, pp. 227–228, 235. 4240: 4223:crossword security alarm 3933:Royal Hampshire Regiment 3921:Battle of Port-en-Bessin 3818:US assault troops in an 3793:914th Grenadier Regiment 3693: 3506:IX Troop Carrier Command 3258:Western Naval Task Force 3242:invasion of North Africa 2585:Alarmed by the raids on 2428:352nd Artillery Regiment 2425:916th Grenadier Regiment 2422:915th Grenadier Regiment 2419:914th Grenadier Regiment 2405:352nd Artillery Regiment 2399:916th Grenadier Regiment 2393:914th Grenadier Regiment 2356:919th Grenadier Regiment 2353:739th Grenadier Regiment 2350:729th Grenadier Regiment 2093:Surface weather analysis 2011:, supposedly located in 1770:campaign in North Africa 1727:invaded the Soviet Union 79:US 1st Infantry Division 11714:Second Guangxi campaign 11569:Philippines (1944–1945) 11073:Battle of the Coral Sea 10976:Fall of the Philippines 10622:Battle of South Guangxi 10528:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 9934:Italian Social Republic 8536:Neptune Operations Plan 8288:. London: John Murray. 7930:The Struggle For Europe 7819:"Australians and D-Day" 4273:National D-Day Memorial 3896:facing east to provide 3878:Longues-sur-Mer battery 2894:Australian contribution 2822:, making up 34,250 men 2791:101st Airborne Division 2562: Neutral countries 2465:736th Infantry Regiment 2379:352nd Infantry Division 2197:349th Infantry Division 1753:persuaded US President 1689:house-to-house fighting 1645:on the coast of France 834:195,700 naval personnel 796:352nd Infantry Division 657:101st Airborne Division 12365:D-Day naval deceptions 11299:Armistice of Cassibile 11101:Battle of Dutch Harbor 11052:Battle of the Java Sea 10955:Attack on Pearl Harbor 10855:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10848:Battle of South Shanxi 10818:Invasion of Yugoslavia 10601:Battle of the Atlantic 10215:Korean Liberation Army 9928:(until September 1943) 9885:(until September 1944) 9863:(until September 1944) 8007:Zuehlke, Mark (2004). 7754:Inside the Third Reich 7625:. South African Legion 7190:. London: Hutchinson. 7146:. London: Leo Cooper. 7052:Ford & Zaloga 2009 7028:Ford & Zaloga 2009 7016:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6980:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6956:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6821:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6797:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6785:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6743:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6671:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6659:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6635:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6587:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6560:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6536:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6524:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6512:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6500:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6488:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6476:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6464:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6449:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6437:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6398:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6386:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6376:, pp. 64–65, 334. 6374:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6314:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6287:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6263:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6239:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6227:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6215:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6188:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6140:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6128:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6116:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6032:Ford & Zaloga 2009 6008:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5996:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5972:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5933:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5909:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5858:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5846:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5783:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5759:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5735:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5675:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5663:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5540:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5528:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5511:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5496:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5454:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5427:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5365:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5293:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5242:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5189:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5174:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5162:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5135:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5114:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5102:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5085:Ford & Zaloga 2009 5049:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4986:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4660:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4604:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4568:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4556:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4532:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4454:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4412:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4373:Ford & Zaloga 2009 4086: 4025: 3962: 3871:The first landings on 3868: 3832:29th Infantry Division 3827: 3755: 3736:Theodore Roosevelt Jr. 3721: 3690: 3671:6th Airlanding Brigade 3598: 3502:Douglas C-47 Skytrains 3489: 3486:Douglas C-47 Skytrains 3467: 3416:91st Infantry Division 3350: 3217: 3201: 3102: 3075:79th Armoured Division 2900:(RAAF) squadron, nine 2878: 2867:Royal Marine Commandos 2845:29th Infantry Division 2777:90th Infantry Division 2763:82nd Airborne Division 2696: 2681:Allied order of battle 2661: 2582: 2564: 2299:General der Artillerie 2150:German order of battle 2100: 1995: 1978:D-Day naval deceptions 1851: 1826:Sir Bernard Montgomery 1417:Air and Sea operations 1210:Anglo-Canadian Sector 1089:Anglo-Canadian Sector 695:50th Infantry Division 652:90th Infantry Division 647:82nd Airborne Division 624:29th Infantry Division 460:Trafford Leigh-Mallory 394:Commanders and leaders 99:; 80 years ago 75:16th Infantry Regiment 21:D-Day (disambiguation) 11463:Second Battle of Guam 11359:Bengal famine of 1943 11329:Second Battle of Kiev 11285:Battle of the Dnieper 10990:Battle of Wake Island 10862:East African campaign 10804:Battle of South Henan 10449:atrocities by Germans 10222:Korean Volunteer Army 9203:Occupation of Germany 8957:Music in World War II 8530:The Normandy Invasion 8491:. pp. 5109–5124. 8404:. London: Pan Books. 8371:Stacey, C.P. (1960). 8266:. New York: Penguin. 7772:Staff (5 June 2014). 7639:Morison, Samuel Eliot 7621:Meadows, Ian (2016). 7477:. New York: H. Holt. 7246:Corta, Henry (1997). 7225:Corta, Henry (1952). 5749:, pp. 51–52, 69. 4084: 4066:'Hillman' strongpoint 4019: 3956: 3863: 3817: 3753: 3726:8th Infantry Regiment 3719: 3688: 3627:3rd Parachute Brigade 3619:5th Parachute Brigade 3592: 3483: 3462: 3348: 3207: 3192: 3092: 3043:3rd Infantry Division 3010:3rd Canadian Division 2951:56th Infantry Brigade 2871:3rd Infantry Division 2865: 2831:1st Infantry Division 2749:4th Infantry Division 2713:: Lieutenant General 2694: 2656: 2570: 2540: 2091: 1985: 1951:and the Canadians at 1846:; Lieutenant General 1802: 1755:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1622:placed Major General 1620:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1449:Supporting operations 844:Casualties and losses 816:716th Static Division 806:709th Static Division 734:6th Airborne Division 729:3rd Infantry Division 642:4th Infantry Division 619:1st Infantry Division 12135:(Canada, Poland, US) 12088:(Canada, Poland, UK) 12082:(Canada, Poland, UK) 11749:Surrender of Germany 11227:Battle of West Hubei 11184:Guadalcanal campaign 11154:Battle of Stalingrad 11080:Battle of Madagascar 9854:Albania protectorate 9641:(formerly Swaziland) 9350:Wehrmacht war crimes 9166:Expulsion of Germans 8950:Art and World War II 8848:British contribution 8797:Governments in exile 8546:at Naval-History.Net 7908:D-Day in Photographs 7721:memorial-pegasus.org 7546:Horn, Bernd (2010). 7184:Caddick-Adams, Peter 6811:, pp. 143, 148. 6130:, pp. 228, 230. 4120:Sainte-Marie-du-Mont 3836:741st Tank Battalion 3797:743rd Tank Battalion 3767:2nd Ranger Battalion 3575:British and Canadian 3432:Merville Gun Battery 3248:the following year. 3228:, who had served as 3208:Large landing craft 3164:BBC's French service 2961:8th Armoured Brigade 2902:Article XV squadrons 2779:: Brigadier General 2479:21st Panzer Division 2060:No. 218 Squadron RAF 2044:No. 617 Squadron RAF 1925:Operation Pointblank 1862:, Normandy, and the 1842:; Air Chief Marshal 1819:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1782:Battle of Stalingrad 1624:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1586:liberation of France 901:(Battle of Normandy) 766:21st Panzer Division 411:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12396:Operation Bodyguard 12390:Liberation of Paris 11839:Potsdam Declaration 11728:Italy (Spring 1945) 11491:Liberation of Paris 10948:Siege of Sevastopol 9966:(until August 1944) 9869:Wang Jingwei regime 9691:from September 1943 9651:from September 1944 9589:from September 1944 9449:Romanian war crimes 9440:Persecution of Jews 9426:Croatian war crimes 9396:Japanese war crimes 9210:Occupation of Japan 9159:First Indochina War 8871:Military production 8783:Declarations of war 8480:(30 October 1947). 8387:on 21 December 2020 8312:. London: Cassell. 8191:Varhola, Michael J. 8085:. London: Cassell. 7863:Weigley, Russell F. 7799:Imperial War Museum 7403:The Washington Post 7162:Brown, Anthony Cave 7066:, pp. 349–350. 7030:, pp. 346–348. 6869:Imperial War Museum 6823:, pp. 326–327. 6799:, pp. 248–249. 6787:, pp. 244–245. 6745:, pp. 239–240. 6685:, pp. 133–135. 6661:, Map, pp. 314–315. 6637:, pp. 312–313. 6625:, pp. 274–275. 6613:, pp. 272–273. 6589:, pp. 289–290. 6538:, pp. 298–299. 6502:, pp. 281–282. 6490:, pp. 276–277. 6439:, pp. 333–334. 6190:, Map, pp. 216–217. 6070:, pp. 238–239. 5998:, pp. 149–150. 5911:, pp. 166–167. 5725:, pp. 81, 117. 5689:, pp. 136–137. 5343:, pp. 483–484. 5215:, pp. 414–418. 5075:, pp. 224–225. 4973:, pp. 224–226. 4761:, pp. 592–593. 4429:, pp. 521–533. 4062:Colleville-sur-Orne 3979:Courseulles-sur-Mer 3407:airborne operations 3400:Airborne operations 3354:Bombing of Normandy 3276:, and 35 auxiliary 3162:transmitted by the 3160:messages personnels 2849:Charles H. Gerhardt 2835:Clarence R. Huebner 2296:LXXXIV Corps under 2181:German High Command 2028:Special Air Service 2000:Operation Fortitude 1929:Operation Bodyguard 1848:Walter Bedell Smith 1601:Operation Bodyguard 138: / 12628:Operation Overlord 12598:Landing operations 12472:bombardment groups 12423:Rommel's asparagus 12407:Operation Jedburgh 12252:Operation Chastity 11832:Surrender of Japan 11665:Battle of Iwo Jima 11514:Belgrade offensive 10927:Siege of Leningrad 10811:Battle of Shanggao 10740:British Somaliland 10705:Dunkirk evacuation 10656:Norwegian campaign 10594:Invasion of Poland 10421:Japanese prisoners 9389:Italian war crimes 9320:British war crimes 9235:Soviet occupations 9019:South-West Pacific 8906:Allied cooperation 8864:Military equipment 8541:Naval details for 8499:(2 January 1947). 8473:(YouTube, 1:22:15) 8254:. London: Collins. 8174:. London: Joseph. 7992:. Oxford: Osprey. 7757:. New York: Avon. 7659:Murray, Williamson 7206:Churchill, Winston 6466:, pp. 56, 83. 6316:, pp. 95–104. 6046:, p. 246–247. 5116:, pp. 60, 63. 4788:Caddick-Adams 2019 4116:Colleville-sur-Mer 4087: 4026: 3999:Carpiquet airfield 3963: 3927:received the only 3869: 3828: 3820:LCVP landing craft 3756: 3722: 3700:Duplex-Drive tanks 3691: 3599: 3538:Sainte-Mère-Église 3524:terrain, with its 3490: 3351: 3246:invasion of Sicily 3238:Dunkirk evacuation 3218: 3202: 3103: 3099:Battle of Normandy 2879: 2697: 2644:Rommel's asparagus 2583: 2565: 2481:, (south of Caen) 2436:Forces around Caen 2315:Cotentin Peninsula 2292:Friedrich Dollmann 2251:Gerd von Rundstedt 2185:II SS Panzer Corps 2101: 1996: 1916:Operation Overlord 1901:Bernard Montgomery 1868:continental Europe 1860:Cotentin Peninsula 1852: 1840:Sir Bertram Ramsay 1830:Lieutenant General 1786:Trident Conference 1774:invasion of Sicily 1729:in June 1941, the 1597:military deception 1568:Operation Overlord 1556:landing operations 1244:Normandy massacres 1133:Operation Chastity 897:Operation Overlord 562:Friedrich Dollmann 502:Gerd von Rundstedt 448:Bernard Montgomery 48:Operation Overlord 12583:Conflicts in 1944 12523:Operation Neptune 12510: 12509: 12470:Normandy landings 12436: 12435: 12401:Operation Dragoon 12076:(UK 6th Airborne) 11906: 11905: 11864: 11863: 11707:Battle of Okinawa 11606:Burma (1944–1945) 11440:Mariana and Palau 11220:Tunisian campaign 11045:Fall of Singapore 10969:Fall of Hong Kong 10712:Battle of Britain 10565:Operation Himmler 10474: 10473: 10138:Dutch East Indies 9781:Southern Rhodesia 9533: 9532: 9433:Genocide of Serbs 9336:German war crimes 9313:Soviet war crimes 9306:Allied war crimes 9152:Division of Korea 9131:Chinese Civil War 8929:Strategic bombing 8841:Manhattan Project 8610:Dropzone Normandy 8510:. pp. 37–92. 8455:978-0-921991-56-4 8432:978-0-8133-4218-4 8411:978-0-330-24418-3 8343:978-0-671-20814-1 8319:978-0-304-35837-3 8273:978-0-14-023542-5 8226:978-0-8021-4709-7 8204:978-1-882810-45-1 8157:978-1-782-43205-0 8133:978-1-57441-548-3 8114:978-0-00-217056-7 8092:978-1-841-88031-0 8068:978-1-134-20303-1 8046:978-0-85045-921-0 8018:978-1-55365-050-8 7999:978-1-84603-394-0 7980:978-1-4728-0382-5 7958:978-1-59114-997-2 7939:978-1-85326-677-5 7917:978-0-7524-5095-7 7898:978-0-521-55879-2 7885:Weinberg, Gerhard 7876:978-0-253-13333-5 7823:Anniversary talks 7764:978-0-380-00071-5 7691:978-0-7509-6473-9 7672:978-1-57488-125-7 7613:978-1-61200-769-4 7557:978-1-55488-708-8 7538:978-1-86019-995-0 7503:978-0-02-881057-7 7484:978-0-8050-1788-5 7440:978-0-7603-4558-0 7421:978-1-84603-424-4 7366:978-0-7524-5661-4 7344:978-1-84574-058-0 7261:978-2-86323-103-6 7227:Les bérets rouges 7197:978-1-84794-8-281 7175:978-1-59921-383-5 7153:978-0-85052-412-3 7134:978-0-670-02119-2 7110:978-0-671-67334-5 6451:, pp. 90–91. 6400:, pp. 76–77. 6253:, pp. 50–51. 6166:, pp. 56–58. 6058:, pp. 52–53. 5899:, pp. 61–64. 5821:, pp. 65–78. 5602:, pp. 51–52. 5295:, pp. 54–56. 5039:, pp. 16–19. 5003:, pp. 42–43. 4889:, pp. 19–21. 4838:, pp. 71–72. 4698:, pp. 12–13. 4645:, pp. 73–74. 4618:, pp. 33–34. 4606:, pp. 13–14. 4570:, pp. 10–11. 4134:Juno Beach Centre 3987:Bernières-sur-Mer 3731:IX Bomber Command 3675:Operation Mallard 3585:Operation Mallard 3292:At 05:10, German 3270:fast attack craft 3123:French Resistance 3095:French Resistance 2873:move inland from 2795:Maxwell D. Taylor 2753:Raymond O. Barton 2739:J. Lawton Collins 2664:Armoured reserves 2626:had crippled the 2545:, shown in yellow 2489:Edgar Feuchtinger 2364:Grandcamps Sector 2263:Panzer Group West 2249:): Field Marshal 2064:Operation Glimmer 2040:Operation Taxable 1943:. The British at 1893:Quebec Conference 1882:Mulberry harbours 1812:Sir Arthur Tedder 1809:Air Chief Marshal 1794:Tehran Conference 1751:Winston Churchill 1576:Operation Neptune 1552:Normandy landings 1545: 1544: 1401:Mantes-Gassicourt 1065:Normandy landings 862: 861: 370:Southern Rhodesia 175: 174: 41:Normandy landings 12635: 12593:June 1944 events 12463: 12456: 12449: 12440: 12439: 12409:(France, UK, US) 12403:(France, UK, US) 12375:Hobart's Funnies 12329:Hillman Fortress 12241:Mulberry harbour 12174: 12170: 12167:Landing points ( 12145:Merville Battery 12014:(Deception plan) 11933: 11926: 11919: 11910: 11909: 11899: 11892: 11885: 11882:World portal 11880: 11879: 11855: 11848: 11841: 11834: 11825: 11818: 11811: 11802: 11795: 11788: 11781: 11774: 11767: 11758: 11751: 11744: 11742:Prague offensive 11737: 11735:Battle of Berlin 11730: 11723: 11716: 11709: 11702: 11695: 11688: 11681: 11679:Vienna offensive 11674: 11667: 11660: 11658:Battle of Manila 11653: 11633: 11624: 11615: 11608: 11599: 11592: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11564: 11557: 11548: 11539: 11532: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11502: 11493: 11486: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11451: 11442: 11435: 11426: 11417: 11408: 11401: 11399:Korsun–Cherkassy 11394: 11383: 11361: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11280: 11271: 11264: 11257: 11250: 11243: 11241:Bombing of Gorky 11236: 11229: 11222: 11202: 11195: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11110: 11108:Battle of Midway 11103: 11096: 11094:Battle of Gazala 11089: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11054: 11047: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11006: 11004:Battle of Borneo 10999: 10997:Malayan campaign 10992: 10985: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10941:Bombing of Gorky 10936: 10934:Battle of Moscow 10929: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10843: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10786: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10728: 10721: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10698:Battle of France 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10658: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10617: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10551:Munich Agreement 10546: 10539: 10530: 10523: 10516: 10507: 10500: 10485: 10484: 10467: 10460: 10451: 10444: 10437: 10436:Soviet prisoners 10430: 10423: 10416: 10407: 10400: 10391: 10384: 10377: 10376:German prisoners 10372: 10352: 10343: 10336: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10078: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10015: 10008: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9959: 9952: 9945: 9936: 9929: 9921: 9914: 9912:French Indochina 9907: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9856: 9836: 9827: 9820: 9811: 9804: 9797: 9790: 9783: 9776: 9769: 9762: 9759:from August 1944 9750: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9642: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9544: 9543: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9485: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9451: 9442: 9435: 9428: 9419: 9412: 9405: 9403:Nanjing Massacre 9398: 9391: 9382: 9380:Nuremberg trials 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9221: 9212: 9205: 9198: 9191: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9113: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9060: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8984:Asia and Pacific 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8915: 8913:Mulberry harbour 8908: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8771: 8764: 8755: 8748: 8733: 8732: 8721: 8714: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8619: 8618: 8603:Internet Archive 8572: 8526: 8520: 8511: 8505: 8492: 8486: 8459: 8436: 8415: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8386: 8379: 8367: 8347: 8323: 8304:Neillands, Robin 8299: 8277: 8255: 8235:by Bantam Press 8230: 8208: 8185: 8161: 8137: 8118: 8096: 8077:Collier, Richard 8072: 8050: 8022: 8003: 7984: 7967:Zaloga, Steven J 7962: 7943: 7921: 7902: 7880: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7829:on 26 April 2014 7810: 7808: 7806: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7768: 7744: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7695: 7676: 7654: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7617: 7598: 7561: 7542: 7523: 7507: 7488: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7444: 7425: 7406: 7397: 7370: 7353:Escott, Beryl E. 7348: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7308: 7301: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7274:ddaymuseum.co.uk 7265: 7242: 7221: 7210:Closing the Ring 7201: 7179: 7157: 7144:Air War Normandy 7138: 7114: 7102: 7093:Ambrose, Stephen 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7040:Mémorial Pegasus 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5514: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5484: 5478: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5409: 5403: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5138: 5132: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4762: 4756: 4747: 4741: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4250: 4195: 4180: 4164: 4149: 4131: 4055:Philippe Kieffer 3983:St Aubin-sur-Mer 3390:and the monitor 3329:submarine chaser 3222:Correlli Barnett 3077:: Major General 3073: 3059:: Major General 3055: 3045:: Major General 3041: 3033: 3012:: Major General 3008: 2993: 2959: 2949: 2942:reinforced with 2936:: Major General 2932: 2918: 2847:: Major General 2843: 2833:: Major General 2829: 2820:Leonard T. Gerow 2814: 2793:: Major General 2789: 2781:Jay W. MacKelvie 2775: 2765:: Major General 2761: 2751:: Major General 2747: 2733: 2675:Panzer divisions 2671:Italian Campaign 2630:and established 2574:deployed on the 2561: 2555: 2549: 2509:from April 1944) 2477: 2449: 2377: 2328: 2243:Oberbefehlshaber 2231: 2230: 2114: 2056:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2052:barrage balloons 2009:George S. Patton 1886:Hobart's Funnies 1677:gun emplacements 1651: 1648: 1631:airborne assault 1572:Second World War 1176:La Haye-du-Puits 1161:American Sector 1069:American Sector 1015:Merville Battery 995:Airborne assault 902: 898: 888: 881: 874: 865: 864: 832:156,000 soldiers 782: 781: 752: 751: 673: 672: 597: 596: 574:Hans von Salmuth 572: 571: 560: 559: 548: 547: 536: 535: 524: 523: 512: 511: 500: 499: 482: 481: 470: 469: 458: 457: 446: 445: 434: 433: 422: 421: 413: 409: 408: 389: 385: 383: 382: 368: 366: 365: 358: 354: 352: 351: 343: 339: 337: 336: 328: 324: 322: 321: 310: 309: 308: 301: 297: 295: 294: 283: 282: 274: 270: 268: 267: 256: 254: 253: 246: 242: 240: 239: 228: 226: 225: 215: 213: 212: 202: 200: 199: 153: 152: 150: 149: 148: 143: 139: 136: 135: 134: 131: 107: 105: 100: 91: 90: 66: 56:Second World War 38: 37: 12643: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12553:Battle for Caen 12513: 12512: 12511: 12506: 12473: 12467: 12437: 12432: 12343: 12307: 12288:Longues-sur-Mer 12256: 12219: 12162: 12151:Verrières Ridge 12097: 11990:(UK and Canada) 11947: 11937: 11907: 11902: 11895: 11888: 11874: 11872: 11860: 11851: 11844: 11837: 11830: 11821: 11814: 11807: 11798: 11793:Atomic bombings 11791: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11754: 11747: 11740: 11733: 11726: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11684: 11677: 11670: 11663: 11656: 11649: 11636: 11629: 11618: 11611: 11604: 11595: 11588: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11560: 11551: 11542: 11535: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11496: 11489: 11484:Eastern Romania 11482: 11477:Warsaw Uprising 11475: 11470:Tannenberg Line 11468: 11461: 11456:Western Ukraine 11454: 11445: 11438: 11429: 11420: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11386: 11377: 11364: 11357: 11348: 11341: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11306: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11253: 11248:Battle of Kursk 11246: 11239: 11232: 11225: 11218: 11205: 11198: 11189: 11182: 11175: 11166: 11159: 11152: 11145: 11136: 11127: 11120: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11078: 11071: 11064: 11059:St Nazaire Raid 11057: 11050: 11043: 11030: 11023: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10995: 10988: 10981: 10974: 10967: 10960: 10953: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10883: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10846: 10841:Anglo-Iraqi War 10839: 10832:Battle of Crete 10830: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10802: 10789: 10780: 10773: 10766: 10761:Eastern Romania 10759: 10752: 10745: 10738: 10731: 10724: 10717: 10710: 10703: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10675: 10668: 10661: 10654: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10606: 10599: 10592: 10579: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10503: 10496: 10470: 10463: 10456: 10447: 10440: 10435: 10426: 10419: 10412: 10403: 10396: 10387: 10380: 10375: 10368: 10355: 10348: 10339: 10332: 10327: 10322:Western Ukraine 10320: 10313: 10306: 10299: 10292: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10266:Northeast China 10264: 10257: 10250: 10243: 10236: 10229: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10136: 10129: 10122: 10115: 10108: 10101: 10094: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9972:Slovak Republic 9970: 9962: 9955: 9948: 9943:Empire of Japan 9941: 9932: 9924: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9896: 9889: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9859: 9852: 9839: 9832: 9823: 9816: 9807: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9645: 9637: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9529: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9488: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9455:Sexual violence 9454: 9447: 9438: 9431: 9424: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9378: 9369: 9362: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9240: 9233: 9224: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9185: 9178: 9173:Greek Civil War 9171: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9116: 9109: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8998:South-East Asia 8996: 8989: 8982: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8857:Military awards 8855: 8846: 8839: 8832: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8751: 8744: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8701: 8694: 8687: 8682: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8651: 8646: 8595:The short film 8570: 8518: 8514: 8503: 8495: 8484: 8476: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8433: 8412: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8344: 8333:The Longest Day 8328:Ryan, Cornelius 8320: 8296: 8274: 8227: 8205: 8182: 8158: 8134: 8115: 8093: 8069: 8047: 8030: 8028:Further reading 8025: 8019: 8000: 7981: 7959: 7940: 7926:Wilmot, Chester 7918: 7899: 7877: 7852: 7850: 7832: 7830: 7817:(6 June 2004). 7804: 7802: 7783: 7781: 7765: 7730: 7728: 7727:on 7 April 2014 7706: 7704: 7692: 7673: 7628: 7626: 7614: 7558: 7539: 7520:edition.cnn.com 7514:(5 June 2014). 7504: 7485: 7469:Gilbert, Martin 7458: 7456: 7441: 7422: 7367: 7345: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7283: 7281: 7280:on 29 June 2013 7262: 7252:Who dares, wins 7198: 7176: 7154: 7135: 7111: 7087: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7026: 7022: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6756: 6749: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6585: 6581: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5765: 5757: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5517: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5412: 5404: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5231: 5225:Margaritis 2019 5223: 5219: 5213:Margaritis 2019 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5141: 5133: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4765: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4534:, pp. 8–9. 4530: 4526: 4518: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4286:Royal Engineers 4283: 4279: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4234:Martha Gellhorn 4221:Daily Telegraph 4210: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4172: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4129: 4104: 4079: 4014: 4008: 3965:The landing at 3951: 3945: 3858: 3852: 3812: 3806: 3748: 3714: 3708: 3696: 3683: 3587: 3581:Operation Tonga 3579:Main articles: 3577: 3553:Mission Detroit 3549:Mission Chicago 3478: 3472: 3402: 3343: 3290: 3260:(under Admiral 3214:English Channel 3195:Southwick House 3187: 3181: 3113:), the British 3093:Members of the 3087: 3067: 3020: 2985: 2974: 2924:Gerard Bucknall 2860: 2855: 2801: 2767:Matthew Ridgway 2707: 2700: 2689: 2683: 2666: 2616:high water mark 2572:Czech hedgehogs 2563: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2535: 2533:English Channel 2527:Main articles: 2525: 2520: 2460:Wilhelm Richter 2457:Generalleutnant 2438: 2433: 2410: 2388:Dietrich Kraiss 2385:Generalleutnant 2366: 2361: 2336:Generalleutnant 2317: 2229:panzergrenadier 2152: 2118:English Channel 2112: 2109:Royal Air Force 2078: 2072: 1980: 1974: 1972:Deception plans 1913: 1905:21st Army Group 1803:Meeting of the 1720: 1649: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1528: 1315:Verrières Ridge 1237:Le Mesnil-Patry 1160: 1158:Ground campaign 1068: 1031:American Sector 998:British Sector 997: 903: 900: 896: 894: 892: 850: 838: 833: 822: 787: 786: 776: 772: 757: 756: 754:5th Panzer Army 746: 740: 678: 677: 667: 663: 602: 601: 591: 578: 566: 554: 542: 538:Theodor Krancke 530: 518: 506: 494: 488: 476: 464: 452: 440: 428: 416: 403: 402: 380: 378: 374: 363: 361: 349: 347: 334: 332: 319: 317: 306: 304: 292: 290: 277: 265: 263: 251: 249: 237: 235: 223: 221: 210: 208: 197: 195: 191: 167: 146: 144: 140: 137: 132: 129: 127: 125: 124: 123: 103: 101: 98: 67: 32: 29:Jour J (comics) 17: 12: 11: 5: 12641: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12528:1944 in France 12525: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12466: 12465: 12458: 12451: 12443: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12404: 12398: 12393: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12351: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12336: 12334:Pegasus Bridge 12331: 12326: 12321: 12319:Falaise pocket 12315: 12313: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12264: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12249: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12185: 12178: 12176: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12157:Villers-Bocage 12154: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12095: 12089: 12083: 12077: 12071: 12065: 12059: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12015: 12009: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11985: 11979: 11973: 11968: 11967:(assault plan) 11962: 11961:(overall plan) 11955: 11953: 11949: 11948: 11936: 11935: 11928: 11921: 11913: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11893: 11886: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11849: 11842: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11812: 11809:South Sakhalin 11805: 11804: 11803: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11761: 11760: 11759: 11745: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11703: 11696: 11689: 11682: 11675: 11668: 11661: 11654: 11646: 11644: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11634: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11609: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11586: 11579: 11572: 11565: 11558: 11549: 11540: 11533: 11524: 11517: 11510: 11503: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11443: 11436: 11427: 11418: 11409: 11402: 11395: 11384: 11374: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11362: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11346: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11288: 11281: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11244: 11237: 11234:Battle of Attu 11230: 11223: 11215: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11203: 11196: 11187: 11180: 11173: 11164: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11134: 11133: 11132: 11125: 11111: 11104: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11076: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11040: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10986: 10983:Battle of Guam 10979: 10972: 10965: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10906:Battle of Kiev 10902: 10895: 10881: 10880: 10879: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10799: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10778: 10771: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10701: 10694: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10666: 10659: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10639: 10632: 10625: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10589: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10533: 10532: 10531: 10524: 10510: 10509: 10508: 10493: 10491: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10461: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10445: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10417: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10405:United Kingdom 10401: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10373: 10365: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10337: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10304: 10297: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10218: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10141: 10134: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10091: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10001: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9960: 9953: 9946: 9939: 9938: 9937: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9857: 9849: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9809:British Empire 9802:United Kingdom 9798: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9751: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9643: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9618:Czechoslovakia 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9552: 9550: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9518: 9515:Rape of Manila 9511: 9504: 9497: 9486: 9471: 9464: 9452: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9436: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9413: 9406: 9392: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9367: 9353: 9346: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9323: 9316: 9301: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9286:United Nations 9282: 9275: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9231: 9222: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9155: 9148: 9145:Decolonization 9141: 9134: 9126: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9091: 9084: 9083: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9045: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8979: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8909: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8837: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8821: 8818:United Kingdom 8814: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8741: 8739: 8730: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8699: 8692: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8664: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8645: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8606: 8593: 8588: 8579: 8567: 8564:CBS Radio News 8557: 8552: 8547: 8538: 8533: 8527: 8512: 8493: 8474: 8466: 8465:External links 8463: 8461: 8460: 8454: 8437: 8431: 8416: 8410: 8397: 8368: 8348: 8342: 8324: 8318: 8300: 8295:978-1473649019 8294: 8278: 8272: 8256: 8248:Howarth, David 8244: 8225: 8213:Holland, James 8209: 8203: 8186: 8180: 8162: 8156: 8138: 8132: 8119: 8113: 8097: 8091: 8073: 8067: 8051: 8045: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8017: 8004: 7998: 7985: 7979: 7963: 7957: 7944: 7938: 7922: 7916: 7903: 7897: 7881: 7875: 7859: 7848:New York Times 7839: 7815:Stanley, Peter 7811: 7790: 7769: 7763: 7745: 7737: 7713: 7696: 7690: 7677: 7671: 7655: 7635: 7618: 7612: 7599: 7573:(1): 215–238. 7562: 7556: 7543: 7537: 7524: 7512:Holland, James 7508: 7502: 7489: 7483: 7465: 7454:History of War 7445: 7439: 7426: 7420: 7407: 7398: 7371: 7365: 7349: 7343: 7319: 7290: 7266: 7260: 7243: 7231:The Red Berets 7222: 7202: 7196: 7180: 7174: 7158: 7152: 7139: 7133: 7119:Beevor, Antony 7115: 7109: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7054:, p. 352. 7044: 7032: 7020: 7018:, p. 346. 7008: 7006:, p. 292. 6996: 6994:, p. 291. 6984: 6972: 6970:, p. 289. 6960: 6958:, p. 343. 6948: 6946:, p. 290. 6936: 6934:, p. 336. 6924: 6922:, p. 102. 6912: 6910:, p. 360. 6900: 6888: 6886:, p. 275. 6873: 6861: 6859:, p. 104. 6857:Whitmarsh 2009 6849: 6837: 6835:, p. 283. 6825: 6813: 6801: 6789: 6774: 6772:, p. 138. 6762: 6760:, p. 143. 6747: 6735: 6733:, p. 277. 6723: 6721:, p. 131. 6711: 6709:, p. 276. 6699: 6697:, p. 135. 6687: 6675: 6673:, p. 317. 6663: 6651: 6649:, p. 275. 6639: 6627: 6615: 6603: 6601:, p. 129. 6591: 6579: 6575:Whitmarsh 2009 6564: 6562:, p. 292. 6552: 6550:, p. 272. 6540: 6528: 6526:, p. 286. 6516: 6514:, p. 299. 6504: 6492: 6480: 6478:, p. 337. 6468: 6453: 6441: 6429: 6417: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6366: 6364:, p. 106. 6354: 6342: 6340:, p. 155. 6330: 6328:, p. 263. 6318: 6306: 6304:, p. 102. 6291: 6289:, p. 165. 6279: 6275:Whitmarsh 2009 6267: 6255: 6251:Whitmarsh 2009 6243: 6231: 6229:, p. 130. 6219: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6178:, p. 242. 6168: 6156: 6154:, p. 282. 6144: 6142:, p. 230. 6132: 6120: 6118:, p. 222. 6108: 6106:, p. 239. 6096: 6084: 6082:, p. 240. 6072: 6060: 6048: 6036: 6034:, p. 167. 6024: 6012: 6010:, p. 151. 6000: 5988: 5976: 5974:, p. 145. 5964: 5962:, p. 244. 5949: 5937: 5935:, p. 139. 5925: 5923:, p. 116. 5913: 5901: 5889: 5887:, p. 243. 5874: 5862: 5860:, p. 134. 5850: 5848:, p. 133. 5835: 5823: 5811: 5809:, p. 159. 5799: 5797:, p. 234. 5787: 5775: 5773:, p. 175. 5763: 5761:, p. 114. 5751: 5747:Whitmarsh 2009 5739: 5727: 5715: 5703: 5701:, p. 255. 5691: 5679: 5677:, p. 233. 5667: 5665:, p. 205. 5655: 5651:Whitmarsh 2009 5643: 5641:, p. 594. 5639:Churchill 1951 5631: 5616: 5614:, p. 133. 5604: 5592: 5590:, p. 229. 5580: 5568: 5566:, p. 138. 5556: 5544: 5542:, p. 201. 5532: 5530:, p. 200. 5515: 5513:, p. 270. 5500: 5498:, p. 271. 5485: 5470: 5458: 5443: 5439:Whitmarsh 2009 5431: 5429:, p. 125. 5410: 5406:Whitmarsh 2009 5393: 5391:, p. 192. 5381: 5377:Whitmarsh 2009 5369: 5357: 5355:, p. 482. 5345: 5333: 5331:, p. 283. 5321: 5319:, p. 280. 5309: 5307:, p. 263. 5297: 5282: 5278:Whitmarsh 2009 5270: 5258: 5246: 5229: 5227:, p. 321. 5217: 5205: 5201:Whitmarsh 2009 5193: 5191:, p. 206. 5178: 5166: 5164:, p. 275. 5139: 5118: 5106: 5104:, p. 122. 5089: 5087:, p. 118. 5077: 5065: 5053: 5041: 5029: 5027:, p. 118. 5017: 5015:, p. 144. 5005: 4990: 4988:, p. 131. 4975: 4963: 4961:, p. 224. 4951: 4939: 4927: 4923:Whitmarsh 2009 4912: 4908:Whitmarsh 2009 4891: 4879: 4875:Whitmarsh 2009 4864: 4862:, p. 282. 4852: 4848:Whitmarsh 2009 4840: 4828: 4826:, p. 465. 4816: 4814:, p. 680. 4804: 4802:, p. 698. 4792: 4790:, p. 136. 4780: 4763: 4759:Churchill 1951 4748: 4733: 4731:, p. 684. 4721: 4717:Whitmarsh 2009 4700: 4696:Whitmarsh 2009 4688: 4686:, p. 491. 4676: 4674:, p. 182. 4664: 4647: 4635: 4633:, p. 170. 4620: 4608: 4596: 4594:, p. 404. 4592:Churchill 1951 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4497: 4485: 4481:Whitmarsh 2009 4470: 4458: 4446: 4431: 4416: 4414:, p. 342. 4404: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4350: 4348:, p. 492. 4338: 4323: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4277: 4264: 4255: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4228:Exercise Tiger 4225: 4216: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4188: 4182: 4175: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4144: 4126:Pegasus Bridge 4114:is nearby, in 4108:National Guard 4103: 4100: 4078: 4075: 4048:moved through 4046:No. 4 Commando 4010:Main article: 4007: 4004: 3947:Main article: 3944: 3941: 3929:Victoria Cross 3925:Stanley Hollis 3917:Port-en-Bessin 3854:Main article: 3851: 3848: 3826:, 6 June 1944. 3808:Main article: 3805: 3802: 3761:, a prominent 3747: 3744: 3710:Main article: 3707: 3704: 3695: 3692: 3682: 3681:Beach landings 3679: 3607:Pegasus Bridge 3576: 3573: 3561:Mission Elmira 3557:Mission Keokuk 3555:), and 21:00 ( 3547:around 04:00 ( 3474:Main article: 3471: 3468: 3401: 3398: 3342: 3339: 3289: 3286: 3226:Bertram Ramsay 3216:on 6 June 1944 3183:Main article: 3180: 3179:Naval activity 3177: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3086: 3083: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3049: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 2986: 2981:Main article: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2953: 2940: 2938:Douglas Graham 2920:XXX Corps (UK) 2911: 2910: 2909: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2837: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2783: 2769: 2755: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2706: 2703: 2682: 2679: 2665: 2662: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2254: 2253: 2151: 2148: 2103:Group Captain 2097:weather fronts 2074:Main article: 2071: 2068: 1973: 1970: 1912: 1909: 1766:British troops 1719: 1716: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1527: 1526: 1515: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1438:Pierres Noires 1435: 1430: 1425: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1232:Villers-Bocage 1222: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1166:Brécourt Manor 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1119: 1118: 1116:Port-en-Bessin 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1012: 992: 991: 986: 981: 974: 967: 965:Transport Plan 962: 957: 952: 951: 950: 945: 938: 931: 917: 908: 905: 904: 891: 890: 883: 876: 868: 860: 859: 856: 846: 845: 841: 840: 835: 829: 828: 824: 823: 821: 820: 819: 818: 809: 808: 799: 798: 775: 774: 773: 771: 770: 769: 768: 761:South of Caen: 745: 744: 743: 741: 739: 738: 737: 736: 731: 725: 724: 716: 715: 709: 708: 698: 697: 691: 690: 666: 665: 664: 662: 661: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 638: 637: 627: 626: 621: 615: 614: 590: 589: 588: 585: 584: 583:Units involved 580: 579: 577: 576: 564: 552: 540: 528: 516: 504: 491: 489: 487: 486: 474: 472:Bertram Ramsay 462: 450: 438: 426: 414: 399: 396: 395: 391: 390: 375: 373: 372: 359: 344: 329: 314: 302: 287: 275: 272:Czechoslovakia 260: 247: 232: 219: 206: 204:United Kingdom 192: 182: 181: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 163: 162: 161:Allied victory 159: 155: 154: 142:49.34°N 0.60°W 115: 113: 109: 108: 95: 87: 86: 59: 58: 43: 42: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12640: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12476: 12471: 12464: 12459: 12457: 12452: 12450: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12408: 12405: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12355:Atlantic Wall 12353: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12261:Gun batteries 12259: 12253: 12250: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12222: 12215: 12212: 12209: 12206: 12203: 12200: 12195: 12194:Pointe du Hoc 12192: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12165: 12158: 12155: 12152: 12149: 12146: 12143: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12131: 12128: 12125: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12075: 12072: 12069: 12066: 12063: 12060: 12057: 12054: 12051: 12048: 12045: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12031: 12028: 12025: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12004: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11980: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11941:Western Front 11934: 11929: 11927: 11922: 11920: 11915: 11914: 11911: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11878: 11871: 11870: 11867: 11854: 11850: 11847: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11824: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11816:Kuril Islands 11813: 11810: 11806: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11776: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11762: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11732: 11729: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11708: 11704: 11701: 11697: 11694: 11690: 11687: 11683: 11680: 11676: 11673: 11669: 11666: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11639: 11632: 11628: 11623: 11622: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11583:Syrmian Front 11580: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11566: 11563: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11529:Market Garden 11525: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11495: 11492: 11488: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11471: 11467: 11464: 11460: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11444: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11388:Monte Cassino 11385: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11367: 11360: 11356: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11305: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11208: 11201: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11162: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11067: 11063: 11060: 11056: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10991: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10973: 10970: 10966: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10891: 10886: 10882: 10877: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10866: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10833: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10785: 10784: 10779: 10776: 10772: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10754:Baltic states 10751: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10734: 10730: 10727: 10723: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10681: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10664: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10644: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10511: 10506: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10495: 10494: 10492: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10438: 10434: 10429: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10415: 10411: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10398:United States 10395: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10374: 10371: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10351: 10347: 10342: 10338: 10335: 10334:Quốc dân Đảng 10331: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10312: 10309: 10305: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10034:Liechtenstein 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9940: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818:United States 9815: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9771: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9536: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9508:Comfort women 9505: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9492: / 9491: 9487: 9484: 9481: / 9480: 9477: / 9476: 9472: 9469: 9468:Camp brothels 9465: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9446: 9441: 9437: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9423: 9418: 9414: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9386: 9381: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357:The Holocaust 9354: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9343:forced labour 9340: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9196:Marshall Plan 9193: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9080: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9049:Eastern Front 9046: 9043: 9042:Western Front 9039: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8936:Puppet states 8933: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8878:Naval history 8875: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8825:United States 8822: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8763: 8759: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8638: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8624: 8623: 8620: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8457: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8403: 8398: 8383: 8376: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8282:Milton, Giles 8279: 8275: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8241:9781787631274 8238: 8234: 8231:, (in the UK 8228: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8181:0-671-46029-3 8177: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8166:Hastings, Max 8163: 8159: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8101:D'Este, Carlo 8098: 8094: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8055:Buckley, John 8052: 8048: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8032: 8020: 8014: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7954: 7950: 7945: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7800: 7796: 7791: 7779: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7749:Speer, Albert 7746: 7742: 7738: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7327:Butler, J.R.M 7324: 7320: 7305: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7248:Qui ose gagne 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7089: 7077: 7076:O'Connor 2021 7072: 7065: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7041: 7036: 7029: 7024: 7017: 7012: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6982:, p. 36. 6981: 6976: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6898:, p. 13. 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6870: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6847:, p. 74. 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6779: 6771: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6752: 6744: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6577:, p. 70. 6576: 6571: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6549: 6544: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6513: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6450: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6427:, p. 90. 6426: 6421: 6415:, p. 91. 6414: 6409: 6407: 6399: 6394: 6388:, p. 45. 6387: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6352:, p. 50. 6351: 6346: 6339: 6334: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6296: 6288: 6283: 6277:, p. 51. 6276: 6271: 6264: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6217:, p. 73. 6216: 6211: 6209: 6202:, p. 84. 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6136: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6094:, p. 57. 6093: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6069: 6064: 6057: 6052: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6028: 6022:, p. 71. 6021: 6016: 6009: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5986:, p. 69. 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5947:, p. 67. 5946: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5872:, p. 27. 5871: 5866: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5842: 5840: 5832: 5827: 5820: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5760: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5737:, p. 69. 5736: 5731: 5724: 5719: 5713:, p. 82. 5712: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5683: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5653:, p. 30. 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5578:, p. 43. 5577: 5572: 5565: 5560: 5554:, p. 23. 5553: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5462: 5456:, p. 66. 5455: 5450: 5448: 5441:, p. 53. 5440: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5408:, Map, p. 12. 5407: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5390: 5385: 5379:, p. 15. 5378: 5373: 5367:, p. 31. 5366: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5280:, p. 12. 5279: 5274: 5268:, p. 12. 5267: 5262: 5256:, p. 33. 5255: 5250: 5244:, p. 30. 5243: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5203:, p. 73. 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5176:, p. 60. 5175: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5137:, p. 63. 5136: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5051:, p. 37. 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5025:Francois 2013 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4949:, p. 21. 4948: 4943: 4936: 4931: 4925:, p. 33. 4924: 4919: 4917: 4910:, p. 31. 4909: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4883: 4877:, p. 34. 4876: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4856: 4850:, p. 27. 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4812:Weinberg 1995 4808: 4801: 4800:Weinberg 1995 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4730: 4729:Weinberg 1995 4725: 4719:, p. 13. 4718: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4662:, p. 14. 4661: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4558:, p. 10. 4557: 4552: 4545: 4544:Folliard 1942 4540: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4495:, p. 72. 4494: 4489: 4483:, p. 87. 4482: 4477: 4475: 4468:, p. 29. 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4444:, p. 67. 4443: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4375:, p. 25. 4374: 4369: 4363:, p. 99. 4362: 4357: 4355: 4347: 4342: 4336:, p. 76. 4335: 4330: 4328: 4321:, p. 82. 4320: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4259: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4171:, near Bayeux 4170: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4003: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3961:, 6 June 1944 3960: 3955: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3840:covering fire 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:Pointe du Hoc 3752: 3746:Pointe du Hoc 3743: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3718: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652:Terence Otway 3649: 3648:9th Battalion 3644: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3470:United States 3466: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3358: 3355: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3327:off Utah and 3326: 3325: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3295: 3294:torpedo boats 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3254:Merchant Navy 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2887:Miles Dempsey 2884: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2693: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2640:Rommelspargel 2637: 2633: 2632:air supremacy 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2576:Atlantic Wall 2573: 2569: 2544: 2543:Atlantic Wall 2539: 2534: 2530: 2529:Atlantic Wall 2523:Atlantic Wall 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507:Hans von Luck 2504: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2288:Generaloberst 2284: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2160:Eastern Front 2157: 2156:Low Countries 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2083:highest tides 2077: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1993: 1992:George Patton 1989: 1984: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1864:Pas-de-Calais 1861: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747:United States 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:Joseph Stalin 1732: 1728: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1685:metal tripods 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616:Atlantic Wall 1613: 1610: 1609:Field Marshal 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1590:Western Front 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1249:Ardenne Abbey 1247: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084:Pointe du Hoc 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1001: 1000: 999: 996: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 979: 975: 973: 972: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 949: 946: 944: 943: 939: 937: 936: 932: 930: 929: 925: 924: 923: 922: 918: 916: 915:Atlantic Wall 913: 912: 911: 906: 899: 889: 884: 882: 877: 875: 870: 869: 866: 857: 854: 848: 847: 842: 836: 831: 830: 825: 817: 814: 813: 812: 807: 804: 803: 802: 797: 794: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 780: 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 750: 742: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 722: 721: 719: 714: 711: 710: 707: 704: 703: 701: 696: 693: 692: 689: 686: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 671: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 639: 636: 633: 632: 630: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 613: 610: 609: 607: 604: 603: 600: 595: 587: 586: 581: 575: 570: 565: 563: 558: 553: 551: 546: 541: 539: 534: 529: 527: 522: 517: 515: 510: 505: 503: 498: 493: 492: 490: 485: 480: 475: 473: 468: 463: 461: 456: 451: 449: 444: 439: 437: 436:Miles Dempsey 432: 427: 425: 424:Arthur Tedder 420: 415: 412: 407: 401: 400: 398: 397: 392: 388: 376: 371: 360: 357: 345: 342: 330: 327: 315: 313: 303: 300: 288: 286: 281: 276: 273: 261: 259: 248: 245: 233: 231: 220: 218: 217:United States 207: 205: 194: 193: 190: 188: 184: 183: 178: 170: 165: 164: 160: 157: 156: 151: 122: 118: 114: 111: 110: 96: 93: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 71: 65: 60: 57: 53: 52:Western Front 49: 44: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 12469: 12359: 12312:Other places 12123:(UK, Canada) 12036: 11964: 11945:World War II 11890:Bibliography 11873: 11686:Project Hula 11651:Vistula–Oder 11620: 11553: 11544: 11528: 11498: 11447: 11431: 11430: 11422: 11413: 11379: 11276: 11191: 11167: 11137: 10888: 10781: 10726:North Africa 10428:Soviet Union 10382:Soviet Union 10308:Soviet Union 10076:Vatican City 9986:Vichy France 9891:German Reich 9788:Soviet Union 9774:South Africa 9767:Sierra Leone 9720:Newfoundland 9539:Participants 9522:Marocchinate 9226: 9217: 9187: 9065:North Africa 9026:Indian Ocean 8885:Nazi plunder 8776:Cryptography 8649:World War II 8609: 8597: 8542: 8522: 8507: 8488: 8444:. Winnipeg: 8441: 8421: 8401: 8389:. Retrieved 8382:the original 8373: 8355: 8352:Stacey, C.P. 8332: 8308: 8285: 8263: 8260:Keegan, John 8251: 8232: 8216: 8194: 8170: 8146: 8142:Field, Jacob 8123: 8104: 8081: 8058: 8036: 8008: 7989: 7970: 7948: 7929: 7907: 7888: 7866: 7851:. Retrieved 7847: 7831:. Retrieved 7827:the original 7822: 7803:. Retrieved 7798: 7782:. Retrieved 7777: 7753: 7740: 7729:. Retrieved 7725:the original 7720: 7705:. Retrieved 7681: 7662: 7642: 7627:. Retrieved 7603: 7570: 7566: 7547: 7528: 7519: 7493: 7473: 7457:. Retrieved 7453: 7430: 7411: 7402: 7376: 7356: 7330: 7311:. Retrieved 7295: 7282:. Retrieved 7278:the original 7273: 7251: 7247: 7230: 7226: 7209: 7187: 7165: 7143: 7123: 7098: 7085:Bibliography 7071: 7064:Zuehlke 2004 7059: 7047: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6963: 6951: 6939: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6884:Holland 2014 6864: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6765: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6630: 6618: 6606: 6594: 6582: 6555: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6471: 6444: 6432: 6420: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6357: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6309: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6075: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5967: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5865: 5853: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5778: 5766: 5754: 5742: 5730: 5718: 5706: 5694: 5687:Weigley 1981 5682: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5629:, p. 6. 5607: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5552:Douthit 1988 5547: 5535: 5481:Holland 2014 5466:Stanley 2004 5461: 5434: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5348: 5336: 5324: 5312: 5300: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5169: 5109: 5080: 5073:Liedtke 2015 5068: 5061:Liedtke 2015 5056: 5044: 5032: 5020: 5008: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4887:Bickers 1994 4882: 4855: 4843: 4836:Zuehlke 2004 4831: 4819: 4807: 4795: 4783: 4746:, p. 3. 4724: 4691: 4684:Gilbert 1989 4679: 4667: 4643:Ambrose 1994 4638: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4488: 4461: 4449: 4442:Morison 1962 4407: 4400:Meadows 2016 4380: 4368: 4341: 4280: 4267: 4258: 4248: 4220: 4124: 4105: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4059: 4038:piped ashore 4027: 3991:Bény-sur-Mer 3976: 3964: 3910: 3888: 3882: 3870: 3844: 3829: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3771:James Rudder 3757: 3740: 3723: 3697: 3664: 3645: 3635:Richard Gale 3611:Horsa Bridge 3600: 3593:A destroyed 3569: 3542: 3530: 3510: 3491: 3463: 3456: 3412: 3403: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3352: 3333: 3323: 3318:smoke screen 3312: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3288:Naval losses 3278:minesweepers 3262:Alan G. Kirk 3250: 3230:Flag officer 3219: 3212:crosses the 3173: 3159: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3106: 3104: 3079:Percy Hobart 3068: 3061:Richard Gale 3000:John Crocker 2890: 2880: 2869:attached to 2718: 2715:Omar Bradley 2708: 2698: 2667: 2657: 2651:Albert Speer 2648: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2612: 2608:116th Panzer 2606:, 21st, and 2584: 2493:assault guns 2486:Generalmajor 2485: 2456: 2439: 2411: 2384: 2367: 2342: 2335: 2318: 2303:Erich Marcks 2297: 2286: 2277:Army Group B 2242: 2237:Adolf Hitler 2234: 2201: 2170: 2163: 2153: 2140:Erwin Rommel 2125: 2123: 2121:impossible. 2102: 2095:map showing 2079: 2025: 1997: 1949:Gold Beaches 1933: 1914: 1890: 1853: 1833:Omar Bradley 1828:. Back row: 1759: 1743:Soviet Union 1739:second front 1721: 1693: 1674: 1628: 1612:Erwin Rommel 1605:Adolf Hitler 1599:, codenamed 1594: 1580: 1575: 1574:. 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