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NCAA Native American mascot decision

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2028:(NCAA) distributed a "self evaluation" to its member institutions for teams to examine the use of potentially offensive imagery with their mascot choice. This examination was done in accordance with NCAA policy that requires each member institution to maintain an "atmosphere of respect for and sensitivity to the dignity of every person." Fourteen schools either removed all references to Native American culture or were deemed not to have references to Native American culture as part of their athletics programs. Subsequently, 19 teams were cited as having potentially "hostile or abusive" names, mascots, or images, that would be banned from displaying them during post-season play, and prohibited from hosting tournaments. 2570:) – For many decades, the school did not have an official Western Athletic Conference mascot. As early as the 1950s, the University of Utah created a Ute Indian boy, named "Hoyo", as its mascot. The University of Utah club organizations, such as the Associated Students of the University of Utah, the University of Utah Alumni Association, the Daily Chronicle, and many other social organizations highly celebrated "Hoyo" at homecoming events, before and after football games events, and at other social events for many years. Prior to 1972, teams used both "Utes" and "Redskins" as nicknames, but dropped the latter in response to tribal concerns. In 1996 2396:" in its official statement to the Committee on Diversity, Equity and Outreach. Although that resolution was rejected by the SDSU Associated Students, the University Senate, which represents the administration, faculty, staff and students, has voted to phase out the human depiction of the Aztec Warrior. A task force of students, faculty, and alumni studied the issue and recommended keeping the name but modify the mascot performance and certain references used in other contexts. However, there are few signs of this recommendation being implemented. 40: 2441:
remain in the sports stadiums, while removing the larger and more obvious ones. Additional legal cases have run their course, leaving the Fighting Sioux name and logo officially retired. The 2012 referendum specified that there would be a cooling off period during which a new nickname would not be selected, which ended on January 1, 2015. After a year-long selection process, "
2458:. As stated by the NCAI: "In general, NCAI strongly opposes the use of derogatory Native sports mascots. However, in the case where mascots refer to a particular Native nation or nations, NCAI respects the right of individual tribal nations to work with universities and athletic programs to decide how to protect and celebrate their respective tribal heritage." 2545:
who has referred to Osceola as a "minstrel show." The relationship between the Florida tribe and the university has been maintained to the present, with few voices in opposition. In addition to Osceola, there are the FSU traditions of the "tomahawk chop" and "war chant", which have more controversial
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Max Osceola, the chief and general council president of the Seminole Tribe of Florida, has stated that he regards it as an "honor" to be associated with the university. However, the Seminole Tribe of Florida is only one of the tribal authorities representing Seminoles. Some members of the much larger
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objected to the use of the name and imagery, leading to the NCAA originally placed FSU on the list of colleges using imagery "hostile or abusive" towards Native Americans. However, in July 2005, the Seminole Nation General Council, the legislative body for the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, voted 18–2
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has included the work of a committee that issued a report of its "critical conversations" that included over 600 participants representing all sides, which remain sharply divided. The chancellor has appointed a Commission on Native Imagery: Healing and Reconciliation to implement the recommendations
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horse. The student, chosen for his horsemanship, wears clothing provided by the Seminole tribe but is not necessarily of Native American descent himself. The Seminole Tribe of Florida officially sanctions the use of the Seminole as Florida State University's nickname and of Osceola as FSU's symbol.
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were not a Native American tribe with any living descendants. A SDSU professor of American Indian Studies states that among other problems the mascot teaches the mistaken idea that the Aztecs were a local tribe rather than living in Mexico 1,000 miles away. However, in February 2017 the SDSU Native
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name and logo. In 2011, the State Legislature voted that the university should retain the name but in a 2012 referendum the voters decided to proceed with the change, which has been completed but no alternative nickname or logo has been selected. The NCAA has agreed to allow some of the logos to
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in 2009 to register the Chief Illiniwek symbol, which the university opposed. In October, 2013 an agreement was reached that will allow limited private use of the name as long as accompanied by a disclaimer stating that the university is not involved in such use. A new Chief Illiniwek cannot be
2425:, which is blue and orange, the UIUC colors, received a majority of student votes. The vote is advisory, with the university making the official decision. In September 2020 the University Senate overwhelmingly endorse the Kingfisher as the new mascot, voting 105 to 2 with 4 abstaining. 3323: 2588: 2453:
The NCAA has granted waivers from their mascot policy to five university teams originally on the "hostile and abusive" list that obtained official support from individual tribes for the use of their names and images, based upon the principle of
2574:, a red tailed hawk, became the official mascot. Even though Swoop is now the University of Utah's official mascot, Utah fans and its clubs alike still use "Utes" as their nickname at sporting events. This is done with permission from the 999: 2421:
of the committee. A non-binding resolution to make "Alma Otter" the official mascot was placed on the spring 2019 student election ballot, but failed to receive a majority. However, some see the vote as a sign of progress. In 2020 the
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do use Native American imagery as part of their athletics program. They were exempt for a different reason; the school has a continuing heritage of educating the American Indian population and has strong support from the
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named, and the university retains control of the name. However, an "unofficial" chief has been selected by former Chief Illiniwek portrayers. The effort to resolve the controversy by the current chancellor,
4003: 3608: 2674: 2611: 4131: 965: 3342: 4156: 4247: 2445:" was selected as the new nickname on November 18, 2015. Fighting Hawks merchandise is sold, but many fans, particularly at hockey games, continue to wear "Sioux" jerseys. 3794: 2578:
Tribal Council. In a 2020 renewal of the agreement, the university will be required to include information regarding the Ute tribe in the orientation of incoming students.
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image and mascot in 2007, although an attachment remains among many students and alumni; but not all. The "Honor the Chief Society" filed an application with the
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was selected by student vote in the 1940s, and for the first two decades the athletic teams mostly used images based on stereotypes such as in
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who attended a basketball game on the campus in 1972 expressed their concerns to university officials regarding the antics of such mascots as
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Redmen became the Red Men and Lady Reds, eventually dropping both nicknames in January 2021 in favor of Firebirds for all teams; and the
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tribes in the state. When one tribe refused permission, the state Board of Higher Education proceeded with plans to eliminate the
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challenged the NCAA policy in court and settled in 2007 when it was given three years to obtain consent from the
2275: 1997: 1210: 713: 467: 262: 3222: 3137:"Could the belted kingfisher, an orange and blue predatory bird, become the University of Illinois' new mascot?" 2483: 322: 472: 4217: 3053: 2260: 1911: 1619: 302: 2519: 3759: 2553: 1168: 1116: 57: 4019: 2537: 2501: 2475: 2442: 2323: 2307: 2162: 1822: 1666: 1071: 664: 602: 2571: 2479: 2429: 2384: 2297: 1931: 686: 357: 72: 2634:"NCAA Executive Committee Issues Guidelines for Use of Native American Mascots at Championship Events" 2508: 2319: 2170: 2065: 2057: 1262: 1076: 970: 855: 514: 482: 136: 62: 3075: 2541:
not to oppose the use of Native American names and mascots by college sports teams. One opponent is
4252: 3609:"War Chant and Tomahawk Chop: From Seminoles to Republicans (via Braves, Diddy, and a 40-Foot Cow)" 2489: 2404: 2290: 1528: 1416: 1257: 1026: 955: 783: 738: 592: 477: 457: 387: 317: 193: 2589:
List of college sports team names and mascots derived from the indigenous peoples of North America
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nickname as referring to the state, not Native Americans, but officially stopped using the
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American Student Alliance (NASA) supports removal of the mascot, calling its continue use "
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Tribe of North Carolina, whose seat is located in the town of Pembroke.
2575: 1968: 1963: 1844: 1839: 1735: 1711: 1560: 1453: 1411: 1367: 1175: 1163: 1136: 1126: 1046: 441: 436: 407: 342: 183: 2843:"SDSU president assembling task force to review Aztec mascot, moniker" 2824:"No More Aztec Warrior? SDSU University Senate Votes to Retire Mascot" 3903: 2567: 2532: 2497: 1869: 1817: 1518: 1111: 217: 2387:(SDSU) was not cited by the NCAA in 2005 due to a decision that the 3118:"UI students vote down resolution to make 'Alma Otter' next mascot" 2784:"Native American Student Alliance proposes removal of Aztec mascot" 2696: 1834: 1656: 1575: 1220: 1146: 1051: 1011: 372: 367: 362: 287: 282: 227: 2523:
which were retired that year. 1978 marked the first appearance of
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Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States
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kept the nickname Braves but changed their mascots, while the
2433: 1282: 101: 3558:"Amid Rising Discord Over Indian Images, F.S.U. Has Harmony" 3002:"Illinois Students Say: It's Time To Let Chief Illiniwek Go" 3004:. Urbana Champaign Independent Media Center. Archived from 2675:"NCAA correctly positioned as a catalyst for social change" 1916: 1745: 2980:"Wisch: Return Of Chief Illiniwek Proposed – And Ignored?" 2560:
to keep their name, but retired their mascot, Chief Choc.
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Contemporary Native American issues in the United States
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Colleges or universities previously using the nickname
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College basketball controversies in the United States
2765:"SDSU professor revives fight to change Aztec mascot" 2697:"The Official Site of Cal State Stanislaus Athletics" 3379:"NCAA says Catawba College can use Indians nickname" 3220: 16:
Subsequent to the Native American mascot controversy
3343:"Fighting Hawks merchandise released into the wild" 3305:"University of North Dakota Picks 'Fighting Hawks'" 3028:"U. of I. works out deal on use of Chief Illiniwek" 2326:(W&M) had previously changed from "Indians" to 4193:Ethnic and racial stereotypes in the United States 3428:"FSU worked to cultivate better image of Seminole" 2731: 2605: 2603: 1880:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 4174: 3340: 2977: 2821: 2711:"Bravehawk chosen as new mascot at Alcorn State" 3757: 2334:as its unofficial mascot, W&M selected the 2318:eliminated Native American references to their 1524:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 3402:"Two More Universities Off NCAA's Mascot List" 3073: 3051: 2609: 2600: 1000:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 3788: 3399: 3290:"Is the Fighting Sioux nickname battle over?" 3287: 3197:"Plains tribes still oppose nicknames, logos" 3025: 2781: 2486:of Michigan gave its support to the nickname. 2005: 3651: 3302: 3134: 2885: 2866: 4137:Native American mascot laws and regulations 3709:. ESPN. Associated Press. September 3, 2005 3153: 3115: 3096: 2840: 2610:Brutlag Hosick, Michelle (March 14, 2005). 1216:List of people killed for being transgender 4188:Indigenous-related controversies in Canada 3795: 3781: 3611:. Indian Country Today. September 28, 2012 2677:. National Collegiate Athletic Association 2012: 1998: 3707:"NCAA takes Utah off banned mascots list" 3321: 2952:Christine Des Garennes (March 13, 2013). 3529: 3456: 3425: 3223:"UND nickname still point of discussion" 2954:"UI student vote favors Chief Illiniwek" 2026:National Collegiate Athletic Association 308:Social determinants of health in poverty 3555: 3484:"Seminole Nation OK with use of mascot" 3359:. National Congress of American Indians 3247:. ESPN. Associated Press. June 14, 2012 3221:The Associated Press (March 12, 2011). 2999: 2401:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 2380:North Dakota Fighting Sioux controversy 2316:California State University, Stanislaus 4213:Native American cultural appropriation 4175: 2762: 2360:Southeastern Oklahoma State University 2238:Southeastern Oklahoma State University 4198:Stereotypes of Native American people 4183:Native American-related controversies 3776: 3633:. Associated Press. February 23, 2006 3476: 3074:Chris Quintana (September 13, 2018). 2904: 2888:"SDSU should celebrate Aztec culture" 2822:Alexander Nguyen (November 8, 2017). 2732:Brent Schrotenboer (August 6, 2005). 2672: 4208:College mascots in the United States 3967:NCAA Native American mascot decision 3450: 3349: 3341:April Baumgarten (August 13, 2016). 3245:"UND OK to drop Fighting Sioux name" 3194: 1022:Capital punishment for homosexuality 313:Social determinants of mental health 4203:Sports mascots in the United States 3654:"School mascots: What's in a name?" 3530:LAPOINTE, JOE (December 29, 2006). 3426:DeSlatte, Aaron (August 17, 2005). 3400:Doug Lederman (September 6, 2005). 3078:. The Chronicle of Higher Education 2782:Allyson Myers (February 27, 2017). 2654:Contrary to the press release, the 2558:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians 2268:University of Massachusetts Amherst 1142:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 3823:Tomahawk chop and name controversy 3804:Native American mascot controversy 3556:Tierney, Mike (October 23, 2013). 3303:Melissa Korn (November 18, 2015). 3154:Aliza Majid (September 22, 2020). 3026:Jodi S. Cohen (October 23, 2013). 2448: 2283:University of Massachusetts Lowell 2118:Indiana University of Pennsylvania 14: 4264: 3758:Courtney Tanner (March 3, 2020). 3735:. CBS Interactive. Archived from 3457:Lederman, Doug (August 8, 2005). 3097:Julie Wurth (November 30, 2018). 2886:Peyton Antil (October 23, 2019). 2802:"NASA 2016-2017 Mascot Statement" 2673:Brand, Myles (October 24, 2005). 2253:University of Louisiana at Monroe 4127:Indigenous intellectual property 2978:Dave Wischnowsky (May 7, 2013). 2841:Kirk Kenney (January 19, 2018). 2413:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office 2369: 1635:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1464:Law for Protection of the Nation 1358:White genocide conspiracy theory 38: 4223:American football controversies 3994:Fighting Sioux name controversy 3751: 3721: 3699: 3673: 3660: 3652:Therese Apel (April 22, 2015). 3645: 3623: 3601: 3585:. FSU Athletics. Archived from 3575: 3549: 3523: 3502: 3419: 3393: 3371: 3334: 3315: 3296: 3281: 3259: 3237: 3214: 3188: 3176:. North Dakota Attorney General 3166: 3147: 3135:John Keilman (March 10, 2020). 3128: 3109: 3090: 3067: 3045: 3019: 2993: 2971: 2945: 2924: 2907:"Former Chiefs create new logo" 2905:Wurth, Julie (April 21, 2012). 2898: 2879: 2860: 2834: 2815: 2794: 1469:MSM blood donation restrictions 1211:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 4243:College football controversies 4025:List of secondary school teams 3288:Dan Gunderson (May 30, 2013). 3269:. Fox News. September 26, 2012 3054:"New "unofficial" chief named" 2775: 2756: 2725: 2703: 2689: 2666: 2648: 2626: 2556:) received the support of the 2484:Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation 1482:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 3999:San Diego State Aztec Warrior 3899:Original Americans Foundation 3357:"Anti-Defamation and Mascots" 3195:Haga, Chuck (April 4, 2011). 3116:Julie Wurth (March 8, 2019). 2867:Gary Robbins (May 17, 2018). 2594: 1912:Second-generation gender bias 1620:Constitutional colorblindness 303:Social determinants of health 3670:, p. 153, University of Utah 3486:. NBC Sports. Archived from 2472:with approval of that tribe. 7: 4020:Sports teams named Redskins 3322:Pat Borzi (March 1, 2016). 2873:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2847:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2582: 2538:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma 2476:Central Michigan University 2324:College of William and Mary 2163:Midwestern State University 1823:Medical model of disability 1667:Hate speech laws by country 10: 4269: 2430:University of North Dakota 2385:San Diego State University 2373: 2298:University of North Dakota 2031: 1932:Social model of disability 358:Discrimination against men 4109: 4033: 4012: 3959: 3930:name and logo controversy 3917: 3869: 3862: 3840:name and logo controversy 3811:Professional sports teams 3810: 3681:"Mascot/Nickname History" 3292:. Minnesota Public Radio. 2932:"The Tradition Continues" 2509:Seminole Tribe of Florida 2276:Minutemen and Minutewomen 2058:Arkansas State University 1263:Opposition to immigration 152:Race / Ethnicity 4233:Basketball controversies 3267:"Fighting Sioux Remains" 2490:Florida State University 1258:Occupational segregation 1027:Compulsory sterilization 4238:Florida State Seminoles 3977:Florida State Seminoles 3583:"Traditions: War Chant" 3532:"Bonding Over a Mascot" 3309:The Wall Street Journal 2769:San Diego Union-Tribune 2738:San Diego Union-Tribune 2340:Alcorn State University 1808:Internalized oppression 1662:Fighting Discrimination 1652:Fat acceptance movement 1610:Anti-discrimination law 1236:Native American mascots 4228:Baseball controversies 4122:Cultural appropriation 4013:Youth and school teams 2531:, riding Renegade, an 1927:Social identity threat 1900:Reverse discrimination 1890:Racial color blindness 1348:Violence against women 1328:Sex-selective abortion 4004:List of college teams 3947:Golden State Warriors 3884:Name change advocates 3656:. The Clarion-Ledger. 3174:"UND v. NCAA Lawsuit" 2193:Quinnipiac University 1895:Religious intolerance 1855:Political correctness 1677:Intersex human rights 1625:Cultural assimilation 1293:Religious persecution 1057:Disability hate crime 834:Jewish / Antisemitism 4218:Sports controversies 3982:Osceola and Renegade 3052:Maggie Hockenberry. 2525:Osceola and Renegade 2394:institutional racism 1278:Political repression 263:Anti-left handedness 253:Anti-intellectualism 3909:Washington Redhawks 3871:Washington Redskins 3490:on February 7, 2012 3438:on February 9, 2013 3032:The Chicago Tribune 2744:on October 25, 2016 2656:UNC Pembroke Braves 2550:Mississippi College 2465:Indians became the 2362:Savages changed to 2223:Syracuse University 1803:Historical eugenics 1318:Segregation academy 1298:Religious terrorism 1087:Enemy of the people 995:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 498:Jehovah's Witnesses 383:Perpetual foreigner 4081:Mary Kathryn Nagle 3847:Kansas City Chiefs 3835:Chicago Blackhawks 3562:The New York Times 3536:The New York Times 3328:The New York Times 3201:Grand Forks Herald 2828:Times of San Diego 2564:University of Utah 2456:Tribal Sovereignty 2350:Braves became the 2344:Bradley University 2133:McMurry University 1707:Social integration 1702:Self-determination 1692:Racial integration 1640:Diversity training 1630:Cultural pluralism 1605:Affirmative action 1497:Racial segregation 1407:Crime of apartheid 1303:Religious violence 798:Indigenous people 179:Sexual orientation 4170: 4169: 4076:Jacqueline Keeler 4066:Suzan Shown Harjo 4056:Stephanie Fryberg 4041:Amanda Blackhorse 3955: 3954: 3925:Cleveland Indians 3889:Trademark dispute 3764:Salt Lake Tribune 3729:"Utah Traditions" 3589:on April 15, 2012 3459:"The Mascot Mess" 2507:. Leaders of the 2423:belted kingfisher 2348:Chowan University 2313: 2312: 2208:Stonehill College 2103:Dartmouth College 2088:Chowan University 2052:Current nickname 2022: 2021: 1885:Racism by country 1813:Intersectionality 1798:Heteronormativity 1581:Voter suppression 1323:Sexual harassment 1122:Forced conversion 1042:Cultural genocide 697:African Americans 508:post–Cold War era 493:Eastern Orthodoxy 248:Anti-drug addicts 243:Anti-homelessness 162:Scientific racism 4260: 4034:Change advocates 3942:Edmonton Eskimos 3879:Name controversy 3867: 3866: 3852:name controversy 3828:Chief Noc-A-Homa 3797: 3790: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3739:on 25 March 2015 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3687:on June 29, 2013 3683:. 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Archived from 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3406:Inside Higher Ed 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3160:The Daily Illini 3151: 3145: 3144: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3122:The News Gazette 3113: 3107: 3106: 3103:The News Gazette 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2740:. Archived from 2729: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2713:. April 25, 2011 2707: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2670: 2664: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2636:. August 5, 2005 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2607: 2403:(UIUC) kept the 2356:Carthage College 2320:Warrior nickname 2178:Newberry College 2148:Miami University 2073:Carthage College 2049:Former nickname 2043: 2042: 2040:or tribal name: 2014: 2007: 2000: 1937:Social privilege 1922:Social exclusion 1850:Police brutality 1771:Multiculturalism 1741:Amatonormativity 1556:Social exclusion 1392:Age of candidacy 1186:Homeless dumping 1092:Ethnic cleansing 42: 19: 18: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4253:Racism in sport 4173: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4105: 4096:Charlene Teters 4029: 4008: 3972:Chief Illiniwek 3951: 3913: 3858: 3806: 3801: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3339: 3335: 3320: 3316: 3301: 3297: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3152: 3148: 3141:Chicago Tribune 3133: 3129: 3114: 3110: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3009: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2903: 2899: 2892:The Daily Aztec 2884: 2880: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2839: 2835: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2788:The Daily Aztec 2780: 2776: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2667: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2614:. The NCAA News 2608: 2601: 2597: 2585: 2520:Chief Fullabull 2463:Catawba College 2451: 2449:Waivers granted 2418:Robert J. Jones 2409:Chief Illiniwek 2405:Fighting Illini 2382: 2376:Chief Illiniwek 2372: 2034: 2018: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1860:Polyculturalism 1756:Civil liberties 1728: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1697:Reappropriation 1597: 1596:Countermeasures 1589: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1514:Racial steering 1480:Numerus clausus 1384: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1097:Ethnic conflict 1032:Corrective rape 987: 979: 978: 977: 976: 975: 622: 611: 610: 609: 608: 607: 460: 450: 449: 448: 447: 446: 338:HIV/AIDS stigma 210: 202: 201: 200: 199: 198: 147:Mental disorder 89: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4266: 4256: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4071:Adrienne Keene 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3987:Sammy Seminole 3984: 3974: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3844: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3818:Atlanta Braves 3814: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3769: 3750: 3720: 3698: 3672: 3659: 3644: 3622: 3600: 3574: 3548: 3522: 3501: 3475: 3449: 3418: 3392: 3381:. May 30, 2006 3370: 3348: 3333: 3314: 3295: 3280: 3258: 3236: 3213: 3187: 3165: 3146: 3127: 3108: 3089: 3066: 3044: 3018: 2992: 2970: 2944: 2923: 2897: 2878: 2859: 2833: 2814: 2793: 2774: 2755: 2724: 2702: 2688: 2665: 2647: 2625: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2561: 2547: 2543:David Narcomey 2514:Sammy Seminole 2487: 2473: 2450: 2447: 2443:Fighting Hawks 2438:Fighting Sioux 2371: 2368: 2338:in 2010. Both 2311: 2310: 2308:Fighting Hawks 2305: 2303:Fighting Sioux 2300: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2033: 2030: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2002: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1905:Reverse racism 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1875:Prisoner abuse 1872: 1867: 1865:Power distance 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1783:Ethnic penalty 1780: 1779: 1778: 1776:Neurodiversity 1773: 1763: 1761:Dehumanization 1758: 1753: 1751:Cisnormativity 1748: 1743: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1727:Related topics 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1571:State religion 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1507:Nuremberg Laws 1504: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1449:Ghetto benches 1446: 1444:Gerrymandering 1441: 1436: 1431: 1429:Gender pay gap 1426: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1206:Lavender scare 1203: 1201:Kill Haole Day 1198: 1196:Indian rolling 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1161: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1082:Eliminationism 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1017:Cancel culture 1014: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1002: 991: 990: 989: 988: 986:Manifestations 985: 984: 981: 980: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 876:Middle Eastern 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 842: 841: 831: 826: 821: 816: 815: 814: 809: 804: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 710: 709: 704: 699: 689: 684: 679: 678: 677: 672: 667: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 625: 624: 623: 617: 616: 613: 612: 606: 605: 603:Zoroastrianism 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 579: 578: 568: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 534: 533: 532: 530:Untouchability 527: 517: 512: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 480: 475: 470: 464: 463: 462: 461: 456: 455: 452: 451: 445: 444: 439: 434: 433: 432: 427: 422: 412: 411: 410: 405: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 348:Leprosy stigma 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 214: 213: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 165: 164: 159: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 76: 75: 70: 65: 60: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 32:Discrimination 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4265: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4162:Tomahawk chop 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4132:List of teams 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4046:Brett Chapman 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960:College teams 3958: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894:Opinion polls 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3708: 3702: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3655: 3648: 3632: 3626: 3610: 3604: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3511: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3432:Florida Today 3429: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3284: 3268: 3262: 3246: 3240: 3224: 3217: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3082:September 16, 3077: 3070: 3055: 3048: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3008:on 2015-09-26 3007: 3003: 3000:Carol Scott. 2996: 2981: 2974: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2933: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2712: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2676: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2635: 2629: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2546:associations. 2544: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2446: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2370:Controversies 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:Colonel Ebirt 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126:Crimson Hawks 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1959:Social stigma 1957: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1724: 1723: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1566:State atheism 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1502:Jim Crow laws 1500: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1487:One-drop rule 1485: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1402:Blood quantum 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1380: 1379: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1343:Victimisation 1341: 1339: 1338:Trans bashing 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1308:Religious war 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:Racialization 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1159:Glass ceiling 1157: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1102:Ethnic hatred 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1037:Counter-jihad 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 993: 992: 983: 982: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 840: 837: 836: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 813: 812:United States 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 676: 675:United States 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 621: 615: 614: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 588:Protestantism 586: 584: 581: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 518: 516: 513: 509: 506: 504: 503:LDS or Mormon 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 459: 454: 453: 443: 440: 438: 435: 431: 428: 426: 425:Transmisogyny 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 413: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:Gerontophobia 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 258:Anti-intersex 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 233:Anti-albinism 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 206: 205: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 85: 84: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 58:Institutional 56: 55: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 4101:Philip Yenyo 4086:Robert Roche 3966: 3763: 3753: 3741:. 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Index

a series
Discrimination

Institutional
Structural
Statistical
Taste-based
Age
Caste
Class
Dialect
Disability
Genetic
Hair texture
Height
Language
Looks
Mental disorder
Race / Ethnicity
Skin color
Scientific racism
Rank
Sex
Sexual orientation
Species
Size
Viewpoint
Arophobia
Acephobia
Adultism

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