Sex segregation - Knowledge

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nontraditional for women." According to Schultz, the courts have accepted this argument, subsequently not holding employers liable. Schultz contends that "the courts have failed to recognize the role of employers in shaping women's work aspirations." (Schultz, 1990:1750,1756)) Schultz states that the judicial framework that has been established by the courts "has created an unduly narrow definition of sex discrimination and an overly restrictive role for the law in dismantling sex segregation." (Schultz, 1990:1757) Schultz concludes by saying, "courts can acknowledge their own constructive power and use it to help create a work world in which women are empowered to choose the more highly rewarded occupations that Title VII has long promised." (Schultz, 1990:1843) Even at psychological levels, socialized preferences for or against sex segregation can also have significant effects. In one study, women in male-dominated work settings were the most satisfied psychologically with their jobs while women in occupational settings with only 15-30% men were less satisfied due to favored treatment of the male minority in such a segregated atmosphere. Stark segregation by occupation can lead to a sexual division of labor, influencing the access and control men and women have over inputs and outputs required for labor. Additionally, occupational sex segregation has certain health and safety hazards for each sex, since employment conditions, type of work, and contract and domestic responsibilities vary for types of employment. In many areas of work, women tend to dominate the production line jobs while men occupy managerial and technical jobs. These types of workplace factors and interactions between work and family have been cited by social stratification research as key causes for social inequality. Family roles are especially influential for predicting significant differences in earnings between married couples. Men benefit financially from family roles such as a husband and a father, while women's incomes are lowered when becoming a wife and mother.

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should not act to change any inherent differences between the sexes. Libertarianism most directly relates to voluntary sex segregation as it maintains that the government should not regulate private institutions or entities' segregation by sex and should not regulate how individuals privately group themselves. Libertarian feminist David Berstein argues that while sex segregation can cause harm, guarding the freedom of choice for men and women is more important than preventing such sex segregation since methods of prevention can often cause more harm than good for both sexes. Women's health clubs are an example of how sex segregation benefits women since desegregation would interfere with women's abilities to exercise without the distraction of men and 'ogling' without any direct benefit to allowing men a membership. Additionally, libertarians would allow for permissive sex segregation since it allows people to choose how to organize their interactions and relationships with others. Libertarian feminists acknowledge that there is legal precedence for sex segregation laws, but argue for such parameters to ensure equal treatment of similarly situated men and women. As such, libertarianism could allow or reject specific forms of sex segregation created to account for natural or biological differences between the sexes.

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to be a woman, and by promoting the differences through sex segregation, people are confined to categories, limiting freedom. Anti-essentialists examine how society imposes specific identities within the sex dichotomy and how subsequently sex and gender hierarchies are created, perpetuated, and normalized. This theory requires that there is a specific disentanglement between sex and gender. Anti-essentialists believe that there should not be an idea of what constitutes masculinity or femininity, but that individual characteristics should be fluid to eliminate sex and gender-based stereotypes. No specific types of sex segregation are outwardly promoted or supported by anti-essentialists since mandatory and administrative sex segregation reinforce power struggles between the sexes and genders while permissive or voluntary forms of sex segregation allow institutions and society to sort individuals into categories with differential access to power, and supporting the government's elimination of such permission for certain institutions and norms to continue to exist.

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theorists reexamine surface-level segregation and focus on how sex segregation stems from different histories, causing different effects based on race, especially for women of color. This segregation is evident in many racially divided countries, especially in the relationship between the end of race-segregated schools and sex segregation. Critical race feminism critiques other theories' failure to take into account their different applications once race, class, sexual orientation, or other identity factors are included in a segregated situation. It creates the need to examine mandatory and administrative sex segregation to determine whether or if they sustain racial stereotypes, particularly towards women of color. Additionally, critical race feminists wonder whether permissive and voluntary sex segregation are socially acceptable manners by which to separate races and sexes or whether they maintain and perpetuate inequalities. Critical race feminism is a form of anti-essentialism (below).

2896:, where children are expected to behave in certain sex-typed manners and form sex in and out-groups. In pre-school classrooms, for example, making gender more salient to children has been shown to lead to stronger gender stereotypes and inter-group biases between sex groups. These evident tendencies were also manifested in decreased playtime with children of the opposite sex, or a kind of early, selective sex segregation based on preconceived social norms. While specifically segregating by sex for playtime has not been linked to any long-lasting effects on women's rights compared to men, these different manners of socialization often lead to communication and power struggles between men and women and to differential life decisions by each sex based on these long-established gendered identities. 2863: 2978:

societies and within households. Schultz (1990) article indicates that "working-class women have made it a priority to end job segregation for they want opportunities that enable them to support them and their families." (Schultz, 1990:1755) Additionally, economic development in countries is positively correlated with female workers in wage employment occupations and negatively correlated with female workers in unpaid or part-time work, self-employment, or entrepreneurship, job sectors often seen occupied by women in developing countries. Many critics of sex segregation see globalization processes as having the potential to promote systemic equality among the sexes.

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reading and math classes. Sometimes in elementary schools teachers force the students to sit boy, girl, boy girl. Sex segregation in educational settings can also lead to negative outcomes for boys such as boys in co-educational classrooms having academic scores higher than boys in single-sex classrooms. On the contrary, girls in single-sex classrooms have academic scores higher than girls in co-educational classrooms. Boys academically benefit from a coeducational environment while girls do from a single-sex environment, so critics and proponents of both types of education argue that either single-sex or coeducational classrooms create a

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similarly or differently. In this manner, libertarianism and equal treatment theory provide good foundations for their agendas in sex segregation, but conceptually do not prevent it, leaving room for mandatory and administrative sex segregation to remain as long as separation is based on celebrated differences between men and women. Some forms of mandatory and administrative segregation may perpetuate sex segregation by depicting a difference between male and female employees where there is no such difference, as in combat exclusion policies.

2240: 2199:, and housing. These mandatory rules can be nuanced, as in military service, where sexes are often separated in laws about conscription, in housing, and in regulations on which sexes can participate in certain roles, like frontline infantry. Mandatory sex segregation also includes less obvious cases of separation, as when men and women are required to have same-sex attendants for body searches. Mandatory sex segregation can thus dictate parameters for employment in sex segregated spaces, including medical and 2216: 2591: 8004: 7350: 5386: 2707:

future labor force participation. Girls in single-sex schools outperform their counterparts in co-educational schools in math, average class scores for girls are higher, girls in single-sex math and science classes are more likely to continue to take math and science classes in higher education, and in case studies, boys and girls have reported that single-sex classes and single-sex teachers create a better environment for learning for both sexes.

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China has also begun to encourage women in rural villages to take up positions of management in their committees. Specifically, China's Village Committee Organization Law mandates that women should make up one third or more of the members of village committees. The Dunhuang Women's Federation of Dunhuang City, in China's Gansu Province, provided training for their village's women in order to build political knowledge.

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cemeteries segregating women and men for eulogies and funerals, prohibiting women from taking part in the services. The Minister agreed with academic and politician, Yesh Atid MK Aliza Lavie, who questioned him about segregation policies enacted by rabbis and burial officials, that governmental opposition to sex segregation was necessary to combat these practices not supported by Jewish or Israeli law.

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feminism, however, argues against segregation that stems from societal and "old-fashioned" differences between men and women, but believes that segregation that takes women's differences into account and promotes equality is acceptable, even going so far as to say that some forms of sex segregation are necessary to ensure equality, such as athletics and education, and policies such as Title IX.

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public views the 1.6 meter wall favorably, saying that it will lead to less instances of harassment by men visiting the expatriate women in the shops. The Luthan hotel in Saudi Arabia was the country's first women's only hotel, acting more as a vacation spot for women than a mandated segregated institution. Upon entering the hotel, women are allowed to remove their headscarves and

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institutions and preventing future hierarchies from arising. Anti-subordination also supports laws that promote the status of women even if they lower men's status as a consequence. Controversial applications of anti-subordination that can either perpetuate the subordination of women or create the subordination of men include sex segregation in education and in the military.

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either the segregated or the segregators, and it may be imposed by social and cultural norms. Voluntary sex segregation takes place in numerous national professional and interest-based membership organizations, local and larger clubs, professional sports teams, private recreational facilities, religious institutions, performing arts, and more.

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differences. Difference feminists believe that such laws not only ignore these important differences, but also can exclude participation of women in the world. Difference feminism's goal is to bring about a consciousness of women's femininity and to cause the revaluation of women's attributes in a more respectful, reverent manner.

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Physical sex separation is popular in many institutions on a tertiary level (between types of institutions), while fields of study or majors are not highly gendered, such as later life decisions such as work/care work conflicts. Men tend to occupy engineering, manufacturing, science, and construction

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Sex segregation rooted in safety considerations can furthermore extend beyond the physical to the psychological and emotional as well. A refuge for battered mothers or wives may refuse to admit men, even those who are themselves the victims of domestic violence, both to exclude those who might commit

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as a standard for sex discrimination on the basis that men and women should be treated equally when in similar situations. While equal treatment theory provides a sound framework for equality, application is quite tricky, as many critics question the standards by which men and women should be treated

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Administrative sex segregation involves public and government institutions segregating by sex in their operating capacity, rather than as the result of a formal mandate. Examples of administrative sex segregation include sex segregation in government sponsored medical research, sports leagues, public

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Other gender disparities via sex segregation between men and women include differential asset ownership, house and care work responsibilities, and agency in public and private spheres for each sex. These segregations have persisted because of governmental policy, blocked access for a sex, and/or the

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Critics of single-sex schools and classes claim that single-sex schooling is inherently unequal and that its physical separation contributes to gender bias on an academic and social basis. Single-sex schooling also allegedly limits the socialization between sexes that co-educational schools provide.

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Difference feminism arose from libertarianism and equal treatment theories' perceived failure to create systemic equality for women. Difference feminism celebrates biological, psychological, moral differences between men and women, accusing laws concerning sex segregation of diluting these important

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which uses ensemble and musical discipline to ground academic discipline. Male and female voices are distinctive both solo and in ensemble, and segregated singing has an evolved and established aesthetic. Male voices, unlike female voices, break in early adolescence, and accommodating this break in

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and violation of the separation is punishable by law. This separation is tangibly manifested in the recently erected wall in places that employ both men and women, a feat possible by a law passed in 2011 allowing Saudi women to work in lingerie shops in order to lower female unemployment rates. The

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Anti-essentialists maintain that sex and gender categories are limiting and fail to include the unlimited variety of difference in human identity and impose identities rather than simply note their differences. Theorists believe that there is variation in what it means to be a man and what it means

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Equal treatment theory or formal equity often works in tandem with libertarianism in that equal treatment theorists believe governments should treat men and women similarly when their situations are similar. In countries whose governments have taken to legislation eliminating sex segregation, equal

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is central to libertarianism, so theorists believe that the government should not interfere with decision making or be concerned with reasoning behind such decisions since men and women culturally and naturally make different and often diverging choices. Policies and laws enforced by the government

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scholar David S. Cohen offers one taxonomy in categorizing sex segregation as mandatory, administrative, permissive, or voluntary. Mandatory and administrative sex segregation are required and enforced by governments in public environments, while permissive and voluntary sex segregation are stances

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In March 2013 in the European Union, a resolution was passed to invest in training and professional development for women, promote women-run businesses, and include women on company boards. In Israel, the Minister of Religious Services, Yaakov Margi Shas, has recently supported removal of signs at

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and Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women state that no employer can refuse to employ women based on sex or raise application standards for women specifically, but also do not currently have clear sanctions for those who do segregate based on sex.

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Anti-subordination feminist theory examines sex segregation of power to determine whether women are treated or placed subordinately compared to men in a law or situation. The theory focuses on male dominance and female subordination and promotes destroying a sex-based hierarchy in legal and social

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outcome, sex segregation taken as a whole can be caused by societal pressures, historical practices, socialized preferences and “fundamental biological differences”. Sex segregation can refer to literal physical and spatial separation by sex. The term is also used for the exclusion of one sex from

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and sex bias, underrepresentation of girls in upper level math, science, and computer classes, fewer opportunities for girls to learn and solve problems, girls receiving less attention compared to the boys in their classes, and significantly different performance levels between boys and girls in

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Sex segregation is a global phenomenon manifested differently in varying localities. Sex segregation and integration considered harmless or normal in one country can be considered radical or illegal in others. At the same time, many laws and policies promoting segregation or desegregation recur

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Critical race feminism developed due to the lack of racial inclusivity of feminist theories and lack of gender inclusivity of racial theories. This theory is more global than the others, attempting to take into account the intersectionality of gender and race. Critical race feminism demands that

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as well as job responsibilities, but since part-time, flexible hourly jobs pay less and have lower levels of benefits, large numbers of women in these lower income jobs lowers incentives to participate in the same market work as their male counterparts, perpetuating occupational gender lines in

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In China, deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference National Committee proposed that the public should be more attentive to widespread instances of occupational segregation in China. Often employers reject specifically women

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produce better educational outcomes. Teachers and school environments tend to be more conducive to girls' learning habits and participation rates improve in single-sex schools. In developing countries, single-sex education provides women and girls an opportunity to increase female education and

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Difference feminism and equal treatment theory are quite contrasting feminist theories of sex segregation. Difference feminism often justifies sex segregation through women's and men's differences while equal treatment theory does not support separation because of differences in sex. Difference

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Sex segregation that is neither legally mandated, nor enacted in an administrative capacity, nor explicitly permitted by law, is recognized as voluntary sex segregation. Voluntary sex segregation refers to lack of explicit legal prescriptions; it does not necessarily indicate the free choice of

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prohibits sex discrimination in employment and promised working women change, "most women continue to work in low paying, low status, and traditionally female jobs." Schultz (1990) states that "employers have argued that women lack interest in male-dominated jobs, which are highly rewarded and

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Coeducational school settings have been shown to foster less anxiety, have happier classrooms, and enable students to participate in a simulated social environment with the tools to maneuver, network, and succeed in the world outside of school. Even in co-ed schools, certain classes, such as

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laws, often allowing for, among others, segregation of religious and military schools, undergraduate schools that have traditionally admitted based on sex, health clubs, athletic teams, social fraternities and sororities, choirs and choruses, voluntary youth service organizations such as the

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Even though the removal of certain religious and government heads has made way for liberal agendas to promote desegregation, the public largely still subscribes to the idea of a segregated society, while institutions and the government itself still technically remain under the control of

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Sex segregation is sometimes pursued through policy because it is thought to produce better educational outcomes. In some parts of the world, especially in Europe, where education is available to girls as well as boys, educational establishments were frequently single-gender. Such

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treatment theory is most frequently used as support for such rules and regulation. For example, equal treatment theory was adopted by the many feminists during the United States' feminist movement in the 1970s. This utilization of equal treatment theory led to the adoption of

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hospitals with shared rooms, rehabilitation programs, and some public education facilities. Administrative sex segregation can occur in these environments simply as through the provisioning of sex segregated public toilets despite limited explicit legal requirements to do so.

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A bakery with two windows to separate male and female customers, Iran, 2021. In this bakery the right side window is for men and left window for women. In Iran; Apart from bakeries, mosques, schools, libraries, music concerts, public transport and many other places are sex

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existence of sex-based societal gender roles and norms. Perpetuation of gender segregation, especially in economic spheres, creates market and institutional failures. For example, women often occupy jobs with flexible working environments in order to take on

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is not inherent to the country's culture, but was promoted in the 1980s and 1990s by the government, the Sahwa movement, and conservative and religious behavioral enforcers (i.e. police, government officers, etc.). Israel has also been noted both for its

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Schultz, Vicki.(1990). Telling Stories about Women and Work: Judicial Interpretations of Sex Segregation in the Workplace in Title VII Cases Raising the Lack of Interest Argument Author(s): Harvard Law Review, Vol. 103, No. 8 (Jun. 1990), pp. 1749-1843

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Younger, Michael Robert and Molly Warrington. 2006. "Would Harry and Hermione Have Done Better in Single-Sex Classes? A Review of Single-Sex Teaching in Coeducational Secondary Schools in the United Kingdom." American Educational Research Journal

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across multiple national contexts. Safety and privacy concerns, traditional values and cultural norms, and belief that sex segregation can produce positive educational and overall social outcomes all shape public policy regarding sex segregation.

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Grusky, David B., and Maria Charles. 2001. "Is There a Worldwide Sex Segregation Regime?" Pp. 689-703 in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective (Second Edition), edited by David B. Grusky. Boulder: Westview

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In other cases, sex segregation in one arena can be pursued to enable sex desegregation in another. For example, separation of boys and girls for early math and science education may be part of an effort to increase the representation of

6376: 1026: 2800:. For example, the United Nations and Western countries have encouraged kings of Saudi Arabia to end its strict segregation of institutions such as schools, government institutions, hospitals, and other public spaces in order to secure 2920:

by sex is very common around the world. In certain settings the sex separation can be critical to ensure the safety of females, in particular schoolgirls, from male abuse. At the same time, sex segregated public toilets may promote a

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theory stems from ideologies similar to libertarian political theory; that legal and governmental institutions should not regulate choices and should allow people's free will to govern their life trajectories. Libertarianism takes a

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fields while women dominate education, humanities and arts, social sciences, business, law, and health and welfare fields. However, important life decisions as occupations can yield other instances of sex segregation by impacting

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LePore, Paul C. and John Robert Warren. 1997. "A Comparison of Single-Sex and Coeducational Catholic Secondary Schooling: Evidence from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988." American Educational Research Journal

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Smith, I. 1996. The impact of co-educational schooling on student self-concept and achievement. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, Quebec City, Quebec,

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for either sex. Athletic participation and physical education are examples where appeals to differences in biological sex may encourage segregation within education systems. These differences can impact access to competition,

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occurs in some schools, when administrators decide to segregate students only in core subjects. Segregation by specialization is also evident in higher education and actually increases with economic development of a country.

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Sex segregation can also be motivated by religious or cultural ideas about men and women. Such cultural assumptions may even exist in the aforementioned policies enacted under the pretenses of safety or privacy concerns.

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Permissive sex segregation is segregation which is explicitly permitted by law, i.e. affirmatively authorized, but not necessarily legally required or encouraged. Permissive sex segregation exempts certain things from

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have sometimes made sex segregation laws based partially in religious traditions. Even when not legally enforced, such traditions can be reinforced by social institutions and in turn result in sex segregation. In the

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Rose, Amanda J. and Karen D. Rudolph. 2006. "A Review of Sex Differences in Peer Relationship Processes: Potential Trade-offs for the Emotional and Behavioral Development of Girls and Boys." Psychological Bulletin

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Clark, Roger. 2001. "Slingshot or Popgun? And the Goose and Gander Problem: Short-Term and Long-Term Achievement Effects of Single-Sex Math Classes in a Coeducational Middle School." Feminist Teacher 13(2):147-155.

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Shapka, Jennifer D. and Daniel P. Keating. 2003. "Effects of a Girls-Only Curriculum during Adolescence: Performance, Persistence, and Engagement in Mathematics and Science." American Educational Research Journal

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participation in an occupation, institution, or group. Sex segregation can be complete or partial, as when members of one sex predominate within, but do not exclusively constitute, a group or organization.

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or threaten violence to women and because women who have been subjected to abuse by a male might feel threatened by the presence of any man. Women's health clinics and women's resource centers, whether in

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Valdés, Francisco. 1995. "Queers, Sissies, Dykes, and Tomboys: Deconstructing the Conflation of "Sex," "Gender," and "Sexual Orientation" in Euro-American Law and Society." California Law Review 83(1).

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Hilliard, Lacey J. and Lynn S. Liben. 2010. "Differing Levels of Gender Salience in Preschool Classrooms: Effects on Children's Gender Attitudes and Intergroup Bias" Child Development (81)6:1787-1798.

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Witkowski, Kristine M. and Kevin T. Leicht. 1995. "The Effects of Gender Segregation, Labor Force Participation, and Family Roles on the Earnings of Young Adult Workers." Work and Occupations 22:48.

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Jimenez, Emmanual and Marlaine E. Lockheed. 1989. "Enhancing Girls' Learning Through Single-Sex Education: Evidence and a Policy Conundrum." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 11(2):117-142.

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and the hotel employs only women, calling their bellhops the world's first bellgirls, providing opportunities for Saudi women in IT and engineering jobs where, outside the Luthan, are quite scarce.

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American Association of University Women. 1998. Separated by sex: A critical look at single-sex education for girls. Washington, DC: American Association of University Women Educational Foundation.

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and Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972. These laws permit sex segregation of contact sports, choruses, sex education, and in areas such as math and reading, within public schools.

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Beebout, H. 1972. The production surface for academic achievement: An economic study of the Malaysian secondary education. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

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Marsh, H.W. 1989. "Effects of attending single-sex and co-educational high schools on achievement, attitudes, behaviors, and sex differences. Journal of Educational Psychology 81:70-85.

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approach to sex segregation saying that women have a natural right and are the most informed to make decisions for themselves but rejects special protections specifically for women.

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Mayeri, Serena. 2006. "The Strange Career of Jane Crow: Sex Segregation and the Transformation of Anti-Discrimination Discourse" Yale Judiciary Law and Humanities 187(257):338.

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In elementary and secondary education, sex segregation sometimes yields and perpetuates gender bias in the form of treatment by teachers and peers that perpetuates traditional

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and can create economic inefficiencies; on the other hand, some supporters argue that it is central to certain religious laws and social and cultural histories and traditions.

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Schneider, F.W. and L. M. Coutts. 1982. "The high school environment: A comparison of coeducational and single-sex schools." Journal of Educational Psychology 74:898-906.

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Charles, Maria and Karen Bradley. 2002. "Equal but Separate? A Cross-National Study of Sex Segregation in Higher Education" American Sociological Review 67(4):573-599.

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Wharton, Amy S. and James N. Baron. 1991. "Satisfaction? The Psychological Impact of Gender Segregation on Women at Work" The Sociological Quarterly 32(3):365-387.

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an educational program is challenging in a coed environment. Coeducation tends to stigmatize males, as is often the case in expressive arts, unlike athletics.

541: 2809:. Reform is small in size, since there is no constitution to back up policy changes concerning sex segregation. The Saudi people refer to this segregation as 4163:

Lee, V.E. and A. S. Bryk. 1986. "Effects of single-sex secondary schools on student achievement and attitudes." Journal of Educational Psychology 78:381-395.

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Lycette, M.A. 1986. Improving basic educational opportunities for women in developing countries. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women.

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Epstein, Cynthia F. 1997. "The Myths and Justifications of Sex Segregation in Higher Education: VMI and The Citadel." Duke Gender Law and Pol'y 101:1475-76.

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Horne, Donald, Susan Mardsen, Alison Painter. 1993. "A Hidden Australian Cultural Resource." Monash University, National Center for Australian Studies.

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Leaper, Cambell. 1994. "Exploring the Consequences of Gender Segregation on Social Relationships." New Directions for Child Development 65:67-86.

4771: 5982: 5000: 3933: 616: 4387: 4356: 7805: 7783: 4927: 4884: 6622: 5229: 5104: 1272: 4676: 4237: 2074:. In other circumstances, sex segregation can be controversial. Depending on the circumstances, it can be a violation of capabilities and 6592: 6203: 5745: 4639:

Tyack, D., and Hansot, E. 1990. Learning together: A history of coeducation in American public schools. New Haven: Yale University Press.

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or gender at any age. Sex segregation can refer simply to the physical and spatial separation by sex without any connotation of illegal

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Cohen, David S. 2009. "No Boy Left Behind? Single-Sex Education and the Essentialist Myth of Masculinity" Indiana Law Journal 84(135).

4995: 4815: 2965: 2764:. These policies encourage women and men to participate in environments typically predominated by the opposite sex. Examples include 2684: 3755:

Case, Mary Anne. 1998. "Unpacking Package Deals: Separate Spheres Are Not the Answer." Denver University Law Review 75 (1305, 1317).

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Mandatory sex segregation is legally required and enforces separation based on sex. Examples include separation of men and women in

5827: 5715: 5453: 5065: 3045: 3035: 2995: 453: 341: 7800: 5085: 5070: 3518: 2427:, showers, and similar spaces, based on a common perceived need for privacy. This type of segregation policy can protect against 4249:

Dale, R. R. 1974. Mixed or single-sex school? Volume III: Attainment, attitudes, and overview. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

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Some sex segregation occurs for reasons of safety and privacy. Worldwide, laws often mandate sex segregation in public toilets,

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Le Renard, Amélie. 2008. "'Only for Women': Women, the State and Reform in Saudi Arabia," Middle East Journal, 62(4):610–629.

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In the United States in particular, two federal laws give public and private entities permission to segregate based on sex:

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Asha, S. "Narrative Discourses on Purdah in the Subcontinent." ICFAI Journal of English Studies 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 41–51

2666: 2632:, the moral and religious code of Islam that, in the strictest version, Muslims hold to be the perfect law created by God. 2029: 1048: 346: 155: 3379: 7685: 7044: 6714: 6627: 6518: 6193: 6013: 5650: 5635: 5149: 2109:". The term "segregation" refers to separation of the sexes, which can be enforced by rules, laws, and policies, or be a 1706: 1364: 1277: 1168: 835: 653: 276: 261: 3204:

The World Bank. 2012. "Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012." Washington, D.C: The World Bank.

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Cho, Sumi and Robert Wesley. 2000. "Critical Race Coalitions: Key Moments that Performed the Theory." 33 (1377, 1416).

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The term "sex" in "sex segregation" refers to the biological distinctions between men and women, used in contrast to "

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McSally, Martha. 2007. "Women in Combat: Is the Current Policy Obsolete?" Duke Judicial Gender Law and Policy 1011:14

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Levit, Nancy. 1996. "Feminism for Men: Legal Ideology and the Construction of Maleness." UCLA Law Review 1037(1050).

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says that the policy is in place for ease of management and not for protecting women, examplified by the fact that

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Bernstein, David E. 1999. "Sex Discrimination Laws Versus Civil Liberties" University of Chicago Legal F (133).

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construction, and external as well as internalized perceptions of capabilities, especially among young girls.

506: 8078: 7913: 7266: 6982: 5710: 4088: 3519:"Holding Up half the Sky, But For Whose Benefit: A Critical Analysis of the Fourth World Conference on Women" 2991: 2530:, are further examples of spaces where sex segregation may facilitate private and highly personal decisions. 1936: 1644: 336: 3893: 2768:, gender-specific scholarships, co-ed recreational leagues, or programming designed to change social norms. 2628:

have been particularly scrutinized by scholars analyzing sex segregation resulting from the consequences of

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Wing, Adrien Katherine. 2003. Introduction to "Critical Race Feminism: A Reader" ed. Adrien Katherine Wing.

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context, one institution conducive to sex segregation, sometimes but not always rooted in national law, is

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RAWA – Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan. Documenting Taliban atrocities against women

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Warnick, Ashlie. 2003. "Women: Freedom and Feminism in the Twenty-First Century." edited by Wendy McElroy.

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put women who have been convicted of rape or murder in the same wards as women who have been convicted of

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Harris, Angela P. 1990. "Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory." Stanford Law Review 42:581-590.

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Sex segregation can occur in both public and private contexts, and be classified in many ways. Legal and

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Colker. 1986. "Anti-Subordination Above All: Sex, Race, and Equal Protection." NYU Law Review. 61(1003).

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had strict sex separation enforced. Even married couples were not allowed to live together until 1858.

2096: 1956: 720: 391: 101: 7695: 7429: 6639: 6453: 6355: 6240: 5914: 5882: 5547: 5481: 4957: 4952: 3121: 2207:. For example, a government may mandate that clinics hire female nurses to care for female patients. 1289: 1103: 997: 882: 548: 516: 165: 91: 2142:(or sexual apartheid) also has been applied to segregation of people by gender, implying that it is 8073: 8038: 7793: 7522: 6899: 6787: 6634: 6403: 6340: 6175: 6130: 5992: 5877: 5859: 5795: 5725: 5604: 5401: 4395: 4364: 4172:

Riordan, C. 1990. Girls and boys in school: Together or separate? New York: Teachers College Press.

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Bauch, P.A. 1988. "Differences among single-sex and coeducational high schools." Momentum 19:56-58.

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Epstein, Richard A. 1999. "Liberty, Patriarchy, and Feminism." University of Chicago Legal F (89).

3491: 2411: 2146:. If sex segregation is a form of sex discrimination, its effects have important consequences for 7597: 7463: 7456: 7353: 7182: 7162: 7024: 7014: 6972: 6602: 6443: 6305: 6275: 6270: 6220: 6155: 6140: 6073: 6046: 6031: 5439: 5269: 5134: 3126: 3085: 2261:, father/son and mother/daughter activities, and sex-exclusive beauty pageants and scholarships. 1852: 1832: 1686: 1676: 1634: 1252: 1093: 947: 917: 912: 862: 797: 782: 715: 688: 673: 52: 17: 6250: 5040: 892: 7918: 7891: 7610: 7281: 7254: 7244: 6724: 6704: 6567: 6438: 6335: 6285: 6255: 6235: 6170: 6150: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6026: 5997: 5970: 5946: 5941: 5532: 5522: 5360: 5279: 4980: 3146: 3006: 2987: 2838: 2834: 2300: 2254: 2188: 1951: 1924: 1914: 1374: 1354: 1217: 1088: 977: 927: 897: 877: 812: 792: 767: 762: 757: 668: 631: 604: 580: 575: 150: 140: 3395: 3315: 2478:

A sign on a station platform in Osaka, Japan, showing the boarding point for a ladies-only car

7923: 7745: 7249: 7209: 7142: 7039: 6987: 6914: 6669: 6433: 6345: 6320: 6315: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6230: 6185: 6145: 6051: 6021: 5924: 5542: 5329: 5262: 5030: 4899: 4357:"CWDF Distributes Postal Parcels to Female Sanitation Workers - All China Women's Federation" 3685: 3106: 2930: 2905: 2333: 2283: 2258: 2143: 1919: 1879: 1812: 1701: 1649: 1570: 1319: 1083: 987: 962: 957: 942: 937: 932: 872: 827: 787: 693: 663: 558: 160: 5010: 4892: 4418:"Poverty has a female face: economic crisis hits women hardest | News | European Parliament" 7991: 7868: 7632: 7532: 7389: 7120: 6654: 6528: 6245: 6210: 6160: 6135: 5956: 5919: 5655: 5517: 5390: 5339: 5334: 5025: 3161: 3095: 2892:

For most children, sex segregation manifests itself early in the socialization process via

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has been called an epicenter of sex segregation, stemming partially from its conservative

8: 7938: 7843: 7296: 7157: 6792: 6694: 6674: 6463: 6371: 6330: 6310: 6280: 6180: 5975: 5790: 5309: 5234: 5212: 5207: 5154: 4847: 4700:

The Ethics of Gender Segregated Bathrooms. Ethical Inquiry, May 2012. Brandeis University

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can be a suitable alternative and/or addition to sex-segregated toilets in many cases.

2757: 2716: 2650: 2556: 2249: 1731: 1726: 1716: 1664: 1654: 1629: 1565: 1523: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1329: 621: 3606:

Halley, Janet. 2007. "Split Decisions: How and Why to Take a Break From Feminism." 79.

8013: 7622: 7570: 7419: 7328: 7239: 7167: 7152: 6951: 6894: 6699: 6607: 6498: 6418: 6265: 5572: 5304: 5185: 4508: 3886:"Visually-impaired want railways to clarify stance on riding in women-only carriages" 3410: 3391: 3360: 3311: 3065: 2936:

A special case presents with choirs and choruses, especially in the tradition of the

2879: 2606: 2560: 2552: 2440: 2428: 2326: 1998: 1909: 1837: 1822: 1605: 1550: 1349: 1257: 1148: 1068: 907: 190: 4064:"Reform in Saudi Arabia: The Gender-Segregation Debate | Middle East Policy Council" 2736:

are countries with the least amount of gender segregation in tertiary studies while

27:

Physical, legal, and cultural separation of people according to their biological sex

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Levit, Nancy and Robert R. M. Verchick. 2006. "Feminist Legal Theory: A Primer." 8.

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MacKinnon, Catharine. 1987. "Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law." 40.

2239: 8043: 8008: 7705: 7655: 7382: 7306: 7214: 7110: 7059: 6904: 6884: 6849: 6562: 6473: 6408: 6215: 6165: 5951: 5810: 5344: 5005: 4840: 3024: 2910: 2564: 2531: 2279: 2147: 1976: 1884: 1780: 1721: 1560: 1540: 1505: 1212: 1123: 1058: 857: 807: 585: 436: 4388:"China to Send Another Female Astronaut to Space - All China Women's Federation" 3860: 3547:

Barnett, Randy E. 1998. "The Structure of Liberty: Justice and the Rule of Law".

3380:"Sexism in the 'Bathroom Debates': How Bathrooms Really Became Separated By Sex" 2796:

Sometimes, countries will also argue that segregation in other nations violates

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also grant parking privileges to pregnant women, for safety or access reasons.

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Posner, Richard. 1989. "Conservative Feminism". University of Chicago Legal F.

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chosen by public or private institutions, but within the capacity of the law.

8032: 8018: 7981: 7966: 7903: 7828: 7718: 7615: 7605: 7545: 7540: 7478: 7313: 6936: 6872: 6857: 6719: 6684: 6664: 6535: 6478: 6413: 5832: 5735: 5379: 5299: 5175: 5060: 4917: 3151: 2961: 2922: 2917: 2893: 2875: 2712: 2527: 2503: 2424: 2196: 2124: 1983: 1590: 1528: 1513: 1369: 1334: 1314: 1185: 1128: 1063: 458: 361: 41: 37: 3795:"Attitudes toward Cohabitation in 28 Countries: Does Marital Status Matter?" 3794: 3307: 2066:

is the physical, legal, or cultural separation of people according to their

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may be similarly intended to provide autonomy to women's decision making.

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The girls' entrance to a school; the boys use or used an equivalent door.

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Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

3956:"Un parking pour femmes avec des places de stationnement... plus larges" 2640:

Islamic practices and partially from its monarchy's legal constraints.

2590: 2567:, prayer spaces, and leadership roles have also been segregated by sex. 7971: 7876: 7730: 7713: 7675: 7587: 7560: 7517: 7495: 7323: 7318: 7199: 7194: 7090: 7074: 6931: 6824: 6782: 6744: 6552: 6540: 6513: 6503: 6423: 5849: 5844: 5815: 5750: 5594: 5365: 5222: 5217: 5202: 3476: 3453:"The Constitutionality of Sex Separation in School Desegregation Plans" 3294:

Cohen, David S. (2011). "The Stubborn Persistence of Sex Segregation".

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of women in crowded public places, some countries have also designated

1993: 1988: 1869: 1864: 1760: 1736: 1585: 1480: 1438: 1394: 1202: 1190: 1163: 1153: 1073: 475: 470: 441: 376: 212: 7627: 7577: 7555: 7224: 7172: 6889: 6488: 5620: 5257: 5190: 5045: 3618:

Chamallas, Martha. 2003. "Introduction to Feminist Legal Theory." 35.

3214:

Nussbaum, Martha C. (2004). "Women's Education: A Global Challenge".

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Sex segregation is very prevalent in the administration of prisons.

2806: 2745: 2677: 2599: 2571: 2224: 2200: 2161:

A sign mandating sex segregation on a women's only train car in India

1894: 1842: 1545: 1138: 246: 3468: 2474: 7647: 7582: 7565: 7189: 7019: 6946: 6597: 6523: 6428: 6388: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5695: 5690: 5630: 5350: 3430:"Sex-Separation in Public Restrooms: Law, Architecture, and Gender" 3227: 2721: 2690: 2309: 2111: 2086: 1859: 1681: 1600: 1247: 1173: 1078: 1038: 406: 401: 396: 321: 316: 256: 4089:"Equality, Religion and Gender in Israel - Jewish Women's Archive" 2498:, often for related safety issues. Many more countries, including 2157: 7550: 7485: 7446: 5700: 5599: 5579: 5552: 5527: 5431: 5324: 5294: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2676:

are still found in many countries, including but not limited to,

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applicants or create sex requirements in order to apply. The

2637: 2511: 2507: 2491: 2487: 2460: 1309: 130: 3817: 3815: 7271: 7100: 4597:"Research shows girls benefit from single-sex environments" 3666: 2725: 1941: 1770: 4789: 4484:"Saudi Arabia orders shops to build sex segregation walls" 4134: 7374: 3981:

Will High-Heel-Friendly Streets Keep Seoul's Women Happy?

3812: 2067: 2115:

outcome in which people are separated by sex. Even as a

4536:"A Feminist Defense of Transgender Sex Equality Rights" 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4240:. Aftau.org (April 11, 2008). Retrieved on 2011-06-13. 4021:"The Status of Women in World Religions | PROUT Globe" 4818:

an essay on the topic from Third World Women's Health

4238:"Keep Boys and Girls Together, New Research Suggests" 2774:

Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China

2455:, and compartments on trains have been introduced in 3728:

Frug, Mary J. 1992. "Postmodern Legal Feminism." 18.

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about the fact that female cleaners might work there

4738: 3878: 3842:"On Single-Sex Buses, Relief From Unwanted Contact" 4651:"Should We End Sex Segregation in War and Sports?" 4509:"Middle East - Creating a woman's world in Arabia" 2551:reflect religiously motivated sex segregation. In 7235:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 3614: 3612: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 2471:and other countries to reduce sexual harassment. 1905:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 8030: 4831:Taking the Gender Apartheid Tour in Saudi Arabia 3823:"Six Steps to Stop Violence Against Schoolgirls" 3592:MacKinnon, Catharine A. 2007. "Sex Equality." 5. 3492:"Women clergy accuse Church of sexual apartheid" 2715:, are sometimes segregated on the basis of sex. 6895:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 3328: 3098:, a Japanese island where women are not allowed 3032:, a Greek peninsula where women are not allowed 2964:. Vicki Schultz (1990) indicates that although 2537: 2397: 1551:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6377:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 4057: 4055: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3216:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 3189: 2656: 1027:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7390: 5447: 4878: 4648: 4449:"Shas Minister: Gender Segregation a Problem" 3900: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 2756:Desegregation policies often seek to prevent 2680:, the United Kingdom, and the United States. 2030: 5230:Residential segregation in the United States 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 2998:that consider sex segregation are the books 2545:Gender separation and segregation in Judaism 6593:List of people killed for being transgender 4052: 3825:. Amnesty International USA. Archived from 3595: 2273: 1243:List of people killed for being transgender 7397: 7383: 5454: 5440: 4885: 4871: 3995:"Women's refuges told they must admit men" 3858: 3839: 3833: 2037: 2023: 4533: 3908:"Metro reserves compartments for females" 3354: 3234: 2966:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 2685:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 2367: 5716:Social determinants of health in poverty 4289: 3992: 3213: 3046:Discrimination against transgender women 3036:Discrimination against non-binary people 2996:sex and sexuality in speculative fiction 2869: 2861: 2689: 2589: 2473: 2410: 2238: 2214: 2156: 2085: 342:Social determinants of health in poverty 31: 4481: 3792: 3329:Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera (June 15, 2012). 2857: 40:and is often indicated by stick-figure 14: 8031: 4601:Alliance of Girls' Schools Australasia 4482:Nikolas, Katerina (January 29, 2013). 4446: 4385: 4061: 3859:Nechapayka, Tatyana (April 13, 2005). 3516: 3450: 3377: 3331:"Sex and gender differences in health" 3041:Discrimination against transgender men 2340: 2243:A women-only sports club in Iran, 2023 2064:gender separation, or gender partition 8054:Women's rights in religious movements 7378: 5435: 4866: 4674: 4447:Miskin, Maayana (February 27, 2013). 3489: 3483: 3427: 3421: 3408: 3371: 3293: 2451:. For example, sex-segregated buses, 2406: 2358: 7425:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing 7359: 6399:Capital punishment for homosexuality 5721:Social determinants of mental health 5414: 4822:Stop Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan 4649:Barton Hinkle, A. (April 20, 2012). 3510: 3402: 2382: 1049:Capital punishment for homosexuality 347:Social determinants of mental health 6519:Genital modification and mutilation 5235:Segregation academy (United States) 5150:Sex segregation in public restrooms 3914:. September 7, 2008. Archived from 3861:"Belarus rail targets 'smelly men'" 3490:Bates, Stephen (October 25, 2001). 1169:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 5461: 4824:an anti-Taliban pamphlet from the 4540:Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 3932:. January 25, 2008. Archived from 3434:Michigan Journal of Gender and Law 3296:Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 2866:Women-only passenger car, Malaysia 2316: 25: 8090: 4804: 4062:Meiher, Roel (December 2, 2010). 2594:A sex-segregated entrance to the 2289: 2210: 8012: 8003: 8002: 7358: 7349: 7348: 6998:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 6835:Law for Protection of the Nation 6735:White genocide conspiracy theory 5413: 5385: 5384: 4848:Against Sexual Apartheid in Iran 3993:Hinsliff, Gaby (April 5, 2009). 3840:Marc Lacey (February 11, 2008). 3457:University of Chicago Law Review 2751: 2219:Segregation of women inmates in 1660:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1491:Law for Protection of the Nation 1385:White genocide conspiracy theory 67: 6840:MSM blood donation restrictions 6588:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 4764: 4755: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4675:Faber, Nadira (July 31, 2012). 4668: 4642: 4633: 4623: 4614: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4561: 4527: 4501: 4475: 4466: 4440: 4410: 4379: 4349: 4327:"WDR 2012 - WDR 2012 Home Page" 4319: 4297:"WDR 2012 - WDR 2012 Home Page" 4280: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4231: 4222: 4212: 4203: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4127: 4106: 4081: 4043: 4013: 3986: 3974: 3948: 3922: 3892:. April 5, 2007. Archived from 3852: 3786: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3678: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3523:Australian Feminist Law Journal 3132:Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia 2944: 2852: 2667:Effects of single-sex education 2642:Sex segregation in Saudi Arabia 2203:contexts, and can be a form of 1496:MSM blood donation restrictions 1238:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 6853:(as religious or racial quota) 3535:10.1080/13200968.1996.11077188 3444: 3322: 3207: 3177:Sex segregation in Afghanistan 2802:women's rights in Saudi Arabia 2698:Studies have analyzed whether 2081: 1509:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 7914:Nudity in American television 7267:Second-generation gender bias 6983:Constitutional colorblindness 5711:Social determinants of health 4681:blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk 4534:MacKinnon, Catharine (2023). 3183: 2981: 2823: 2234: 1937:Second-generation gender bias 1645:Constitutional colorblindness 337:Social determinants of health 36:Sex separation is common for 4826:Feminist Majority Foundation 3498:. London: Guardian Unlimited 3413:. In Molotch, Harvey (ed.). 3384:Yale Law & Policy Review 3378:Carter, W. Burlette (2018). 2960:and further male and female 2647:military draft of both sexes 2538:Religious and cultural ideas 2398:Contemporary policy examples 2264: 2221:Auschwitz concentration camp 2178: 7: 8049:Islam-related controversies 7962:Imagery of nude celebrities 7686:Social nudity organizations 7178:Medical model of disability 7030:Hate speech laws by country 5092:Brown v. Board of Education 4135:"Ilford County High School" 3017: 2958:occupational sex imbalances 2657:Education and socialization 2570:From a policy perspective, 2127:some scholars use the term 1848:Medical model of disability 1692:Hate speech laws by country 10: 8095: 7897:Nudity in live performance 7404: 7287:Social model of disability 5766:Discrimination against men 5001:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 4386:Ruizhen, Gu; Ren, Qinqin. 3451:Barnet, Robert B. (1970). 3142:Transgender discrimination 2948: 2894:group socialization theory 2885: 2660: 2613:, areas controlled by the 2386: 2371: 2344: 2320: 2293: 2097:Sex and gender distinction 2094: 1957:Social model of disability 392:Discrimination against men 8000: 7954: 7867: 7814: 7759: 7704: 7696:Timeline of social nudity 7646: 7596: 7531: 7430:Nakedness and colonialism 7412: 7344: 7083: 6960: 6753: 6640:Opposition to immigration 6364: 6011: 5858: 5613: 5563:Race / Ethnicity 5500: 5469: 5374: 5248: 5163: 5115: 5046:Apartheid in South Africa 4966: 4898: 3122:Sex differences in humans 2453:women-only passenger cars 2415:Women-only announcement, 1290:Opposition to immigration 181:Race / Ethnicity 7751:Clothing-optional events 7523:Clothing laws by country 6635:Occupational segregation 6404:Compulsory sterilization 4857:Sexual Apartheid in Iran 4836:Saudi Arabia's Apartheid 3167:Women and children first 3076:Geographical segregation 2951:Occupational segregation 2906:comparative disadvantage 2762:occupational segregation 2615:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 2274:Theoretical explanations 2205:occupational segregation 2165: 1285:Occupational segregation 1054:Compulsory sterilization 8069:Culture of Saudi Arabia 7816:Social nudity advocates 7598:Issues in social nudity 7464:Breastfeeding in public 7163:Internalized oppression 7025:Fighting Discrimination 7015:Fat acceptance movement 6973:Anti-discrimination law 6613:Native American mascots 5270:Anti-miscegenation laws 5105:Anti-miscegenation laws 3308:10.7916/cjgl.v20i1.2618 3127:Sex segregation in Iran 3086:Occupational inequality 2986:Some literary works of 2847:killing their batterers 2649:and its sex-segregated 1833:Internalized oppression 1687:Fighting Discrimination 1677:Fat acceptance movement 1635:Anti-discrimination law 1263:Native American mascots 7919:Nudity in music videos 7892:Nude photography (art) 7611:Sexual objectification 7413:Nakedness and clothing 7282:Social identity threat 7255:Reverse discrimination 7245:Racial color blindness 6725:Violence against women 6705:Sex-selective abortion 5361:White Australia policy 5280:Corporative federalism 3918:on September 14, 2008. 3147:Transgender inequality 3010:(later converted into 2988:social science fiction 2883: 2867: 2695: 2663:Effects of coeducation 2609:(1851–64) against the 2602: 2598:, a religious site in 2496:women's parking spaces 2479: 2420: 2368:Critical race feminism 2244: 2227: 2162: 2092: 1952:Social identity threat 1925:Reverse discrimination 1915:Racial color blindness 1375:Violence against women 1355:Sex-selective abortion 45: 7929:Nudity in advertising 7924:Nudity in print media 7724:Nude swimming classes 7250:Religious intolerance 7210:Political correctness 7040:Intersex human rights 6988:Cultural assimilation 6670:Religious persecution 6434:Disability hate crime 5330:Religious intolerance 3970:– via Le Monde. 3428:Kogan, Terry (2007). 3409:Kogan, Terry (2010). 3347:10.1038/embor.2012.87 3107:Religious segregation 2931:Unisex public toilets 2873: 2865: 2693: 2593: 2574:and countries with a 2477: 2414: 2334:intermediate scrutiny 2284:feminist legal theory 2242: 2218: 2160: 2144:sexual discrimination 2089: 1920:Religious intolerance 1880:Political correctness 1702:Intersex human rights 1650:Cultural assimilation 1320:Religious persecution 1084:Disability hate crime 35: 8079:Single-gender worlds 7992:Softcore pornography 7869:Depictions of nudity 7633:Wardrobe malfunction 7533:Nudity and sexuality 6655:Political repression 5666:Anti-left handedness 5656:Anti-intellectualism 5340:Second-class citizen 5335:Reservation in India 5061:United Arab Emirates 4991:Bulgaria and Romania 4453:Israel National News 4337:on November 19, 2015 3162:Unisex public toilet 2858:In human development 2787:women in engineering 2374:Critical race theory 2301:Libertarian feminist 1305:Political repression 292:Anti-left handedness 282:Anti-intellectualism 44:on the toilet doors. 7939:Glamour photography 7887:Nude modeling (art) 7844:Henry S. Huntington 7158:Historical eugenics 6695:Segregation academy 6675:Religious terrorism 6464:Enemy of the people 6372:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 5898:Jehovah's Witnesses 5791:Perpetual foreigner 5208:Exclusionary zoning 5155:Separatist feminism 4933:Partition of Bengal 4726:. February 21, 2005 4392:www.womenofchina.cn 4361:www.womenofchina.cn 3936:on January 25, 2008 3846:Mexico City Journal 3793:Gubernskaya, Zoya. 3091:Occupational sexism 3071:Gender polarization 3051:Feminist separatism 3007:The Handmaid's Tale 2888:Capability approach 2874:A note at the male 2835:Catharine MacKinnon 2389:Gender essentialism 2347:Difference feminism 2341:Difference feminism 2061:gender segregation, 1828:Historical eugenics 1345:Segregation academy 1325:Religious terrorism 1114:Enemy of the people 1022:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 532:Jehovah's Witnesses 417:Perpetual foreigner 8064:Gender and society 7987:Nude psychotherapy 7944:Erotic photography 7859:Richard Ungewitter 7854:Elton Raymond Shaw 7691:Anarchist naturism 7681:Naturist magazines 7661:Christian naturism 7513:Nudity and protest 7452:Nudity in religion 7070:Social integration 7065:Self-determination 7055:Racial integration 7003:Diversity training 6993:Cultural pluralism 6968:Affirmative action 6868:Racial segregation 6778:Crime of apartheid 6680:Religious violence 6190:Indigenous people 5590:Sexual orientation 5098:Massive resistance 5086:School segregation 5081:Separate but equal 5006:Dominican Republic 4908:Partition of India 4548:20.500.13051/18252 4398:on August 12, 2016 4367:on August 12, 2016 4331:econ.worldbank.org 4301:econ.worldbank.org 3896:on April 17, 2007. 3690:Human Rights Watch 3686:"Perpetual Minors" 3411:"7 Sex Separation" 3112:School segregation 3102:Racial segregation 2884: 2868: 2758:sex discrimination 2717:Parallel education 2696: 2674:single-sex schools 2651:Mehadrin bus lines 2603: 2480: 2421: 2407:Safety and privacy 2359:Anti-subordination 2250:sex-discrimination 2245: 2228: 2163: 2093: 1732:Social integration 1727:Self-determination 1717:Racial integration 1665:Diversity training 1655:Cultural pluralism 1630:Affirmative action 1524:Racial segregation 1434:Crime of apartheid 1330:Religious violence 832:Indigenous people 208:Sexual orientation 46: 8026: 8025: 7623:Indecent exposure 7571:Feminist stripper 7372: 7371: 7240:Racism by country 7168:Intersectionality 7153:Heteronormativity 6952:Voter suppression 6700:Sexual harassment 6499:Forced conversion 6419:Cultural genocide 6089:African Americans 5908:post–Cold War era 5893:Eastern Orthodoxy 5651:Anti-drug addicts 5646:Anti-homelessness 5573:Scientific racism 5429: 5428: 5305:Majority minority 5186:Ethnic federalism 4968:Ethnic and racial 4928:Greece and Turkey 4844:December 22, 2001 4838:by Colbert King, 4428:on April 12, 2013 4031:on March 20, 2012 3962:. January 5, 2010 3848:. New York Times. 3829:on June 24, 2009. 3066:Gender inequality 2880:Edinburgh Airport 2766:government quotas 2607:Taiping Rebellion 2449:women only spaces 2441:street harassment 2429:sexual harassment 2383:Anti-essentialism 2327:Equal opportunity 2047: 2046: 1910:Racism by country 1838:Intersectionality 1823:Heteronormativity 1606:Voter suppression 1350:Sexual harassment 1149:Forced conversion 1069:Cultural genocide 731:African Americans 542:post–Cold War era 527:Eastern Orthodoxy 277:Anti-drug addicts 272:Anti-homelessness 191:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 8086: 8016: 8006: 8005: 7977:Nudity in combat 7934:Nude photography 7666:Freikörperkultur 7437:Childhood nudity 7399: 7392: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7362: 7361: 7352: 7351: 7292:Social privilege 7277:Social exclusion 7205:Police brutality 7126:Multiculturalism 7096:Amatonormativity 6927:Social exclusion 6763:Age of candidacy 6563:Homeless dumping 6469:Ethnic cleansing 5456: 5449: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5417: 5416: 5388: 5387: 5356:Social apartheid 5240:Social exclusion 5213:Forced migration 5181:Ethnic cleansing 5171:Auto-segregation 4913:Northern Ireland 4887: 4880: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4859:by Mahin Hassibi 4816:Gender Apartheid 4799: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4716: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4424:. 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April 19, 2008 3682: 3676: 3673: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3607: 3604: 3593: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3358: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3291: 3232: 3231: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3172:Women-only space 3117:Separate spheres 3081:Mixed-sex sports 3056:Gender apartheid 2832:Radical feminist 2791:women in science 2532:Women-only banks 2193:military service 2140:gender apartheid 2101:Gender apartheid 2039: 2032: 2025: 1962:Social privilege 1947:Social exclusion 1875:Police brutality 1796:Multiculturalism 1766:Amatonormativity 1581:Social exclusion 1419:Age of candidacy 1213:Homeless dumping 1119:Ethnic cleansing 71: 48: 47: 21: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8074:Culture of Iran 8039:Sex segregation 8029: 8028: 8027: 8022: 7996: 7950: 7863: 7810: 7755: 7706:Nude recreation 7700: 7656:Naturist resort 7642: 7592: 7527: 7442:Sex segregation 7408: 7403: 7373: 7368: 7340: 7215:Polyculturalism 7111:Civil liberties 7079: 7060:Reappropriation 6961:Countermeasures 6956: 6885:Racial steering 6851:Numerus clausus 6755: 6749: 6474:Ethnic conflict 6409:Corrective rape 6360: 6007: 5854: 5746:HIV/AIDS stigma 5609: 5558:Mental disorder 5496: 5465: 5460: 5430: 5425: 5370: 5345:Separate school 5250: 5244: 5159: 5111: 4962: 4894: 4891: 4850:Interview with 4841:Washington Post 4807: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4739: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4532: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4515:. March 4, 2009 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3857: 3853: 3838: 3834: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3517:Otto D (1996). 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3488: 3484: 3469:10.2307/1598892 3449: 3445: 3426: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3390:(1): 227–297 . 3376: 3372: 3327: 3323: 3292: 3235: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3025:Age segregation 3020: 2984: 2953: 2947: 2911:gender identity 2890: 2860: 2855: 2839:women's prisons 2826: 2760:, or alleviate 2754: 2748:have the most. 2669: 2659: 2565:monastic orders 2540: 2482:Some places in 2409: 2400: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2329: 2321:Main articles: 2319: 2317:Equal treatment 2298: 2292: 2280:feminist theory 2276: 2267: 2237: 2213: 2189:law enforcement 2181: 2168: 2148:gender equality 2133:sex segregation 2103: 2084: 2050:Sex segregation 2043: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 1885:Polyculturalism 1781:Civil liberties 1753: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1722:Reappropriation 1622: 1621:Countermeasures 1614: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1541:Racial steering 1507:Numerus clausus 1411: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1124:Ethnic conflict 1059:Corrective rape 1014: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 656: 645: 644: 643: 642: 641: 494: 484: 483: 482: 481: 480: 372:HIV/AIDS stigma 239: 231: 230: 229: 228: 227: 176:Mental disorder 118: 110: 109: 108: 107: 106: 79: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8092: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8024: 8023: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7941: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7909:Nudity in film 7906: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7873: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7849:Heinrich Pudor 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7652: 7650: 7644: 7643: 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6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6394:Cancel culture 6391: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6368: 6366: 6365:Manifestations 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6261:Middle Eastern 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6003:Zoroastrianism 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5930:Untouchability 5927: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5756:Leprosy stigma 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5466: 5463:Discrimination 5459: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5382: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5315:Nuremberg Laws 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5290:Ghetto benches 5287: 5285:Discrimination 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5198:Ethnopluralism 5195: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5083: 5078: 5068: 5066:United Kingdom 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4854: 4845: 4833: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4806: 4805:External links 4803: 4801: 4800: 4788: 4776:osha.europa.eu 4763: 4754: 4737: 4724:news.bbc.co.uk 4711: 4702: 4693: 4667: 4641: 4632: 4630:34(3):485-511. 4622: 4613: 4588: 4579: 4570: 4568:132(1):98-131. 4560: 4526: 4513:news.bbc.co.uk 4500: 4488:DigitalJournal 4474: 4465: 4439: 4409: 4378: 4348: 4318: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4230: 4221: 4219:40(4):929-960. 4211: 4202: 4200:43(4):579-620. 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4126: 4105: 4080: 4051: 4042: 4012: 3985: 3973: 3947: 3921: 3899: 3877: 3851: 3832: 3811: 3785: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3677: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3608: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3509: 3482: 3463:(2): 296–327. 3443: 3420: 3401: 3370: 3341:(7): 596–603. 3321: 3233: 3228:10.1086/378571 3222:(2): 325–355. 3206: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3001:Swastika Night 2983: 2980: 2949:Main article: 2946: 2943: 2925:that excludes 2918:public toilets 2916:Separation of 2886:Main article: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2825: 2822: 2753: 2750: 2658: 2655: 2576:state religion 2539: 2536: 2516:United Kingdom 2425:changing rooms 2408: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2387:Main article: 2384: 2381: 2372:Main article: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2345:Main article: 2342: 2339: 2323:Egalitarianism 2318: 2315: 2296:Libertarianism 2294:Main article: 2291: 2290:Libertarianism 2288: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2236: 2233: 2212: 2211:Administrative 2209: 2197:public toilets 2180: 2177: 2172:gender studies 2167: 2164: 2129:sex separation 2083: 2080: 2072:discrimination 2068:biological sex 2058:sex partition, 2054:sex separation 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1930:Reverse racism 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1900:Prisoner abuse 1897: 1892: 1890:Power distance 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1808:Ethnic penalty 1805: 1804: 1803: 1801:Neurodiversity 1798: 1788: 1786:Dehumanization 1783: 1778: 1776:Cisnormativity 1773: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1752:Related topics 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1596:State religion 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1534:Nuremberg Laws 1531: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1476:Ghetto benches 1473: 1471:Gerrymandering 1468: 1463: 1458: 1456:Gender pay gap 1453: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1233:Lavender scare 1230: 1228:Kill Haole Day 1225: 1223:Indian rolling 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1109:Eliminationism 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1044:Cancel culture 1041: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1013:Manifestations 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1001: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 903:Middle Eastern 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 849: 848: 843: 838: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 744: 743: 738: 733: 723: 718: 713: 712: 711: 706: 701: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 659: 658: 657: 651: 650: 647: 646: 640: 639: 637:Zoroastrianism 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 613: 612: 602: 601: 600: 599: 598: 593: 588: 583: 568: 567: 566: 564:Untouchability 561: 551: 546: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 514: 509: 504: 498: 497: 496: 495: 490: 489: 486: 485: 479: 478: 473: 468: 467: 466: 461: 456: 446: 445: 444: 439: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 382:Leprosy stigma 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 243: 242: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 194: 193: 188: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 122: 121: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 83: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 73: 72: 64: 63: 61:Discrimination 57: 56: 42:gender symbols 38:public toilets 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8091: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8021: 8020: 8015: 8011: 8010: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7982:Nudity clause 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7967:Nude calendar 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904:Body painting 7902: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7829:Lee Baxandall 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7806:South America 7804: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:San Francisco 7787: 7786: 7785: 7784:North America 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7720: 7719:Nude swimming 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7616:Pornification 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7606:Sexualization 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7546:Exhibitionism 7544: 7542: 7541:Intimate part 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7506:United States 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7479:Finnish sauna 7477: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7365: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7346: 7343: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7314:Social stigma 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6937:State atheism 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6873:Jim Crow laws 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6858:One-drop rule 6856: 6854: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6773:Blood quantum 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:Victimisation 6718: 6716: 6715:Trans bashing 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6685:Religious war 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6665:Racialization 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6536:Glass ceiling 6534: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479:Ethnic hatred 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6414:Counter-jihad 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6204:United States 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6068: 6067:United States 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5988:Protestantism 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5903:LDS or Mormon 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Transmisogyny 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5736:Gerontophobia 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5661:Anti-intersex 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5636:Anti-albinism 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:Institutional 5475: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5422: 5421: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5383: 5381: 5380:Pillarisation 5377: 5376: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5300:Jim Crow laws 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:Balkanization 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5071:United States 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4795: 4793: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4636: 4626: 4617: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4564: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4469: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4283: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4239: 4234: 4225: 4215: 4206: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4115: 4109: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4056: 4046: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3912:The Telegraph 3909: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3670: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3152:Transmisogyny 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962:socialization 2959: 2952: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923:gender binary 2919: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2876:public toilet 2872: 2864: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752:Desegregation 2749: 2747: 2744:, Japan, and 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2713:sex education 2708: 2705: 2704:co-ed schools 2701: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2528:North America 2525: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504:United States 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2390: 2380: 2375: 2365: 2356: 2348: 2338: 2335: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2241: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2173: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125:United States 2121: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1984:Social stigma 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1749: 1748: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1591:State atheism 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1529:Jim Crow laws 1527: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1514:One-drop rule 1512: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1429:Blood quantum 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1370:Victimisation 1368: 1366: 1365:Trans bashing 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335:Religious war 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1315:Racialization 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1186:Glass ceiling 1184: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1129:Ethnic hatred 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1064:Counter-jihad 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1010: 1009: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 847: 846:United States 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 710: 709:United States 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 655: 649: 648: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 622:Protestantism 620: 618: 615: 611: 608: 607: 606: 603: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 550: 547: 543: 540: 538: 537:LDS or Mormon 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 493: 488: 487: 477: 474: 472: 469: 465: 462: 460: 459:Transmisogyny 457: 455: 452: 451: 450: 447: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 362:Gerontophobia 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 287:Anti-intersex 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 262:Anti-albinism 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 235: 234: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 114: 113: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 87:Institutional 85: 84: 75: 74: 70: 66: 65: 62: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 8017: 8007: 7839:Ilsley Boone 7834:Paul Bindrim 7824:Kurt Barthel 7746:Nude beaches 7741:Nude wedding 7671:Gay naturism 7638:Strip search 7441: 7148:Gender-blind 7035:Human rights 6919: 6863:Racial quota 6850: 6830:Jewish quota 6810:Gerontocracy 6805:Gender roles 6783:Disabilities 6768:Blood purity 6740:Wife selling 6730:White flight 6710:Slut-shaming 6690:Scapegoating 6608:Murder music 6281:Palestinians 6099:South Africa 6084:Black people 6062:South Africa 5883:Christianity 5873:Baháʼí Faith 5801:Sectarianism 5741:Heterosexism 5706:Ephebiphobia 5676:Antisemitism 5671:Anti-Masonry 5538:Hair texture 5418: 5389: 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