3299:
7653:
Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.
2327:
3067:, reporting bias is defined as "selective revealing or suppression of information" of undesirable behavior by subjects or researchers. It refers to a tendency to under-report unexpected or undesirable experimental results, while being more trusting of expected or desirable results. This can propagate, as each instance reinforces the status quo, and later experimenters justify their own reporting bias by observing that previous experimenters reported different results.
3110:
12361:
10426:
10416:
3978:: the phenomenon that perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes operate without conscious intention. For example, researchers may have implicit bias when designing survey questions and as a result, the questions do not produce accurate results or fail to encourage survey participation. The existence of implicit bias is supported by a variety of scientific articles in psychological literature. Implicit stereotype was first defined by psychologists
2441:. It can be positive or negative, depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented. For political purposes, framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates a problem that is in need of a solution. Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand. As understood in
3837:
Religious bias in textbooks is observed in countries where religion plays a dominant role. There can be many forms of educational bias. Some overlooked aspects, occurring especially with the pedagogical circles of public and private schoolsâsources that are unrelated to fiduciary or mercantile impoverishment which may be unduly magnifiedâinclude teacher bias as well as a general bias against women who are going into STEM research.
73:
12371:
2832:
38:
3998:
2671:, or the appearance of corruption, happens. "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest." It exists if the circumstances are sensibly accepted to present a hazard that choices made may be unduly affected by auxiliary interests.
3932:, match fixing occurs when a match is played to a completely or partially pre-determined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law. There is a variety of reasons for this, but the most common is in exchange for a payoff from gamblers. Players might also intentionally perform poorly to get an advantage in the future (such as a better
2590:. It is the propensity to credit accomplishment to our own capacities and endeavors, yet attribute failure to outside factors, to dismiss the legitimacy of negative criticism, concentrate on positive qualities and accomplishments yet disregard flaws and failures. Studies have demonstrated that this bias can affect
2938:
that dominate the industry or sector it is charged with regulating. Regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with a high-stakes interest in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies in attempting to gain the policy outcomes they
2290:
about the causes of their own and others' behaviors; but these attributions do not necessarily precisely reflect reality. Rather than operating as objective perceivers, individuals are inclined to perceptual slips that prompt biased understandings of their social world. When judging others we tend to
3498:
Funding bias refers to the tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of the study's financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies. It can be caused by any or all of: a conscious or subconscious
3863:
to anticipate a particular output. To accomplish this, the learning algorithm is given training cases that show the expected connection. Then the learner is tested with new examples. Without further assumptions, this problem cannot be solved exactly as unknown situations may not be predictable. The
3789:
Gatekeeping is the way in which information and news are filtered to the public, by each person or corporation along the way. It is the "process of culling and crafting countless bits of information into the limited number of messages that reach people every day, and it is the center of the media's
3128:
Selection bias is the conscious or unconscious bias introduced into a study by the way individuals, groups or data are selected for analysis, if such a way means that true randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be
3078:
respondents can tend to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed positively by others. It can take the form of over-reporting laudable behavior, or under-reporting undesirable behavior. This bias interferes with the interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences. The
2918:
Self-regulation is the process whereby an organization monitors its own adherence to legal, ethical, or safety standards, rather than have an outside, independent agency such as a third party entity monitor and enforce those standards. Self-regulation of any group can create a conflict of interest.
3973:
Implicit stereotypes are shaped by experience and based on learned associations between particular qualities and social categories, including race and/or gender. Individuals' perceptions and behaviors can be influenced by the implicit stereotypes they hold, even if they are unaware/unintentionally
7322:
Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to
3864:
inductive bias of the learning algorithm is the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs given inputs that it has not encountered. It may bias the learner towards the correct solution, the incorrect, or be correct some of the time. A classical example of an inductive bias is
7652:
Gender or Sex
Discrimination: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance.
3836:
Bias in education refers to real or perceived bias in the educational system. The content of school textbooks is often the issue of debate, as their target audience is young people, and the term "whitewashing" is used to refer to selective removal of critical or damaging evidence or comment.
3151:
Bias and prejudice are usually considered to be closely related. Prejudice is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of
3804:
Sensationalism is when events and topics in news stories and pieces are overhyped to present skewed impressions of events, which may cause a misrepresentation of the truth of a story. Sensationalism may involve reporting about insignificant matters and events, or the presentation of
2919:
If any organization, such as a corporation or government bureaucracy, is asked to eliminate unethical behavior within their own group, it may be in their interest in the short run to eliminate the appearance of unethical behavior, rather than the behavior itself.
2167:, and thus may lead to success in the appropriate situation. Furthermore, cognitive biases may allow speedier choices when speed is more valuable than precision. Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations, coming about because of an
2154:
A cognitive bias is a repeating or basic misstep in thinking, assessing, recollecting, or other cognitive processes. That is, a pattern of deviation from standards in judgment, whereby inferences may be created unreasonably. People create their own "subjective
3910:, trading based on insider information is illegal because it is seen as unfair to other investors who do not have access to the information as the investor with insider information could potentially make far larger profits that a typical investor could make.
2984:
Statistical bias is a systematic tendency in the process of data collection, which results in lopsided, misleading results. This can occur in any of a number of ways, in the way the sample is selected, or in the way data are collected. It is a property of a
2632:
ante, as when the current state of affairs is objectively superior to the available alternatives, or when imperfect information is a significant problem. A large body of evidence, however, shows that status quo bias frequently affects human decision-making.
2628:; a preference for the current state of affairs. The current baseline (or status quo) is taken as a reference point, and any change from that baseline is perceived as a loss. Status quo bias should be distinguished from a rational preference for the
2534:, wherein positive sentiments in one area cause questionable or unknown characteristics to be seen positively. If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. A person's
11387:
1032:
5425:
2159:" from their own perceptions, their view of the world may dictate their behaviour. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called
9158:
7270:
as discrimination against either men or women on the grounds of sex, and also "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships".
2464:
Cultural bias is the related phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture. Numerous such biases exist, concerning cultural norms for color, location of body parts,
7777:
Ames, Barry; Barker, David C; Bonneau, Chris W; Carman, Christopher J (2005), "Hide the
Republicans, the Christians, and the Women: A Response to "Politics and Professional Advancement Among College Faculty"",
6540:
2131:, where it referred to balls made with a greater weight on one side. Which expanded to the figurative use, "a one-sided tendency of the mind", and, at first especially in law, "undue propensity or prejudice".
3267:, or more generally to people whose appearance matches cultural preferences. Many people make automatic judgments of others based on their physical appearance that influence how they respond to those people.
3206:
Ageism is the stereotyping and/or discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age. It can be used in reference to prejudicial attitudes towards older people, or towards younger people.
2939:
prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether. Regulatory capture is a risk to which a regulatory agency is exposed by its very nature.
2376:
charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. Biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain
2900:, stand to benefit by shaping the law to serve the interests of some private parties, there is a conflict of interest. This can lead to all sides in a debate looking to sway the issue by means of lobbyists.
7383:
lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over
3553:. Scholars can more easily discover and access articles that have their full text on the internet, which increases authors' likelihood of reading, quoting, and citing these articles, this may increase the
3770:
Agenda setting describes the capacity of the media to focus on particular stories, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important. That is, its
2965:
to encourage other onlookers or audience members to purchase the goods or services (or accept the ideas being marketed). Shilling is illegal in some places, but legal in others. An example of shilling is
7665:
De Vos, M. (2020). The
European Court of Justice and the march towards substantive equality in European Union anti-discrimination law. International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 20(1), 62-87.
6515:
6122:
3729:
Practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative,
3756:. The expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people. Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups.
10333:
3281:
Racism consists of ideologies based on a desire to dominate or a belief in the inferiority of another race. It may also hold that members of different races should be treated differently.
11361:
3422:. Claims of bias are often linked to claims by conservatives of pervasive bias against political conservatives and religious Christians. Some have argued that these claims are based upon
3015:
A forecast bias is when there are consistent differences between results and the forecasts of those quantities; that is: forecasts may have an overall tendency to be too high or too low.
998:
4728:
2489:. Ordinary people may tend to imagine other people as basically the same, not significantly more or less valuable, probably attached emotionally to different groups and different land.
5390:
2461:, that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events. People use filters to make sense of the world, the choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame.
9148:
3192:, or other personal characteristics. Prejudice can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence".
2205:, individuals begin with an implicitly suggested reference point (the "anchor") and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate. For example, the initial price offered for a
7106:
racism: Belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and that can be ranked as superior or inferior.
2777:
of bribery in some countries, while in the United States they are legal provided they adhere to election law. Tipping is considered bribery in some societies, but not others.
5504:
Chandon, Pierre; Wansink, Brian (2007). "The
Biasing Health Halos of Fast-Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimate and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions".
2385:(when beliefs persist after the evidence for them is shown to be false), the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) and
3790:
role in modern public life. This process determines not only which information is selected, but also what the content and nature of the messages, such as news, will be."
8943:
6534:"Small is beautiful, at least in high-income democracies: the distribution of policy-making responsibility, electoral accountability, and incentives for rent extraction"
7754:
6533:
5199:
2074:, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief. In science and engineering, a bias is a
11850:
1501:
8195:
3662:
on the basis of racially observed characteristics or behavior, rather than on individual suspicion. Racial profiling is commonly referred to regarding its use by
6590:
5877:
Campbell, W. Keith; Sedikides, Constantine; Reeder, Glenn D.; Elliot, Andrew J. (2000). "Among friends? An examination of friendship and the self-serving bias".
10911:
8210:
3948:, involves fixing small events within a match which can be gambled upon, but which are unlikely to prove decisive in determining the final result of the game.
540:
5709:
6512:
5439:
Wade, T Joel; DiMaria, Cristina (2003). "Weight Halo
Effects: Individual Differences in Perceived Life Success as a Function of Women's Race and Weight".
3582:
is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a
11114:
3718:
in the selection of events, the stories that are reported, and how they are covered. The term generally implies a pervasive or widespread bias violating
751:
6119:
4777:
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2795:
over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. This has been researched by
7974:
Brady, K. L.; Eisler, R. M. (1995). "Gender Bias in the
College Classroom: A Critical Review of the Literature and Implications for Future Research".
7932:
Boysen, Guy A; Vogel, David L; Cope, Marissa A; Hubbard, Asale (2009), "Incidents Of Bias in
College Classrooms: Instructor and Student Perceptions",
2557:. It works in a negative direction: if the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards other aspects.
12245:
11628:
7000:
5680:
5002:
1910:
1273:
11065:
9248:
Mitchell, T. M. (1980). The need for biases in learning generalizations (Report). CBM-TR 5-110. New
Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University.
2553:
The opposite of the halo is the horn effect, when "individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected." The term horn effect refers to
2042:
702:
8101:
4641:
3484:. It can also involve asking leading probes and not neutrally redirecting the subject back to the task when they ask for validation or questions.
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10001:
5789:
3606:. However, statistically significant results have been shown to be three times more likely to be published compared to papers with null results.
9185:
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justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics.
5558:
4502:
Welsh, Matthew B.; Delfabbro, Paul H.; Burns, Nicholas R.; Begg, Steve H. (2014). "Individual differences in anchoring: Traits and experience".
10986:
10111:
9296:
5922:
De
Michele, P.; Gansneder, B.; Solomon, G. (1998). "Success and failure attributions of wrestlers: Further Evidence of the Self-Serving Bias".
4720:
2286:
An attribution bias can happen when individuals assess or attempt to discover explanations behind their own and others' behaviors. People make
615:
3722:, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The level of media bias in different nations is debated. There are also
3430:
of conservatives choosing not to pursue academic careers. There is some evidence that perception of classroom bias may be rooted in issues of
12407:
9282:
6965:
Rhodes, Gillian; Simmons, Leigh; Peters, Marianne (2005). "Attractiveness and Sexual
Behavior: Does Attractiveness Enhance Mating Success?".
5382:
8960:
6468:
11633:
9976:
6120:"Don't Pay for the Misdeeds of Others: Intro to Avoiding Third-Party FCPA Liability," 6 BNA White Collar Crime Report 33 (January 14, 2011)
4396:
1278:
7022:
Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior:
6712:
11603:
11207:
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1248:
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525:
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is favoritism of long-standing friends, especially by appointing them to positions of authority, regardless of their qualifications.
2685:
Bribery is giving of money, goods or other forms of recompense to in order to influence the recipient's behavior. Bribes can include
5596:
10831:
10719:
10462:
4933:
452:
340:
8756:
6492:
5142:
van der Pas, D. (2014). "Making Hay While the Sun Shines: Do Parties Only Respond to Media Attention When The Framing is Right?".
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8341:
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2295:, whereas we tend to assume our own actions arise because of the necessity of external circumstances. There are a wide range of
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2011:
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Song, F.; Parekh, S.; Hooper, L.; Loke, Y. K.; Ryder, J.; Sutton, A. J.; Hing, C.; Kwok, C. S.; Pang, C.; Harvey, I. (2010).
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5482:
4476:. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724â746.
4248:. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724â746.
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to act on behalf of others, such as elected officials with a duty to serve their constituents' interests or more broadly the
530:
255:
9207:
4819:"Search for meanings: from pleistocene art to the worship of the mountains in early China. Methodological tools for Mimesis"
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Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions
3907:
2791:
Favoritism, sometimes known as in-group favoritism, or in-group bias, refers to a pattern of favoring members of one's
1268:
734:
6586:
4822:
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11271:
11102:
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Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice,
5040:
4858:
Abramson, L.Y.; Seligman, M.E.; Teasdale, J.D. (1978). "Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation".
3944:
system. Match-fixing generally refers to fixing the final result of the game. Another form of match-fixing, known as
3684:
Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a wrongful act is held at fault for the harm that befell them. The study of
2840:
908:
739:
211:
189:
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4971:
4803:
4661:
3560:
The related bias, no abstract available bias (NAA bias) is scholars' tendency to cite journal articles that have an
3343:, and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another. Extreme sexism may foster
2560:
Both of these bias effects often clash with phrases such as "words mean something" and "Your words have a history."
12008:
11845:
11745:
11202:
11092:
9403:
8530:
8365:
Murali, N. S.; Murali, H. R.; Auethavekiat, P.; Erwin, P. J.; Mandrekar, J. N.; Manek, N. J.; Ghosh, A. K. (2004).
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3738:
2246:
2241:
Apophenia, also known as patternicity, or agenticity, is the human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within
1667:
1496:
1390:
839:
729:
6097:
5823:
Campbell, W.K.; Sedikides, C. (1999). "Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration".
4196:
2389:(when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations). Confirmation biases contribute to
11598:
11109:
10871:
10674:
10078:
9996:
9806:
7242:
Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".
3719:
3500:
2028:
1243:
746:
500:
295:
10734:
7487:
7428:
6925:
6781:
5268:
2381:(when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence),
355:
10876:
9925:
9328:
Greenwald, A. G.; Banaji, M. R. (1995). "Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes".
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Eagly, Alice; Ashmore, Richard; Makhijani, Mona G.; Longo, Laura C. (1991). "What is beautiful is good, but".
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while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts it. The effect is stronger for
2296:
505:
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11993:
10714:
10419:
10393:
10097:
9811:
9465:
8899:
Fox, K. A.; Cook, C. L. (2011). "Is Knowledge Power? The Effects of a Victimology Course on Victim Blaming".
7137:
Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".
5618:
Coombs, Timothy W; Holladay, Sherry J (2006). "Unpacking the halo effect: reputation and crisis management".
5315:
4773:
4085:
3033:
expectations cause them to subconsciously influence the people participating in an experiment. It is usually
2547:
2304:
1942:
1652:
335:
2268:
Pareidolia is the visual or auditory form of apophenia. It has been suggested that pareidolia combined with
2217:
lower than the initial price seem more reasonable even if they are still higher than what the car is worth.
12393:
11556:
11504:
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4994:
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90:
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usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls.
5672:
5406:"Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment"
3784:
3659:
3177:
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1853:
1699:
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697:
635:
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The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World
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wrote: "A great many people think they are thinking when they are merely rearranging their prejudices."
5941:
Moon, Youngme (2003). "Don't Blame the Computer: When Self-Disclosure Moderates the Self-Serving Bias".
5573:
3772:
12297:
11082:
10769:
10500:
9919:
9445:
8712:
8482:"An exploratory analysis of PubMed's free full-text limit on citation retrieval for clinical questions"
8366:
8132:
7596:
6650:
Green S, Higgins S, editors: Glossary. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5.
6152:
Taylor, Donald M.; Doria, Janet R. (April 1981). "Self-serving and group-serving bias in attribution".
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finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. This can propagate further as
3024:
2769:. Expectations of when a monetary transaction is appropriate can differ from place to place. Political
2300:
2184:
1962:
719:
390:
105:
8710:
Dickersin, K.; Chan, S.; Chalmers, T. C.; et al. (1987). "Publication bias and clinical trials".
6522:
ICE Australia, International Conferences and Events (PDF) (October 24, 2007). Retrieved April 14, 2011
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Rosenberg, M (2016). "The Destruction of Clinical Medicine and What is Needed for its Resurrection".
5550:
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Welsh, Matthew; Begg, Steve (2016). "What have we learned? Insights from a decade of bias research".
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analyzed. This results in a sample that may be significantly different from the overall population.
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8102:"Do Financial Conflicts of Interest Bias Research? An Inquiry into the "Funding Effect" Hypothesis"
7446:
Sexism, or prejudice toward one sex (almost always women), has existed throughout recorded history.
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4017:
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Racial profiling, or ethnic profiling, is the act of suspecting or targeting a person of a certain
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in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor
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11144:
11077:
11050:
11035:
10448:
10326:
10225:
9302:
7553:
6455:
6450:
3426:
which would not reliably indicate systematic bias, and have suggested that this divide is due to
3264:
3121:
3038:
2994:
2535:
1858:
1838:
1694:
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1258:
1099:
953:
923:
918:
861:
796:
781:
714:
687:
672:
56:
11261:
8957:
5056:
Nickerson, Raymond S. (June 1998). "Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises".
4347:
3970:, is the unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social group.
898:
12437:
12292:
12265:
12255:
11735:
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11578:
11449:
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11154:
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10379:
10059:
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9504:
9482:
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9249:
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5977:
5886:
5876:
5513:
4362:
4330:
3814:
3508:
3477:
3459:
2792:
2770:
2450:
2339:
1957:
1930:
1920:
1380:
1360:
1223:
1094:
983:
933:
903:
883:
811:
791:
766:
761:
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630:
603:
579:
574:
154:
144:
8029:
7830:
6732:
6612:
4465:
4289:
Kahneman, D.; Tversky, A. (1972). "Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness".
12652:
12260:
12220:
12153:
12050:
11998:
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11680:
11444:
11356:
11331:
11326:
11311:
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11241:
11189:
11149:
11055:
11025:
10928:
10551:
9838:
9753:
9728:
9673:
8466:
8319:
7297:
however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims.
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3113:
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164:
31:
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10960:
10923:
10664:
10526:
10120:
9791:
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9519:
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Warren, Patricia Y.; Farrell, Amy (2009). "The Environmental Context of Racial Profiling".
6974:
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Shermer, Michael (2008). "Patternicity: Finding Meaningful Patterns in Meaningless Noise".
4609:
4426:
3465:
3439:
3419:
3372:
3360:
3355:. Discrimination in this context is defined as discrimination toward people based on their
3216:
3034:
2953:
Shilling is deliberately giving spectators the feeling that one is an energetic autonomous
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2642:
2583:
2386:
2262:
1796:
1310:
1184:
893:
851:
801:
776:
589:
552:
285:
139:
7167:'sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women.
7061:
6918:
Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth About the Pay Gap -- And What Women Can Do About It
4902:
3594:
will themselves be biased if the original literature is contaminated by publication bias.
2437:, and so on. It is an influence over how people organize, perceive, and communicate about
8:
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12307:
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11803:
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10979:
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9946:
9863:
9763:
9698:
9638:
9628:
9623:
9487:
9153:
8607:"Dissemination and publication of research findings: An updated review of related biases"
8447:"The effect of online status on the impact factors of general internal medicine journals"
8268:"Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review"
7423:
7413:
inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men.
5592:
5289:
5025:
3957:
3723:
3620:
3368:
2786:
2698:
2538:
has been found to produce a halo effect. The halo effect is also present in the field of
2446:
2418:
2308:
2249:
for gambling. Gamblers may imagine that they see patterns in the numbers which appear in
2168:
2083:
1972:
1833:
1454:
1350:
1330:
1119:
1027:
978:
958:
928:
821:
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415:
9235:"Crisis Counseling with Children," Van Ornum and Murdock, 1990, NY: Crossroad/Continuum.
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Giroux, Henry A. (2006), "Academic Freedom Under Fire: The Case for Critical Pedagogy",
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6489:
4613:
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2663:, etc.) which could potentially corrupt. The potential conflict is autonomous of actual
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12080:
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12013:
12003:
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11878:
11788:
11783:
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9363:
8926:
8846:
8838:
8748:
8692:
8587:
8506:
8481:
8241:
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8124:
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7878:
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7080:"Racism" in R. Schefer. 2008 Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. SAGE. p. 1113
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Heider, F. (1958). "The psychology of interpersonal relations", New York: Wiley, 322 p.
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1571:
1529:
1439:
1434:
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8803:
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8267:
8027:
5968:
Samuelson, William; Zeckhauser, Richard (1988). "Status quo bias in decision making".
5221:
4697:
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results bias the research outcome. Examples of experimenter bias include conscious or
12512:
12497:
12424:
12339:
12250:
12178:
12163:
11962:
11905:
11710:
11618:
11509:
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9956:
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9091:(June 22, 1999). "The Media and Modernity". In Mackay, Hugh; O'Sullivan, Tim (eds.).
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7902:
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7365:
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7126:
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6847:
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2004:
1915:
1843:
1828:
1613:
1556:
1355:
1263:
1154:
1074:
913:
194:
8930:
8696:
8245:
8128:
7961:
7807:
7750:
5360:
5128:
4800:"The worship to the mountains: a study of the creation myths of the chinese culture"
4567:
3752:
Bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the
2523:
influences their feelings about specifics of that entity's character or properties.
12642:
12534:
12302:
12287:
12215:
12136:
12106:
11937:
11773:
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11045:
11040:
10891:
10789:
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10294:
10242:
10023:
9883:
9823:
9748:
9733:
9593:
9546:
9455:
9450:
9435:
9367:
9347:
9149:"Proposed Texas textbooks are inaccurate, biased and politicized, new report finds"
8910:
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8721:
8674:
8665:
8618:
8591:
8571:
8501:
8493:
8417:
8378:
8287:
8279:
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7496:
7357:
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6026:
6007:
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5448:
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5338:
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5116:
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4693:
4617:
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4372:
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4159:
4121:
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4062:
4022:
4012:
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3899:
3865:
3852:
3653:
3633:
3629:
3573:
3538:
3534:
3512:
3481:
3390:
3298:
2962:
2766:
2718:
2694:
2281:
2079:
2075:
1967:
1952:
1880:
1801:
1773:
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1424:
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682:
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520:
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7281:(3rd ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants.: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 631.
6372:
6320:
6269:
6238:
6167:
5474:
4621:
4438:
2272:
may have helped ancient societies organize chaos and make the world intelligible.
12627:
12476:
12317:
12225:
12121:
12070:
11930:
11915:
11895:
11860:
11573:
11484:
11419:
11219:
11169:
10955:
10814:
10220:
10154:
9991:
9981:
9758:
9738:
9653:
9556:
9531:
9526:
9499:
9477:
9389:
8964:
8315:
8097:
7896:
7068:
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Kelley, H.H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.)
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1729:
1581:
1566:
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1218:
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584:
435:
41:
9215:
9208:"How to Get Your Ex Boyfriend Back â Tips to Win Back His Love and Get Him Back"
8945:
Strategic Maneuvering and Media Bias in Political News Magazine Opinion Articles
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Lexchin, Joel; Bero, Lisa A; Djulbegovic, Benjamin; Clark, Otavio (2003-05-31).
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Bias testing in market research: A framework to enable inclusive research design
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12240:
12230:
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12141:
12126:
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11952:
11888:
11830:
11825:
11810:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11469:
11404:
10933:
10906:
10759:
10471:
10299:
10257:
10033:
10028:
10018:
9941:
9858:
9818:
9768:
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McCombs, M; Reynolds, A (2002). "News influence on our pictures of the world".
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7348:
men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive
7303:
7196:
Sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination.
5954:
5334:
4921:
4669:
3895:
3883:
3846:
3799:
3753:
3679:
3667:
3516:
3427:
3316:
3260:
3222:
3104:
3050:
3041:, and was an important reason for the development of double-blind experiments.
2990:
2935:
2804:
2722:
2625:
2591:
2466:
2258:
2236:
2156:
2145:
1977:
1935:
1905:
1895:
1813:
1806:
1791:
1781:
1603:
1539:
1481:
1476:
1461:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1114:
1049:
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380:
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Mueller, P. S.; Murali, N. S.; Cha, S. S.; Erwin, P. J.; Ghosh, A. K. (2006).
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The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology: A User's Guide to Sociological Language
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McGauran, N; Wieseler, B; Kreis, J; SchĂźler, YB; KĂślsch, H; Kaiser, T (2010).
6649:
5631:
5452:
5120:
5069:
4871:
4749:
4125:
3598:
with significant results often do not appear to be superior to studies with a
2397:
due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts.
12673:
12667:
12324:
11947:
11883:
11868:
11730:
11695:
11675:
11546:
11489:
11424:
10836:
10739:
10184:
9971:
9951:
9914:
9888:
9873:
9853:
9833:
9796:
9708:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9536:
9440:
8914:
8834:
8749:"The stories, the statistics, and the law: Why 'Driving While Black' matters"
8120:
7953:
7874:
7799:
7734:
7390:
7274:
6796:
6792:
6464:
6175:
6067:
5999:
5836:
5352:
5155:
4523:
4171:
4057:
3711:
3554:
3550:
3401:
3146:
3010:
2967:
2758:
2442:
2408:
2160:
1989:
1598:
1534:
1519:
1375:
1340:
1320:
1191:
1134:
1069:
457:
360:
10334:
R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)
9117:
6689:
6214:
6189:
5900:
12622:
12607:
12158:
12045:
11873:
11840:
11820:
11750:
11740:
11720:
11700:
11336:
11234:
11229:
10965:
10940:
10804:
10744:
10709:
10679:
10274:
10247:
10174:
10149:
10134:
9931:
9693:
9678:
8922:
8632:
8583:
8515:
8462:
8431:
8390:
8301:
8237:
7791:
7742:
7676:
Macfarlane, Christina; Coppack, Sean; Masters, James (September 12, 2019).
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6867:
6708:
6075:
5908:
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4818:
4705:
4629:
4446:
4037:
3919:
3493:
3226:
3157:
3060:
2796:
2710:
2652:
2512:
1823:
1704:
1524:
1491:
1471:
1395:
1385:
1365:
1345:
973:
871:
866:
594:
569:
425:
365:
330:
300:
9359:
8864:
8733:
8688:
8229:
7866:
7701:"Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology"
7566:
7508:
7500:
7203:
7148:. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 104.
5645:
Klein, Jill; Dawar, Niraj (2004). "Evaluations in a Product-Harm Crisis".
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11568:
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11394:
11087:
10826:
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10764:
10684:
9848:
9618:
9608:
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Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention, assessment and adjustments
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Nakdimen, K. A. (1984). "The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping".
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6129:(discussing bribery in the context of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act).
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Pal, G.C. (2007). "Is there a universal self-serving attribution bias?".
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3542:
3336:
3302:
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3084:
2897:
2754:
2587:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2474:
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2210:
2194:
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1719:
1679:
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1506:
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1300:
1213:
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Easterbrook, P. J.; Berlin, J. A.; Gopalan, R.; Matthews, D. R. (1991).
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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition
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11793:
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Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). "Sexism". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.).
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3431:
3340:
3252:
3165:
3030:
2986:
2885:
2861:
2857:
2668:
2629:
2579:
2458:
2434:
2426:
2369:
2357:
2269:
2242:
2230:
2107:
2087:
1999:
1994:
1875:
1870:
1768:
1744:
1593:
1486:
1444:
1400:
1208:
1196:
1169:
1159:
1079:
474:
469:
440:
375:
216:
45:
12385:
8382:
7725:
6958:
3636:
drivers. The phrase implies that a motorist might be pulled over by a
12579:
12559:
12467:
12442:
12235:
12183:
11900:
11499:
10629:
10205:
10054:
9541:
8623:
8606:
7945:
7630:
5421:
5264:
4964:"Rewind: Watch the Media Spend Two Years Hyping a Now-Debunked Story"
4032:
3868:, which assumes that the simplest consistent hypothesis is the best.
3856:
3312:
3256:
3181:
3142:
2808:
2575:
2254:
2226:
2202:
2071:
1900:
1848:
1551:
1144:
250:
7111:
5248:
4774:"Apophenia & Illusory Correlation ÂŤ Paul Xavier Waterstone"
4163:
3468:, experimenter bias occurs when experimenter expectancies regarding
12632:
12612:
12564:
12549:
12487:
12447:
12200:
12030:
11957:
11608:
11534:
11439:
11399:
10784:
10779:
10774:
10699:
10694:
10639:
10340:
10252:
10236:
10164:
10013:
9898:
8028:
Barry H. Kantowitz; Henry L. Roediger, III; David G. Elmes (2009).
5527:
5316:"The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments"
4027:
3937:
3742:
3579:
3546:
3415:
3407:
3185:
3169:
2954:
2934:, instead advances the commercial or political concerns of special
2877:
2873:
2851:
2816:
2812:
2746:
2702:
2690:
2482:
2430:
2353:
2206:
1865:
1689:
1608:
1253:
1179:
1084:
1044:
405:
400:
395:
320:
315:
260:
37:
8823:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
8531:"Opening up the Evidence: Evidence-Based Practice and Open Access"
5921:
4348:"Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality"
3557:
of open access journals relative to journals without open access.
3083:
questionnaires; of special concern are self-reports of abilities,
12539:
12529:
12524:
12507:
10704:
10608:
10588:
10561:
10536:
10440:
6023:
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
4903:"Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment"
4754:
4112:
Steinbock, Bonnie (1978). "Speciesism and the Idea of Equality".
4047:
3625:
3246:
3138:
2961:
for whom one is working. The effectiveness of shilling relies on
2820:
2742:
2680:
2656:
2543:
2470:
2438:
2373:
2326:
2250:
325:
221:
201:
174:
149:
72:
8658:
7678:"FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist"
7254:(4th ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 551.
3578:
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic
2291:
assume their actions are the result of internal factors such as
12574:
12569:
12554:
12452:
11660:
10689:
10593:
10571:
10566:
10516:
4951:
Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment
3929:
3641:
3637:
3443:
3435:
3411:
3324:
3308:
3291:
3276:
3201:
3161:
3153:
2958:
2648:
2365:
1305:
310:
206:
184:
179:
129:
7397:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
7177:. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. pp. 748â751.
4486:
4345:
4273:
4258:
3974:
hold such stereotypes. Implicit bias is an aspect of implicit
3545:âthat is, journals that make their full text available on the
3044:
2892:
in order to serve their own interests. When people who have a
2831:
11670:
10521:
10189:
8364:
5192:"The Halo Effect: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages"
3887:
3375:. Sexism may arise from social or cultural customs and norms.
3328:
2993:
of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative
2948:
2774:
2686:
2603:
2516:
2486:
2478:
2214:
2128:
1315:
134:
42:
Interpretations of the random patterns of craters on the Moon
7173:
Masequesmay, Gina (2008). "Sexism". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.).
7092:
Sociology : exploring the architecture of everyday life
7035:
SCHMID, W. THOMAS (April 1996). "The Definition of Racism".
6667:
4817:
Bustamante, Patricio; Yao, Fay; Bustamante, Daniela (2010).
4798:
Bustamante, Patricio; Yao, Fay; Bustamante, Daniela (2010).
3688:
seeks to mitigate the perception of victims as responsible.
2193:
that describes the propensity to rely on the first piece of
12502:
12282:
8265:
6776:"bias ...; prejudice", The New MerriamâWebster Dictionary,
3348:
3332:
2893:
2714:
1947:
8808:
Merriam-Webster's CollegiateÂŽ Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
8188:"It's Not the Answers That Are Biased, It's the Questions"
6937:
5178:
Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience
4489:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
4276:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
4261:
Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality
3359:
or their gender or sex differences. An example of this is
9381:
7898:
Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care?
6670:"Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review"
6511:
Gary Adams, Sharon Hayes, Stuart Weierter and John Boyd,
4472:
Haselton, M. G.; Nettle, D. & Andrews, P. W. (2005).
4244:
Haselton, M. G.; Nettle, D. & Andrews, P. W. (2005).
3741:, the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended
3564:
available online more readily than articles that do not.
3320:
2889:
2595:
9271:"Evaluation and selection of biases in machine learning"
9262:
8562:
Wentz, R. (2002). "Visibility of research: FUTON bias".
8473:
8438:
8367:"Impact of FUTON and NAA bias on visibility of research"
7675:
7558:
6815:
Rosnow, Ralph L. (March 1972). "Poultry and Prejudice".
4857:
2090:
process that does not give accurate results on average.
7776:
7669:
7618:
7616:
7121:
Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2011).
4816:
4797:
4501:
4412:
2970:
that give the impression of being autonomous opinions.
2113:, "sideways, askance, against the grain". Whence comes
2066:
an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate,
8645:
H. Rothstein, A. J. Sutton and M. Borenstein. (2005).
8480:
Krieger, M. M.; Richter, R. R.; Austin, T. M. (2008).
8406:"Online access to nephrology journals: The FUTON bias"
7931:
7453:
7279:
The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought
3482:
selective recording of experimental results themselves
8978:
The Printing Press (Inventions That Shaped the World)
8709:
8444:
7515:
7478:
6931:
4943:
4750:"Why Do We Need a Belief in God with Michael Shermer"
3549:
without chargeâin their own writing as compared with
3476:
influences on subject behavior including creation of
3363:. Sexism refers to violation of equal opportunities (
2856:
Lobbying is the attempt to influence choices made by
2330:
Confirmation bias has been described as an internal "
9019:
8604:
8479:
7993:
Sackett, D. L. (1979). "Bias in analytic research".
7613:
7584:
6138:
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. (2010).
5702:"The Halo and Horns Effects [Rating Errors]"
5574:"The 'halo effect' shields NGOs from media scrutiny"
4721:"Michael Shermer: The pattern behind self-deception"
4415:"Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases"
4319:(4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
3993:
2526:
The name halo effect is based on the concept of the
7418:
6964:
6797:
Quotable Quotes â Courtesy of The Freeman Institute
5967:
4595:"Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases"
4586:
3305:
organizations campaigned for women's right to vote.
2667:, it can be found and intentionally defused before
9004:
8814:
8181:
8179:
8155:
7622:
7523:
7434:(5th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. p. 601.
7364:(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
7247:
6835:
6566:FTC v. Greeting Cards of America, Inc. et al - USA
5397:
3737:, the influence of the owners of the news source,
3533:Full text on net (or FUTON) bias is a tendency of
3327:. Sexism can affect anyone, but primarily affects
44:. A common example of a perceptual bias caused by
12246:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
8557:
8555:
8360:
8358:
8070:Geisen, Emily; Sha, Mandy; Roper, Farren (2024).
8021:
7829:, American Federation of Teachers, archived from
7823:The "Faculty Bias" Studies: Science or Propaganda
7395:Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics
7120:
5822:
5214:
4263:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press. p. 2.
2880:, the implication is that people with inordinate
2586:by the individual's need to maintain and enhance
1911:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
12665:
9268:
9243:
9241:
9118:"Seven Forms of Bias in Instructional Materials"
7976:Journal of Research and Development in Education
7293:Either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes
7094:(9th ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 405.
6284:
4487:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
4274:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
4259:Bless, H.; Fiedler, K. & Strack, F. (2004).
3640:officer, questioned, and searched, because of a
2507:The halo effect and the horn effect are when an
2163:. However some cognitive biases are taken to be
11906:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
10140:Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry
9327:
9093:The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation
8314:
8176:
7302:
6770:
6531:
5870:
5813:, 7th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Education.
4592:
4288:
3406:Academic bias is the bias or perceived bias of
1557:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
11388:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
9173:
9007:Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research
8967:, Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 May 2006
8639:
8552:
8397:
8355:
8185:
8069:
5786:"Rep. Hank Johnson, Your Words Have a History"
5783:Rep. Hank Johnson, Your Words Have a History,
5647:International Journal of Research in Marketing
5617:
5503:
5314:Nisbett, Richard E; Wilson, Timothy D (1977).
5027:The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making
4346:Gigerenzer, G. & Goldstein, D. G. (1996).
2492:
1033:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
12401:
10456:
10430:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (category)
10105:
9397:
9238:
8872:Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime
8820:
8528:
7772:
7770:
6610:
5403:
5313:
5049:
4718:
3018:
2261:. One manifestation of this is known as the "
2036:
8740:
8652:
7175:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 2
6735:. psychologyconcepts.com. 13 November 2011.
6142:. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
5673:"Mental Model: Horns Effect and Halo Effect"
5410:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5323:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
5100:
4560:
4530:
4333:: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions
4145:
4143:
3706:Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of
3666:, and its leading to discrimination against
3609:
3367:) based on gender or refers to violation of
11604:List of people killed for being transgender
10310:Sponsorship of continuing medical education
8403:
8340:. Cochrane Bias Methods Group. 2009-06-19.
7973:
7564:
7226:(2005). "Sexism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).
7201:
7172:
6758:Dictionary of Cancer Terms â selection bias
6151:
5438:
5249:"A constant error in psychological ratings"
5170:
5141:
5135:
4838:
4183:
4181:
3855:. In machine learning one seeks to develop
3116:is supposed to collect of a representative
3045:Reporting bias and social desirability bias
2876:, or not. Lobbying is often spoken of with
2872:, or not; they may engage in lobbying as a
1249:List of people killed for being transgender
12408:
12394:
10463:
10449:
10112:
10098:
10060:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
9404:
9390:
9020:Shoemaker, Pamela J.; Vos, Tim P. (2009).
8649:. Wiley. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ.
8486:Journal of the Medical Library Association
8208:
7767:
7658:
6259:"In Praise of Nepotism: A Natural History"
6232:
6053:
5730:Deren, MM (2013). "Words mean something".
5665:
5644:
5180:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3851:Inductive bias occurs within the field of
3079:inclination represents a major issue with
3070:Social desirability bias is a bias within
2043:
2029:
9341:
9253:
9140:
9081:
9053:
8780:"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man"
8678:
8622:
8598:
8505:
8421:
8291:
7813:
7724:
7593:Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination
7459:
7230:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
7163:the more accurate and more specific sense
7140:
7074:
6727:
6725:
6698:
6688:
6604:
6502:(August 3, 2006). Retrieved April 1, 2011
5981:
5915:
5890:
5756:
5694:
5517:
5342:
5246:
5183:
5055:
4366:
4149:
4140:
4111:
3229:. It includes attitudes that benefit the
3029:The observer-expectancy effect is when a
2364:information in a way that confirms one's
10720:Social determinants of health in poverty
10119:
9321:
9247:
9182:"Texas school board whitewashes history"
9087:
9059:
8259:
8159:Influence: Science and Practice (5th ed)
7986:
7934:Journal of Diversity in Higher Education
7521:
7484:
7464:. Oxford University Press. p. 197.
7245:
6617:. Oxford University Press. p. 275.
5571:
5189:
5106:
5095:The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam
4995:"How to Ignore the Yes-Man in Your Head"
4776:. Waterstone.wordpress.com. 2007-05-24.
4461:from the original on September 24, 2017.
4178:
3522:
3503:of researchers towards their employers,
3480:that influence subjects, and altered or
3297:
3108:
2989:technique or of its results whereby the
2868:. Lobbyists may be among a legislator's
2830:
2636:
2334:", echoing back a person's beliefs like
2325:
2245:data. Apophenia is well documented as a
2169:absence of appropriate mental mechanisms
341:Social determinants of health in poverty
36:
12415:
9179:
9146:
9109:
8898:
8661:"Publication bias in clinical research"
8109:Science, Technology, & Human Values
8096:
7992:
7901:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
7888:
7698:
7590:
7379:key test of whether something is sexist
7356:
7273:
7246:Jary, David; Jary, Julia, eds. (2005).
7222:
7083:
6513:"Regulatory Capture: Managing the Risk"
6482:
6395:"Self-regulation dictionary definition"
6248:Dictionary.com. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
6132:
6021:Lo, Bernard; Field, Marilyn J. (2009).
6020:
5548:
5404:Ostrove, Nancy; Sigall, Harold (1975).
5380:
5307:
4848:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
4683:
4548:from the original on September 29, 2015
4413:Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974).
14:
12666:
10348:R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy
9269:DesJardins, M.; Gordon, D. F. (1995).
9147:Strauss, Valerie (12 September 2014).
8746:
8065:
8063:
7852:
7532:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 315.
7462:The Handbook of Culture and Psychology
7389:
7328:
7089:
7034:
6814:
6722:
5005:from the original on February 14, 2015
4953:, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4900:
4829:
4731:from the original on 26 September 2015
4491:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
4278:. Hove and New York: Psychology Press.
3614:
2574:Self-serving bias is the tendency for
2209:sets the standard for the rest of the
12389:
10444:
10093:
9385:
9212:www.americanmentalhealthfundation.org
9161:from the original on 8 September 2015
9067:. New York: Oxford University Press.
9038:
8777:
8561:
8410:Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation
7894:
7331:The Encyclopedia of Political Science
6631:from the original on 16 December 2016
5729:
5485:from the original on 18 November 2006
5228:from the original on November 6, 2017
5022:
4992:
4949:Nisbett, R.E. & Ross, L. (1980).
4674:(1 June 2004). Retrieved 29 May 2007.
4574:from the original on October 23, 2017
3733:influence including overt and covert
3384:
2973:
2352:Confirmation bias is the tendency to
12370:
11410:Capital punishment for homosexuality
10725:Social determinants of mental health
9128:from the original on 21 October 2015
8948:, Stefano Mario Rivolta, 7 June 2011
8404:Ghosh, A. K.; Murali, N. S. (2003).
7310:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
6899:. Bartleby.com. 2000. Archived from
6833:
6827:
6739:from the original on August 31, 2015
6431:from the original on October 3, 2015
6405:from the original on October 5, 2015
6100:from the original on October 1, 2015
6047:
5940:
5934:
5879:British Journal of Social Psychology
5599:from the original on 3 December 2013
5572:Balanson, Naftali (8 October 2008).
5393:from the original on 16 August 2017.
5202:from the original on October 1, 2015
4211:
3882:Insider trading is the trading of a
3813:manner contrary to the standards of
3453:
3379:
2903:
2563:
2321:
2171:, or just from human limitations in
1055:Capital punishment for homosexuality
346:Social determinants of mental health
11530:Genital modification and mutilation
10285:Pharmaceutical sales representative
8451:The Netherlands Journal of Medicine
8060:
8048:from the original on 1 January 2014
7819:
6353:from the original on 3 January 2009
5857:
5851:
5620:Journal of Communication Management
5475:"Apple shares surfs on big profits"
5383:"Hugo ChĂĄvez's reverse-halo effect"
4986:
4719:GrrlScientist (29 September 2010).
4538:"Anchoring bias in decision-making"
4504:Learning and Individual Differences
4199:from the original on 26 August 2018
3825:
3647:
3567:
2773:in the form of cash are considered
2299:of attribution biases, such as the
2275:
2139:
1175:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
10470:
10145:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge
9188:from the original on 28 March 2015
9115:
9048:Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting
7228:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
7049:10.1111/j.1468-5930.1996.tb00147.x
6987:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.014
6767:. Retrieved on September 23, 2009.
6611:Porta, Miquel, ed. (5 June 2008).
6587:"HOW TO IDENTIFY STATISTICAL BIAS"
6582:
6377:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
5031:. McGraw-Hill Education. pp.
4993:Zweig, Jason (November 19, 2009).
4974:from the original on 29 March 2019
4593:Tversky, A.; Kahneman, D. (1974).
3871:
3726:groups that report on media bias.
3691:
2613:
2120:, "a slant, a slope, an oblique".
25:
12700:
9377:
9180:Czitrom, Daniel (22 March 2010).
8902:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
8759:from the original on May 15, 2007
8156:Cialdini, Robert B (2008-08-08).
8034:. Cengage Learning. p. 371.
7915:from the original on 27 June 2014
5590:
5561:from the original on 1 July 2010.
5196:Psychology 104: Social Psychology
4698:10.1038/scientificamerican1208-48
3840:
3820:
3793:
3759:
3673:
3098:
2841:Member of the European Parliament
2647:A conflict of interest is when a
12369:
12360:
12359:
12009:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
11846:Law for Protection of the Nation
11746:White genocide conspiracy theory
10425:
10424:
10415:
10414:
9289:
9285:from the original on 2009-01-16.
9229:
9200:
9013:
8998:
8970:
8951:
8937:
8892:
8857:
8796:
8771:
8703:
8522:
8330:
8326:from the original on 2015-09-23.
8308:
8211:"Dishonesty in Medical Research"
8202:
8198:from the original on 2017-10-09.
8149:
8090:
7967:
7925:
7846:
7692:
7565:Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024).
7546:
7202:Masequesmay, Gina (5 Jan 2024).
7055:
7028:
6993:
6718:from the original on 2016-01-08.
6383:from the original on 2015-10-02.
6331:from the original on 2015-09-17.
5549:Jeffray, Nathan (24 June 2010).
5428:from the original on 2016-07-01.
5381:Glennie, Jonathan (3 May 2011).
5370:from the original on 2022-10-09.
4939:from the original on 2008-05-16.
4846:Nebraska Symposium on Motivation
4825:from the original on 2016-03-04.
4806:from the original on 2015-09-24.
4762:from the original on 2016-03-14.
4647:from the original on 2014-08-17.
4402:from the original on 2017-09-22.
3996:
3951:
3902:) by individuals with access to
3739:concentration of media ownership
3395:
3290:This section is an excerpt from
3004:
2922:Regulatory capture is a form of
2511:overall impression of a person,
1668:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1497:Law for Protection of the Nation
1391:White genocide conspiracy theory
71:
11851:MSM blood donation restrictions
11599:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
10420:Conflict of interest (category)
8980:, p. 53, Franklin Watts, 2005,
8881:from the original on 2015-03-25
8344:from the original on 2010-07-23
7757:from the original on 2019-12-21
7525:"Women: The Oppressed Majority"
7250:Collins Dictionary of Sociology
6907:
6885:
6860:
6808:
6786:
6751:
6661:
6643:
6593:from the original on 2018-02-14
6576:
6569: (S.D. Fla. 2004),
6558:
6546:from the original on 2013-10-05
6525:
6505:
6471:from the original on 2017-09-03
6443:
6425:"Regulatory Capture Definition"
6417:
6387:
6365:
6335:
6313:
6251:
6207:
6182:
6145:
6112:
6082:
6014:
5970:Journal of Risk and Uncertainty
5961:
5816:
5803:
5792:from the original on 2017-08-14
5777:
5750:
5723:
5712:from the original on 2017-08-23
5683:from the original on 2018-06-25
5638:
5611:
5584:
5565:
5542:
5497:
5467:
5432:
5374:
5282:
5271:from the original on 2019-07-13
5240:
5084:
5016:
4956:
4894:
4851:
4810:
4791:
4780:from the original on 2014-12-17
4766:
4742:
4712:
4677:
4651:
4495:
4480:
4474:The evolution of cognitive bias
4406:
4338:
4322:
4246:The evolution of cognitive bias
4225:from the original on 9 May 2016
3913:
3487:
1502:MSM blood donation restrictions
1244:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
11864:(as religious or racial quota)
8778:Gates, Henry L. (1995-10-16).
8416:(9): 1943, author reply 1943.
7488:American Journal of Psychiatry
7333:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
7123:New Oxford American Dictionary
6325:Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Com
6266:Booknotes interview transcript
6118:See generally T. Markus Funk,
5943:Journal of Consumer Psychology
5659:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.003
4860:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
4335:. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
4309:
4282:
4267:
4252:
4237:
4219:"Definition of Cognitive Bias"
4189:"Online Etymology Dictionary,
4105:
3778:
3590:of claims about support for a
2548:non-governmental organizations
2318:Examples of attribution bias:
1515:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
12684:Barriers to critical thinking
12278:Second-generation gender bias
11994:Constitutional colorblindness
10715:Social determinants of health
9045:"Issue Area: Sensationalism."
8576:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11264-5
8186:David Michaels (2008-07-15).
8076:(published January 3, 2024).
7705:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
7522:Schaefer, Richard T. (2011).
7426:; Weaver, Charles A. (1999).
7146:A Companion to Applied Ethics
7037:Journal of Applied Philosophy
6168:10.1080/00224545.1981.9924371
5551:"Interview: Gerald Steinberg"
5253:Journal of Applied Psychology
4622:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
4439:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
4099:
4086:Ideological bias on Knowledge
3936:, or an easier opponent in a
3371:based on gender, also called
3132:
2780:
2431:political or social movements
2305:fundamental attribution error
2058:is a disproportionate weight
1943:Second-generation gender bias
1653:Constitutional colorblindness
336:Social determinants of health
10394:Who Killed the Electric Car?
9305:dictionaries. Archived from
8958:"10 Most Censored Countries"
8726:10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3
8680:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-Y
8611:Health Technology Assessment
8007:10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2
7895:Gross, Neil (9 April 2013),
7001:"Oxford English Dictionary,
6967:Evolution and Human Behavior
6614:A Dictionary of Epidemiology
6155:Journal of Social Psychology
5825:Review of General Psychology
5506:Journal of Consumer Research
5058:Review of General Psychology
4516:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.002
4303:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3
2655:has intersecting interests (
2530:, and is a specific type of
2220:
2178:
2093:
2086:of a population, or from an
7:
12679:Communication of falsehoods
12189:Medical model of disability
12041:Hate speech laws by country
9926:DĂŠformation professionnelle
8617:(8): iii, iixâxi, iixâ193.
7995:Journal of Chronic Diseases
7820:Lee, John (November 2006),
7623:Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004).
7125:. Oxford University Press.
6952:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109
5811:Exploring Social Psychology
4377:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650
3989:
3785:Gatekeeping (communication)
3720:the standards of journalism
3602:with respect to quality of
3210:
2942:
2826:
2600:interpersonal relationships
2493:Halo effect and horn effect
2481:validity, acceptability of
1854:Medical model of disability
1700:Hate speech laws by country
10:
12705:
12298:Social model of disability
10770:Discrimination against men
9920:Basking in reflected glory
9411:
8713:Controlled Clinical Trials
8498:10.3163/1536-5050.96.4.010
8209:Wilmshurst, Peter (2007).
7597:Cambridge University Press
6733:"Social Desirability Bias"
6349:. London. 1 October 2008.
5955:10.1207/153276603768344843
5335:10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250
4922:10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.75
4081:Systemic bias in Knowledge
3955:
3917:
3875:
3844:
3829:
3797:
3782:
3763:
3695:
3677:
3651:
3628:while black refers to the
3618:
3571:
3526:
3491:
3457:
3399:
3388:
3289:
3274:
3244:
3240:
3214:
3199:
3136:
3102:
3048:
3025:Observer-expectancy effect
3022:
3019:Observer-expectancy effect
3008:
2977:
2946:
2907:
2849:
2784:
2678:
2674:
2640:
2617:
2567:
2542:, affecting perception of
2496:
2406:
2400:
2345:
2301:ultimate attribution error
2279:
2234:
2224:
2182:
2143:
1963:Social model of disability
391:Discrimination against men
29:
27:Inclination for or against
12588:
12535:Parsimony (Occam's razor)
12423:
12355:
12094:
11971:
11764:
11651:Opposition to immigration
11375:
11015:
10862:
10622:
10572:Race / Ethnicity
10509:
10478:
10410:
10357:
10318:
10198:
10160:Judicial disqualification
10127:
10068:
10050:Cognitive bias mitigation
10042:
9907:
9782:
9419:
9352:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4
9095:. Sage Publications Ltd.
8535:Faculty Scholarship (PUL)
8284:10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1167
7717:10.1017/S0140525X13001192
7460:Matsumoto, David (2001).
5924:Journal of Sport Behavior
5632:10.1108/13632540610664698
5144:Journal of Press/Politics
5070:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
4872:10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
4385:21.11116/0000-0000-B771-2
4126:10.1017/S0031819100016582
3610:Biases in law enforcement
3284:
3270:
3195:
2819:is favoritism granted to
2413:Framing (social sciences)
2123:It seems to have entered
1296:Opposition to immigration
185:Race / Ethnicity
11646:Occupational segregation
11415:Compulsory sterilization
10280:Pharmaceutical marketing
9634:Illusion of transparency
9275:Machine Learning Journal
8915:10.1177/0886260511403752
8835:10.1177/0002716208330485
8320:"Supping with the Devil"
8218:The Medico-Legal Journal
8121:10.1177/0162243912456271
7699:Hibbing, John D (2014),
7306:, ed. (2007). "Sexism".
6451:"Regulatory Capture 101"
6068:10.1001/jama.299.24.2893
6031:National Academies Press
5837:10.1037/1089-2680.3.1.23
5156:10.1177/1940161213508207
4091:Gender bias on Knowledge
4076:Racial bias on Knowledge
4018:List of cognitive biases
3551:toll access publications
3446:as much or more than in
3335:. It has been linked to
3055:Social desirability bias
2930:, created to act in the
2910:Industry self-regulation
2150:List of cognitive biases
2134:
1291:Occupational segregation
1060:Compulsory sterilization
12174:Internalized oppression
12036:Fighting Discrimination
12026:Fat acceptance movement
11984:Anti-discrimination law
11624:Native American mascots
10327:Nemo iudex in causa sua
9024:. New York: Routledge.
8753:84 Minnesota Law Review
8371:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
8031:Experimental Psychology
7571:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
7554:University of New Haven
7208:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
6690:10.1186/1745-6215-11-37
6456:The Wall Street Journal
6296:New Catholic Dictionary
6125:March 16, 2014, at the
5901:10.1348/014466600164444
5595:. Ronald House Durham.
5453:10.1023/A:1023582629538
5290:"Horns and halo effect"
5121:10.1023/A:1015006907312
4659:Avoiding Decision Traps
3815:professional journalism
3809:topics in a trivial or
3265:physical attractiveness
3072:social science research
2866:administrative agencies
2191:psychological heuristic
2082:results from an unfair
1839:Internalized oppression
1695:Fighting Discrimination
1685:Fat acceptance movement
1643:Anti-discrimination law
1269:Native American mascots
12293:Social identity threat
12266:Reverse discrimination
12256:Racial color blindness
11736:Violence against women
11716:Sex-selective abortion
10211:Arm's length principle
8529:Gilman, Isaac (2009).
7792:10.2202/1540-8884.1075
7591:Macklem, Tony (2003).
7090:Newman, D. M. (2012).
6940:Psychological Bulletin
6094:Black's Law Dictionary
5247:Thorndike, EL (1920).
4910:Psychological Bulletin
4568:"Anchoring Definition"
4331:Predictably Irrational
3906:about the company. In
3904:non-public information
3478:demand characteristics
3306:
3233:at the expense of the
3125:
2926:that can occur when a
2847:
2771:campaign contributions
2751:campaign contributions
2624:Status quo bias is an
2343:
2173:information processing
1958:Social identity threat
1931:Reverse discrimination
1921:Racial color blindness
1381:Violence against women
1361:Sex-selective abortion
49:
12590:Theories of deduction
12261:Religious intolerance
12221:Political correctness
12051:Intersex human rights
11999:Cultural assimilation
11681:Religious persecution
11445:Disability hate crime
11230:Jewish / Antisemitism
10002:ArabâIsraeli conflict
9729:Social influence bias
9674:Out-group homogeneity
9050:. Accessed June 2011.
8230:10.1258/rsmmlj.75.1.3
7867:10.1353/lit.2006.0051
7501:10.1176/ajp.141.4.499
7409:Although we speak of
6834:Kadi, Joanna (1996).
6532:Hamilton, Alexander.
5860:Psychological Studies
5023:Plous, Scott (1993).
4901:Funder, D.C. (1987).
4317:Thinking and Deciding
3766:Agenda-setting theory
3523:Full text on net bias
3351:, and other forms of
3301:
3156:, political opinion,
3112:
2834:
2637:Conflicts of interest
2417:Framing involves the
2379:attitude polarization
2329:
1926:Religious intolerance
1886:Political correctness
1710:Intersex human rights
1658:Cultural assimilation
1326:Religious persecution
1090:Disability hate crime
867:Jewish / Antisemitism
40:
32:Bias (disambiguation)
11666:Political repression
10675:Anti-left handedness
10665:Anti-intellectualism
10121:Conflict of interest
9644:Mere-exposure effect
9574:Extrinsic incentives
9520:Selective perception
9330:Psychological Review
8755:. pp. 265â326.
7530:Sociology in Modules
7424:Loftus, Elizabeth F.
6903:on December 5, 2008.
6490:"Entangling the Web"
6302:on February 24, 2007
6272:on 26 September 2010
5809:Myers, D.G. (2015).
5679:. 12 November 2011.
5677:www.joshuakennon.com
5555:The Jewish Chronicle
5190:Long-Crowell, Erin.
5176:Goffman, E. (1974).
4355:Psychological Review
4291:Cognitive Psychology
3745:, and pressure from
3420:scientific community
3373:substantive equality
3369:equality of outcomes
3361:workplace inequality
3217:Class discrimination
2924:political corruption
2864:or individuals from
2801:social psychologists
2643:Conflict of interest
2387:illusory correlation
2201:. According to this
2098:The word appears to
1311:Political repression
296:Anti-left handedness
286:Anti-intellectualism
30:For other uses, see
12417:Philosophical logic
12169:Historical eugenics
11706:Segregation academy
11686:Religious terrorism
11475:Enemy of the people
11383:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
10902:Jehovah's Witnesses
10795:Perpetual foreigner
10270:Medical ghostwriter
9869:Social desirability
9764:von Restorff effect
9639:Mean world syndrome
9614:Hostile attribution
9154:The Washington Post
8747:Harris, D. (1999).
8278:(7400): 1167â1170.
8192:The Washington Post
7420:Wortman, Camille B.
7071:Oxford Dictionaries
6979:2005EHumB..26..186R
6872:The Free Dictionary
6219:The Free Dictionary
6194:The Free Dictionary
5481:. 13 January 2005.
5294:The Free Dictionary
4999:Wall Street Journal
4686:Scientific American
4614:1974Sci...185.1124T
4608:(4157): 1124â1131.
4431:1974Sci...185.1124T
4425:(4157): 1124â1131.
4328:Ariely, D. (2008).
3968:implicit stereotype
3958:implicit stereotype
3621:Driving while black
3615:Driving while black
3501:sense of obligation
3460:Experimenter's bias
3039:double-blind system
2882:socioeconomic power
2787:In-group favoritism
2419:social construction
2383:belief perseverance
2309:actor-observer bias
1834:Historical eugenics
1351:Segregation academy
1331:Religious terrorism
1120:Enemy of the people
1028:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
531:Jehovah's Witnesses
416:Perpetual foreigner
12481:Unity of opposites
12081:Social integration
12076:Self-determination
12066:Racial integration
12014:Diversity training
12004:Cultural pluralism
11979:Affirmative action
11879:Racial segregation
11789:Crime of apartheid
11691:Religious violence
11194:Indigenous people
10599:Sexual orientation
10170:Regulatory capture
9784:Statistical biases
9562:Curse of knowledge
9309:on August 31, 2015
9061:Stephens, Mitchell
9022:Gatekeeping Theory
8963:2015-10-16 at the
8423:10.1093/ndt/gfg247
8322:. OvercomingBias.
7855:College Literature
7067:2012-09-11 at the
6817:Psychologist Today
6802:2023-02-21 at the
6763:2014-07-05 at the
6655:2010-03-09 at the
6584:Rumsey, Deborah J.
6518:2011-07-20 at the
6500:The New York Times
6495:2011-05-11 at the
6292:"Article Nepotism"
6244:2016-01-25 at the
6090:"What is BRIBERY?"
5992:10.1007/bf00055564
5593:"Corporate Donors"
5578:The Jerusalem Post
5109:Political Behavior
5097:. New York: Knopf.
4664:2013-06-14 at the
4315:Baron, J. (2007).
3702:Media manipulation
3588:literature reviews
3424:anecdotal evidence
3385:Biases in academia
3307:
3126:
3065:empirical research
2974:Statistical biases
2914:Regulatory capture
2848:
2763:secret commissions
2608:consumer decisions
2453:, a collection of
2344:
1740:Social integration
1735:Self-determination
1725:Racial integration
1673:Diversity training
1663:Cultural pluralism
1638:Affirmative action
1530:Racial segregation
1440:Crime of apartheid
1336:Religious violence
831:Indigenous people
212:Sexual orientation
50:
12661:
12660:
12513:List of fallacies
12498:Explanatory power
12425:Critical thinking
12383:
12382:
12251:Racism by country
12179:Intersectionality
12164:Heteronormativity
11963:Voter suppression
11711:Sexual harassment
11510:Forced conversion
11430:Cultural genocide
11093:African Americans
10912:postâCold War era
10897:Eastern Orthodoxy
10660:Anti-drug addicts
10655:Anti-homelessness
10582:Scientific racism
10438:
10437:
10290:Pharmacovigilance
10087:
10086:
9724:Social comparison
9505:Choice-supportive
9102:978-0-7619-6250-2
9074:978-0-19-518991-9
9065:A History of News
8994:978-0-531-16722-9
8909:(17): 3407â3427.
8673:(8746): 867â872.
8383:10.4065/79.8.1001
8169:978-0-205-60999-4
8162:. Prentice Hall.
8041:978-0-495-59533-5
7908:978-0-674-07448-4
7640:978-1-135-94131-4
7606:978-0-521-82682-2
7539:978-0-07-802677-5
7471:978-0-19-513181-9
7441:978-0-0707-1931-6
7404:978-0-1953-7522-0
7371:978-0-631-21681-0
7358:Johnson, Allan G.
7340:978-1-9331-1644-0
7317:978-0-3133-3646-1
7288:978-0-230-62509-9
7261:978-0-00-718399-9
7237:978-0-19-103747-4
7224:Hornsby, Jennifer
7184:978-1-4522-6602-2
7155:978-1-4051-7190-8
7132:978-0-19-989153-5
7101:978-1-4129-8729-5
6853:978-0-89608-548-0
6624:978-0-19-157844-1
6140:Social psychology
6040:978-0-309-13188-9
5447:(9/10): 461â465.
4152:The APPEA Journal
4053:Personal equation
4004:Psychology portal
3984:Anthony Greenwald
3908:various countries
3859:that are able to
3832:Bias in education
3539:academic journals
3454:Experimenter bias
3380:Contextual biases
3345:sexual harassment
3237:, or vice versa.
2980:Bias (statistics)
2928:regulatory agency
2904:Regulatory issues
2846:in September 2013
2837:tobacco lobbyists
2570:Self-serving bias
2564:Self-serving bias
2532:confirmation bias
2435:political leaders
2348:Confirmation bias
2322:Confirmation bias
2313:self-serving bias
2263:gambler's fallacy
2197:encountered when
2053:
2052:
1916:Racism by country
1844:Intersectionality
1829:Heteronormativity
1614:Voter suppression
1356:Sexual harassment
1155:Forced conversion
1075:Cultural genocide
730:African Americans
541:postâCold War era
526:Eastern Orthodoxy
281:Anti-drug addicts
276:Anti-homelessness
195:Scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
12696:
12643:Platonic realism
12410:
12403:
12396:
12387:
12386:
12373:
12372:
12363:
12362:
12303:Social privilege
12288:Social exclusion
12216:Police brutality
12137:Multiculturalism
12107:Amatonormativity
11938:Social exclusion
11774:Age of candidacy
11574:Homeless dumping
11480:Ethnic cleansing
10465:
10458:
10451:
10442:
10441:
10428:
10427:
10418:
10417:
10401:Taken for a Ride
10295:Political ethics
10243:Follow the money
10114:
10107:
10100:
10091:
10090:
9884:Systematic error
9839:Omitted-variable
9754:Trait ascription
9594:Frog pond effect
9422:Cognitive biases
9406:
9399:
9392:
9383:
9382:
9372:
9371:
9345:
9325:
9319:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9245:
9236:
9233:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9223:
9214:. Archived from
9204:
9198:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9177:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9085:
9079:
9078:
9057:
9051:
9042:
9036:
9035:
9017:
9011:
9010:
9002:
8996:
8974:
8968:
8955:
8949:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8886:
8880:
8869:
8865:"Victim Blaming"
8861:
8855:
8854:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8810:. 9 August 2023.
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8790:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8764:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8682:
8656:
8650:
8643:
8637:
8636:
8626:
8624:10.3310/hta14080
8602:
8596:
8595:
8559:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8546:
8537:. Archived from
8526:
8520:
8519:
8509:
8477:
8471:
8470:
8465:. Archived from
8442:
8436:
8435:
8425:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8377:(8): 1001â1006.
8362:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8334:
8328:
8327:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8295:
8263:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8248:. Archived from
8215:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8183:
8174:
8173:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8137:
8131:. Archived from
8106:
8098:Krimsky, Sheldon
8094:
8088:
8087:
8067:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8025:
8019:
8018:
7990:
7984:
7983:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7946:10.1037/a0017538
7929:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7835:
7828:
7817:
7811:
7810:
7774:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7728:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7673:
7667:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7649:
7647:
7620:
7611:
7610:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7562:
7556:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7527:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7457:
7451:
7448:
7433:
7415:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7325:
7299:
7296:
7265:
7253:
7241:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7198:
7195:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7136:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7087:
7081:
7078:
7072:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7018:
7016:
7007:. Archived from
6997:
6991:
6990:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6935:
6929:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6841:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6812:
6806:
6790:
6784:
6774:
6768:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6729:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6702:
6692:
6674:
6665:
6659:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6580:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6545:
6538:
6529:
6523:
6509:
6503:
6488:Timothy B. Lee,
6486:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6427:. Investopedia.
6421:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6298:. Archived from
6288:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6268:. Archived from
6255:
6249:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6149:
6143:
6136:
6130:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6062:(24): 2893â289.
6051:
6045:
6044:
6027:Washington, D.C.
6018:
6012:
6011:
5985:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5894:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5820:
5814:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5669:
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5471:
5465:
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5436:
5430:
5429:
5422:10.1037/h0076472
5401:
5395:
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5378:
5372:
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5369:
5346:
5320:
5311:
5305:
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5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5265:10.1037/h0071663
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5224:. Investopedia.
5218:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5187:
5181:
5174:
5168:
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5139:
5133:
5132:
5104:
5098:
5091:Tuchman, Barbara
5088:
5082:
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5014:
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4590:
4584:
4583:
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4579:
4570:. Investopedia.
4564:
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4185:
4176:
4175:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4120:(204): 247â256.
4109:
4068:Source criticism
4063:Scholarly method
4023:Detection theory
4013:Algorithmic bias
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3976:social cognition
3853:machine learning
3826:Educational bias
3654:Racial profiling
3648:Racial profiling
3634:African American
3630:racial profiling
3574:Publication bias
3568:Publication bias
3513:publication bias
3466:science research
3391:Statistical bias
3263:on the basis of
3225:on the basis of
2963:crowd psychology
2803:, and linked to
2735:sweetheart deals
2699:rights in action
2665:improper actions
2582:processes to be
2423:social phenomena
2282:Attribution bias
2276:Attribution bias
2199:making decisions
2140:Cognitive biases
2127:via the game of
2080:Statistical bias
2076:systematic error
2045:
2038:
2031:
1968:Social privilege
1953:Social exclusion
1881:Police brutality
1802:Multiculturalism
1774:Amatonormativity
1589:Social exclusion
1425:Age of candidacy
1219:Homeless dumping
1125:Ethnic cleansing
75:
52:
51:
21:
12704:
12703:
12699:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12694:
12693:
12664:
12663:
12662:
12657:
12628:Logical atomism
12584:
12477:Socratic method
12428:
12419:
12414:
12384:
12379:
12351:
12226:Polyculturalism
12122:Civil liberties
12090:
12071:Reappropriation
11972:Countermeasures
11967:
11896:Racial steering
11862:Numerus clausus
11766:
11760:
11485:Ethnic conflict
11420:Corrective rape
11371:
11011:
10858:
10750:HIV/AIDS stigma
10618:
10567:Mental disorder
10505:
10474:
10469:
10439:
10434:
10406:
10353:
10314:
10221:Business ethics
10194:
10180:Self-regulation
10155:Insider trading
10123:
10118:
10088:
10083:
10064:
10038:
9903:
9778:
9759:Turkey illusion
9527:Compassion fade
9424:
9415:
9410:
9380:
9375:
9343:10.1.1.411.2919
9326:
9322:
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9162:
9145:
9141:
9131:
9129:
9116:Sadker, David.
9114:
9110:
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9086:
9082:
9075:
9058:
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9039:
9032:
9018:
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8976:Ann Heinrichs,
8975:
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8965:Wayback Machine
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8439:
8402:
8398:
8363:
8356:
8347:
8345:
8338:"Types of Bias"
8336:
8335:
8331:
8316:Anders Sandberg
8313:
8309:
8264:
8260:
8252:
8213:
8207:
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7318:
7304:Sears, James T.
7294:
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6914:Farrell, Warren
6912:
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6844:South End Press
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6589:. Dummies.com.
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5706:Right Attitudes
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4657:Edward Teach, "
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4164:10.1071/aj15032
4148:
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4097:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3980:Mahzarin Banaji
3960:
3954:
3940:), or to rig a
3926:
3918:Main articles:
3916:
3880:
3878:Insider trading
3874:
3872:Insider trading
3849:
3843:
3834:
3828:
3823:
3802:
3796:
3787:
3781:
3775:will increase.
3768:
3762:
3704:
3696:Main articles:
3694:
3692:Biases in media
3682:
3676:
3664:law enforcement
3656:
3650:
3623:
3617:
3612:
3576:
3570:
3531:
3525:
3496:
3490:
3462:
3456:
3414:to shape their
3410:allowing their
3404:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3365:formal equality
3357:gender identity
3353:sexual violence
3319:based on one's
3295:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3249:
3243:
3219:
3213:
3204:
3198:
3149:
3137:Main articles:
3135:
3107:
3101:
3089:sexual behavior
3057:
3049:Main articles:
3047:
3027:
3021:
3013:
3007:
2982:
2976:
2951:
2945:
2936:interest groups
2932:public interest
2916:
2908:Main articles:
2906:
2854:
2844:Kartika Liotard
2835:Box offered by
2829:
2789:
2783:
2683:
2677:
2645:
2639:
2622:
2620:Status quo bias
2616:
2614:Status quo bias
2572:
2566:
2540:brand marketing
2505:
2497:Main articles:
2495:
2445:, framing is a
2415:
2407:Main articles:
2403:
2350:
2336:Charles Dickens
2324:
2284:
2278:
2259:roulette wheels
2247:rationalization
2239:
2233:
2225:Main articles:
2223:
2189:Anchoring is a
2187:
2181:
2152:
2144:Main articles:
2142:
2137:
2096:
2049:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1891:Polyculturalism
1787:Civil liberties
1761:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1730:Reappropriation
1630:
1629:Countermeasures
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1547:Racial steering
1513:Numerus clausus
1417:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1130:Ethnic conflict
1065:Corrective rape
1020:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
655:
644:
643:
642:
641:
640:
493:
483:
482:
481:
480:
479:
371:HIV/AIDS stigma
243:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
180:Mental disorder
122:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
83:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12702:
12692:
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12676:
12659:
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12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12598:Constructivism
12594:
12592:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
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12547:
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12455:
12450:
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12440:
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12432:
12430:informal logic
12421:
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12413:
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12405:
12398:
12390:
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12367:
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12320:
12315:
12310:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12274:
12273:
12271:Reverse racism
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12241:Prisoner abuse
12238:
12233:
12231:Power distance
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12197:
12196:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12149:Ethnic penalty
12146:
12145:
12144:
12142:Neurodiversity
12139:
12129:
12127:Dehumanization
12124:
12119:
12117:Cisnormativity
12114:
12109:
12104:
12098:
12096:
12095:Related topics
12092:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12068:
12063:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12043:
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11996:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11975:
11973:
11969:
11968:
11966:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11953:State religion
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11934:
11933:
11928:
11923:
11918:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11892:
11891:
11889:Nuremberg Laws
11886:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11831:Ghetto benches
11828:
11826:Gerrymandering
11823:
11818:
11813:
11811:Gender pay gap
11808:
11807:
11806:
11801:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11770:
11768:
11765:Discriminatory
11762:
11761:
11759:
11758:
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11748:
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11594:Lavender scare
11591:
11589:Kill Haole Day
11586:
11584:Indian rolling
11581:
11576:
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11566:
11561:
11560:
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11522:
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11472:
11470:Eliminationism
11467:
11462:
11457:
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11447:
11442:
11437:
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11427:
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11417:
11412:
11407:
11405:Cancel culture
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11376:Manifestations
11373:
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11272:Middle Eastern
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11007:Zoroastrianism
11004:
10999:
10994:
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10972:
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10934:Untouchability
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10760:Leprosy stigma
10757:
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10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10626:
10624:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10579:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10482:
10480:
10476:
10475:
10472:Discrimination
10468:
10467:
10460:
10453:
10445:
10436:
10435:
10433:
10432:
10422:
10411:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10404:
10397:
10390:
10383:
10376:
10369:
10361:
10359:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10351:
10344:
10337:
10330:
10322:
10320:
10316:
10315:
10313:
10312:
10307:
10305:Revolving door
10302:
10300:Political bias
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10267:
10266:
10265:
10258:Medical ethics
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10202:
10200:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10167:
10162:
10157:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10131:
10129:
10125:
10124:
10117:
10116:
10109:
10102:
10094:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10069:
10066:
10065:
10063:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10046:
10044:
10043:Bias reduction
10040:
10039:
10037:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10019:Political bias
10016:
10011:
10010:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9947:Infrastructure
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9922:
9917:
9911:
9909:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9864:Self-selection
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9815:
9814:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9788:
9786:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9699:Pro-innovation
9696:
9691:
9686:
9684:Overton window
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9565:
9564:
9554:
9552:DunningâKruger
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9491:
9490:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9466:Correspondence
9463:
9461:Actorâobserver
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9427:
9425:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9409:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9386:
9379:
9378:External links
9376:
9374:
9373:
9320:
9288:
9261:
9255:10.1.1.19.5466
9237:
9228:
9199:
9172:
9139:
9108:
9101:
9089:Thompson, John
9080:
9073:
9052:
9037:
9031:978-0415981392
9030:
9012:
8997:
8969:
8950:
8936:
8891:
8856:
8813:
8795:
8784:The New Yorker
8770:
8739:
8720:(4): 343â353.
8702:
8651:
8638:
8597:
8570:(9341): 1256.
8551:
8521:
8492:(4): 351â355.
8472:
8469:on 2011-07-19.
8437:
8396:
8354:
8329:
8318:(2007-01-14).
8307:
8258:
8255:on 2013-05-21.
8224:(Pt 1): 3â12.
8201:
8175:
8168:
8148:
8115:(4): 566â587.
8089:
8083:979-8862902785
8082:
8059:
8040:
8020:
8001:(1â2): 51â63.
7985:
7966:
7940:(4): 219â231,
7924:
7907:
7887:
7845:
7812:
7766:
7711:(3): 297â350,
7691:
7668:
7657:
7639:
7612:
7605:
7583:
7557:
7545:
7538:
7514:
7495:(4): 499â503.
7477:
7470:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7440:
7416:
7412:
7403:
7391:Lorber, Judith
7387:
7370:
7354:
7339:
7326:
7316:
7300:
7287:
7275:Scruton, Roger
7271:
7260:
7243:
7236:
7220:
7200:
7183:
7170:
7154:
7138:
7131:
7110:
7100:
7082:
7073:
7054:
7027:
6992:
6973:(2): 186â201.
6957:
6930:
6906:
6884:
6859:
6852:
6838:Thinking Class
6826:
6807:
6785:
6769:
6750:
6721:
6660:
6642:
6623:
6603:
6575:
6557:
6524:
6504:
6481:
6459:. 2014-10-06.
6442:
6416:
6399:YourDictionary
6386:
6364:
6334:
6312:
6283:
6250:
6231:
6206:
6181:
6162:(2): 201â211.
6144:
6131:
6111:
6096:. 2011-11-04.
6081:
6046:
6039:
6013:
5960:
5949:(1): 125â137.
5933:
5914:
5885:(2): 229â239.
5869:
5850:
5815:
5802:
5776:
5749:
5722:
5708:. 2010-05-01.
5693:
5664:
5637:
5610:
5591:Jones, Nancy.
5583:
5564:
5541:
5528:10.1086/519499
5496:
5466:
5431:
5396:
5373:
5306:
5281:
5239:
5213:
5182:
5169:
5134:
5115:(3): 225â256.
5099:
5083:
5064:(2): 175â220.
5048:
5041:
5015:
4985:
4955:
4942:
4893:
4850:
4837:
4828:
4809:
4790:
4765:
4758:. 2011-08-19.
4741:
4711:
4676:
4650:
4585:
4559:
4529:
4494:
4479:
4464:
4405:
4361:(4): 650â669.
4344:For instance:
4337:
4321:
4308:
4297:(3): 430â454.
4281:
4266:
4251:
4236:
4210:
4177:
4139:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3991:
3988:
3956:Main article:
3953:
3950:
3915:
3912:
3884:public company
3876:Main article:
3873:
3870:
3847:Inductive bias
3845:Main article:
3842:
3841:Inductive bias
3839:
3830:Main article:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Other contexts
3819:
3800:Sensationalism
3798:Main article:
3795:
3794:Sensationalism
3792:
3783:Main article:
3780:
3777:
3764:Main article:
3761:
3760:Agenda setting
3758:
3754:printing press
3712:news producers
3693:
3690:
3680:Victim blaming
3678:Main article:
3675:
3674:Victim blaming
3672:
3652:Main article:
3649:
3646:
3619:Main article:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3572:Main article:
3569:
3566:
3527:Main article:
3524:
3521:
3517:reporting bias
3492:Main article:
3489:
3486:
3458:Main article:
3455:
3452:
3428:self-selection
3400:Main article:
3397:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3317:discrimination
3296:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3275:Main article:
3272:
3269:
3261:discrimination
3245:Main article:
3242:
3239:
3223:discrimination
3215:Main article:
3212:
3209:
3200:Main article:
3197:
3194:
3134:
3131:
3105:Selection bias
3103:Main article:
3100:
3099:Selection bias
3097:
3051:Reporting bias
3046:
3043:
3023:Main article:
3020:
3017:
3009:Main article:
3006:
3003:
2991:expected value
2978:Main article:
2975:
2972:
2947:Main article:
2944:
2941:
2905:
2902:
2870:constituencies
2858:administrators
2850:Main article:
2828:
2825:
2805:group conflict
2785:Main article:
2782:
2779:
2679:Main article:
2676:
2673:
2641:Main article:
2638:
2635:
2626:emotional bias
2618:Main article:
2615:
2612:
2568:Main article:
2565:
2562:
2494:
2491:
2469:, concepts of
2467:mate selection
2451:interpretation
2402:
2399:
2391:overconfidence
2346:Main article:
2323:
2320:
2280:Main article:
2277:
2274:
2237:Hindsight bias
2222:
2219:
2183:Main article:
2180:
2177:
2157:social reality
2146:Cognitive bias
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2095:
2092:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1936:Reverse racism
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Prisoner abuse
1903:
1898:
1896:Power distance
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1814:Ethnic penalty
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:Neurodiversity
1804:
1794:
1792:Dehumanization
1789:
1784:
1782:Cisnormativity
1779:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1760:Related topics
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
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1737:
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1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
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1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
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1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1604:State religion
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1540:Nuremberg Laws
1537:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Ghetto benches
1479:
1477:Gerrymandering
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Gender pay gap
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
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1404:
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1398:
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1358:
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1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:Lavender scare
1236:
1234:Kill Haole Day
1231:
1229:Indian rolling
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Eliminationism
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1050:Cancel culture
1047:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1019:Manifestations
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
909:Middle Eastern
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
875:
874:
864:
859:
854:
849:
848:
847:
842:
837:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
743:
742:
737:
732:
722:
717:
712:
711:
710:
705:
700:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
658:
657:
656:
650:
649:
646:
645:
639:
638:
636:Zoroastrianism
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
612:
611:
601:
600:
599:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
567:
566:
565:
563:Untouchability
560:
550:
545:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
495:
494:
489:
488:
485:
484:
478:
477:
472:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
445:
444:
443:
438:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
381:Leprosy stigma
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
230:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
198:
197:
192:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
87:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
65:Discrimination
61:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12701:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12671:
12669:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12595:
12593:
12591:
12587:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12514:
12511:
12510:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12482:
12478:
12474:
12471:
12470:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12435:
12433:
12431:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12411:
12406:
12404:
12399:
12397:
12392:
12391:
12388:
12376:
12368:
12366:
12358:
12357:
12354:
12348:
12345:
12341:
12338:
12337:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12325:Social stigma
12323:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12305:
12304:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12289:
12286:
12284:
12281:
12279:
12276:
12272:
12269:
12268:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12195:
12192:
12191:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12115:
12113:
12110:
12108:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12093:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12072:
12069:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12034:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12015:
12012:
12011:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11976:
11974:
11970:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11948:State atheism
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11913:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11884:Jim Crow laws
11882:
11881:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11869:One-drop rule
11867:
11865:
11863:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11796:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11784:Blood quantum
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11771:
11769:
11763:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11731:Victimisation
11729:
11727:
11726:Trans bashing
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11696:Religious war
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11676:Racialization
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11626:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11600:
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11582:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11558:
11555:
11554:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11547:Glass ceiling
11545:
11541:
11538:
11537:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11490:Ethnic hatred
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11425:Counter-jihad
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11389:
11386:
11385:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11374:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11209:
11208:United States
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11188:
11186:
11183:
11181:
11178:
11176:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11090:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11072:
11071:United States
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11019:
11014:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10992:Protestantism
10990:
10988:
10985:
10981:
10978:
10977:
10976:
10973:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10947:
10944:
10943:
10942:
10939:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10926:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10907:LDS or Mormon
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10869:
10867:
10865:
10861:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10837:Transmisogyny
10835:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10825:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10740:Gerontophobia
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10670:Anti-intersex
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10645:Anti-albinism
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10621:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10508:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10486:Institutional
10484:
10483:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10466:
10461:
10459:
10454:
10452:
10447:
10446:
10443:
10431:
10423:
10421:
10413:
10412:
10409:
10403:
10402:
10398:
10396:
10395:
10391:
10389:
10388:
10384:
10382:
10381:
10377:
10375:
10374:
10370:
10368:
10367:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10356:
10350:
10349:
10345:
10343:
10342:
10338:
10336:
10335:
10331:
10329:
10328:
10324:
10323:
10321:
10317:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10238:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10203:
10201:
10197:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10185:State capture
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10163:
10161:
10158:
10156:
10153:
10151:
10148:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10138:
10136:
10133:
10132:
10130:
10126:
10122:
10115:
10110:
10108:
10103:
10101:
10096:
10095:
10092:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10071:
10070:
10067:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10041:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9997:United States
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9972:False balance
9970:
9969:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9927:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9912:
9910:
9906:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9844:Participation
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9813:
9812:Psychological
9810:
9809:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9781:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9579:Fading affect
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9521:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9458:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9418:
9414:
9407:
9402:
9400:
9395:
9393:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9324:
9313:September 23,
9308:
9304:
9300:
9299:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9265:
9256:
9251:
9244:
9242:
9232:
9218:on 2018-06-28
9217:
9213:
9209:
9203:
9187:
9183:
9176:
9160:
9156:
9155:
9150:
9143:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9112:
9104:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9084:
9076:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9049:
9046:
9041:
9033:
9027:
9023:
9016:
9008:
9001:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8986:0-531-16722-4
8983:
8979:
8973:
8966:
8962:
8959:
8954:
8947:
8946:
8940:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8908:
8904:
8903:
8895:
8877:
8873:
8866:
8860:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8817:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8785:
8781:
8774:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8743:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8714:
8706:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8667:
8662:
8655:
8648:
8642:
8634:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8601:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8558:
8556:
8541:on 2011-02-21
8540:
8536:
8532:
8525:
8517:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8476:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8441:
8433:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8400:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8361:
8359:
8343:
8339:
8333:
8325:
8321:
8317:
8311:
8303:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8262:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8212:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8182:
8180:
8171:
8165:
8161:
8160:
8152:
8138:on 2012-10-17
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8085:
8079:
8075:
8074:
8066:
8064:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8024:
8016:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7989:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7928:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7891:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7836:on 2013-12-17
7832:
7825:
7824:
7816:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7773:
7771:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7695:
7679:
7672:
7666:
7661:
7654:
7642:
7636:
7633:. p. 6.
7632:
7628:
7627:
7619:
7617:
7608:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7587:
7572:
7568:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7541:
7535:
7531:
7526:
7518:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7481:
7473:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7447:
7443:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7385:
7373:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7352:
7342:
7336:
7332:
7327:
7324:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7290:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7209:
7205:
7197:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7168:
7157:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7124:
7119:
7118:
7114:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7093:
7086:
7077:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7058:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7023:
7011:on 2015-08-29
7010:
7006:
7004:
6996:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6877:September 30,
6873:
6869:
6863:
6855:
6849:
6845:
6840:
6839:
6830:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6793:William James
6789:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6754:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6646:
6630:
6626:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6607:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6579:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6555:, World Bank.
6542:
6535:
6528:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6508:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6485:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6338:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6271:
6267:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6235:
6224:September 24,
6220:
6216:
6210:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6148:
6141:
6135:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6115:
6104:September 30,
6099:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6042:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5806:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5772:
5768:
5765:(6): 369â73.
5764:
5760:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5653:(3): 203â17.
5652:
5648:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5626:(2): 123â37.
5625:
5621:
5614:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5579:
5575:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5512:(3): 301â14.
5511:
5507:
5500:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5416:(3): 410â14.
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5344:2027.42/92158
5340:
5336:
5332:
5329:(4): 250â56.
5328:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5299:September 30,
5295:
5291:
5285:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5232:September 30,
5227:
5223:
5222:"Halo Effect"
5217:
5206:September 30,
5201:
5198:. study.com.
5197:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5042:9780070504776
5038:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5019:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4952:
4946:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4841:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4654:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4578:September 29,
4573:
4569:
4563:
4552:September 29,
4547:
4543:
4542:Science Daily
4539:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4240:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4182:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4144:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4108:
4104:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:Proof (truth)
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:implicit bias
3959:
3952:Implicit bias
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3928:In organized
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3900:stock options
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3866:Occam's Razor
3862:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3556:
3555:impact factor
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3402:Academic bias
3396:Academic bias
3392:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3147:Cultural bias
3144:
3140:
3130:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:personalities
3082:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3016:
3012:
3011:Forecast bias
3005:Forecast bias
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:, frequently
2859:
2853:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:, especially
2798:
2797:psychologists
2794:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2775:criminal acts
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:stock options
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:return favors
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Devil's horns
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:social theory
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2409:Cultural bias
2405:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:, favor, and
2359:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:irrationality
2158:
2151:
2147:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:Old Provençal
2101:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:closed-minded
2065:
2061:
2057:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Social stigma
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:State atheism
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Jim Crow laws
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:One-drop rule
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:Blood quantum
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Victimisation
1374:
1372:
1371:Trans bashing
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Religious war
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:Racialization
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Glass ceiling
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:Ethnic hatred
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Counter-jihad
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
873:
870:
869:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
846:
845:United States
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
709:
708:United States
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
654:
648:
647:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:Protestantism
619:
617:
614:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
549:
546:
542:
539:
537:
536:LDS or Mormon
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
492:
487:
486:
476:
473:
471:
468:
464:
461:
459:
458:Transmisogyny
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Gerontophobia
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:Anti-intersex
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:Anti-albinism
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
239:
238:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
118:
117:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
91:Institutional
89:
88:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
12623:Intuitionism
12608:Fictionalism
12457:
12159:Gender-blind
12111:
12046:Human rights
11874:Racial quota
11861:
11841:Jewish quota
11821:Gerontocracy
11816:Gender roles
11794:Disabilities
11779:Blood purity
11751:Wife selling
11741:White flight
11721:Slut-shaming
11701:Scapegoating
11619:Murder music
11292:Palestinians
11235:Anti-Zionism
11103:South Africa
11088:Black people
11066:South Africa
10887:Christianity
10877:Bahåʟà Faith
10805:Sectarianism
10745:Heterosexism
10710:Ephebiphobia
10680:Anti-Masonry
10547:Hair texture
10399:
10392:
10387:Side Effects
10385:
10378:
10371:
10364:
10346:
10339:
10332:
10325:
10275:Moral hazard
10248:Legal ethics
10235:
10215:
10175:Self-dealing
10150:Funding bias
10135:Chinese wall
9957:In education
9924:
9908:Other biases
9894:Verification
9879:Survivorship
9829:Non-response
9802:Healthy user
9744:Substitution
9719:Self-serving
9515:Confirmation
9483:Availability
9431:Acquiescence
9412:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9311:. Retrieved
9307:the original
9298:match-fixing
9297:
9291:
9278:
9274:
9264:
9231:
9220:. Retrieved
9216:the original
9211:
9202:
9190:. Retrieved
9175:
9163:. Retrieved
9152:
9142:
9130:. Retrieved
9121:
9111:
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8871:
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8539:the original
8534:
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8457:(2): 39â44.
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8332:
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8133:the original
8112:
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8030:
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7831:the original
7822:
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7779:
7759:, retrieved
7708:
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7682:. Retrieved
7671:
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7651:
7644:. Retrieved
7625:
7595:. New York:
7592:
7586:
7574:. Retrieved
7570:
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7207:
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7142:Cudd, Ann E.
7122:
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7091:
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7057:
7043:(1): 31â40.
7040:
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7009:the original
7002:
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6901:the original
6896:
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6871:
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6772:
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6743:September 1,
6741:. Retrieved
6680:
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6633:. Retrieved
6613:
6606:
6595:. Retrieved
6578:
6565:
6560:
6548:. Retrieved
6527:
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6484:
6473:. Retrieved
6454:
6445:
6433:. Retrieved
6419:
6407:. Retrieved
6398:
6389:
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6367:
6355:. Retrieved
6346:
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6324:
6315:
6304:. Retrieved
6300:the original
6295:
6286:
6276:10 September
6274:. Retrieved
6270:the original
6262:
6253:
6234:
6222:. Retrieved
6218:
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6193:
6184:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6139:
6134:
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6093:
6084:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6022:
6016:
5973:
5969:
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5946:
5942:
5936:
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5872:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5828:
5824:
5818:
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5805:
5794:. Retrieved
5779:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5738:(4): 245â6.
5735:
5731:
5725:
5714:. Retrieved
5705:
5696:
5685:. Retrieved
5676:
5667:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5623:
5619:
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5586:
5577:
5567:
5554:
5544:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5487:. Retrieved
5478:
5469:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5387:The Guardian
5386:
5376:
5326:
5322:
5309:
5297:. Retrieved
5293:
5284:
5273:. Retrieved
5259:(1): 25â29.
5256:
5252:
5242:
5230:. Retrieved
5216:
5204:. Retrieved
5195:
5185:
5177:
5172:
5150:(1): 42â65.
5147:
5143:
5137:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5026:
5018:
5007:. Retrieved
4998:
4988:
4976:. Retrieved
4967:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4916:(1): 75â90.
4913:
4909:
4896:
4866:(1): 49â74.
4863:
4859:
4853:
4845:
4840:
4831:
4812:
4793:
4782:. Retrieved
4768:
4753:
4744:
4733:. Retrieved
4724:
4714:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4670:
4653:
4605:
4601:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4562:
4550:. Retrieved
4541:
4532:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4488:
4482:
4473:
4467:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4358:
4354:
4340:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4311:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4275:
4269:
4260:
4254:
4245:
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4213:
4201:. Retrieved
4190:
4155:
4151:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4038:Impartiality
3972:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3927:
3920:Match fixing
3914:Match fixing
3881:
3860:
3850:
3835:
3803:
3788:
3769:
3751:
3728:
3705:
3683:
3657:
3624:
3577:
3559:
3532:
3497:
3494:Funding bias
3488:Funding bias
3463:
3405:
3337:gender roles
3280:
3250:
3227:social class
3221:Classism is
3220:
3205:
3158:social class
3150:
3127:
3069:
3061:epidemiology
3058:
3031:researcher's
3028:
3014:
2983:
2968:paid reviews
2952:
2921:
2917:
2855:
2790:
2755:sponsorships
2684:
2646:
2623:
2573:
2559:
2552:
2528:saint's halo
2525:
2513:organization
2506:
2463:
2416:
2404:
2351:
2338:' character
2317:
2288:attributions
2285:
2267:
2240:
2211:negotiations
2188:
2153:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2097:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
1824:Gender-blind
1705:Human rights
1525:Racial quota
1512:
1492:Jewish quota
1472:Gerontocracy
1467:Gender roles
1445:Disabilities
1430:Blood purity
1396:Wife selling
1386:White flight
1366:Slut-shaming
1346:Scapegoating
1264:Murder music
929:Palestinians
872:Anti-Zionism
740:South Africa
725:Black people
703:South Africa
516:Christianity
506:Bahåʟà Faith
426:Sectarianism
366:Heterosexism
331:Ephebiphobia
301:Anti-Masonry
160:Hair texture
12603:Dialetheism
12493:Explanation
12463:Credibility
12061:Nonviolence
12056:LGBT rights
12021:Empowerment
11989:Anti-racism
11911:Segregation
11856:No kid zone
11656:Persecution
11569:Hate speech
11520:Gay bashing
11495:Ethnic joke
11450:Dog whistle
11395:Blood libel
11083:Azerbaijani
10987:Neopaganism
10980:Persecution
10946:Persecution
10929:Persecution
10892:Catholicism
10827:Transphobia
10810:Supremacism
10765:Lesbophobia
10685:Aporophobia
10650:Anti-autism
10501:Taste-based
10496:Statistical
10024:Publication
9977:Vietnam War
9824:Length time
9807:Information
9749:Time-saving
9609:Horn effect
9599:Halo effect
9547:Distinction
9456:Attribution
9451:Attentional
9336:(1): 4â27.
9192:3 September
9165:3 September
9132:3 September
8804:"Profiling"
8052:7 September
7861:(4): 1â42,
6946:: 109â128.
6823:(10): 53â6.
6264:Adam Bellow
6239:"Nepotism."
5976:(1): 7â59.
5866:(1): 85â89.
5603:26 November
4510:: 131â140.
4229:1 September
4072:Knowledge:
4043:Metascience
3946:spot-fixing
3924:Spot-fixing
3779:Gatekeeping
3747:advertisers
3714:within the
3708:journalists
3686:victimology
3642:racial bias
3600:null result
3584:significant
3543:open access
3509:malpractice
3474:unconscious
3341:stereotypes
3303:Suffragette
3253:stereotypes
3251:Lookism is
3235:lower class
3231:upper class
3190:nationality
3081:self-report
2987:statistical
2898:common good
2689:(including
2653:association
2588:self-esteem
2503:Horn effect
2499:Halo effect
2459:stereotypes
2374:emotionally
2293:personality
2195:information
2072:prejudicial
2060:in favor of
1720:Nonviolence
1715:LGBT rights
1680:Empowerment
1648:Anti-racism
1562:Segregation
1507:No kid zone
1301:Persecution
1214:Hate speech
1165:Gay bashing
1140:Ethnic joke
1095:Dog whistle
1040:Blood libel
720:Azerbaijani
616:Neopaganism
609:Persecution
575:Persecution
558:Persecution
521:Catholicism
448:Transphobia
431:Supremacism
386:Lesbophobia
306:Aporophobia
271:Anti-autism
106:Taste-based
101:Statistical
12689:Prejudices
12668:Categories
12648:Pragmatism
12638:Nominalism
12545:Propaganda
12520:Hypothesis
12473:Antithesis
12335:Stereotype
12330:Speciesism
12211:Oppression
12206:Oikophobia
12102:Allophilia
12086:Toleration
11943:Sodomy law
11836:Internment
11756:Witch-hunt
11634:Blackhawks
11564:Hate group
11552:Hate crime
11525:Gendercide
11515:Freak show
11505:Excellence
11465:Employment
11435:Defamation
11367:Vietnamese
11362:Venezuelan
11252:Lithuanian
10919:Falun Gong
10854:Xenophobia
10849:Vegaphobia
10832:Non-binary
10790:Pedophobia
10755:Homophobia
10577:Skin color
10537:Disability
10510:Attributes
10491:Structural
10380:Inside Job
10373:Big Pharma
10366:Bad Pharma
10231:Corruption
9987:South Asia
9962:Liking gap
9774:In animals
9739:Status quo
9654:Negativity
9557:Egocentric
9532:Congruence
9510:Commitment
9500:Blind spot
9488:Mean world
9478:Automation
9222:2017-09-08
9122:sadker.org
8885:2018-08-31
8789:2017-03-14
8564:The Lancet
8545:2015-09-02
8348:2010-08-04
8142:2015-09-23
7982:(1): 9â19.
7919:2014-01-24
7840:2014-01-24
7761:2019-09-02
7726:1911/77132
7430:Psychology
7199:Also see:
6926:0814472109
6920:. AMACOM,
6782:0877799008
6597:2018-08-24
6550:2013-05-24
6475:2017-09-08
6435:October 2,
6409:October 2,
6373:"lobbyist"
6343:"lobbying"
6321:"lobbying"
6306:2007-07-12
6215:"Nepotism"
6199:October 1,
6190:"Cronyism"
5796:2017-08-14
5716:2017-09-08
5687:2017-09-08
5489:18 January
5275:2019-12-20
5009:2010-06-13
4784:2011-06-29
4735:2011-06-29
4727:. London.
4158:(1): 435.
4114:Philosophy
4100:References
3934:draft pick
3892:securities
3857:algorithms
3807:newsworthy
3735:censorship
3731:government
3716:mass media
3698:Media bias
3668:minorities
3592:hypothesis
3529:FUTON bias
3505:misconduct
3389:See also:
3166:disability
3133:Prejudices
3122:population
3035:controlled
2886:corrupting
2781:Favoritism
2767:promotions
2669:corruption
2630:status quo
2602:, playing
2580:perceptual
2536:appearance
2509:observer's
2475:linguistic
2427:mass media
2370:hypotheses
2354:search for
2340:Uriah Heep
2270:hierophany
2255:card games
2235:See also:
2231:Pareidolia
2213:, so that
2108:Old French
2088:estimation
2000:Stereotype
1995:Speciesism
1876:Oppression
1871:Oikophobia
1769:Allophilia
1745:Toleration
1594:Sodomy law
1487:Internment
1401:Witch-hunt
1279:Blackhawks
1209:Hate group
1197:Hate crime
1170:Gendercide
1160:Freak show
1150:Excellence
1110:Employment
1080:Defamation
1004:Vietnamese
999:Venezuelan
889:Lithuanian
548:Falun Gong
475:Xenophobia
470:Vegaphobia
453:Non-binary
411:Pedophobia
376:Homophobia
190:Skin color
150:Disability
121:Attributes
96:Structural
46:pareidolia
12618:Formalism
12580:Vagueness
12560:Relevance
12555:Reasoning
12468:Dialectic
12443:Ambiguity
12308:Christian
12236:Prejudice
12184:Masculism
12132:Diversity
11926:religious
11901:Redlining
11500:Ethnocide
11460:Education
11352:Ukrainian
11287:Pakistani
11277:Mongolian
11198:Australia
11180:Hungarian
11135:Colombian
11115:Bulgarian
10997:Rastafari
10951:Ahmadiyya
10864:Religious
10842:Trans men
10800:Pregnancy
10735:Gayphobia
10730:Fatphobia
10635:Acephobia
10630:Arophobia
10614:Viewpoint
10206:AllTrials
10055:Debiasing
10034:White hat
10029:Reporting
9942:Inductive
9859:Selection
9819:Lead time
9792:Estimator
9769:Zero-risk
9734:Spotlight
9714:Restraint
9704:Proximity
9689:Precision
9649:Narrative
9604:Hindsight
9589:Frequency
9569:Emotional
9542:Declinism
9473:Authority
9446:Anchoring
9436:Ambiguity
9338:CiteSeerX
9250:CiteSeerX
8851:146368789
8829:: 52â63.
7954:1938-8934
7883:143909432
7875:1542-4286
7800:1540-8884
7780:The Forum
7735:1939-1323
7646:April 20,
7631:Routledge
7117:Sources:
6893:"Lookism"
6868:"Lookism"
6465:0099-9660
6176:0022-4545
6000:0895-5646
5978:CiteSeerX
5930:(3): 242.
5887:CiteSeerX
5845:144756539
5831:: 23â43.
5514:CiteSeerX
5461:141143275
5441:Sex Roles
5353:1939-1315
5164:220652512
4692:(6): 48.
4638:143452957
4524:1041-6080
4455:143452957
4363:CiteSeerX
4221:. Chegg.
4172:1326-4966
4134:170331649
3986:in 1995.
3894:(such as
3890:or other
3432:sexuality
3313:prejudice
3257:prejudice
3182:ethnicity
3174:sexuality
3143:Prejudice
2999:estimated
2995:parameter
2862:lawmakers
2839:to Dutch
2821:relatives
2809:prejudice
2747:donations
2739:kickbacks
2731:discounts
2711:emolument
2707:privilege
2657:financial
2606:, and in
2596:workplace
2584:distorted
2576:cognitive
2544:companies
2455:anecdotes
2429:sources,
2395:decisions
2358:interpret
2251:lotteries
2227:Apophenia
2221:Apophenia
2203:heuristic
2185:Anchoring
2179:Anchoring
2094:Etymology
1973:Christian
1901:Prejudice
1849:Masculism
1797:Diversity
1577:religious
1552:Redlining
1145:Ethnocide
1105:Education
989:Ukrainian
924:Pakistani
914:Mongolian
835:Australia
817:Hungarian
772:Colombian
752:Bulgarian
626:Rastafari
580:Ahmadiyya
491:Religious
463:Trans men
421:Pregnancy
356:Gayphobia
351:Fatphobia
256:Acephobia
251:Arophobia
227:Viewpoint
12633:Logicism
12613:Finitism
12565:Rhetoric
12550:Prudence
12488:Evidence
12448:Argument
12438:Analysis
12365:Category
12347:The talk
12283:Snobbery
12201:Net bias
12031:Feminism
11958:Ugly law
11799:Catholic
11767:policies
11614:Mortgage
11609:Lynching
11540:examples
11535:Genocide
11455:Economic
11440:Democide
11400:Bullying
11317:Romanian
11282:Nigerian
11225:Japanese
11160:Georgian
11145:Filipino
11078:Assyrian
11051:Armenian
11041:American
11036:Albanian
11018:National
11002:Yazidism
10924:Hinduism
10882:Buddhism
10785:Nepotism
10780:Misogyny
10775:Misandry
10700:Clannism
10695:Biphobia
10640:Adultism
10557:Language
10341:R v Neil
10253:Lobbying
10237:Cui bono
10226:Cochrane
10165:Nepotism
9952:Inherent
9915:Academic
9889:Systemic
9874:Spectrum
9854:Sampling
9834:Observer
9797:Forecast
9709:Response
9669:Optimism
9664:Omission
9659:Normalcy
9629:In-group
9624:Implicit
9537:Cultural
9441:Affinity
9283:Archived
9281:: 1â17.
9186:Archived
9159:Archived
9126:Archived
9063:(2007).
8961:Archived
8931:25378556
8923:21602202
8876:Archived
8843:40375886
8757:Archived
8697:36570135
8633:20181324
8584:12401287
8516:18974812
8463:16517987
8432:12937253
8391:15301326
8342:Archived
8324:Archived
8302:12775614
8246:26915448
8238:17506338
8196:Archived
8129:42598982
8100:(2012).
8046:Archived
7962:11334709
7913:archived
7808:14322810
7755:archived
7751:54466287
7743:24970428
7684:June 20,
7567:"Sexism"
7393:(2010).
7384:females.
7360:(2000).
7277:(2007).
7266:Defines
7204:"Sexism"
7065:Archived
6916:(2005).
6842:. U.S.:
6800:Archived
6761:Archived
6737:Archived
6713:Archived
6709:20388211
6653:Archived
6635:27 March
6629:Archived
6591:Archived
6541:Archived
6516:Archived
6493:Archived
6469:Archived
6429:Archived
6403:Archived
6381:Archived
6379:. 2006.
6357:24 March
6351:Archived
6347:BBC News
6329:Archived
6242:Archived
6123:Archived
6098:Archived
6076:18577735
5909:10907097
5790:Archived
5771:27509646
5759:Conn Med
5744:23691741
5732:Conn Med
5710:Archived
5681:Archived
5597:Archived
5559:Archived
5483:Archived
5479:BBC News
5426:Archived
5391:Archived
5365:Archived
5361:17867385
5269:Archived
5226:Archived
5200:Archived
5129:10584001
5093:(1984).
5003:Archived
4978:29 March
4972:Archived
4934:Archived
4823:Archived
4804:Archived
4778:Archived
4760:Archived
4729:Archived
4725:Guardian
4706:19143444
4662:Archived
4642:Archived
4630:17835457
4572:Archived
4546:Archived
4459:Archived
4447:17835457
4397:Archived
4223:Archived
4197:Archived
4028:Evidence
3990:See also
3942:handicap
3773:salience
3743:audience
3724:watchdog
3580:research
3562:abstract
3547:internet
3537:to cite
3535:scholars
3448:religion
3418:and the
3416:research
3408:scholars
3211:Classism
3186:language
3170:religion
3114:Sampling
3093:drug use
3037:using a
2943:Shilling
2878:contempt
2874:business
2852:Lobbying
2827:Lobbying
2817:Nepotism
2813:Cronyism
2793:in-group
2723:skimming
2703:property
2661:personal
2592:behavior
2550:(NGOs).
2483:evidence
2207:used car
2165:adaptive
2084:sampling
2012:The talk
1948:Snobbery
1866:Net bias
1690:Feminism
1609:Ugly law
1450:Catholic
1416:Policies
1259:Mortgage
1254:Lynching
1185:examples
1180:Genocide
1100:Economic
1085:Democide
1045:Bullying
954:Romanian
919:Nigerian
862:Japanese
797:Georgian
782:Filipino
715:Assyrian
688:Armenian
678:American
673:Albanian
653:national
631:Yazidism
553:Hinduism
511:Buddhism
406:Nepotism
401:Misogyny
396:Misandry
321:Clannism
316:Biphobia
261:Adultism
170:Language
57:a series
55:Part of
18:Unbiased
12653:Realism
12540:Premise
12530:Opinion
12525:Inquiry
12508:Fallacy
12375:Commons
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