Compulsory sterilization

3573:, there have been multiple reports of HIV-positive women sterilized without their informed consent and sometimes without their knowledge. The Commission for Gender Equality investigated 48 sterilizations that were performed in fifteen state hospitals without patient consent from 2002 to 2005. This investigation into these hospitals revealed that medical providers threatened to not assist women during birth if they did not sign consent forms to being sterilized. In most cases these forms were not explained to patients by medical personnel. However, the inquiry was hampered by hostile hospital staff and the sudden "disappearance" of patient files. An interview with one of these patients revealed that she did not learn that she had been sterilized during her C-section until a physician told her eleven years after that she had no uterus. She went to the hospital were the surgery was performed and was told by a physician that it was done to save her life and consent was received from her mother. The patient did not have HIV or any other life-threatening condition, and her mother had not consented to the removal of her uterus. The report from the Commission for Gender Equality noted that some of the patients interviewed were given consent forms that they did not understand and were coerced to sign. The bulk of these operations were performed to prevent women who are HIV-positive from having more children. The HIV epidemic in South Africa has a prevalence of 13% and has largely affected the family structures in the country. Medical staff of these hospitals have justified their actions as an effort to stop the growing HIV numbers in the country that exhaust the healthcare systems. The Commission urged Health Minister Zweli Mkhize to take action against these state hospitals and to provide some form of redress to the many affected women. 3204:

investigate sterilization failures, complications or deaths, and increase the compensation amount in these cases. It further ordered the implementation of established legal, medical and technical standards for sterilization Women were made to lay on bare mattresses for the surgeries, with no post-surgery recuperation facilities. Often the women were made to wait up to five hours after registering, and by the time they reached the operating table their an aesthetic would have worn off. In places like Bhubaneshwar, Odisha and Ferozpur, Uttar Pradesh, the doctors conducting surgeries would use bicycle pumps instead of an insufflator, to introduce air into the women's abdomens (as reported by Shreelatha Menon). The doctor in Bhubaneshwar stated that he had done over 60,000 tubectomies and many of them with bicycle pumps. In Kaparfora, Bihar, a woman was operated upon, even though she was pregnant, and suffered a miscarriage as a result. Today, while laws may not announce eugenic aims, hidden agenda to dispose of "undesirables" in society can still be discovered by looking beyond the face of the law. While many population control policies may appear benign on their face, upon further investigation the stated medical reasons for sterilization and the identification of groups to which the law applies are revealed to be morally and legally suspect. For example, compulsory sterilization law laws often target LGBT+ people, especially transgender people.

3730:—were largely, if not entirely, hereditary in cause. Second, they assumed that these scientific hypotheses could be used as the basis of social engineering across several policy areas, including family planning, education, and immigration. The most direct policy implications of eugenic thought were that "mental defectives" should not produce children, since they would only replicate these deficiencies, and that such individuals from other countries should be kept out of the polity. The principal targets of the American sterilization programs were intellectually disabled people and the mentally ill, but also targeted under many state laws were the deaf, the blind, people with epilepsy, and the physically deformed. While the claim was that the focus was mainly the mentally ill and disabled, the definition of this during that time was much different from today's. At this time, there were many women that were sent to institutions under the guise of being " 3178:

impoverished citizens to get sterilized. People who agreed to get sterilized would receive land, housing, and money or loans. This program led millions of men to receive vasectomies, and an undetermined amount of these were coerced. There were reports of officials blocking off villages and dragging men to surgical centers for vasectomies. However, after much protest and opposition, the country switched to targeting women through coercion, withholding welfare or ration card benefits, and bribing women with food and money. This switch was theorized to be based on the principle women are less likely to protest for their own rights. Many deaths occurred as a result of both the male and the female sterilization programs. These deaths were likely attributed to poor sanitation standards and quality standards in the Indian sterilization camps.

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been sterilized against their will. 5 of the 40 women filed a lawsuit against the government of Kenya, claiming violations of their Health and Human Rights. The majority of the women who were sterilized knew nothing about the procedure or its consequences, which was one reason they did not push the issue. The President thought it would be good to keep a list of women who had been infected with HIV, but by naming these women, many of them did not to want to receive medical treatment due to the shame associated with the virus. "The authors concluded that punitive and restrictive laws related to pregnancy have numerous adverse consequences—both health-related and socioeconomic—for women, and urged human rights groups to work with government institutions to protect and fulfill women's fundamental reproductive rights."

3697: 2488:, largely from conservative pundits who have published scans of the textbook online. Several forms of compulsory sterilization are mentioned, including the proposal for vasectomies for men with three or more children in India in the 1960s, sterilizing women after the birth of their second or third child, birth control implants as a form of removable, long-term sterilization, a licensing system allotting a certain number of children per woman, economic and quota systems of having a certain number of children, and adding a sterilant to drinking water or food sources, although the authors are clear that no such sterilant exists nor is one in development. The authors state that most of these policies are not in practice, have not been tried, and most will likely "remain unacceptable to most societies." 4231:

birth. As for the birth control clinics founded by Sunnen, the Puerto Rican Family Planning Association reported that around 8,000 women and 3,000 men had been sterilized in Sunnen's privately funded clinics. At one point, the levels of sterilization in Puerto Rico were so high that they alarmed the Joint Committee for Hospital Accreditation, who then demanded that Puerto Rican hospitals limit sterilizations to ten percent of all hospital deliveries in order to receive accreditation. The high popularity of sterilization continued into the 60s and 70s, during which the Puerto Rican government made the procedures available for free and reduced fees. The effects of the sterilization and contraception campaigns of the 1900s in Puerto Rico are still felt in Puerto Rican cultural history today.

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in a loss of the former surface decency of Central Asian mores in regard of female chastity. In 2010, the Ministry of Health passed a decree stating all clinics in Uzbekistan should have sterilization equipment ready for use. The same report also states that sterilization is to be done on a voluntary basis with the informed consent of the patient. In the 2010 Human Rights Report of Uzbekistan, there were many reports of forced sterilization of women along with allegations of the government pressuring doctors to sterilize women in order to control the population. Doctors also reported to Antelava that there are quotas they must reach every month on how many women they need to sterilize. These orders are passed on to them through their bosses and, allegedly, from the government.

2510:. As this concern about overpopulation gained political, economic, and social currency, attempts to reduce fertility rates, often through compulsory sterilization, were results of this drive to reduce overpopulation. These coercive and abusive population control policies impacted people around the world in different ways, and continue to have social, health, and political consequences, one of which is lasting mistrust in current family planning initiatives by populations who were subjected to coercive policies like forced sterilization. Population control policies were widely critiqued by women's health movement in the 1980s and 1990s, with the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 in Cairo initiating a shift from population control to 33: 2992:

of the world's highest contraceptive usage rates at 76.9%, with female sterilization being the highest percentage of use at just over 30% (second highest is the IUD at around 12% and the pill around 10%) (Measham and Lopez-Escobar 2007). In Colombia during the 1980s, sterilization was the second most popular choice of pregnancy prevention (after the Pill), and public healthcare organizations and funders (USAID, AVSC, IPPF) supported sterilization as a way to decrease abortions rates. While not directly forced into sterilization, women of lower socio-economic standing had significantly less options to afford family planning care as sterilizations were subsidized.

4223:

Sterilization was most frequently recommended by physicians because of a pervasive belief that Puerto Ricans and the poor were not intelligent enough to use other forms of contraception. Physicians and hospitals alike also implemented hospital policy to encourage sterilization, with some hospitals refusing to admit healthy pregnant women for delivery unless they consented to be sterilized. This has been best documented at Presbyterian Hospital, where the unofficial policy for a time was to refuse admittance for delivery to women who already had three living children unless she consented to sterilization. There is additional evidence that true

4048:(ACOG) believes that mental disability is not a reason to deny sterilization. The opinion of ACOG is that "the physician must consult with the patient's family, agents, and other caregivers" if sterilization is desired for a mentally limited patient. In 2003, Douglas Diekema wrote in Volume 9 of the journal Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews that "involuntary sterilization ought not be performed on mentally retarded persons who retain the capacity for reproductive decision-making, the ability to raise a child, or the capacity to provide valid consent to marriage." The 3036: 3344:

initiate it. In several studies involving parents of girls with disabilities who had initiated involuntary sterilization, respondents said that the primary reason for sterilization was to prevent pregnancy either for financial reasons or due to risk of offspring with intellectual disabilities. However, similar motivations for sterilization were not common for girls without intellectual disabilities. There is also a gendered element sterilization as the Nigeria law code penalizes emasculation, which makes it so that men cannot reproduce. There is no such penalization for sterilization of women.

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determined. Of those sterilized 93% were women. The reasons given for these sterilizations included mental slowness, racial differences, antisocial behavior, promiscuous behavior, and other behaviors deemed inappropriate. At the time, the government saw itself as a forward-thinking and enlightened welfare state. The Swedish state subsequently formed a commission of inquiry to determine victims that could claim compensation for trauma at the hands of the state. The sterilization program ended in the government paying over $ 22,000 in compensation to victims.

3807:, which was said by the government of Adolf Hitler to be of key importance in proving that large-scale compulsory sterilization programs were feasible. In recent years, the governors of many states have made public apologies for their past programs beginning with Virginia and followed by Oregon and California. Few have offered to compensate those sterilized, however, citing that few are likely still living (and would of course have no affected offspring) and that inadequate records remain by which to verify them. At least one compensation case, 2889:

1970s. However, Indigenous women have come forward to report instances of coerced sterilization into 2018. Attorney Alisa Lombard has led several lawsuits on behalf of these Indigenous women with the support of the International Justice Resource Center (IJRC). The IJRC has noted the extent of the modern-day sterilization is unknown due to the lack of extensive investigation. After the Canadian government was publicly questioned by the UN regarding its involvement, it pledged to share any documentation of these events in its possession.

2416:. Women with intellectual disabilities are "often treated as if they have no control, or should have no control, over their sexual and reproductive choices". Other rationales include menstrual management for "women who have or are perceived to have difficulties coping with or managing menses, or whose health conditions (such as epilepsy) or behaviour are negatively affected by menses." Men with intellectual disabilities are also sterilized, sometimes using the justification that it provides greater sexual freedom. 4417: 3188:, was largely responsible for what turned out to be a failed program. A strong mistrust against family planning initiatives followed the highly controversial program, the effect of which continues into the 21st century. Sterilization policies are still enforced in India, targeting mostly indigenous and lower-class women who are herded into the sterilization camps. The most recent abuse of family planning systems was highlighted by the death of 15 lower-class women in a sterilization center in 3813:(1981), was filed in the courts on the grounds that the sterilization law was unconstitutional. It was rejected because the law was no longer in effect at the time of the filing. However, the petitioners were granted some compensation because the stipulations of the law itself, which required informing the patients about their operations, had not been carried out in many cases. The 27 states where sterilization laws remained on the books (though not all were still in use) in 1956 were: 2911:. In order to effectively deal with the complex issues surrounding childbirth, the Chinese government placed great emphasis on family planning. Because this was such an important matter, the government thought it needed to be standardized, and so to this end laws were introduced in 2002. These laws uphold the basic tenets of what was previously put into practice, outlining the rights of the individuals and outlining what the Chinese government can and cannot do to enforce policy. 2067: 3932:. Governor Bev Perdue formed the NC Justice for Sterilization Victims Foundation in 2010 in order "to provide justice and compensate victims who were forcibly sterilized by the State of North Carolina". In 2013 North Carolina announced that it would spend $ 10 million beginning in June 2015 to compensate men and women who were sterilized in the state's eugenics program; North Carolina sterilized 7,600 people from 1929 to 1974 who were deemed socially or mentally unfit. 12056: 3157:

sterilization practices also do not address consent of the disabled individuals undergoing these procedures. In March 2023, mother Hermina Hreidarsdottir authorized a hysterectomy for her severely cognitively impaired 20-year-old daughter due to her abnormal menstrual cycle. Ms. Hreidarsdottir took liberty of this decision for her daughter without consulting her because she believed that this sterilization procedure would improve her daughter's quality of life.

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have ordered parents to cease childbearing until regaining custody of their children after abuse cases. Some legal scholars and ethicists argue such practices are inherently coercive. Furthermore, such scholars link these practices to eugenic policies of the 19th and early 20th century, highlighting how such practices not only targeted poor people, but disproportionately impacted minority women and families in the U.S., particularly black women.

4195:, in collaboration with the Social Research Department at the University of Puerto Rico, conducted interviews with couples regarding sterilization and other birth control. Their studies concluded that there was a significant need and desire for permanent birth control among Puerto Ricans. In response, Puerto Rico's governor and Commissioner of health opened 160 private, temporary birth control clinics with the specific purpose of sterilization. 2620:

month to earn their salaries. The government wanted to persuade 1.4 million people, both women and men to undergo sterilization within two years. One population control expert called it 'the largest sterilization program in the world'. By January 1983, 40,000 government field workers were employed in Bangladesh's 65,000 villages to persuade women and men to undergo sterilization and to promote usage of birth-control across the country.

11221: 4121: 3370:

health providers told them that living with HIV cancelled their right to choose the number and spacing of the children they want to have as well as the right to choose the contraceptive method of their choice; provided misleading information about the consequences for their health and that of their children and denied them access to treatments that reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission in order to coerce them into sterilization.

61: 13223: 3311:

the sterilization of the plaintiff, a transgender woman, as a requirement to change her gender on her Japanese family registry certificate was a restriction on "her freedom not to harm herself against her will." The court did not address the other requirement under the GID Act that outlines that transgender people must undergo transition surgery in order to legally register as the gender with which they identify.

3776:, though a significant number of sterilizations continued in a few states through the 1970s. Between 1970 and 1976, Indian Health Services sterilized between 25 and 42 percent of women of reproductive age who came in seeking healthcare services. In California, ten women who delivered their children at LAC-USC hospital between 1971-1974 and were sterilized without proper consent sued the hospital in the landmark 8761: 16236: 15170: 13211: 3936:

to get a vasectomy as part of his plea deal. In 2013, an Ohio judge ordered a man owing nearly $ 100,000 in unpaid child support to "make all reasonable efforts to avoid impregnating a woman" as a condition of his probation. Kevin Maillard wrote that conditioning the right to reproduction on meeting child support obligations amounts to "constructive sterilization" for men unlikely to make the payments.

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made abortion effectively legal. It was allowed for health reasons, without specifying details in the law. This gave doctors discretion to interpret what constituted a health reason, effectively legalizing abortion. By 1965, approximately 34 percent of women of childbearing age had been sterilized, two thirds of whom were still in their early twenties. The law was repealed on 8 June 1960.

3949:"The program will be the first in the nation to provide compensation to modern-day survivors of prison system sterilizations, like Dillon, whose attorney obtained medical records to show that, while she was an inmate in the Central California women's facility in Chowchilla, surgeons had removed her ovaries during what was supposed to be an operation to take a biopsy and remove a cyst. 3353:

consented to sterilization. Legal framework to prevent involuntary sterilization has proved ineffective for women with HIV in South Africa. Medical professionals may get around obtaining proper consent in several ways. For example, women with HIV in South Africa have been unknowingly sterilized or have been forced to consent to sterilization to receive food or necessary treatment.

2722:

to 153,032 sterilizations (both tubal ligation and vasectomy), for an overall death-to-case rate of 12.4 deaths per 100,000 sterilizations. This rate was lower than that (21.3) for sterilizations performed in Dacca (now Dhaka) and Rajshahi Divisions from 1 January 1979 to 31 March 1980, although this difference was not statistically significant. Anesthesia overdosage, tetanus, and

5753: 2930:. In 2017, the government offered to surgically remove the IUDs that had been implanted in women to force them to adhere to the one child policy, if they qualified to have a second child. The removal of these long used IUDs is a major surgery and many women are not informed of the risks that are associated with the surgery, such as bleeding, infection, and removal of the uterus. 2326:

have their fertility tightly regulated in order to "clean" or "perfect" nations. The second half of the 20th century saw national governments' uptake of neo-Malthusian ideology that directly linked population growth to increased (and uncontrollable) poverty, which during the embrace of capitalism, meant that countries were unable to economically develop due to this poverty.

3498:

revealed that between 1995 and 2000, 331,600 women were sterilized, while 25,590 men submitted to vasectomies. The plan, which had the objective of diminishing the number of births in areas of poverty within Peru, was essentially directed at the indigenous people living in deprived areas (areas often involved in internal conflicts with the Peruvian government, as with the

3216:"While the RPWD Act took a step towards recognizing the issue of forced abortions under Section 92(f) which states that any medical procedure performed on a disabled woman without her express consent that leads to the termination of pregnancy is punishable with an imprisonment term, there is still no specific mention of forced sterilization as a problem." 5761: 2833:

and inability to care for her children, and the judge ruled in favor of sterilization. The surgery was carried out, reportedly against the woman's will. Legal experts discussing the case have stated the sterilization of a woman in Brazil is legal when determined absolutely necessary, but it is not clear what qualifies as necessary.

2829:

future pregnancies and so they can accurately plan their families. While many women choose this form of contraception, there are many societal factors that impact this decision, such as poor economic circumstances, low rates of employment, and Catholic religious mandates that stipulate sterilization as less harmful than abortion.

4219:

because they are considered...a social burden," was the philosophical basis for the 1937 birth control legislation enacted in Puerto Rico. A Puerto Rican Eugenics Board, modeled after a similar board in the United States, was created as part of the bill, and officially ordered ninety-seven involuntary sterilizations.

4337:

Based on a report by journalist Natalia Antelava, doctors reported that the Ministry of Health told doctors they must perform surgical sterilizations on women. One doctor reported, "It's ruling number 1098 and it says that after two children, in some areas after three, a woman should be sterilized.",

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analyzed the 1965 Master Sample Survey of Health and Welfare in Puerto Rico. She specifically analyzed data from the survey for women ages 20 to 49 who had at least one birth, resulting in an overall sample size of 1,071 women. She found that over 34% of women aged 20–49 had been sterilized in Puerto

3541:

ruled that President Fujimori's sterilization program involved crimes against humanity, which are not time-limited. It is unclear as to any progress in matter of the execution (debido ejecución sumaria) of the suspect in the course of any proof of their relevant accusations in the legal sphere of the

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states that family planning is "the right of everyone to decide freely, responsibly and in an informed way the number and spacing of their children and to obtain specialized information and proper services" and that "the exercise of this right is independent of gender, age, and social or legal status

3343:

Involuntary sterilization in Nigeria is more common for girls with intellectual disabilities than for boys with intellectual disabilities and more common for those with intellectual disabilities specifically in comparison to other disabilities. Involuntary sterilization commonly occurs when relatives

3326:

In Kenya, HIV was considered an ongoing issue, and the governor believed that compulsory sterilization of women infected with HIV could stop the spread of the virus. In 2012, a report titled "Robbed of Choice" sparked outrage. The report outlined the experiences of 40 women infected with HIV that had

3255:

In the first part of the reign of Emperor Hirohito, Japanese governments promoted increasing the number of healthy Japanese, while simultaneously decreasing the number of people deemed to have mental retardation, disability, genetic disease and other conditions that led to inferiority in the Japanese

3147:

strife, and strong opposition from both the Catholic Church and Evangelical Christians until 2000, and as such, has the lowest prevalence of contraceptive usage in Latin America. In the 1980s, the archbishop of the country accused USAID of mass sterilizations of women without consent, but a President

2721:

According to a second epidemiologic investigation of deaths attributable to sterilization in Bangladesh, where all deaths resulting from sterilizations performed nationwide between 16 September 1980 and 15 April 1981, were investigated and analyzed, nineteen deaths from tubal ligation were attributed

2657:

58% of the men said their ability to work had decreased in the last year. 2–7% of the men said their sexual performance decreases. 30.6% of the Shibpur and 18.9% of the Shalna men experienced severe pain during the vasectomy. The men also said they had not received all of the incentives they had been

2619:

launched a two-year mass sterilization program for Bangladeshi women and men. About 3,000 women and men were planned to be sterilized on 16 December 1982 (the opening day). Ershad's government trained 1,200 doctors and 25,000 field workers who must conduct two tubal ligations and two vasectomies each

2341:

As of 2013, 24 countries in Europe required sterilization for legal gender recognition and 16 countries did not provide for any possibility to change legal gender at all, which meant that transgender people could have challenges applying for jobs, opening bank accounts, boarding planes, or may not be

4218:

From beginning of the 1900s, U.S. and Puerto Rican governments espoused rhetoric connecting the poverty of Puerto Rico with overpopulation and the "hyper-fertility" of Puerto Ricans. Such rhetoric combined with eugenics ideology of reducing "population growth among a particular class or ethnic group

4111:

Though formal eugenics laws are no longer routinely implemented and have been removed from government documents, instances of reproductive coercion still take place in U.S. institutions today. In 2011, investigative news released a report revealing that between 2006 and 2011, 148 female prisoners in

4054:

claimed, in a 1999 article, that doctors are regularly confronted with requests to sterilize mentally limited people who cannot give consent for themselves. The article recommend that sterilization should only occur when there is a "situation of necessity" and the "benefits of sterilization outweigh

3982:

demanded more information from US authorities on medical procedures performed on migrants in detention centers, after allegations that six Mexican women were sterilized without their consent. The ministry said consulate personnel had interviewed 18 Mexican women who were detained at the center, none

3974:

of forcibly sterilizing women. The reports claimed a doctor conducted unauthorized medical procedures on women detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The whistleblower, Dawn Wooten, was a nurse and former employee. She claims a high rate of sterilizations were performed on Spanish-speaking

3935:

The inability to pay for the cost of raising children has been a reason courts have ordered coercive or compulsory sterilization. In June 2014, a Virginia judge ruled that a man on probation for child endangerment must be able to pay for his seven children before having more children; the man agreed

3798:

had a sterilization program as well. Some states continued to have sterilization laws on the books for much longer after that, though they were rarely if ever used. California sterilized more than any other state by a wide margin, and was responsible for over a third of all sterilization operations.

3310:

The last stipulation of the GID Act concerning forced sterilization was recently overturned in October 2023. Japan’s Supreme Court ruled that requiring transgender people to undergo sterilization so that they can legally change their gender identity is unconstitutional. The court stated that forcing

3000:

11,000 people were sterilized in Denmark from 1929–67, about half were sterilized against their will. The forced sterilization program was "mainly was directed at people who were mentally handicapped" because of the popularity of eugenics at the time in Denmark. During the 1960s and 1970s, thousands

2832:

An important case in the legal history of compulsory sterilization in Brazil is the 2018 São Paulo case. Prosecutors filed to have a mother of eight forcibly sterilized after she was arrested on charges of drug trafficking. This motion was justified by the mother's poverty, substance abuse disorder,

2358:

repeal any law allowing intrusive and irreversible treatments, including forced genital-normalizing surgery, involuntary sterilization, unethical experimentation, medical display, "reparative therapies" or "conversion therapies", when enforced or administered without the free and informed consent of

2325:

Governmental family planning programs emerged in the late 19th century and have continued to progress through the 21st century. During this time, feminists began advocating for reproductive choice, but eugenicists and hygienists were advocating for low income and disabled peoples to be sterilized or

4206:

in 1957. The foundation funded new birth control clinics under the title "La Asociación Puertorriqueña el Biensestar de la Familia" and spent hundreds of thousands of dollars in an experimental project to determine if a formulaic program could be used to control population growth in Puerto Rico and

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and eugenic sterilization law that allowed the dissemination of information regarding birth control methods and legalized the practice of birth control. The government cited a growing population of the poor and unemployed as motivators for the law. Changers were made to the Penal Code in 1937 which

3764:

in 1909. Several other states followed, but such legislation remained controversial enough to be defeated in some cases, as in Wyoming in 1934. In the 1920s, Eugenicists were particularly interested in black women in the South and Latina women in the Southwest in order to break the chain of welfare

3546:

A Peruvian judge ruled last week that the 83-year-old could not be brought to court because of the forced sterilization, as the allegation was not included in an old extradition request for Fujimori. The ex-president was extradited from Chile to Peru in 2007. According to the judge, Chile's Supreme

3339:

In Nigeria, young girls with intellectual disabilities are susceptible to non consensual sterilization. No current laws explicitly prevent involuntary sterilization. And the laws that currently surround and may apply to the issue are not helpful in preventing it. The African Commission on Human and

2991:

The time period of 1964–1970 started Colombia's population policy development, including the foundation of PROFAMILIA and through the Ministry of Health the family planning program promoted the use of IUDs, the Pill, and sterilization as the main avenues for contraception. By 2005, Colombia had one

2888:

of 1876. Non-native physicians worked in the health system created for the native population and were encouraged to carry out sterilizations as a form of family planning. From the 1960s to the 1980s, aboriginal birth rate fell from 47% to 28%, and sterilization laws began to be repealed in the late

10899:(Michigan State University Press, 2005), it is unclear whether genocide investigations in regard of Hun descendant and pure Aryan types has been undertaken, and if concealment is attempted through the prevalence of cremation and allegation of psychiatric treatment facial mimicry of Mongolian types. 4312:

reported that "the large number of cases of forced sterilization and removal of reproductive organs of women at reproductive age after their first or second pregnancy indicate that the Uzbek government is trying to control the birth rate in the country" and noted that such actions were not against

4295:

Iris Lopez showed that the history of sterilization continued to effect the lives of Puerto Rican women even after they immigrated to the United States and lived there for generations. The history of the popularity of sterilization in Puerto Rico meant that Puerto Rican women living in America had

4103:

In addition to child abuse cases, some politicians proposed bills mandating Norplant use among women on public assistance as a requirement to maintain welfare benefits. As noted above, some judges offered probation in lieu of prison time to women who agreed to use Norplant, while other court cases

4091:

In addition to eugenics purposes, sterilization was used as a punitive measure against sex offenders, people identified as homosexual, or people deemed to masturbate too much. California, the first state in the U.S. to enact compulsory sterilization based on eugenics, sterilized all prison inmates

3335:

Laws in Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania involve references to medical operations where the intended benefit for the patient is not tied to any legal consequences for medical professionals involved. Specifically, the criminal Code of Nigeria States that: “Performing with good faith and with reasonable

3305:

In Japan, transgender people who want to legally change their gender must appeal to a family court under the GID Act, which was introduced in 2004. The procedure is discriminatory, requiring applicants to be single and without children under age 20, to undergo a psychiatric evaluation to receive a

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became the first governmental unit to enact legislation mandating compulsory sterilization of men and women after the birth of a third child, passing the Family (Restrictions on Size) Bill on its third reading and sending it to the President of India for the required assent. The President reacted

2921:

The Chinese government appears to be aware of these discrepancies in policy implementation on a local level. For example, The National Population and Family Planning Commission put forth in a statement that, "Some persons concerned in a few counties and townships of Linyi did commit practices that

2880:

sued the Province of Alberta for forcing her to be sterilized against her will and without her permission in 1959. Since Muir's case, the Alberta government has apologized for the forced sterilization of over 2,800 people. Nearly 850 Albertans who were sterilized under the Sexual Sterilization Act

4282:

Presser's analysis also found that 46.7% of women who reported they were sterilized were between the ages of 34 and 39. Of the sample of women sterilized, 46.6% had been married 15 to 19 years, 43.9% had been married for 10-to-14 years, and 42.7% had been married for 20-to-24 years. Nearly 50% of

4107:

In the late 1970s, to acknowledge the history of forced and coercive sterilizations and prevent ongoing eugenics/population control efforts, the federal government implemented a standardized informed consent process and specific eligibility criteria for government funded sterilization procedures.

3502:

guerilla group). Deputy Dora Núñez Dávila made the accusation in September 2003 that 400,000 indigenous people were sterilized during the 1990s. Documents proved that President Fujimori was informed, each month, of the number of sterilizations done, by his former Ministers of Health, Eduardo Yong

3497:

launched a special commission into the activities of the voluntary surgical contraception, initiating a parliamentary commission tasked with inquiring into the "irregularities" of the program, and to put it on an acceptable footing. In July 2002, its final report ordered by the Minister of Health

3369:

made in El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua concluded that women living with HIV, and whose health providers knew about it at the time of pregnancy, were six times more likely to experience forced or coerced sterilization in those countries. In addition, most of these women reported that

3361:

Civil Society Organizations such as Balance, Promocion para el Desarrollo y Juventud, A.C., have received in the last years numerous testimonies of women living with HIV in which they inform that misinformation about the virus transmission has frequently lead to compulsory sterilization. Although

2329:

Much of these governmental population control programs were focused on using sterilization as the main avenue to reduce high birth rates, even though public acknowledgement that sterilization made an impact on the population levels of the developing world is still widely lacking. Early population

4175:

Unemployment and widespread poverty would continue to grow in Puerto Rico in the 40s, both threatening U.S. private investment in Puerto Rico and acting as a deterrent for future investment. In an attempt to attract additional U.S. private investment in Puerto Rico, another round of liberalizing

3556:

Since children cannot legally live in psychoneurologic internats in Russia, and there are no institutions where internats' patients can live with their children, almost all pregnant women are aborted in PNIs. During abortions, PNI patients are also often subjected to forced sterilization - their

2828:

During the 1970s–80s, the U.S. government sponsored family planning campaigns in Brazil, although sterilization was illegal at the time there. Dalsgaard examined sterilization practices in Brazil; analyzing the choices of women who opt for this type of reproductive healthcare in order to prevent

2678:

caused by overuse of sedatives. The death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 tubectomies (tubal ligation) in this study is similar to the 10.0 deaths/10,000 cases estimated on the basis of a 1979 follow-up study in an Indian female sterilization camp. The presence of a complaint before the operation was

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By 1949 a survey of Puerto Rican women found that 21% of women interviewed had been sterilized, with sterilizations being performed in 18% of all hospital births statewide as a routine post-partum procedure, with the sterilization operation performed before women left the hospitals after giving

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began to surface. In 2020, public reporting continued to indicate that large-scale compulsory sterilization was being carried out. While national sterilization rates have fallen since the passing of the two child policy in 2016, there has been a sharp increase in the amount of sterilizations in

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The legalization of sterilization was followed by a steady increase in the popularity of the procedure, both among the Puerto Rican population and among physicians working in Puerto Rico. Though sterilization could be performed on men and women, women were most likely to undergo the procedure.

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There have been cases of involuntary sterilization in South Africa in the cases of women with HIV. Even though South African law details that women, only with proper consent, should have access to sterilization mechanisms, there have been instances where women diagnosed with HIV have not fully

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Unfortunately, this is not an anomaly: this is the lived experience of trans* people in dozens of countries throughout the world, including the twenty-one Council of Europe (COE) Member States that currently require proof of sterilization to change one's legal sex categorization. It would be

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On the other side of the debate, scholars like Laura Briggs have argued that evidence does not substantiate claims of a mass sterilization program. She further argues that reducing the popularity of sterilization in Puerto Rico to a state initiative ignores the legacy of Puerto Rican feminist

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Stopping short of forced sterilization, the national government enacted an incentive program for a family planning initiative that began in 1976 in an attempt to lower the exponentially increasing population. This program focused on male citizens and used propaganda and monetary incentives to

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officials and public health officers who would review their medical records, take testimony from friends and colleagues, and eventually decide whether or not to order a sterilization operation performed on the individual, using force if necessary. Though not explicitly covered by the law, 400

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District family planning authorities have managed to distribute just 549 packets of condoms among the refugees, amid reports they are reluctant to use them. They have asked the government to approve a plan to provide vasectomies for men and tubectomies (tubal ligation) for women in the camps.

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PP-1096, "on additional measures to protect the health of the mother and child, the formation of a healthy generation" which came into force in 2009. In 2005, Deputy Health Minister Assomidin Ismoilov confirmed that doctors in Uzbekistan were being held responsible for increased birth rates.

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The eugenics program in Sweden was enacted in 1934 and was formally abolished in 1976. According to the 2000 governmental report, 21,000 were estimated to have been forcibly sterilized, 6,000 were coerced into a 'voluntary' sterilization while the nature of a further 4,000 cases could not be

3203:

In September 2016, the Supreme Court of India directed the Union Government to ensure the discontinuation of 'sterilization camps' within the following three years and to induce the state governments to follow suit. It also charged the government to ensure proper monitoring of the programme,

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Since 2019, nonconsensual sterilization is forbidden in Iceland unless deemed medically necessary. However, this law only addresses the procedures of tubal ligation and surgical blocking of the fallopian tubes, excluding hysterectomies from the ban. Iceland's laws surrounding legalization of

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reported that with this statement Karimov indirectly admitted that forced sterilization of women is indeed taking place in Uzbekistan. The main Uzbek television channel, O'zbekiston, cut out Karimov's statement about the population growth rate while broadcasting his conversation with Putin.

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there is enough evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed to reduce mother-to-child transmission risks, there are records of HIV-positive women forced to undergo sterilization or have agreed to be sterilized without adequate and sufficient information about their options."

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of the mentally and physically disabled child. Proponents of the treatments argue that it protects disabled persons from sexual assault, unwanted pregnancy, and difficulties of menstruation. The interventions are still legal in many states, despite the argument that it violates a person's

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Until December 2012, Swedish law forced transgender individuals to be sterilized before having their legal documents updated. After the law was repealed, those who were forcibly sterilized under the law began to demand compensation. In 2017, the government announced that it will pay these

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diagnosis of "gender identity disorder," and to be sterilized.The requirements rest on an outdated and pejorative notion that a transgender identity is a mental health condition, and compel transgender people to undergo lengthy, expensive, invasive, and irreversible medical procedures.

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under the 1909 sterilization law. In the last 40 years, judges have offered lighter punishment (i.e. probation instead of jail sentences) to people willing to use contraception or be sterilized, particularly in child abuse/endangerment cases. One of the most famous cases of this was

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When the United States took census of Puerto Rico in 1899, the birth rate was 40 births per one thousand people. By 1961, the birth rate had dropped to 30.8 per thousand. In 1955, 16.5% of Puerto Rican women of childbearing age had been sterilized, this jumped to 34% in 1965.

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women and women who spoke various Indigenous languages common in Latin America. Wooten said the centre did not obtain proper consent for these surgeries, or lied to women about the medical procedures. More than 40 women submitted testimony in writing to document these abuses.

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government, after rejection of the original Race Eugenic Protection Law in 1938. From 1940 to 1945, sterilization was done to 454 Japanese persons under this law. Appx. 25,000 people, including 8,500 under (forced or spontaneous) consent, were surgically processed until 1995.

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According to another study on 5042 women and 264 men who underwent sterilization, complications such as painful urination, shaking chills, fever for at least two days, frequent urination, bleeding from the incision, sore with pus, stitches or skin breaking open, weakness and

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discuss a variety of means to address human overpopulation, including the possibility of compulsory sterilization. This book received renewed media attention with the appointment of Holdren as Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, Director of the White House

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two California state prisons were sterilized without adequate informed consent. In September 2014, California enacted Bill SB 1135 that bans sterilization in correctional facilities, unless the procedure shall be required in a medical emergency to preserve an inmate's life.

3943:"under new provisions signed into California's budget this week, the state will offer reparations for the thousands of people who were sterilized in California institutions, without adequate consent, often because they were deemed "criminal", "feeble-minded" or "deviant"." 2925:

The policy requires a "social compensation fee" for those who have more than the legal number of children. According to Forbes editor Heng Shao, critics claims this fee is a toll on the poor but not the rich. But after 2016, the country has allowed parents to give birth to

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In the United States the funding of mothers on welfare by HEW (Health, Education, and Welfare) covers roughly 90% of cost and doctors are likely to concur with the compulsory sterilization of mothers on welfare. Threats to cease welfare occur when women are hesitant to

9087:"Note that this is not a comprehensive list of states which had sterilization laws on the books at any given time (some states had their laws overturned in courts very early on) nor an indication of when states' laws were active (some ceased to be used much earlier)" 3782:

case in 1975. The plaintiffs lost the case, but numerous changes to the consent process were made following the ruling, such as offering consent forms in the patient's native language, and a 72-hour waiting period between giving consent and undergoing the procedure.

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A survey by a team of Americans in 1975 confirmed Presser's assessment that nearly 1/3 of Puerto Rican women of childbearing age had been sterilized. As of 1977, Puerto Rico had the highest proportion of childbearing-aged persons sterilized in the world. In 1993,

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women, starting in 1973. In some cases the sterilization was in exchange for social welfare benefits, and those affected were given written agreements describing what was to be done to them which they were unable to read due to illiteracy. The dissidents of the

2641:, the government also offers 150 Bangladeshi Taka (US$ 1.80) after the procedure and 80+80+80=240 Bangladeshi Taka (0.96+0.96+0.96=2.88 USD) in three followups, where the referrer gets 50 Bangladeshi Taka (US$ 0.60). And for the women who are persuaded to have 4239:

There has been much debate and scholarly analysis concerning the legitimacy of choice given to Puerto Rican women with regards to sterilization, reproduction, and birth control, as well as with the ethics of economically motivated mass sterilization programs.

2630:, doctors took this opportunity to sterilize her without her knowledge. According to Bangladesh governmental website "National Emergency Service", the 2000 Bangladeshi Taka (US$ 24) and the sari/lungi given to the persons undergoing sterilizations are their " 2353:

On 1 February 2013, "United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture (SRT) issued a report on abusive practices in health care settings that has important implications for LGBT people and people with intersex conditions" and: In section 88, the SRT says States

7385: 3719:, professor at Princeton University, describes American eugenics and sterilization as ultimately rooted in economic arguments and further as a central element of Progressivism alongside minimum wage laws, restricted immigration, and the introduction of 2983:, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible prosecution against several health care workers and administrators, re Law on Atrocities relevant pre-1990, CR (ChR). 3542:

constituted people in vindication of the rights of the people of South America. It may carry a parallel to any suspect cases for international investigation in any other continent, and be in the sphere of medical genocide. As of 12 December 2021:

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There is no clause in the RPWD that addresses the notion of "expressed consent." Consent in relation to family planning and sterilization practices has been a point of contention in India's history of reproductive justice of disabled individuals.

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placed under the skin in upper arm, the government offers 150 Bangladeshi Taka (US$ 1.80) after the procedure and 70+70+70=210 Bangladeshi Taka (0.84+0.84+0.84=2.52 USD) in three followups, where the referrer gets 60 Bangladeshi Taka (US$ 0.72).

2918:, who have claimed that practices of compulsory sterilization have been occurring for people who have already reached their one child quota. These practices run contrary to the stated principles of the law, and seem to differ on a local level. 2690:

Divisions in Bangladesh, from 1 January 1979, to 31 March 1980, overall, the sterilization-attributable death-to-case rate was 21.3 deaths/100,000 sterilizations. The death rate for vasectomy was 1.6 times higher than that for tubal ligation.

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One study conducted in 1977, when incentives were only equivalent to US$ 1.10 (at that time), indicated that between 40% and 60% of the men chose vasectomy because of the payment, who otherwise did not have any serious urge to get sterilized.

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home for intellectually disabled people. In the wake of that decision, over 62,000 people in the United States, most of them women, were sterilized. The number of sterilizations performed per year increased until another Supreme Court case,

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The investigations sparked by her case, which is featured in the documentary Belly of the Beast, showed hundreds of inmates had been sterilized in prisons without proper consent as late as 2010, even though the practice was by then illegal.

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violated law and infringed upon legitimate rights and interests of citizens while conducting family planning work." This statement comes in reference to some charges of forced sterilization and abortions in Linyi city of Shandong Province.

2800:

I spoke to my husband about birth control measures. But he is not convinced. He was given two condoms but he did not use them. My husband said we need more children as we have land and property (in Rakhine). We don't have to worry to feed

7662: 3455:(UNFPA). On 9 September 1995, Fujimori presented a Bill that would revise the "General Law of Population", in order to allow sterilization. Several contraceptive methods were also legalized, all measures that were strongly opposed by the 14186: 1020: 2795:

to neighboring Bangladesh, which is a Muslim majority country, following a military crackdown against Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine. Sabura, a Rohingya mother of seven, said her husband believed the couple could support a large family.

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favorably and sent the bill back to the Maharashtra government with suggested amendments that would be necessary for an enactment, but before the measure could be passed, new elections were called and the legislation was not passed.

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Bangladesh is the eighth-most populous country in the world, having a population of 163,466,000 As of 12 November 2017, despite being ranked 94th by total area having an area of 147,570 km. Bangladesh has the highest

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Holdren stated in his confirmation hearing that he no longer supports the creation of an optimum population by the U.S. government. However, the population control policies suggested in the book are indicative of the concerns about

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ruled that a woman with six children and an IQ of 70 should be sterilized for her own safety because another pregnancy would have been a "significantly life-threatening event" for her and the fetus and was not related to eugenics.

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administered to women were significantly associated with specific postoperative complaints. Five women died during the study, resulting in a death-to-case rate of 9.9/10,000 tubectomies (tubal ligations); four deaths were due to

4033:, 1942, complicated the legal situation by ruling against sterilization of criminals if the equal protection clause of the constitution was violated. That is, if sterilization was to be performed, then it could not exempt 7917: 3534:(in English: shantytowns). In 1996 there were, according to official statistics, 81,762 tubal ligations performed on women, with a peak being reached the following year, with 109,689 ligatures, then only 25,995 in 1998. 2943:

Xinjiang. Many of these surgeries have been forced according to reports, but this is difficult to confirm due to the closed off nature of the area. These measures have sometimes been characterised as part of an ongoing

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Project South, the Georgia Detention Watch, the Georgia Latino Alliance for Human Rights and South Georgia Immigrant Support Network filed a complaint to the government on behalf of detained immigrants and the nurse.

2532: 11339: 5252:

Bhatia, Rajani; Sasser, Jade S.; Ojeda, Diana; Hendrixson, Anne; Nadimpally, Sarojini; Foley, Ellen E. (3 April 2019). "A feminist exploration of 'populationism': engaging contemporary forms of population control".

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Bangladeshi officials say about 20,000 Rohingya refugee women are pregnant and 600 have given birth since arriving in the country, but this may not be accurate as many births take place without formal medical help.

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of 1907, 1931, and 1953 permitted the segregation of patients in sanitariums where forced abortions and sterilization were common and authorized punishment of patients "disturbing peace". Under the colonial Korean

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is also known to have sponsored these civilian exploitative sterilization programs in Bangladesh. Historically, World Bank is known to have pressured 3rd World governments to implement population control programs.

4247:. They cite the private and government funding of sterilization, coercive practices, and the eugenics ideology of Puerto Rican and American governments and physicians as evidence of a mass sterilization campaign. 3956:

The new California reparations program will also seek to compensate hundreds of living survivors of the state's earlier eugenics campaign, which was first codified into state law in 1909 and wasn't repealed until

5409:"Forced Sterilization and Mandatory Divorce: How a Majority of Council of Europe Member States' Laws Regarding Gender Identity Violate the Internationally and Regionally Established Human Rights of Trans* People" 3005:

women and girls had IUDs placed without their consent. The birth rate in Greenland was reduced by around 50%. In 2022, Denmark and Greenland agreed to hold a two-year investigation into the program, known as the

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As stated previously, eugenics in the United States spread to target mentally disabled persons. Sterilization rates across the country were relatively low, with the sole exception of California, until the 1927

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issued a joint statement on "Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization". The report references the involuntary sterilization of a number of specific population groups. They include:

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Several countries implemented sterilization programs in the early 20th century. Although such programs have been made illegal in much of the world, instances of forced or coerced sterilizations still persist.

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Some scholars argue the extensive consent process and 30-day waiting period go beyond preventing instances of coercion and serve as a barrier to desired sterilization for women relying on public insurance.

3212:. In 2016, the Right to Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) was introduced to legally address the problems faced by the disabled community and ensure equitable access to justice for all members of society: 6089: 3983:

of whom "claimed to have undergone a hysterectomy". Another women said she had undergone a gynecological operation, although there was nothing in her detention file to support she agreed to the procedure.

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insertions first emerged in 2005, although it is reported that the practice originated in the late 1990s, with reports of a secret decree dating from 2000. The current policy was allegedly instituted by

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in India from 1975 and 1977 resulted from internal and external conflict for the country, and resulted in misuse of power and human rights violations from the government. On 6 August 1976, the state of

8010:

El Estado como "aparato reproductor" de violencia contra las mujeres. Violencia contra las mujeres y tortura u otros malos tratos en ámbitos de salud sexual y reproductiva en América Latina y el Caribe

7996:

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the national Criminal Code in response to which the Uzbek delegation to the associated conference was "puzzled by the suggestion of forced sterilization, and could not see how this could be enforced."

2338:" phenotype to rapidly reproduce. In the 1970s, population control programs focused on the "third world" to help curtail over population of poverty areas that were beginning to "develop" (Duden 1992). 3336:

care and skill a surgical operation upon any person for his benefit, if the performance of the operation is reasonable, having regard to the patient’s state and to all the circumstances of the case.”

2654:

In the 1977 study, a one-year follow-up of 585 men sterilized at vasectomy camps in Shibpur and Shalna in rural Bangladesh showed that almost half of the men were dissatisfied with their vasectomies.

3123:, over 400,000 individuals were sterilized under the German law and its revisions, most within its first four years of being enacted. When the issue of compulsory sterilization was brought up at the 2456:

Human population planning is the practice of artificially altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population planning has been implemented by limiting the population's

2448:

The report recommends a range of guiding principles for medical treatment, including ensuring patient autonomy in decision-making, ensuring non-discrimination, accountability and access to remedies.

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has called for an urgent investigation into allegations that at least 17 women were subjected to unnecessary gynecological procedures that she called "the most abhorrent of human rights violations."

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The "Bangladesh Association for Voluntary Sterilization", alone performed 67,000 tubal ligations and vasectomies in its 25 clinics in 1982. The rate of sterilization increased 25 percent each year.

2602:, which was increased in 1978 to about 50,000 sterilizations per month on average. A 50% rise in the amount paid to men coincided with a doubling of the number of vasectomies between 1980 and 1981. 8564: 7646: 3723:

programs. The heads of the programs were avid proponents of eugenics and frequently argued for their programs which achieved some success nationwide mainly in the first half of the 20th century.

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after the war, many Nazis defended their actions on the matter by indicating that it was the United States itself from whom they had taken inspiration. The Nazis had many other eugenics-inspired

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categorization. Lee wrote that requiring sterilization is a human rights violation and that LGBTQ-specific international treaties may need to be developed in order to protect LGBTQ human rights.

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refugee camps, where nearly a million refugees are fighting for space, after efforts to encourage birth control failed. Since 25 August 2017, more than 600,000 Rohingya Muslims have fled from

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In the laws regarding gender recognition, this requirement is called the 'inability to reproduce', a choice of words that makes it sound a lot less threatening than 'forced sterilisation'"),

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constitutional right to avoid unwanted intrusions. Discussion on the involuntary sterilization of disabled persons is now largely focused on the right of a guardian to request sterilization.

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Involuntary sterilization of persons with mental retardation: An ethical analysis, Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, Volume 9, Issue 1, pages 21–26, 2003.

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Despite international agreement concerning the inhumanity and illegality of forced sterilization, it has been suggested that the Government of Uzbekistan continues to pursue such programs.

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the person concerned. He also calls upon them to outlaw forced or coerced sterilization in all circumstances and provide special protection to individuals belonging to marginalized groups.

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Welcome Ombudsman Office investigations of complaints received and respond to any additional complaints that are submitted as a result of the public request for any additional concerns.

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Some scholars, such as Bonnie Mass and Iris Lopez, have argued that the history and popularity of mass sterilization in Puerto Rico represents a government-led eugenics initiative for

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On 21 October 2011, Peru's Attorney General José Bardales decided to reopen an investigation into the cases, which had been halted in 2009 under the statute of limitations, after the

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Require health facilities to be certified as appropriate for performing surgical contraception as a means to ensure that no operations are done in makeshift or substandard facilities.

2575:

has a long-running government-operated civilian sterilization program as a part of its population control policy, which targets mainly poor women and men. The government offers 2,000

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Berger, Emily (May 2007). "THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF THE POOR AND MINORITY TO HAVE FAMILIES: JUDGES AS FAMILY PLANNERS, THE VILIFICATION OF THE POOR, AND DESTRUCTION OF THE BLACK FAMILY".

7134: 3283:(1948), sterilization could be enforced on criminals "with genetic predisposition to commit crime", patients with genetic diseases including mild ones such as total color-blindness, 6509: 4143:

and continued in operation for two years before opposition and lack of support forced its closure. Yet another effort at establishing birth control clinics was made in 1934 by the

2472:. While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, some programs have exposed them to exploitation. 10147: 4887: 7962:

Strode, A., Mthembu, S., & Essack, Z. (2012). “She made up a choice for me”: 22 HIV-positive women’s experiences of involuntary sterilization in two South African provinces.

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Rosenberg, M. J.; Rochat, R. W.; Akbar, J.; Gould, P.; Khan, A. R.; Measham, A.; Jabeen, S. (August 1982). "Sterilization in Bangladesh: mortality, morbidity, and risk factors".

4041:. Instead, it invalidates the central argument of the decision, and has been used in several cases to deny guardians the right to sterilize the disabled person under their care. 2342:

able to do these things at all. Disabled women in Europe are also common targets of forced sterilization. "'So many times, you hear it’s in the best interest of the woman,' said

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as the American system. However, one notable difference is in the treatment of non-insane criminals. Canadian legislation never allowed for punitive sterilization of inmates.

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women sterilized had three or four births. Over 1/3 of women who reported being sterilized were sterilized in their twenties, with the average age of sterilization being 26.

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Grimes, D. A.; Peterson, H. B.; Rosenberg, M. J.; Fishburne, J. I.; Rochat, R. W.; Khan, A. R.; Islam, R. (April 1982). "Sterilization-attributable deaths in bangladesh".

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the Uzbek president Islam Karimov said: "we are doing everything in our hands to make sure that the population growth rate does not exceed 1.2–1.3" The Uzbek version of

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high rates of female family members who had undergone sterilization, and it remained a highly popular form of birth control among Puerto Rican women living in New York.

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Implement a 72-hour "waiting period" for people who choose tubal ligation or vasectomy. This waiting period will occur between the second counseling session and surgery.

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Grimes, D. A.; Satterthwaite, A. P.; Rochat, R. W.; Akhter, N. (November 1982). "Deaths from contraceptive sterilization in bangladesh: rates, causes, and prevention".

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movement. However, new forms of population control policies, including coercive sterilization practices are a global issue and a reproductive rights and justice issue.

8255:

Essack, Zaynab; Strode, Ann (2012). "'I feel like half a woman all the time': The impacts of coerced and forced sterilisations on HIV-positive women in South Africa".

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Eugenics had two essential components. First, its advocates accepted as axiomatic that a range of mental and physical handicaps—blindness, deafness, and many forms of

9923: 4096:, during which Johnson, a woman charged with child abuse sentenced to seven years in prison, was offered probation and a reduced prison sentence if she agreed to use 3295:, and mental affections such as schizophrenia, manic-depression possibly deemed occurrent in their opposition and epilepsy. The mental sicknesses were added in 1952. 10475: 3068: 6982:"From Kraepelin to Karadzic: Psychiatry's Long Road to Genocide" Author Robert Kaplan. From book title "Genocide Perspectives IV" (pp.122-165) Page 133. Date 2012. 5467: 14649: 13070: 10340: 9187: 6450: 6081: 5227: 2855:) performed compulsory sterilization programs in the 20th century with eugenic aims. Canadian compulsory sterilization operated via the same overall mechanisms of 1487: 6012: 4155:, in association with a group of wealthy and influential Puerto Ricans, organized the Maternal and Infant Health Association and opened 22 birth control clinics. 3075:) in July 1933. The law was signed by Hitler himself, and over 200 eugenic courts were created specifically as a result of this law. Under it, all doctors in the 11968: 9941: 10310:

Gutierrez, Elena R.; Fuentes, Liza (2009–2010). "Population Control by Sterilization: The Cases of Puerto Rican and Mexican-Origin Women in the United States".

9161: 9130: 3508: 16140: 13710: 2400:, indigenous and ethnic minority girls and women. Indigenous and ethnic minority women often face "wrongful stereotyping based on gender, race and ethnicity". 528: 8810: 3340:

People’s Rights declared that involuntary sterilization violates the right to “equality and non-discrimination, dignity, liberty and security of the person.”

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ruled that the Eugenic Protection Law passed in 1948 was unconstitutional, and eliminated the 20-year statute of limitations for those affected by the law.

3192:

in 2014. Despite these deaths, sterilization is still the highest used method of birth control with 39% of women in India turning to sterilization in 2015.

11413: 9739: 9651: 5651: 4985: 4045: 8561: 4188:, Puerto Rican poverty, and threats to U.S. private investment made population control concerns a prime political and social issue for the United States. 13913: 7291: 6482: 4308:

for women with two or three children as a means of forcing population control and to improve maternal mortality rates. In November 2007, a report by the

739: 10109: 9710: 9043: 8414:. Stockholm studies in history, 0491-0842; 63 (in Swedish) (2., utvidgade uppl. ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 59. 6597: 4151:. As a part of this effort, 68 birth control clinics were opened on the island. The next mass opening of clinics occurred in January 1937 when American 3470:, to address controversy surrounding Peru's program. He indicated that the government of Peru was making important changes to the program, in order to: 2547:. It does not have universal jurisdiction, with the United States, Russia and China among the countries to exclude themselves. Rebecca Lee wrote in the 9304: 5982: 7731: 3790:

Board of Eugenics, later renamed the Board of Social Protection, existed until 1983, with the last forcible sterilization occurring in 1981. The U.S.

3427:, a sterilization program put in place by his administration. During his presidency, Fujimori put in place a program of forced sterilizations against 2623:

Food subsidies under the group feeding program (VGF) were given to only those women with certificates showing that they had undergone tubal ligation.

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Final Statement of the Public Defender of Rights in the Matter of Sterilisations Performed in Contravention of the Law and Proposed Remedial Measures

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special rapporteur for disability rights. 'But often, it’s because it’s more convenient for the family or the institution that takes care of them.'"

1898: 1259: 6699: 2634:". Where Bangladesh government also assures the poor people that it will cover all medical expenses if complications arise after the sterilization. 15262: 13864: 8786: 7054: 6731: 5122: 3467: 2884:

In the 20th century, the eugenics movement grew in Canada, using forced sterilization as a method to control indigenous populations, alongside the

2540: 2030: 690: 5723: 4180:." Despite these policies and their relative success, unemployment and poverty in Puerto Rico remained high, high enough to prompt an increase in 3099:, blind, deaf, or physically deformed, and a steep monetary penalty was imposed for any patients who were not properly reported. Individuals with 2595:

to wear for undergoing sterilization. The referrer, who persuades the woman or man to undergo sterilization gets 300 Bangladeshi Taka (US$ 2.70).

6272: 6236: 3229:

In the late 2000s, reports in the Israeli media claimed that injections of long-acting contraceptive Depo-Provera had been forced on hundreds of

9241:

By conditioning reproduction on an event unlikely to happen, this amounts to constructive sterilization—an indirect prohibition on reproduction.

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persons, who "are often subjected to cosmetic and other non-medically indicated surgeries performed on their reproductive organs, without their

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One volunteer, Farhana Sultana, said the women she spoke to believed birth control was a sin and others saw it as against the tenets of Islam.

2535:

prohibits forced sterilization in most European countries (Article 39). Widespread or systematic forced sterilization has been recognized as a

603: 10804: 6992: 2907:

In 1978, Chinese authorities became concerned with the possibility of a baby boom that the country could not handle, and they initialized the

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As of January 2011, discussions were under way regarding compensation for the victims of forced sterilization under the authorization of the

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recommended sterilisation of people who were mentally and physically disabled, but its proposals did not gain enough support to be made law.

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After World War II, public opinion towards eugenics and sterilization programs became more negative in the light of the connection with the

2426:

or that of their parents, and without taking into consideration the views of the children involved", often as a "sex-normalizing" treatment.

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activism in favor or birth control legalization and the individual agency of Puerto Rican women in making decisions about family planning.

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generally a good predictor of postoperative complaints. Centers performing fewer than 200 procedures were associated with more complaints.

1264: 10139: 9483: 8707: 5123:"Glenn Beck claims science czar John Holdren proposed forced abortions and putting sterilants in the drinking water to control population" 3715:

to 1920), the United States was the first country to concertedly undertake compulsory sterilization programs for the purpose of eugenics.

3477:

Make clear to health workers that there are no provider targets for voluntary surgical contraception or any other method of contraception.

16165: 14402: 14006: 13548: 12045: 10592: 8502: 3116:" were also sterilized beginning in 1937. The sterilization program went on until the war started, with about 600,000 people sterilized. 1234: 832: 358: 11994: 3463:. In February 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) itself congratulated Fujimori on his success in controlling demographic growth. 16078: 13695: 13121: 8108: 6949:(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), and Gisela Bock, "Nazi sterilization and reproductive policies" in Dieter Kuntz, ed., 6421: 4547: 3741:. In the end, over 65,000 individuals were sterilized in 33 states under state compulsory sterilization programs in the United States. 2259: 513: 11956: 8393: 7507: 11661:

Clarke, Nic (2010). "Sacred Daemons: Exploring British Columbian Society's Perceptions of "Mentally Deficient" Children, 1870–1930".

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Every month 250 Bangladeshis undergo sterilization routinely under the government's sterilization program in the border district of

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Khan, Atiqur Rahman; Swenson, Ingrid E.; Rahman, Azizur (1 January 1979). "A Follow-up of Vasectomy Clients in Rural Bangladesh".

5148: 4381:("In Finland, to change one's gender markers in the juridical system (also known as gender recognition), trans people are, still, 13227: 13103: 8203: 7071: 4144: 3700:

A map from a 1929 Swedish royal commission report displays the U.S. states that had implemented sterilization legislation by then

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persons, "as a prerequisite to receiving gender-affirmative treatment and gender-marker changes". This being a practice that the

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Committee on Ethics (2007). "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 371: Sterilization of Women, Including Those with Mental Disabilities".

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providing the most well-known examples of sterilization of disabled people, paired with encouraging ethnic Germans who fit the "

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Journal of Modern European History / Zeitschrift für moderne europäische Geschichte / Revue d'histoire européenne contemporaine

10202:

Lopez, Iris (1993). "Agency And Constraint: Sterilization And Reproductive Freedom Among Puerto Rican Women In New York City".

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advisable for LGBTQ activists to seriously consider developing LGBTQ-specific international and regional human rights treaties.

4929:"The Inconvenient Truth About Population Control, Part 2; Science Czar John Holdren's Endorsement of Involuntary Sterilization" 3691: 3687: 3298:

In early 2019, Japan's Supreme Court upheld a requirement that transgender people must have their reproductive organs removed.

1999: 695: 450: 278: 263: 258: 88: 11124: 8132:"USAID Testimony: House International Relations Committee, Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights, 2/25/98" 7430: 5323: 4198:

Also during this era, private birth control clinics were established in Puerto Rico with funds provided by wealthy Americans.

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Back, K., R. Hill and J.M. Stycos. "The Puerto Rican Field Experience in Population Control." Human Relations (1956):315–334.

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Ginzberg, Janet F. (Fall 1992). "NOTE: COMPULSORY CONTRACEPTION AS A CONDITION OF PROBATION: THE USE AND ABUSE OF NORPLANT".

8835: 8419: 7846:"High Court of Kenya to Address Forced Sterilization of HIV-Positive Women and Collection of Names of People Living With HIV" 7608: 6676: 5182: 4785: 4255: 4068:

may benefit future patients. These interventions, at the request of the parents and guidance from the physicians, included a

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Implement a comprehensive monitoring program to ensure compliance with family planning norms and informed consent procedures.

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Eugenics programs including forced sterilization existed in most Northern European countries, as well as other more or less

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The 50s also saw the production of social science research supporting sterilization procedures in Puerto Rico. Princeton's

2756: 2023: 1042: 333: 147: 10472: 9330: 9305:"ICE detainees' alleged hysterectomies recall a long history of forced sterilizations | University of Toronto Mississauga" 6825: 3799:

Information about the California sterilization program was produced into book form and widely disseminated by eugenicists

16170: 14854: 14524: 14437: 14328: 13996: 13816: 13458: 13443: 13075: 11584: 11369: 10527: 10425: 7565: 7483: 5459: 5356: 4852:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/22/53)" 4683: 4516: 3241:

a few years later. Ethiopian-Jewish women said they were intimidated or tricked into taking the shot every three months.

2460:, usually by government mandate, and has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of 1700: 1356: 1269: 1160: 822: 640: 268: 253: 10330: 10168: 6483:"Neo-Malthusianism and Coercive Population Control in China and India: Overpopulation Concerns Often Result in Coercion" 5206: 3143:

Guatemala is one country that resisted family planning programs, largely due to lack of governmental support, including

2699:(24%), where intraperitoneal hemorrhage (14%), and infection other than tetanus (5%) was other leading causes of death. 16240: 15206: 14422: 13896: 13215: 13185: 11790: 11734: 10504: 9090: 8893: 8580: 7899:

Stephan, Jan; Kellogg, E. H. (1974). The world's laws concerning voluntary sterilization for family planning purposes.

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Sato, Hajime (February 2002). "Abolition of leprosy isolation policy in Japan: policy termination through leadership".

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a specific group of people. Sterilization removes a person's capacity to reproduce, and is usually done by surgical or

1254: 722: 11961: 10450: 9937: 8726:"Eugenic Ideas, Political Interests, and Policy Variance: Immigration and Sterilization Policy in Britain and the U.S" 6262: 16312: 16272: 16062: 14070: 13901: 13397: 13375: 13080: 12228: 12000: 11278: 10708: 9445: 9157: 9116: 8616: 7460:

The 107th law that Japanese Government promulgated in 1940　(国民優生法) 第二条　本法ニ於テ優生手術ト称スルハ生殖ヲ不能ナラシムル手術又ハ処置ニシテ命令ヲ以テ定ムルモノヲ謂フ

2433: 896: 727: 199: 177: 9740:"Legalised non-consensual sterilisation – eugenics put into practice before 1945, and the aftermath. Part 2: Europe" 7874: 3547:

Court, which gave the go-ahead for extradition at the time, must agree to Fujimori's charge of forced sterilization.

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Women, especially in relation to coercive population control policies, and particularly including women living with

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Grekul, Jana; Krahn, H.; Odynak (2004). "Sterilizing the 'Feeble-minded': Eugenics in Alberta, Canada, 1929–1972".

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Diekema, Douglas S. (2003). "Involuntary sterilization of persons with mental retardation: An ethical analysis".

5525: 5490: 4928: 2944: 2768: 2613: 2016: 1229: 734: 488: 283: 9647: 3588: 16317: 16292: 16160: 15613: 15598: 15385: 15326: 15302: 15267: 13533: 12068: 12012: 11689: 8957:"Proclamation of Human Rights Day, and apology for Oregon's forced sterilization of institutionalized patients" 8159: 3452: 3238: 2252: 2161: 343: 13675: 9645:

Ashley Revisited: A Response to the Critics, American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2010.

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The nurse said that detained women told her they did not fully understand why they had to get a hysterectomy.

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In 1965, the targeted number of sterilizations per month was 600–1,000 in contrast to the insertion of 25,000

493: 15316: 15250: 15076: 14792: 13513: 13163: 13131: 13029: 9035: 7097: 5947: 4462: 4192: 4060: 3683: 3128: 2959: 2141: 1930: 1638: 323: 32: 9915: 6358: 16307: 15543: 15538: 15522: 15505: 15430: 15311: 14355: 14303: 13284: 13254: 13108: 13024: 12362: 11827: 11250: 8366: 6294: 5974: 5300: 3394: 2544: 2091: 1187: 1135: 78: 10540: 7198:"In the name of reproductive rights: race, neoliberalism and the embodied violence of population policies" 6902: 16185: 16175: 16088: 15994: 15563: 15517: 15500: 15331: 14987: 14839: 14258: 13859: 13805: 12637: 12580: 12144: 11396: 11391: 11240: 8535: 6696: 4959: 4432: 3626:, a bill that would enact forcible sterilization of such individuals; the bill gained the support of the 2772: 2183: 1841: 1685: 1090: 685: 623: 11665:. 144: Being Young: Journeys to Young Adulthood (144: Being Young: Journeys to Young Adulthood): 61–89. 10375:

Presser, Harriet B. (November 1969). "The Role of Sterilization in Controlling Puerto Rican Fertility".

16282: 16057: 15666: 15573: 15495: 15474: 15096: 13881: 13568: 13299: 13203: 13168: 13158: 12198: 12080: 12031: 11324: 11268: 7761: 6510:"A Million People Are Jailed at China's Gulags. I Managed to Escape. Here's What Really Goes on Inside" 5297:"Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence" 4659:

A Polish Doctor in the Nazi Camps: My Mother's Memories of Imprisonment, Immigration, and a Life Remade

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Wahlsten, Douglas (1997). "Leilani Muir versus the Philosopher Kings: Eugenics on trial in Alberta".

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Building a better race: gender, sexuality, and eugenics from the turn of the century to the baby boom

7845: 6993:"The connection between American eugenics and Nazi Germany, James Watson :: DNA Learning Center" 4227:

was not obtained from patients before they underwent sterilization, if consent was solicited at all.

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According to reports, as of 2012, forced and coerced sterilization are current Government policy in

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Warren, Charles W.; Westoff, Charles F.; Herold, Joan M.; Rochat, Roger W.; Smith, Jack C. (1986).

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Forced sterilization has been an issue that has also affected the disabled population of women in

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Finland required forced sterilisation for adults to legally change their sex until 3 April 2023

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in the world among the countries having at least 10 million people. The capital Dhaka is the 4th

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Uzbekistan: Presidential Decree on Birth Rate Leads to Increased Sterilization | EurasiaNet.org

9475: 8925:"A 1970 Law Led to the Mass Sterilization of Native American Women. That History Still Matters" 3655: 3522:(in English: Nothing Personal), showed that doctors were required to meet quotas. According to 3315: 2536: 2151: 2136: 2111: 1945: 1918: 1908: 1366: 1346: 1209: 1080: 971: 921: 891: 871: 799: 779: 754: 749: 744: 655: 618: 591: 567: 562: 142: 132: 12006: 10589: 6751: 6295:"Victims of sterilization finally get day in court. Lawrence Journal-World. December 23, 1996" 6210: 5010:

Heer, David M. (March 1975). "Marketable licenses for babies: Boulding's proposal revisited".

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led a successful effort to defeat that clause's inclusion in what would eventually become the

3035: 16150: 16014: 15853: 15282: 15245: 15223: 15059: 15019: 14952: 14849: 14797: 14724: 14479: 14243: 14155: 14130: 14125: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14040: 13988: 13948: 13854: 13824: 13727: 13350: 13019: 12821: 12625: 12300: 11564: 11504: 11364: 11359: 11294: 9435: 8780: 8117: 6391: 5436: 4657: 4627: 4600: 4570: 4521: 4140: 3778: 3528:, "tubal ligation festivals" were organized through program publicity campaigns, held in the 3524: 3165: 3056: 2915: 2493: 2441: 2284: 1913: 1873: 1806: 1695: 1643: 1562: 1311: 1075: 981: 956: 951: 936: 931: 926: 866: 814: 774: 680: 650: 545: 152: 10897:

Eugenics And the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland

9257:"Survivors of California's forced sterilizations: 'It's like my life wasn't worth anything'" 8105: 7346: 6417: 4543: 16302: 16180: 16135: 16103: 16098: 16024: 15999: 15955: 15656: 15390: 14930: 14464: 14338: 14055: 14013: 13963: 13938: 13759: 13722: 13463: 13325: 13034: 12985: 12305: 12295: 12223: 12218: 12193: 12178: 12173: 11603: 11539: 11423: 11334: 11319: 11314: 11304: 8390: 7541: 7497: 6535: 5099: 4491: 4485: 3971: 3830: 3233:

both in transit camps in Ethiopia and after their arrival in Israel. In 2009, feminist NGO

3144: 3060: 2856: 2515: 2507: 2469: 2171: 2086: 1784: 1296: 1170: 881: 839: 789: 764: 577: 540: 273: 127: 6531:"'Deeply disturbing' footage surfaces of blindfolded Uyghurs at train station in Xinjiang" 6183: 3107:

could also be sterilized. The individual's case was then presented in front of a court of

8: 16251: 16029: 15860: 15811: 15754: 15106: 14967: 14602: 14504: 14484: 14273: 14181: 14140: 14120: 14090: 13983: 13778: 13593: 12538: 12495: 12460: 12367: 12347: 11554: 11534: 11474: 11408: 11309: 10336: 9013:

On California sterilizations and their connection to the Nazi program, see: Stefan Kühl,

7451: 6556: 4913: 4653: 4506: 4467: 4447: 4321: 4177: 4029: 3666: 3374: 2718:, and aspiration of vomitus. All seven men died from scrotal infections after vasectomy. 2511: 2498: 2291: 2226: 2131: 1960: 1821: 1440: 1336: 1316: 1105: 1015: 966: 946: 916: 809: 596: 403: 9599:"Sterilization of incompetent mentally handicapped persons: a model for decision making" 9408: 8176: 8026: 4883: 3925:. Some states still have forced sterilization laws in effect, such as Washington state. 2669:

The person's sex, the sponsor and workload in the sterilization center, and the dose of

16155: 16093: 15881: 15870: 15848: 15843: 15832: 14879: 14874: 14864: 14812: 14802: 14777: 14719: 14677: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14489: 13790: 13136: 12865: 12719: 12490: 12475: 11938: 11922: 11880: 11681:

Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada 1880–1940

11574: 11569: 11499: 11443: 11401: 11374: 11178: 11151: 11106: 11098: 11046: 11011: 10871: 10863: 10742: 10392: 10091: 10037: 9891: 9858: 9778: 9539: 9282: 9060: 8753: 8663: 8280: 7527: 7228: 7129: 7091: 7048: 6725: 6168:"Voluntary and Compulsory Sterilization in Brazil and the Reproductive Rights of Women" 6148: 6082:"Bangladesh 'plans to offer to sterilise Rohingya Muslims' as refugee population grows" 5867: 5816: 5591: 5571: 5278: 5078: 4833: 4244: 4132: 4034: 3914: 3761: 3756:

became the first state to enact sterilization legislation in 1907, followed closely by

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On 25 February 1998, a representative for USAID testified before the U.S. government's

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Colonialism, Catholicism, and Contraception: A History of Birth Control in Puerto Rico

9623: 9598: 8060:"Making the Case for Genocide, the Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Peoples of Peru" 6571: 3530: 16297: 16287: 16130: 16004: 15897: 15806: 15734: 15688: 15410: 15192: 15138: 15049: 14977: 14962: 14761: 14704: 14509: 14417: 14308: 14228: 14075: 13380: 12956: 12875: 12799: 12777: 12290: 12208: 12059: 11930: 11872: 11831: 11805: 11786: 11740: 11730: 11712: 11685: 11579: 11544: 11529: 11448: 11433: 11381: 11354: 11183: 11110: 11090: 11051: 11033: 10963: 10955: 10855: 10553:, authors Rapid Response Group and OMCT, published November 2007, accessed 2012-04-12 10400: 10287: 10247: 10029: 9896: 9878: 9770: 9762: 9628: 9579: 9543: 9441: 9155:

VA Man Agrees to Get Vasectomy as Part of Plea Deal, Fox News Insider, 24 June 2014.

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plan", presented on 28 July 1995. The plan was principally financed using funds from

3250: 3113: 3002: 2976: 2687: 2552: 2465: 2235: 2166: 2081: 2047: 1992: 1903: 1831: 1816: 1599: 1542: 1341: 1249: 1140: 1060: 901: 182: 12019:"Buck v. Bell (1927)" by N. Antonios and C. Raup at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia 11884: 10875: 8757: 8667: 7582: 6552:"TikTok's owner is helping China's campaign of repression in Xinjiang, report finds" 5871: 5820: 5595: 5333:. The Netherlands Ministry for Development Co-Operation. p. 201. Archived from 16206: 16201: 15987: 15982: 15865: 15821: 15460: 15101: 15086: 15014: 14935: 14905: 14736: 14572: 14278: 13844: 13839: 13690: 13588: 12518: 12285: 12280: 11942: 11912: 11864: 11778: 11708: 11666: 11524: 11173: 11163: 11082: 11041: 11023: 10947: 10892: 10847: 10482: 10384: 10083: 10021: 9886: 9870: 9782: 9754: 9618: 9610: 9571: 9535: 8737: 8699: 8647: 8284: 8264: 8071: 8012:(in Spanish). United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications. 2016. p. 27. 7929: 7523: 7358: 7212: 6451:"Enforcement of One-Child Policy Targets 'The Rich and Famous' in Zhangzhou, China" 6442:

Enforcement of One-Child Policy Targets 'The Rich and Famous' in Zhangzhou, China,

6179: 5843: 5792: 5567: 5420: 5408: 5334: 5262: 5062: 5019: 4817: 4479: 4224: 4148: 4065: 3643: 3638:, that included forced sterilization. Despite support for the bill by the Anglican 3619: 3410: 3135:

in which around 70,000 people institutionalized or with birth defects were killed.

3124: 3092: 2927: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2852: 2576: 2423: 2216: 2178: 2121: 1955: 1940: 1868: 1789: 1759: 1574: 1410: 1110: 670: 665: 508: 398: 11802:

Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant

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Mass, Bonnie (1 January 1977). "Puerto Rico: a Case Study of Population Control".

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Iredale, Rachel (2000). "Eugenics And Its Relevance To Contemporary Health Care".

8059: 6673: 5724:"BANGLADESH Healthcare in Bangladesh: only sterilization and vasectomies are free" 5491:"Acceptability of male sterilization in Bangladesh: its problems and perspectives" 5266: 5023: 3752:'s state legislators passed a sterilization bill that was vetoed by the governor. 16216: 15977: 15116: 15024: 14920: 14869: 14729: 14714: 14694: 14659: 14372: 14283: 14218: 14018: 13968: 13754: 13613: 13014: 12870: 12734: 12692: 12553: 12528: 12452: 12342: 12324: 12270: 12154: 11972: 11724: 11679: 11596: 11549: 11519: 11489: 11484: 11386: 10659: 10640: 10621: 10618: 10596: 10569: 10547: 10479: 10454: 10429: 10204:

Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development

9036:"Poe v. Lynchburg Training School and Hospital, 518 F. Supp. 789 (W.D. Va. 1981)" 8989: 8814: 8800: 8568: 8397: 8333: 8268: 8163: 8112: 7787: 7546: 7502: 6770: 6703: 6680: 6657: 4421: 4275: 4159: 4152: 4136: 3995: 3727: 3705: 3456: 3381: 3013:

Until 11 June 2014, sterilization was requisite for legal sex change in Denmark.

2784: 2735: 2503: 2409: 2096: 1970: 1878: 1774: 1715: 1567: 1552: 1532: 1497: 1204: 1115: 1050: 844: 794: 572: 423: 12023: 11782: 9674: 9131:"North Carolina offers $ 10 million for victims of forced-sterilization program" 8076: 7347:"Rights of Persons with Disabilities in India: Provisions, Promises and Reality" 6650: 6166:

Almeida, Marina Nogueira; Silva, Adalene Ferreira Figueiredo da (10 July 2019).

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programs of the 20th century were marked as part of the eugenics movement, with

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Reproductive rights and wrongs : the global politics of population control

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Bangladesh is planning to introduce a sterilization program in its overcrowded

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in the world, which ranked as the world's 2nd most unlivable city, just behind

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in the explanatory memorandum. This memorandum defines the jurisdiction of the

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The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

11168: 11028: 9675:"The "Ashley Treatment", Towards a Better Quality of Life for "Pillow Angels"" 7933: 7477: 7473: 7216: 6674:

For Gypsies, Eugenics is a Modern Problem – Czech Practice Dates to Soviet Era

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overdosage was the leading cause of death following tubal ligation along with

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The family and population control: a Puerto Rican experiment in social change

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The Nazi connection: Eugenics, American racism, and German National Socialism

8514: 8451: 8276: 8085: 7941: 7658: 7620: 7370: 7224: 6328:"Indigenous Women in Canada Are Still Being Sterilized Without Their Consent" 6191: 6055: 5898: 5855: 5804: 5625: 5579: 5274: 5192: 5074: 5031: 4829: 4821: 4511: 4442: 4437: 4398: 4326: 4199: 4163: 4131:

Puerto Rican physician Lanauze Rolón founded the League for Birth Control in

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published an article, in 2010, that concluded the interventions used in the

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According to another study based on 20 sterilization-attributable deaths in

16009: 15703: 15698: 15348: 15338: 14957: 14844: 14672: 14639: 14619: 14549: 14539: 14519: 14499: 14135: 14033: 14028: 13764: 13739: 13603: 13543: 13508: 13478: 12924: 12919: 12660: 12560: 12505: 12233: 12112: 12107: 11988: 11753:

Discussion Paper on Sterilization of Minors and Mentally Incompetent Adults

11458: 11453: 11418: 11349: 11344: 11329: 11259: 11187: 11055: 10404: 10244:

Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico

10033: 9900: 9774: 9632: 9583: 9547: 9437:

Fit to be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980

8911:

Fit to Be Tied: Sterilization and Reproductive Rights in America, 1950–1980

8749: 8659: 8606: 7949: 7647:"Japan urged to lift sterilization requirement for transgender recognition" 7010: 6237:"Who decides over Janaina's body? A case of forced sterilization in Brazil" 5933: 4472: 4369:. Other countries that had notably active sterilisation programmes include 4317: 4288: 4184:

from Puerto Rico to the United States between 1950 and 1955. The issues of

4069: 4014: 3898: 3882: 3804: 3800: 3773: 3749: 3659: 3570: 3499: 3189: 3120: 3084: 3076: 3052: 2877: 2480: 2066: 1811: 1690: 1510: 1477: 1457: 1381: 1371: 1351: 1331: 961: 859: 854: 582: 557: 413: 353: 318: 288: 11934: 11876: 11744: 10967: 9112: 7918:"Informed Choice and Female Sterilization in South Asia and Latin America" 7386:"Forced Sterilization of Disabled Women in India: A Tale of Lost Autonomy" 5906: 5863: 5812: 5039: 4120: 15892: 15708: 14859: 14819: 14787: 14654: 14614: 14454: 14367: 14318: 14293: 14193: 13886: 13625: 13608: 13563: 13483: 12914: 12850: 12687: 12630: 12570: 12565: 12403: 12352: 12213: 11720: 9711:"Involuntary Sterilization of Disabled Americans: An Historical Overview" 9614: 9501:"The Right to Self-Determination: Freedom from Involuntary Sterilization" 9019:

Eugenic nation: faults and frontiers of better breeding in modern America

9001: 8886:

Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt

8741: 7022: 6116:

Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control

4629:

Matters of Choice: Puerto Rican Women's Struggle for Reproductive Freedom

4572:

Population and Reproductive Rights: Feminists Perspectives from the South

4390: 4185: 4125: 3966:

In 2020, multiple human rights groups joined a whistleblower to accuse a

3862: 3822: 3795: 3170: 3007: 2711: 2707: 2429: 1705: 1665: 1633: 1492: 1452: 1286: 1199: 1150: 1125: 1027: 712: 435: 418: 373: 293: 12055: 11775:

Preaching Eugenics: Religious Leaders and the American Eugenics Movement

11102: 11070: 10867: 10835: 10246:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 8229: 7982:

2015;17(10):952-957. doi: 10.1001/journalofethics.2015.17.10.pfor2-1510.

5587: 4602:

Pregnancy and Power: A Short History of Reproductive Politics in America

4262:, but this did not pass by the bill's 2018 deadline in the Legislature. 2979:

of 1989. A 2005 report by the Czech government's independent ombudsman,

15777: 15661: 15455: 15440: 15133: 15128: 15009: 15004: 14900: 14884: 14741: 14634: 14592: 14554: 14362: 14350: 14323: 14313: 14233: 13652: 13647: 13618: 13553: 13402: 12312: 12252: 12183: 11926: 11868: 11824:

The funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

10633: 10396: 9575: 7998:. United Kingdom: Amnesty International Publications. 2016. p. 28. 7446: 7444: 6903:"Eugenics Courts Named in Reich. The Montreal Gazette. January 3, 1934" 6260: 4541:

Webster University, Forced Sterilization. Retrieved on 30 August 2014.

4305: 4181: 3818: 3757: 3400: 3292: 3284: 3100: 2968: 2885: 2743: 2734:

These civilian sterilization programs are funded by the countries from

2723: 2692: 2572: 2457: 2335: 1987: 1982: 1863: 1858: 1754: 1730: 1579: 1472: 1430: 1386: 1194: 1182: 1155: 1145: 1065: 462: 457: 428: 363: 204: 15292: 10095: 8804: 8367:"Report: South African Hospitals 'Forcibly' Sterilized Women With HIV" 5652:"The Bangladesh government plans a mass voluntary sterilization of..." 5533: 5502: 4884:"Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization" 4135:, in 1925, but the League was quickly squashed by opposition from the 4037:. This case, however, does not directly overturn the decision made in 2555:

member states require proof of sterilization in order to change one's

15947: 15683: 15400: 15034: 14982: 14699: 14298: 13428: 12702: 12575: 12435: 12425: 12260: 12238: 12165: 11891:"Nine women sterilized in B.C. have lawsuits settled for $ 450,000". 11625:

Alvarado, Carmen; Tietze, C. (1947). "Birth Control in Puerto Rico".

10563:

Press Release: Committee Against Torture Hears Response of Uzbekistan

9383:"Mexico demands the US for answers on alleged migrant hysterectomies" 9357:"Mexico demands the US for answers on alleged migrant hysterectomies" 8412:

Från politik till praktik: de svenska steriliseringslagarna 1935–1975

7732:"Japan's Supreme Court upholds transgender sterilization requirement" 7476:. In Srám, R. J.; Bulyzhenkov, V.; Prilipko, L.; et al. (eds.). 6771:"Inuit Greenlanders demand answers over Danish birth control scandal" 6131:

Matters of Life and Longing: Female Sterilisation in Northeast Brazil

5424: 4373:("that country's forced sterilization of 60,000 people in 1935-76"), 4087:

Compulsory sterilization of disabled people in the U.S. prison system

4073: 3922: 3858: 2663: 2584: 2556: 2438:

torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

2221: 1888: 1836: 1537: 1130: 238: 11917: 11900: 10388: 9747:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

8156: 7441: 7112:

India's Family Planning Programme Policies, Practices and Challenges

5331:

Dying Alive – A Legal Assessment of Human Rights Violations in Burma

5207:"A Post-Colonial Feminist Critique of Population Control Policies -" 3737:

A relative minority of sterilizations targeting crime took place in

3734:" because they were promiscuous or became pregnant while unmarried. 2297:

Purported justifications for compulsory sterilization have included

16019: 15942: 15903: 15215: 14999: 14829: 14756: 14407: 14333: 14238: 14198: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13498: 13493: 13438: 13085: 12902: 12816: 12794: 12714: 12615: 12523: 12430: 12357: 12275: 12095: 10087: 9021:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); and Wendy Kline, 8611: 8031: 7792: 7762:"Transgender Ruling Is Step Forward for L.G.B.T.Q. Rights in Japan" 6718:

Against the Odds: Colombia's Role in the Family Planning Revolution

6684: 6598:"Pompeo calls report of forced sterilisation of Uighurs 'shocking'" 6267: 5975:"Global Liveability Ranking 2015 – The Economist Intelligence Unit" 5107: 4714:"Despite Bans, Disabled Women Are Still Being Sterilized in Europe" 4457: 4416: 4260:

prison sterilizations resulting from California's eugenics programs

4212: 4202:, a wealthy American Republican and industrialist, established the 4162:, enacted Law 116, which went into effect on 13 May 1937. It was a 4097: 4023: 3910: 3886: 3870: 3854: 3826: 3769: 3745: 3460: 3414: 3288: 3096: 2972: 2939: 2860: 2760: 2670: 2419: 2372: 2310: 2302: 2211: 2055: 1853: 1675: 1594: 1239: 1165: 1070: 1032: 393: 388: 383: 308: 303: 248: 11220: 9857:

Borrero, Sonya; Zite, Nikki; Creinin, Mitchell D. (October 2012).

9648:"Ashley Revisited: A Response to the Critics | Bioethics.net" 9564:

Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

8503:"Transgender People in Sweden No Longer Face Forced Sterilization" 7816:"Top court rules old eugenic law unconstitutional, orders redress" 6953:(Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2004). 5951: 3748:, in 1897, but the proposed law failed to pass. Eight years later 15374: 13503: 13407: 13387: 13360: 13335: 13239: 13004: 12975: 12951: 12933: 12729: 12709: 10934:

Hemminki, Elina; Rasimus, Anja; Forssas, Erja (1 December 1997).

10679:"Doctors in Uzbekistan Say Government Forcibly Sterilizing Women" 7412:"Ethiopian women in Israel 'given contraceptive without consent'" 6514: 4394: 4386: 4378: 4370: 3906: 3866: 3838: 3814: 3753: 3744:

The first state to introduce a compulsory sterilization bill was

3720: 3301:

In March 2019, Japan's legal policy about transgender people was:

3064: 2864: 2848: 2792: 2696: 2461: 313: 209: 189: 162: 137: 60: 8828:

In the name of eugenics: Genetics and the uses of human heredity

6044:"Bangladesh to offer sterilisation to Rohingya in refugee camps" 5833: 5296: 3237:

published a first survey on the story, which was followed up by

2706:

after tubal ligation; one (5%) died from each of the following:

15924: 15673: 14459: 13488: 13392: 13370: 13365: 13315: 12842: 12724: 12548: 12470: 12129: 12124: 12119: 11997:(United States Holocaust Memorial Museum exhibit) (Germany, US) 11212: 10747: 10653:

Our Kids: EU Parliamentarians Applaud MCH Project in Uzbekistan

9472:

On the legal history of eugenic sterilization in the U.S., see

9331:"More immigrant women say they were abused by Ice gynecologist" 8683:"Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era" 8440:"SWEDEN STERILIZED THOUSANDS OF 'USELESS' CITIZENS FOR DECADES" 6455: 6444: 5884: 5228:"Feminist Perspectives on Population Issues | Encyclopedia.com" 4402: 4374: 4350: 4346: 4330: 3979: 3890: 3846: 3787: 3765:

dependency and curb the population rise of non-white citizens.

3474:

Discontinue their campaigns in tubal ligations and vasectomies.

3108: 3079:

were required to report any patients of theirs who were deemed

2638: 2388: 2376: 1291: 298: 194: 172: 167: 117: 11071:"Eugenics in Switzerland before and after 1945 – a Continuum?" 8334:"Forced sterilisation in South Africa: They removed my uterus" 7788:"Japan's top court says forced sterilisation unconstitutional" 7431:"Israel Admits Ethiopian Women Were Given Birth Control Shots" 7041:

Guatemala: The Pioneering Days of the Family Planning Movement

6752:"Denmark to investigate its involuntary sterilization program" 6626:"Uyghur Genocide Shows Urgency of Combating Neo-Malthusianism" 4742:"UN Report: Forced Sterilization of Trans People "is Torture"" 4684:"24 Countries in Europe Require Sterilization of Trans People" 4139:. A similar League was founded seven years later, in 1932, in 3654:, though the final act did create a scheme for state-enforced 2876:

of Alberta was enacted in 1928 and repealed in 1972. In 1995,

15746: 14469: 13320: 12604: 12139: 12090: 10986:"Trans people in Finland are still being forcibly sterilised" 10074:

Thimmesch, Nick (May 1968). "Puerto Rico and Birth Control".

9284:

Independent Lens | Belly of the Beast | Season 22 | Episode 4

8304:"Dozens of HIV-positive S. African women forcibly sterilized" 7970:(sup39), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(12)39643-2 7879:

FXB Center for Health & Human Rights | Harvard University

7566:"「旧優生保護法下における優生手術及び人工妊娠中絶等に対する補償立法措置に関する意見書」, 2018, 日本弁護士連合会" 7322:"Mistreatment and Coercion: Unethical Sterilization in India" 7078:. 11 May 2001. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006 7009:|"The connection between American eugenics and Nazi Germany" 6572:"China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization" 3850: 3834: 3444: 3209: 2764: 2592: 2384: 2368: 1301: 122: 9017:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Alexandra Stern, 8204:"Forced sterilizations: Fujimori should go to court in Peru" 6877:"Finland to allow gender reassignment without sterilisation" 4794: 4341:

On 15 May 2012, during a meeting with the Russian president

3961: 3622:, who succeeded Churchill as Home Secretary, introduced the 3148:

Reagan backed commission found the allegations to be false.

2506:

and Anne Ehrlich predicting major societal upheavals due to

15678: 15184: 15081: 14910: 12809: 10423:

BBC News: Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilizing women

7038: 6261:

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) (9 November 1999).

6172:

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5251: 4986:"The forgotten roots of India's mass sterilization program" 3902: 3842: 3561:, motivated by allegedly detected "serious complications". 3406: 2626:

There are reports that often when a woman had to undergo a

2599: 2588: 2380: 1935: 1764: 11979:"Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Virginia, Eugenics, and 11962:"Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Virginia, Eugenics, and 10936:"Sterilization in Finland: From eugenics to contraception" 7141: 5149:"The Book That Incited a Worldwide Fear of Overpopulation" 2914:

However, accusations have been raised from groups such as

2637:

For the women who are persuaded to have IUD inserted into

12620: 12015:(NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child) 11898: 10652: 10457: 10432: 9859:"Federally Funded Sterilization: Time to Rethink Policy?" 7148:

Relying on Hard and Soft Sells India Pushes Sterilization

6852:"Denmark Ends Forced Sterilization Of Transgender People" 6715: 6661: 5782: 4632:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. xiii. 4258:

to compensate victims of the well-documented examples of

3069:

Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring

2820:, where the Rohingya refugee Muslims have taken shelter. 2451: 2397: 2306: 13071:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

11125:"New laws to compensate victims of forced sterilisation" 10281: 10169:

Abortion in Puerto Rico: The limits of colonial legality

8850:

The Indiana Supreme Court overturned the law in 1921 in

8157:

Thousands of Forced Sterilization Cases Reopened in Peru

6382: 6380: 5460:"পরিবার পরিকল্পনা | উত্তরখান ইউনিয়ন | উত্তরখান ইউনিয়ন" 4210: 2950: 10448:

Crossing Continents: Forced Sterilization in Uzbekistan

10418: 10416: 10414: 10282:

Ramirez de Arellano, Annette B.; Seipp, Conrad (1983).

10110:"Forced Sterilization in Puerto Rico " Family Planning" 8951: 8803:, Ph.D. of University of Michigan in Spanish newspaper 8474:"Forced Sterilization for Transgender People in Sweden" 16141:

International Conference on Population and Development

10933: 10836:"Sterilization Under the Swastika: The Case of Norway" 8536:"Sweden announces to pay compensation to trans people" 7706:"Japan: Compelled Sterilization of Transgender People" 7039:

Santiso-Galvez and Bertrand, Roberto; Jane T. (2007).

6716:

Measham and Lopez-Escobar, Anthony, Guillermo (2007).

6153:

Reproductive and Sexual Rights: A Feminist Perspective

4234: 2938:

Beginning in 2019, reports of forced sterilization in

12761: 10468: 10466: 10443: 10441: 10332:

SB-1190 – Eugenics Sterilization Compensation Program

10309: 9158:"VA Man Agrees to Get Vasectomy as Part of Plea Deal" 7916:

Jadhav, Apoorva; Vala-Haynes, Emily (November 2018).

7029:, Chapter VI, first section (London, 1991, rev. 2001) 6377: 5681:"Impoverished Bangladesh plans sterilization program" 4803:"Sterilization of men with intellectual disabilities" 3268:, Korean patients were also subjected to hard labor. 11648:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 February 2003 10411: 7262:"Male involvement and contraceptive methods for men" 6388:"Thousands at risk of forced sterilization in China" 6359:"Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Women in Canada" 6211:"Court-ordered sterilization investigated in Brazil" 5560:

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

4176:

trade policies were implemented and referred to as "

3503:

Motta (1994–96), Marino Costa Bauer (1996–1999) and

3271:

National Eugenic Law was promulgated in 1940 by the

11729:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 10585: 10583: 10581: 10520:"Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women" 10497:"Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women" 9525: 9251: 9249: 9186:. Fox News Insider. 5 February 2013. Archived from 8232:[PNI is a mixture of hospital and prison]. 8177:"Peru forced sterilisations case reaches key stage" 7901:

California Western International Law Journal, 5(1),

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International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

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A study by sociologist 2526: 2440:has described as a violation of the 1043:Capital punishment for homosexuality 334:Social determinants of mental health 16171:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 14329:Genital modification and mutilation 13222: 13142:Society for Women's Health Research 13076:International Day of the Girl Child 10518:Antelava, Natalia (12 April 2012). 10495:Antelava, Natalia (12 April 2012). 10329:Skinner, Nancy (18 February 2019). 9944:from the original on 2 October 2014 9926:from the original on 21 April 2014. 9728: 9231:from the original on 5 January 2017 8983:State will admit sterilization past 8501:Nelson, Rebecca (14 January 2013). 8471: 8230:"ПНИ — это смесь больницы и тюрьмы" 7985: 7377: 7335: 7272:from the original on 11 August 2006 7153: 7061: 6749: 6738: 6615: 6590: 6564: 6529:Handley, Erin (23 September 2019). 6475: 6346: 6313: 6184:10.15167/2279-5057/AG2019.8.15.1056 5985:from the original on 10 August 2017 5488: 5089: 4958:Goldberg, Michelle (21 July 2009). 4939:from the original on 5 October 2016 4864:from the original on 24 August 2016 4517:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 4235:Controversy and opposing viewpoints 1161:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 13269: 13186:Birth control in the United States 11198: 10984:Tommy Haemaelainen (5 July 2020). 10718:from the original on 20 March 2020 10530:from the original on 5 April 2015. 10507:from the original on 2 March 2015. 10260: 9672:The Ashley Treatment, March 2007. 9654:from the original on 7 August 2012 9540:10.1097/01.AOG.0000263915.70071.29 9137:from the original on 1 August 2013 9119:from the original on 2 April 2014. 9093:from the original on 17 April 2012 8767:from the original on 9 August 2017 7785: 7665:from the original on 20 March 2019 7627:from the original on 19 March 2019 7528:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2002.tb02126.x 7429:Nesher, Talila (27 January 2013). 7384:Singh, Shivalika (20 March 2023). 7242:from the original on 28 April 2019 6806:from the original on 9 August 2018 6550:Fifield, Anna (28 November 2019). 6508:Stavrou, David (17 October 2019). 6398:from the original on 14 March 2012 6198: 6104: 5950:. 4 September 2011. 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Sage Publications: 49–73. 4544:"Women and Global Human Rights" 3347: 2666:arose after the sterilization. 1488:MSM blood donation restrictions 1230:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 16161:United Nations Population Fund 15776: 14663:(as religious or racial quota) 12007:"Sterilization Law in Germany" 11678:Dowbiggin, Ian Robert (2003). 10076:Journal of Marriage and Family 7125:"A generation of lost manhood" 5920:Hartmann, B. (June 1991). "". 5495:Bangladesh Development Studies 5427:(inactive 12 September 2024). 5055:Journal of Conflict Resolution 4910:"Interact Worldwide Downloads" 4676: 4646: 4619: 4562: 4535: 4170: 4115: 3453:United Nations Population Fund 3424:Programa Nacional de Población 3239:Israeli Educational Television 1501:(as religious or racial quota) 36:Anglo-Spanish political poster 13: 1: 15077:Second-generation gender bias 14793:Constitutional colorblindness 13514:Social determinants of health 13030:Social determinants of health 11274:Economic, social and cultural 11087:10.17104/1611-8944_2012_4_519 11010:Patel, Priti (14 July 2017). 10952:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00126-3 10940:Social Science & Medicine 10173:Reproductive Health Matters 5 9759:10.1080/13625187.2018.1458227 7814:Endo, Takashi (3 July 2024). 6750:Jan, Olsen (29 August 1997). 6651:Sterilized Roma accuse Czechs 6129:Dalsgaard, Anne Line (2004). 5489:AR, Khan; I, Swenson (1978). 5267:10.1080/0966369x.2018.1553859 5024:10.1080/19485565.1975.9988142 4886:. 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USAID. 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Quilligan 3699: 3682:Further information: 3544: 3525:Le Monde diplomatique 3457:Roman Catholic Church 3439:), in the name of a " 3393:Further information: 3303: 3249:Further information: 3214: 3201: 3057:Reichstag Fire Decree 3047:under the Nazi regime 3038: 2916:Amnesty International 2798: 2514:and the contemporary 2475:In the 1977 textbook 2442:Yogyakarta Principles 2356: 2281:coerced sterilization 1914:Religious intolerance 1874:Political correctness 1696:Intersex human rights 1644:Cultural assimilation 1312:Religious persecution 1076:Disability hate crime 855:Jewish / Antisemitism 35: 18:Sterilization program 16181:World Population Day 16136:Church of Euthanasia 16025:Non-identity problem 16000:Political demography 15956:Human overpopulation 14465:Political repression 13474:Anti-left handedness 13464:Anti-intellectualism 13127:Nurses' Health Study 13035:Reproductive justice 12986:Urinary incontinence 12606:Sexually transmitted 12461:Intrauterine devices 12306:Rectovaginal fistula 12296:Obstetrical fistulae 12224:Gestational diabetes 12219:Obstetrical bleeding 12194:Adolescent pregnancy 12179:Gravidity and parity 12174:Unintended pregnancy 11957:Forced Sterilization 11585:Water and sanitation 9615:10.1136/jme.25.3.237 8742:10.1353/wp.2001.0003 7550:. 26 February 2004. 5709:Miles and Shiva 1993 5232:www.encyclopedia.com 5153:Smithsonian Magazine 4916:on 15 November 2011. 4654:Rylko-Bauer, Barbara 4626:Lopez, Iris (2008). 4492:Human overpopulation 4486:Germany Must Perish! 4383:forcibly sterilised. 4367:Protestant countries 3105:Huntington's disease 3061:Enabling Act of 1933 2857:institutionalization 2516:reproductive justice 2496:, also discussed in 2321:Affected populations 2142:Recognition politics 2087:Genocides in history 1297:Political repression 284:Anti-left handedness 274:Anti-intellectualism 16308:Reproductive rights 16030:Reproductive rights 15861:Population dynamics 15812:Population momentum 15368:Society and culture 14968:Historical eugenics 14505:Segregation academy 14485:Religious terrorism 14274:Enemy of the people 14182:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 13701:Jehovah's Witnesses 13594:Perpetual foreigner 13040:Women's empowerment 12908:Alzheimer's disease 12539:Cloth menstrual pad 12496:Fertility awareness 12466:Oral contraceptives 12348:Perinatal mortality 11971:17 May 2008 at the 11895:. 21 December 2005. 11269:Civil and political 10834:Haave, Per (2007). 10337:State of California 9813:Brooklyn Law Review 9389:. 29 September 2020 9363:. 29 September 2020 9309:www.utm.utoronto.ca 8955:(2 December 2002). 8866:: 2. Archived from 8138:on 6 September 2009 7506:. 28 January 2005. 7072:"The Indira enigma" 6557:The Washington Post 6149:Petchesky, Rosalind 6088:. 29 October 2017. 5954:on 4 September 2011 5536:on 12 November 2017 5532:(4). Archived from 5505:on 13 November 2017 5501:(2). Archived from 5340:on 13 January 2016. 5177:. Haymarket Books. 4507:Reproductive rights 4468:History of eugenics 4448:Chemical castration 4422:Genocide portal 4329:under Presidential 4178:Operation Bootstrap 4124:A political map of 4030:Skinner v. Oklahoma 3978:In September 2020, 3667:Court of Protection 3421:as a result of the 2969:Charter 77 movement 2769:Liveability Ranking 2533:Istanbul Convention 2512:reproductive rights 2499:The Population Bomb 2227:Forced assimilation 1822:Historical eugenics 1337:Segregation academy 1317:Religious terrorism 1106:Enemy of the people 1016:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 519:Jehovah's Witnesses 404:Perpetual foreigner 16156:Population Matters 15871:Population pyramid 15849:Population density 15844:Population decline 15489:History and events 14880:Social integration 14875:Self-determination 14865:Racial integration 14813:Diversity training 14803:Cultural pluralism 14778:Affirmative action 14678:Racial segregation 14588:Crime of apartheid 14490:Religious violence 13993:Indigenous people 13398:Sexual orientation 13137:Cartwright Inquiry 13048:Politics, research 12866:Endometrial cancer 12720:Sexual intercourse 12491:Planned parenthood 12476:Male contraceptive 11893:The Vancouver Sun' 11869:10.1007/bf02259522 11820:Tucker, William H. 10658:2010-03-26 at the 10639:2014-04-27 at the 10617:2017-06-25 at the 10595:2013-10-19 at the 10568:2009-01-13 at the 10546:2014-11-09 at the 10478:2013-10-19 at the 10453:2016-09-03 at the 10428:2015-04-05 at the 10377:Population Studies 9576:10.1002/mrdd.10053 9505:Disability Justice 9337:. 22 December 2020 9211:"Serial Paternity" 9190:on 20 October 2014 8994:Portland Oregonian 8988:2016-01-07 at the 8873:on 1 October 2008. 8813:2013-07-15 at the 8567:2013-12-15 at the 8396:2012-02-05 at the 8340:. 27 February 2020 8234:Коммерсантъ-Власть 8162:2014-04-26 at the 8111:2014-05-10 at the 7710:Human Rights Watch 7692:Human Rights Watch 7268:. September 1996. 7172:. 14 November 2014 7130:The Times of India 6702:2014-08-09 at the 6679:2015-10-16 at the 6656:2017-09-15 at the 6334:. 9 September 2019 6011:. 19 August 2015. 5922:Temas de Poblacion 5385:. United Nations. 4748:. 27 February 2013 4245:population control 4133:Ponce, Puerto Rico 4129: 4010:U.S. Supreme Court 3702: 3509:Giulia Tamayo León 3505:Alejandro Aguinaga 3314:In July 2024, the 3131:, including their 3114:Rhineland Bastards 3049: 3045:hereditarily unfit 2753:population density 2704:pulmonary embolism 2676:respiratory arrest 2614:Lieutenant General 2502:a book written by 2299:population control 1726:Social integration 1721:Self-determination 1711:Racial integration 1659:Diversity training 1649:Cultural pluralism 1624:Affirmative action 1516:Racial segregation 1426:Crime of apartheid 1322:Religious violence 819:Indigenous people 200:Sexual orientation 38: 16283:Disability in law 16260: 16259: 16131:7 Billion Actions 16005:Population ethics 15898:Carrying capacity 15807:Population growth 15744: 15743: 15689:Non-binary gender 15657:Children's rights 15532:Rights by country 15411:Intersex and LGBT 15317:Genetic diagnosis 15263:Malta declaration 15258:Legal recognition 15182: 15181: 15050:Racism by country 14978:Intersectionality 14963:Heteronormativity 14762:Voter suppression 14510:Sexual harassment 14309:Forced conversion 14229:Cultural genocide 13892:African Americans 13711:post–Cold War era 13696:Eastern Orthodoxy 13459:Anti-drug addicts 13454:Anti-homelessness 13381:Scientific racism 13237: 13236: 13117: 13116: 12942: 12941: 12893: 12892: 12876:Papanicolaou test 12832:Non-communicable 12800:Sexual harassment 12778:Domestic violence 12748: 12747: 12591: 12590: 12388: 12387: 12291:Retained placenta 12209:Ectopic pregnancy 11837:978-0-252-07463-9 11811:978-1-58465-715-6 11762:. Winnipeg: 1993. 11755:. Winnipeg: 1990. 11621: 11620: 11279:Three generations 10946:(12): 1875–1884. 10815:on 4 January 2022 10524:BBC World Service 10501:BBC World Service 10293:978-0-8078-1544-1 10253:978-0-520-22255-7 9869:(10): 1822–1825. 9387:The Yucatan Times 9361:The Yucatan Times 8837:978-0-394-50702-6 8560:Gilbert, Martin. 8472:Pasulka, Nicole. 8421:978-91-22-01958-9 7821:The Asahi Shimbun 7738:. 25 January 2019 7653:. 20 March 2019. 7615:. 14 March 2019. 7296:Global Health NOW 6602:www.aljazeera.com 6394:. 22 April 2010. 5764:on 4 January 2018 5184:978-1-60846-733-4 5147:Mann, Charles C. 4984:McCoy, Terrence. 4933:evolutionnews.org 4787:978-0-465-01707-2 4204:Sunnen Foundation 4020:U.S. Constitution 3994:US Congresswoman 3717:Thomas C. Leonard 3642:, English writer 3612:Winston Churchill 3451:, and later, the 3449:Nippon Foundation 3429:indigenous people 3375:NOM 005-SSA2-1993 3279:According to the 3251:Eugenics in Japan 3003:Greenlandic Inuit 2977:Velvet Revolution 2947:in the province. 2553:Council of Europe 2527:International law 2363:In May 2014, the 2270: 2269: 2082:List of genocides 2041: 2040: 1904:Racism by country 1832:Intersectionality 1817:Heteronormativity 1600:Voter suppression 1342:Sexual harassment 1141:Forced conversion 1061:Cultural genocide 718:African Americans 529:post–Cold War era 514:Eastern Orthodoxy 269:Anti-drug addicts 264:Anti-homelessness 183:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 16330: 16250: 16249: 16238: 16237: 16207:Green Revolution 15988:Two-child policy 15983:One-child policy 15906: 15866:Population model 15822:World population 15771: 15764: 15757: 15748: 15747: 15732: 15731: 15421:Military service 15295: 15209: 15202: 15195: 15186: 15185: 15172: 15171: 15162: 15161: 15102:Social privilege 15087:Social exclusion 15015:Police brutality 14936:Multiculturalism 14906:Amatonormativity 14737:Social exclusion 14573:Age of candidacy 14373:Homeless dumping 14279:Ethnic cleansing 13264: 13257: 13250: 13241: 13240: 13225: 13224: 13213: 13212: 13201: 13200: 13054: 13053: 12839: 12838: 12759: 12758: 12753:Non-reproductive 12602: 12601: 12519:Feminine hygiene 12286:Cesarian section 12281:Obstructed labor 12162: 12161: 12077: 12076: 12058: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12025: 12024: 11989:Eugenics Archive 11946: 11920: 11888: 11862: 11853:(2–3): 195–198. 11841: 11815: 11796: 11765:McLaren, Angus. 11748: 11716: 11695: 11674: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11634: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11560:Rest and leisure 11223: 11209: 11208: 11192: 11191: 11181: 11171: 11147: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11129:SWI swissinfo.ch 11121: 11115: 11114: 11066: 11060: 11059: 11049: 11031: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10981: 10972: 10971: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10906: 10900: 10893:Nils Roll-Hansen 10886: 10880: 10879: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10811:. Archived from 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10783:www.eurozine.com 10775: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10750:'s Uzbek Service 10739: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10714:. 8 April 2011. 10697: 10691: 10690: 10685:. Theworld.org. 10674: 10663: 10650: 10644: 10631: 10625: 10609: 10603: 10587: 10576: 10560: 10554: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10492: 10486: 10483:The Moscow Times 10470: 10461: 10445: 10436: 10420: 10409: 10408: 10372: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10326: 10320: 10319: 10307: 10298: 10297: 10279: 10258: 10257: 10239: 10212: 10211: 10199: 10176: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10157: 10155: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10071: 10046: 10045: 10009: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9894: 9854: 9845: 9844: 9832: 9821: 9820: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9791: 9744: 9735: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9706: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9686: 9679: 9670: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9626: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9480:Eugenics Archive 9474:Lombardo, Paul. 9470: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9353: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9311:. 2 October 2020 9301: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9253: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9236: 9230: 9218:Mich. St. L. Rev 9215: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9160:. 24 June 2014. 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9057: 9048: 9047: 9032: 9026: 9011: 9005: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8959:. 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K. Chesterton 3620:Reginald McKenna 3517: 3411:Alberto Fujimori 3125:Nuremberg trials 3093:manic depression 3083:, characterized 2909:one-child policy 2903:Two-child policy 2899:One-child policy 2853:British Columbia 2686:(now Dhaka) and 2577:Bangladeshi Taka 2424:informed consent 2275:, also known as 2262: 2255: 2248: 2217:Ethnic cleansing 2092:Effects on youth 2069: 2059: 2043: 2042: 2033: 2026: 2019: 1956:Social privilege 1941:Social exclusion 1869:Police brutality 1790:Multiculturalism 1760:Amatonormativity 1575:Social exclusion 1411:Age of candidacy 1205:Homeless dumping 1111:Ethnic cleansing 63: 40: 39: 21: 16338: 16337: 16333: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16328: 16327: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16256: 16226: 16190: 16124: 16122: 16115: 16067: 16046: 15995:Overconsumption 15978:Family planning 15935: 15929: 15902: 15886: 15883: 15875: 15837: 15834: 15826: 15780: 15775: 15745: 15740: 15720: 15645: 15527: 15484: 15363: 15297: 15296: 15287: 15218: 15213: 15183: 15178: 15150: 15025:Polyculturalism 14921:Civil liberties 14889: 14870:Reappropriation 14771:Countermeasures 14766: 14695:Racial steering 14661:Numerus clausus 14565: 14559: 14284:Ethnic conflict 14219:Corrective rape 14170: 13810: 13657: 13549:HIV/AIDS stigma 13417: 13366:Mental disorder 13304: 13273: 13268: 13238: 13233: 13189: 13174:Family planning 13152: 13146: 13113: 13090: 13049: 13043: 13015:Gender equality 12998: 12992: 12938: 12889: 12871:Cervical cancer 12833: 12826: 12764: 12754: 12744: 12735:Sex differences 12693:Forced marriage 12642: 12607: 12597: 12587: 12529:Menstrual cycle 12500: 12453:Family planning 12451: 12442: 12395: 12384: 12343:Maternal deaths 12334: 12325:Postpartum care 12271:Multiple births 12247: 12156: 12149: 12082: 12073: 12070: 12062: 12052: 11973:Wayback Machine 11953: 11918:10.2307/2061435 11860:10.1.1.476.9688 11838: 11812: 11793: 11737: 11692: 11651: 11649: 11640: 11627:Human Fertility 11617: 11490:Civil liberties 11207: 11201: 11199:Further reading 11196: 11195: 11148: 11144: 11134: 11132: 11131:. 13 March 2002 11123: 11122: 11118: 11067: 11063: 11008: 11004: 10994: 10992: 10982: 10975: 10932: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10887: 10883: 10832: 10828: 10818: 10816: 10803: 10802: 10798: 10788: 10786: 10777: 10776: 10769: 10759: 10757: 10752:. 17 May 2012. 10741: 10740: 10731: 10721: 10719: 10699: 10698: 10694: 10683:PRI's The World 10675: 10666: 10660:Wayback Machine 10651: 10647: 10641:Wayback Machine 10632: 10628: 10622:The Independent 10619:Wayback Machine 10610: 10606: 10597:Wayback Machine 10588: 10579: 10570:Wayback Machine 10561: 10557: 10548:Wayback Machine 10539: 10535: 10516: 10512: 10493: 10489: 10480:Wayback Machine 10471: 10464: 10455:Wayback Machine 10446: 10439: 10430:Wayback Machine 10421: 10412: 10389:10.2307/2172875 10373: 10356: 10346: 10344: 10327: 10323: 10308: 10301: 10294: 10280: 10261: 10254: 10240: 10215: 10200: 10179: 10167: 10163: 10153: 10151: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10123: 10121: 10108: 10107: 10103: 10072: 10049: 10010: 9957: 9947: 9945: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9920:Huffington Post 9912: 9908: 9855: 9848: 9833: 9824: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9742: 9736: 9729: 9719: 9717: 9707: 9700: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9677: 9673: 9671: 9667: 9657: 9655: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9595: 9591: 9559: 9555: 9524: 9520: 9510: 9508: 9507:. 11 March 2014 9499: 9498: 9491: 9471: 9467: 9457: 9455: 9448: 9432: 9428: 9418: 9416: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9392: 9390: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9366: 9364: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9340: 9338: 9329: 9328: 9324: 9314: 9312: 9303: 9302: 9298: 9289: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9276: 9266: 9264: 9255: 9254: 9247: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9213: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9165: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9111: 9110: 9106: 9096: 9094: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9070: 9068: 9059: 9058: 9051: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9012: 9008: 8990:Wayback Machine 8980: 8976: 8966: 8964: 8950: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8855: 8851: 8849: 8845: 8838: 8824: 8820: 8815:Wayback Machine 8799:Interview with 8798: 8794: 8778: 8777: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8722: 8718: 8710: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8636: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8603: 8599: 8589: 8587: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8569:Wayback Machine 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8542:. 28 March 2017 8534: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8499: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8444:Washington Post 8436: 8429: 8422: 8408: 8404: 8398:Wayback Machine 8389: 8385: 8375: 8373: 8365: 8364: 8353: 8343: 8341: 8332: 8331: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8302: 8301: 8292: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8200: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8164:Wayback Machine 8155: 8151: 8141: 8139: 8130: 8129: 8125: 8113:Wayback Machine 8104: 8093: 8056: 8052: 8042: 8040: 8025: 8024: 8017: 8008: 8007: 8003: 7994: 7993: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7961: 7957: 7914: 7907: 7898: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7873: 7872: 7865: 7855: 7853: 7844: 7843: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7758: 7751: 7741: 7739: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7713: 7712:. 19 March 2019 7704: 7703: 7699: 7686: 7685: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7607: 7606: 7602: 7592: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7547:The Japan Times 7540: 7539: 7535: 7503:The Japan Times 7496: 7495: 7491: 7470: 7466: 7450: 7449: 7442: 7427: 7423: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7392: 7382: 7378: 7343: 7336: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7302:on 15 June 2021 7290: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7200: 7194: 7185: 7175: 7173: 7164: 7163: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7046: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7021: 7017: 7002: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6975: 6968:news.google.com 6962: 6961: 6957: 6944: 6940: 6933:news.google.com 6927: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6848: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6809: 6807: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6767: 6763: 6748: 6739: 6723: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6704:Wayback Machine 6695: 6691: 6681:Wayback Machine 6672: 6668: 6664:, 12 March 2007 6658:Wayback Machine 6649: 6645: 6635: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6606: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6548: 6544: 6527: 6523: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6466: 6464: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6386: 6385: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6365:. 30 April 2018 6357: 6356: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6326: 6325: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6276: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6220: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6199: 6164: 6160: 6142: 6138: 6127: 6123: 6112: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6086:The Independent 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6042: 6041: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5918: 5914: 5883: 5879: 5832: 5828: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5618:Washington Post 5610: 5603: 5556: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5434: 5433: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5185: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5090: 5051: 5047: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4990:Washington Post 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4925: 4921: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4805: 4799: 4795: 4788: 4768: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4710: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4414: 4411: 4363: 4361:Other countries 4302: 4276:Harriet Presser 4268: 4237: 4216: 4173: 4160:Blanton Winship 4153:Clarence Gamble 4137:Catholic church 4118: 4089: 4083: 4005: 3996:Pramila Jayapal 3968:privately owned 3964: 3712: 3706:Progressive Era 3694: 3680: 3630:archbishops of 3604: 3598:compensations. 3591: 3585: 3579: 3567: 3554: 3531:pueblos jóvenes 3511: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3382:Wayback Machine 3359: 3350: 3333: 3324: 3253: 3247: 3227: 3163: 3154: 3141: 3129:racial policies 3033: 3027: 3019: 2998: 2989: 2953: 2945:Uyghur genocide 2936: 2905: 2895: 2845: 2839: 2826: 2781: 2736:northern Europe 2732: 2652: 2570: 2565: 2529: 2524: 2504:Paul R. Ehrlich 2454: 2410:Disabled people 2323: 2311:ethnic genocide 2266: 2162:Anti-Indigenous 2116:In relation to 2058: 2056: 2037: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1879:Polyculturalism 1775:Civil liberties 1747: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1716:Reappropriation 1616: 1615:Countermeasures 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1533:Racial steering 1499:Numerus clausus 1403: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1116:Ethnic conflict 1051:Corrective rape 1008: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 996: 643: 632: 631: 630: 629: 628: 481: 471: 470: 469: 468: 467: 359:HIV/AIDS stigma 231: 223: 222: 221: 220: 219: 168:Mental disorder 110: 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 71: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16336: 16326: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16258: 16257: 16255: 16254: 16244: 16231: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16224: 16222:Sustainability 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16198: 16196: 16195:Related topics 16192: 16191: 16189: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16127: 16125: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16113: 16108: 16107: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16086: 16084:Largest cities 16081: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16068: 16066: 16065: 16060: 16054: 16052: 16048: 16047: 16045: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16033: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15991: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15965: 15964: 15963: 15953: 15945: 15939: 15937: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15904:I = P × A × T 15900: 15895: 15889: 15887: 15880: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15846: 15840: 15838: 15831: 15828: 15827: 15825: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15788: 15786: 15782: 15781: 15774: 15773: 15766: 15759: 15751: 15742: 15741: 15739: 15738: 15725: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15718: 15713: 15712: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15676: 15671: 15670: 15669: 15659: 15653: 15651: 15647: 15646: 15644: 15643: 15642: 15641: 15631: 15629:United Kingdom 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15535: 15533: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15503: 15492: 15490: 15486: 15485: 15483: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15466: 15465: 15464: 15463: 15458: 15450: 15449: 15448: 15446:Hermaphroditus 15443: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15371: 15369: 15365: 15364: 15362: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15335: 15334: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15308: 15306: 15299: 15298: 15290: 15288: 15286: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15273:Sex assignment 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15254: 15253: 15243: 15241:Discrimination 15238: 15232: 15230: 15220: 15219: 15212: 15211: 15204: 15197: 15189: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15176: 15166: 15155: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15120: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15073: 15072: 15070:Reverse racism 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15040:Prisoner abuse 15037: 15032: 15030:Power distance 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14996: 14995: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14948:Ethnic penalty 14945: 14944: 14943: 14941:Neurodiversity 14938: 14928: 14926:Dehumanization 14923: 14918: 14916:Cisnormativity 14913: 14908: 14903: 14897: 14895: 14894:Related topics 14891: 14890: 14888: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14816: 14815: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14774: 14772: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14752:State religion 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14691: 14690: 14688:Nuremberg Laws 14685: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14630:Ghetto benches 14627: 14625:Gerrymandering 14622: 14617: 14612: 14610:Gender pay gap 14607: 14606: 14605: 14600: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14569: 14567: 14564:Discriminatory 14561: 14560: 14558: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14441: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14393:Lavender scare 14390: 14388:Kill Haole Day 14385: 14383:Indian rolling 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14359: 14358: 14348: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14269:Eliminationism 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14204:Cancel culture 14201: 14196: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14178: 14176: 14175:Manifestations 14172: 14171: 14169: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14098: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14071:Middle Eastern 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14010: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13873: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13821: 13819: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13808: 13806:Zoroastrianism 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13782: 13781: 13771: 13770: 13769: 13768: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13737: 13736: 13735: 13733:Untouchability 13730: 13720: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13667: 13665: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13623: 13622: 13621: 13616: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13559:Leprosy stigma 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13281: 13279: 13275: 13274: 13271:Discrimination 13267: 13266: 13259: 13252: 13244: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13231: 13219: 13207: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13177: 13176: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13154: 13151:Women's health 13148: 13147: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13118: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13100: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13062: 13060: 13058:United Nations 13051: 13050:& advocacy 13045: 13044: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 13000: 12997:Sociocultural 12994: 12993: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12968: 12967: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12954: 12943: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12900: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12887: 12885:Ovarian cancer 12882: 12881: 12880: 12879: 12878: 12868: 12861:Uterine cancer 12858: 12853: 12847: 12845: 12836: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12813: 12812: 12805:Sexual assault 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12775: 12769: 12767: 12756: 12750: 12749: 12746: 12745: 12743: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12683:Child marriage 12680: 12678:Breast ironing 12675: 12670: 12668:Breast binding 12665: 12664: 12663: 12658: 12656:Clitoridectomy 12647: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12623: 12618: 12612: 12610: 12599: 12593: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12534:Menstrual aids 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12510: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12457: 12455: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12440: 12439: 12438: 12433: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12400: 12398: 12390: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12382: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12318:Husband stitch 12310: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12257: 12255: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12196: 12191: 12189:Antenatal care 12186: 12181: 12176: 12170: 12168: 12159: 12151: 12150: 12148: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12135:Fallopian tube 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12116: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12104: 12103: 12087: 12085: 12081:Reproductive 12074: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12060:Women's health 12051: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12010: 12004: 11998: 11992: 11986: 11976: 11959: 11952: 11951:External links 11949: 11948: 11947: 11911:(3): 351–365. 11896: 11889: 11842: 11836: 11816: 11810: 11797: 11792:978-0195156799 11791: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11749: 11736:978-0807807507 11735: 11717: 11707:(4): 358–384. 11696: 11690: 11675: 11658: 11638: 11635: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11615: 11608: 11601: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11515:Free migration 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11378: 11377: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11289: 11288: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11263: 11262: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11230: 11229: 11225: 11224: 11216: 11215: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11142: 11116: 11081:(4): 519–539. 11061: 11002: 10973: 10926: 10901: 10889:Gunnar Broberg 10881: 10826: 10796: 10785:. 9 April 2003 10767: 10729: 10692: 10664: 10645: 10626: 10604: 10577: 10573:United Nations 10555: 10551:United Nations 10533: 10510: 10487: 10462: 10437: 10410: 10383:(3): 343–361. 10354: 10321: 10299: 10292: 10259: 10252: 10213: 10177: 10161: 10131: 10101: 10088:10.2307/349251 10082:(2): 252–262. 10047: 9955: 9929: 9906: 9846: 9822: 9803: 9753:(3): 194–200. 9727: 9698: 9665: 9638: 9609:(3): 237–241. 9589: 9553: 9534:(1): 217–220. 9518: 9489: 9465: 9446: 9426: 9409:"Buck v. Bell" 9400: 9374: 9348: 9322: 9296: 9274: 9263:. 19 July 2021 9245: 9201: 9175: 9148: 9122: 9104: 9089:. Toolan.com. 9078: 9049: 9027: 9006: 8974: 8963:on 28 May 2014 8941: 8916: 8901: 8895:978-0983027591 8894: 8876: 8843: 8836: 8818: 8792: 8736:(2): 237–263. 8730:World Politics 8716: 8698:(4): 207–224. 8673: 8640:Nursing Ethics 8630: 8597: 8572: 8553: 8527: 8490: 8464: 8427: 8420: 8402: 8383: 8351: 8320: 8290: 8247: 8220: 8194: 8183:. 1 March 2021 8168: 8149: 8123: 8091: 8050: 8015: 8001: 7984: 7972: 7955: 7928:(6): 823–839. 7905: 7892: 7881:. 21 July 2015 7863: 7852:. 16 July 2015 7834: 7806: 7778: 7766:New York Times 7749: 7723: 7697: 7676: 7638: 7600: 7574: 7557: 7533: 7489: 7464: 7440: 7421: 7402: 7376: 7334: 7313: 7283: 7253: 7205:New Formations 7183: 7152: 7140: 7116: 7103: 7060: 7031: 7015: 6984: 6973: 6955: 6938: 6920: 6894: 6883:. 3 March 2023 6868: 6842: 6817: 6787: 6761: 6737: 6708: 6689: 6687:, 12 June 2006 6666: 6643: 6632:. 21 July 2020 6630:Cato Institute 6614: 6589: 6578:. 29 June 2020 6563: 6542: 6521: 6500: 6489:. 21 July 2020 6487:Cato Institute 6474: 6435: 6409: 6376: 6345: 6312: 6286: 6253: 6228: 6217:. 21 June 2018 6197: 6158: 6136: 6121: 6103: 6073: 6026: 6009:The Daily Star 5996: 5965: 5939: 5912: 5893:(5): 635–640. 5877: 5842:(2): 149–154. 5826: 5791:(4): 283–291. 5775: 5758:www.nhd.gov.bd 5745: 5711: 5702: 5672: 5643: 5601: 5547: 5516: 5481: 5448: 5400: 5370: 5344: 5314: 5288: 5261:(3): 333–350. 5244: 5219: 5198: 5183: 5165: 5139: 5114: 5088: 5061:(2): 287–291. 5045: 5012:Social Biology 5002: 4976: 4950: 4919: 4901: 4875: 4843: 4793: 4786: 4759: 4730: 4718:New York Times 4701: 4675: 4669:978-0806145860 4668: 4645: 4639:978-0813543734 4638: 4618: 4612:978-0814798287 4611: 4588: 4582:978-1856492843 4581: 4561: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4362: 4359: 4343:Vladimir Putin 4318:hysterectomies 4301: 4298: 4293:anthropologist 4279:Rico in 1965. 4267: 4264: 4236: 4233: 4215: 4209: 4172: 4169: 4117: 4114: 4082: 4079: 4004: 4001: 3963: 3960: 3895:South Carolina 3879:North Carolina 3728:mental illness 3679: 3676: 3671:United Kingdom 3608:Home Secretary 3603: 3602:United Kingdom 3600: 3581:Main article: 3578: 3575: 3566: 3563: 3553: 3550: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3390: 3387: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3246: 3243: 3226: 3223: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3140: 3137: 3119:By the end of 3029:Main article: 3026: 3023: 3018: 3015: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2956:Czechoslovakia 2952: 2949: 2935: 2932: 2894: 2891: 2841:Main article: 2838: 2835: 2825: 2822: 2780: 2777: 2771:" 2015 by the 2731: 2728: 2651: 2648: 2581:tubal ligation 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2508:overpopulation 2494:overpopulation 2470:overpopulation 2453: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2427: 2417: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2348:United Nations 2322: 2319: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2201: 2200: 2199:Related topics 2196: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2052: 2051: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2021: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1924:Reverse racism 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894:Prisoner abuse 1891: 1886: 1884:Power distance 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1802:Ethnic penalty 1799: 1798: 1797: 1795:Neurodiversity 1792: 1782: 1780:Dehumanization 1777: 1772: 1770:Cisnormativity 1767: 1762: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1746:Related topics 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1590:State religion 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1526:Nuremberg Laws 1523: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468:Ghetto benches 1465: 1463:Gerrymandering 1460: 1455: 1450: 1448:Gender pay gap 1445: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1225:Lavender scare 1222: 1220:Kill Haole Day 1217: 1215:Indian rolling 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1101:Eliminationism 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1038:Cancel culture 1035: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1007:Manifestations 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 897:Middle Eastern 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 863: 862: 852: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 830: 825: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 731: 730: 725: 720: 710: 705: 700: 699: 698: 693: 688: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 647: 646: 645: 644: 638: 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 624:Zoroastrianism 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 600: 599: 589: 588: 587: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 555: 554: 553: 551:Untouchability 548: 538: 533: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 501: 496: 491: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 460: 455: 454: 453: 448: 443: 433: 432: 431: 426: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 369:Leprosy stigma 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 234: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 218: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 186: 185: 180: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 114: 113: 112: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 97: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 64: 56: 55: 53:Discrimination 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16335: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16278:Birth control 16276: 16274: 16271: 16270: 16268: 16253: 16245: 16243: 16242: 16233: 16232: 16229: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16202:Bennett's law 16200: 16199: 16197: 16193: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16128: 16126: 16123:organizations 16118: 16112: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16076: 16074: 16070: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16049: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16007: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15970: 15969: 15966: 15962: 15959: 15958: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15950: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15940: 15938: 15932: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15910:Kaya identity 15908: 15905: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15878: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15855: 15852: 15851: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15829: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15772: 15767: 15765: 15760: 15758: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15737: 15736: 15727: 15726: 15723: 15717: 15714: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15681: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15668: 15665: 15664: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15648: 15640: 15637: 15636: 15635: 15634:United States 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15536: 15534: 15530: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15497: 15494: 15493: 15491: 15487: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15453: 15451: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15438: 15437: 15434: 15433: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15396:Gender system 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15376: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15366: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15354:Quigley scale 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15344:Phall-O-Meter 15342: 15340: 15337: 15333: 15330: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15322:Hermaphrodite 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15300: 15294: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15252: 15249: 15248: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15233: 15231: 15229: 15225: 15221: 15217: 15210: 15205: 15203: 15198: 15196: 15191: 15190: 15187: 15175: 15167: 15165: 15157: 15156: 15153: 15147: 15144: 15140: 15137: 15136: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15124:Social stigma 15122: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14994: 14991: 14990: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14896: 14892: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14810: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14773: 14769: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14747:State atheism 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14712: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14683:Jim Crow laws 14681: 14680: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14668:One-drop rule 14666: 14664: 14662: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14595: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14583:Blood quantum 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14568: 14562: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14530:Victimisation 14528: 14526: 14525:Trans bashing 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14495:Religious war 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14475:Racialization 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14357: 14354: 14353: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14346:Glass ceiling 14344: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14289:Ethnic hatred 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14224:Counter-jihad 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14032: 14031: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14008: 14007:United States 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13871: 13870:United States 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13818: 13813: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13791:Protestantism 13789: 13787: 13784: 13780: 13777: 13776: 13775: 13772: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13747: 13746: 13743: 13742: 13741: 13738: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13725: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13706:LDS or Mormon 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13660: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13636:Transmisogyny 13634: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13627: 13624: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13539:Gerontophobia 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13469:Anti-intersex 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13444:Anti-albinism 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13420: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13285:Institutional 13283: 13282: 13280: 13276: 13272: 13265: 13260: 13258: 13253: 13251: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13230: 13229: 13220: 13218: 13217: 13208: 13206: 13205: 13196: 13195: 13192: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13149: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13097: 13096:United States 13093: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13046: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13010:Disadvantaged 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12995: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12971:Urinary tract 12969: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12948: 12947:Mental health 12945: 12944: 12935: 12932: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12918: 12917: 12916: 12913: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12886: 12883: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12863: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12856:Breast cancer 12854: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12829: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12811: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12765:against women 12760: 12757: 12751: 12741: 12740:Sex education 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12673:Breast health 12671: 12669: 12666: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12645: 12639: 12636: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12603: 12600: 12594: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12544:Menstrual cup 12542: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12503: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12449: 12448:Contraception 12445: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12424: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12409:Childlessness 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12394:Reproductive 12391: 12381: 12378: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12369: 12368:Sterilization 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12337: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12266:Preterm birth 12264: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12152: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12102: 12101:Clitoral hood 12099: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12084: 12078: 12075: 12072: 12069:Reproductive 12065: 12061: 12057: 12049: 12044: 12042: 12037: 12035: 12030: 12029: 12026: 12020: 12017: 12014: 12011: 12008: 12005: 12002: 11999: 11996: 11993: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11897: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11807: 11803: 11798: 11794: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11728: 11727: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11659: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11623: 11622: 11614: 11609: 11607: 11602: 11600: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11189: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11130: 11126: 11120: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11065: 11057: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11006: 10991: 10987: 10980: 10978: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10930: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10885: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10830: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10800: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10772: 10755: 10751: 10749: 10744: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10696: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10649: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10630: 10623: 10620: 10616: 10613: 10608: 10601: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10574: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10559: 10552: 10549: 10545: 10542: 10537: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10514: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10491: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10469: 10467: 10459: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10444: 10442: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10333: 10325: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10304: 10295: 10289: 10285: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10255: 10249: 10245: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10209: 10205: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10174: 10170: 10165: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10135: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9910: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9853: 9851: 9842: 9838: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9818: 9814: 9807: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9741: 9734: 9732: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9703: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9604: 9600: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9469: 9453: 9449: 9447:9780813549996 9443: 9439: 9438: 9430: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9362: 9358: 9352: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9286: 9285: 9278: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9242: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9212: 9205: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9066: 9062: 9056: 9054: 9045: 9041: 9040:Justia US Law 9037: 9031: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8978: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8912: 8905: 8897: 8891: 8887: 8880: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8788: 8782: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8646:(3): 205–14. 8645: 8641: 8634: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8601: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8563: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8495: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8434: 8432: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8387: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8263:(12): 24–34. 8262: 8258: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8224: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8153: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8107: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8087: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8070:(2): 90–103. 8069: 8065: 8061: 8054: 8038: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8011: 8005: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7981: 7980:AMA J Ethics. 7976: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7910: 7902: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7810: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7782: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7754: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7613:The Economist 7610: 7604: 7588: 7584: 7578: 7567: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7339: 7330: 7323: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7211:(91): 50–68. 7210: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7149: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7120: 7113: 7107: 7099: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7050: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7012: 6998: 6994: 6988: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6908: 6904: 6898: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6733: 6727: 6719: 6712: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6242: 6241:openDemocracy 6238: 6232: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145:Corrêa, Sonia 6140: 6132: 6125: 6117: 6110: 6108: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5722:AsiaNews.it. 5718: 5716: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5606: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5552: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5208: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4766: 4764: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4735: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4690:. 17 May 2013 4689: 4685: 4679: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4595: 4593: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4534: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512:Wrongful life 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443:Birth control 4441: 4439: 4438:Anti-natalism 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4399:Latin America 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4327:Islam Karimov 4323: 4319: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4256:Nancy Skinner 4252: 4248: 4246: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4200:Joseph Sunnen 4196: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4168: 4165: 4164:birth control 4161: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4011: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3919:West Virginia 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875:New Hampshire 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3732:feeble-minded 3729: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3707: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678:United States 3675: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616:feeble-minded 3613: 3609: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3520:Nada Personal 3515: 3510: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441:public health 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3386: 3385:of persons". 3383: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3211: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3195:According to 3193: 3191: 3187: 3186:Indira Gandhi 3183: 3182:Sanjay Gandhi 3179: 3175: 3172: 3167: 3166:The Emergency 3158: 3149: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089:schizophrenia 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3031:Nazi eugenics 3022: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3004: 2993: 2984: 2982: 2981:Otakar Motejl 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789:Rakhine state 2786: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2740:United States 2737: 2727: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2655: 2650:Complications 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2632:compensations 2629: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2285:involuntarily 2282: 2278: 2274: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1978:Social stigma 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1585:State atheism 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1521:Jim Crow laws 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1506:One-drop rule 1504: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1421:Blood quantum 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1362:Victimisation 1360: 1358: 1357:Trans bashing 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1327:Religious war 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1307:Racialization 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1178:Glass ceiling 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1121:Ethnic hatred 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1056:Counter-jihad 1054: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1004: 1003: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 861: 858: 857: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 834: 833:United States 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 697: 696:United States 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 642: 636: 635: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 609:Protestantism 607: 605: 602: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 537: 534: 530: 527: 525: 524:LDS or Mormon 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 480: 475: 474: 464: 461: 459: 456: 452: 449: 447: 446:Transmisogyny 444: 442: 439: 438: 437: 434: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 349:Gerontophobia 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 279:Anti-intersex 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 254:Anti-albinism 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 227: 226: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 106: 105: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 79:Institutional 77: 76: 67: 66: 62: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 34: 30: 19: 16239: 16051:Publications 16010:Antinatalism 15972: 15948: 15925:World3 model 15785:Major topics 15733: 15704:Third gender 15699:Queer theory 15604:South Africa 15349:Prader scale 15339:Orchidometer 15246:Human rights 15235: 15228:legal issues 15224:Human rights 14958:Gender-blind 14845:Human rights 14673:Racial quota 14660: 14640:Jewish quota 14620:Gerontocracy 14615:Gender roles 14593:Disabilities 14578:Blood purity 14550:Wife selling 14540:White flight 14520:Slut-shaming 14500:Scapegoating 14418:Murder music 14213: 14091:Palestinians 14034:Anti-Zionism 13902:South Africa 13887:Black people 13865:South Africa 13686:Christianity 13676:Baháʼí Faith 13604:Sectarianism 13544:Heterosexism 13509:Ephebiphobia 13479:Anti-Masonry 13346:Hair texture 13226: 13214: 13202: 12925:Hip fracture 12920:Osteoporosis 12661:Infibulation 12561:Dysmenorrhea 12554:Sanitary pad 12506:Menstruation 12372: 12234:Preeclampsia 12229:Hypertension 12113:Labia majora 12108:Labia minora 11981:Buck v. Bell 11980: 11964:Buck v. Bell 11963: 11908: 11904: 11892: 11850: 11846: 11823: 11801: 11774: 11766: 11759: 11752: 11725: 11721:Hill, Reuben 11704: 11700: 11680: 11662: 11650:. Retrieved 11645: 11630: 11626: 11565:Self defense 11555:Reproductive 11260:Human rights 11159: 11155: 11145: 11133:. Retrieved 11128: 11119: 11078: 11074: 11064: 11019: 11015: 11005: 10993:. Retrieved 10989: 10943: 10939: 10929: 10917:. Retrieved 10913: 10904: 10896: 10884: 10846:(1): 45–57. 10843: 10839: 10829: 10817:. Retrieved 10813:the original 10808: 10799: 10787:. Retrieved 10782: 10758:. Retrieved 10746: 10720:. Retrieved 10704: 10695: 10682: 10648: 10629: 10607: 10558: 10536: 10523: 10513: 10500: 10490: 10380: 10376: 10345:. Retrieved 10331: 10324: 10315: 10311: 10283: 10243: 10207: 10203: 10172: 10164: 10152:. Retrieved 10144:stanford.edu 10143: 10134: 10122:. Retrieved 10114:stanford.edu 10113: 10104: 10079: 10075: 10020:(4): 66–79. 10017: 10013: 9948:17 September 9946:. 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Retrieved 6289: 6277:. Retrieved 6266: 6256: 6244:. Retrieved 6240: 6231: 6219:. Retrieved 6214: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6152: 6139: 6130: 6124: 6115: 6094:. Retrieved 6085: 6076: 6064:. Retrieved 6048:The Guardian 6047: 6017:. Retrieved 6008: 5999: 5987:. Retrieved 5978: 5968: 5956:. Retrieved 5952:the original 5942: 5928:(2): 51–55. 5925: 5921: 5915: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5766:. Retrieved 5762:the original 5757: 5748: 5736:. Retrieved 5727: 5705: 5693:. Retrieved 5684: 5675: 5663:. Retrieved 5654: 5646: 5634:. Retrieved 5617: 5566:(1): 11–14. 5563: 5559: 5538:. Retrieved 5534:the original 5529: 5519: 5507:. Retrieved 5503:the original 5498: 5494: 5484: 5472:. Retrieved 5463: 5437:cite journal 5428: 5416: 5412: 5403: 5391:. Retrieved 5382: 5373: 5361:. Retrieved 5347: 5335:the original 5330: 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5291: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5231: 5222: 5210:. Retrieved 5201: 5174: 5168: 5156:. Retrieved 5152: 5142: 5130:. 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Gosney 3792:commonwealth 3785: 3777: 3774:Nazi Germany 3772:policies of 3767: 3750:Pennsylvania 3743: 3736: 3725: 3703: 3664: 3660:Brock Report 3605: 3596: 3592: 3571:South Africa 3568: 3565:South Africa 3555: 3545: 3536: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3500:Shining Path 3492: 3465: 3431:(mainly the 3422: 3409:, President 3404: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3351: 3348:South Africa 3342: 3338: 3334: 3325: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3194: 3190:Chhattisgarh 3180: 3176: 3164: 3155: 3142: 3121:World War II 3118: 3112:mixed-race " 3085:mentally ill 3072: 3053:Adolf Hitler 3050: 3044: 3040: 3020: 3012: 2999: 2990: 2954: 2937: 2928:two children 2924: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2883: 2878:Leilani Muir 2871: 2869: 2846: 2831: 2827: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2782: 2749: 2733: 2720: 2701: 2681: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2622: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2571: 2530: 2497: 2490: 2481:John Holdren 2476: 2474: 2455: 2447: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2296: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2206: 2189:Bibliography 2147:Risk factors 2120: / 1812:Gender-blind 1691:Human rights 1511:Racial quota 1498: 1478:Jewish quota 1458:Gerontocracy 1453:Gender roles 1431:Disabilities 1416:Blood purity 1382:Wife selling 1372:White flight 1352:Slut-shaming 1332:Scapegoating 1250:Murder music 917:Palestinians 860:Anti-Zionism 728:South Africa 713:Black people 691:South Africa 504:Christianity 494:Baháʼí Faith 414:Sectarianism 354:Heterosexism 319:Ephebiphobia 289:Anti-Masonry 148:Hair texture 29: 16303:Punishments 15934:Society and 15893:Biocapacity 15709:Transgender 15614:Switzerland 15599:New Zealand 15470:Researchers 15305:and biology 14860:Nonviolence 14855:LGBT rights 14820:Empowerment 14788:Anti-racism 14710:Segregation 14655:No kid zone 14455:Persecution 14368:Hate speech 14319:Gay bashing 14294:Ethnic joke 14249:Dog whistle 14194:Blood libel 13882:Azerbaijani 13786:Neopaganism 13779:Persecution 13745:Persecution 13728:Persecution 13691:Catholicism 13626:Transphobia 13609:Supremacism 13564:Lesbophobia 13484:Aporophobia 13449:Anti-autism 13300:Taste-based 13295:Statistical 13228:WikiProject 12915:Bone health 12851:Lung cancer 12688:Dyspareunia 12631:HPV vaccine 12571:Amenorrhoea 12566:Menorrhagia 12404:Infertility 12353:Stillbirths 12214:Miscarriage 11652:7 September 11633:(1): 15–17. 11540:Development 11480:Association 11375:Transgender 10347:19 February 9796:16 December 9002:Google News 8967:16 February 8623:12 February 8590:14 February 7246:16 December 7023:Ian Kershaw 6881:reuters.com 6096:12 November 6066:12 November 6019:12 November 5989:12 November 5979:www.eiu.com 5958:12 November 5768:12 November 5738:12 November 5695:11 November 5665:11 November 5636:12 November 5540:12 November 5509:12 November 5474:11 November 5419:(1). 2015. 5018:(1): 1–16. 4401:(including 4391:Switzerland 4186:immigration 4171:1940s–1950s 4126:Puerto Rico 4116:Puerto Rico 4074:breast buds 3863:Mississippi 3823:Connecticut 3796:Puerto Rico 3713: 1890 3704:During the 3512: [ 3495:Luis Solari 3256:gene pool. 3171:Maharashtra 3087:(including 3077:Third Reich 3008:spiral case 2818:Cox's Bazar 2712:heat stroke 2708:anaphylaxis 2430:Transgender 2346:, a former 2172:Utilitarian 2118:Colonialism 1706:Nonviolence 1701:LGBT rights 1666:Empowerment 1634:Anti-racism 1548:Segregation 1493:No kid zone 1287:Persecution 1200:Hate speech 1151:Gay bashing 1126:Ethnic joke 1081:Dog whistle 1028:Blood libel 708:Azerbaijani 604:Neopaganism 597:Persecution 563:Persecution 546:Persecution 509:Catholicism 436:Transphobia 419:Supremacism 374:Lesbophobia 294:Aporophobia 259:Anti-autism 94:Taste-based 89:Statistical 16267:Categories 16121:Events and 15936:population 15882:Population 15833:Population 15778:Population 15662:Disability 15501:of surgery 15480:Television 15456:Androgynos 15441:Aphroditus 15416:Literature 15134:Stereotype 15129:Speciesism 15010:Oppression 15005:Oikophobia 14901:Allophilia 14885:Toleration 14742:Sodomy law 14635:Internment 14555:Witch-hunt 14433:Blackhawks 14363:Hate group 14351:Hate crime 14324:Gendercide 14314:Freak show 14304:Excellence 14264:Employment 14234:Defamation 14166:Vietnamese 14161:Venezuelan 14051:Lithuanian 13718:Falun Gong 13653:Xenophobia 13648:Vegaphobia 13631:Non-binary 13589:Pedophobia 13554:Homophobia 13376:Skin color 13336:Disability 13309:Attributes 13290:Structural 13153:by country 12957:Depression 12608:infections 12313:Episiotomy 12253:Childbirth 12184:Obstetrics 11905:Demography 11691:0801483980 11663:BC Studies 11530:Linguistic 11505:Fair trial 11387:Minorities 11355:Indigenous 11203:See also: 10990:Palatinate 9940:. CA Gov. 9843:: 259–290. 9691:16 October 9367:24 January 9341:3 February 9315:24 January 9235:29 October 9194:16 October 9168:16 October 8240:7 February 8121:, May 2004 7003:5 February 6780:5 November 5393:1 December 5127:PolitiFact 4868:28 October 4554:29 October 4529:References 4306:Uzbekistan 4300:Uzbekistan 4182:emigration 3915:Washington 3819:California 3762:Washington 3758:California 3632:Canterbury 3587:See also: 3401:Plan Verde 3399:See also: 3293:ichthyosis 3285:hemophilia 3101:alcoholism 3055:after the 2897:See also: 2886:Indian Act 2744:World bank 2724:hemorrhage 2693:Anesthesia 2658:promised. 2573:Bangladesh 2563:Bangladesh 2522:By country 2458:birth rate 2336:Aryan race 2137:Psychology 2132:Prevention 2112:Incitement 1988:Stereotype 1983:Speciesism 1864:Oppression 1859:Oikophobia 1755:Allophilia 1731:Toleration 1580:Sodomy law 1473:Internment 1387:Witch-hunt 1265:Blackhawks 1195:Hate group 1183:Hate crime 1156:Gendercide 1146:Freak show 1136:Excellence 1096:Employment 1066:Defamation 992:Vietnamese 987:Venezuelan 877:Lithuanian 536:Falun Gong 463:Xenophobia 458:Vegaphobia 441:Non-binary 399:Pedophobia 364:Homophobia 178:Skin color 138:Disability 109:Attributes 84:Structural 16217:Migration 16094:6 billion 15684:Androgyny 15544:Australia 15539:Argentina 15401:Guevedoce 15377:(antonym) 15107:Christian 15035:Prejudice 14983:Masculism 14931:Diversity 14725:religious 14700:Redlining 14299:Ethnocide 14259:Education 14151:Ukrainian 14086:Pakistani 14076:Mongolian 13997:Australia 13979:Hungarian 13934:Colombian 13914:Bulgarian 13796:Rastafari 13750:Ahmadiyya 13663:Religious 13641:Trans men 13599:Pregnancy 13534:Gayphobia 13529:Fatphobia 13434:Acephobia 13429:Arophobia 13413:Viewpoint 12783:Pregnancy 12763:Violence 12703:Vaginitis 12576:Menopause 12436:Fostering 12426:Parenting 12396:life plan 12261:Midwifery 12239:Eclampsia 12166:Pregnancy 12155:Maternal 11855:CiteSeerX 11575:Sexuality 11500:Education 11424:Prisoners 11315:Creditors 11310:Consumers 11135:4 January 11111:144049480 11095:1611-8944 11038:0301-0422 10995:4 January 10960:0277-9536 10919:4 January 10910:"Finland" 10860:0020-7411 10819:4 January 10789:4 January 9938:"SB 1135" 9883:0090-0036 9767:1362-5187 9458:14 August 9393:4 January 9290:4 January 9267:4 January 8515:0040-781X 8452:0190-8286 8277:1013-0950 8213:4 January 8187:4 January 8142:23 August 8086:1911-0359 7942:0021-9320 7885:4 January 7742:4 January 7716:4 January 7659:0447-5763 7621:0013-0613 7371:2789-8296 7266:Frontline 7233:148987919 7225:0950-2378 7092:cite news 7076:Frontline 7049:cite book 6913:15 August 6861:4 January 6835:4 January 6800:avisen.dk 6726:cite book 6607:11 August 6305:15 August 6192:2279-5057 6056:0261-3077 5899:0029-7844 5856:0020-7292 5805:0020-7292 5626:0190-8286 5580:1879-3479 5283:150974096 5275:0966-369X 5237:25 August 5212:25 August 5193:945949149 5158:25 August 5132:25 August 5083:220640867 5075:0022-0027 5032:0037-766X 4995:25 August 4969:25 August 4943:3 October 4838:146218981 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14339:examples 14334:Genocide 14254:Economic 14239:Democide 14199:Bullying 14116:Romanian 14081:Nigerian 14024:Japanese 13959:Georgian 13944:Filipino 13877:Assyrian 13850:Armenian 13840:American 13835:Albanian 13817:National 13801:Yazidism 13723:Hinduism 13681:Buddhism 13584:Nepotism 13579:Misogyny 13574:Misandry 13499:Clannism 13494:Biphobia 13439:Adultism 13356:Language 13204:Category 13164:Ethiopia 13086:UN Women 12903:Dementia 12834:diseases 12817:Femicide 12795:Misogyny 12715:Polygamy 12616:Safe sex 12524:Menarche 12431:Adoption 12358:Abortion 12276:Oxytocin 12096:Clitoris 11969:Archived 11885:45536970 11847:Genetica 11822:(2007). 11723:(1959). 11646:CBC News 11545:Property 11535:Movement 11475:Assembly 11439:Students 11414:Peasants 11409:Patients 11360:Intersex 11325:Disabled 11305:Children 11188:29450087 11103:26266047 11056:29450087 10895:, eds., 10876:72843082 10868:41345200 10754:Archived 10716:Archived 10687:Archived 10656:Archived 10637:Archived 10615:Archived 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