Oppression - Knowledge

2817:, which their platform inherently supported, they were often considered the primary feminist movement. Revolutionary feminists, on the other hand, included Black and LGBTQ issues in their platform, wanting not to work within the current system simply to improve the rights of already privileged women, but to rework the system to be more supportive of all women from other marginalized groups. The American feminist movement was polarized by these two groups. Many women, and often privileged white women, forgot about the promise of revolutionary feminism when they began to gain economic power as a result of the reformist movements partial success. This further set back those who wished to fight sexism and other kinds of oppression at the same time. Revolutionary feminist thinking was further pushed aside as even academic circles would not discuss it easily. Furthermore, reformist feminists, upon finding a route to class mobility, refused to acknowledge the now niche revolutionary feminist movement, as they had found a way to live in an economically powerful way in the current social system. 2704:. Restrictions on women's access to and participation in the workforce like the wage gap is an "inequality most identified with industrialized nations with nominal equal opportunity laws; legal and cultural restrictions on access to education and jobs, inequities most identified with developing nations; and unequal access to capital, variable but identified as a difficulty in both industrialized and developing nations". In the United States, the median weekly earnings for women were 82 percent of the median weekly earnings for men in 2016. Some argue women are prevented from achieving complete gender equality in the workplace because of the "ideal-worker norm," which "defines the committed worker as someone who works full-time and full force for forty years straight," a situation designed for the male sex. 2553: 2400:

based on their income, wealth, property ownership, job status, education, skills, or power in the economic and political sphere. The most commonly used class categories include upper class, middle class, working class, and poor class. Class is also experienced differently depending on race, gender, ethnicity, global location, disability, and more. Class oppression of the poor and working class can lead to deprivation of basic needs and a feeling of inferiority to higher-class people, as well as shame towards one's traditional class, race, gender, or ethnic heritage. In the United States, class has become racialized leaving the greater percentage of people of color living in poverty.

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but not exclusively— racial minorities". For example, "blacks are: approximately four times more likely to be targeted for police use of force than their white counterparts; arrested and convicted for drug-related criminal activities at higher rates than their overall representation in the U.S. population; and are more likely to fear unlawful and harsh treatment by law enforcement officials". The International Association of Chiefs of Police collected data from police departments between the years 1995 and 2000 and found that 83% of incidents involving use-of-force against subjects of different races than the officer executing it involved a white officer and a Black subject.

2286:, one of the most common characteristics of social oppression is the "double-bind", a situation where the oppressed are exposed to limited options, all of which incurring social penalty. An example of said situation exists for young women in the 21st century regarding sexual activity. Both sexual inactivity and sexual activity might incur a penalty. If a woman is sexually inactive, her parents might worry that she is abnormal, and men will complain that she is "frigid" and "uptight", while in the latter situation she may be condemned for being a whore. This scenario reveals how oppression may not necessarily be caused by individual oppressors, following Young's conclusions. 2269:, due to its pluralistic character, it is difficult to construct a definition that applies to all forms of oppression. Therefore, she argues one should focus on the characteristics different forms of oppression might exhibit or have in common. In order to do so, Young develops five characteristics or 'faces' of oppression. Each form of oppression possesses at least one of these characteristics which are: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. Young's conception of oppression does not involve an "active oppressor". This means that oppression can occur without people actively oppressing others. Specifically, Young argues that 2293:, as defined by Lynn Weber, is "an individual's or a group's social 'place' in the race, class, gender and sexuality hierarchies, as well as in other critical social hierarchies such as age, ethnicity, and nation". An individual's social location often determines how they will be perceived and treated by others in society. Three elements shape whether a group or individual can exercise power: the power to design or manipulate the rules and regulations, the capacity to win competitions through the exercise of political or economic force, and the ability to write and document social and political history. 2188:, psychology, philosophy, and political science. Nonetheless, more fully understanding the problem remains an extremely complicated challenge for scholars. Improved understanding will require, for example, comprehending more completely the historical antecedents of current social oppression; the commonalities — and lack thereof — among the various social groups damaged by social oppression and the individual human beings who make up those groups; and the complex interplay between and amongst sociocultural, political, economic, psychological, and legal forces that cause and support oppression. 2779: 2303:, on the other hand, believes that there cannot be any hierarchy of oppression due to her experiences as both a Black and lesbian woman. In "There is no Hierarchy of Oppressions," she suggests that all oppressed groups share the same issue. She writes that "any attack against black people is a lesbian and gay issue", promoting the idea that due to intersectionality within a given group, all of its members and their respective groups are under threat, viewing the concept of oppression as originating from a root source which seeks to alienate all groups not in power. 2693:, and governmental corruption". This allows for a dominant social group to maintain and maximize its wealth through the intentional exploitation of economically inferior subordinates. With indirect forces (also known as oppression by choice), "the oppressed are co-opted into making individual choices that add to their own oppression". The oppressed are faced with having to decide to go against their social good, and even against their own good. If they choose otherwise, they have to choose against their interests, which may lead to resentment by their group. 2338:

not fighting the presuppositions of racism, these actors in the women's movement failed to address their oppression at its root, simultaneously fighting for the issues of white women and accepting the societal structures which held Black women down. Even when Black feminists bring up issues of both gender and class, they often fail to account for heterosexual privilege amidst Black women, still supporting homophobic assumptions about sexuality and leaving many members of the movement behind.

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oppression, where an identifiable oppressing group is assumed. Another example of social oppression given by Young is when a specific social group is denied access to education that may hinder their lives in later life. Economic oppression is the divide between two classes of society. These were once determined by factors such slavery, property rights, disenfranchisement, and forced displacement of livelihood. Each divide yielded various treatments and attitudes towards each group.

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to capture the macro-level systemic nature of intersectional oppression. In other words, Crenshaw's concept of intersectionality captures the individual experiences of oppressed persons that do not solely fall under one header of sexism, racism, or something else. However, it is not suited to capture the way, for example, sexism and racism work together at a (macro) societal level. Both conjoin to influence the unique experience of oppression as felt by, for example, Black women.

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affects social groups. ... occurs when a particular social group is unjustly subordinated, and where that subordination is not necessarily deliberate but instead results from a complex network of social restrictions, ranging from laws and institutions to implicit biases and stereotypes. In such cases, there may be no deliberate attempt to subordinate the relevant group, but the group is nonetheless unjustly subordinated by this network of social constraints.

7272: 2536: 58: 2326:" refers to a sociopolitical immunity one group has over others derived from particular societal benefits. Many of the groups who have privilege over gender, race, or sexuality, for example, can be unaware of the power their privilege holds. These inequalities further perpetuate themselves because those who are oppressed rarely have access to resources that would allow them to escape their maltreatment. This can lead to 2837:, and interpersonal domains. Each of these domains works to sustain current inequalities faced by marginalized, excluded, or oppressed groups. The structural, disciplinary, and hegemonic domains all operate on a macro level, creating social oppression through macro structures such as education, or the criminal justice system, which play out in the interpersonal sphere of everyday life through micro-oppressions. 7282: 2428:

for any one woman, the interweaving of many of said actions through each day and each year eventually builds a net which very well might hold a woman in place, and keep her in the role she is ordered to maintain. One simple example the custom of men holding the door for woman, which is well-intentioned, but also implies that women are unable to do this a simple thing themselves.

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several different contexts (such as racism, classism, and sexism) ... Analyzing what is involved in civilized oppression includes analyzing the kinds of mechanisms used, the power relations at work, the systems controlling perceptions and information, the kinds of harms inflicted on the victims, and the reasons why this oppression is so hard to see even by contributing agents.

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home. Others believe that this difference in wage earnings is likely due to the supply and demand for women in the market because of family obligations. Eber and Weichselbaumer argue that "over time, raw wage differentials worldwide have fallen substantially. Most of this decrease is due to better labor market endowments of females".

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be done consciously or even intentionally. As Young argues, oppression can occur without an active "oppressor". This definition of oppression attempts to address the concern that feminist theories unjustly blame men for the oppression of women. Men can sympathize with feminism, but still be complicit in the oppression of women.

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intersect with each other and with the privileges held by others. Racial, economic, class-based, religious, gender-based, authoritarian, and social oppression in general often intersect in many different ways and co-exist with opposited forms of privilege to create novel and unique forms of oppression.

2465:, and after doing so they eventually passed laws in order to prevent other religions from prospering in their colony. The Pilgrims and the leaders of other communities where Protestants were in the majority used their power over legislatures to oppress followers of other religions in the United States. 2812:

discusses the intersectional challenges of the early feminist movements in the 20th century. She divides female activists into groups labeled the "reformist" and "revolutionary" feminists. Reformist feminists were often at the forefront of the media, primarily as a result of their unspoken support of

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employees, working abroad generally little to no bargaining power not only with their employers, but with immigration authorities as well. They could be forced to accept low wages and work in poor living conditions. And by working abroad, an outsourced employee contributes to the economy of a foreign

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are "employed to control a population thought to be undesirable, undeserving, and under punished by established law". In both situations, police officers "rely on legal authority to exonerate their extralegal use of force; both respond to perceived threats and fears aroused by out-groups, especially—

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amendments freed African Americans, gave them citizenship, and provided them the right to vote, institutions such as some police departments continue to use oppressive systems against minorities. They train their officers to profile individuals based upon their racial heritage, and to exert excessive

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Institutional oppression occurs when established laws, customs, and practices systemically reflect and produce inequities based on one's membership in targeted social identity groups. If oppressive consequences accrue to institutional laws, customs, or practices, the institution is oppressive whether

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relationship, women often take care of unpaid households chores and child care labor, which benefits both the man as the woman. In this sense, women are performing labor from which the man benefits and thus at least part of the value of this labor is transferred to the man. This exploitation need not

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Class oppression, sometimes referred to as classism, can be defined as prejudice and discrimination based on social class. Class is a social ranking system which is based on income, wealth, education, status, and power. A class is a large group of people who share similar economic or social positions

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This description of authoritarian governments is somewhat simplistic in that it describes the epitome of authoritarianism, i.e., the worst-case scenario, which still exists in some countries today, but has gradually become less prevalent over the last two centuries or so. See the five books cited at

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Women, in contrast, are still expected to fulfill the caretaker role and take time off for domestic needs such as pregnancy and ill family members, preventing them from conforming to the "ideal-worker norm". With the current norm in place, women are forced to juggle full-time jobs and family care at

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Young argues that women in particular suffer from gender-based exploitation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. To illustrate, gender exploitation relates to how the common labor division between men and women can be exploitative. She argues that "gender exploitation has two aspects,

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A common conception of social oppression is seen as when a single group in society unjustly takes advantage of, and exercises power over, another group using dominance and subordination. This then results in the socially supported mistreatment and exploitation of a group of individuals by those with

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Oppression is a form of injustice that occurs when one social group is subordinated while another is privileged, and oppression is maintained by a variety of different mechanisms including social norms, stereotypes and institutional rules. A key feature of oppression is that it is perpetrated by and

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This intersectional approach has been influential in academic fields studying different forms of social oppression. However, although Crenshaw argues her intersectional approach captures important differences within certain oppressed groups, Patricia Hill Collins objects that her approach is unable

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In her article on oppression, Marilyn Frye suggests a myopic approach is necessary to understand how in society at large, women are sequestered to a second class role. Though individual barriers, such as small actions resulting of social roles and expectations, may not provide too much of a barrier

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Race or racial oppression is defined as "burdening a specific race with unjust or cruel restraints or impositions. Racial oppression may be social, systematic, institutionalized, or internalized. Social forms of racial oppression include exploitation and mistreatment that is socially supported." In

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disproportionately focused on white women and their respective issues rather than women as a whole. This led to Black women and the higher level of economic challenges they were faced with being unaddressed, and often uplifted women only in a racially privileged position. According to Saraswati, by

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One aspect of social oppression's effectiveness is the stigmatization of "resistance": Resistance to oppression has been linked to a moral obligation, an act deemed necessary for the preservation of self and society. Resistance is sometimes labeled as "lawlessness, belligerence, envy, or laziness".

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It is harder still to become aware of what I call 'civilized Oppression,' that involves neither physical violence nor the use of law. Yet these subtle forms are by far the most prevalent in Western industrialized societies. This work will focus on issues that are common to such subtle oppression in

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to refer to the various ways in which race and gender interact to shape the multiple dimensions of Black women's employment experiences. Elena Ruiz defines intersectionality as a form of oppression containing multiple social vectors and overlapping identity categories such as sex, race, and class

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The second category of oppression, exploitation, has been seen in many different forms around the world when it comes to religion. The definition of exploitation is the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work. For example, during, and particularly after, the

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Gender oppression is a form of social oppression, which occurs due to belonging or seeming to belong to a specific gender. Historically, gender oppression occurred through actual legal domination and subordination of men over women. Even key aspects of social life traditionally seen as "neutral",

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oppression is the inhibition of a group through a vast network of everyday practices, attitudes, assumptions, behaviors, and institutional rules. Oppression is structural or systemic. The systemic character of oppression implies that an oppressed group need not have a correlate oppressing group.

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Structural or systemic refers to "the rules that constitute and regulate the major sectors of life such as family relations, property ownership and exchange, political powers and responsibilities, and so on". Young's conception of oppression is therefore in contrast with other common notions of

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An intersectional approach to oppression requires attending to the differential ways different grounds for oppression such as gender, race, sexuality, class, religion, and so forth work together to create a unique situation for certain oppressed people. Crenshaw argues that viewing feminism as

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use oppression to subjugate the people, they want their citizenry to feel that "pressing down", and to live in fear that if they displease the authorities they will, in a metaphorical sense, be "squeezed" and "suffocated". Such governments oppress the people using restriction, control, terror,

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Jennifer Nash also argues that so far, intersectional approaches have focused either on intersections between forms or grounds for oppression or privilege, whereas the two can also work together. The value of an intersectional approach on oppression is to see how different forms of oppression

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describes the main forces of economic oppression as oppressive economic systems and direct and indirect forces. Even though capitalism and socialism are not inherently oppressive, they "lend themselves to oppression in characteristic ways". She defines direct forces of economic oppression as

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explore what the limits of intersectionality. For instance, does this approach only concern marginalized groups, or is everyone intersectional in some way. Guiding questions in this regard concern in what way an intersectional approach might bring to the surface certain previously obscured

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No universally accepted model or terminology has yet emerged to describe oppression in its entirety, although some scholars cite evidence of different types of oppression, such as social oppression, cultural, political, religious/belief, institutional oppression, and

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Institutionalized oppression allows for government, religious, and business organizations and their employees to systematically favor specific groups of people based upon group identity. Dating back to colonization, the United States implemented the annihilation of

2385:. Blauner states that even after civil rights legislation abolished legally-sanctioned segregation, racial oppression remained a reality in the United States and "racial groups and racial oppression are central features of the American social dynamic". 2493:, because of this the Chinese were considered different and therefore not equal to white Americans. Due to this view Chinese workers were denied equal pay, and they also suffered many hardships during the time which they spent working on the railroad. 2060:

over, a group of individuals, often in the form of governmental authority or cultural opprobrium. It is related to regimentation, class, society, and punishment. Oppression may be overt or covert, depending on how it is practiced. Oppression refers to

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such as language, can sustain gender oppression according to Gertrude Postl. This is due to sexist language and the lack of terms that relate to experiences specific to women. For example, the term "sexual harassment" was only coined in 1975.

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Research and theory development on social oppression has advanced apace since the 1980s with the publication of seminal books and articles, and the cross-pollination of ideas and discussion among diverse disciplines, such as

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Lynn Weber, among some other political theorists, argues that oppression persists because most individuals fail to recognize it; that is, discrimination is often not visible to those who are not in the midst of it.

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is the systematic mistreatment of individuals because of their religious beliefs. According to Iris Young oppression can be divided into different categories such as powerlessness, exploitation, and violence.

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categorizing all women as one cohesive category of oppressed people obscures differences of experiences of oppression within such groups. A Black woman is not just the sum of the two categories.

2689:"restrictions on opportunities that are applied from the outside on the oppressed, including enslavement, segregation, employment discrimination, group-based harassment, opportunity inequality, 6272: 988: 4319:

Magnusson, Charlotta. (2010). "Why Is There A Gender Wage Gap According To Occupational Prestige?" Acta Sociologica (Sage Publications, Ltd.) 53.2: 99-117. Academic Search Complete.

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Weichselbaumer, D. and Winter-Ebmer, R. (2005). A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap. Journal of Economic Surveys, 19: 479–511. Doi: 10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00256.x

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because they felt that Muslims "'push their beliefs on everyone else'". Acts of religious violence are also committed against practitioners of other religions in addition to Islam.

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Blumenfeld, Warren. "Christian Privilege and the Promotion of "Secular" and Not-So "Secular" Mainline Christianity in Public Schooling and in the Larger Society".

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Institutionalized oppression is not only experienced by people of racial minorities, but can also affect those in the LGBT community. In April 1953, US President

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other forms of oppression, and more easily met requests. The reformists represented the white female population, and as a result of existing within a world of

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hopelessness, and despair. The tyrant's tools of oppression include, for example, extremely harsh punishments for "unpatriotic" statements; developing a

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relative power. In a social group setting, oppression may be based on many ideas, such as poverty, gender, class, race, caste, or other categories.

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Scholar L. Ayu Saraswati highlights the potency of privilege hidden within groups generally considered oppressed. Such can occur within women, as

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does not target and may not directly afflict everyone in society, but instead targets or disproportionately impacts specific groups of people.

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suggests that there are four predominant social hierarchies, race, class, gender and sexuality, that contribute to social oppression.

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There is no single, widely accepted definition of social oppression. Philosopher Elanor Taylor defines social oppression in this way:

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Mupepi, Mambo (Ed.). (2016). Effective Talent Management Strategies for Organizational Success. Hershey: Business Science Reference.

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By deciding to work abroad, laborers are "reinforcing the forces of economic oppression that presented them with such poor options".

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Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, "Women's median earnings 82 percent of men's in 2016.

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Oppression also refers to the subjugation and marginalization of specific groups of people within a country or society, such as

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Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hull, G. H. (2012). Understanding Generalist Practice. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.

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passed laws in 2014 giving religious-based businesses "the right to refuse service to LGBT customers". In 2018 and 2023, the

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that are not ready visible in single identities, but have to be taken into account as an integral, robust human experience.

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because students are denied access to resources and the privileged class is signaled that its denial of goods is justified.

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transfer of the fruits of material labor to men and transfer of nurturing and sexual energies to men". Specifically, in a

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Social oppression derives from power dynamics and imbalances related to the social location of a group or individual.

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Collins, P. H. (1995). Symposium On West and Fenstermaker's "Doing Difference." Gender & Society, 9(4), 491–513.

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country instead of their own. Veltman and Piper describe the effects of outsourcing on female laborers abroad:

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Fiel, Jeremy E. “Decomposing School Resegregation: Social Closure, Racial Imbalance, and Racial Isolation.”

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Violence against Queer People : Race, Class, Gender, and the Persistence of Anti-LGBT Discrimination

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Saraswati, L. Ayu, and Barbara L. Shaw. "Introduction to Women', Gender & Sexuality Studies." (2018).

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Seabrook, Renita; Wyatt-Nichol, Heather. "The Ugly Side of America: Institutional Oppression and Race".

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Veltman, A., & Piper, M. (Eds.). (2014). Autonomy, Oppression, and Gender. Oxford University Press.

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Freibach-Heifetz, Dana; Stopler, Gila (June 2008). "On conceptual dichotomies and social oppression".

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Indirect economic oppression is exemplified when individuals work abroad to support their families.

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Philosopher Jean Harvey, suggests the term "civilized oppression", which he introduces as follows:

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Lawrence, Charles R. III. (2005) "Forbidden conversations: On race, privacy, and community..."

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Human behavior and the social environment, macro level: Groups, communities, and organizations

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has greatly increased. One such incident occurred on August 5, 2017, when three men bombed a

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Law and the Gay Rights Story : The Long Search for Equal Justice in a Divided Democracy

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Lane, Ginny G., and Amy E. White. “The Roots of Resegregation: Analysis and Implications.”

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The Protestant ethic and the spirit of authoritarianism: Puritanism, democracy, and society

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Deutsch, Morton (March 2006). "A Framework for Thinking about Oppression and Its Change".

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Confronting injustice and oppression: Concepts and strategies for social workers (2nd ed.)

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Kinnear, Karen L. (2011). Women in Developing Countries: a Reference Handbook. ABC-Clio.

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the end of this paragraph for a more nuanced discussion. Also see the Knowledge article,

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The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79

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which are committed against people who practice a particular religion are classified as

7610: 6991: 6986: 6976: 6924: 6914: 6889: 6831: 6789: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6601: 5902: 5295: 5187: 5137: 5090: 5058: 5041: 4957: 4808: 4778: 4650:(2011 reissue; foreword by Danielle Allen). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4460: 4452: 4376: 4368: 4135: 3888: 3853: 3614: 3568: 3404: 3264: 3091: 2917: 2505: 2470: 1729: 1724: 1714: 1662: 1652: 1627: 1561: 1519: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1325: 610: 3686: 2968: 7250: 7161: 7089: 7074: 6873: 6816: 6621: 6529: 6420: 6340: 6187: 5487: 5320: 5075: 4961: 4928: 4918: 4901: 4891: 4885: 4872: 4865: 4851: 4841: 4824: 4814: 4795: 4785: 4764: 4754: 4733: 4723: 4706: 4696: 4668: 4651: 4622: 4605: 4591: 4574: 4549: 4520: 4510: 4411: 4303: 4266: 4246: 3946: 3893: 3875: 3805: 3786: 3490: 3480: 3442: 3432: 3392: 3382: 3250: 3227: 3217: 3175: 3165: 3142: 3132: 3109: 3099: 3073: 3063: 3040: 3030: 2974: 2922: 2907: 2887: 2786: 2751: 2745: 2675: 2481:

During this time it was common for the Chinese immigrants to follow the religions of

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wanted, and condoned the institution of slavery where Africans were brought to the

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or not the individuals maintaining those practices have oppressive intentions."

7600: 7223: 7181: 7151: 7141: 7059: 7052: 7037: 7027: 6863: 6799: 6741: 6736: 6721: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6380: 6315: 5839: 5812: 5665: 5377: 5325: 5255: 5240: 5230: 5220: 5147: 5051: 4977: 3476:

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Connected by commitment: Oppression and our responsibility to undermine it

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Economic oppression can take many forms, including, but not limited to,

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to be a source of free labor to expand the cotton and tobacco industry.

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Addressing social oppression on both a macro and micro level, feminist

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Socioeconomic, political, legal, cultural, and institutional oppression

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Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s

4432: 5610: 5514: 5494: 5467: 5442: 5346: 5127: 2667: 2621: 2139: 2097:, ("to press against", "to squeeze", "to suffocate"). Thus, when 310: 206: 186: 159: 134: 57: 4040:"3 Suspects in Bombing of Minnesota Mosque Face Weapons Charges" 3029:. New York City, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–13. 6571: 5595: 5499: 5477: 5472: 5422: 5245: 4695:. Critical studies in racism and migration. London: Routledge. 3027:

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

2127: 1305: 119: 3162:

The new authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa

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Gender basics : feminist perspectives on women and men

1937: 1768: 3247:

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Democracy and authoritarianism in the post-communist world

2563:- The Monroe Doctrine (1823), plus a quote from President 7469: 7415: 5275: 4969: 3186: 2639:

Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission

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Lorde, Audre. "There is no hierarchy of oppressions."

2728:

Her work may be oppressive first in respects of being

2696:

An example of direct forces of economic oppression is

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The third and most extreme category of oppression is

4128:

Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force

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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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proposes five primary forms of racial oppression in

3521:Hay, Carol. "The Obligation to Resist Oppression". 3431:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 3000:

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary

2739: 4864: 4777: 4746: 4720:Dismantling Privilege: An Ethics of Accountability 4256: 3216:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–2. 2711:A mother taking care of her child by feeding them. 27:Malicious or unjust treatment or exercise of power 7396:People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) 7157:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 3306:. NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 39–65. 3244: 3090: 2973:(5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. 1901:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 7592: 4573:. New York City, NY: Columbia University Press. 4106:Journal of Public Management & Social Policy 4103: 3827:"Who came up with the term 'sexual harassment'?" 7406:People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) 6817:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 2750:A different approach on oppression, called the 2654:is observed by some educators as oppression or 2543: 1547:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 6299:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 4604:. New York City, NY: Oxford University Press. 3775:The Routledge Companion to Feminist Philosophy 3283:Van Wormer, K., & Besthorn, F. H. (2010). 1023:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7312: 5362: 4985: 4505:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 4400:The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Race 3343:(2nd ed.). MA: Polity Press. p. 37. 3164:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2215:The examples and perspective in this section 2026: 4862: 4744: 4126:Skolnick, Jerome H.; Fyfe, James J. 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Une problématique générale 3887: 3869: 3245:Glasberg, Shannon, Davita, Deric (2011). 3197:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTaylor2016 ( 2249:Learn how and when to remove this message 7434:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi) 7391:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) 5626:Social determinants of health in poverty 4590:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 4430: 4346: 4205:, vol. 17, no. 3/4, 2010, p. 84. JSTOR, 3472: 3422: 3420: 3358:. Princeton University Press. p. 1. 3025:Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (2010). 2777: 2706: 2551: 2534: 2431: 326:Social determinants of health in poverty 4939: 4883: 4717: 4495: 4159:. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. 4037: 3941:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3912:"What does religious persecution mean?" 3824: 3750:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2652:School segregation in the United States 2453:, who wanted to escape the rule of the 2388: 14: 7593: 7570:Department of National Security (OZNA) 5236:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 4648:Justice and the politics of difference 4642:doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x 4154: 3965: 3938:Justice and the Politics of Difference 3743: 3356:Justice and the Politics of Difference 3326:Justice and the Politics of Difference 3211: 3192: 3057: 2661: 7626:Power (social and political) concepts 7575:Directorate for State Security (UDBA) 7353:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc 7300: 5350: 4973: 4836:Feagin, Joe R.; Vera, Hernan (1995). 4807:Omi, Michael; Winant, Howard (1994). 4241: 4239: 4237: 4169: 4121: 4119: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4081:from the original on 7 September 2012 3934: 3768: 3668: 3666: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3426: 3417: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3353: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3293: 2477:used Chinese immigrants to build the 7529:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP) 7281: 6321:Capital punishment for homosexuality 5631:Social determinants of mental health 4912: 4890:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4775: 4393: 4347:Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams (2008). 4207:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41674753 4190:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43187507 3159: 2820: 2808:In her article "Feminist Politics," 2539:Different types of religious symbols 2403: 2341: 2201: 2191: 1045:Capital punishment for homosexuality 331:Social determinants of mental health 7488:Ministry for State Security (Stasi) 6441:Genital modification and mutilation 3959: 3825:Swenson, Kyle (November 22, 2017). 1165:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 7416:Committee for State Security (KGB) 5376: 4863:Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr I. (1973). 4693:Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology 4683: 4234: 4163: 4148: 4116: 4092: 3968:Equity and Excellence in Education 3663: 3625: 3509:Bulletin: Homophobia and education 3362: 3310: 3290: 2520:which have been committed against 25: 7652: 7580:Counterintelligence Service (KOS) 7452:Committee for State Security (DS) 7386:State Political Directorate (GPU) 3716:"Class Action » About Class" 2381:, non-citizen labor, and diffuse 7511:Ministry of Internal Affairs III 7506:State Protection Authority (ÁVH) 7411:Ministry of State Security (MGB) 7381:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka) 7280: 7271: 7270: 6920:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 6757:Law for Protection of the Nation 6657:White genocide conspiracy theory 4745:Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1996). 4722:. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press. 4718:Hobgood, Mary Elizabeth (2000). 4663:Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1996). 3659:from the original on 2017-04-25. 3535: 2987:from the original on 2017-11-25. 2740:Oppression and intersectionality 2206: 1658:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1487:Law for Protection of the Nation 1381:White genocide conspiracy theory 56: 6762:MSM blood donation restrictions 6510:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 4489: 4480: 4471: 4424: 4387: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4296: 4276: 4225: 4212: 4195: 4178: 4056: 4038:Stevens, Matt (14 March 2018). 4031: 4007: 3978: 3928: 3904: 3845: 3818: 3762: 3737: 3726:from the original on 2017-07-03 3708: 3697:from the original on 2017-04-25 3679: 3641: 3599:Philosophy and Social Criticism 3590: 3579:from the original on 2017-09-20 3561: 3529: 3520: 3514: 3501: 3466: 3459:Ferguson, S. J. (Ed.). (2015). 3453: 3347: 3332: 3277: 3238: 3205: 2636:'s anti-discrimination laws in 2457:came to what is now called the 1492:MSM blood donation restrictions 1234:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 6775:(as religious or racial quota) 4548:. Oxford University Press US. 4353:The Feminist Philosophy Reader 4074:. Portland Community College. 3769:Postl, Gertrude (2017-09-19), 3341:World Poverty and Human Rights 3153: 3120: 3084: 3051: 3018: 2991: 2961: 2936: 2829:discusses what she calls the " 1505:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 7189:Second-generation gender bias 6905:Constitutional colorblindness 5621:Social determinants of health 5017:Adverse childhood experiences 4780:Intolerance, A General Survey 4565:doi:10.1007/s11211-006-9998-3 3990:Oxford Dictionaries | English 3748:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 2954: 2913:Privilege (social inequality) 2056:treatment of, or exercise of 1933:Second-generation gender bias 1643:Constitutional colorblindness 321:Social determinants of health 4691:Guillaumin, Colette (1995). 4638:Journal of Social Issues, 46 4186:American Sociological Review 3676:. Harpercollins College Div. 3674:Racial oppression in America 3649:"What is Racial Oppression?" 3523:Journal of Social Philosophy 2544:Institutionalized oppression 2522:Muslims in the United States 2502:Merriam-Webster's dictionary 2355:Racial Oppression in America 2310: 7: 7616:Majority–minority relations 7100:Medical model of disability 6952:Hate speech laws by country 4561:Social Justice Research, 19 4431:Crenshaw, Kimberle (1991). 4396:"Framing Intersectionality" 4174:. Rutgers University Press. 3324:Young, Iris Marion (1990). 3302:Young, Iris Marion (1990). 2840: 2785:introducing her concept of 2479:transcontinental railroads. 2229:, discuss the issue on the 1846:Medical model of disability 1690:Hate speech laws by country 32:Oppression (disambiguation) 10: 7657: 7209:Social model of disability 5676:Discrimination against men 4538: 3287:. Oxford University Press. 3127:Zafirovski, Milan (2007). 2801: 2775:experiences of oppression. 2743: 2645:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis 2435: 2407: 2392: 2345: 2314: 2195: 1953:Social model of disability 376:Discrimination against men 29: 7560: 7542: 7519: 7496: 7478: 7460: 7442: 7424: 7371: 7338: 7266: 7005: 6882: 6675: 6562:Opposition to immigration 6286: 5926: 5768: 5528: 5478:Race / Ethnicity 5415: 5384: 5226:Abusive power and control 5208: 5007: 4999: 4954:10.1007/s11211-006-9998-3 4749:The Anatomy of Prejudices 4665:The anatomy of prejudices 3871:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673900 3569:"Definition of PRIVILEGE" 3160:King, Stephen J. (2009). 2853:Abusive power and control 2798:Feminism and equal rights 2698:employment discrimination 2371:geographical displacement 2099:authoritarian governments 1286:Opposition to immigration 170:Race / Ethnicity 6557:Occupational segregation 6326:Compulsory sterilization 5301:Psychological projection 5163:Referee and umpire abuse 4838:White Racism: The Basics 4408:10.4324/9781315884424-24 4293:(visited April 21, 2017) 4203:Race, Gender & Class 4072:The Illumination Project 3810:: CS1 maint: location ( 3783:10.4324/9781315758152-25 3687:"Definition of CLASSISM" 3611:10.1177/0191453708089197 3058:Xavier, Márquez (2017). 2929: 2858:Anti-oppressive practice 2600:force to restrain them. 2379:second-class citizenship 2081:Authoritarian oppression 1281:Occupational segregation 1050:Compulsory sterilization 7085:Internalized oppression 6947:Fighting Discrimination 6937:Fat acceptance movement 6895:Anti-discrimination law 6535:Native American mascots 4942:Social Justice Research 4840:. New York: Routledge. 4813:. New York: Routledge. 4209:. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024. 4192:. Accessed 6 Feb. 2024. 4130:. New York. p. 24. 3858:Frontiers in Psychology 3744:McAfee, Noëlle (2018), 3573:www.merriam-webster.com 2752:intersectional approach 2674:, low wages, denial of 2328:internalized oppression 1831:Internalized oppression 1685:Fighting Discrimination 1675:Fat acceptance movement 1633:Anti-discrimination law 1259:Native American mascots 7204:Social identity threat 7177:Reverse discrimination 7167:Racial color blindness 6647:Violence against women 6627:Sex-selective abortion 4569:Gil, David G. (2013). 4497:Collins, Patricia Hill 4155:Walker, Frank (2014). 4019:www.uscitizenship.info 3974:– via Ebscohost. 3549:Cite journal requires 3473:Sidanius, Jim (1999). 3409:: CS1 maint: others ( 3339:Pogge, Thomas (2008). 2790: 2789:at one of her lectures 2734: 2712: 2568: 2540: 2276: 2177: 2168: 1948:Social identity threat 1921:Reverse discrimination 1911:Racial color blindness 1371:Violence against women 1351:Sex-selective abortion 7534:Security Service (SB) 7172:Religious intolerance 7132:Political correctness 6962:Intersex human rights 6910:Cultural assimilation 6592:Religious persecution 6356:Disability hate crime 6141:Jewish / Antisemitism 5271:Just-world hypothesis 5022:Anti-social behaviour 4913:Cudd, Ann E. (2006). 4884:Kiernan, Ben (1996). 4544:Cudd, Ann E. (2006). 3996:on September 29, 2016 3746:"Feminist Philosophy" 3212:Harvey, Jean (1999). 2873:Civil rights movement 2827:Patricia Hill Collins 2781: 2726: 2710: 2618:Executive Order 10450 2565:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2555: 2538: 2443:Religious persecution 2438:Religious persecution 2432:Religious persecution 2383:racial discrimination 2363:United States history 2271: 2172: 2163: 2136:religious communities 2093:, past participle of 2089:comes from the Latin 1916:Religious intolerance 1876:Political correctness 1700:Intersex human rights 1648:Cultural assimilation 1316:Religious persecution 1080:Disability hate crime 857:Jewish / Antisemitism 7470:State Security (StB) 6577:Political repression 5581:Anti-left handedness 5571:Anti-intellectualism 5306:Psychological trauma 4915:Analyzing Oppression 4646:Young, Iris (1990). 4600:Marin, Mara (2017). 4588:Civilized oppression 4546:Analyzing oppression 4394:Ruiz, Elena (2017). 4170:Meyer, Doug (2015). 3935:Young, Iris (1990). 3672:Blauner, B. (1972). 3463:. SAGE Publications. 3427:Weber, Lynn (2010). 3354:Young, Iris (1990). 3214:Civilized oppression 2898:Political repression 2831:matrix of domination 2614:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2514:September 11th, 2001 2395:Class discrimination 2389:Class discrimination 2335:second-wave feminism 2227:improve this section 2116:freedom of the press 1301:Political repression 281:Anti-left handedness 271:Anti-intellectualism 30:For other uses, see 7363:Inner German border 7080:Historical eugenics 6617:Segregation academy 6597:Religious terrorism 6386:Enemy of the people 6294:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 5808:Jehovah's Witnesses 5701:Perpetual foreigner 5216:Abusive supervision 5143:Psychological abuse 5118:Institutional abuse 4776:Noël, Lise (1994). 4617:Noël, Lise (1989). 4586:Harvey, J. (1999). 4437:Stanford Law Review 4284:https://www.bls.gov 3916:www.definitions.net 3832:The Washington Post 3691:merriam-webster.com 3195:, pp. 520–521. 2700:in the form of the 2662:Economic oppression 2500:. According to the 2140:citizens in poverty 2108:freedom of assembly 2106:force; prohibiting 2075:economic oppression 1826:Historical eugenics 1341:Segregation academy 1321:Religious terrorism 1110:Enemy of the people 1018:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 516:Jehovah's Witnesses 401:Perpetual foreigner 6992:Social integration 6987:Self-determination 6977:Racial integration 6925:Diversity training 6915:Cultural pluralism 6890:Affirmative action 6790:Racial segregation 6700:Crime of apartheid 6602:Religious violence 6105:Indigenous people 5505:Sexual orientation 5296:Playing the victim 5188:Surveillance abuse 5138:Professional abuse 5059:Cruelty to animals 4383:– via JSTOR. 4289:2017-11-23 at the 4044:The New York Times 2918:Racial segregation 2791: 2754:was introduced by 2713: 2569: 2559:- oil painting by 2541: 2506:religious violence 2471:American Civil War 2148:youth and children 1730:Social integration 1725:Self-determination 1715:Racial integration 1663:Diversity training 1653:Cultural pluralism 1628:Affirmative action 1520:Racial segregation 1430:Crime of apartheid 1326:Religious violence 821:Indigenous people 197:Sexual orientation 7641:Social inequality 7588: 7587: 7294: 7293: 7162:Racism by country 7090:Intersectionality 7075:Heteronormativity 6874:Voter suppression 6622:Sexual harassment 6421:Forced conversion 6341:Cultural genocide 6004:African Americans 5818:post–Cold War era 5803:Eastern Orthodoxy 5566:Anti-drug addicts 5561:Anti-homelessness 5488:Scientific racism 5344: 5343: 5321:Traumatic bonding 4924:978-0-19-518743-4 4897:978-0-300-06113-0 4847:978-0-415-90918-1 4820:978-0-415-90864-1 4791:978-0-7735-1160-6 4760:978-0-674-03190-6 4729:978-0-8298-1374-6 4702:978-0-415-09385-9 4673:978-0-674-03190-6 4516:978-0-415-92483-2 3792:978-1-315-75815-2 3655:. 4 August 2015. 3511:14.3/4 (1983): 9. 3438:978-0-19-538024-8 2923:Triple oppression 2908:Police oppression 2888:Intersectionality 2821:Domination theory 2787:intersectionality 2783:Kimberlé Crenshaw 2756:Kimberlé Crenshaw 2746:Intersectionality 2676:equal opportunity 2455:Church of England 2404:Gender oppression 2342:Racial oppression 2267:Iris Marion Young 2259: 2258: 2251: 2198:Infrahumanisation 2192:Social oppression 2150:, and more. This 2112:freedom of speech 2043: 2042: 1906:Racism by country 1836:Intersectionality 1821:Heteronormativity 1604:Voter suppression 1346:Sexual harassment 1145:Forced conversion 1065:Cultural genocide 720:African Americans 526:post–Cold War era 511:Eastern Orthodoxy 266:Anti-drug addicts 261:Anti-homelessness 180:Scientific racism 18:Social repression 16:(Redirected from 7648: 7631:Social privilege 7330:agencies in the 7321: 7314: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7284: 7283: 7274: 7273: 7214:Social privilege 7199:Social exclusion 7127:Police brutality 7048:Multiculturalism 7018:Amatonormativity 6849:Social exclusion 6685:Age of candidacy 6485:Homeless dumping 6391:Ethnic cleansing 5371: 5364: 5357: 5348: 5347: 5183:Structural abuse 5158:Police brutality 5064:Disability abuse 4994: 4987: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4936: 4909: 4880: 4870: 4859: 4832: 4803: 4783: 4772: 4752: 4741: 4714: 4529: 4528: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4443:(6): 1241–1299. 4428: 4422: 4421: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4300: 4294: 4280: 4274: 4263: 4254: 4243: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4216: 4210: 4199: 4193: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4101: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4069: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3992:. Archived from 3982: 3976: 3975: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3891: 3873: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3683: 3677: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3623: 3622: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3400: 3373: 3360: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3260: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2965: 2948: 2945:Authoritarianism 2940: 2878:Ethnic cleansing 2868:Authoritarianism 2770:Authors such as 2630:US Supreme Court 2606:police brutality 2602:Racial profiling 2576:from lands that 2574:Native Americans 2516:, the number of 2317:Social privilege 2254: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2210: 2209: 2202: 2035: 2028: 2021: 1958:Social privilege 1943:Social exclusion 1871:Police brutality 1794:Multiculturalism 1764:Amatonormativity 1579:Social exclusion 1415:Age of candidacy 1209:Homeless dumping 1115:Ethnic cleansing 60: 37: 36: 21: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7636:Social concepts 7591: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7556: 7538: 7515: 7492: 7474: 7456: 7438: 7420: 7367: 7334: 7325: 7295: 7290: 7262: 7137:Polyculturalism 7033:Civil liberties 7001: 6982:Reappropriation 6883:Countermeasures 6878: 6807:Racial steering 6773:Numerus clausus 6677: 6671: 6396:Ethnic conflict 6331:Corrective rape 6282: 5922: 5877:minority Muslim 5764: 5656:HIV/AIDS stigma 5524: 5473:Mental disorder 5411: 5380: 5375: 5345: 5340: 5316:Rationalization 5251:Destabilisation 5204: 5168:Religious abuse 5003: 4998: 4968: 4925: 4898: 4848: 4821: 4792: 4761: 4730: 4703: 4686: 4684:Further reading 4541: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4517: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4449:10.2307/1229039 4429: 4425: 4418: 4392: 4388: 4365:10.2307/1229039 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4301: 4297: 4291:Wayback Machine 4281: 4277: 4264: 4257: 4244: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4220:Yale Law Review 4217: 4213: 4200: 4196: 4183: 4179: 4168: 4164: 4153: 4149: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4117: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3999: 3997: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3918: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3850: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3823: 3819: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3753: 3742: 3738: 3729: 3727: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3664: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3626: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3487: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3439: 3425: 3418: 3402: 3401: 3389: 3375: 3374: 3363: 3352: 3348: 3337: 3333: 3322: 3311: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3243: 3239: 3224: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3172: 3158: 3154: 3139: 3125: 3121: 3106: 3089: 3085: 3070: 3056: 3052: 3037: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3008: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2981: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2843: 2823: 2815:white supremacy 2806: 2800: 2748: 2742: 2664: 2546: 2475:white Americans 2440: 2434: 2412: 2406: 2397: 2391: 2353:his 1972 work, 2350: 2344: 2319: 2313: 2291:Social location 2255: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2224: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2132:people of color 2124: 2083: 2039: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2006: 1881:Polyculturalism 1779:Civil liberties 1751: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1720:Reappropriation 1620: 1619:Countermeasures 1612: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1537:Racial steering 1503:Numerus clausus 1407: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1120:Ethnic conflict 1055:Corrective rape 1010: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 645: 634: 633: 632: 631: 630: 585:minority Muslim 478: 468: 467: 466: 465: 464: 356:HIV/AIDS stigma 228: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 165:Mental disorder 107: 99: 98: 97: 96: 95: 68: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7654: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7606:Discrimination 7603: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7548: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7525: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7462:Czechoslovakia 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7324: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7278: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7182:Reverse racism 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7152:Prisoner abuse 7149: 7144: 7142:Power distance 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7060:Ethnic penalty 7057: 7056: 7055: 7053:Neurodiversity 7050: 7040: 7038:Dehumanization 7035: 7030: 7028:Cisnormativity 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7006:Related topics 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6864:State religion 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6800:Nuremberg Laws 6797: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6742:Ghetto benches 6739: 6737:Gerrymandering 6734: 6729: 6724: 6722:Gender pay gap 6719: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6679: 6676:Discriminatory 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6505:Lavender scare 6502: 6500:Kill Haole Day 6497: 6495:Indian rolling 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6381:Eliminationism 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6316:Cancel culture 6313: 6308: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6290: 6288: 6287:Manifestations 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6183:Middle Eastern 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5918:Zoroastrianism 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5840:Untouchability 5837: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5666:Leprosy stigma 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5378:Discrimination 5374: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5326:Victim blaming 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5256:Discrimination 5253: 5248: 5243: 5241:Dehumanization 5238: 5233: 5231:Child grooming 5228: 5223: 5221:Abuse of power 5218: 5212: 5210: 5209:Related topics 5206: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5148:Physical abuse 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5078: 5076:Domestic abuse 5073: 5072: 5071: 5069:military draft 5061: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4967: 4966: 4937: 4923: 4910: 4896: 4881: 4860: 4846: 4833: 4819: 4804: 4790: 4773: 4759: 4742: 4728: 4715: 4701: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677:OCLC 442469051 4661: 4659:OCLC 778811811 4644: 4634: 4615: 4613:OCLC 989519441 4598: 4584: 4582:OCLC 846740522 4567: 4557: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4515: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4423: 4416: 4386: 4359:(6): 279–309. 4339: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4295: 4275: 4255: 4233: 4224: 4222:. 114, p. 377. 4211: 4194: 4177: 4162: 4147: 4115: 4091: 4055: 4030: 4006: 3977: 3958: 3952:978-0691078328 3951: 3927: 3903: 3844: 3817: 3791: 3761: 3736: 3707: 3678: 3662: 3640: 3624: 3589: 3560: 3551:|journal= 3528: 3513: 3500: 3485: 3465: 3452: 3437: 3416: 3387: 3361: 3346: 3331: 3309: 3289: 3276: 3255: 3237: 3223:978-0847692743 3222: 3204: 3185: 3170: 3152: 3137: 3119: 3104: 3092:Bunce, Valerie 3083: 3068: 3050: 3035: 3017: 2990: 2979: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2848:Abuse of power 2844: 2842: 2839: 2822: 2819: 2802:Main article: 2799: 2796: 2744:Main article: 2741: 2738: 2702:gender pay gap 2691:neocolonialism 2663: 2660: 2648:respectively. 2632:ruled against 2578:Euro-Americans 2545: 2542: 2436:Main article: 2433: 2430: 2408:Main article: 2405: 2402: 2393:Main article: 2390: 2387: 2357:, sociologist 2346:Main article: 2343: 2340: 2315:Main article: 2312: 2309: 2257: 2256: 2221:of the subject 2219:worldwide view 2214: 2212: 2205: 2193: 2190: 2123: 2120: 2082: 2079: 2063:discrimination 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1926:Reverse racism 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1896:Prisoner abuse 1893: 1888: 1886:Power distance 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1806:Ethnic penalty 1803: 1802: 1801: 1799:Neurodiversity 1796: 1786: 1784:Dehumanization 1781: 1776: 1774:Cisnormativity 1771: 1766: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1750:Related topics 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1594:State religion 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1530:Nuremberg Laws 1527: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1472:Ghetto benches 1469: 1467:Gerrymandering 1464: 1459: 1454: 1452:Gender pay gap 1449: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1229:Lavender scare 1226: 1224:Kill Haole Day 1221: 1219:Indian rolling 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1105:Eliminationism 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040:Cancel culture 1037: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1009:Manifestations 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 899:Middle Eastern 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 865: 864: 854: 849: 844: 839: 838: 837: 832: 827: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 733: 732: 727: 722: 712: 707: 702: 701: 700: 695: 690: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 649: 648: 647: 646: 640: 639: 636: 635: 629: 628: 626:Zoroastrianism 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 602: 601: 591: 590: 589: 588: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 552: 551: 550: 548:Untouchability 545: 535: 530: 529: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 498: 493: 488: 482: 481: 480: 479: 474: 473: 470: 469: 463: 462: 457: 452: 451: 450: 445: 440: 430: 429: 428: 423: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 366:Leprosy stigma 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 232: 231: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 215: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 183: 182: 177: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 111: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 100: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 50:Discrimination 46: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7653: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7621:Neuroethology 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7328:Secret police 7322: 7317: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7287: 7279: 7277: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7236:Social stigma 7234: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6859:State atheism 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795:Jim Crow laws 6793: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6780:One-drop rule 6778: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6695:Blood quantum 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642:Victimisation 6640: 6638: 6637:Trans bashing 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Religious war 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587:Racialization 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Glass ceiling 6456: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401:Ethnic hatred 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:Counter-jihad 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6119:United States 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5982:United States 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5903:Protestantism 5901: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:LDS or Mormon 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743:Transmisogyny 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5646:Gerontophobia 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5576:Anti-intersex 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Anti-albinism 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5392:Institutional 5390: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331:Victimisation 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656:9780691152622 4653: 4649: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631:OCLC 20723090 4628: 4627:9782890522718 4624: 4620: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610:9780190498627 4607: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579:9780231163996 4576: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4554:0-19-518744-X 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4419: 4417:9781315884424 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4309: 4308:9781598844252 4305: 4299: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4251:0-19-518744-X 4248: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4228: 4221: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4129: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4020: 4016: 4010: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3848: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3807: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3653:Reference.com 3650: 3644: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605:(5): 515–35. 3604: 3600: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3543: 3532: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3486:0-521-62290-5 3482: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3388:0-534-52839-2 3384: 3380: 3379: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3272: 3266: 3258: 3256:9781452238081 3252: 3248: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3171:9780253353979 3167: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3138:9780387493206 3134: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3105:9780521115988 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3069:9781137486318 3065: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3036:9780521882521 3032: 3028: 3021: 3007:on 2014-10-06 3006: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2980:9780544454453 2976: 2972: 2971: 2964: 2960: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2795: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2772:Jennifer Nash 2768: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672:forced labour 2669: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587:Although the 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2463:Protestantism 2460: 2459:United States 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2439: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2411: 2401: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2282:According to 2280: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2265:According to 2263: 2253: 2250: 2242: 2239:December 2023 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2152:socioeconomic 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:secret police 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1980:Social stigma 1978: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1616: 1615: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589:State atheism 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1525:Jim Crow laws 1523: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1510:One-drop rule 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1425:Blood quantum 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1366:Victimisation 1364: 1362: 1361:Trans bashing 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1331:Religious war 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1311:Racialization 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1182:Glass ceiling 1180: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1125:Ethnic hatred 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1060:Counter-jihad 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1006: 1005: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 863: 860: 859: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 836: 835:United States 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 699: 698:United States 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 685: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 644: 638: 637: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 611:Protestantism 609: 607: 604: 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 557: 556: 553: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 539: 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 522: 521:LDS or Mormon 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 477: 472: 471: 461: 458: 456: 453: 449: 446: 444: 443:Transmisogyny 441: 439: 436: 435: 434: 431: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 346:Gerontophobia 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 276:Anti-intersex 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Anti-albinism 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 224: 223: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 103: 102: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 76:Institutional 74: 73: 64: 63: 59: 55: 54: 51: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 33: 19: 7480:East Germany 7373:Soviet Union 7348:Iron Curtain 7332:Eastern Bloc 7121: 7070:Gender-blind 6957:Human rights 6785:Racial quota 6772: 6752:Jewish quota 6732:Gerontocracy 6727:Gender roles 6705:Disabilities 6690:Blood purity 6662:Wife selling 6652:White flight 6632:Slut-shaming 6612:Scapegoating 6530:Murder music 6203:Palestinians 6146:Anti-Zionism 6014:South Africa 5999:Black people 5977:South Africa 5793:Christianity 5783:Baháʼí Faith 5711:Sectarianism 5651:Heterosexism 5616:Ephebiphobia 5586:Anti-Masonry 5453:Hair texture 5286:Minimisation 5281:Manipulation 5261:Exaggeration 5197: 5193:Verbal abuse 5173:Sexual abuse 5153:Social abuse 5123:Intimidation 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