665:
741:
3278:
3706:
1379:
40:
7639:
7650:
4144:
5048:
5035:
621:
5025:
2127:
3721:
1822:
1067:
results, prior to the development of the Mahāyāna traditions. The term is currently most often used as a way of describing a stage on the path in
Tibetan Buddhism, but is often mistakenly confused with the contemporary Theravāda tradition, which is far more complex, diversified, and profound, than the literal and limiting definition attributed to
1039:
Mahayana texts such as the Lotus Sutra and the
Avatamsaka Sutra sought to unite all the different teachings into a single great way. These texts serve as the inspiration for using the term Ekayāna in the sense of "one vehicle". This "one vehicle" became a key aspect of the doctrines and practices of
980:
The terminology for the major divisions of
Buddhism can be confusing, as Buddhism is variously divided by scholars and practitioners according to geographic, historical, and philosophical criteria, with different terms often being used in different contexts. The following terms may be encountered in
1546:
The
Vibhajyavādins were conservative Sthaviras who did not accept the doctrines of either the Sarvāstivāda or the Pudgalavāda. In Sri Lanka, a group of them became known as Theravada, the only one of these sects that survives to the present day. Another sect which arose from the Vibhajyavādins were
696:
facets of the schools of
Buddhism is vague and has been interpreted in many different ways, often due to the sheer number (perhaps thousands) of different sects, subsects, movements, etc. that have made up or currently make up the whole of Buddhist traditions. The sectarian and conceptual divisions
1066:
literally meaning "lesser vehicle". It is considered a controversial term when applied by the Mahāyāna, to refer to the Theravāda school, and as such is widely viewed as condescending and pejorative. Moreover, Hīnayāna refers to the now non-extant schools with limited set of views, practices, and
1513:
teachings. Their name means "the theory that all exists" which refers to one of their main doctrines, the view that all dharmas exist in the past, present and in the future. This is an eternalist theory of time. Over time, the Sarvāstivādins became divided into various traditions, mainly the
2145:. These texts are seen by modern scholars as dating as far back as the 1st century BCE. Unlike Theravada and other early schools, Mahāyāna schools generally hold that there are currently many Buddhas which are accessible, and that they are transcendental or supramundane beings.
1099:, together with its later descendants, East Asian and Tibetan Buddhism. Vajrayāna traditions are sometimes listed separately. The main use of the term in East Asian and Tibetan traditions is in reference to spiritual levels, regardless of school.
1181:
an alternative term used by some scholars for
Tibetan Buddhism. Also, an older term still sometimes used to encompass both East Asian and Tibetan traditions. It has even been used to refer to East Asian Buddhism alone, without Tibetan
2275:. It is a major religion in China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, Malaysia and Singapore. East Asian Buddhists constitute the numerically largest body of Buddhist traditions in the world, numbering over half of the world's Buddhists.
1554:(Transcendentalists), so called because of their doctrine which saw every action of the Buddha, even mundane ones like eating, as being of a supramundane and transcendental nature. One of the few Mahāsāṃghika texts which survive, the
1358:, together with its later descendants. There is some disagreement on exactly which traditions fall into this category. Tibetan Buddhism is universally recognized as falling under this heading; many also include the Japanese
1040:
Tiantai and Tendai
Buddhist sects, which subsequently influenced Chán and Zen doctrines and practices. In Japan, the one-vehicle teaching of the Lotus Sutra also is also a main doctrine of Nichiren Buddhist sects. The
1368:, which is not a separate school. One scholar says, "Despite the efforts of generations of Buddhist thinkers, it remains exceedingly difficult to identify precisely what it is that sets the
3364:, the most widespread of these traditions, is practiced in Tibet, parts of North India and Siberia, Nepal, Bhutan, China and Mongolia. Monastics of this tradition generally follow the
910:. It is sometimes considered to be a part of the broader category of Mahāyāna Buddhism instead of a separate tradition. The main texts of Indo-Tibetan Buddhism are contained in the
1590:
Although there are differences in the historical records as to the exact composition of the various schools of early
Buddhism, a hypothetical combined list would be as follows:
3285:
Esoteric
Buddhism, also known as Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Secret Mantra, and Tantric Buddhism is often placed in a separate category by scholars due to its unique
4734:
1028:
an alternative name used by some scholars for East Asian
Buddhism; also sometimes used to refer to all traditional forms of Buddhism, as distinct from Western(ized) forms.
3835:
3396:
930:
Another way of classifying the different forms of Buddhism is through the different monastic ordination traditions. There are three main traditions of monastic law (
664:
1568:
and in South India. Some scholars such as A.K. Warder hold that many important Mahayana sutras originated among these groups. Another Mahāsāṃghika sect was named
1483:(Great Community). Most scholars hold that this probably occurred after the time of Ashoka. Out of these two main groups later arose many other sects or schools.
684:
which are the teachings off buddhist texts. The schools of Buddhism have existed from ancient times up to the present. The classification and nature of various
4820:
1056:
usually considered synonymous with "Vajrayāna". Some scholars have applied the term to certain practices found within the Theravāda, particularly in Cambodia.
4209:(literally, "inferior way") is a polemical term, which self-described Mahāyāna (literally, "great way") Buddhist literature uses to denigrate its opponents.
4847:
5789:
838:. This tradition focuses on the teachings found in Mahāyāna sutras (which are not considered canonical or authoritative in Theravāda), preserved in the
6704:
5179:
1547:
the Dharmaguptakas. This school was influential in spreading Buddhism to Central Asia and to China. Their Vinaya is still used in East Asian Buddhism.
866:
Vehicle"), also known as Mantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism. This category is mostly represented in "Northern Buddhism", also called "
1342:
usually understood as including the Buddhism of Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan, and parts of China, India, and Russia, which follow the Tibetan tradition.
6708:
1802:
1622:
2408:
6932:
1797:
1634:
102:
4909:
1639:
1867:), or differ in the focus on and recommended way of practice. There are also significant differences in strictness or interpretation of the
5149:
4222:
dichotomy is so prevalent in Buddhist literature, that it has yet fully to loosen its hold over scholarly representations of the religion".
2232:
texts constitute a third "school" of Indian Mahāyāna. This movement heavily influenced East Asian and Tibetan Mahayana schools such as the
1931:
1907:
4532:
Crosby, Kate (2000). Tantric Theravada: A bibliographic essay on the writings of François Bizot and others on the yogvacara Tradition.
5257:
2676:
2179:
4992:
4888:
1825:
The Tipitaka (Pali Canon), in a Thai Style book case. The Pali Tipitaka is the doctrinal foundation of all major Theravāda sects today
5014:
1902:
740:
712:
From a largely English-language standpoint, and to some extent in most of Western academia, Buddhism is separated into two groups:
7524:
6976:
4941:
4711:
4177:
1215:
1174:
1021:
7179:
5159:
2187:
1897:
4728:
4482:
4455:
1254:
usually considered synonymous with "Vajrayāna". However, one scholar describes the tantra divisions of some editions of the
5342:
5184:
3297:. Esoteric Buddhism maintains its own set of texts alongside the classic scriptures, these esoteric works are known as the
1587:, did not accept the Mahayana sutras as being word of the Buddha, whole others, like the Lokottaravādins, did accept them.
7519:
1583:, a further split among the Mahāsāṃghika occurred with the arrival of the Mahayana sutras. Some sub-schools, such as the
2107:, a strongly lay focused meditation based movement, popular in the West (where it is also known as "Insight Meditation")
7416:
6966:
5061:
4172:
3483:
2283:
651:
97:
54:
1018:
a term used by scholars to cover the Buddhist traditions of Japan, Korea, Vietnam and most of China and Southeast Asia
5262:
4959:
4612:
709:. Some factors in Buddhism appear to be consistent, such as the afterlife. Which differs on the version of Buddhism.
7509:
3277:
1416:
Note the red and grey schools already gave some original ideas of Mahayana Buddhism and the Sri Lankan section (see
7680:
7194:
6939:
2294:. East Asian Mahayana developed new, uniquely Asian interpretations of Buddhist texts and focused on the study of
7586:
7576:
5405:
3942:
3468:
2394:
7531:
7184:
6986:
6877:
6822:
5395:
4108:
3830:
7501:
7199:
6882:
5174:
5007:
4115:
3823:
2686:
669:
580:
275:
7675:
7084:
6956:
6927:
6629:
4806:
3526:
3351:
3346:
1446:
525:
300:
260:
1194:, a more literal translation of the term used by schools in Tibetan Buddhism when referring to themselves.
728:'the Great Vehicle'). The most common classification among scholars is threefold: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and
6775:
6684:
6154:
5799:
5312:
5207:
4053:
1919:
6319:
4167:
1139:("new vehicle") refers to the re-interpretation of Buddhism by modern Indian jurist and social reformer
7624:
7104:
6580:
6066:
5189:
5022:
4986:
4720:
1833:
1205:
812:
6514:
1572:. They were known for the doctrine that viewed all conditioned phenomena as being mere concepts (Skt.
7514:
7327:
7317:
7189:
6172:
5752:
5513:
5488:
3846:
3806:
3543:
2920:
2402:
1382:
Map of the major geographical centers of major Buddhist schools in South Asia, at around the time of
400:
5538:
3952:
2680:
210:
7619:
6971:
6785:
6763:
6756:
6659:
6192:
5812:
5628:
5573:
5194:
5000:
4913:
4120:
4016:
3705:
3632:
3385:
3258:
3234:
3208:
3085:
3015:
2751:
2647:
2384:
2060:
405:
355:
3652:
3105:
3005:
2741:
2374:
1472:(monastic rule). Later splits were also due to doctrinal differences and geographical separation.
870:" (or just "Tibetan Buddhism"), but also overlaps with certain forms of East Asian Buddhism (see:
7556:
7536:
6867:
6847:
6604:
6334:
5578:
4869:
Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Taylor & Francis, 2008, P. 129.
3909:
3759:
1836:
sect, which was a branch of the South Indian Vibhajjavādins. Theravāda bases its doctrine on the
565:
3962:
2991:
2148:
In India, there were two major traditions of Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy. The earliest was the
1859:
The different sects and groups in Theravāda often emphasize different aspects (or parts) of the
7566:
7406:
7074:
7044:
6817:
6768:
6609:
6557:
6552:
6314:
6135:
6032:
5784:
5779:
5528:
3811:
3732:
2657:
2478:
2272:
2075:
1440:
1430:
1320:
1108:
1096:
998:
991:
839:
804:
644:
380:
365:
345:
270:
265:
180:
87:
5896:
2496:
1004:
the schools into which Buddhism became divided in its first few centuries; only one of these,
7571:
7541:
7122:
7054:
6887:
6802:
6797:
6721:
6716:
6634:
5164:
4073:
3967:
3957:
3915:
3900:
3744:
3401:
2820:
2334:
2317:(Buddhism in contemporary China is characterized by institutional fluidity between schools)
2021:
1892:
1480:
1401:
585:
575:
530:
6187:
4789:
Kiyota, M. (1985). Tathāgatagarbha thought: A basis of Buddhist devotionalism in east Asia.
2591:(Traditions are generally syncretized in Vietnam, rather than existing as distinct schools)
803:
collection of scriptures. It is also sometimes seen as the only surviving school out of the
7594:
7561:
7546:
7064:
6961:
6907:
6792:
6731:
6699:
6694:
6679:
6664:
6654:
6619:
6532:
6224:
6147:
5450:
5390:
5139:
5106:
5056:
4103:
4068:
3878:
3791:
3694:
3647:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3425:
3253:
3244:
3100:
2549:
2302:
2110:
2047:
2037:
2016:
1989:
1841:
1560:, is from this school. Another sub-sect which emerged from the Mahāsāṃghika was called the
1518:(who defended the orthodox "all exists" doctrine in their Abhidharma compendium called the
846:
language. There are many schools and traditions, with different texts and focuses, such as
702:
595:
555:
550:
515:
360:
240:
148:
133:
77:
49:
7434:
6049:
5918:
5844:
5720:
5458:
3641:
3094:
2967:
2566:
918:. Besides the study of major Mahāyāna texts, this branch emphasizes the study of Buddhist
8:
7401:
7280:
7114:
7089:
7079:
7039:
7016:
6899:
6872:
6832:
6751:
6741:
6669:
6596:
6027:
5884:
5643:
5595:
5415:
5215:
5071:
5051:
4828:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 34. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013
4802:
4707:
4499:
The Ultimate Deity in Action Tantra and Jung's Warning against Identifying with the Deity
4157:
4088:
4083:
4040:
3868:
3816:
3786:
3578:
2848:
2667:
2588:
2538:
2264:
2004:
1999:
1941:
1012:
955:
823:
745:
689:
605:
560:
498:
375:
320:
315:
70:
59:
5375:
5302:
1832:
is the only extant mainstream non-Mahayana school. They are derived from the Sri Lankan
1468:
Most scholars now believe that the first schism was originally caused by differences in
1232:
756:, modern Buddhism is often divided into three major branches, traditions or categories:
7464:
7369:
7211:
7174:
7169:
7099:
7049:
6996:
6991:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6842:
6827:
6812:
6807:
6746:
6726:
6689:
6614:
6419:
6120:
6044:
5922:
5864:
5705:
5605:
5533:
5508:
5154:
5084:
4841:
4822:
The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography
4098:
4078:
4063:
4058:
4035:
3764:
3749:
3608:
3553:
3521:
3499:
3430:
3183:
3061:
2898:
2861:
2725:
2595:
2324:
2320:
2291:
2104:
2085:
1886:
1627:
1569:
923:
590:
570:
510:
505:
393:
295:
288:
215:
205:
112:
7263:
2229:
1476:
808:
7642:
7604:
7300:
7285:
7248:
7233:
7006:
6922:
6837:
6674:
6639:
6624:
6351:
6341:
6022:
5869:
5854:
5725:
5648:
5568:
5503:
5435:
5322:
5079:
4955:
4724:
4608:
4478:
4451:
4162:
4093:
4011:
3920:
3769:
3754:
3341:
3224:
3203:
2937:
2910:
2856:
2249:
2092:
2054:
1882:
1543:(person). Their tradition was founded by the elder Vātsīputra circa 3rd century BCE.
1389:
1264:
843:
637:
535:
520:
325:
200:
143:
107:
92:
23:
6586:
5380:
5280:
2995:
2368:
2364:
1539:) were another group of Sthaviras which were known for their unique doctrine of the
1515:
795:, referring to the conservative Buddhist traditions in India who did not accept the
771:. This tradition generally focuses on the study of its main textual collection, the
7290:
7243:
7238:
7094:
7059:
7034:
7029:
6780:
6736:
6649:
6324:
5980:
5973:
5757:
5747:
5633:
5297:
5169:
3801:
3781:
3774:
3622:
3365:
3361:
3298:
2775:
2661:
2450:
2314:
2080:
2065:
1982:
1946:
1722:
1529:
1359:
1336:
1248:
968:
961:
887:
871:
867:
831:
753:
698:
600:
545:
475:
465:
330:
6369:
3996:
3488:
1760:
1551:
1445:
The early Buddhist schools or mainstream sects refers to the sects into which the
1044:
has so much influence that meditation was replaced by chanting the Japanese words
7654:
7599:
7551:
7479:
7349:
7147:
7127:
7069:
6981:
6644:
6542:
6389:
6125:
6108:
6093:
6071:
5623:
5493:
5327:
5307:
4472:
4445:
4149:
4021:
3213:
2942:
2925:
2881:
2771:
2761:
2716:
2490:
2412:
2287:
2142:
1963:
1849:
1434:
1156:
1153:
a non-monastic, caste based Buddhism with patrilineal descent and Sanskrit texts.
796:
792:
788:
776:
625:
540:
340:
250:
195:
6399:
5553:
5543:
4982:
4944:, Taipei, Taiwan: Buddha Educational Foundation; revised edition: Santipada 2012
3229:
2456:
2157:
1491:
1395:
763:("Teaching of the Elders"), also called "Southern Buddhism", mainly dominant in
190:
7609:
7312:
7162:
6944:
6524:
6504:
6424:
6113:
6103:
6037:
5874:
5360:
5223:
4937:
4537:
4182:
3873:
3709:
3637:
3533:
3330:
3290:
3169:
3090:
2633:
2544:
2516:
2501:
2137:
Mahāyāna (Great Vehicle) Buddhism is category of traditions which focus on the
1955:
1565:
1454:
1259:
1147:
1140:
895:
768:
485:
415:
370:
228:
4655:
Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; Theravāda doctrine
3979:
3858:
2692:
1716:
1525:
1406:
7669:
7379:
7228:
6537:
6439:
6297:
6098:
6076:
6012:
5683:
5478:
5473:
5365:
5034:
4187:
3883:
3853:
3713:
3616:
3461:
3454:
3442:
3437:
3197:
3147:
3141:
3069:
3019:
2960:
2876:
2866:
2765:
2755:
2639:
2554:
2526:
2472:
2416:
2206:
2195:
1885:(mostly historical, although revived in the modern period partly through the
1868:
1864:
1853:
1783:
1708:
1677:
1584:
1495:
1412:
1354:
1089:
1069:
1060:
948:
940:
800:
784:
310:
305:
245:
5837:
5827:
5199:
3984:
3974:
3935:
3009:
2745:
1860:
1837:
1550:
The Mahāsāṃghikas also split into various sub groups. One of these were the
1163:
a non-derogatory substitute term for Hinayana or the early Buddhist schools.
772:
450:
255:
7469:
7454:
7424:
7374:
7364:
7206:
7001:
6494:
6329:
6207:
5995:
5990:
5817:
5688:
5563:
5024:
4965:
4129:
4006:
3895:
3676:
3570:
3447:
3335:
3239:
3189:
3179:
3151:
3137:
3129:
2840:
2651:
2626:
2530:
2521:
2510:
2506:
2426:
2422:
2233:
2191:
1972:
1968:
1750:
1741:
1687:
1646:
1609:
1598:
1487:
1458:
1417:
1378:
350:
235:
153:
39:
6252:
6237:
6197:
5894:
5558:
5134:
4396:. MacMillan Library Reference. New York, NY: MacMillan. 2004. p. 840.
3930:
3272:
2183:
1951:
1829:
1742:
1556:
1346:
1272:
1224:
1121:
1005:
7439:
7268:
6409:
6394:
6177:
5985:
5913:
5693:
5523:
5425:
5272:
5144:
4947:
Dutt, N. (1998). Buddhist Sects in India. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
4030:
3925:
3420:
3415:
2981:
2977:
2827:
2815:
2805:
2799:
2484:
2440:
2358:
2354:
2279:
2138:
2042:
2029:
2008:
1994:
1926:
1777:
1728:
1603:
1520:
1499:
1073:. Its use in scholarly publications is now also considered controversial.
835:
420:
7429:
5889:
3947:
3157:
2932:
668:
Representatives from the three major modern Buddhist traditions, at the
7384:
7342:
7218:
7024:
6949:
6563:
6547:
6509:
6489:
6384:
6359:
6267:
6202:
6182:
5928:
5859:
5730:
5613:
5583:
5518:
5468:
5126:
5116:
5089:
4629:
The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy in the First Millennium CE
4045:
3863:
3841:
3657:
3324:
3294:
3110:
2893:
2721:
2466:
2378:
2149:
2097:
2070:
1701:
1694:
1670:
1663:
1580:
1510:
1283:
425:
185:
82:
6404:
5400:
4860:
Gethin, Rupert, The Foundations of Buddhism, OUP Oxford, 1998, p. 257.
4523:, volume II, Parts I & II, p. 78. Lancaster, UK: Pali Text Society
1085:; an old term, sometimes still used, but widely considered derogatory.
1032:
7359:
7332:
6499:
6374:
6086:
6002:
5879:
5769:
5742:
5735:
5698:
5655:
5618:
5385:
5350:
5317:
5292:
5247:
4989:, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1891. pp. 409–422
4878:
Gethin, Rupert, The Foundations of Buddhism, OUP Oxford, 1998, p. 260
4681:
The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogacara in Indian Mahayana Buddhism
4001:
3991:
3560:
3356:
3193:
3165:
3043:
2915:
2834:
2615:
2580:
2388:
2268:
2161:
2130:
1656:
1617:
1370:
1279:
857:
851:
827:
764:
760:
729:
713:
470:
445:
7132:
5968:
5822:
5588:
5370:
5239:
5231:
3586:
3514:
3039:
7649:
7489:
7444:
7389:
7354:
7258:
6917:
6484:
6479:
6429:
6364:
6282:
6247:
6242:
5903:
5774:
5762:
5673:
5332:
5029:
4143:
3905:
3739:
3664:
3473:
3117:
2781:
2710:
2706:
2702:
1913:
1767:
1462:
1383:
1315:
1299:
1291:
1132:
936:) each corresponding to the first three categories outlined above:
903:
899:
891:
819:
721:
685:
681:
480:
460:
455:
335:
31:
6474:
6464:
6449:
6272:
6142:
5410:
4642:
A history of Buddhist philosophy, continuities and discontinuities
4408:
Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism,
3720:
3175:
2999:
2903:
2133:, one of the most influential thinkers of Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism
2057:, includes many esoteric elements not present in classic Theravāda
1420:) of the orange school is the origin of modern Theravada Buddhism.
1262:). Some scholars, particularly François Bizot, have used the term
1238:
an alternative term sometimes used for the early Buddhist schools.
7394:
7337:
7322:
6469:
6459:
6434:
6309:
6304:
6262:
6232:
6164:
6130:
6017:
5958:
5953:
5807:
5710:
5548:
5498:
5285:
5111:
4889:"Buddhism in China Today: An Adaptable Present, a Hopeful Future"
3888:
3796:
3604:
3574:
3374:
3314:
3306:
3075:
3053:
3033:
2871:
2844:
2785:
2602:
2559:
2436:
2330:
2241:
2178:). Two subsects of the Madhyamaka school that developed were the
1791:
1561:
1506:
1303:
1255:
915:
911:
693:
160:
6081:
5849:
4261:
were offshoots of the Sarvastivadins, but are grouped under the
3289:
features and elements. Esoteric Buddhism arose and developed in
2160:") school. This tradition followed the works of the philosopher
7474:
7459:
7295:
7157:
7137:
6912:
6574:
6454:
6444:
6379:
6007:
5963:
5948:
5938:
5908:
5832:
5715:
5483:
5355:
5099:
5094:
4447:
Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings
3686:
3672:
3668:
3626:
3612:
3600:
3596:
3478:
3368:
3302:
3286:
3125:
3121:
3079:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3029:
2985:
2971:
2888:
2795:
2735:
2731:
2643:
2609:
2576:
2446:
2430:
2398:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2295:
2267:
or East Asian Mahayana refers to the schools that developed in
2245:
2237:
2222:
1872:
1450:
1129:
school in Japan has been described as influenced by Mantrayana.
1126:
932:
919:
883:
879:
620:
175:
170:
165:
128:
4590:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, history, and practices
4464:
1475:
The first schism separated the community into two groups, the
1457:, and in Mahayana Buddhism they are referred to either as the
7614:
7449:
7307:
7273:
7253:
7223:
7152:
6569:
6414:
6292:
6287:
6257:
6212:
6059:
6054:
5933:
5638:
5463:
5430:
5420:
4607:. Tokyo, JP: The Institute for Buddhist Studies. p. 23.
3724:
3682:
3537:
3410:
3391:
3310:
3025:
2955:
2791:
2199:
2126:
1771:
1754:
1650:
1613:
1311:
1307:
1287:
1268:
to refer to certain practices found particularly in Cambodia.
875:
862:
720:'the Teaching of the Elders' or 'the Ancient Teaching'), and
410:
1863:
and the later commentaries (especially the very influential
1821:
1318:. It is the only surviving representative of the historical
1258:
as including Śravakayāna, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna texts (see
7484:
6277:
5943:
5440:
1845:
1295:
907:
780:
706:
4592:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7142:
5678:
3836:
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
3397:
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
3379:
2809:
2619:
2460:
2278:
East Asian Mahayana began to develop in China during the
2253:
1453:
split. They are also called the Nikaya Buddhist schools,
847:
680:
are the various institutional and doctrinal divisions of
1505:
The Sarvāstivāda school, popular in northwest India and
1364:
school. Some scholars also apply the term to the Korean
1212:
an alternative name used by some scholars for Theravāda.
697:
of Buddhist thought are part of the modern framework of
4942:
Sects and sectarianism: the origins of Buddhist schools
4752:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity
4501:
Buddhist-Christian Studies, Vol. 5, (1985), pp. 159–172
3382:(Indigenous, often considered "pre-Buddhist" in origin)
791:. This tradition is sometimes denominated as a part of
4605:
Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist theories on existence
4430:
4428:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4286:
Introduction to the World's Major Religions: Buddhism,
3281:
Indian Buddhist Mahasiddhas, 18th century, Boston MFA.
4370:
4368:
4299:
Buddhism in America: Global Religion, Local Contexts,
3735:
arose in the 20th century, including the following.
1048:("The Way of the Lotus Sutra") in religious practice.
744:
Percentage of Buddhists by country, according to the
4471:
Christopher Queen (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.).
4139:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4381:
2301:East Asian Buddhist monastics generally follow the
1979:, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1975)
1934:(or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
1202:
an alternative name for the early Buddhist schools.
1171:
an alternative term for the early Buddhist schools.
4552:, volume 2, Macmillan, New York, 1987, pp. 440ff;
4365:
2724:(Interpenetrated Buddhism – including Jeongto, or
2228:Some scholars also note that the compilers of the
2205:The other major school of Indian Mahayana was the
1840:, the only complete Buddhist canon surviving in a
4470:
4346:
4344:
4342:
16:Institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism
7667:
4846:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4437:
4413:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
2709:in Southeast Asia (historical, syncretized with
2182:, founded by the 6th-century Indian philosopher
1528:(who rejected the Vaibhāṣika orthodoxy) and the
4694:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra
4339:
3317:and the visualization of deities and Buddhas.
2024:, focused on monastic living in the wilderness
1222:an alternative name used by some scholars for
981:descriptions of the major Buddhist divisions:
5008:
4778:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
4450:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213.
4444:Gary Tartakov (2003). Rowena Robinson (ed.).
4443:
4236:
834:traditions which began to develop during the
645:
5790:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
4705:
3727:, the founder of Chinese Humanistic Buddhism
2256:sects, as did both Madhyamaka and Yogacara.
2209:("yoga practice") school, also known as the
1878:The various divisions in Theravāda include:
4818:
4581:
4477:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 524–525.
3320:Main Esoteric Buddhist traditions include:
2121:
725:
717:
5015:
5001:
4362:, vol. 2, p. 440. New York, NY: Macmillan.
2217:("the doctrine of ideas or percepts"), or
652:
638:
4819:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013).
4692:Sree, Padma; Barber, Anthony, W. (2008).
3700:
3301:. It includes practices that make use of
1875:followed by monastics of this tradition.
4954:. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc..
4578:, Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 6
3719:
3704:
3276:
2125:
1820:
1377:
1352:a movement that developed out of Indian
739:
663:
6977:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
4336:B & G, Gethin, R & J, P & K
4178:Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism
922:materials, mainly those related to the
7668:
7180:List of Buddhist architecture in China
4657:, vol. 2, p. 86, Taylor & Francis.
4587:
4284:Lee Worth Bailey, Emily Taitz (2005),
3985:Youth League for Revitalizing Buddhism
2259:
4996:
4807:Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists
4791:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies
4325:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society,
4314:Oxford University Press, pp. 253–266.
3712:delivering speech during conversion,
1535:The Pudgalavāda sects (also known as
1107:a term used by some scholars for the
4253:According to Buswell and Lopez, the
1579:According to the Indian philosopher
1008:, survives as an independent school.
826:or "Eastern Buddhism", prominent in
4602:
3921:Nichiren-based modern lay movements
3266:
2213:("the doctrine of consciousness"),
2116:
1328:is also sometimes used to refer to
1119:usually considered synonymous with
13:
6967:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4931:
4554:Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
4474:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy
4288:Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 67.
4173:Index of Buddhism-related articles
2152:("Middle Way"), also known as the
735:
103:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
98:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
7692:
4976:
4740:from the original on 12 June 2018
2221:("mind-only") school, founded by
7648:
7638:
7637:
7195:Thai temple art and architecture
6940:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
5180:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
5046:
5033:
5023:
4713:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
4142:
1424:
1386:'s visit in the seventh century.
672:, 27th General Conference, 2014.
619:
38:
5047:
4902:
4881:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4812:
4796:
4783:
4770:
4757:
4744:
4699:
4686:
4673:
4660:
4647:
4634:
4621:
4596:
4568:
4559:
4543:
4526:
4513:
4504:
4491:
4400:
4323:William H. Swatos (ed.) (1998)
4212:
4200:
3293:among esoteric adepts known as
2998:– historical, syncretized with
2984:– historical, syncretized with
2141:path and affirm texts known as
1848:, which serves as the school's
898:, and the Russian republics of
7185:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6987:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
6067:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
5258:Places where the Buddha stayed
4763:Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999).
4353:
4330:
4317:
4304:
4291:
4278:
4229:
4109:Buddhism in the United Kingdom
3831:Forshang Buddhism World Center
2198:, 14th-century founder of the
1719:(between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
1332:of the early Buddhist schools.
975:
1:
7200:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
4972:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
4952:A Handbook of Tibetan Culture
4950:Coleman, Graham, ed. (1993).
4538:doi:10.1080/14639940008573729
4301:Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 87.
4272:
4265:as "non-sarvastivada" groups.
4116:Buddhism in the United States
3824:Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement
2308:
2172:
2165:
1606:('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
1592:
1486:From the Sthaviras arose the
1095:a movement that emerged from
670:World Fellowship of Buddhists
6957:Buddhism and the Roman world
6933:Decline of Buddhism in India
6928:History of Buddhism in India
5028: Topics in
4679:Harris, Ian Charles (1991).
4312:The Foundations of Buddhism,
3912:, and "Ambedkarite" Buddhism
3352:Philippine Esoteric Buddhism
3347:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
2286:). It is thus influenced by
2284:introduced from Central Asia
1816:
1564:. They were concentrated in
1394:* Orange: non-Dharmaguptaka
1190:an alternative rendering of
990:an alternative name for the
301:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
6155:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
5895:
4297:Mitchell, Scott A. (2016),
4183:Perfection of Wisdom School
4135:
4054:Triratna Buddhist Community
3908:("New Way"), also known as
2377:("Three Treatises" school,
2333:Buddhism (Syncretized with
1920:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
1743:
10:
7697:
7105:The unanswerable questions
4983:The Sects of the Buddhists
4721:Princeton University Press
3695:Western Vajrayāna Buddhism
3587:Japanese Esoteric Buddhism
3270:
2837:(Korean Reformed Buddhism)
2111:Western Theravāda Buddhism
2032:, a recent reform movement
1649:(prior to 240 BCE; during
1594:
1438:
1428:
775:as well as other forms of
7633:
7585:
7500:
7415:
7190:Buddhist temples in Korea
7113:
7015:
6898:
6595:
6523:
6350:
6223:
6163:
5798:
5753:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
5664:
5656:Three planes of existence
5604:
5449:
5341:
5271:
5263:Buddha in world religions
5125:
5070:
5042:
4640:Kalupahana, David (n/d).
3847:Gedatsu Church of America
3807:Buddhist Peace Fellowship
3716:, Nagpur, 14 October 1956
3689:syncretized with Shingon)
3544:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3254:Western Mahāyāna Buddhism
2282:(when Buddhism was first
1977:Sangha and State in Burma
1842:classical Indian language
1738:
1595:
807:, being derived from the
6972:Persecution of Buddhists
6193:Four stages of awakening
5574:Three marks of existence
5160:Physical characteristics
4706:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.;
4627:Westerhoff, Jan (2018).
4550:Encyclopedia of Religion
4497:Hopkins, Jeffrey (1985)
4394:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
4360:Encyclopedia of Religion
4193:
4168:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
4121:Zen in the United States
4017:Ordinary Mind Zen School
3561:Korean Esoteric Buddhism
3325:Indian Esoteric Buddhism
3259:Zen in the United States
3209:Ordinary Mind Zen School
2648:Vietnamese folk religion
2225:in the 4th century AD.
2122:Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism
1898:Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya
1794:(mid-first century BCE)
1786:(late third century BCE)
1780:(late third century BCE)
1479:(Elders) Nikaya and the
1207:Southeast Asian Buddhism
7681:Religious denominations
6335:Ten principal disciples
5218:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4780:Routledge, 2008, p. 21.
4653:Williams, Paul (2005).
4406:Ray, Reginald A (2000)
3910:Dalit Buddhist movement
3760:Buddhist fundamentalism
3733:new religious movements
3527:Indian Tibetan Buddhism
3331:Newar Esoteric Buddhism
2403:Summary of the Mahayana
1725:(3rd and 4th centuries)
1494:, the Theravadins, the
1388:* Red: non-Pudgalavāda
321:Philosophical reasoning
7045:Buddhism and democracy
6558:Tibetan Buddhist canon
6553:Chinese Buddhist canon
5785:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
5780:Early Buddhist schools
4588:Harvey, Peter (2013).
4327:Altamira Press, p. 66.
3953:Bussho Gonenkai Kyōdan
3812:Plum Village Tradition
3728:
3717:
3701:New Buddhist movements
3282:
2658:Plum Village Tradition
2479:East Mountain Teaching
2273:Chinese Buddhist canon
2194:and later advanced by
2134:
2071:Dai Theravāda in China
1826:
1461:(disciple) schools or
1441:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1431:Early Buddhist schools
1421:
1321:early Buddhist schools
1109:early Buddhist schools
1097:early Buddhist schools
999:Early Buddhist schools
992:early Buddhist schools
874:). It is prominent in
840:Chinese Buddhist Canon
805:Early Buddhist schools
749:
673:
88:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
7055:Eight Consciousnesses
5165:Life of Buddha in art
4750:Crosby, Kate (2013),
4666:Warder, A.K. (2000).
4603:Cox, Collett (1995).
4534:Contemporary Buddhism
4074:Buddhism in Australia
3916:New Kadampa Tradition
3901:Kwan Um School of Zen
3723:
3708:
3653:Shingon-shū Chizan-ha
3402:New Kadampa Tradition
3362:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
3280:
3106:Shingon-shū Chizan-ha
2821:Kwan Um School of Zen
2335:Chinese folk religion
2129:
2076:Bangladeshi Theravāda
2022:Thai Forest Tradition
1824:
1381:
986:Conservative Buddhism
868:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
830:and derived from the
743:
667:
356:Aids to Enlightenment
181:Dependent Origination
7532:East Asian religions
6962:Buddhism in the West
6533:Early Buddhist texts
6148:Four Right Exertions
5614:Ten spiritual realms
5107:Noble Eightfold Path
4708:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
4576:Buddhism in Practice
4510:R & J, P & K
4378:. London, UK: Luzac.
4188:Buddha-nature School
4104:Buddhism in Slovenia
3879:Dharma Drum Mountain
3648:Shingon-shu Buzan-ha
3101:Shingon-shu Buzan-ha
2738:school — historical)
2695:(Reformist movement)
2689:(Reformist movement)
2677:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
2550:Dharma Drum Mountain
2303:Dharmaguptaka Vinaya
2061:Vietnamese Theravāda
1893:Sri Lankan Theravāda
1465:(inferior) schools.
1046:Namu Myoho Renge Kyo
703:comparative religion
326:Devotional practices
149:Noble Eightfold Path
7676:Schools of Buddhism
7655:Religion portal
7402:Temple of the Tooth
7281:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
6320:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
5813:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
5596:Two truths doctrine
5416:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5216:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4803:Pew Research Center
4158:History of Buddhism
4089:Buddhism in Denmark
4084:Buddhism in Austria
4041:Share International
3869:Humanistic Buddhism
3817:Order of Interbeing
3787:Dhammakaya Movement
3633:Kōyasan Shingon-shū
3579:Humanistic Buddhism
3235:Honmon Butsuryū-shū
3086:Kōyasan Shingon-shū
2849:Humanistic Buddhism
2668:Order of Interbeing
2589:Vietnamese Buddhism
2539:Humanistic Buddhism
2497:Five Houses of Chán
2387:or Faxiang school (
2265:East Asian Buddhism
2260:East Asian Mahayana
2038:Cambodian Theravāda
2005:Mahasati meditation
2000:Dhammakaya Movement
1844:. This language is
1103:Mainstream Buddhism
1013:East Asian Buddhism
956:East Asian Mahayana
824:East Asian Buddhism
822:("Great Vehicle"),
811:via the Sri Lankan
746:Pew Research Center
678:schools of Buddhism
626:Buddhism portal
499:Buddhism by country
261:Sanskrit literature
7577:Western philosophy
7175:Dzong architecture
6997:Vipassana movement
6992:Buddhist modernism
6420:Emperor Wen of Sui
6188:Pratyekabuddhayāna
6121:Threefold Training
5923:Vipassana movement
5639:Hungry Ghost realm
5459:Avidyā (Ignorance)
5406:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
5155:Great Renunciation
5150:Eight Great Events
5032:
4519:Skilling, (1997).
4099:Buddhism in Russia
4079:Buddhism in Europe
4064:Vipassana movement
4059:True Buddha School
4036:Shambhala Buddhism
3765:Buddhist socialism
3750:Buddhist modernism
3729:
3718:
3667:(Syncretized with
3640:(Syncretized with
3554:True Buddha School
3522:Bhutanese Buddhism
3495:Mongolian Buddhism
3431:Shambhala Buddhism
3283:
3120:(Syncretized with
3093:(Syncretized with
2642:(Syncretized with
2135:
2105:Vipassana movement
2093:Nepalese Theravāda
2086:Mahasthabir Nikaya
1910:(or Swejin Nikaya)
1887:Vipassana movement
1827:
1521:Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
1422:
1256:Tibetan scriptures
1198:Sectarian Buddhism
750:
674:
113:Buddhist modernism
7663:
7662:
7301:Om mani padme hum
7007:Women in Buddhism
6923:Buddhist councils
6793:Western countries
6581:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
6342:Shaolin Monastery
5919:Samatha-vipassanā
5529:Pratītyasamutpāda
5333:Metteyya/Maitreya
5251:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5080:Four Noble Truths
4987:T. W. Rhys Davids
4730:978-0-691-15786-3
4484:978-1-119-14466-3
4457:978-0-19-566329-7
4434:Harvey, pp. 153ff
4220:Mahayana-Hinayana
4163:Buddhist councils
4094:Buddhism in Italy
4012:White Plum Asanga
3943:Nipponzan Myōhōji
3770:Critical Buddhism
3755:Buddhist feminism
3731:Various Buddhist
3603:syncretized with
3577:syncretized with
3500:Siberian Buddhism
3484:Tibetan Pure Land
3342:Tantric Theravada
3225:Nichiren Buddhism
3204:White Plum Asanga
3196:syncretized with
3182:syncretized with
3056:syncretized with
3032:syncretized with
2961:Yūzū-nembutsu-shū
2938:Higashi Hongan-ji
2857:Japanese Buddhism
2847:syncretized with
2581:Esoteric Buddhism
2066:Laotian Theravāda
2055:Tantric Theravada
1942:Burmese Theravāda
1916:(or Kalyanavamsa)
1871:, the Theravādin
1814:
1813:
1704:(after 232 BCE))
1673:(after 232 BCE))
1265:Tantric Theravada
1217:Southern Buddhism
1176:Northern Buddhism
1052:Esoteric Buddhism
844:classical Chinese
662:
661:
144:Four Noble Truths
7688:
7653:
7652:
7641:
7640:
7480:Sacred languages
7328:Maya Devi Temple
7291:Mahabodhi Temple
7095:Secular Buddhism
7060:Engaged Buddhism
5900:
5748:Tibetan Buddhism
5699:Vietnamese Thiền
5298:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
5249:
5241:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5201:
5050:
5049:
5037:
5027:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4912:. Archived from
4906:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4827:
4816:
4810:
4800:
4794:
4787:
4781:
4776:Williams, Paul,
4774:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4677:
4671:
4664:
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4536:, 1:2, 141–198;
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4422:Penguin Handbook
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4310:Gethin, Rupert,
4308:
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4289:
4282:
4266:
4251:
4223:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4069:Western Buddhism
3968:Risshō Kōsei Kai
3958:Myōchikai Kyōdan
3802:Engaged Buddhism
3782:Coconut Religion
3775:Secular Buddhism
3366:Mulasarvastivada
3299:Buddhist Tantras
3267:Esoteric schools
2798:— absorbed into
2687:Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
2662:Engaged Buddhism
2429:— absorbed into
2315:Chinese Buddhism
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2117:Mahāyāna schools
2098:Dharmodaya Sabha
2081:Sangharaj Nikaya
2048:Thammayut Nikaya
2017:Thammayut Nikaya
1983:Hngettwin Nikaya
1975:(see Mendelson,
1947:Thudhamma Nikaya
1883:Indian Theravāda
1746:
1723:Mūlasarvāstivāda
1711:(after 232 BCE))
1697:(after 232 BCE))
1680:(after 232 BCE))
1666:(after 232 BCE))
1631:
1593:
1530:Mūlasarvāstivāda
1366:milgyo tradition
1337:Tibetan Buddhism
1278:the Buddhism of
1249:Tantric Buddhism
1246:
1083:Tibetan Buddhism
1081:synonymous with
1023:Eastern Buddhism
969:Tibetan Buddhism
962:Mūlasarvāstivāda
924:Buddhist tantras
888:Himalayan region
832:Chinese Buddhist
754:Buddhist studies
752:In contemporary
727:
719:
699:Buddhist studies
654:
647:
640:
624:
623:
351:Sublime abidings
42:
19:
18:
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7148:Ordination hall
7109:
7011:
6982:Buddhist crisis
6894:
6591:
6543:Mahayana sutras
6519:
6515:Thích Nhất Hạnh
6346:
6219:
6159:
6109:Bodhisattva vow
5794:
5660:
5600:
5559:Taṇhā (Craving)
5494:Five hindrances
5445:
5337:
5267:
5121:
5066:
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5021:
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4970:Indian Buddhism
4934:
4932:Further reading
4929:
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4765:Indian Buddhism
4762:
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4737:
4731:
4723:, p. 859,
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4668:Indian Buddhism
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4150:Religion portal
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4022:Zen Peacemakers
3963:Myōdōkai Kyōdan
3703:
3510:Buryat Buddhism
3505:Kalmyk Buddhism
3491:(Non-sectarian)
3275:
3269:
3245:Nichiren Shōshū
3214:Zen Peacemakers
2926:Nishi Hongan-ji
2882:Kakure nenbutsu
2717:Korean Buddhism
2529:(absorbed into
2509:(absorbed into
2491:Hongzhou school
2415:— based on the
2413:Tathagatagarbha
2311:
2288:Chinese culture
2262:
2230:Tathāgatagarbha
2202:sect in Tibet.
2175:
2168:
2143:Mahāyāna sutras
2124:
2119:
1964:Shwegyin Nikaya
1850:sacred language
1819:
1625:
1552:Lokottaravādins
1447:Indian Buddhist
1443:
1437:
1435:Nikaya Buddhism
1429:Main articles:
1427:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1302:, and parts of
1244:
1158:Nikāya Buddhism
978:
809:Sthavira Nikāya
797:Mahayana sutras
793:Nikaya Buddhism
789:sacred language
777:Pali literature
738:
736:Classifications
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251:Mahayana Sutras
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161:Five Aggregates
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108:Later Buddhists
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7212:Greco-Buddhist
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7163:Burmese pagoda
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6945:Greco-Buddhism
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6587:Abhidharmadīpa
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6505:B. R. Ambedkar
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6104:Eight precepts
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5875:Five Strengths
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5514:Mental factors
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5366:Mahamoggallāna
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5281:Avalokiteśvara
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4977:External links
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4973:
4963:
4948:
4945:
4938:Bhikkhu Sujato
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4218:"The supposed
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3874:Chung Tai Shan
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3710:B. R. Ambedkar
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3638:Shingon Risshu
3635:
3620:
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3558:
3557:
3556:
3541:
3534:Newar Buddhism
3531:
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3515:Tuvan Buddhism
3512:
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3291:medieval India
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3170:Caodong school
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3091:Shingon Risshu
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2996:Abhidharmakośa
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2894:Shōgyōhongangi
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2634:Caodong school
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2584:
2579:("True Word",
2574:
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2545:Chung Tai Shan
2536:
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2517:Guiyang school
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2502:Caodong school
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2369:Abhidharmakośa
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2014:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1990:Thai Theravāda
1987:
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1980:
1966:
1961:
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1956:Mahasi Sayadaw
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1616:) later name:
1566:Andhra Pradesh
1496:Dharmaguptakas
1492:Vibhajyavādins
1426:
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1376:
1375:
1350:
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1260:Buddhist texts
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1239:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1148:Newar Buddhism
1144:
1141:B. R. Ambedkar
1137:
1130:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
977:
974:
973:
972:
959:
946:
928:
927:
896:Inner Mongolia
890:as well as in
855:
816:
769:Southeast Asia
737:
734:
660:
659:
657:
656:
649:
642:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
502:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
418:
416:Pratyekabuddha
413:
408:
403:
397:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
378:
373:
371:Buddhist chant
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
287:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
232:
229:Buddhist texts
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
157:
156:
146:
140:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7693:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7644:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7417:Miscellaneous
7414:
7408:
7407:Vegetarianism
7405:
7403:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7229:Buddha in art
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6897:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:United States
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6440:Padmasambhava
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6352:Major figures
6349:
6343:
6340:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6298:Western tulku
6296:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6099:Five precepts
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6077:Dhamma vicaya
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:Buddhābhiṣeka
5843:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Enlightenment
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5479:Dhamma theory
5477:
5475:
5474:Buddha-nature
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:Samantabhadra
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5018:
5013:
5011:
5006:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4960:1-57062-002-4
4957:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4916:on 2013-05-28
4915:
4911:
4910:"法鼓山聖嚴法師數位典藏"
4905:
4890:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4824:
4823:
4815:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4766:
4760:
4753:
4747:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4689:
4682:
4676:
4669:
4663:
4656:
4650:
4643:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4616:
4614:4-906267-36-X
4610:
4606:
4599:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4571:
4562:
4556:, sv Buddhism
4555:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4522:
4516:
4507:
4500:
4494:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4431:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4409:
4403:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4377:
4374:{{}} (1997).
4371:
4369:
4361:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4333:
4326:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4300:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4235:
4221:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4140:
4131:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Rimé movement
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Fo Guang Shan
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:Guanyin Famen
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Aum Shinrikyo
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3714:Deekshabhoomi
3711:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3617:Oxhead school
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:Rimé movement
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3462:Shangpa Kagyu
3460:
3456:
3455:Taklung Kagyu
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Drikung Kagyu
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:Phagdru Kagyu
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3388:(Historical)
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
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3188:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3159:
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3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3070:Oxhead school
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:– historical)
3011:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
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2954:
2944:
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2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
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2914:
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2900:
2897:
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2870:
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2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
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2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:— historical)
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:— historical)
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:— historical)
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:— historical)
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2694:
2691:
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2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
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2663:
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2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Fo Guang Shan
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2527:Yunmen school
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:(historical)
2480:
2477:
2474:
2473:Oxhead school
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2419:, historical)
2418:
2417:Nirvana Sutra
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:, historical)
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:, historical)
2390:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:, historical)
2370:
2366:
2363:
2361:, historical)
2360:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:Je Tsongkhapa
2193:
2190:, founded by
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176: 250 CE
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:and disciples
1957:
1954:tradition of
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:Vinaya Pitaka
1866:
1865:Visuddhimagga
1862:
1857:
1855:
1854:lingua franca
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1784:Prajñaptivāda
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:Lokottaravāda
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:Ekavyahārikas
1749:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1709:Dharmaguptaka
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1690:(c. 237 BCE)
1689:
1686:
1679:
1678:Dharmaguptaka
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1623:Dharmottarīya
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:Prajñaptivāda
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:Vātsīputrīyas
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1509:, focused on
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1425:Early schools
1419:
1414:
1413:Dharmaguptaka
1408:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:Secret Mantra
1184:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
950:
949:Dharmaguptaka
947:
945:
942:
939:
938:
937:
935:
934:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:lingua franca
782:
781:Pali language
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
759:
758:
757:
755:
747:
742:
733:
731:
723:
715:
710:
708:
704:
701:, as well as
700:
695:
691:
690:philosophical
687:
683:
679:
671:
666:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
635:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
616:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
500:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
435:
434:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
390:
389:
382:
381:Vegetarianism
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Recollections
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
306:Five precepts
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
285:
284:
277:
274:
272:
271:Chinese canon
269:
267:
266:Tibetan canon
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
230:
225:
224:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
135:
132:
130:
127:
126:
122:
121:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
72:
67:
66:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
7595:Bodhisattvas
7515:Christianity
7510:Baháʼí Faith
7375:Dharmachakra
7365:Prayer wheel
7355:Prayer beads
7123:Architecture
7002:969 Movement
6786:Saudi Arabia
6764:Central Asia
6757:South Africa
6579:
6562:
6495:Panchen Lama
6400:Buddhapālita
5996:Satipatthana
5991:Mindful Yoga
5904:Recollection
5818:Brahmavihara
5689:Japanese Zen
5684:Chinese Chan
5665:
5644:Animal realm
5451:Key concepts
5273:Bodhisattvas
5085:Three Jewels
4969:
4966:Warder, A.K.
4951:
4918:. Retrieved
4914:the original
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4883:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4830:. Retrieved
4821:
4814:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4777:
4772:
4764:
4759:
4751:
4746:
4712:
4701:
4693:
4688:
4680:
4675:
4667:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4641:
4636:
4631:, pp. 60–61.
4628:
4623:
4604:
4598:
4589:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4533:
4528:
4520:
4515:
4506:
4498:
4493:
4473:
4466:
4446:
4439:
4407:
4402:
4393:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4332:
4324:
4319:
4311:
4306:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4263:Vibhajjavāda
4262:
4258:
4254:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4130:Won Buddhism
4007:Sanbo Kyodan
3896:Jingak Order
3730:
3590:
3571:Jingak Order
3564:
3547:
3448:Drukpa Kagyu
3338:(Historical)
3336:Ari Buddhism
3327:(Historical)
3319:
3284:
3240:Kempon Hokke
3230:Nichiren Shū
3190:Sanbo Kyodan
3180:Linji school
3160:(Historical)
3152:Linji school
2921:Hongwanji-ha
2911:Jōdo Shinshū
2841:Jingak Order
2652:Confucianism
2627:Linji school
2608:Hoa Nghiêm (
2601:Thiên Thai (
2569:(historical)
2567:Tibetan Chan
2531:Linji school
2522:Linji school
2511:Linji school
2507:Fayan school
2493:(historical)
2487:(historical)
2475:(historical)
2469:(historical)
2300:
2277:
2271:and use the
2263:
2234:Dashabhumika
2227:
2218:
2215:Vijñaptivāda
2214:
2210:
2204:
2192:Chandrakirti
2153:
2147:
2136:
1976:
1973:Dvara Nikaya
1969:Dvaya Nikaya
1877:
1858:
1828:
1803:Uttara Śaila
1744:Mahāsāṃghika
1688:Sarvāstivāda
1659:(c. 240 BCE)
1647:Vibhajjavāda
1635:Bhadrayānīya
1610:Vatsīputrīya
1599:Sthaviravāda
1589:
1578:
1573:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1519:
1504:
1488:Sarvāstivāda
1485:
1481:Mahāsāṃghika
1474:
1469:
1467:
1455:Ezhuthupally
1444:
1418:Tamrashatiya
1402:Mahāsāṃghika
1396:Vibhajyavāda
1390:Sarvāstivāda
1369:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1271:
1263:
1247:
1241:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1175:
1167:Non-Mahāyāna
1166:
1157:
1146:
1133:
1120:
1114:
1102:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1022:
1011:
997:
985:
979:
964:
951:
943:
931:
929:
861:
854:(see below).
783:is thus its
751:
711:
677:
675:
438:
331:Merit making
296:Three Jewels
236:Buddhavacana
166:Impermanence
154:Dharma wheel
7440:Dharma talk
7269:Asalha Puja
7065:Eschatology
6868:Switzerland
6848:New Zealand
6776:Middle East
6685:Philippines
6605:Afghanistan
6410:Bodhidharma
6395:Buddhaghosa
6315:Householder
6225:Monasticism
6178:Bodhisattva
6033:Prostration
5986:Mindfulness
5914:Anapanasati
5897:Kammaṭṭhāna
5694:Korean Seon
5634:Asura realm
5629:Human realm
5569:Ten Fetters
5524:Parinirvana
5426:Uppalavanna
5391:Mahākaccana
5376:Mahākassapa
5308:Kṣitigarbha
5303:Ākāśagarbha
5200:Suddhodāna
5145:Four sights
5072:Foundations
4832:2 September
4230:Other notes
4050:Tibbetibaba
4031:Santi Asoke
3980:Sōka Gakkai
3926:Nichirenism
3792:Diamond Way
3426:Diamond Way
3421:Karma Kagyu
3416:Dagpo Kagyu
3295:Mahāsiddhas
2982:Satyasiddhi
2828:Taego Order
2816:Jogye Order
2800:Jogye Order
2681:Millenarian
2485:Heze school
2427:Daśabhūmikā
2359:Satyasiddhi
2280:Han dynasty
2211:Vijñānavāda
2180:Svatantrika
2139:bodhisattva
2043:Maha Nikaya
2030:Santi Asoke
2011:meditation)
2009:mindfulness
1995:Maha Nikaya
1927:Siam Nikaya
1798:Apara Śaila
1778:Bahuśrutīya
1717:Sautrāntika
1640:Sannāgarika
1626: [
1604:Pudgalavāda
1526:Sautrāntika
1500:Pudgalavāda
1490:sects, the
1407:Pudgalavāda
1324:. The term
1233:Śrāvakayāna
1042:Lotus Sutra
976:Terminology
850:(Chan) and
836:Han Dynasty
818:East Asian
799:into their
566:New Zealand
421:Bodhisattva
406:Four Stages
361:Monasticism
341:Mindfulness
311:Perfections
241:Early Texts
7670:Categories
7557:Psychology
7537:Gnosticism
7525:Comparison
7520:Influences
7502:Comparison
7385:Bhavacakra
7343:Kushinagar
7318:Pilgrimage
7264:Māgha Pūjā
7219:Bodhi Tree
7035:Buddhology
7025:Abhidharma
7017:Philosophy
6950:Menander I
6818:Costa Rica
6769:Uzbekistan
6610:Bangladesh
6564:Dhammapada
6548:Pali Canon
6510:Ajahn Chah
6490:Dalai Lama
6390:Kumārajīva
6385:Vasubandhu
6360:The Buddha
6268:Zen master
6203:Sakadagami
6183:Buddhahood
6114:Pratimokṣa
5929:Shikantaza
5885:Meditation
5860:Deity yoga
5731:Madhyamaka
5624:Deva realm
5519:Mindstream
5469:Bodhicitta
5381:Aṅgulimāla
5248:Devadatta
5224:Yaśodharā
5127:The Buddha
5117:Middle Way
4920:2013-07-29
4894:2020-06-01
4793:, 207–231.
4521:Mahasutras
4273:References
4259:Mahīśāsaka
4046:Shinnyo-en
3975:Shōshinkai
3936:Kokuchūkai
3864:Ho No Hana
3842:Gedatsukai
3658:Shinnyo-en
3271:See also:
3111:Shinnyo-en
3010:Mādhyamaka
2776:Avatamsaka
2746:Mādhyamaka
2722:Tongbulgyo
2683:movement)
2632:Tào Động (
2467:Sanjiejiao
2451:Avatamsaka
2397:(based on
2379:Mādhyamaka
2309:Main sects
2292:philosophy
2219:Cittamātra
2188:Prasangika
2186:, and the
2169: 150
2150:Mādhyamaka
1932:Waturawila
1861:Pāli canon
1838:Pāli Canon
1834:Mahāvihāra
1729:Vaibhāṣika
1702:Mahīśāsaka
1671:Mahīśāsaka
1585:Kukkuṭikas
1581:Paramartha
1516:Vaibhāṣika
1511:Abhidharma
1439:See also:
1400:* Yellow:
1284:Bangladesh
1242:Tantrayāna
1192:Mantrayāna
1115:Mantrayāna
1036:(one yana)
886:, and the
815:tradition.
813:Mahavihara
773:Pali Canon
439:Traditions
376:Pilgrimage
316:Meditation
276:Post-canon
256:Pāli Canon
186:Middle Way
83:The Buddha
7625:Festivals
7605:Buddhists
7567:Theosophy
7370:Symbolism
7360:Hama yumi
7333:Bodh Gaya
7100:Socialism
7075:Evolution
7050:Economics
6888:Venezuela
6803:Australia
6798:Argentina
6722:Sri Lanka
6717:Singapore
6635:Indonesia
6597:Countries
6538:Tripiṭaka
6500:Ajahn Mun
6375:Nagarjuna
6370:Aśvaghoṣa
6253:Anagārika
6248:Śrāmaṇerī
6243:Śrāmaṇera
6238:Bhikkhunī
6198:Sotāpanna
6087:Passaddhi
6028:Offerings
6003:Nekkhamma
5880:Iddhipada
5800:Practices
5770:Theravada
5743:Vajrayana
5736:Yogachara
5706:Pure Land
5619:Six Paths
5606:Cosmology
5386:Anuruddha
5361:Sāriputta
5351:Kaundinya
5343:Disciples
5318:Vajrapāṇi
5170:Footprint
5135:Tathāgata
4842:cite book
4767:: p. 335.
4644:, p. 128.
4255:Kāśyapīya
4002:Rulaizong
3992:PL Kyodan
3931:Kenshōkai
3357:Azhaliism
3273:Vajrayāna
2916:Hongan-ji
2904:Ichinengi
2862:Pure Land
2835:Wonbulgyo
2726:Pure Land
2596:Pure Land
2594:Tịnh Độ (
2541:(modern)
2325:Pure Land
2269:East Asia
2184:Bhāviveka
2162:Nāgārjuna
2158:Emptiness
2154:Śūnyavāda
2131:Nagarjuna
1952:Vipassanā
1908:Kanduboda
1830:Theravāda
1817:Theravāda
1695:Kāśyapīya
1664:Kāśyapīya
1657:Theravāda
1618:Saṃmitīya
1574:prajñapti
1557:Mahāvastu
1449:monastic
1405:* Green:
1371:Vajrayana
1347:Vajrayāna
1326:Theravāda
1280:Sri Lanka
1273:Theravāda
1225:Theravāda
1182:Buddhism.
1122:Vajrayāna
1006:Theravāda
941:Theravāda
858:Vajrayāna
852:Pure Land
842:, in the
828:East Asia
801:Tripitaka
765:Sri Lanka
761:Theravāda
730:Vajrayāna
714:Theravāda
686:doctrinal
586:Sri Lanka
576:Singapore
531:Indonesia
471:Vajrayāna
446:Theravāda
401:Awakening
289:Practices
246:Tripiṭaka
216:Cosmology
191:Emptiness
171:Suffering
7643:Category
7572:Violence
7542:Hinduism
7490:Sanskrit
7445:Hinayana
7430:Amitābha
7390:Swastika
7259:Uposatha
7249:Holidays
7234:Calendar
7080:Humanism
6918:Kanishka
6908:Timeline
6732:Thailand
6700:Kalmykia
6695:Buryatia
6680:Pakistan
6665:Mongolia
6660:Maldives
6655:Malaysia
6620:Cambodia
6485:Shamarpa
6480:Nichiren
6430:Xuanzang
6365:Nagasena
6283:Rinpoche
6013:Pāramitā
5855:Devotion
5775:Navayana
5763:Dzogchen
5726:Nichiren
5674:Mahayana
5666:Branches
5544:Saṅkhāra
5293:Mañjuśrī
5250:(cousin)
5242:(cousin)
5210:(mother)
5202:(father)
5190:Miracles
5140:Birthday
5057:Glossary
5030:Buddhism
4968:(1970).
4940:(2007).
4735:archived
4710:(2013),
4696:, p. 68.
4670:, p. 313
4207:Hinayana
4136:See also
3948:Reiyūkai
3906:Navayana
3740:Agon Shu
3665:Shugendo
3315:mandalas
3307:dharanis
3158:Fuke-shū
3118:Shugendo
3044:Esoteric
3020:Yogācāra
2933:Ōtani-ha
2877:Ikko-shu
2867:Jōdo-shū
2782:Cheontae
2756:Yogācāra
2752:Beopsang
2711:Hinduism
2707:Mahayana
2640:Trúc Lâm
2625:Lâm Tế (
2389:Yogācāra
2355:Chengshi
2250:Nichiren
2207:Yogācāra
1914:Tapovana
1770:(during
1768:Gokulika
1753:(during
1612:(during
1498:and the
1477:Sthavira
1463:Hinayana
1411:* Gray:
1384:Xuanzang
1355:Mahāyāna
1316:Malaysia
1300:Cambodia
1292:Thailand
1134:Navayāna
1090:Mahāyāna
1070:Hīnayāna
1061:Hīnayāna
914:and the
904:Kalmykia
900:Buryatia
892:Mongolia
820:Mahāyāna
722:Mahāyāna
694:cultural
682:Buddhism
596:Thailand
556:Mongolia
551:Malaysia
516:Cambodia
481:Navayana
461:Hinayana
456:Mahāyāna
366:Lay life
196:Morality
176:Not-self
134:Concepts
93:Councils
78:Timeline
50:Glossary
32:Buddhism
24:a series
22:Part of
7620:Temples
7600:Buddhas
7562:Science
7552:Judaism
7547:Jainism
7465:Lineage
7425:Abhijñā
7395:Thangka
7338:Sarnath
7323:Lumbini
7244:Funeral
7239:Cuisine
7115:Culture
7090:Reality
7040:Creator
7030:Atomism
6900:History
6873:Ukraine
6833:Germany
6752:Senegal
6742:Vietnam
6670:Myanmar
6470:Shinran
6460:Karmapa
6435:Shandao
6405:Dignāga
6330:Śrāvaka
6310:Donchee
6305:Kappiya
6263:Sayadaw
6233:Bhikkhu
6208:Anāgāmi
6165:Nirvana
6131:Samadhi
6018:Paritta
5959:Tonglen
5954:Mandala
5909:Smarana
5890:Mantras
5838:Upekkha
5808:Bhavana
5758:Shingon
5711:Tiantai
5564:Tathātā
5554:Śūnyatā
5549:Skandha
5539:Saṃsāra
5534:Rebirth
5509:Kleshas
5499:Indriya
5401:Subhūti
5286:Guanyin
5240:Ānanda
5232:Rāhula
5112:Nirvana
5052:Outline
4754:, p. 2.
4683:, p. 98
4574:Lopez,
3889:Tzu Chi
3859:Hòa Hảo
3797:Dobokai
3677:Onmyōdō
3627:Zhenyan
3623:Shingon
3605:Tiantai
3601:Zhenyan
3575:Shingon
3548:zhenyan
3375:Nyingma
3303:mantras
3287:tantric
3130:Onmyōdō
3080:Zhenyan
3076:Shingon
3058:Zhenyan
3054:Tiantai
3034:Shingon
2978:Jojitsu
2974:school)
2943:Dobokai
2899:Tanengi
2872:Chinzei
2845:Shingon
2786:Tiantai
2772:Wonyung
2766:Nirvana
2762:Yeolban
2693:Hòa Hảo
2603:Tiantai
2577:Zhenyan
2560:Tzu Chi
2453:school)
2443:school)
2437:Tiantai
2351:school)
2331:Guanyin
2242:Tiantai
1903:Delduwa
1792:Caitika
1562:Caitika
1541:pudgala
1524:), the
1507:Kashmir
1502:sects.
1459:Śrāvaka
1409:(Green)
1398:schools
1374:apart."
1361:Shingon
1304:Vietnam
1077:Lamaism
1033:Ekayāna
920:tantric
872:Shingon
606:Vietnam
561:Myanmar
476:Tibetan
466:Chinese
394:Nirvāṇa
211:Saṃsāra
206:Rebirth
71:History
60:Outline
7615:Sutras
7610:Suttas
7475:Siddhi
7460:Koliya
7435:Brahmā
7350:Poetry
7296:Mantra
7286:Kasaya
7158:Pagoda
7138:Kyaung
7133:Vihāra
7128:Temple
7070:Ethics
6913:Ashoka
6863:Sweden
6858:Poland
6853:Norway
6843:Mexico
6828:France
6813:Canada
6808:Brazil
6747:Africa
6727:Taiwan
6690:Russia
6615:Bhutan
6575:Vinaya
6455:Naropa
6445:Saraha
6380:Asanga
6136:Prajñā
6045:Refuge
6008:Nianfo
5969:Tertön
5964:Tantra
5949:Ganana
5939:Tukdam
5865:Dhyāna
5833:Mudita
5828:Karuṇā
5721:Risshū
5716:Huayan
5649:Naraka
5589:Anattā
5584:Dukkha
5579:Anicca
5484:Dharma
5436:Channa
5371:Ānanda
5356:Assaji
5323:Skanda
5226:(wife)
5195:Family
5175:Relics
5100:Sangha
5095:Dharma
5090:Buddha
4958:
4727:
4611:
4565:Harvey
4481:
4454:
4410:p. 240
3838:(FPMT)
3687:Huayan
3673:Taoism
3669:Shinto
3642:Risshū
3613:Lüzong
3609:Jingtu
3597:Tendai
3593:, 密教)
3591:mikkyō
3567:, 密教)
3565:milgyo
3550:, 真言)
3479:Jonang
3474:Bodong
3369:Vinaya
3311:mudras
3198:Rinzai
3184:Jingtu
3148:Rinzai
3126:Taoism
3122:Shinto
3095:Risshū
3066:Lüzong
3062:Jingtu
3050:Tendai
3040:Mikkyō
3030:Huayen
3006:Sanron
2986:Sanron
2972:Vinaya
2968:Risshū
2956:Ji-shū
2889:Seizan
2796:Huayen
2792:Hwaeom
2742:Samnon
2736:Vinaya
2732:Gyeyul
2644:Taoism
2610:Huayen
2447:Huayan
2431:Huayan
2409:Niepan
2399:Asanga
2395:Shelun
2385:Weishi
2375:Sanlun
2349:Vinaya
2345:Lüzong
2339:Taoism
2321:Jingtu
2296:sutras
2246:Jonang
2238:Huayan
2223:Asanga
1873:Vinaya
1470:vinaya
1451:saṅgha
1392:school
1314:, and
1127:Tendai
1125:. The
965:Vinaya
952:Vinaya
944:Vinaya
933:Vinaya
916:Tenjur
912:Kanjur
906:, and
884:Sikkim
880:Bhutan
779:. The
591:Taiwan
571:Russia
511:Brazil
506:Bhutan
426:Buddha
346:Wisdom
129:Dharma
7587:Lists
7455:Kalpa
7450:Iddhi
7313:Music
7308:Mudra
7274:Vassa
7254:Vesak
7224:Budai
7170:Candi
7153:Stupa
7085:Logic
6838:Italy
6737:Tibet
6675:Nepal
6645:Korea
6640:Japan
6630:India
6625:China
6570:Sutra
6525:Texts
6475:Dōgen
6465:Hōnen
6450:Atiśa
6415:Zhiyi
6325:Achar
6293:Tulku
6288:Geshe
6273:Rōshi
6258:Ajahn
6213:Arhat
6173:Bodhi
6143:Vīrya
6060:Sacca
6055:Satya
6050:Sādhu
6038:Music
5981:Merit
5974:Terma
5934:Zazen
5870:Faith
5823:Mettā
5504:Karma
5464:Bardo
5431:Asita
5421:Khema
5411:Upāli
5396:Nanda
5234:(son)
5208:Māyā
5185:Films
5062:Index
4826:(PDF)
4738:(PDF)
4717:(PDF)
4194:Notes
3725:Taixu
3683:Kegon
3538:Nepal
3469:Sakya
3411:Kagyu
3392:Gelug
3386:Kadam
3176:Ōbaku
3026:Kegon
3016:Hossō
3000:Hossō
2992:Kusha
2703:Śaiva
2616:Thiền
2441:Lotus
2423:Dilun
2200:Gelug
1772:Aśoka
1755:Aśoka
1651:Aśoka
1630:]
1614:Aśoka
1312:India
1308:China
1288:Burma
876:Tibet
863:Vajra
601:Tibet
541:Korea
536:Japan
526:India
521:China
486:Newar
411:Arhat
201:Karma
55:Index
7485:Pāḷi
7470:Māra
7380:Flag
6781:Iran
6705:Tuva
6650:Laos
6278:Lama
6126:Śīla
6094:Śīla
6082:Pīti
6072:Sati
6023:Puja
5944:Koan
5850:Dāna
5441:Yasa
5328:Tārā
4956:ISBN
4848:link
4834:2013
4725:ISBN
4609:ISBN
4479:ISBN
4452:ISBN
4257:and
3675:and
3615:and
3194:Sōtō
3166:Sōtō
3142:Chan
3128:and
3068:and
2806:Seon
2650:and
2457:Chan
2365:Kosa
2337:and
2290:and
2252:and
1852:and
1846:Pāli
1433:and
1296:Laos
908:Tuva
787:and
767:and
726:lit.
718:lit.
707:Asia
676:The
546:Laos
451:Pāli
7207:Art
7143:Wat
5679:Zen
4985:by
3380:Bön
3138:Zen
2810:Zen
2620:Zen
2461:Zen
2401:’s
2254:Zen
1971:or
1576:).
1330:all
1245:or
848:Zen
705:in
692:or
7672::
6709:ru
4844:}}
4840:{{
4805:,
4733:,
4719:,
4427:^
4415:^
4383:^
4367:^
4341:^
4238:^
3671:,
3629:)
3611:,
3607:,
3371:.
3313:,
3309:,
3305:,
3200:)
3154:)
3144:)
3124:,
3082:)
3064:,
3060:,
3046:)
2812:)
2664:)
2646:,
2622:)
2463:)
2305:.
2298:.
2248:,
2244:,
2240:,
2236:,
2173:c.
2166:c.
2156:("
1856:.
1774:)
1757:)
1653:)
1628:zh
1532:.
1310:,
1306:,
1298:,
1294:,
1290:,
1286:,
1282:,
902:,
894:,
882:,
878:,
860:("
732:.
688:,
581:US
26:on
6711:)
6707:(
5925:)
5921:(
5016:e
5009:t
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4962:.
4925:.
4923:.
4899:.
4897:.
4850:)
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4809:.
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4540:.
4487:.
4460:.
3685:(
3679:)
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3619:)
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3052:(
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3028:(
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