600:
392:
331:, they are just as common in Canada, mainly due to the effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media. The list of divergent words becomes longer if considering regional Canadian dialects, especially as spoken in the
303:(1775–1783) have had a large influence on Canadian English from its early roots. Some terms in North American English are used almost exclusively in Canada and the United States (for example, the terms
280:, the two spoken varieties are often grouped together under a single category. Canadians are generally tolerant of both British and American spellings, with British spellings of certain words (e.g.,
370:
mixed together in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were developed, built upon, and blended together as new waves of immigration, and migration across the North
American continent, developed new
1864:
1859:
2030:
Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good
English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. MIT. 37 (4): 513–542.
3324:
3183:
3123:
3329:
1700:
A majority of North
American English (for example, in contrast to British English) includes phonological features that concern consonants, such as
284:) preferred in more formal settings and in Canadian print media; for some other words the American spelling prevails over the British (e.g.,
1350:
272:. Because of their related histories and cultures, plus the similarities between the pronunciations (accents), vocabulary, and grammar of
3218:
2191:
1854:
343:
701:" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.
590:" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.
1428:
3268:
3053:
2133:
3288:
2361:
2246:
2769:
1030:
735:
689:
578:
2874:
175:
1899:
2161:
1984:
1963:
2673:
3319:
2921:
2717:
872:
3238:
2678:
2184:
1315:
833:
456:
3278:
2971:
2933:
645:
3334:
3273:
2926:
2746:
2563:
2384:
1593:
919:
624:
128:
1827:
1823:
1757:
1737:
1705:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1624:
997:
989:
982:
975:
2649:
2639:
2237:
2204:
2200:
1879:
1183:
826:
809:
405:
396:
1736:
pronounced , not ), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before
3233:
2948:
2806:
2217:
2011:
767:
2169:
3213:
2739:
2697:
2668:
2600:
2568:
2177:
1512:
1468:
1078:
951:
924:
894:
852:
794:
652:
615:
604:
524:
487:
20:
2938:
2892:
2791:
2764:
2729:
2624:
2495:
1793:
1553:
1192:
884:
784:
730:
476:
465:
3150:
2983:
2801:
2776:
762:
742:
296:
200:
133:
85:
75:
65:
374:
in new areas, and as these ways of speaking merged with and assimilated to the greater
American
3065:
3043:
2847:
2513:
2391:
1874:
1461:
Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Northeastern /-ɒr-/
962:
Below, several major North
American English accents are defined by particular characteristics:
2961:
3263:
3048:
2943:
2656:
2590:
2344:
2334:
2329:
1869:
1695:
1584:
1544:
1003:
941:
789:
638:
414:
257:
3256:
327:). Although many English speakers from outside North America regard those terms as distinct
2685:
2578:
2518:
2396:
2369:
2286:
1849:
1701:
1390:
1383:
Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/
1061:
934:
840:
694:
670:
583:
425:
148:
1421:
Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / L-vocalization / Northeastern /-ɒr-/ / Merry–Murray merger
8:
3283:
3113:
3105:
3003:
2966:
2852:
2837:
2712:
2702:
2629:
2468:
1263:
1227:
867:
857:
804:
549:
510:
300:
3173:
3140:
3075:
3058:
2913:
2734:
2281:
2271:
1011:
889:
503:
445:
80:
70:
232:
16:
Most generalized variety of the
English language as spoken in United States and Canada
3178:
3163:
3135:
3095:
2887:
2824:
2573:
2349:
2313:
2157:
2129:
1980:
1959:
1844:
1804:
1777:
1503:
929:
845:
663:
558:
240:
2869:
3298:
3251:
3203:
3130:
3038:
3028:
3023:
3013:
2859:
2832:
2690:
2610:
2555:
2453:
2435:
2422:
2259:
2254:
1839:
1709:
1118:
1109:
913:
718:
712:
698:
587:
336:
328:
277:
273:
261:
195:
171:
167:
95:
90:
39:
3168:
3070:
3008:
2978:
2786:
2661:
2482:
2458:
2430:
2401:
2374:
2339:
2226:
1273:
752:
332:
57:
2012:"Arctic Sovereignty and the Cold War: Asymmetry, Interdependence, and Ambiguity"
1814:
among nearly half, while both are completed among virtually all
Canadians), and
3243:
3158:
3118:
3018:
2842:
2595:
2500:
2490:
2406:
2208:
1499:
1065:
946:
814:
631:
184:
143:
3313:
3293:
3208:
2864:
2781:
2722:
2634:
2585:
2463:
2445:
2149:
2125:
Organizing Our
Marvellous Neighbours: How to Feel Good About Canadian English
1830:). The last item is more advanced in American English than Canadian English.
901:
877:
747:
684:
573:
517:
496:
375:
367:
347:
265:
43:
2796:
2644:
2523:
1907:
1815:
1152:
819:
799:
757:
542:
436:
191:
1304:
Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / L-vocalization /
1305:
1259:
1069:
138:
2707:
2199:
2115:
Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian
English: 250 Years in the Making," in
1865:
List of words having different meanings in
British and American English
862:
533:
599:
2264:
1753:
772:
225:
213:
1929:
Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making".
683:), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by
572:), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by
2291:
1956:
International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English
1717:
680:
569:
391:
359:
311:
354:. In North America, different English dialects of immigrants from
3228:
3223:
3033:
2379:
2306:
2301:
371:
363:
355:
2296:
2276:
2142:
Language in the Inner City: Studies in Black English Vernacular
1729:
351:
323:
305:
269:
47:
1977:
The Canadian Press Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors,
317:
1860:
List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom
19:
For the regional dialect in the northern United States, see
339:
where significant pockets of British culture still remain.
1308:/ Variable Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/
1019:
1996:
M.H. Scargill. (1957). "Sources of Canadian English",
2124:
2069:
1803:is completed among virtually all Americans and the
679:The Canadian English's major regional dialects (in
568:The American English major regional dialects (in
3311:
2144:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
1937:
1788:often pronounced the same), at least one of the
1258:Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Non-rhoticity /
834:North-Central American ("Upper Midwest") English
800:Inland Northern American ("Great Lakes") English
2009:
2148:
2099:
2087:
2063:
2051:
2039:
1998:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology,
1943:
2185:
3325:18th-century establishments in North America
2543:
778:
1954:Trudgill, Peter & Jean Hannah. (2002).
902:Western Pennsylvania ("Pittsburgh") English
697:. Many regions also contain speakers of a "
586:. Many regions also contain speakers of a "
3219:Comparison of American and British English
2192:
2178:
1855:Comparison of American and British English
724:
693:, as well as the related Telsur Project's
582:, as well as the related Telsur Project's
1904:Braille Authority of North America (BANA)
378:that solidified by the mid-18th century.
3330:Languages attested from the 18th century
2912:
1928:
1060:African-American Vowel Shift / Variable
2152:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006),
1922:
295:Dialects of American English spoken by
3312:
1892:
2173:
2139:
2075:
1316:North-Central (Upper Midwestern) U.S.
3289:Non-native pronunciations of English
1979:13th. Toronto: The Canadian Press.
344:different accents within the regions
2154:The Atlas of North American English
1266:/ Canadian Raising / L-vocalization
957:
907:
736:African-American Vernacular English
706:
690:The Atlas of North American English
579:The Atlas of North American English
342:There are a considerable number of
13:
1502:/ Southern Vowel Shift / Variable
1262:/ Southern Vowel Shift / Variable
14:
3346:
1906:. 2 November 2016. Archived from
1696:American English § Phonology
1768:using a higher vowel sound than
1627:glide weakening / L-vocalization
598:
390:
2109:
2093:
2081:
2057:
2045:
1900:"Unified English Braille (UEB)"
873:Older Southern American English
3239:English-based creole languages
2117:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
2033:
2024:
2003:
1990:
1969:
1948:
1944:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
1931:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
1:
3279:List of English-based pidgins
2156:, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter,
2100:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
2088:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
2064:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
2052:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
2040:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1885:
3274:Linguistic purism in English
1756:), raising of pre-voiceless
1689:
7:
2375:London & Thames Estuary
1933:(2nd ed.). p. xi.
1880:Regional accents of English
1833:
1728:pronounced the same, as ),
1704:(full pronunciation of all
1184:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
920:Aboriginal Canadian English
827:Western New England English
810:Eastern New England English
381:
366:, and other regions of the
315:are widely used instead of
10:
3353:
3234:English as a lingua franca
1693:
911:
768:Pennsylvania Dutch English
710:
18:
3214:Broad and general accents
3196:
3149:
3124:regional and occupational
3104:
3091:
3084:
2996:
2957:
2905:
2883:
2823:
2755:
2620:
2609:
2554:
2536:
2509:
2481:
2444:
2421:
2360:
2322:
2245:
2236:
2225:
2216:
1539:pre-nasal & pre-velar
1342:pre-nasal & pre-velar
952:Standard Canadian English
925:Atlantic Canadian English
895:Pacific Northwest English
853:Southern American English
795:Northern American English
779:Regional American English
597:
389:
239:
223:
211:
206:
181:
163:
121:
54:
35:
30:
21:Northern American English
2010:John Woitkowitz (2012).
1683:Other defining criteria
1352:Northeastern New England
1264:horse-hoarse distinction
1024:Other defining criteria
885:Western American English
785:Midland American English
731:African-American English
256:is the most generalized
2140:Labov, William (1972),
1958:, 4th. London: Arnold.
763:New York Latino English
743:American Indian English
725:Ethnic American English
297:United Empire Loyalists
201:Unified English Braille
3320:North American English
2392:Received Pronunciation
1875:North American Spanish
1504:wine-whine distinction
254:North American English
101:North American English
31:North American English
2586:Multicultural Toronto
1975:Patti Tasko. (2004).
1870:North American French
1708:sounds), conditioned
1585:Low Back Merger Shift
1545:Low Back Merger Shift
942:Ottawa Valley English
790:New York City English
2747:Western Pennsylvania
1850:Commonwealth English
1716:pronounced , not ),
1594:Western Pennsylvania
1153:Inland Northern U.S.
935:Newfoundland English
841:Philadelphia English
758:Miami Latino English
149:Early Modern English
3335:Dialects of English
3284:Mid-Atlantic accent
2875:Trinidad and Tobago
2122:Clark, Joe (2008).
1910:on 23 November 2016
1792:vowel mergers (the
1754:pronounced the same
1543:Canadian raising /
868:New Orleans English
858:Appalachian English
805:New England English
626:Aboriginal Canadian
301:American Revolution
129:Proto-Indo-European
2807:Pennsylvania Dutch
2000:56.4, pp. 610–614.
1680:/æ/ raising system
1636:Most populous city
1020:/æ/ raising system
971:Most populous city
890:California English
863:High Tider English
333:Atlantic provinces
176:their subdivisions
81:North Sea Germanic
3307:
3306:
3192:
3191:
2992:
2991:
2901:
2900:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2740:Pacific Northwest
2601:Standard Canadian
2532:
2531:
2477:
2476:
2417:
2416:
2134:978-0-9809525-0-6
2119:, 2nd ed., p. xi.
1845:Caribbean English
1778:weak vowel merger
1752:are all commonly
1718:T- and D-flapping
1687:
1686:
1513:Standard Canadian
1079:Atlantic Canadian
930:Lunenburg English
846:Baltimore English
656:ATLANTIC CANADIAN
608:STANDARD CANADIAN
264:as spoken in the
251:
250:
3342:
3204:English language
3089:
3088:
2910:
2909:
2893:Falkland Islands
2792:General American
2765:African-American
2618:
2617:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2540:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2145:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1973:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1896:
1840:Belizean English
1829:
1825:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1759:
1739:
1710:T-glottalization
1707:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1626:
1587:
1547:
1506:
1462:
1431:
1422:
1384:
1353:
1309:
1267:
1186:
1119:General American
1112:
1110:Canadian raising
1072:
1031:African-American
999:
991:
984:
977:
965:
964:
958:Table of accents
914:Canadian English
908:Canadian English
719:General American
713:American English
707:American English
699:General American
673:
666:
659:
658:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
611:
610:
602:
588:General American
561:
554:
545:
538:
535:Chesapeake &
529:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
483:
482:
472:
471:
461:
452:
451:
441:
432:
431:
421:
420:
410:
409:
401:
394:
337:Vancouver Island
278:Canadian English
274:American English
262:English language
247:
235:
216:
196:English alphabet
187:
172:Canadian English
168:American English
60:
40:Northern America
28:
27:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3188:
3145:
3100:
3080:
2988:
2984:Solomon Islands
2953:
2897:
2879:
2811:
2802:New York Latino
2777:American Indian
2757:
2751:
2612:
2605:
2546:
2528:
2514:Channel Islands
2505:
2473:
2440:
2413:
2356:
2318:
2228:
2212:
2198:
2164:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1974:
1970:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1836:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1698:
1692:
1661:
1623:
1583:
1542:
1498:
1460:
1429:
1420:
1382:
1351:
1303:
1257:
1182:
1108:
1059:
996:
960:
916:
910:
781:
773:Yeshiva English
753:Chicano English
727:
715:
709:
704:
703:
702:
677:
676:
675:
671:
668:
664:
661:
654:
653:
650:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
629:
625:
622:
618:
616:
613:
606:
605:
593:
592:
591:
566:
565:
564:
563:
559:
556:
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
536:
534:
531:
527:
525:
522:
518:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
497:
494:
488:
485:
478:
477:
474:
467:
466:
463:
457:
454:
447:
446:
443:
437:
434:
427:
426:
423:
416:
415:
412:
407:
406:
403:
397:
384:
376:dialect mixture
245:
231:
212:
199:
188:
183:
159:
124:
117:
61:
58:Language family
56:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3244:Englishisation
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3151:Southeast Asia
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:South Atlantic
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2848:Cayman Islands
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2759:
2758:ethno-cultural
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2350:Stoke-on-Trent
2347:
2342:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2209:Modern English
2197:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2150:Labov, William
2146:
2137:
2120:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2023:
2002:
1989:
1968:
1947:
1936:
1921:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1730:L-velarization
1694:Main article:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1500:Southern drawl
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1066:L-vocalization
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
986:
979:
972:
969:
959:
956:
955:
954:
949:
947:Quebec English
944:
939:
938:
937:
932:
922:
912:Main article:
909:
906:
905:
904:
899:
898:
897:
892:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
850:
849:
848:
838:
837:
836:
831:
830:
829:
824:
823:
822:
817:
815:Boston English
802:
792:
787:
780:
777:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
739:
738:
726:
723:
722:
721:
711:Main article:
708:
705:
678:
669:
662:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
614:
603:
596:
595:
594:
567:
557:
548:
541:
532:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
486:
475:
464:
455:
444:
435:
424:
413:
404:
395:
388:
387:
386:
385:
383:
380:
249:
248:
243:
237:
236:
229:
221:
220:
217:
209:
208:
207:Language codes
204:
203:
189:
185:Writing system
182:
179:
178:
165:
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
144:Middle English
134:Proto-Germanic
127:
125:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
103:
64:
62:
55:
52:
51:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3348:
3347:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:International
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Torres Strait
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:North-Central
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:New York City
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Ottawa Valley
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:Multicultural
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:Black Country
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:West Midlands
2333:
2331:
2330:East Midlands
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2163:3-11-016746-8
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2078:, p. 19.
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1985:0-920009-32-8
1982:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1964:0-340-80834-9
1961:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1802:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1697:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:Southern U.S.
1466:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:New York City
1278:
1276:
1275:
1274:New York City
1271:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:non-rhoticity
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
994:
987:
980:
973:
970:
967:
966:
963:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
903:
900:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
883:
879:
878:Texan English
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
820:Maine English
818:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
807:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:Cajun English
746:
744:
741:
737:
734:
733:
732:
729:
728:
720:
717:
716:
714:
700:
696:
695:regional maps
692:
691:
686:
685:William Labov
682:
674:
667:
660:
657:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
612:
609:
601:
589:
585:
584:regional maps
581:
580:
575:
574:William Labov
571:
562:
555:
546:
539:
530:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
491:
484:
481:
473:
470:
462:
460:
459:NORTH CENTRAL
453:
450:
442:
440:
433:
430:
422:
419:
411:
402:
400:
393:
379:
377:
373:
369:
368:British Isles
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:United States
345:
340:
338:
335:and parts of
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
319:
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
299:who fled the
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:United States
263:
259:
255:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
227:
222:
218:
215:
210:
205:
202:
197:
193:
190:
186:
180:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
130:
126:
120:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:Anglo-Frisian
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:West Germanic
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:Indo-European
63:
59:
53:
49:
45:
44:United States
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3049:South Africa
3044:Sierra Leone
2797:Miami Latino
2686:Philadelphia
2674:Inland North
2579:Newfoundland
2544:
2397:West Country
2211:by continent
2153:
2141:
2123:
2116:
2110:Bibliography
2095:
2083:
2076:Labov (1972)
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2026:
2015:. Retrieved
2005:
1997:
1992:
1976:
1971:
1955:
1950:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1903:
1894:
1819:
1816:yod-dropping
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1699:
1674:
1668:
1592:
1554:Western U.S.
1552:
1511:
1467:
1430:Rhode Island
1427:
1396:Philadelphia
1391:Philadelphia
1389:
1349:
1314:
1272:
1226:
1198:Indianapolis
1193:Midland U.S.
1191:
1151:
1117:
1077:
1029:
1012:
1004:
961:
688:
672:Newfoundland
655:
607:
577:
489:
479:
468:
458:
448:
439:INLAND NORTH
438:
428:
417:
398:
346:of both the
341:
329:Americanisms
322:
316:
310:
304:
294:
289:
288:rather than
285:
281:
253:
252:
224:
100:
25:
3174:Philippines
2967:New Zealand
2853:Bay Islands
2833:The Bahamas
2756:Social and
2713:New Orleans
2630:New England
2524:Isle of Man
2469:Port Talbot
2370:East Anglia
2287:Northumbria
1822:pronounced
1633:Accent name
1559:Los Angeles
1474:San Antonio
1321:Minneapolis
1306:Th-stopping
1260:Th-stopping
1233:New Orleans
1228:New Orleans
1070:Th-fronting
968:Accent name
537:Outer Banks
139:Old English
123:Early forms
3314:Categories
3114:Bangladesh
3106:South Asia
3059:Cape Flats
3009:The Gambia
2934:Aboriginal
2770:vernacular
2735:California
2708:High Tider
2703:Appalachia
2564:Aboriginal
2496:South-West
2340:Birmingham
2297:Sunderland
2282:Manchester
2272:Lancashire
2128:(e-book).
2090::101, 103)
2017:2012-03-13
1886:References
1828:/ˈtjuzdeɪ/
1740:(so that,
1669:Cot–caught
1599:Pittsburgh
1436:Providence
1005:Cot–caught
512:Appalachia
505:California
3179:Singapore
3141:Sri Lanka
3096:Hong Kong
2922:variation
2914:Australia
2825:Caribbean
2691:Baltimore
2574:Lunenburg
2519:Gibraltar
2436:Highlands
2314:Yorkshire
2277:Liverpool
1987:, p. 308.
1914:2 January
1824:/ˈtuzdeɪ/
1702:rhoticity
1690:Phonology
1620:pre-nasal
1580:pre-nasal
1495:pre-nasal
1457:pre-nasal
1379:pre-nasal
1219:pre-nasal
1144:pre-nasal
1056:pre-nasal
687:et al.'s
665:Lunenburg
619:Northwest
576:et al.'s
560:Baltimore
528:Northwest
226:Glottolog
214:ISO 639-3
3299:Standard
3269:Learning
3257:Nerrière
3248:Globish
3164:Malaysia
3136:Pakistan
3076:Zimbabwe
3004:Cameroon
2838:Barbados
2569:Atlantic
2537:Americas
2454:Abercraf
2423:Scotland
2402:Cornwall
2323:Midlands
2307:Teesside
2302:Tyneside
2292:Pitmatic
2255:Cheshire
2201:Dialects
1834:See also
1786:effected
1782:affected
1665:fronting
1657:fronting
1650:fronting
1643:fronting
1000:fronting
992:fronting
985:fronting
978:fronting
681:all caps
617:Pacific
570:all caps
526:Pacific
382:Dialects
372:dialects
360:Scotland
312:gasoline
233:nort3314
164:Dialects
71:Germanic
3229:Engrish
3224:E-Prime
3197:Related
3184:Vietnam
3169:Myanmar
3039:Nigeria
3034:Namibia
3024:Liberia
2906:Oceania
2888:Bermuda
2860:Jamaica
2787:Chicano
2625:Midland
2611:United
2547:America
2483:Ireland
2459:Cardiff
2431:Glasgow
2380:Cockney
2260:Cumbria
2238:England
2229:Britain
2205:accents
1820:tuesday
1810:THOUGHT
1776:), the
1734:filling
1675:Pin–pen
1653:Strong
1646:Strong
1639:Strong
1518:Toronto
1179:general
1158:Chicago
1105:various
1084:Halifax
1013:Pin–pen
988:Strong
981:Strong
974:Strong
553:Orleans
480:MIDLAND
364:Ireland
356:England
260:of the
258:variety
96:English
3252:Gogate
3159:Brunei
3071:Uganda
3054:accent
3029:Malawi
2997:Africa
2972:accent
2927:accent
2870:Samaná
2843:Bequia
2662:accent
2635:Boston
2613:States
2596:Quebec
2556:Canada
2545:North
2501:Ulster
2491:Dublin
2407:Dorset
2265:Barrow
2227:Great
2218:Europe
2160:
2132:
1983:
1962:
1826:, not
1818:(with
1812:merger
1801:merger
1780:(with
1766:bright
1760:(with
1748:, and
1732:(with
1720:(with
1712:(with
1677:merger
1671:merger
1660:Strong
1358:Boston
1015:merger
1007:merger
995:Strong
640:Ottawa
633:Quebec
519:Boston
429:PHILA.
352:Canada
324:petrol
306:diaper
282:colour
270:Canada
246:en-021
91:Anglic
48:Canada
36:Region
3294:Plain
3209:Basic
3131:Nepal
3119:India
3019:Kenya
3014:Ghana
2979:Palau
2939:South
2782:Cajun
2723:Texas
2718:Older
2698:South
2669:North
2645:Maine
2464:Gower
2446:Wales
2362:South
2247:North
2102::146)
2066::146)
2054::148)
2042::148)
1774:bride
1770:prize
1762:price
1750:merry
1746:marry
1726:medal
1722:metal
1714:satin
1617:Mixed
1565:Mixed
1489:Mixed
1417:split
1300:split
1254:split
1216:Mixed
1213:Mixed
1138:Mixed
1087:Mixed
1050:Mixed
1038:Mixed
544:Maine
498:Texas
490:SOUTH
318:nappy
292:).
192:Latin
3085:Asia
2962:Fiji
2949:West
2865:Saba
2730:West
2650:West
2640:East
2203:and
2158:ISBN
2130:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1916:2017
1799:PALM
1784:and
1772:and
1764:and
1758:/aɪ/
1742:Mary
1724:and
1663:/ɑr/
1648:/oʊ/
1641:/aʊ/
1625:/aʊ/
998:/ɑr/
983:/oʊ/
976:/aʊ/
551:New
469:WEST
350:and
321:and
309:and
290:tyre
286:tire
276:and
268:and
241:IETF
174:and
2207:of
1806:LOT
1795:LOT
1790:LOT
1738:/r/
1706:/r/
1655:/u/
1614:Yes
1608:Yes
1605:Yes
1602:Yes
1574:Yes
1568:Yes
1533:Yes
1527:Yes
1492:Yes
1483:Yes
1480:Yes
1477:Yes
1405:Yes
1402:Yes
1399:Yes
1373:Yes
1370:Yes
1336:Yes
1333:Yes
1282:Yes
1242:Yes
1239:Yes
1236:Yes
1207:Yes
1204:Yes
1201:Yes
1170:Yes
1099:Yes
1096:Yes
1093:Yes
1053:Yes
990:/u/
647:MTE
449:WPA
418:NYC
408:WNE
399:ENE
3316::
1902:.
1744:,
1611:No
1577:No
1571:No
1562:No
1536:No
1530:No
1524:No
1521:No
1486:No
1454:No
1451:No
1448:No
1445:No
1442:No
1439:No
1414:No
1411:No
1408:No
1376:No
1367:No
1364:No
1361:No
1339:No
1330:No
1327:No
1324:No
1297:No
1294:No
1291:No
1288:No
1285:No
1251:No
1248:No
1245:No
1210:No
1176:No
1173:No
1167:No
1164:No
1161:No
1141:No
1135:No
1132:No
1129:No
1126:No
1102:No
1090:No
1068:/
1064:/
1047:No
1044:No
1041:No
362:,
358:,
170:,
46:,
2193:e
2186:t
2179:v
2136:.
2020:.
1966:.
1918:.
1808:–
1797:–
219:–
198:)
194:(
50:)
42:(
23:.
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