794:
722:
818:
742:
1467:
193:
996:
1015:(including adjacent areas of New Jersey), sometimes even classified as extending to Greater Baltimore, Washington D.C., and New York's Hudson Valley. This large region, despite being home to numerous different dialects and accents, constitutes a huge area unified in certain linguistic respects, including particular notable vocabulary and
1507:
North-Central
American or Upper Midwestern English, based around Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and North Dakota, may show some elements of the Northern cities vowel shift and the ANAE classifies it as a transitional dialect between the Inland North, Canada, and the West. Many Upper Midwesterners
795:
723:
372:
do not fit under the
Northern U.S. accent spectrum, or only marginally. Each has one or more phonological characteristics that disqualifies them or, for the latter two, exhibit too much internal variation to classify definitively. Meanwhile,
1191:, etc.): specifically, this is realized as . Northern New England and many younger speakers do not retain this vowel, however. Non-rhoticity or "r"-dropping is variable in Eastern New England and New York City, though gradually declining.
819:
743:
1481:, beginning only in the twentieth century, now affects much of the North away from the Atlantic coast, occurring specifically at its geographic center: the Great Lakes region. It is therefore a defining feature of the
1583:, 978-0-521-26479-2. On p. 422: "It is now generally agreed that Canadian English originated as a variant of northern American English (the speech of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania)".
1515:, not Northern. Northwestern accents are not yet identified by linguists as settling into a singular stable variety; its speakers share major commonalities with both Californian and Canadian accents.
1508:
have a full cot-caught merger, however, which disqualifies this dialect from the ANAE's traditional definition for a "Northern" dialect region in the United States.
1027:
These phonemic variants in certain words are particularly correlated with the
American Northeast (with the more common variants nationwide given in parentheses):
481:-dropping is possible in Rhode Island and some areas that are geographically though not linguistically Northern: New York City and eastern coastal New England).
2993:
1604:. On p. 97: "Because CanE and AmE are so alike, some scholars have argued that in linguistic terms Canadian English is no more or less than a variety of (
1395:
featured interviews with two
Brahmin speakers who then estimated that were about 1000 of them left. Notable example speakers included many members of the
2933:
3139:
3134:
1485:
dialect (most notably spoken in
Chicago, Detroit, and western New York State). The vowel shift's generating conditions are also present in some
1899:
1448:, though some New England speakers pronounced it more fronted. This accent corresponds in its time-frame and in much of its sound with a
3028:
2001:
1847:
1815:
1779:
1829:
3078:
2863:
1970:
787:
3098:
2171:
2056:
2579:
223:
2684:
715:
377:
is presumed to have originated, but branched off, from
Northern U.S. English within the past two or three centuries.
1601:
1580:
2483:
1461:
1511:
Northwestern
American English similarly does not qualify under the ANAE definition, instead falling broadly under
197:
21st century research unites the brown region of this map as a
Northern U.S. superdialect region. Notice that the
2731:
2527:
269:
213:
3048:
2488:
1994:
1498:
586:
369:
3088:
2781:
2743:
3083:
2736:
2556:
2373:
2194:
619:
The following pronunciation variants used more strongly in this region than anywhere else in the country:
512:); however, the merger is common in northern New England and spreading among younger Northerners generally.
1160:
1145:
1141:
1127:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1049:
1041:
692:
673:
669:
659:
641:
631:
627:
558:
554:
519:
447:
439:
389:
2459:
2449:
2047:
2014:
2010:
1486:
1478:
811:
596:
574:
508:(with the second of this class of words being pronounced usually farther back in the mouth and with more
361:
346:
3043:
2758:
2616:
2027:
1372:
463:
264:
198:
1979:
1904:
3129:
3023:
2549:
2507:
2410:
2378:
1987:
1935:
1643:
1502:
809:
785:
733:
713:
385:
374:
365:
314:
294:
252:
1204:
2748:
2702:
2601:
2574:
2539:
2434:
2305:
1512:
735:
546:
401:
2960:
2793:
2611:
2586:
1922:
1423:
757:
79:
69:
59:
1383:, was once associated with members of upper-class Northeastern, including families largely from
2875:
2853:
2657:
2354:
2323:
2201:
353:
94:
42:
20:
2771:
3073:
2858:
2753:
2466:
2400:
2154:
2144:
2139:
1918:
Knight, Dudley. "Standard Speech". In: Hampton, Marian E. & Barbara Acker (eds.) (1997).
1793:
1008:
999:
Northeastern
American English occurs in the red areas, particularly along the Atlantic coast.
357:
278:
3066:
1003:
A Northeastern
Corridor of the United States follows the Atlantic coast, comprising all the
435:
The ANAE defines a Northern linguistic super-region of American English dialects as having:
267:
within the United States. The North as a superdialect region is best documented by the 2006
2495:
2388:
2328:
2206:
2179:
2096:
1489:; otherwise, however, this vowel shift is not occurring in the Northeastern United States.
1332:
1012:
582:
562:
542:
474:
423:
In the very early 20th century, a generic Northern U.S. accent was the basis for the term "
381:
146:
8:
3093:
2923:
2915:
2813:
2776:
2662:
2647:
2522:
2512:
2439:
2278:
1470:
Inland North American English appears in all these states, especially in areas along the
1449:
1366:
1004:
531:
523:
515:
1878:
1699:
1532:
2983:
2950:
2885:
2868:
2723:
2544:
2091:
2081:
1882:
1842:
1810:
1774:
1407:
1353:
885:
604:
538:
342:
260:
74:
64:
537:
This type of raising also appears to be spreading beyond the North, appearing also in
183:
2988:
2973:
2945:
2905:
2697:
2634:
2383:
2159:
2123:
1966:
1962:
1685:
1597:
1576:
1419:
485:
409:
306:
2679:
219:
3108:
3061:
3013:
2940:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2823:
2669:
2642:
2500:
2420:
2365:
2263:
2245:
2232:
2069:
2064:
1575:, Algeo, John, ed., pp. 422–440. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
1573:
The Cambridge history of the English language. Volume VI: English in North America.
1571:"Canadian English". Brinton, Laurel J., and Fee, Marjery, ed. (2005). Ch. 12. in
1222:
1157:
914:
600:
550:
424:
405:
302:
286:
282:
99:
89:
84:
1336:(small outdoor staircase to a building's front door, particularly in the NYC area)
420:(though the latter feature appears to be changing among the younger generations).
2978:
2880:
2818:
2788:
2596:
2471:
2292:
2268:
2240:
2211:
2184:
2149:
2036:
1956:
1427:
1400:
1348:
1294:
256:
51:
427:", though regional accents have now since developed in some areas of the North.
3053:
2968:
2928:
2828:
2652:
2405:
2310:
2300:
2216:
2018:
1830:
A lexical dialect survey of American English using site-restricted web searches
1396:
1376:
1306:
141:
1861:
1466:
1426:. Variably, speakers dipped into other then-prestigious features, such as the
1019:
incidence (that is, basic units of sound that can distinguish certain words).
780:; however, the merger of the two has quickly spread throughout the North. The
192:
3123:
3103:
3018:
2674:
2591:
2532:
2444:
2395:
2273:
2255:
1434:
1411:
1388:
756:
The North has historically been one of the last U.S. regions to maintain the
608:
578:
334:
2606:
2454:
2333:
1482:
897:
527:
338:
1832:". ADS Annual Meeting, Boston. Ashton University and University of Leuven.
1701:
THE NORTHERN CITIES SHIFT AND LOCAL IDENTITY IN A SUBURBAN CLEVELAND GROUP
1471:
1384:
995:
509:
397:
274:
202:
136:
832:
The North is reported as uniquely or most strongly using certain words:
599:
is a series of sound changes in the North that covers a large area from
2517:
2009:
1441:
1325:
1258:
290:
1725:
2074:
1340:
1171:
The Northeast tends to retain a contrastive /ɔ/ vowel (in words like
982:
840:
777:
645:
505:
393:
326:
322:
176:
164:
1889:, Fifth Edition. 2017. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
1800:, Fifth Edition. 2017. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
1404:
1391:
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1988, the documentary
2101:
1314:
1278:
1238:
1016:
857:
318:
310:
231:
337:. The ANAE describes that the North, at its core, consists of the
3038:
3033:
2843:
2189:
2116:
2111:
1246:
330:
227:
2106:
2086:
1530:
Purnell, Thomas; Eric Raimy; and Joseph Salmons (eds.) (2013).
1380:
1210:
676:
more widely common around Boston, New York City, and the South)
1403:, whose accent is not an ordinary Boston accent so much as a "
19:
For the generalized variety of English in North America, see
1940:
A National Map of The Regional Dialects of American English
1728:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
1199:
Terms common or even usual to the whole Northeast include:
380:
Most broadly, the ANAE classifies Northern U.S. accents as
352:
The ANAE argues that, though geographically located in the
298:
1452:
promoted in theatrical elocution courses in the same era.
230:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
920:
1887:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1798:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1533:
Wisconsin talk: Linguistic diversity in the Badger State
16:
Class of historically related American English dialects
1934:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997). "
1360:
553:"—the lifting of the body of the tongue in both
926:
917:
1958:
Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean
1596:, pp. 96–102. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
923:
1628:
1621:Labov, William; Sharon Ash, Charles Boberg (2006).
1558:Labov, William; Sharon Ash, Charles Boberg (2006).
1545:Labov, William; Sharon Ash, Charles Boberg (2006).
1455:
883:(rare synonym, scattered throughout the North, for
1414:and even, variably, a non-rhotic pronunciation of
877:(situated slanted across a street or intersection)
800:was once a common Northern U.S. sound in the word
317:, plus among certain demographics or areas within
408:by mostly preserving the distinction between the
3121:
1594:Concise Oxford companion to the English language
990:
728:as a somewhat common alternative to the typical
1592:"Canadian English". McArthur, T., ed. (2005).
1995:
2353:
950:(out of order, or into a state of disrepair)
751:
273:(ANAE) in the greater metropolitan areas of
1684:, Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider,
567:height, slight, advice, clout, ouch, lout,
3029:Comparison of American and British English
2002:
1988:
1022:
191:
3140:Culture of the Northeastern United States
1954:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1669:
1657:
1062:(in addition to the variant rhyming with
2722:
1697:
1536:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 109.
1492:
1465:
994:
804:, but this has largely given way to the
614:
571:hide, slide, advise, cloud, gouge, loud,
3135:Culture of the Midwestern United States
1848:Dictionary of American Regional English
1828:Grive, Jack; Asnaghi Costanza (2013). "
1816:Dictionary of American Regional English
1780:Dictionary of American Regional English
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
224:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3122:
1912:
1250:(a twisted, often stick-like doughnut)
861:(a freshwater lobster-like crustacean)
1983:
251:) is a class of historically related
3099:Non-native pronunciations of English
1711:
1625:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 133.
1565:
1562:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 148.
1549:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 134.
375:Central and Western Canadian English
1892:
1724:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003.
1623:The Atlas of North American English
1560:The Atlas of North American English
1547:The Atlas of North American English
1361:Elite Northeastern American English
13:
1948:
1682:A Handbook of Varieties of English
758:distinction between /ɔr/ and /oʊr/
396:(unlike the South, which commonly
14:
3151:
1920:The Vocal Vision: Views on Voice.
1034:with the "i" pronounced with the
824:, as in the rest of the country.
547:Western American English dialects
1462:Inland Northern American English
1456:Inland Northern American English
913:
347:Southwestern New England dialect
1928:
1871:
1854:
1835:
1822:
1803:
1786:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1691:
1675:
1663:
1450:cultivated transatlantic accent
1194:
934:; to fool around or waste time)
581:(and the traditional accent of
270:Atlas of North American English
3049:English-based creole languages
1651:
1637:
1615:
1586:
1552:
1539:
1524:
1499:North-Central American English
1410:accent". This accent included
1375:accent, sometimes known as a "
1:
3089:List of English-based pidgins
1942:. University of Pennsylvania.
1936:Dialects of the United States
1518:
991:Northeastern American English
827:
466:far in the back of the mouth.
3084:Linguistic purism in English
569:etc., but not in words like
430:
7:
2185:London & Thames Estuary
1487:Western New England English
1479:Northern cities vowel shift
597:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
565:(therefore, in words, like
10:
3156:
3044:English as a lingua franca
1726:The Harvard Dialect Survey
1698:McCarthy, Natalie (2004).
1496:
1459:
1422:, and a resistance to the
1364:
1156:, in addition to the more
970:(the usual plural form of
488:, meaning that words like
255:, spoken by predominantly
18:
3024:Broad and general accents
3006:
2959:
2934:regional and occupational
2914:
2901:
2894:
2806:
2767:
2715:
2693:
2633:
2565:
2430:
2419:
2364:
2346:
2319:
2291:
2254:
2231:
2170:
2132:
2055:
2046:
2035:
2026:
1955:Schneider, Edgar (2008).
1503:Pacific Northwest English
867:(the end of a bread loaf)
752:Declining characteristics
573:etc.)—is common in
295:Northeastern Pennsylvania
253:American English dialects
241:Northern American English
210:
190:
174:
162:
157:
129:
105:Northern American English
48:
38:
33:
29:Northern American English
28:
1513:Western American English
446:etc.) and traditionally
370:Upper Midwestern accents
335:New York's Hudson Valley
1923:Hal Leonard Corporation
1905:Encyclopædia Britannica
1868:. Word Reference. 2017.
1424:Mary-marry-merry merger
1324:(any sweet, carbonated
1005:dialects of New England
776:, for example, are not
691:as the single-syllable
658:as the single-syllable
486:cot–caught merger
339:Inland Northern dialect
2202:Received Pronunciation
1474:
1418:, a resistance to the
1399:, including President
1371:A cultivated or elite
1000:
843:, tied under the chin)
760:, in which words like
603:west through the U.S.
601:western New York State
506:pronounced identically
354:Northern United States
212:This article contains
95:North American English
43:Northern United States
21:North American English
2396:Multicultural Toronto
1634:Labov et al., p. 190.
1493:Transitional dialects
1469:
1023:Phonemic distribution
1009:Greater New York City
998:
615:Phonemic distribution
585:), as well as in the
484:A common lack of the
412:sounds in words like
400:this sound) and from
386:Southern U.S. accents
384:, distinguished from
279:Western Massachusetts
245:Northern U.S. English
34:Northern U.S. English
2557:Western Pennsylvania
1644:"Talking the Tawk",
1344:(a sunny rainshower)
1318:(any athletic shoes)
1044:(in addition to the
1013:Greater Philadelphia
563:voiceless consonants
543:Philadelphia English
524:voiceless consonants
315:Eastern South Dakota
147:Early Modern English
3094:Mid-Atlantic accent
2685:Trinidad and Tobago
1367:Mid-Atlantic accent
575:eastern New England
530:, and elsewhere in
526:, including in the
462:, etc.) pronounced
362:Eastern New England
2617:Pennsylvania Dutch
1475:
1354:semi-trailer truck
1001:
605:Great Lakes region
539:California English
343:Great Lakes region
261:Great Lakes region
3117:
3116:
3002:
3001:
2802:
2801:
2711:
2710:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2550:Pacific Northwest
2411:Standard Canadian
2342:
2341:
2287:
2286:
2227:
2226:
1972:978-3-110-20840-5
1963:Walter de Gruyter
1900:"John F. Kennedy"
1686:Walter de Gruyter
1444:pronunciation of
1420:cot-caught merger
1373:Northeastern U.S.
583:Martha's Vineyard
577:, for example in
366:Northwestern U.S.
307:Northern Illinois
259:, in much of the
238:
237:
220:rendering support
216:phonetic symbols.
205:are not included.
3147:
3130:American English
3014:English language
2899:
2898:
2720:
2719:
2703:Falkland Islands
2602:General American
2575:African-American
2428:
2427:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1896:
1890:
1875:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1807:
1801:
1790:
1784:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1610:American English
1590:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1447:
1437:
1430:
1417:
1393:American Tongues
1223:chest of drawers
1162:
1158:General American
1147:
1143:
1129:
1115:
1112:(in addition to
1111:
1107:
1094:(in addition to
1083:
1080:(in addition to
1079:
1075:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
933:
932:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
823:
822:
821:
815:
807:
799:
798:
797:
791:
783:
747:
746:
745:
739:
731:
727:
726:
725:
719:
711:
694:
675:
672:(in addition to
671:
661:
643:
633:
629:
607:and some of the
560:
556:
551:Canadian raising
528:Great Lakes area
521:
449:
444:goat, toe, show,
441:
425:General American
406:Canadian accents
391:
341:(in the eastern
303:Northern Indiana
287:Central New York
265:Northeast region
263:and some of the
195:
186:
167:
100:American English
54:
26:
25:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
2998:
2955:
2910:
2890:
2798:
2794:Solomon Islands
2763:
2707:
2689:
2621:
2612:New York Latino
2587:American Indian
2567:
2561:
2422:
2415:
2356:
2338:
2324:Channel Islands
2315:
2283:
2250:
2223:
2166:
2128:
2038:
2022:
2008:
1973:
1951:
1949:Further reading
1946:
1933:
1929:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1876:
1872:
1859:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1762:Schneider (2008
1760:
1756:
1750:Schneider (2008
1748:
1744:
1738:Schneider (2008
1736:
1732:
1723:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:, 2004, p. 359.
1680:
1676:
1670:Schneider (2008
1668:
1664:
1658:Schneider (2008
1656:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1505:
1497:Main articles:
1495:
1464:
1458:
1445:
1435:
1433:( versus ), no
1428:
1415:
1401:John F. Kennedy
1369:
1363:
1349:tractor trailer
1295:toilet papering
1197:
1163:, rhyming with
1045:
1036:
1035:
1025:
993:
916:
912:
886:doing doughnuts
830:
817:
816:
805:
793:
792:
781:
754:
741:
740:
729:
721:
720:
709:
695:, rhyming with
662:(phonetically )
617:
433:
398:monophthongizes
309:, Northeastern
289:, Northwestern
257:white Americans
218:Without proper
206:
182:
163:
153:
132:
125:
55:
52:Language family
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3054:Englishisation
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2961:Southeast Asia
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:South Atlantic
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2728:
2726:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2658:Cayman Islands
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2571:
2569:
2568:ethno-cultural
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:Stoke-on-Trent
2157:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2019:Modern English
2007:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1927:
1911:
1891:
1870:
1866:Word Reference
1853:
1834:
1821:
1802:
1785:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1710:
1690:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1646:The New Yorker
1636:
1627:
1614:
1585:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1494:
1491:
1460:Main article:
1457:
1454:
1397:Kennedy family
1377:Boston Brahmin
1365:Main article:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1319:
1311:
1307:traffic circle
1299:
1283:
1276:(synonyms for
1263:
1251:
1243:
1231:
1215:
1196:
1193:
1169:
1168:
1148:(rhyming with
1135:
1117:
1099:
1085:
1067:
1053:
1024:
1021:
992:
989:
988:
987:
975:
965:
951:
945:
935:
902:
890:
878:
868:
862:
854:
844:
829:
826:
753:
750:
749:
748:
699:
686:
677:
663:
653:
648:with the name
635:
616:
613:
593:
592:
591:
590:
513:
482:
467:
464:conservatively
432:
429:
356:, current-day
236:
235:
222:, you may see
208:
207:
196:
188:
187:
180:
172:
171:
168:
160:
159:
158:Language codes
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
142:Middle English
135:
133:
130:
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
58:
56:
49:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3152:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:International
3072:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Torres Strait
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:North-Central
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:New York City
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Ottawa Valley
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:Multicultural
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Black Country
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:West Midlands
2143:
2141:
2140:East Midlands
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:0-19-280637-8
1599:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1581:0-521-26479-0
1578:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1412:non-rhoticity
1409:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:New York City
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:(synonym for
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:(synonym for
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:(synonym for
1255:
1254:goose pimples
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:(synonym for
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1220:(synonym for
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:(synonym for
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:rhyming with
1089:
1086:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:rhyming with
1057:
1054:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
997:
985:
984:
980:(synonym for
979:
976:
973:
969:
966:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:(synonym for
939:
936:
931:
910:
906:
903:
900:
899:
895:(synonym for
894:
891:
888:
887:
882:
881:doing cookies
879:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
855:
852:
849:(synonym for
848:
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:
833:
825:
820:
813:
803:
796:
789:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
744:
737:
724:
717:
707:
703:
700:
698:
690:
687:
685:
682:rhyming with
681:
678:
667:
664:
657:
654:
651:
647:
639:
636:
630:(rather than
625:
622:
621:
620:
612:
610:
609:Upper Midwest
606:
602:
598:
588:
587:Upper Midwest
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:
533:
529:
525:
517:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:-fulness" or
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
445:
438:
437:
436:
428:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:by retaining
387:
383:
378:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:New York City
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
209:
204:
200:
194:
189:
185:
181:
179:
178:
173:
169:
166:
161:
156:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
134:
128:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:Anglo–Frisian
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:West Germanic
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:Indo-European
57:
53:
47:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2859:South Africa
2854:Sierra Leone
2607:Miami Latino
2496:Philadelphia
2484:Inland North
2478:
2389:Newfoundland
2207:West Country
2021:by continent
1957:
1939:
1930:
1919:
1914:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1873:
1865:
1856:
1846:
1843:On the fritz
1837:
1824:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1707:. p. 7.
1700:
1693:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1593:
1588:
1572:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1483:Inland North
1476:
1392:
1370:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1270:hair elastic
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1031:
1026:
1002:
981:
977:
971:
967:
961:
957:
953:
948:on the fritz
947:
941:
937:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
875:kitty-corner
874:
870:
864:
856:
850:
846:
836:
831:
801:
773:
769:
765:
761:
755:
705:
701:
696:
688:
683:
680:handkerchief
679:
665:
655:
649:
637:
623:
618:
594:
570:
566:
510:rounded lips
501:
497:
493:
489:
478:
470:
459:
455:
451:
443:
434:
422:
417:
413:
402:Western U.S.
379:
351:
268:
249:Northern AmE
248:
244:
240:
239:
211:
201:and much of
175:
104:
2984:Philippines
2777:New Zealand
2663:Bay Islands
2643:The Bahamas
2566:Social and
2523:New Orleans
2440:New England
2334:Isle of Man
2279:Port Talbot
2180:East Anglia
2097:Northumbria
1477:The recent
1472:Great Lakes
1385:New England
1379:accent" in
1259:goose bumps
1032:cauliflower
964:of a fruit)
909:futz around
839:(a woman's
674:/pəˈdʒɑməz/
670:/pəˈdʒæməz/
632:/ˈeɪprɪkɑt/
532:New England
410:/ɑ/ and /ɔ/
368:, and some
297:, Northern
275:Connecticut
226:instead of
203:New England
137:Old English
131:Early forms
3124:Categories
2924:Bangladesh
2916:South Asia
2869:Cape Flats
2819:The Gambia
2744:Aboriginal
2580:vernacular
2545:California
2518:High Tider
2513:Appalachia
2374:Aboriginal
2306:South-West
2150:Birmingham
2107:Sunderland
2092:Manchester
2082:Lancashire
1925:. pp. 160.
1794:Bare-naked
1519:References
1326:soft drink
1274:hair thing
1195:Vocabulary
1124:tournament
1082:/ˈmɪrəkəl/
1078:/ˈmirəkəl/
1074:/ˈmɛrəkəl/
847:bare-naked
828:Vocabulary
778:homophones
708:using the
628:/ˈæprɪkɑt/
549:overall. "
504:, are not
291:New Jersey
75:Ingvaeonic
2989:Singapore
2951:Sri Lanka
2906:Hong Kong
2732:variation
2724:Australia
2635:Caribbean
2501:Baltimore
2384:Lunenburg
2329:Gibraltar
2246:Highlands
2124:Yorkshire
2087:Liverpool
1429:TRAP–BATH
1341:sunshower
983:groundhog
978:woodchuck
841:headscarf
646:homophone
475:rhoticity
431:Phonology
394:diphthong
327:Minnesota
323:Wisconsin
199:Northwest
177:Glottolog
165:ISO 639-3
3109:Standard
3079:Learning
3067:Nerrière
3058:Globish
2974:Malaysia
2946:Pakistan
2886:Zimbabwe
2814:Cameroon
2648:Barbados
2379:Atlantic
2347:Americas
2264:Abercraf
2233:Scotland
2212:Cornwall
2133:Midlands
2117:Teesside
2112:Tyneside
2102:Pitmatic
2065:Cheshire
2011:Dialects
1775:Babushka
1606:Northern
1440:, and a
1315:sneakers
1286:papering
1279:hair tie
1239:basement
1114:/ˈsɜrəp/
1110:/ˈsɪrəp/
1106:/ˈsirəp/
1017:phonemic
968:you guys
893:frosting
871:diagonal
858:crayfish
837:babushka
477:(though
319:Michigan
311:Nebraska
232:Help:IPA
184:nort3316
65:Germanic
3039:Engrish
3034:E-Prime
3007:Related
2994:Vietnam
2979:Myanmar
2849:Nigeria
2844:Namibia
2834:Liberia
2716:Oceania
2698:Bermuda
2670:Jamaica
2597:Chicano
2435:Midland
2421:United
2357:America
2293:Ireland
2269:Cardiff
2241:Glasgow
2190:Cockney
2070:Cumbria
2048:England
2039:Britain
2015:accents
1908:. 2009.
1881:" and "
1851:. 2017.
1819:. 2017.
1783:. 2017.
1438:tensing
1408:Harvard
1266:elastic
1247:cruller
1228:dresser
1189:thought
1070:miracle
1056:centaur
938:garbage
666:pajamas
624:apricot
561:before
522:before
516:Raising
450:(as in
442:(as in
416:versus
331:Vermont
283:Western
247:(also,
228:Unicode
90:English
3062:Gogate
2969:Brunei
2881:Uganda
2864:accent
2839:Malawi
2807:Africa
2782:accent
2737:accent
2680:Samaná
2653:Bequia
2472:accent
2445:Boston
2423:States
2406:Quebec
2366:Canada
2355:North
2311:Ulster
2301:Dublin
2217:Dorset
2075:Barrow
2037:Great
2028:Europe
1969:
1600:
1579:
1442:backed
1381:Boston
1302:rotary
1290:TP'ing
1234:cellar
1218:bureau
1211:stream
1177:caught
1161:/veɪs/
1142:/veɪz/
1130:(like
1048:vowel
1040:vowel
1037:FLEECE
1011:, and
808:vowel
806:FLEECE
784:vowel
766:hoarse
732:vowel
712:vowel
693:/poʊm/
660:/kræn/
656:crayon
579:Boston
545:, and
502:bought
494:pawned
418:caught
382:rhotic
345:) and
333:, and
313:, and
85:Anglic
39:Region
3104:Plain
3019:Basic
2941:Nepal
2929:India
2829:Kenya
2824:Ghana
2789:Palau
2749:South
2592:Cajun
2533:Texas
2528:Older
2508:South
2479:North
2455:Maine
2274:Gower
2256:Wales
2172:South
2057:North
1879:Brook
1705:(PDF)
1672::389)
1446:START
1436:happY
1431:split
1416:NURSE
1333:stoop
1272:, or
1205:brook
1165:space
1150:stays
1146:/vɑz/
1128:/tɔr/
1126:with
1102:syrup
1096:shout
1092:shoot
1088:route
962:stone
956:(the
942:trash
898:icing
865:crust
851:naked
814:]
810:[
802:creek
790:]
786:[
762:horse
738:]
734:[
730:GOOSE
718:]
714:[
642:/bɛn/
496:, or
452:goose
392:as a
2895:Asia
2772:Fiji
2759:West
2675:Saba
2540:West
2460:West
2450:East
2013:and
1967:ISBN
1883:Runs
1811:Futz
1764::80)
1752::81)
1740::80)
1660::81)
1598:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1501:and
1405:tony
1387:and
1322:soda
1185:loss
1181:flaw
1154:spas
1138:vase
1132:tore
1122:and
1120:tour
1060:four
958:seed
905:futz
774:wore
772:and
764:and
710:FOOT
706:roof
704:and
702:root
697:dome
689:poem
684:beef
638:been
595:The
559:/aʊ/
557:and
555:/aɪ/
520:/aɪ/
500:and
492:and
490:pond
458:, sh
440:/oʊ/
404:and
390:/aɪ/
299:Ohio
285:and
2017:of
1938:."
1885:".
1864:".
1862:Pit
1845:".
1813:".
1796:".
1777:".
1352:(a
1288:or
1226:or
1173:all
1152:or
1144:or
1140:as
1108:or
1104:as
1076:or
1072:as
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1050:/ɪ/
1046:KIT
1042:/i/
972:you
960:or
954:pit
907:or
873:or
782:KIT
770:war
768:or
668:as
650:Ben
644:(a
640:as
626:as
518:of
498:bot
454:, t
448:/u/
414:cot
349:.
243:or
214:IPA
3126::
1965:.
1961:.
1902:.
1713:^
1612:".
1608:)
1268:,
1262:),
1187:,
1183:,
1179:,
1175:,
1007:,
611:.
541:,
534:.
460:oe
456:oo
364:,
360:,
329:,
325:,
321:,
305:,
301:,
293:,
281:,
277:,
2003:e
1996:t
1989:v
1975:.
1877:"
1860:"
1841:"
1809:"
1792:"
1773:"
1356:)
1328:)
1310:)
1298:)
1282:)
1242:)
1230:)
1214:)
1167:)
1134:)
1116:)
1098:)
1084:)
1066:)
1052:)
986:)
974:)
944:)
930:/
927:s
924:t
921:ʌ
918:f
915:/
911:(
901:)
889:)
853:)
812:i
788:ɪ
736:u
716:ʊ
652:)
634:)
589:.
479:r
471:r
469:"
234:.
170:–
23:.
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