464:
Yugoslavia — Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo and Macedonia. This was the first war crimes court established by the UN as well as the first international war crimes tribunal since the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals. The tribunal was established by the UN Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Since its inception, the ICTY has made precedent-setting decisions on mass atrocity crimes, including the precept that an individual's position does not protect them from prosecution. It has also set the precedent for individualized guilt in order to protect entire communities from being labelled "collectively responsible." It has held that the
483:
international tribunal to deliver verdicts of genocide and the first to interpret 1948 Genocide
Convention's definition of genocide. It is also the first tribunal to define rape as a means of committing genocide as well as to hold members of media responsible for broadcasts as a tool of genocide. The ICTR's last trial judgement was on December 20, 2012 and is now working on appeals only. Since it opened in 1995, of the 93 individuals have been indicted by the ICTR, 62 have been found guilty of international humanitarian crimes and sentenced, 10 have been referred to national jurisdictions, 2 have died prior to verdicts, 3 fugitives have been referred to the
395:
also be carried out through harassment and threats. Finally, ethnic cleansing can be carried out through violent measures including rape, torture, forced deportation, mass incarceration, killings, and attacks on political and cultural figures and sites. Much like other mass atrocity crimes, there is significant overlap between ethnic cleansing and the previously mentioned acts. It can be tried as a crime against humanity or, specifically during armed conflict, a war crime. Its relationship with genocide is particularly complicated due to the overlap in the intent to target a particular "national, ethnical, racial or religious group."
434:(through ratification of the Rome Statute or otherwise) and to situations referred to it by the UN Security Council. Despite the referral power of the Security Council, the Court itself is not officially affiliated with the United Nations. In order for the International Criminal Court to take a case, the state must be a signed member of the Rome Statute, as this puts a country within the jurisdiction of the Court. The ICC's jurisdiction is complementary to domestic courts. So if a perpetrator is tried at a national level court, the ICC does not intervene in the case.
527:
atrocity crimes. It additionally holds the international community responsible for holding other states' accountable for their populations. In accordance with
Chapters VI, VII, and VIII of the United Nations charter, the United Nations acknowledged at the summit its responsibility to help protect all populations through peaceful means, as well as through collective action when necessary.
72:. However, most legal scholars do not consider them to be mass atrocity crimes. While it is certainly a grave violation of international law and frequently the context in which mass atrocity crimes are committed, the crime of aggression is distinguishable because it is an attack on the territory, sovereignty, or political independence of a
214:(h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender...or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court;
1251:
International
Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States,
184:
reflects the latest consensus of the international community on the definition of crimes against humanity. The statute did not limit the definition to acts occurring in times of armed conflict, included a wider range of sexual violence as prohibited acts, and expanded the grounds on which persecution
448:
Prior to the publication of the Rome
Statute and the formation of the International Criminal Court, violators of mass atrocity crimes would be brought to justice through international tribunals. Nuremberg was the first such example of these tribunals. Held as an International Military Tribunal (IMT)
433:
The
International Criminal Court (ICC) only has jurisdiction over those who have committed crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide, or crimes of aggression. Its jurisdiction is further limited to crimes that occurred within the territory of a state that has accepted the jurisdiction of the ICC
406:
forces were "ethnic cleansing," but fell short of genocide. What distinguishes ethnic cleansing from genocide is intent. The purpose that drives ethnic cleansing is to render a specific region homogeneous through the often violent expulsion of a minority group as opposed to its destruction. So while
394:
The term "ethnic cleansing" encompasses a broad range of unlawful actions with the intent of removing a group from a specific area. This may be done through non-violent acts, such as administrative regulations on movement and preventing access to medical care, education, or humanitarian aid. It can
320:
and non-discriminatory medical care for the wounded and sick or minimum conditions of detention for prisoners of war. Conversely, acts that rise to the level of war crimes are those with a particularly grave effect on persons, objects, and important values that give rise to criminal responsibility.
254:
without exception. In addition, it has been codified and included in the jurisdiction of several international adjudicatory bodies, including the
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Criminal Court. In 1948, the
506:
be brought by states. The only mass atrocity crime that the ICJ has jurisdiction over is genocide. Its jurisdiction was established explicitly in the
Genocide Convention. Unlike the tribunals discussed above, the ICJ cannot determine individual criminal responsibility. It can clarify and interpret
482:
The
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is an international court established by the UN Security Council to prosecute individuals of genocide and other mass atrocity crimes committed in Rwanda and neighboring states between January 1, 1994 and December 31, 1994. The ICTR is the first
328:
defining restrictions on methods of warfare. The Geneva
Conventions that emerged after World War II, as well as the Additional Protocols, provide the most robust framing of the laws of armed conflict. In addition, the definition and interpretation of war crimes were developed by the Nuremberg and
246:
a particular group. This destruction may be achieved by both fatal and non-fatal acts, ranging from slavery to rape and from mass killings to forced sterilizations. Like crimes against humanity, genocide can occur in times of peace or war. Genocide is characterized, in large part, by its specific
526:
At the 2005 World Summit, the United Nations member states made a commitment to protect against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. This document is not binding legal agreement, but rather reaffirms all states' responsibility to protect their own populations from
463:
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) is the United Nations court established in 1993 to prosecute mass atrocity crimes committed in the Balkans in the 1990s. It addresses crimes committed from 1991 to 2001 against members of various ethnic groups in the former
332:
While no one document codifies all war crimes, the Rome Statute is the most recent consensus. It defines war crimes as "grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions" and lists "any of the following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant Geneva Convention"
449:
for the Nazis, Nuremberg became the first ever trial in which crimes against humanity had been held as a charge (they could not be charged with the crime of genocide, as it did not exist at the time). Of the 24 Nazi officials charged, 16 of them were found guilty of crimes against humanity.
247:
intent requirement. While many of the constitutive acts of genocide are captured by the other atrocity crimes, and in fact were tried under crimes against humanity in the Nuremberg trials, modern conceptions note that the targeting of a protected group for destruction is unique to genocide.
121:
The term "crimes against humanity" has been applied to a wide range of acts and is often seen as broader than the other three mass atrocity crimes. While crimes against humanity can include many acts that also constitute war crimes, genocide, or ethnic cleansing, it bears distinguishing
407:
the specific acts taken against a protected group may be identical, perpetrators of genocide would not be satisfied with the removal of the group if it did not render it destroyed, whereas perpetrators of an ethnic cleansing campaign would theoretically be satisfied.
329:
Tokyo tribunals, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the International Criminal Court. Like crimes against humanity and genocide, it is also customary international law.
297:
War crimes are serious violations of the laws and customs governing armed conflict. The definition has evolved over time to include actions that occur not just in war between states, but also internal armed conflicts. War crimes run parallel to
122:
characteristics. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity may be committed in times of war or peace and can only be committed against civilian populations. Unlike genocide, the acts need not be targeted against a specific group.
185:
can be committed. The statute defines crimes against humanity as any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack:
501:
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. It can hear two types of cases: contentious and advisory. Contentious cases are legal disputes between states which can
137:
that would include provisions prohibiting, punishing, and defining crimes against humanity. Despite not being the subject of a dedicated treaty, the prohibition against crimes against humanity is considered
266:
Article II of the Genocide Convention defines genocide as "...any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group":
80:
856:
1127:
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro), Judgment, 2007 I.C.J. Reports 43, ¶ 190 (Feb. 26).
1001:
149:
The term has a long history of use both in political and legal contexts. Crimes against humanity, and similar terms, were used in the 18th century and early 19th century to describe
324:
Customs governing armed conflict date back centuries, but the development and codification of the modern concept of war crimes began in the late 19th century with the drafting of
812:
1271:
896:
Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, and Charter of the International Military Tribunal, Aug. 8, 1945, art. 6(c).
724:
Crimes against humanity: Texts and titles of the draft preamble, the draft articles and the draft annex provisionally adopted by the Drafting Committee on second reading
1213:
Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, S.C. Res. 827, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827, art. 1 (May 25, 1993) (as amended July 7, 2009).
923:
Updated Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, S.C. Res. 827, U.N. Doc. S/RES/827, art. 4 (May 25, 1993) (as amended July 7, 2009).
458:
170:
484:
1405:
398:
Ethnic cleansing is often discussed in tandem with genocide. For example, the International Court of Justice determined that most of the acts committed in
1052:
359:
The United Nations Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes recognizes that the 1949 Geneva Conference protects four groups of people in armed conflict:
1448:
857:
http://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/20-publications/briefs-and-white-papers/1009-beyond-killing-gender-genocide-and-obligations-under-international-law
1002:
http://www.globaljusticecenter.net/publications/articles/861-iprotecting-safe-abortion-in-humanitarian-settings-overcoming-legal-and-policy-barriers
1018:
181:
166:
92:
843:
Raphael Lemkin, Axis Rule in Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress, p. 80, New York, NY: Howard Fertig, 1973.
414:
and General Assembly resolutions, the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and reports by UN experts.
227:(k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health.
935:
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, S.C. Res. 995, U.N. Doc. S/RES/955, art. 2 (Nov. 8, 1994) (as amended Oct 13, 2006).
536:
250:
Like crimes against humanity, the prohibition of genocide is customary international law and an established norm, meaning it is binding on all
591:
1250:
819:
477:
174:
1795:
1467:
What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
276:(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
1700:
800:
Women, War, and Words: The Gender Component in the Permanent International Criminal Court’s Definition of Crimes Against Humanity
1501:
1441:
646:
Press Release, International Criminal Court, Assembly activates Court’s jurisdiction over crime of aggression (Dec. 15, 2017),
380:
of the Geneva Conventions added more protected groups, including women, children, civilian medical personnel, and journalists.
908:
Int’l Law Comm’n, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind with commentaries, 48th Sess. p. 44 (1996),
880:
Int’l Law Comm’n, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind with commentaries, 48th Sess. p. 44 (1996),
1406:
http://globaljusticecenter.net/blog/19-publications/1147-q-a-the-international-court-of-justice-the-genocide-of-the-rohingya
852:
Sareta Ashraph, Beyond Killing: Gender, Genocide, & Obligations Under International Law 3 (Global Justice Center 2018),
507:
the Genocide Convention as well as hold states accountable for the commission or the failure to prevent or punish genocide.
1669:
17:
1828:
1780:
1551:
686:
201:(e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law;
620:
325:
1434:
411:
134:
1019:
https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/war-and-law/protected-persons/prisoners-war/overview-detainees-protected-persons.htm
1833:
1730:
1486:
496:
299:
104:
912:
884:
410:
Although ethnic cleansing has not been formally codified in an international treaty, the term has appeared in
55:
1770:
1388:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide art. 9, Dec. 9, 1948, 78 U.N.T.S. 277.
868:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide art. 1, Dec. 9, 1948, 78 U.N.T.S. 277.
556:
428:
130:
69:
1176:
782:
1596:
1506:
762:
139:
670:
1473:
972:
35:
710:
1818:
1760:
740:
546:
521:
953:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Dec. 9, 1948, 78 U.N.T.S. 277.
306:. International humanitarian law encompasses a wide range of treatment that different categories of
1859:
1775:
1740:
1685:
1571:
208:
68:
are considered by some to be mass atrocity crimes and they are included in the jurisdiction of the
1141:
1481:
568:
116:
84:
47:
1511:
1496:
1116:
Genocide and the International Court of Justice: Finally, a Duty to Prevent the Crime of Crimes
984:
Guénaél Mettraux, International Crimes and the Ad Hoc Tribunals (Oxford University Press 2005).
399:
1823:
1631:
1621:
1586:
1039:
58:(NGOs) working in the field, despite not yet being recognized as an independent crime under
1750:
1710:
1591:
796:
The Politics of Gender Justice at the International Criminal Court: Legacies and Legitimacy
944:
Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court, art. 6, July 17, 1998, 2187 U.N.T.S. 3.
726:, 71st Sess., Apr. 29-June 7, July 8- Aug. 9, 2019, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/L.935 (May 15, 2019).
468:
was genocide as defined by international law. The ICTY has indicted over 160 individuals.
8:
1800:
1521:
1516:
1491:
541:
465:
317:
256:
65:
1309:
Prosecutor v. Nahimana et al. (Media case), Case No. ICTR-99-52, Judgment, Dec. 3, 2003.
1838:
1715:
1641:
1536:
995:
Protecting safe abortion in humanitarian settings: overcoming legal and policy barriers
303:
54:
is widely regarded as a fourth mass atrocity crime by legal scholars and international
1241:
Prosecution v. Radislav Krstic, ICTY Case No. IT-98-33, Trial Judgment (Aug. 2, 2001).
650:
1745:
1705:
1658:
1606:
1531:
310:
158:
59:
1163:
1099:
161:. Since then the term has been used and defined in similar, but variant ways by the
1735:
1651:
1616:
443:
389:
243:
162:
51:
157:. Its first formal use in international law was a 1915 declaration condemning the
1813:
1765:
1725:
1626:
1576:
1255:
818:. International Criminal Court. Entered into force on 1 July 2002. Archived from
624:
260:
143:
1420:
2005 World Summit Outcome, G.A. Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/1 (Oct. 24, 2005).
1136:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect,
1034:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect,
757:
United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect,
737:
The International Crimes Against Humanity Treaty: A Call to Action for Advocates
38:
that falls under the historically three legally defined international crimes of
1755:
1680:
1636:
1323:"The ICTR in Brief | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
337:
Willful killing, or causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health
251:
125:
Crimes against humanity have not been codified under a dedicated international
73:
1015:
Prisoners of War and Detainees Protected under International Humanitarian Law,
1853:
1785:
1720:
1601:
1402:
Q&A: The International Court of Justice& the Genocide of the Rohingya
96:
1200:, United nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,
617:
452:
1695:
1690:
1581:
1458:
1426:
1400:
Global Justice Center and Global Center for the Responsibility to Protect,
913:
http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/7_4_1996.pdf
885:
http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/7_4_1996.pdf
692:. Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948.
687:"The Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"
632:
79:
The primary international laws defining mass atrocity crimes are the 1948
1561:
551:
314:
259:(also known as the Genocide Convention), a dedicated treaty establishing
154:
27:
International crimes of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
1283:
United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals,
1196:
United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals,
1566:
1322:
1288:
783:
http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Crimes/CrimesAgainstHumanity
377:
313:
are entitled to, such as the humane treatment of enemy civilians under
88:
763:
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/crimes-against-humanity.shtml
1546:
671:
http://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/explore/icc-crimes/crime-aggression
292:
221:
43:
1300:
Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, Sept. 2, 1998
1225:
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Outreach,
973:
https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule156
81:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
1808:
1646:
1376:
1350:
711:
https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/crimes-against-humanity/
346:
Forcing a prisoner of war to serve in the forces of a hostile power
237:
207:(g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy,
100:
99:
of the International Criminal Court, ad hoc international criminal
39:
741:
https://www.madre.org/international-crimes-against-humanity-treaty
592:"Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes: A Tool for Prevention"
279:(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
273:(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
1611:
1556:
1541:
1526:
366:
The wounded, sick, and shipwrecked members of armed forces at sea
352:
Unlawful deportation, confinement or population transfer|transfer
282:(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
150:
487:, and 2 indictments were withdrawn before their trials started.
1272:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
1201:
1142:
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/ethnic-cleansing.shtml
126:
471:
403:
242:
At its most essential, "genocide" is acts committed with the
211:, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity;
597:. United Nations Office of the Prevention of Genocide. 2014.
614:
Background Briefing: Defining the Four Mass Atrocity Crimes
1040:
https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml
459:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
453:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
171:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
146:, meaning it is binding on all states without exception.
343:
Unlawful wanton destruction or appropriation of property
1118:, 2(2) Genocide Studies and Prevention 101, 109 (2007).
993:
Akila Radhakrishnan, Elena Sarver, & Grant Shubin,
485:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
257:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide
798:, 27 Eur. J. Int’l L. 1176 (2017); Brook Sari Moshan,
735:
G.A. Res. 73/265 ¶ 43, U.N. Doc. A/RES/73/265; MADRE,
651:
https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1350
198:(d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population;
1819:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
1227:The Tribunal’s Accomplishments in Justice and Law,
1053:"ICRC databases on international humanitarian law"
813:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
665:, Coalition for the International Criminal Court,
1164:https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/how-the-court-works
1100:https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-cleansing
612:Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect,
490:
363:The wounded and sick in armed forces in the field
1851:
876:
874:
422:
159:massacre of Armenians by the Turkish government
627:; Global Action against Mass Atrocity Crimes,
537:Atrocity crimes during the Russo-Ukrainian War
1442:
1083:Ethnic Cleansing - An Attempt at Methodology,
133:recently submitted a draft convention to the
1456:
1262:Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda
997:, 25 Reproductive Health Matters 40 (2017),
871:
681:
679:
586:
584:
569:The Perceived Mass Atrocities Dataset (PMAD)
515:
263:obligations to act in the face of genocide.
255:United Nations General Assembly adopted the
1487:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
1252:between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994
1098:, Encyclopædia Britannica (Feb. 12, 2004),
349:Depriving a prisoner of war of a fair trial
1449:
1435:
1013:International Committee of the Red Cross,
967:International Committee of the Red Cross,
478:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
472:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
175:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
110:
676:
618:http://www.globalr2p.org/publications/688
581:
95:of the International Criminal Court. The
633:https://www.gaamac.org/web-pages/view/16
510:
1701:Right to an adequate standard of living
107:further define and enforce these laws.
14:
1852:
1502:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
1416:
1414:
1396:
1394:
1317:
1315:
1221:
1219:
217:(i) Enforced disappearance of persons;
1430:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1030:
1028:
1026:
963:
961:
959:
931:
929:
773:
771:
417:
1289:https://unictr.irmct.org/en/tribunal
1229:3 Justice in Transition (Feb. 2006).
805:
802:, 22 Fordham Int’l L. J. 154 (1998).
753:
751:
749:
701:
699:
608:
606:
604:
177:, and International Criminal Court.
153:and atrocities committed as part of
1411:
1391:
1312:
1216:
1017:Protected Persons (Oct. 29, 2010),
437:
383:
24:
1183:
1147:
1070:
1023:
969:Rule 156. Definition of War Crimes
956:
926:
768:
562:
302:— both contained primarily in the
25:
1871:
1622:Right to refuse medical treatment
746:
707:What are Crimes Against Humanity?
696:
601:
270:(a) Killing members of the group;
1377:https://www.icj-cij.org/en/court
1371:International Court of Justice,
1351:https://www.icj-cij.org/en/court
1345:International Court of Justice,
616:, Publications (Aug. 15, 2018),
1382:
1365:
1356:
1339:
1303:
1294:
1277:
1244:
1232:
1207:
1179:. International Crime Database.
1169:
1130:
1121:
1105:
1088:
1045:
1007:
987:
978:
947:
938:
917:
899:
890:
862:
846:
837:
788:
777:International Crimes Database,
135:United Nations General Assembly
1834:Sexual and reproductive health
1731:Right to a healthy environment
1158:International Criminal Court,
729:
716:
656:
637:
497:International Court of Justice
491:International Court of Justice
300:international humanitarian law
105:International Court of Justice
56:non-governmental organizations
13:
1:
1751:Right to public participation
574:
340:Torture or inhumane treatment
286:
1771:Right to science and culture
1202:http://www.icty.org/en/about
557:Worldwide Atrocities Dataset
429:International Criminal Court
423:International Criminal Court
131:International Law Commission
76:rather than on individuals.
70:International Criminal Court
7:
1597:Right to keep and bear arms
1507:Freedom from discrimination
530:
231:
140:customary international law
10:
1876:
519:
494:
475:
456:
441:
426:
387:
290:
235:
114:
36:international criminal law
1794:
1761:Right to rest and leisure
1667:
1472:
1465:
1177:"Crimes against humanity"
547:Humanitarian intervention
522:Responsibility to protect
516:Responsibility to protect
466:mass murder at Srebrenica
89:1977 Additional Protocols
1776:Right to social security
1741:Right to Internet access
1686:Equal pay for equal work
1572:Presumption of innocence
1094:George J. Andreopoulos,
629:Prevention of Atrocities
1652:right to be a candidate
1482:Equality before the law
1085:5 EJIL 342, 345 (1994).
779:Crimes Against Humanity
759:Crimes Against Humanity
667:The Crime of Aggression
117:Crimes against humanity
111:Crimes against humanity
85:1949 Geneva Conventions
48:crimes against humanity
1512:Freedom of information
1497:Freedom of association
209:enforced sterilization
1824:Intersex human rights
1632:Right of self-defense
1587:Right to a fair trial
1353:; UN Charter art. 92.
761:, Definitions,
705:Trial International,
669:, ICC Crimes (2018),
511:Diplomatic agreements
326:The Hague Conventions
1711:Right to development
1592:Right to family life
1542:Freedom from torture
1527:Freedom from slavery
1114:William A. Schabas,
378:Additional Protocols
318:military occupations
66:Crimes of aggression
18:Mass atrocity crimes
1522:Freedom of religion
1517:Freedom of movement
1492:Freedom of assembly
1474:Civil and political
1160:How the Court works
542:Atrocity propaganda
412:UN Security Council
142:and an established
1839:Right to sexuality
1716:Right to education
1642:Security of person
1537:Freedom of thought
1362:UN Charter ch. 14.
722:Int’l Law Comm’n,
623:2019-12-01 at the
418:Legal jurisdiction
304:Geneva Conventions
192:(b) Extermination;
163:Nuremberg Tribunal
34:is a violation of
1847:
1846:
1746:Right to property
1706:Right to clothing
1691:Fair remuneration
1659:Right to homeland
1607:Right to petition
1532:Freedom of speech
1327:unictr.unmict.org
1285:The ICTR in Brief
1081:Drazen Petrovic,
971:, Customary IHL,
794:Louise Chappell,
781:, Crimes (2013),
311:protected persons
244:intent to destroy
220:(j) The crime of
60:international law
16:(Redirected from
1867:
1736:Right to housing
1670:Economic, social
1617:Right to protest
1612:Right to privacy
1451:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1409:
1398:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1369:
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1360:
1354:
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1334:
1333:
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1307:
1301:
1298:
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1281:
1275:
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1242:
1236:
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1223:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1156:
1145:
1138:Ethnic Cleansing
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1096:Ethnic cleansing
1092:
1086:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1032:
1021:
1011:
1005:
991:
985:
982:
976:
965:
954:
951:
945:
942:
936:
933:
924:
921:
915:
903:
897:
894:
888:
878:
869:
866:
860:
850:
844:
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
825:on 18 March 2018
824:
817:
809:
803:
792:
786:
775:
766:
755:
744:
733:
727:
720:
714:
703:
694:
693:
691:
683:
674:
660:
654:
641:
635:
631:, About GAAMAC,
610:
599:
598:
596:
588:
444:Nuremberg trials
438:Nuremberg trials
390:Ethnic cleansing
384:Ethnic cleansing
372:Civilian persons
369:Prisoners of war
195:(c) Enslavement;
52:Ethnic cleansing
21:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1860:Atrocity crimes
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1814:Family planning
1799:
1790:
1766:Right of return
1726:Right to health
1674:
1671:
1663:
1627:Right to resist
1577:Right of asylum
1468:
1461:
1455:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
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1340:
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1308:
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1245:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1162:, About,
1157:
1148:
1140:, Definitions,
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1038:, Definitions,
1033:
1024:
1012:
1008:
992:
988:
983:
979:
966:
957:
952:
948:
943:
939:
934:
927:
922:
918:
906:See, generally,
904:
900:
895:
891:
879:
872:
867:
863:
851:
847:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
815:
811:
810:
806:
793:
789:
776:
769:
756:
747:
734:
730:
721:
717:
704:
697:
689:
685:
684:
677:
661:
657:
644:See, generally,
642:
638:
625:Wayback Machine
611:
602:
594:
590:
589:
582:
577:
565:
563:Further reading
533:
524:
518:
513:
499:
493:
480:
474:
461:
455:
446:
440:
431:
425:
420:
392:
386:
355:Taking hostages
295:
289:
240:
234:
119:
113:
91:, and the 1998
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1781:Right to water
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1756:Right of reply
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1681:Digital rights
1677:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1637:Right to truth
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
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1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
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1509:
1504:
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1489:
1484:
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1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1410:
1390:
1381:
1364:
1355:
1338:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1276:
1243:
1231:
1215:
1206:
1198:About the ICTY
1182:
1168:
1146:
1129:
1120:
1104:
1087:
1069:
1044:
1022:
1006:
986:
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836:
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767:
745:
728:
715:
709:, What We Do,
695:
675:
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636:
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578:
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572:
571:
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561:
560:
559:
554:
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520:Main article:
517:
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495:Main article:
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489:
476:Main article:
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457:Main article:
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442:Main article:
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291:Main article:
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236:Main article:
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199:
196:
193:
190:
167:Tokyo Tribunal
115:Main article:
112:
109:
32:atrocity crime
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1817:
1815:
1812:
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1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1786:Right to work
1784:
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1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
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1759:
1757:
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1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Right to food
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
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1694:
1692:
1689:
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1628:
1625:
1623:
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1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Right to life
1600:
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1404:(July 2019),
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1801:reproductive
1696:Labor rights
1672:and cultural
1582:Right to die
1459:human rights
1457:Substantive
1401:
1384:
1372:
1367:
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1346:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
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1061:. Retrieved
1059:. 2010-03-23
1057:www.icrc.org
1056:
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1035:
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999:available at
998:
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909:
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882:available at
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854:available at
853:
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827:. Retrieved
820:the original
807:
799:
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778:
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648:available at
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375:
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261:multilateral
249:
241:
204:(f) Torture;
182:Rome Statute
179:
148:
124:
120:
93:Rome Statute
78:
64:
31:
29:
1829:LGBT rights
1562:Nationality
1552:LGBT rights
552:State crime
315:belligerent
189:(a) Murder.
155:colonialism
1567:Personhood
1332:2016-04-26
1112:See, e.g.,
1063:2016-04-26
1036:War Crimes
575:References
287:War crimes
103:, and the
87:and their
44:war crimes
1547:Legal aid
1373:The Court
1347:The Court
376:The 1977
293:War crime
222:apartheid
101:tribunals
1854:Category
1809:Abortion
1647:Suffrage
829:26 April
739:(2019),
621:Archived
531:See also
238:Genocide
232:Genocide
40:genocide
1557:Liberty
151:slavery
1796:Sexual
1256:French
400:Bosnia
252:states
129:. The
127:treaty
83:, the
46:, and
823:(PDF)
816:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
595:(PDF)
74:state
1266:TPIR
1239:See,
831:2016
504:only
404:Serb
308:only
180:The
144:norm
1798:and
663:See
402:by
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224:;
20:)
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