25:
1012:
genetic studies indicate that, in prehistoric times, more men than women lived and died without ever reproducing. "It would be shocking if these vastly different reproductive odds for men and women failed to produce some personality differences," he said in one speech. Baumeister concludes in his book, "Most cultures see individual men as more expendable than individual women."
102:
952:
Anthropologists note that "most societies in the ethnographic record" allow polygyny, in which a man may have more than one female partner but a woman may not or at least is not encouraged to have more than one male partner. Per the male expendability model, it therefore makes sense for societies to
948:
and childbirth. Male expendability takes the idea that one or a few men could therefore father children with many women such that a given population could still grow if it had many child-bearing women and only a few men but not the other way around. Anthropologist
Ernestine Friedl specifically cited
890:
standpoint, one male may be able to impregnate or otherwise father offspring with many females. In humans, this would mean that a population with many reproducing women and few reproducing men would be able to grow more easily than a population with many reproducing men and few reproducing women.
1011:
argues that it is common within cultures that the most dangerous jobs are male dominated; job-related deaths are higher in those occupations. Men make up the great majority of construction workers, truck drivers, police, fire fighters, and armed service members. Baumeister also notes that some
1052:, in which an all-male crew of 118 personnel was lost. He states, "If 118 women had been killed, alarm bells regarding discrimination against women would probably have gone off around the world." He states that able-bodied males were viewed as a more legitimate target during wars in
987:, with male expendability being corollary to the sexual objectification of women. This form of male expendability includes the social expectation that men will step in to defend others from danger, work the most dangerous jobs, and risk death or serious injury by doing so.
907:, gave the tasks of hunting and warfare to men, employing women very sparingly or not at all. She hypothesized that this could be because hunting and warfare required the men to be away at home for long, unpredictable periods, which was not
1249:...hunting is a more dangerous occupation than gathering and should therefore be allocated to the more expendable sex, seeing as it is far easier to replenish a population with one man and ten women than it is with ten men and one woman.
1592:
911:
in which many women were heavily occupied and could be because fewer men would be needed to replenish the population, given that women in horticultural societies were limited to about one child every three years.
870:
than those of female humans because they are less necessary for population replacement. Anthropologists have used the concept of male expendibility in their research since the 1970s to study such things as
949:
the slow average reproductive rates of women in extant hunter-gatherer and horticultural societies of the 1970s (one child in three years) as a reason why this might be important.
1566:
928:
differences in the roles of the sexes in procreation translate into societal differences in the level of bodily risk considered appropriate for men and women. In
903:
in 1975, though she gave it no particular name. Friedl noted that most hunter-gatherer and horticultural groups that she had studied for her book,
953:
assign the most dangerous jobs to men rather than to women. Anthropologists have used the idea of male expendability to study such subjects as
35:
968:
Dundes, Streiff, and
Streiff link the concept to a male fear of being obsolete in reproduction with inspiration from feminist philosopher
899:
According to Carol
Mukhopadhyay and Patricia Higgins, the concept of male expendability was first described by fellow anthropologist
1338:"Elucidating evolutionary principles with the traditional Mosuo: Adaptive benefits and origins of matriliny and "walking marriages""
789:
842:
1506:
43:
1267:
1471:"Why the Creation of a Better World is Premised on Achieving Gender Equity and on Celebrating Multiple Gender Diversities"
1091:
908:
814:
706:
1546:
1692:
1623:
1242:
1217:
1101:
751:
664:
370:
68:
1774:
1641:"Strong gender differences in reproductive success variance, and the times to the most recent common ancestors"
771:
554:
1026:
that male expendability is the result of women being the bottleneck of reproductive capacity in a population.
1789:
804:
794:
1713:
1111:
799:
392:
1759:
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1038:
654:
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482:
345:
1131:
835:
809:
452:
432:
360:
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1007:, with male expendability being corollary to the sexual objectification of women. Social psychologist
1121:
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880:
525:
264:
199:
1784:
1045:'s belief in male expendability contributed to their delay in seeking international help during the
1779:
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1435:"Storm Power, an Icy Tower and Elsa's Bower: The Winds of Change in Disney's Frozen"
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Carol R. Ember; Milagro
Escobar; Noah Rossen; Abbe McCarter (November 19, 2019).
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Is There
Anything Good About Men?: How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men
1520:
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Is There
Anything Good About Men? How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men
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134:
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945:
866:, is the idea that the lives of male humans are of less concern to a
622:
617:
549:
1433:
Dundes, Lauren; Streiff, Madeline; Streiff, Zachary (31 May 2018).
1263:"The Expendable Male Animal, with a Sociobiological Interpretation"
1106:
954:
872:
1653:
1640:
1383:
1208:
Ernestine Friedl (1975). George
Spindler; Louise Spindler (eds.).
925:
659:
639:
607:
397:
1567:"Review: Is There Anything Good About Men? by Roy F. Baumeister"
1153:"Anthropological studies of women's status revisited: 1977–1987"
634:
1638:
1593:"Is There Anything Good About Men? And Other Tricky Questions"
937:
933:
921:
932:, it requires far less time and energy for a man to produce
1235:
Biocultural
Evolution: The Anthropology of Human Prehistory
644:
1498:
Fighting for life: contest, sexuality, and consciousness
1384:
Mattison, S.; Quinlan, R. J.; Hare, D. (July 15, 2019).
1335:
101:
1432:
1613:
1390:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1746:
1336:Jose C. Yong; Norman P. Li (December 19, 2022).
1207:
1151:Carol Mukhopadhyay and Patricia Higgins (1988).
1527:
1687:. Ludwig von Mises Institute. pp. 32–33.
1275:(4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 559–564.
886:The concept comes from the idea that, from a
836:
1590:
1555:
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909:compatible with the care of young children
843:
829:
1652:
1639:Maroussia Favre; Didier Sornette (2012).
1450:
1409:
1353:
1232:
1212:. Holt Rinehart and Winston. p. 59.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1711:(March 2002). "A theory of gendercide".
1203:
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1003:to women, it assigns to men the role of
983:to women and assigns to men the role of
49:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1308:
1306:
1210:Women and Men: An Anthropologist's View
905:Women and Men: An Anthropologist's View
1747:
1707:
1682:
1468:
1260:
1198:
1034:Norwegian sociologist and scholar of
990:
1501:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1464:
1462:
1315:"Gender – Human Relations Area File"
1303:
1268:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
979:cognitive frame assigns the role of
18:
1494:
1329:
1169:10.1146/ANNUREV.AN.17.100188.002333
1092:Compatibility-with-childcare theory
924:stems from the assumption that the
13:
1488:
995:Ivana Milojević argues that while
920:The idea of male expendability in
14:
1801:
1459:
1144:
1102:Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)
1591:John Tierney (August 20, 2007).
1386:"The expendable male hypothesis"
881:division of labor by gender role
100:
23:
1701:
1676:
1632:
1607:
1584:
1237:. Waveland Press. p. 224.
860:relative expendability argument
1645:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1426:
1261:Etkin, William (Summer 1979).
1254:
1226:
790:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
1157:Annual Review of Anthropology
1137:
944:than for a woman to complete
1714:Journal of Genocide Research
1233:Boulanger, Clare L. (2012).
1112:Missing white woman syndrome
7:
1685:The Case for Discrimination
1614:Baumeister, Roy F. (2010).
1541:. Oxford University Press.
1075:
1029:
1024:The Case for Discrimination
963:division of labor by gender
915:
10:
1806:
1663:10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.06.026
1478:Journal of Futures Studies
1132:Women-are-wonderful effect
864:expendable male hypothesis
810:List of indigenous peoples
16:Hypothesis in anthropology
1727:10.1080/14623520120113883
1683:Block, Walter E. (2010).
1469:Ivana, Milojević (2012).
1122:Sexual division of labour
1041:argues that the male-led
894:
555:Cross-cultural comparison
1097:Economy-of-effort theory
727:Historical particularism
32:This article or section
1775:Gender-related violence
1709:Holter, Øystein Gullvåg
1495:Ong, Walter J. (1981).
1355:10.1556/2055.2022.00017
560:Participant observation
1402:10.1098/rstb.2018.0080
1039:Øystein Gullvåg Holter
702:Cross-cultural studies
1452:10.3390/socsci7060086
1342:Culture and Evolution
1281:10.1353/pbm.1979.0026
36:synthesis of material
1790:Violence against men
999:assigns the role of
795:Anthropology by year
732:Boasian anthropology
707:Cultural materialism
692:Actor–network theory
290:Paleoanthropological
1087:Bateman's principle
747:Performance studies
640:Kinship and descent
580:Cultural relativism
230:Paleoethnobotanical
205:Ethnoarchaeological
1760:Human reproduction
1571:The Globe and Mail
1565:(18 August 2010).
1396:(1780): 20180080.
1050:submarine disaster
1043:Russian government
1016:Anarcho-capitalist
991:Theory and concept
942:sexual intercourse
930:human reproduction
856:Male expendability
767:Post-structuralism
526:Research framework
46:to the main topic.
40:verifiably mention
34:possibly contains
1573:. Toronto, Canada
1508:978-0-8014-6629-8
1317:. Yale University
853:
852:
752:Political economy
575:Thick description
372:Political economy
235:Zooarchaeological
195:Bioarchaeological
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1127:Strength theory
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1005:violence object
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985:violence object
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897:
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820:
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785:
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757:Practice theory
697:Alliance theory
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674:Postcolonialism
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483:Anthropological
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1563:McElroy, Wendy
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1548:978-0195374100
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1523:on 2019-01-02.
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1117:Reverse sexism
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1009:Roy Baumeister
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959:matrilineality
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888:reproductivity
877:matrilinearity
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1392:(Full text).
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