3324:
5207:
2137:
6907:
4203:
6005:
2399:
3824:
3468:
3793:
6127:
2388:
7764:"In other words, once nontextual evidence is taken into account the picture changes dramatically. Rather than being datable to the beginning of the common era, this strand of Mahayana Buddhism, at least, appeared to have no visible impact on Indian Buddhist cult practice until the 2nd century, and even then what impact it had was extremely isolated and marginal, and had no lasting or long-term consequences – there were no further references to Amitabha in Indian image inscriptions. Almost exactly the same pattern occurs (concerning Mahayana) on an even broader scale when nontextual evidence is considered."
53:
31:
2928:
3444:. As such, according to Williams, "Mahāyāna is not as such an institutional identity. Rather, it is inner motivation and vision, and this inner vision can be found in anyone regardless of their institutional position." Thus, instead of a specific school or sect, Mahāyāna is a "family term" or a religious tendency, which is united by "a vision of the ultimate goal of attaining full Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings (the 'bodhisattva ideal') and also (or eventually) a belief that Buddhas are still around and can be contacted (hence the possibility of an ongoing revelation)."
5521:
7237:
7751:"What is particularly disconcerting here is the disconnect between expectation and reality: We know from Chinese translations that large numbers of Mahāyāna sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century. But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different – in fact seemingly older – ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported.,
10210:"Though the Buddha had taught they were not in circulation in the world of men at all for many centuries, there being no competent teachers and no intelligent enough students: the sutras were however preserved in the Dragon World and other non-human circles, and when in the 2nd century AD adequate teachers suddenly appeared in India in large numbers the texts were fetched and circulated. ... However, it is clear that the historical tradition here recorded belongs to North India and for the most part to Nalanda (in Magadha)." AK Warder,
5066:, Madhyamaka claims that while one can speak of things existing in a conventional, relative sense, they do not exist inherently in an ultimate sense. Madhyamaka also argues that emptiness itself is also "empty", it does not have an absolute inherent existence of its own. It is also not to be understood as a transcendental absolute reality. Instead, the emptiness theory is merely a useful concept that should not be clung to. In fact, for Madhyamaka, since everything is empty of true existence, all things are just conceptualizations (
3809:
3453:
87:
3312:
2810:
5803:
2599:
7725:"The most important evidence – in fact the only evidence – for situating the emergence of the Mahayana around the beginning of the common era was not Indian evidence at all, but came from China. Already by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, there was a small, seemingly idiosyncratic collection of substantial Mahayana sutras translated into what Erik Zürcher calls 'broken Chinese' by an Indoscythian, whose Indian name has been reconstructed as Lokaksema."
977:
3124:
19515:
14513:
2830:
14524:
4948:
2160:
19525:
2459:
11922:
11909:
2424:
8292:"One of the most frequent assertions about the Mahayana is that it was a lay-influenced, or even lay-inspired and dominated, movement that arose in response to the increasingly closed, cold, and scholastic character of monastic Buddhism. This, however, now appears to be wrong on all counts...much of its program being in fact intended and designed to allow laymen and women and donors the opportunity and means to make religious merit."
2465:
2436:
5506:
2347:
advocate mnemic/oral/aural practices more frequently than they do written ones." Regarding the forest hypothesis, he points out that only a few Mahāyāna sutras directly advocate forest dwelling, while the others either do not mention it or see it as unhelpful, promoting easier practices such as "merely listening to the sutra, or thinking of particular
Buddhas, that they claim can enable one to be reborn in special, luxurious '
2430:
1558:
2454:
2443:
6784:
11899:
2449:
3999:
5781:
4345:
1928:
7777:"There are, it seems, very few things that can be said with certainty about Mahayana Buddhism...But apart from the fact that it can be said with some certainty that the Buddhism embedded in China, Korea, Tibet, and Japan is Mahayana Buddhism, it is no longer clear what else can be said with certainty about Mahayana Buddhism itself, and especially about its earlier, and presumably formative, period in India.",
4370:
3640:
6145:
2572:
5001:
7010:. However, historically, most temples, institutions and Buddhist practitioners usually did not belong to any single "sect" (as is common in Japanese Buddhism), but draw from the various different elements of Chinese Buddhist thought and practice. This non-sectarian and eclectic aspect of Chinese Buddhism as a whole has persisted from its historical beginnings into its modern practice.
4959:
2282:). Because of such evidence, scholars like Paul Harrison and Paul Williams argue that the movement was not sectarian and was possibly pan-buddhist. There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for aspiring bodhisattvas.
5385:, and therefore, they can be said to be the word of the Buddha in this sense. This idea that whatever is "well spoken" is the Buddha's word can be traced to the earliest Buddhist texts, but it is interpreted more widely in Mahāyāna. From the Mahāyāna point of view, a teaching is the "word of the Buddha" because it is in accord with the
2868:). According to Walser, "the fifth and sixth centuries appear to have been a watershed for the production of Mahāyāna manuscripts." Likewise it is only in the 4th and 5th centuries CE that epigraphic evidence shows some kind of popular support for Mahāyāna, including some possible royal support at the kingdom of
2339:, states that Mahāyāna arose among a number of loosely connected book worshiping groups of monastics, who studied, memorized, copied and revered particular Mahāyāna sūtras. Schopen thinks they were inspired by cult shrines where Mahāyāna sutras were kept. Schopen also argued that these groups mostly rejected
5360:
Indian Mahāyāna
Buddhists faced various criticisms from non-Mahāyānists regarding the authenticity of their teachings. The main critique they faced was that Mahāyāna teachings had not been taught by the Buddha, but were invented by later figures. Numerous Mahāyāna texts discuss this issue and attempt
4308:
explains it as "not grasping at form, not grasping at sensation, perception, volitions and cognition". This includes not grasping or taking up even correct
Buddhist ideas or mental signs (such as "not-self", "emptiness", bodhicitta, vows), since these things are ultimately all empty concepts as well.
7361:
population, as well as by other
Himalayan peoples in Bhutan, Ladakh and Nepal. Post-1980s though, Northern Buddhism has seen a revival in both Tibet and Mongolia due to more liberal government policies towards religious freedom. Northern Buddhism is also now practiced in the Western world by western
6382:
As noted by Paul
Williams, one feature of Mahāyāna sutras (especially earlier ones) is "the phenomenon of laudatory self-reference – the lengthy praise of the sutra itself, the immense merits to be obtained from treating even a verse of it with reverence, and the nasty penalties which will accrue in
6374:
The practice of meditation and visualization of
Buddhas has been seen by some scholars as a possible explanation for the source of certain Mahāyāna sutras which are seen traditionally as direct visionary revelations from the Buddhas in their pure lands. Paul Harrison has also noted the importance of
5364:
One idea that Mahāyāna texts put forth is that Mahāyāna teachings were taught later because most people were unable to understand the Mahāyāna sūtras at the time of the Buddha and that people were ready to hear the Mahāyāna only in later times. Certain traditional accounts state that Mahāyāna sutras
4185:
and the bodhisattva vehicle, which are accepted by all early
Buddhist schools), these actually are all skillful means which lead to the same place: Buddhahood. Therefore, there really are not three vehicles in an ultimate sense, but one vehicle, the supreme vehicle of the Buddhas, which is taught in
6642:
In the third turning, the Buddha taught similar teachings to the second turning, but for everyone in the three vehicles, including all the śravakas, pratyekabuddhas, and bodhisattvas. These were meant to be completely explicit teachings in their entire detail, for which interpretations would not be
3572:
The idea that
Buddhas remain accessible is extremely influential in Mahāyāna and also allows for the possibility of having a reciprocal relationship with a Buddha through prayer, visions, devotion and revelations. Through the use of various practices, a Mahāyāna devotee can aspire to be reborn in a
3541:
Furthermore, Buddhas are active in the world, constantly devising ways to teach and help all sentient beings. According to Paul
Williams, in Mahāyāna, a Buddha is often seen as "a spiritual king, relating to and caring for the world", rather than simply a teacher who after his death "has completely
6351:
Regarding religious praxis, David Drewes outlines the most commonly promoted practices in Mahāyāna sutras were seen as means to achieve
Buddhahood quickly and easily and included "hearing the names of certain Buddhas or bodhisattvas, maintaining Buddhist precepts, and listening to, memorizing, and
6347:
and bodhisattvas, descriptions of powerful new religious practices, new ideas on the nature of the Buddha, and a range of new philosophical perspectives." These texts present stories of revelation in which the Buddha teaches Mahāyāna sutras to certain bodhisattvas who vow to teach and spread these
5999:
Those who, while walking, sitting, standing, or sleeping, recollect the moon-like Buddha, will always be in Buddha's presence and will attain the vast nirvāṇa. His pure body is the colour of gold, beautiful is the Protector of the World. Whoever visualizes him like this practises the meditation of
2744:
In spite of being a minority in India, Indian Mahāyāna was an intellectually vibrant movement, which developed various schools of thought during what Jan Westerhoff has been called "The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy" (from the beginning of the first millennium CE up to the 7th century).
2670:
Schopen, Harrison and Nattier also argue that these communities were probably not a single unified movement, but scattered groups based on different practices and sutras. One reason for this view is that Mahāyāna sources are extremely diverse, advocating many different, often conflicting doctrines
2662:
evidence, Gregory Schopen argues that Indian Mahāyāna remained "an extremely limited minority movement – if it remained at all – that attracted absolutely no documented public or popular support for at least two more centuries." Likewise, Joseph Walser speaks of Mahāyāna's "virtual invisibility in
2918:
c. 783 to 820) which were centers of various branches of scholarship, including Mahāyāna philosophy. The Nalanda complex eventually became the largest and most influential Buddhist center in India for centuries. Even so, as noted by Paul Williams, "it seems that fewer than 50 percent of the monks
2618:
Paul Harrison clarifies that while monastic Mahāyānists belonged to a nikāya, not all members of a nikāya were Mahāyānists. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. It is also possible that,
2346:
David Drewes has recently argued against all of the major theories outlined above. He points out that there is no actual evidence for the existence of book shrines, that the practice of sutra veneration was pan-Buddhist and not distinctly Mahāyāna. Furthermore, Drewes argues that "Mahāyāna sutras
7448:
The modern Theravāda school is usually described as belonging to Hīnayāna. Some authors have argued that it should not be considered such from the Mahāyāna perspective. Their view is based on a different understanding of the concept of Hīnayāna. Rather than regarding the term as referring to any
7385:
school, the goal of becoming a teaching Buddha in a future life is viewed as the aim of a small group of individuals striving to benefit future generations after the current Buddha's teachings have been lost, but in the current age there is no need for most practitioners to aspire to this goal.
7476:, Kalupahana holds that they endeavored to preserve the early teaching. The Theravādins too refuted the Sarvāstivādins and Sautrāntikas (and other schools) on the grounds that their theories were in conflict with the non-substantialism of the canon. The Theravāda arguments are preserved in the
6759:
Both the Mādhyamikas and the Yogācārins saw themselves as preserving the Buddhist Middle Way between the extremes of nihilism (everything as unreal) and substantialism (substantial entities existing). The Yogācārins criticized the Mādhyamikas for tending towards nihilism, while the Mādhyamikas
6719:
school of Mahāyāna philosophy. He may have arrived at his positions from a desire to achieve a consistent exegesis of the Buddha's doctrine as recorded in the canon. In his eyes, the Buddha was not merely a forerunner, but the very founder of the Mādhyamaka system. Nāgārjuna also referred to a
5404:
similarly argued that while the Mahāyāna sūtras may not have been directly taught by the historical Buddha, the "spirit and central ideas" of Mahāyāna derive from the Buddha. According to Suzuki, Mahāyāna evolved and adapted itself to suit the times by developing new teachings and texts, while
4168:. This doctrine states that, out of compassion, the Buddha adapts his teaching to whomever he is teaching. Because of this, it is possible that the Buddha may teach seemingly contradictory things to different people. This idea is also used to explain the vast textual corpus found in Mahāyāna.
3237:
developed in Shaivism first and that it was then adopted into Buddhism. Davidson points to the difficulties of establishing a chronology for the Shaiva tantric literature and argues that both traditions developed side by side, drawing on each other as well as on local Indian tribal religion.
6634:
In the second turning, the Buddha taught the Mahāyāna teachings to the bodhisattvas, teaching that all phenomena have no-essence, no arising, no passing away, are originally quiescent, and essentially in cessation. This turning is also described as marvelous and wonderful, but requiring
6813:(Vajrayana Buddhism, mainly found in Tibet, Inner Mongolia and elsewhere in Western China, Mongolia, Bhutan, parts of India, Nepal and Russia, also known as "Northern Buddhism". According to Harvey "the number of people belonging to Northern Buddhism totals only around 18.2 million."
5300:, and some of these sutras admit that the use of the term 'Self' is partly done in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics (in other words, it is a skillful means). According to some scholars, the Buddha-nature discussed in some Mahāyāna sūtras does not represent a substantial self (
3056:) to bring back Buddhist teachings, especially Mahāyāna works. These figures also wrote about their experiences in India and their work remains invaluable for understanding Indian Buddhism. In some cases Indian Mahāyāna traditions were directly transplanted, as with the case of the
5314:) and represents the potentiality to realize Buddhahood through Buddhist practices. Similarly, Williams thinks that this doctrine was not originally dealing with ontological issues, but with "religious issues of realising one's spiritual potential, exhortation, and encouragement."
3911:. However, these schools held that becoming a bodhisattva required a prediction of one's future Buddhahood in the presence of a living Buddha. In Mahāyāna, the term bodhisattva is applicable to any person from the moment they intend to become a Buddha (i.e. the moment in which
2362:(preachers, reciters of these sutras) in the early Mahāyāna sutras. This figure is widely praised as someone who should be respected, obeyed ('as a slave serves his lord'), and donated to, and it is thus possible these people were the primary agents of the Mahāyāna movement.
5317:
The Buddha-nature genre of sūtras can be seen as an attempt to state Buddhist teachings using positive language while also maintaining the middle way, to prevent people from being turned away from Buddhism by a false impression of nihilism. This is the position taken by the
7790:"It has become increasingly clear that Mahayana Buddhism was never one thing, but rather, it seems, a loosely bound bundle of many, and – like Walt Whitman – was large and could contain, in both senses of the term, contradictions, or at least antipodal elements."
5397:(8th century), who argues that an "inspired utterance" is the Buddha word if it is "connected with the truth", "connected with the Dharma", "brings about renunciation of kleshas, not their increase" and "it shows the laudable qualities of nirvana, not those of samsara".
3827:
The Lotus, especially the puṇḍarīka (white lotus), is used in Mahāyāna to symbolize the nature of bodhisattvas. The lotus is rooted in the earthly mud and yet flowers above the water in the open air. Similarly, the bodhisattva lives in the world but remains unstained by
3780:
and in the meantime, they will help countless beings. After reaching Buddhahood, they do pass on to nirvāṇa (after which they do not return). The second model is the idea that there are two kinds of nirvāṇa, the nirvāṇa of an arhat and a superior type of nirvāṇa called
8207:印順〈雜阿含經部類之整編〉:「宋譯《雜阿含經》,譯出的時代遲了些,而譯者求那跋陀羅,是 – 位唯心大乘師,所以譯文中偶有大乘的名義。......「菩薩摩訶薩」的稱呼,受到了大乘的影響。不過,每成立 – 部派,就有部派所審定集成的經典,在傳承的同 – 宗派中,是不可能大事更張的。《雜阿含經》的「修多羅」部分,與『攝事分』所依經本 – 致,即可以證明。當然,經典在長期流傳中,會因時因地而有多少差別的。求那跋陀羅為唯心大乘師,所譯《雜阿含經》,就偶有 – 二大乘名義,然如依此而說宋譯《雜阿含經》,是大乘佛教時代所完成的,那就誤謬不經了!」
7449:
school of Buddhism that has not accepted the Mahāyāna canon and doctrines, such as those pertaining to the role of the bodhisattva, these authors argue that the classification of a school as "Hīnayāna" should be crucially dependent on the adherence to a specific
2663:
the archaeological record until the fifth century". Schopen also sees this movement as being in tension with other Buddhists, "struggling for recognition and acceptance". Their "embattled mentality" may have led to certain elements found in Mahāyāna texts like
5291:
states that within the defilements is found "the tathagata's wisdom, the tathagata's vision, and the tathagata's body...eternally unsullied, and...replete with virtues no different from my own...the tathagatagarbhas of all beings are eternal and unchanging".
7711:
Warder: "The sudden appearance of large numbers of (Mahayana) teachers and texts (in North India in the second century AD) would seem to require some previous preparation and development, and this we can look for in the South." Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999).
5255:) is important in all modern Mahāyāna traditions, though it is interpreted in many different ways. Broadly speaking, Buddha-nature is concerned with explaining what allows sentient beings to become Buddhas. The earliest sources for this idea may include the
4193:
This doctrine was not accepted in full by all Mahāyāna traditions. The Yogācāra school famously defended an alternative theory that held that not all beings could become Buddhas. This became a subject of much debate throughout Mahāyāna Buddhist history.
9294:, "Introduction". Toh 113 Degé Kangyur, vol. 51 (mdo sde, ja), folios 1.b–180.b. Translated by Peter Alan Roberts under the patronage and supervision of 84000: Translating the Words of the Buddha. First published 2018. Current version v 1.14.15 (2021).
5965:) along with their Pure Land. This practice could lead the meditator to feel that they were in the presence of the Buddha and in some cases it was held that it could lead to visions of the Buddhas, through which one could receive teachings from them.
7405:. Like perhaps some of the early Mahāyāna forest hermit monks, or the later Buddhist Tantrics, they have become people of power through their meditative achievements. They are widely revered, worshipped, and held to be arhats or (note!) bodhisattvas.
4288:
states that "all phenomena are empty, that is, without characteristic, unproduced, unceased, stainless, not stainless, undiminished, unfilled". The Prajñāpāramitā texts also use various metaphors to describe the nature of things, for example, the
6635:
interpretation and occasioning controversy. Doctrine of the second turning is established in the Prajñāpāramitā teachings, first put into writing around 100 BCE. In Indian philosophical schools, it is exemplified by the Mādhyamaka school of
2646:
describes Huviṣka as having "set forth in the Mahāyāna." Evidence of the name "Mahāyāna" in Indian inscriptions in the period before the 5th century is very limited in comparison to the multiplicity of Mahāyāna writings transmitted from
8620:
3721:. High level bodhisattvas (with eons of practice) are seen as extremely powerful supramundane beings. They are objects of devotion and prayer throughout the Mahāyāna world. Popular bodhisattvas which are revered across Mahāyāna include
3362:
is Mahāyāna Buddhism. Mahāyāna can be described as a loosely bound collection of many teachings and practices (some of which are seemingly contradictory). Mahāyāna constitutes an inclusive and broad set of traditions characterized by
4216:("Transcendent Knowledge" or "Perfection of Wisdom") texts, which are some of the earliest Mahāyāna works. Prajñāpāramitā is a deep knowledge of reality which Buddhas and bodhisattvas attain. It is a transcendent, non-conceptual and
7738:"Certainly, we have for this period an extensive body of inscriptions from virtually all parts of India. ... But nowhere in this extensive body of material is there any reference, prior to the fifth century, to a named Mahāyāna.",
7641:"The Mahayana, 'Great Vehicle' or 'Great Carriage' (for carrying all beings to nirvana), is also, and perhaps more correctly and accurately, known as the Bodhisattvayana, the bodhisattva's vehicle." Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999).
7356:
As with Eastern Buddhism, the practice of northern Buddhism declined in Tibet, China and Mongolia during the communist takeover of these regions (Mongolia: 1924, Tibet: 1959). Tibetan Buddhism continued to be practiced among the
5376:
to a select number of individuals (often through visions or dreams). Some scholars have seen a connection between this idea and Mahāyāna meditation practices which involve the visualization of Buddhas and their Buddha-lands.
3770:
that being who has taken the vow to be reborn, no matter how many times this may be necessary, in order to attain the highest possible goal, that of Complete and Perfect Buddhahood. This is for the benefit of all sentient
5345:
teach an affirmative vision of an eternal, indestructible Buddhic Self. Shenpen Hookham, a western scholar and lama sees Buddha-nature as a True Self that is real and permanent. Similarly, C. D. Sebastian understands the
2184:
The origins of Mahāyāna are still not completely understood and there are numerous competing theories. The earliest Western views of Mahāyāna assumed that it existed as a separate school in competition with the so-called
7041:
in the late 20th century saw a particularly significant increase in the number of converts to Chinese Buddhism, a growth which has been called "extraordinary". Outside of mainland China, Chinese Buddhism is practiced in
7170:
An estimate of the Japanese Mahāyāna Buddhist population is given by Harvey as 52 million and a recent 2018 survey puts the number at 84 million. It should also be noted that many Japanese Buddhists also participate in
5295:
The ideas found in the Buddha-nature literature are a source of much debate and disagreement among Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophers as well as modern academics. Some scholars have seen this as an influence from Brahmanic
3775:
There are two models for the nature of the bodhisattvas, which are seen in the various Mahāyāna texts. One is the idea that a bodhisattva must postpone their awakening until full Buddhahood is attained. This could take
3843:("incalculable eons"), requiring a huge number of lifetimes of practice to complete. However, certain practices are sometimes held to provide shortcuts to Buddhahood (these vary widely by tradition). According to the
1973:(which had earlier been used simply as an epithet for Buddhism itself) was therefore adopted at an early date as a synonym for the path and the teachings of the bodhisattvas. Since it was simply an honorary term for
5380:
Another argument that Indian Buddhists used in favor of the Mahāyāna is that its teachings are true and lead to awakening since they are in line with the Dharma. Because of this, they can be said to be "well said"
7950:
In the centuries before the Arab conquests Buddhism was spread throughout the eastern Iranian world. Buddhist sites have been found in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, as well as within Iran
4332:) is "one of the most distinctive virtues of the Mahāyānistic saint." The Prajñāpāramitā texts also claim that this training is not just for Mahāyānists, but for all Buddhists following any of the three vehicles.
6069:
There are also numerous meditative practices that are generally considered to be part of a separate category rather than general or mainstream Mahāyāna meditation. These are the various practices associated with
3433:
Paul Williams refers to the main impulse behind Mahāyāna as the vision which sees the motivation to achieve Buddhahood for sake of other beings as being the supreme religious motivation. This is the way that
6270:
are often given greater authority than the Āgamas. The first of these Mahāyāna-specific writings were written probably around the 1st century BCE or 1st-century CE. Some influential Mahāyāna sutras are the
5446:
There is also a tendency in Mahāyāna sūtras to regard adherence to these sūtras as generating spiritual benefits greater than those that arise from being a follower of the non-Mahāyāna approaches. Thus the
2128:, though scholars like Yin Shun argue that this is a later addition. Some Chinese scholars also argue that the meaning of the term in these earlier texts is different from later ideas of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
9528:
11147:
Bingenheimer, Marcus (2007). "Some Remarks on the Usage of Renjian Fojiao 人間佛教 and the Contribution of Venerable Yinshun to Chinese Buddhist Modernism". In Hsu, Mutsu; Chen, Jinhua; Meeks, Lori (eds.).
4980:
3115:, which is mostly dominated by various branches of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Paul Williams has noted that in this tradition in the Far East, primacy has always been given to the study of the Mahāyāna sūtras.
3520:
An important feature of Mahāyāna is the way that it understands the nature of a Buddha, which differs from non-Mahāyāna understandings. Mahāyāna texts not only often depict numerous Buddhas besides
2895:(635–713 CE) were traveling to India, and their writings do describe monasteries which they label 'Mahāyāna' as well as monasteries where both Mahāyāna monks and non-Mahāyāna monks lived together.
8635:
3323:
3430:
described the broad range and doctrinal liberality of Mahāyāna as "a vast ocean where all kinds of living beings are allowed to thrive in a most generous manner, almost verging on a chaos".
2883:
Still, even after the 5th century, the epigraphic evidence which uses the term Mahāyāna is still quite small and is notably mainly monastic, not lay. By this time, Chinese pilgrims, such as
3186:
and Buddha-nature. Tantric Buddhism generally deals with new forms of meditation and ritual which often makes use of the visualization of Buddhist deities (including Buddhas, bodhisattvas,
6894:
Most of the major forms of contemporary Mahāyāna Buddhism are also practiced by Asian immigrant populations in the West and also by western convert Buddhists. For more on this topic see:
5493:
Greatness of attainment (prāpti): because of the attainment of immeasurable and uncountable powers (bala), confidences (vaiśāradya), and dharmas unique to Buddhas ( āveṇika-buddhadharma);
11253:
4590:
7029:"Buddhism for the Human World") has also been influential on Chinese Buddhist leaders and institutions. Chinese Buddhists may also practice some form of religious syncretism with other
2898:
After the fifth century, Mahāyāna Buddhism and its institutions slowly grew in influence. Some of the most influential institutions became massive monastic university complexes such as
5206:
5853:(compiled c. 4th century), which is the most comprehensive Indian treatise on Mahāyāna practice, discusses classic Buddhist numerous meditation methods and topics, including the four
3550:
as a "mere appearance", his death is a show, while in actuality he remains out of compassion to help all sentient beings. Similarly, Guang Xing describes the Buddha in Mahāyāna as an
2642:, ... for the Blessed One, the Buddha Amitābha." There is also some evidence that the Kushan Emperor Huviṣka himself was a follower of Mahāyāna. A Sanskrit manuscript fragment in the
10096:
8567:
5179:
also mentions this doctrine, stating: "whatever belongs to this triple world is nothing but thought . Why is that? It is because however I imagine things, that is how they appear".
8309:
2004. pp. 65–66 "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."
7262:
not found in East Asian Mahāyāna, Northern Buddhism still considers itself as part of Mahāyāna Buddhism (albeit as one which also contains a more effective and distinct vehicle or
3937:
state. This compassionate commitment to help others is the central characteristic of the Mahāyāna bodhisattva. These vows may be accompanied by certain ethical guidelines called
2272:
The Mahāsāṃghika origins theory has also slowly been shown to be problematic by scholarship that revealed how certain Mahāyāna sutras show traces of having developed among other
10603:
10695:
5536:
Mahāyāna Buddhist practice is quite varied. A common set of virtues and practices which is shared by all Mahāyāna traditions are the six perfections or transcendent virtues (
2136:
2231:
and Paul Williams who argue that at least some Mahāyāna elements developed among Mahāsāṃghika communities (from the 1st century BCE onwards), possibly in the area along the
8592:
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 3: The Western Ch'in in Kansu in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period and Inter-relationships with the Buddhist Art of Gandh?ra
5089:"mind only") is another important doctrine promoted by some Mahāyāna sutras which later became the central theory of a major philosophical movement which arose during the
10553:
Zhang, Shengyen; Dan Stevenson (2002). Hoofprint of the Ox: Principles of the Chan Buddhist Path as Taught by a Modern Chinese Master. Oxford University Press, pp. 27–28.
8440:
Boucher, Daniel, Bodhisattvas of the Forest and the Formation of the Mahāyāna: A Study and Translation of the.Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā-sūtra. University of Hawaii Press, 2008
6280:
4304:
4272:). This emptiness or lack of real existence applies even to the apparent arising and ceasing of phenomena. Because of this, all phenomena are also described as unarisen (
3517:("the Illuminator"). In Mahāyāna, a Buddha is seen as a being that has achieved the highest kind of awakening due to his superior compassion and wish to help all beings.
3379:
36:
8187:
2690:
practices, propounds the possibility of rebirth in a pure land, and enthusiastically recommends the cult of the book, yet seems to know nothing of emptiness theory, the
2213:, which praise lay figures at the expense of monastics. This theory is no longer widely accepted since numerous early Mahāyāna works promote monasticism and asceticism.
6625:
vehicle. It is described as marvelous and wonderful, but requires interpretation and occasioning controversy. The doctrines of the first turning are exemplified in the
6026:
in Japanese) can lead to rebirth in a Buddha's Pure Land, as well as other positive outcomes. In East Asian Buddhism, the most popular Buddha used for this practice is
3919:
promote the bodhisattva path as being universal and open to everyone. Other texts disagree with this and state that only some beings have the capacity for Buddhahood.
2740:. We must be prepared, in other words, to encounter a multiplicity of Mahayanas flourishing even in India, not to mention those that developed in East Asia and Tibet.
5712:
falls under all six. Bhikkhu Bodhi states that the correlations between the two sets show there was a shared core before the Theravada and Mahayana schools split.
7438:
The Mahāvihāravāsins reject the Mahāyāna and practice the Hīnayāna, while the Abhayagirivihāravāsins study both Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna teachings and propagate the
7401:
in Thailand have often been famous outside scholarly circles as well, among the wider populace, as Buddhist meditation masters and sources of miracles and sacred
5552:
Another important class of Mahāyāna Buddhist practice are textual practices that deal with listening to, memorizing, reciting, preaching, worshipping and copying
9525:
4295:
compares phenomena to: "A shooting star, a clouding of the sight, a lamp, an illusion, a drop of dew, a bubble, a dream, a lightning's flash, a thunder cloud."
7964:
6409:
Another feature of some Mahāyāna sutras, especially later ones, is increasing sectarianism and animosity towards non-Mahāyāna practitioners (sometimes called
4125:
is reached once one attains "direct, nonconceptual and nondual insight into emptiness in meditative absorption", which is associated with the path of seeing (
3947:(transcendent or supreme virtues). Sometimes six are outlined: giving, ethical discipline, patient endurance, diligence, meditation and transcendent wisdom.
6383:
accordance with karma to those who denigrate the scripture." Some Mahāyāna sutras also warn against the accusation that they are not the word of the Buddha (
4987:
2314:
which promote ascetic practice in the wilderness as a superior and elite path. These texts criticize monks who live in cities and denigrate the forest life.
11195:
Carter J. Eckert (Author), Ki-Baik Lee, Young Ick Lew, Michael Robinson, Edward W. Wagner (1991). Korea Old And New: A History. Ilchokak Publishers. p. 94.
3870:), which is the wish to become a Buddha in order to help all beings. This is achieved in different ways, such as the meditation taught by the Indian master
6686:
12663:
2840:(dark orange) starting 5th century BCE, to Buddhist majority realm (orange), and historical extent of Buddhism influences (yellow). Mahāyāna (red arrow),
7096:
government remains repressive and ambivalent towards religion, at least 11 percent of the population is considered to be Buddhist according to Williams.
5814:
Mahāyāna Buddhism teaches a vast array of meditation practices. These include meditations which are shared with the early Buddhist traditions, including
2354:
Drewes states that the evidence merely shows that "Mahāyāna was primarily a textual movement, focused on the revelation, preaching, and dissemination of
6906:
2358:, that developed within, and never really departed from, traditional Buddhist social and institutional structures." Drewes points out the importance of
15957:
13578:
12053:
6259:(profound) sutras. These were also not recognized by some individuals in the early Buddhist schools. In other cases, Buddhist communities such as the
3904:, when great compassion and bodhicitta arises in a person's heart, they cease to be an ordinary person and become a "son or daughter of the Buddhas".
3579:), where they can strive towards Buddhahood in the best possible conditions. Depending on the sect, liberation into a buddha-field can be obtained by
16038:
8216:
7228:, there has been a revival of the religion since the liberalization period following 1986. There are about 43 million Vietnamese Mahāyāna Buddhists.
5328:(which sounds similar to an atman) in order to help those beings who are attached to the idea of anatman. However, the sutra goes on to say that the
5449:
413:
18468:
3602:) of a Buddha developed to make sense of the transcendental nature of the Buddha. This doctrine holds that the "bodies of magical transformation" (
2265:
as having ties to the Mahāsāṃghika tradition of Āndhra. However, other scholars have also pointed to different regions as being important, such as
1758:). Mahāyāna Buddhism generally sees the goal of becoming a Buddha through the bodhisattva path as being available to all and sees the state of the
943:
18317:
13582:
11700:
8078:
8065:
7570:
5337:
5263:
4202:
420:
19374:
13806:
11235:
6202:. "Āgama" is the term used by those traditional Buddhist schools in India who employed Sanskrit for their basic canon. These correspond to the
4251:
or inherent nature), and therefore have "no fundamentally real existence". These empty phenomena are also said to be conceptual constructions.
3426:
thought. However, Mahāyāna also adds numerous Mahāyāna texts and doctrines, which are seen as definitive and in some cases superior teachings.
1039:
60:
in Shishoin Temple (Tokyo). A unique feature of Mahāyāna is the belief that there are multiple Buddhas which are currently teaching the Dharma.
10029:, Biblotheca Philologica et Philosophica Buddhica VI, The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, pp. 82–83
6433:
like later sutras do. Regarding the bodhisattva path, some Mahāyāna sutras promote it as a universal path for everyone, while others like the
6074:(also termed Mantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Buddhist Tantra, and Esoteric Buddhism). This family of practices, which include such varied forms as
5496:
Greatness of deeds (karma): because of willing the performance of the deeds of a Buddha until the end of Saṃsāra by displaying awakening, etc.
5487:
Greatness of energy (vīrya): from devotion to many hundreds of thousands of difficult tasks during three incalculable great aeons (mahākalpa);
3857:, the central defining feature of a bodhisattva's path is the universal aspiration to end suffering for themselves and all other beings, i.e.
11838:
7927:
7186:
is strongly influenced by the Chinese tradition. It is a synthesis of numerous practices and ideas. Vietnamese Mahāyāna draws practices from
5335:
A different view is defended by various modern scholars like Michael Zimmermann. This view is the idea that Buddha-nature sutras such as the
4434:
6417:' (the 'inferior way') who refuse to accept the 'superior way' of the Mahāyāna. As noted by Paul Williams, earlier Mahāyāna sutras like the
5214:(wish fulfilling jewel). Buddha nature texts often use the metaphor of a jewel (i.e. buddha-nature) which all beings have but are unaware of
19326:
16674:
12023:
10024:
5032:. This philosophical tradition focuses on refuting all theories which posit any kind of substance, inherent existence or intrinsic nature (
2398:
8531:
6004:
11042:
Analayo "The Luminous Mind in Theravāda and Dharmaguptaka Discourses" Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, 2017, 13: 10–51;
9022:
6605:
is a classification of the corpus of Buddhism into three categories, based on ways of understanding the nature of reality, known as the "
5986:
states that through mindfulness of the Buddha meditation one may be able to meet this Buddha in a vision or a dream and learn from them.
5549:, the universal currency of the Buddhist world, a vast quantity of which was believed to be necessary for the attainment of Buddhahood".
5427:
According to disciples' grades, the Dharma is classified as inferior and superior. For example, the inferior was taught to the merchants
3866:
The bodhisattva's spiritual path is traditionally held to begin with the revolutionary event called the "arising of the Awakening Mind" (
3167:(8th century–12th century CE), during which it grew to dominate Indian Buddhism. Possibly led by groups of wandering tantric yogis named
2351:' where one will be able to make easy and rapid progress on the bodhisattva path and attain Buddhahood after as little as one lifetime."
5961:
A very popular Mahāyāna practice from very early times involved the visualization of a Buddha while practicing mindfulness of a Buddha (
2519:. These are some of the earliest known Mahāyāna texts. Study of these texts by Paul Harrison and others show that they strongly promote
18362:
18289:
15482:
14583:
12131:
11799:
8091:
6398:(the evil tempter). Some of these Mahāyāna sutras also warn those who would denigrate Mahāyāna sutras or those who preach it (i.e. the
5838:, these five practices are known as the "five methods for stilling or pacifying the mind" and support the development of the stages of
5070:), including the theory of emptiness, and all concepts must ultimately be abandoned in order to truly understand the nature of things.
3837:
In most classic Mahāyāna sources (as well as in non-Mahāyāna sources on the topic), the bodhisattva path is said to take three or four
2619:
formally, Mahāyāna would have been understood as a group of monks or nuns within a larger monastery taking a vow together (known as a "
11866:
11656:
11592:
10751:
10729:
10584:
2797:(30–375 CE), a period that saw great missionary and literary activities by Buddhists. This is supported by the works of the historian
2245:) nature of the Buddha is sometimes seen as a precursor to Mahāyāna views of the Buddha. Some scholars also see Mahāyāna figures like
1754:
striving to become a fully awakened Buddha for the benefit of all sentient beings, and is thus also called the "Bodhisattva Vehicle" (
86:
18162:
14561:
11888:
10524:
3147:(c. 3rd century CE–575 CE) period a new movement began to develop which drew on previous Mahāyāna doctrine as well as new Pan-Indian
18613:
10690:
6294:
5969:
3986:(transcendent knowledge or wisdom) is arguably the most important virtue of the bodhisattva. This refers to an understanding of the
1879:, and other Himalayan regions. It has also been traditionally present elsewhere in Asia as a minority among Buddhist communities in
19554:
18453:
18327:
18312:
7485:
Some contemporary Theravādin figures have indicated a sympathetic stance toward the Mahāyāna philosophy found in texts such as the
3785:(non-abiding, not-established) that allows a Buddha to remain forever engaged in the world. As noted by Paul Williams, the idea of
2296:) wing of the Buddhist Order", who were attempting to imitate the Buddha's forest living. This has been defended by Paul Harrison,
2029:) dating between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE. Seishi Karashima has suggested that the term first used in an earlier
6944:. This group is the largest population of Buddhists in the world. There are between 228 and 239 million Mahāyāna Buddhists in the
6734:(MA 190). A passage there (which the discourse itself emphasizes) is often quoted in later Yogācāra texts as a true definition of
3558:"endowed with numerous supernatural attributes and qualities". Mahayana Buddhologies have often been compared to various types of
3194:) and the use of mantras. Most of these practices are esoteric and require ritual initiation or introduction by a tantric master (
2966:, indicating the importance of this region for the spread of Mahāyāna. Central Asian Mahāyāna scholars were very important in the
14398:
13850:
6871:
which are strongly influenced by Mahāyāna Buddhism, though they may not be considered as being "Buddhist" per se. These include:
3823:
3534:
famously describes the lifespan of the Buddha as immeasurable and states that he actually achieved Buddhahood countless of eons (
1981:
and its application to Bodhisattvayāna did not represent a significant turning point in the development of a Mahāyāna tradition.
9823:"Chiasmus in the Early Prajñāpāramitā: Literary Parallelism Connecting Criticism & Hermeneutics in an Early Mahāyāna Sūtra",
6673:
school, regard the second turning as the highest teaching, because of their particular interpretation of Yogācāra doctrine. The
14053:
12033:
9875:"Chiasmus in the Early Prajñāpāramitā: Literary Parallelism Connecting Criticism & Hermeneutics in an Early Mahāyāna Sūtra"
9862:"Chiasmus in the Early Prajñāpāramitā: Literary Parallelism Connecting Criticism & Hermeneutics in an Early Mahāyāna Sūtra"
5484:
Greatness of understanding (jñāna): from understanding the absence of self in persons and phenomena (pudgala-dharma-nairātmya);
3269:. Esoteric elements are also an important part of East Asian Buddhism where it is referred to by various terms. These include:
17:
16242:
10078:
6209:
The surviving Āgamas in Chinese translation belong to at least two schools. Most of the Āgamas were never translated into the
19564:
18473:
11793:
11484:
11443:
11383:
11157:
11124:
10921:
10597:
10503:
10476:
10446:
10422:
10389:
10248:
10101:. In: Jamie Hubbard (ed.), Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm Over Critical Buddhism, Univ of Hawaii Press 1997, pp. 174–179.
9743:
9512:
9426:
9270:
9239:
9159:
9128:
9060:
9016:
8600:
8561:
8505:
7937:
7902:
6606:
5170:
429:
201:
8676:
Harrison, Paul 'Who Gets to Ride in the Great Vehicle? Self-image and Identity Among the Followers of Early Mahayana.' 1987.
4186:
different ways depending on the faculties of individuals. Even those beings who think they have finished the path (i.e. the
3752:, the term "bodhisattva" can technically refer to those who follow any of the three vehicles, since all are working towards
19574:
18938:
15952:
12216:
12058:
9287:
4973:
1725:
but also recognizes various doctrines and texts that are not accepted by Theravada Buddhism as original. These include the
936:
6730:, the other prominent Mahāyāna school in dialectic with the Mādhyamaka school, gave a special significance to the canon's
6631:. This turning represents the earliest phase of the Buddhist teachings and the earliest period in the history of Buddhism.
5041:
In his writings, Nagarjuna attempts to show that any theory of intrinsic nature is contradicted by the Buddha's theory of
4164:, and refers to any effective method or technique that is conducive to spiritual growth and leads beings to awakening and
19056:
18337:
17933:
14393:
6515:
Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition also relies on numerous non-Mahayana commentaries (śāstra), a very influential one being the
7209:(Tiantai). New Mahāyāna movements have also developed in the modern era, perhaps the most influential of which has been
19266:
18996:
18878:
18332:
16912:
14846:
14290:
13840:
11935:
8068:, Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 4, p. 170 (note 115)
7601:
7557:
2967:
2833:
1588:
1034:
991:
11736:
10366:
Drewes, David, Mahayana Sutras, forthcoming in Blackwell Companion to South and Southeast Asian Buddhism, Updated 2016
8344:"The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" – Warder, A.K. (3rd edn. 1999).
8146:
7457:
school, which was the primary object of Mahāyāna criticism, the Theravāda does not claim the existence of independent
466:
19316:
18137:
15367:
12136:
11723:
11650:
11200:
10899:
10873:
10106:
9711:
9662:
9183:
9101:
8661:
8032:
6247:
as valid, Mahāyāna Buddhism maintains large collections of sūtras that are not recognized as authentic by the modern
4740:
3888:
beings have been our close relatives or friends in past lives. This contemplation leads to the arising of deep love (
3749:
1645:
14383:
8163:
7973:
6649:
as early as the 1st or 2nd century CE. In the Indian philosophical schools, the third turning is exemplified by the
6032:
East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhism also teaches numerous unique meditation methods, including the Chan (Zen) practices of
5147:
When this flow of mentality is seen as being empty of the subject-object duality we impose upon it, one reaches the
19369:
16922:
14068:
13813:
7698:("inferior knowledge")." Karashima, Seishi (2001). Some features of the Language of the Saddharma-puṇḍarīka-sūtra,
6848:
which either see themselves as Mahāyāna or are strongly influenced by Mahāyāna Buddhism. Examples of these include
5684:, who describes it as a categorization of the same ten perfections of Theravada Buddhism. According to Dhammapala,
5481:
Greatness of practice (pratipatti): the comprehensive practice for the benefit of self and others (sva-para-artha);
3334:
Few things can be said with certainty about Mahāyāna Buddhism in general other than that the Buddhism practiced in
3241:
Whatever the case, this new tantric form of Mahāyāna Buddhism became extremely influential in India, especially in
785:
4810:
3915:
arises in their mind) and without the requirement of a living Buddha being present. Some Mahāyāna sūtras like the
3111:
Forms of Mahāyāna Buddhism which are mainly based on the doctrines of Indian Mahāyāna sutras are still popular in
2856:"Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism".
245:
19331:
19226:
18352:
18347:
18303:
17928:
16772:
16016:
15001:
14460:
14450:
12279:
7077:, with a rough population of about 10.9 million Buddhists. There are also some minor Korean schools, such as the
6367:
and knowledge necessary to become a Buddha in as little as one lifetime." Another widely recommended practice is
5978:
5175:
4328:
the highest spiritual wisdom. According to Edward Conze, the "patient acceptance of the non-arising of dharmas" (
4059:
associate the beginning of the bodhisattva practice with what is called the "path of accumulation" or equipment (
3566:) by different scholars, though there is disagreement among scholars regarding this issue as well on the general
1762:
as incomplete. Mahāyāna also includes numerous Buddhas and bodhisattvas that are not found in Theravada (such as
929:
5723:
5563:
affiliated with Mahayana groups tend to focus on the importance of "the concepts of reincarnation and nirvana".
3941:. Numerous sutras also state that a key part of the bodhisattva path is the practice of a set of virtues called
349:
19186:
19011:
18284:
17298:
17239:
17126:
17005:
16937:
15345:
14983:
14902:
14405:
14058:
13860:
13751:
13696:
12269:
11728:
Schopen, G. "The inscription on the Kusan image of Amitabha and the character of the early Mahayana in India",
8109:
7251:
in 2004. Due to his charisma, the Dalai Lama has become the international face of contemporary Tibetan Buddhism
6888:
17418:
17293:
8081:, Annual Report of The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University 18, 163–196
3792:
19336:
18751:
18488:
18147:
17996:
17918:
17340:
16382:
15915:
14554:
14375:
14073:
13756:
12048:
11881:
6435:
6419:
5453:
claims that the Buddha said that devotion to Mahāyāna is inherently superior in its virtues to following the
5271:
refers to "a sacred nature that is the basis for becoming buddhas", and it also describes it as the 'Self' (
3467:
3328:
3172:
2306:
1517:
1212:
11854:
8711:
Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. p. 115
8079:
Vehicle (yāna) and Wisdom (jñāna) in the Lotus Sutra – the Origin of the Notion of yāna in Mahayāna Buddhism
6476:
Mahāyāna Buddhism also developed a massive commentarial and exegetical literature, many of which are called
6126:
5372:
Similarly, some sources also state that Mahāyāna teachings were revealed by other Buddhas, bodhisattvas and
5320:
4158:) is another important virtue and doctrine in Mahāyāna Buddhism. The idea is most famously expounded in the
3182:
Philosophically, Vajrayāna Buddhist thought remained grounded in the Mahāyāna Buddhist ideas of Madhyamaka,
374:
161:
19394:
19196:
16404:
15134:
13958:
13830:
13801:
13503:
11860:
7258:
derives from the Indian Vajrayana Buddhism that was adopted in medieval Tibet. Though it includes numerous
6217:
or Āgamas. However, these basic doctrines are contained in Tibetan translations of later works such as the
5474:
Greatness of support (ālambana): the path of the bodhisatva is supported by the limitless teachings of the
4893:
4477:
4353:
3026:
2766:
2702:) propounds the ten bhumis and focuses exclusively on the path of the bodhisattva, but never discusses the
1796:
1462:
1237:
1197:
17428:
7108:
6517:
6218:
2715:
2626:
The earliest stone inscription containing a recognizably Mahāyāna formulation and a mention of the Buddha
480:
19404:
19116:
19111:
18883:
17401:
17362:
16917:
16831:
16399:
14751:
13649:
13558:
13028:
12673:
12186:
12081:
11249:
6972:
6910:
6857:
6328:
5432:
3880:
called "equalising self and others and exchanging self and others". Other Indian masters like Atisha and
3876:
2500:. Instead, Nattier writes that in the earliest sources, "Mahāyāna" referred to the rigorous emulation of
2387:
459:
406:
295:
17433:
17423:
13193:
10350:
Werner, Karel; Samuels, Jeffrey; Bhikkhu Bodhi; Skilling, Peter; Bhikkhu Anālayo, McMahan, David (2013)
3538:) ago and has been teaching the Dharma through his numerous avatars for an unimaginable period of time.
2960:
2204:
2012:
can be deceptive, as the two terms were not actually formed in relation to one another in the same era.
1807:
thrived between the 7th and 12th centuries. In the course of its history, Mahāyāna Buddhism spread from
18177:
18122:
17818:
16558:
16065:
14746:
14688:
14498:
13978:
13454:
12940:
12063:
11896:
11634:
8984:
Snellgrove, David. (1987) Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors. pp 125.
6627:
6050:
method). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism also includes numerous unique forms of Mahāyāna contemplations, such as
5283:
explains this concept as the base or support for the practice of the path, and thus it is the "cause" (
5257:
5155:), which is nirvana. This doctrine is developed through various theories, the most important being the
4220:
kind of knowledge into the true nature of things. This wisdom is also associated with insight into the
4040:
2496:
use the term "Mahāyāna", yet there is no doctrinal difference between Mahāyāna in this context and the
2325:
path as a 'supremely difficult enterprise' of elite monastic forest asceticism. Boucher's study on the
16146:
13388:
11693:
10050:
Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, pp. 103, 108.
7210:
4923:
4908:
3907:
The idea of the bodhisattva is not unique to Mahāyāna Buddhism and it is found in Theravada and other
2207:
were particularly important in the development of Mahāyāna and is partly based on some texts like the
1795:
While initially a small movement in India, Mahāyāna eventually grew to become an influential force in
830:
19559:
19429:
19218:
19076:
18528:
17411:
17190:
16821:
16451:
15996:
15128:
14880:
14717:
14672:
14388:
14201:
14191:
14063:
13046:
12626:
12387:
12362:
11779:
Karel Werner; Jeffrey Samuels; Bhikkhu Bodhi; Peter Skilling; Bhikkhu Anālayo; David McMahan (2013).
11051:
Harvey, Peter (1989). Consciousness Mysticism in the Discourses of the Buddha. In Werner, Karel ed.,
9285:(Saddharmapuṇḍarīkanāmamahāyānasūtra, dam pa'i chos pad ma dkar po zhes bya ba theg pa chen po'i mdo)
7450:
7301:
7007:
6941:
6213:, which according to Hirakawa, only contains a few translations of early sutras corresponding to the
6107:
5419:
5148:
4217:
4012:
3754:
3489:(beings on their way to Buddhahood) are central elements of Mahāyāna. Mahāyāna has a vastly expanded
3271:
2971:
2959:
became heavily influenced by Mahāyāna and it was a major source for Chinese Buddhism. Mahāyāna works
2552:
adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to one of the early Buddhist schools. Membership in these
2527:, and do not show any attempt to establish a new sect or order. A few of these texts often emphasize
2512:
2224:
1337:
595:
17529:
12412:
9971:
Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, pp. 85, 91.
8219:《印度大乘佛教思想的特色》:「『阿含經』用「大乘」之名,大扺指佛的教法,而含有尊崇之意。這「大乘」自不同於爾後大乘佛教的「大乘」,但亦非全不相通。大乘佛教自有其發展,但其基本教理,並不遠離佛的本意。」
5140:) and that seemingly "external" objects (or "internal" subjects) do not really exist apart from the
2919:
encountered by Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang; c. 600–664) on his visit to India actually were Mahāyānists."
2030:
1147:
146:
18933:
18893:
18848:
18638:
18628:
18433:
18182:
18007:
17943:
17913:
17803:
17568:
17477:
17445:
17406:
17318:
16215:
15462:
15398:
14868:
14853:
14547:
14493:
13845:
13659:
13637:
13630:
13533:
13066:
12686:
12502:
12447:
12068:
11874:
9962:
Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, pp. 89–91.
7468:
Adherents of Mahāyāna Buddhism disagreed with the substantialist thought of the Sarvāstivādins and
7259:
6987:
6075:
5946:
5929:
5602:
4064:
3418:
3413:
3065:
2956:
2732:
1342:
1292:
15905:
6983:
6574:
5490:
Greatness of resourcefulness (upāyakauśalya): because of not taking a stand in Saṃsāra or Nirvāṇa;
4775:
3057:
136:
19384:
19321:
19271:
19231:
19176:
18811:
18806:
18696:
18643:
18533:
18463:
18259:
18065:
17980:
17185:
17163:
16962:
16784:
16309:
15947:
15874:
15558:
14929:
14729:
14638:
14430:
14410:
13741:
13721:
13478:
13208:
12452:
9254:
8621:"The Inscription on the Kuṣān Image of Amitābha and the Charakter of the Early Mahāyāna in India"
8543:
7848:
7282:
7038:
6803:
6335:
According to David Drewes, Mahāyāna sutras contain several elements besides the promotion of the
5891:), and classic Buddhist meditations such as the contemplation of unattractiveness, impermanence (
4913:
4785:
4487:
3789:
may have taken some time to develop and is not obvious in some of the early Mahāyāna literature.
3688:). Mahāyāna Buddhists generally hold that pursuing only the personal release from suffering i.e.
3497:, with various Buddhas and powerful bodhisattvas residing in different worlds and buddha-fields (
3222:
2853:
1713:
onwards). It is considered one of the three main existing branches of Buddhism, the others being
1502:
780:
52:
11413:
10059:
Williams, Paul, Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, 2002, p. 109.
7434:), and the monks of the Abhayagiri Vihara as the "Mahāyāna Sthaviras". Xuanzang further writes:
6106:, are very important in Tibetan Buddhism as well as in some forms of East Asian Mantrayāna like
5545:
A central practice advocated by numerous Mahāyāna sources is focused around "the acquisition of
5195:
4389:
2052:(great knowing). At a later stage when the early Prakrit word was converted into Sanskrit, this
1726:
30:
19251:
19146:
19106:
19086:
18943:
18918:
18823:
18796:
18746:
18716:
18706:
18623:
18588:
18573:
18558:
18513:
18448:
18117:
18048:
17953:
17948:
17689:
17612:
17374:
17256:
17180:
16977:
16967:
16826:
16794:
16732:
16703:
16210:
16205:
16011:
15892:
15852:
15637:
14978:
14973:
14953:
14949:
14440:
14280:
13948:
13918:
13691:
13642:
13483:
13431:
13426:
13188:
13009:
12906:
12658:
12653:
12402:
10568:
The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1
9052:
7535:
7214:
7148:
6845:
6244:
6210:
6199:
5827:
5510:
5141:
5042:
4780:
4512:
4492:
4298:
Prajñāpāramitā is also associated with not grasping, not taking a stand on or "not taking up" (
4177:). This teaching states that even though the Buddha is said to have taught three vehicles (the
3981:
3908:
3397:
2927:
2631:
2497:
2366:
1722:
1581:
1317:
1302:
1282:
1207:
1202:
1117:
1024:
12770:
11834:
9004:
8886:
4760:
4439:
2860:
The Mahāyāna movement (or movements) remained quite small until it experienced much growth in
1695:
755:
381:
19492:
19437:
19354:
19306:
19281:
19081:
18903:
18898:
18766:
18756:
18578:
18254:
18192:
18012:
17958:
17379:
17357:
17276:
17217:
16883:
16322:
16173:
15325:
14924:
14836:
14445:
14415:
13996:
13928:
13761:
13676:
13671:
13595:
13590:
13508:
12038:
11433:
11415:
Buddhism in Its Connexion with Brāhmanism and Hindūism: And in Its Contrast with Christianity
10381:
8590:
8552:
7843:
7160:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6715:(SA 301) by name, and may be an extended commentary on that work. Nāgārjuna systematized the
6645:
6601:
6322:
6260:
6183:
6087:
5439:
were taught to bodhisattvas, and are superior in eliminating conceptually imagined forms. -
5165:
5156:
5109:
5099:
4735:
4665:
4082:) on the path to Buddhahood. The various texts disagree on the number of stages however, the
4028:
3339:
2236:
2220:
2164:
1522:
1512:
1467:
910:
695:
445:
396:
16193:
16141:
13061:
9151:
9044:
8095:
6771:
also use language parallel to passages in the canon containing the Buddha's description of "
5854:
5839:
5663:
4182:
3684:
3587:. Faith-based devotional practices focused on rebirth in pure lands are common in East Asia
3226:
745:
19482:
19472:
19457:
19364:
19291:
19261:
19236:
19201:
19161:
19156:
19131:
19001:
18923:
18873:
18853:
18843:
18731:
18678:
18653:
18503:
18498:
18478:
18443:
18428:
18372:
18142:
18075:
18043:
17923:
17858:
17724:
17602:
17455:
17335:
17234:
17146:
17114:
17109:
16957:
16689:
15964:
15548:
15308:
14919:
14863:
14814:
14799:
14652:
14468:
14435:
14420:
13938:
13835:
13781:
13666:
13605:
13573:
13568:
13553:
13538:
13528:
13493:
13406:
13098:
13021:
12324:
12264:
12013:
11980:
11930:
11829:
11628:
11600:
11375:
10748:
10726:
8497:
7497:
7187:
6956:
6948:. This does not include the Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhists who practice Tibetan Buddhism.
6895:
6884:
6868:
6744:
6707:
6699:
6492:
6444:
6225:
6163:
6008:
An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts a monk generating a tantric visualization
5922:
5913:
5848:
5634:
5520:
5466:
5428:
4828:
4088:
3938:
3604:
3422:(aids to awakening). Mahāyāna Buddhism further accepts some of the ideas found in Buddhist
3405:
3372:
3266:
2915:
2507:
Some important evidence for early Mahāyāna Buddhism comes from the texts translated by the
2492:
2321:(2003) argues that this sutra represents the earliest form of Mahāyāna, which presents the
2189:" schools. Some of the major theories about the origins of Mahāyāna include the following:
1532:
1492:
1487:
1452:
1297:
1177:
1085:
1070:
1014:
986:
915:
905:
900:
557:
171:
16257:
15161:
14308:
12923:
12792:
12718:
12594:
12332:
10519:
10495:
The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries
10468:
The Discourse on the All-embracing Net of Views: The Brahmajāla Sutta and Its Commentaries
9810:"Illusion" a Prajñāpāramitā Creation? The Birth and Death of a Buddhist Cognitive Metaphor
7236:
6251:
school. The earliest of these sutras do not call themselves 'Mahāyāna', but use the terms
5831:
5352:
view of this topic as a transcendental self that is "the unique essence of the universe".
5348:
3845:
3440:
2061:
8:
19487:
19462:
19442:
19419:
19346:
19296:
19276:
19191:
19181:
19136:
19096:
19051:
19046:
19036:
19026:
19021:
19016:
19006:
18991:
18986:
18981:
18976:
18971:
18948:
18858:
18833:
18711:
18701:
18663:
18633:
18618:
18603:
18593:
18583:
18548:
18543:
18493:
18438:
18413:
18357:
18214:
18197:
18085:
18080:
18070:
17938:
17739:
17652:
17597:
17573:
17460:
17345:
17303:
17098:
16947:
16575:
16367:
16247:
16033:
15830:
15715:
15643:
15533:
15454:
15281:
14934:
14758:
14604:
14275:
14154:
13988:
13963:
13953:
13913:
13890:
13773:
13746:
13706:
13625:
13615:
13543:
13470:
12901:
12758:
12539:
12517:
12469:
12289:
12089:
11945:
11925:
11780:
7591:
7552:
7525:
7458:
7398:
7183:
7014:
6799:
6788:
6191:
5590:
5280:
5116:
5063:
5045:, since anything that has an independent existence cannot be dependently originated. The
4928:
4537:
4532:
4361:
4268:
3567:
3506:
3364:
3343:
3112:
3101:
2864:. Very few manuscripts have been found before the fifth century (the exceptions are from
2736:) may delve into the particulars of the trikaya doctrine while eschewing the doctrine of
2121:
1903:
1699:
1542:
1497:
1435:
1375:
1312:
1257:
1252:
1007:
996:
875:
365:
356:
141:
19569:
12249:
12176:
11749:
9589:, forthcoming in Blackwell Companion to South and Southeast Asian Buddhism, Updated 2016
6951:
Harvey gives the East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhist population in other countries as follows:
6721:
6195:
5413:
Mahāyāna often sees itself as penetrating further and more profoundly into the Buddha's
5302:
5273:
4178:
4120:
4110:
4077:
4076:
as well as other texts also outline a series of bodhisattva levels or spiritual stages (
3678:
3610:
3389:
2691:
2125:
290:
181:
19467:
19447:
19414:
19311:
19301:
19246:
19241:
19171:
19151:
19141:
19126:
19121:
19101:
19071:
19066:
19041:
19031:
18963:
18928:
18913:
18818:
18791:
18781:
18741:
18726:
18721:
18673:
18668:
18608:
18563:
18523:
18418:
18405:
18207:
18187:
18112:
17985:
17808:
17482:
17440:
17281:
17249:
17224:
17151:
17131:
16952:
16900:
16888:
16866:
16458:
16416:
16289:
16114:
16109:
16104:
15925:
15709:
15685:
15064:
14988:
14736:
14682:
14338:
14243:
14085:
14048:
14043:
13973:
13923:
13870:
13865:
13736:
13731:
13726:
13716:
13701:
13686:
13681:
13620:
13600:
13563:
13488:
13293:
12994:
12918:
12796:
12738:
12579:
12479:
12407:
12382:
12028:
11958:
9356:
9250:
7966:
The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography
7586:
7546:
6999:
6952:
6929:
6340:
6308:
6171:
6155:
6013:
5819:
4585:
4567:
4562:
4502:
4409:
4024:
3703:
3689:
3588:
3490:
3355:
3085:
2963:
2643:
2635:
2607:
2568:. Therefore, Mahāyāna was never a separate monastic sect outside of the early schools.
2348:
2145:
1527:
1507:
1447:
1442:
1330:
1232:
1225:
1152:
1142:
1049:
895:
860:
522:
452:
16570:
16119:
15737:
15467:
14137:
11778:
2990:
seems to have been a particularly important place for the study of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
2200:
1739:. Vajrayāna or Mantra traditions are a subset of Mahāyāna which makes use of numerous
57:
19549:
19524:
19518:
19452:
19409:
19399:
19389:
19379:
19286:
19206:
19166:
19091:
19061:
18953:
18908:
18888:
18863:
18838:
18801:
18786:
18761:
18736:
18648:
18598:
18553:
18538:
18518:
18508:
18483:
18423:
18367:
18127:
17903:
17499:
17470:
17394:
17389:
17350:
17288:
17244:
17229:
17212:
17207:
17202:
17141:
16876:
16762:
16528:
16498:
16478:
16299:
16094:
16075:
16070:
16006:
15969:
15690:
15605:
15528:
15426:
15416:
15384:
15372:
15340:
15317:
15299:
15195:
15050:
14958:
14944:
14907:
14895:
14724:
14643:
14595:
14516:
14478:
14174:
14159:
14122:
14107:
13880:
13796:
13711:
13548:
13513:
13498:
13225:
13215:
12896:
12743:
12728:
12599:
12522:
12442:
12377:
12309:
12196:
11953:
11789:
11719:
11646:
11480:
11439:
11379:
11196:
11153:
11130:
11120:
10917:
10895:
10869:
10664:
10593:
10499:
10472:
10442:
10418:
10385:
10254:
10244:
10102:
9739:
9707:
9658:
9508:
9360:
9266:
9235:
9179:
9155:
9145:
9124:
9097:
9056:
9045:
9012:
8657:
8596:
8557:
8501:
8471:
8281:
7933:
7908:
7898:
7540:
7520:
7423:
7124:
7112:
7104:
7030:
6614:
6591:
Later Tibetan and Chinese Buddhists continued the tradition of writing commentaries.
6403:
6301:
6187:
6167:
6063:
5991:
5423:, gives a classification of teachings according to the capabilities of the audience:
4963:
4883:
4522:
4032:
3698:"), because it lacks the wish and resolve to liberate all other sentient beings from
3580:
3409:
3401:
3359:
3105:
2208:
1670:
1658:
1574:
1472:
1457:
1262:
1137:
1080:
1044:
1029:
960:
885:
870:
865:
848:
527:
438:
388:
68:
16982:
16580:
16230:
15974:
13460:
12254:
12154:
11499:
Swearer, Donald (2006). Theravada Buddhist Societies. In: Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.)
8039:; in: "Gems of Buddhist Wisdom", Buddhist Missionary Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
6817:
There are also some minor Mahāyāna traditions practiced by minority groups, such as
6643:
necessary, and controversy would not occur. These teachings were established by the
4394:
3900:) for others, and thus bodhicitta is generated. According to the Indian philosopher
3745:, but they reject this goal and remain in saṃsāra to help others out of compassion.
3722:
3643:
265:
19477:
19359:
19256:
18868:
18828:
18776:
18771:
18688:
18658:
18568:
18458:
18322:
18274:
18269:
17828:
17793:
17766:
17524:
17509:
17384:
17308:
17158:
17136:
17044:
16905:
16684:
16647:
16503:
16488:
16436:
16220:
16200:
16168:
16163:
16134:
16129:
16053:
16043:
15862:
15826:
15818:
15789:
15702:
15622:
15617:
15580:
15570:
15496:
15434:
15276:
15113:
14963:
14621:
14164:
14117:
14112:
13968:
13933:
13908:
13903:
13654:
13610:
13523:
13198:
12854:
12847:
12631:
12621:
12507:
12171:
12043:
11638:
10660:
10082:
9346:
9005:"The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period"
8547:
8467:
8307:
The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
8277:
7674:) had stood in these places ... I have assumed, further, that the Mahāyānist terms
7616:
7596:
7358:
7255:
7128:
7047:
7018:
6921:
6880:
6810:
6681:
6669:
to be the third turning of the Dharma Wheel. Tibetan teachers, particularly of the
6662:
6364:
6315:
6111:
5835:
5717:
5546:
4888:
4730:
4620:
4547:
4116:
4094:
4072:
3952:
3494:
3472:
3351:
3335:
3292:
3276:
3258:
3233:. However, other scholars such as Ronald M. Davidson question the idea that Indian
3210:
3176:
3132:
3073:
2565:
2561:
2077:
1607:
1537:
1482:
1412:
1402:
1267:
880:
853:
720:
537:
517:
341:
305:
17121:
13243:
11849:
11579:
The Madman's Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of the Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel.
11369:
6551:
is also credited with numerous highly influential commentaries. In East Asia, the
4750:
4414:
4282:), "beyond coming and going" in the Prajñāpāramitā literature. Most famously, the
3808:
3452:
2778:
2240:
585:
19528:
18152:
18132:
17622:
17514:
17504:
17173:
16841:
16632:
16612:
16543:
16508:
16441:
16225:
16151:
16124:
16099:
16048:
16021:
15809:
15752:
15523:
15040:
14841:
14767:
14707:
14662:
14631:
14528:
14473:
14425:
14353:
14223:
14021:
14001:
13943:
13855:
13518:
13416:
13263:
12999:
12982:
12967:
12945:
12497:
12367:
12201:
12181:
11704:
11150:
Development and Practice of Humanitarian Buddhism: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
10861:
10755:
10733:
10699:
10528:
10493:
10466:
10436:
9532:
9291:
9118:
8036:
7576:
7244:
7175:
practices, such as visiting shrines, collecting amulets and attending festivals.
7093:
7058:
6802:
traditions of China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, also known as "Eastern Buddhism".
6674:
6584:
6425:
6267:
6238:
5935:
5887:
5749:
5743:
5553:
5373:
5013:
4952:
4933:
4918:
4858:
4765:
4482:
4230:
4134:
4102:
4056:
3964:
3923:
3881:
3730:
3664:
3368:
3347:
3254:
3097:
3061:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2821:, a major center for the study of Mahāyāna Buddhism from the fifth century CE to
2408:
2355:
2336:
2141:
1562:
1477:
1277:
1187:
1132:
825:
760:
600:
318:
300:
285:
176:
156:
13273:
12427:
12417:
9384:
The Three Bodies of the Buddha: The Origin and Development of the Trikaya Theory
9321:
The Three Bodies of the Buddha: The Origin and Development of the Trikaya Theory
9281:
9047:
The holy land reborn: pilgrimage & the Tibetan reinvention of Buddhist India
7606:
6735:
4655:
4517:
4384:
4221:
3987:
3622:
2720:
1776:
1127:
620:
18279:
18167:
18107:
17823:
17798:
17583:
17487:
17369:
17313:
17266:
16679:
16627:
16523:
16493:
16473:
16468:
16463:
16446:
16342:
16262:
16235:
16188:
16178:
15212:
14875:
14858:
14677:
14657:
14626:
14483:
14186:
14036:
13818:
13398:
13378:
13298:
12987:
12977:
12911:
12748:
12234:
12097:
9011:. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. pp. 144–145.
7386:
Theravada texts do, however, hold that this is a more perfectly virtuous goal.
7331:
7225:
7073:. Korean Seon also includes some Pure Land practice. It is mainly practiced in
6818:
6739:
6565:
6461:
6273:
6132:
5905:
5867:
5756:
5672:
5609:
5458:
5390:
4878:
4853:
4838:
4705:
4212:
3970:
3838:
3543:
3521:
3311:
3217:
and that it developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and
3191:
2837:
2809:
2746:
2508:
2501:
2246:
2196:
1939:
1892:
1816:
1734:
1422:
1352:
1307:
1165:
890:
805:
562:
326:
225:
126:
15477:
11134:
10978:
Dharma Publishing: p. 322. Lindtner says that Nāgārjuna is referencing the DN.
10570:
Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, pp. 51, 60 - 230.
10258:
9890:
Philosophy East and West Vol.3 (1953) pp. 117-129, University of Hawaii Press.
9838:, Philosophy East and West Vol.3 (1953) PP.117-129, University of Hawaii Press
9351:
9334:
7654:
Karashima: "I have assumed that, in the earliest stage of the transmission of
6849:
6698:
Scholars have noted that many key Mahāyāna ideas are closely connected to the
6530:
4399:
3804:, c. 1340. The three carts at the top which are symbolic of the three vehicles
3699:
2490:. Jan Nattier has noted that some of the earliest Mahāyāna texts, such as the
2254:
2004:
is comparatively rare in the earliest sources. The presumed dichotomy between
19543:
18202:
17756:
17637:
17029:
17024:
16972:
16809:
16747:
16642:
16533:
16431:
16362:
16294:
16284:
16252:
16183:
16080:
16058:
15986:
15882:
15845:
15764:
15672:
15123:
15074:
14779:
14253:
14102:
13411:
13313:
13171:
12972:
12950:
12886:
12557:
12352:
12347:
12239:
11908:
11709:
Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology
11114:
10937:
Genealogies of Mahayana Buddhism: Emptiness, Power and the question of Origin
10692:
The Treasury of Blessings: A Practice of Buddha Śākyamuni by Mipham Rinpoche.
10651:
Drewes, David (2010). "Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism II: New Perspectives".
10580:
9536:, Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.
7912:
7893:
Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher Hugh; Kawanami, Hiroko, eds. (2016).
7515:
7440:
7140:
7116:
7003:
6925:
6772:
6768:
6150:
5577:
5538:
5234:
5219:
5160:
4903:
4863:
4805:
4790:
4770:
4557:
4291:
4235:
3942:
3510:
3230:
3136:
3089:
2907:
2892:
2794:
2758:
2703:
2557:
2544:
or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each
2416:
2279:
2274:
2232:
2149:
1823:. Various Mahāyāna traditions are the predominant forms of Buddhism found in
1788:
1703:
1247:
1242:
1182:
790:
775:
715:
547:
507:
250:
191:
131:
116:
16871:
12711:
12701:
12073:
6016:, it is widely held that the practice of reciting the Buddha's name (called
5802:
5198:
which also criticized Madhyamaka, in effect claiming it fell into nihilism.
4755:
4640:
3896:
3815:(Avalokiteśvara) with multiple arms symbolizing upaya and great compassion,
3616:
1387:
1192:
18342:
18244:
18100:
17788:
17783:
17761:
17751:
17632:
17064:
16999:
16942:
16927:
16893:
16518:
16426:
15444:
15335:
15330:
15181:
15151:
15025:
14993:
14741:
14712:
14699:
14343:
14328:
14298:
14248:
14238:
14080:
13875:
13368:
13203:
13081:
12869:
12864:
12691:
12562:
12437:
11898:
11435:
Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
10521:
A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts
10068:
Shiro Matsumoto, Critiques of Tathagatagarbha Thought and Critical Buddhism
8142:
7838:
7454:
7274:
7248:
7132:
7082:
6853:
6822:
6569:
6526:
6509:
6395:
6385:
5940:
5893:
5878:
5795:
5454:
5401:
5132:
5090:
4873:
4833:
4670:
4610:
3777:
3669:
3647:
3627:
3427:
3250:
3144:
3053:
2940:
2911:
2903:
2683:
2648:
2598:
2301:
1804:
1770:). Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy also promotes unique theories, such as the
1287:
1172:
1090:
976:
815:
800:
640:
16565:
15232:
13126:
13111:
13071:
12768:
12432:
12008:
8027:
5642:
5575:
genre, teach the practice of the six transcendent virtues or perfections (
5226:
4660:
4115:
systems are merged and this is the progressive path model that is used in
1860:
1718:
1714:
630:
426:
394:
362:
339:
18264:
18239:
18058:
18026:
18017:
17963:
17893:
17878:
17771:
17662:
17323:
17271:
17059:
16777:
16757:
16597:
16538:
16276:
16272:
16085:
15595:
15543:
15513:
15350:
15204:
15096:
15020:
14885:
14821:
14772:
14313:
14142:
13283:
13268:
13051:
12859:
12787:
12567:
12397:
12299:
12146:
12018:
9089:
8159:
7563:
7487:
7478:
7469:
7297:
7221:
7156:
7089:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
6861:
6579:
6552:
6336:
6287:
6162:
Mahāyāna Buddhism takes the basic teachings of the Buddha as recorded in
5815:
5182:
The most influential thinkers in this tradition were the Indian brothers
4650:
4635:
4630:
4404:
4284:
4160:
4007:
3990:
of all phenomena, arising from study, deep consideration and meditation.
3797:
3758:(awakening) and hence the technical term for a Mahāyāna bodhisattva is a
3718:
3651:
3551:
3530:
3486:
3246:
3164:
3038:
2932:
2861:
2687:
2664:
2659:
2603:
2576:
2531:
practices, forest dwelling, and deep states of meditative concentration (
2520:
2322:
2297:
2262:
2239:
region of southern India. The Mahāsāṃghika doctrine of the supramundane (
2228:
2172:
2168:
2021:
1986:
1962:
1950:
1932:
1848:
1751:
1357:
675:
650:
635:
332:
275:
218:
101:
17578:
17519:
16622:
16028:
15857:
15406:
14303:
12763:
8494:
Buddhism: An Introduction to the Buddha's Life, Teachings, and Practices
7430:. He refers to the monks of the Mahāvihara as the "Hīnayāna Sthaviras" (
7269:
Contemporary Northern Buddhism is traditionally practiced mainly in the
6876:
6339:
ideal, including "expanded cosmologies and mythical histories, ideas of
6027:
4240:) without exception have "no essential unchanging core" (i.e. they lack
4086:
giving ten for example (and mapping each one to the ten paramitas), the
4003:
3766:. According to Paul Williams, a Mahāyāna bodhisattva is best defined as:
3502:
3457:
3123:
3052:(c. 337–422 CE) had also begun to travel to India (now dominated by the
2627:
2592:
2258:
2060:, possibly because of what may have been a double meaning in the famous
1763:
230:
18230:
18225:
18095:
18090:
18053:
18031:
17888:
17868:
17863:
17704:
17694:
17657:
17261:
17039:
16987:
16727:
16372:
16352:
15910:
15835:
15774:
15538:
15518:
15439:
15091:
15059:
15030:
14809:
14804:
14789:
14258:
14216:
14092:
13898:
13823:
13437:
13421:
13383:
13363:
13258:
13233:
13141:
13076:
13056:
12802:
12733:
12604:
12487:
12457:
12392:
12342:
12000:
11990:
11963:
11741:
11642:
7419:
7241:
6834:
6764:
6753:
6716:
6654:
6536:
6522:
6505:
6501:
6468:, which is designated as the collection of teachings for bodhisattvas.
6344:
6046:
5917:
5807:
5681:
5598:
5582:
5470:
gives the following seven reasons for the "greatness" of the Mahayana:
5394:
5187:
5021:
5009:
4898:
4795:
4675:
4615:
4552:
4527:
4497:
4424:
4036:
3922:
The generation of bodhicitta may then be followed by the taking of the
3912:
3901:
3871:
3859:
3713:
3482:
3423:
3393:
3168:
2786:
2750:
2728:
2707:
2634:, and dated to around 180 CE. Remains of a statue of a Buddha bear the
2630:(an important Mahāyāna figure) was found in the Indian subcontinent in
2528:
2487:
2289:
1966:
1808:
1771:
1744:
1362:
1122:
1019:
795:
705:
690:
615:
610:
487:
235:
214:
111:
106:
17069:
15930:
13278:
12274:
11477:
Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal
9427:
The Perfection of Wisdom in eight thousand lines and its verse summary
7389:
Paul Williams writes that some modern Theravada meditation masters in
4645:
4173:
4127:
2790:
2737:
2159:
2120:. The term appeared in some of the earliest Mahāyāna texts, including
1898:
As of 2010, the Mahāyāna tradition was the largest major tradition of
625:
166:
18172:
17968:
17883:
17873:
17744:
17699:
17684:
17617:
17465:
16932:
16854:
16814:
16804:
16767:
16742:
16722:
16617:
16483:
16337:
16327:
16089:
15937:
15747:
15732:
15697:
15680:
15662:
15575:
15355:
15271:
15250:
15245:
15222:
15217:
15176:
15171:
15108:
15045:
14968:
14939:
14890:
14831:
14784:
14233:
14206:
13373:
13248:
12960:
12876:
12753:
12643:
12616:
12609:
12572:
12529:
12492:
12259:
12224:
12191:
12166:
12121:
11017:
Routledge, 2002, p. 44, note 5. Lusthaus draws attention to Rahula's
8130:
A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra
8015:
A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra
8002:
A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra
7581:
7427:
7382:
7371:
7270:
7136:
6830:
6806:
estimates that there are about 360 million Eastern Buddhists in Asia.
6703:
6690:
which they use to organize the sometimes bewildering array of texts.
6666:
6650:
6636:
6540:
6497:
6486:(commentaries). Philosophical texts were also written in verse form (
6360:
6353:
6248:
6083:
6071:
5628:
5525:
5514:
5306:) which the Buddha critiqued; rather, it is a positive expression of
5211:
5191:
5094:
5029:
5005:
4868:
4600:
4429:
4258:(things, phenomena), even the Buddha's Teaching, the Buddha himself,
4206:
Prajñāpāramitā is often personified by a female deity in Buddhist art
4048:
3930:) to "lead to Nirvana the whole immeasurable world of beings" as the
3726:
3575:
3563:
3514:
3476:
3461:
3316:
3206:
3152:
2952:
2948:
2849:
2841:
2829:
2798:
2770:
2724:
2711:
2677:
2588:
2584:
2549:
2458:
2423:
1911:
1907:
1888:
1852:
1840:
1820:
1812:
1782:
1767:
1407:
1382:
820:
580:
532:
270:
260:
255:
240:
186:
15627:
15156:
14006:
12842:
12696:
12462:
12244:
12113:
12105:
11824:
11540:
Abhidhamma Studies: Buddhist Explorations of Consciousness and Time.
9812:, Fo Guang University, Journal of Buddhist Philosophy, Vol. 2, 2016.
8462:
Drewes, David, Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism II: New Perspectives,
6684:
traditions have different schemes of doctrinal periodization called
6214:
6203:
6136:
Manuscript. Prajñaparamita and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (top),
5823:
5028:'the emptiness theory') was founded by the second-century figure of
4507:
4190:) are actually not done, and they will eventually reach Buddhahood.
3890:
3384:
3296:
2483:
750:
680:
17975:
17719:
17709:
17564:
17054:
17034:
16861:
16737:
16592:
16156:
15900:
15840:
15759:
15654:
15632:
15612:
15590:
15585:
15565:
15505:
15472:
15411:
15255:
15240:
15118:
15079:
15035:
14826:
14763:
14667:
14570:
14523:
14363:
14318:
14263:
14228:
14132:
13791:
13358:
13353:
13303:
13238:
13156:
13121:
13116:
12777:
12648:
12636:
12206:
11903:
10037:
10035:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9795:
9793:
9791:
9721:
9719:
7530:
7415:
7390:
7345:
7337:
7325:
7307:
7164:
7152:
7107:
is divided into numerous traditions which include various sects of
7078:
6978:
Chinese Buddhism can be divided into various different traditions (
6727:
6677:
teachings are normally included in the third turning of the wheel.
6622:
6618:
6477:
6414:
6356:
6179:
6137:
6079:
5614:, and a large number of other Mahāyāna texts list six perfections:
5560:
5505:
5307:
5297:
5248:
5056:
5050:
5034:
4947:
4848:
4690:
4680:
4605:
4595:
4542:
4459:
4320:
4274:
4242:
4044:
4016:
3734:
3694:
3555:
3547:
3218:
3214:
3183:
3128:
3069:
3045:, and eventually, Indonesian Mahāyāna traditions made it to China.
3042:
3022:
2987:
2888:
2869:
2774:
2754:
2639:
2611:
2580:
2516:
2464:
2435:
2429:
2412:
2407:
Inscribed pedestal with the first known occurrence of the name of "
2266:
2186:
2000:
1943:
1935:
1899:
1884:
1872:
1856:
1786:("the doctrine of consciousness" also called "mind-only"), and the
1691:
1417:
1397:
1272:
968:
740:
665:
590:
542:
492:
280:
45:
13348:
13338:
13323:
13146:
13016:
12284:
11830:
Comparison of Buddhist Traditions (Mahayana – Therevada – Tibetan)
11773:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.
9505:
The Lotus Sutra: A Contemporary Translation of a Buddhist Classic,
9232:
Scripture of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma: The Lotus Sutra
9077:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement
8194:者,我無此辯說。禪智解脫辯,憶本天眼通,能盡苦原本,我無此辯說。』爾時,須深女人便說此偈:『善逝有此智,質直無瑕穢,勇猛有所伏,求於
7144:
6512:
wrote commentaries on this work as well as their own verse works.
6429:
do not present any antagonism towards the hearers or the ideal of
5968:
This meditation is taught in numerous Mahāyāna sūtras such as the
5748:: vow, resolution, aspiration, determination, this related to the
5654:
5361:
to defend the truth and authenticity of Mahāyāna in various ways.
5097:. The primary sutra associated with this school of thought is the
4745:
4725:
4720:
4147:
4106:
3854:
3435:
3319:
which depicts his body as being composed of numerous other Buddhas
2448:
2124:'s translation of the Lotus Sutra. It also appears in the Chinese
770:
735:
725:
685:
18249:
17848:
17813:
17734:
17647:
17588:
17492:
17195:
17049:
16799:
16752:
16637:
16513:
16332:
15779:
15742:
15553:
15103:
15069:
14912:
14613:
14268:
14211:
14196:
13343:
13333:
13308:
13183:
13178:
13136:
13106:
13038:
13004:
12891:
12832:
12827:
12681:
12584:
12422:
12372:
12159:
11985:
11538:
Nyanaponika, Nyaponika Thera, Nyanaponika, Bhikkhu Bodhi (1998).
11527:
Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought.
8960:
Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism
8874:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8861:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8845:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8790:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8777:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8761:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8735:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
8722:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition
8381:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
7473:
6991:
6933:
6783:
6749:
6561:
6457:
6175:
6166:
as the starting point of its teachings, such as those concerning
6103:
6095:
6052:
6033:
5954:
5873:
5860:
5641:
4800:
4444:
4314:
4259:
4248:
4165:
3812:
3717:
and someone who engages in this path to complete buddhahood is a
3711:
This wish to help others by entering the Mahāyāna path is called
3595:
3242:
3077:
3018:
3014:
2998:
2899:
2877:
2814:
2695:
2545:
2533:
2453:
2442:
2250:
2153:
2033:
1844:
1800:
1097:
730:
660:
655:
552:
497:
196:
151:
41:
12955:
12723:
11759:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture
11115:
Charles S. Prebish; Kenneth Ken'ichi Tanaka (15 November 2023).
10866:
The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture
10032:
9974:
9788:
9716:
8628:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
8124:
8122:
8120:
8118:
6413:, "hearers") which are sometimes depicted as being part of the '
5785:
5780:
5619:
5366:
3998:
2540:
Indian Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate
1927:
18157:
18036:
18021:
17840:
17729:
17714:
17672:
17450:
17328:
16602:
16357:
16347:
15981:
15942:
15784:
15392:
15362:
15086:
14348:
14333:
14169:
14031:
14011:
13786:
13448:
13328:
13318:
13253:
12881:
12837:
12822:
12812:
12782:
12706:
12589:
12357:
12229:
11973:
11968:
11844:
11730:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10
11400:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna.
10780:
Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993).
8539:
7611:
7402:
7397:
Cholvijarn observes that prominent figures associated with the
7349:
7319:
7293:
7289:
7172:
7120:
7043:
7034:
7022:
6995:
6937:
6914:
6838:
6548:
6547:(conscious construction only). The Yogacara school philosopher
6449:
6115:
6091:
6058:
6018:
5899:
5790:
5414:
5386:
5183:
4710:
4700:
4685:
4625:
4449:
4369:
4344:
4171:
A closely related teaching is the doctrine of the One Vehicle (
3816:
3801:
3639:
3584:
3559:
3300:
3262:
3234:
3187:
3148:
3081:
3049:
3034:
3002:
2884:
2873:
2865:
2845:
2782:
2541:
2486:("discourses", scriptures) originating around the beginning of
2091:
1876:
1864:
1836:
1740:
1557:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1065:
765:
700:
670:
605:
502:
16548:
11845:
The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra: complete text and analysis
11630:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
10749:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
10727:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
10438:
The Six Perfections: Buddhism and the Cultivation of Character
10143:. State University of New York Press: p. 104, p. 353
8814:
Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993.
8331:
Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993.
8228:
Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993.
8053:
Buddhism. Vol. 3. The origins and nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
7256:
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism or "Northern" Buddhism
6760:
criticized the Yogācārins for tending towards substantialism.
6371:, or rejoicing in the good deeds of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.
6144:
5806:
Zen master Bodhidharma meditating, Ukiyo-e woodblock print by
3209:
remain a subject of debate among scholars. Some scholars like
2571:
2523:(contra the lay origin theory), acknowledge the legitimacy of
2056:, being phonetically ambivalent, may have been converted into
17853:
17627:
17607:
17592:
17168:
16994:
16789:
16652:
16607:
16587:
15769:
15166:
15012:
14794:
14488:
14323:
14181:
14147:
14127:
14097:
14026:
13443:
13288:
13166:
13161:
13131:
13086:
12933:
12928:
12807:
12512:
12337:
12304:
12294:
11688:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11330:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11317:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11278:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11223:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11184:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11103:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11090:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
11077:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
8115:
7895:
Religions in the modern world: traditions and transformations
7313:
6945:
6826:
6670:
6609:". According to this view, there were three such "turnings":
6430:
6099:
5766:
5733:
5529:
5369:
or bodhisattvas until the time came for their dissemination.
5126:
5000:
4843:
4715:
4695:
4187:
4154:
4020:
3976:
3958:
3742:
3673:
3380:
accept the classic Buddhist doctrines found in early Buddhism
3010:
3006:
2994:
2944:
2818:
2652:
2524:
2515:
in the 2nd century CE, who came to China from the kingdom of
2340:
2288:
meanwhile states that Mahāyāna arose mainly among "hard-core
1880:
1868:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1759:
1631:
1616:
1347:
810:
710:
645:
121:
10774:
8418:
Drewes, David, The Forest Hypothesis in Paul Harrison, ed.,
6588:, which was a commentary and reworking of the Dignaga text.
6464:. Asaṅga classifies the Mahāyāna sūtras as belonging to the
6439:
see it as something for a small elite of hardcore ascetics.
5059:(against protestations to the contrary by their opponents).
1799:. Large scholastic centers associated with Mahāyāna such as
17778:
17667:
15600:
14539:
14358:
13151:
12817:
12314:
11460:
Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravāda Buddhism
11152:. Hua-lien (Taiwan): Tzuchi University Press. pp. 141–161.
10415:
The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries,
10352:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana,
10291:
The Buddha speaks of Amitabha Sutra: A General Explanation.
10199:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.
10183:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana.
8325:
8222:
7996:
7994:
7341:
7220:
Though Vietnamese Buddhism suffered extensively during the
6037:
5389:, not because it was spoken by a specific individual (i.e.
5073:
4324:) in an intuitive, non-conceptual manner is said to be the
3672:
by Mahāyānists, over and above the paths of those who seek
3621:
which is none other than the ultimate reality itself, i.e.
3199:
3030:
1637:
1622:
11782:
The Bodhisattva Ideal: Essays on the Emergence of Mahayana
10892:
The Scripture on the Explication of the Underlying Meaning
10164:
10162:
10156:. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications: p. 151; cf. also p. 110
9933:
9931:
9849:
The Heart Sutra Explained: Indian and Tibetan Commentaries
7972:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 36. Archived from
6975:: 2.3 million. Most of these are Han Chinese populations.
6794:
The main contemporary traditions of Mahāyāna in Asia are:
6452:
refers to the collection which contains the āgamas as the
6352:
copying sutras, that they claim can enable rebirth in the
4197:
4119:. According to Paul Williams, in these systems, the first
17677:
17642:
16317:
15676:
14016:
12552:
9421:
9419:
9234:(Rev. ed.), p. 239. New York: Columbia university press,
9120:
The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists
8930:
8320:
Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.
7892:
7621:
7465:); in this it maintains the attitude of early Buddhism.
7381:
In the early Buddhist texts, and as taught by the modern
6872:
6375:
dream revelations in certain Mahāyāna sutras such as the
6243:
In addition to accepting the essential scriptures of the
5680:
This list is also mentioned by the Theravāda commentator
5650:: patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance
5528:
Buddhist monk meditating and begging for alms at Oigawa,
4454:
3257:
and to East Asia. Vajrayāna remains the dominant form of
3159:), Mantrayāna, and Esoteric Buddhism or "Secret Mantra" (
3093:
2769:
as the last and most recent. Major early figures include
1957:("Great Vehicle") was originally an honorary synonym for
1628:
512:
10850:
Abhidharma Samuccaya: The Compendium of Higher Teaching.
10762:
10679:
Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, 2nd edition
10624:
10622:
9445:
9443:
9261:; in: Teiser, Stephen F.; Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse; eds.
7991:
6363:, where it is said to be possible to easily acquire the
5585:. Special attention is given to transcendent knowledge (
5435:
because they were at the stage of saints; the eightfold
4262:
and all living beings, are like "illusions" or "magic" (
4101:
In later Mahāyāna scholasticism, such as in the work of
1867:
form of Mahāyāna, Mahāyāna Buddhism is also dominant in
1721:. Mahāyāna accepts the main scriptures and teachings of
10914:
Hermeneutics and tradition in the Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra
10159:
9928:
9283:
The Mahāyāna Sūtra "The White Lotus of the Good Dharma"
8973:
The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism
8235:
4318:) through the insight into the true nature of reality (
3546:'s life and death on earth are then usually understood
3371:, ideas and philosophical treatises in addition to the
2939:
Over time Indian Mahāyāna texts and philosophy reached
2638:
inscription: "Made in the year 28 of the reign of King
2482:
The earliest textual evidence of "Mahāyāna" comes from
14582:
11861:
The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Theory and Practice
11000:
Nagao, Gadjin M.; Kawamura, Leslie S., trans. (1991).
10987:
Nagao, Gadjin M.; Kawamura, Leslie S., trans. (1991).
10201:
pp. 89-90, 211-212, 227. Buddhist Publication Society.
9416:
5668:: one-pointed concentration, contemplation, meditation
5324:, which states that the Buddhas teach the doctrine of
3213:
argue that Vajrayāna derives its tantric content from
3151:
ideas. This came to be known by various names such as
2723:
without ever mentioning the bodhisattva path, while a
10619:
9440:
7453:
position. They point out that unlike the now-extinct
7155:. Many of these new religions are lay movements like
4141:
2793:. Mahāyāna Buddhists seem to have been active in the
1646:
1634:
1610:
10848:
Boin-Webb, Sara (tr). Rahula, Walpola (tr). Asanga.
10844:
10842:
10326:
Reflecting Mirrors: Perspectives on Huayan Buddhism.
10098:
The Doctrine of Buddha-Nature is impeccably Buddhist
9923:
Nagarjuna's Madhyamaka: A Philosophical Introduction
9704:
Skillful Means – A concept in Mahayana Buddhism
9567:
8274:
Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship
6693:
5365:
were hidden away or kept safe by divine beings like
4228:) of dharmas (phenomena) and their illusory nature (
4210:
Some of the key Mahāyāna teachings are found in the
3884:
also teach a meditation in which we contemplate how
3614:) are emanations from the ultimate Buddha body, the
3005:, which (along with Korea) would later spread it to
2015:
Among the earliest and most important references to
10886:
10884:
10882:
10019:
10017:
9526:
Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path
6140:
and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (bottom), c. 1075
5589:), which is seen as a primary virtue. According to
5476:
Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Verses
3528:) beings with great powers and huge lifetimes. The
3279:: 真言, literally "true word", referring to mantra),
2623:") to memorize and study a Mahāyāna text or texts.
1625:
1619:
1613:
11306:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 109.
9950:, Bury St. Edmunds, England: Routledge, pp. 78–81.
9676:
9674:
9617:
9615:
9556:
9554:
9486:
9484:
9470:
9468:
6263:school were divided along these doctrinal lines.
6194:have traditionally studied these teachings in the
3524:, but see them as transcendental or supramundane (
3501:). Buddhas unique to Mahāyāna include the Buddhas
2304:. This theory is based on certain sutras like the
2219:, which argues that Mahāyāna developed within the
11577:Lopez, Donald S. and Dge-ʼdun-chos-ʼphel (2006).
10839:
9998:, Second Edition, Routledge, Oxford, 2009, p. 317
9958:
9956:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9544:
9542:
9302:
9300:
9265:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 1–61,
9178:p. 90. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
9116:
9051:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
7834:
7832:
6778:
6742:, the thought presented in the Yogācāra school's
5332:is empty and is not actually a substantial self.
4132:). At this point, a bodhisattva is considered an
3748:According to eighth-century Mahāyāna philosopher
3221:. Sanderson argues that Vajrayāna works like the
2602:Photograph of three bodhisattva statues found at
1969:for the benefit of all sentient beings. The term
19541:
11512:Hoffman, Frank J. and Mahinda, Deegalle (1996).
10879:
10702:Translated by Rigpa Translations. Lotsawa House.
10014:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9462:, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 53.
9221:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 136-137, 185-186.
9094:The Great Compassion: Buddhism and Animal Rights
7929:Religions of Iran:From Prehistory to the Present
7872:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7065:school (i.e. Zen), primarily represented by the
6924:is practiced through many varied forms, such as
6665:consider the teachings of Esoteric Buddhism and
5633:: virtue, discipline, proper conduct (see also:
4234:). This amounts to the idea that all phenomena (
4023:, is regarded as a representative work of early
3291:(唐密; "Tang (Dynasty) Esoterica") in Chinese and
2556:, or monastic orders, continues today, with the
2223:tradition. This is defended by scholars such as
1965:Vehicle"), the vehicle of a bodhisattva seeking
11411:
11071:
11069:
11067:
11065:
11063:
11061:
10362:
10360:
10193:
10191:
10170:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
9671:
9628:
9612:
9551:
9481:
9465:
9407:
8855:
8853:
8748:Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks.
8359:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.
8335:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 253, 263, 268
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8047:
8045:
6763:Key Mahāyāna texts introducing the concepts of
5431:because they were ordinary men; the middle was
5049:philosophers were adamant that their denial of
5016:(noble) bodhisattva or even the "second Buddha"
2935:depicting the Buddha surrounded by bodhisattvas
2329:(2008) is another recent work on this subject.
2064:, which talks of three vehicles or carts (Skt:
11681:Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese
10460:
10458:
10441:. Oxford University Press. pp. contents.
10154:Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahayana Buddhism
9953:
9592:
9539:
9297:
8771:
8769:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8364:
7829:
7813:
7811:
7414:In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk
5820:mindfulness of the unattractivenes of the body
5601:" as well as "that which has gone beyond" or "
5114:) of the Buddha. Instead, the ultimate truth (
2719:) may enthusiastically deploy the rhetoric of
1743:methods Vajrayānists consider to help achieve
14555:
11882:
11850:Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism
11474:
11356:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
11228:
10834:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
10821:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
10808:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
10795:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
10471:. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 300.
9910:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9783:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9682:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9641:
9623:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9607:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9562:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9492:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9476:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
9326:
9308:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
8899:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations:
8687:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations:
8407:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
8394:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
8312:
7897:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
7878:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,
7863:
7013:The modern development of an ideology called
6775:" and appear to have evolved from this idea.
5355:
4981:
4152:Skillful means or Expedient techniques (Skt.
3692:is a smaller or inferior aspiration (called "
3676:or "solitary buddhahood" for their own sake (
2922:
2152:period, 1st – 3rd century CE. Indian Museum,
2115:
2109:
2099:
2081:
1582:
937:
12664:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
11427:
11425:
11058:
10916:, Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 4–11,
10905:
10498:. Buddhist Publication Society. p. 44.
10357:
10188:
9996:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
9517:
9143:
9110:
8850:
8826:
8824:
8803:The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy
8700:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
8525:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8247:
8042:
7217:, which also draws from Theravada Buddhism.
7147:). There are also various Mahāyāna oriented
6613:In the first turning, the Buddha taught the
6442:In the 4th-century Mahāyāna Abhidharma work
6379:which lists and interprets 108 dream signs.
5393:). This idea can be seen in the writings of
3076:led to new Chinese Buddhist traditions like
11766:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundation
11470:
11468:
11304:Tibetan Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction
10855:
10455:
10228:. Berkeley, California: BDK. pp. 23–4.
9581:
9579:
9386:, Routledge Curzon, Oxford, 2005, p. 1
8876:Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 40–41.
8792:Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 16–17.
8766:
8476:
8443:
8338:
7962:
7808:
6702:. The seminal work of Mahāyāna philosophy,
6543:texts on the philosophical theory known as
6392:Astasāhasrikā (8,000 verse) Prajñāpāramitā,
5196:interpretation of the doctrine of emptiness
4312:Attaining a state of fearless receptivity (
3956:) give a list of ten, with the addition of
2667:, such as a concern with preserving texts.
1675:
14562:
14548:
11889:
11875:
11771:Williams, Paul (with Anthony Tribe) (2002)
11745:Volume 24, Issue 4, 1914, pp. 565–581
10079:"The Significance Of 'Tathagatagarbha' --"
9706:. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.
7888:
7886:
7686:("the inferior vehicle") meant originally
7418:describes the concurrent existence of the
7376:
6402:) that this action can lead to rebirth in
5676:: transcendent wisdom, spiritual knowledge
5210:A Kamakura period reliquary topped with a
5120:) is said to be the view that all things (
5024:(Middle theory or Centrism, also known as
4988:
4974:
4063:), which is the first path of the classic
3048:By the fourth century, Chinese monks like
2203:and Akira Hirakawa. This view states that
1589:
1575:
944:
930:
11475:LeVine, Sarah; Gellner, David N. (2005).
11422:
11252:, Government of Japan. 2019. p. 35.
10759:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993, p. 74.
10737:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1993, p. 74.
10238:
10185:pp. 89, 93. Buddhist Publication Society.
10026:A Buddha Within: The Tathāgatagarbhasūtra
9738:, pp. 37-40. Princeton University Press,
9350:
9002:
8821:
8551:
8514:
8299:
7963:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013).
7409:
6748:is undeniably closer to that of the Pali
6560:Another influential tradition is that of
5571:Mahāyāna sūtras, especially those of the
5400:The modern Japanese Zen Buddhist scholar
5081:("the doctrine of consciousness", a.k.a.
5020:The Mahāyāna philosophical school termed
3568:relationship between Buddhism and Theism.
3367:and the adoption of a vast number of new
3135:, which also adopted new deities such as
3096:). These traditions would then spread to
1984:The earliest Mahāyāna texts, such as the
17097:
11633:, Edited and translated by Paul Groner,
11626:
11590:
11479:. Harvard University Press. p. 14.
11465:
11431:
10512:
10243:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 90.
10241:Tāranātha's History of Buddhism in India
9825:University of Hong Kong, 2012, page 233.
9576:
9332:
8993:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 195, 198.
8885:The Gupta Empire by Radhakumud Mookerji
8737:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 114.
8656:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 492.
8536:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
8241:
8175:南傳對應經文「凡越渡海洋、湖泊者,他們造橋離沼澤,人們綁桴,有智慧的人已橫渡。」
7393:are popularly regarded as bodhisattvas.
7235:
7081:(i.e. Korean Tiantai), and the esoteric
6905:
6782:
6394:which states that such claims come from
6143:
6125:
6003:
5801:
5779:
5519:
5504:
5408:
5205:
5074:Vijñānavāda (The Consciousness doctrine)
4999:
4335:
4201:
3997:
3822:
3807:
3791:
3638:
3542:'gone beyond' the world and its cares".
3466:
3451:
3322:
3310:
3163:). This new movement continued into the
3122:
3025:. Mahāyāna spread from Sumatra to other
2926:
2828:
2808:
2597:
2570:
2560:nikāya being used in East Asia, and the
2158:
2135:
1926:
1750:Mahāyāna also refers to the path of the
51:
29:
18394:
13851:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
11501:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
10011:, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 207
9937:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 70, 141.
9657:. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 59.
9652:
9573:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 177-178.
9449:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 188-189.
9404:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 136-137.
9395:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 172-175.
9194:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 101-102.
8949:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 192-194.
8863:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 34.
8847:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 29.
8779:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 18.
8763:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 14.
8651:
8618:
8614:
8612:
8383:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 25.
7883:
6539:is also the author of various Mahāyāna
6525:, which is written from a non-Mahayana
5934:also discuss meditation topics such as
4198:Prajñāpāramitā (Transcendent Knowledge)
3832:
3583:, meditation, or sometimes even by the
3249:. It eventually also spread north into
3175:and also promoted new texts called the
34:An illustration in a manuscript of the
14:
19542:
14054:List of Buddhist architecture in China
11737:"The Development of Mahayana Buddhism"
11367:
10911:
10650:
10628:Williams and Tribe (2002), pp. 109-110
10579:
10434:
9925:, Oxford University Press, pp. 12, 25.
9877:, University of Hong Kong, p. 180-181.
9088:
8553:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638
8491:
8276:, Religion Compass 4/2 (2010): 55–65,
5405:maintaining the spirit of the Buddha.
5108:is not the final definitive teaching (
2071:
18393:
17546:
17096:
14581:
14543:
11870:
11345:. Cambridge University Press: p. 123.
10564:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
10491:
10464:
10375:
10337:Hookham, Dr. Shenpen, trans. (1998).
9323:. Oxford: Routledge Curzon: pp. 1, 85
9042:
8818:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 8–9
8570:from the original on 19 February 2019
8232:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: p. 260.
7932:. Oneworld Publications. p. 95.
7925:
7498:Fundamental Stanzas on the Middle Way
7472:, and in emphasizing the doctrine of
7201:(Mantrayana) and its philosophy from
6490:), such as in the case of the famous
5004:A statue of the Mahāyāna philosopher
3993:
3796:Illustrated Korean manuscript of the
3378:Broadly speaking, Mahāyāna Buddhists
3118:
2671:and positions, as Jan Nattier writes:
2114:). There is also the transliteration
1902:, with 53% of Buddhists belonging to
1669:
11412:Monier-Williams, Sir Monier (1889).
10784:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: p. 252
10354:p. 97. Buddhist Publication Society.
10341:. Oxford: Longchen Foundation: p. 27
10121:Parajna Press, Boulder, 1978, pp.69.
9123:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 410.
8609:
8595:. BRILL. p. xxxvii, Fig 6.17a.
8588:
8529:
8190:·勸請品·八經》:「爾時,尊者拘絺羅便說此偈:『種種果不同,眾生趣亦然,
7231:
6844:Furthermore, there are also various
6040:, and silent illumination (Chinese:
5012:school. Considered by some to be an
3594:The influential Mahāyāna concept of
3573:Buddha's pure land or buddha field (
2931:Recreation of a cave mural from the
2343:worship, or worshiping holy relics.
2319:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra, A few good men
1922:
11711:, Soka University, vol. XVI (2013).
11581:University of Chicago Press: p. 24.
11358:Taylor & Francis, 1989, p. 328.
11289:Prebish, Charles. Tanaka, Kenneth.
11033:Cambridge University Press: p. 106.
9888:The Ontology of the Prajnaparamita,
9634:Nagarjuna, B. Dharmamitra (trans),
9507:p. 1. Boston: Wisdom Publications,
9150:. Asian Humanities Press. pp.
8582:
7365:
6496:(Root Verses on the Middle Way) by
6471:
5659:: energy, diligence, vigour, effort
5287:) for the fruit of Buddhahood. The
3634:
2902:(established by the 5th-century CE
2745:Some major Mahāyāna traditions are
2365:Early Mahayana came directly from "
1931:Mahāyāna Buddhist triad, including
24:
18363:Religions and spiritual traditions
14584:Religious groups and denominations
13841:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
11855:Arahants, Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
11593:"Tricycle Q & A: Gil Fronsdal"
11566:Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna.
11553:Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna.
11529:Edinburgh University Press: p. 86.
11432:Gombrich, Richard Francis (2006).
11343:An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics
10950:Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna.
10769:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
10713:The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.
10542:The Secrets of Chinese Meditation.
10223:
10130:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 164.
10081:. October 23, 2007. Archived from
10041:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 162.
9985:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 160.
9899:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 136.
9864:, University of Hong Kong, p. 201.
9836:The Ontology of the Prajnaparamita
9799:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 135.
9772:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 134.
9754:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 131.
9725:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 169.
9693:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 179.
9548:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 176.
9437:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 138.
9373:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 171.
9212:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 103.
9203:Williams and Tribe (2002), p. 102.
8492:Oliver, Joan Duncan (April 2019).
8294:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7792:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7779:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7766:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7753:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7740:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7727:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7602:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
7558:Index of Buddhism-related articles
7224:(1955-1975) and during subsequent
6607:Three Turnings of the Dharma Wheel
6594:
6348:sutras after the Buddha's death.
6281:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
6232:
6151:Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
6044:which developed into the Japanese
5727:, four more pāramitās are listed:
5509:Tibetan Buddhist prayer festival (
4305:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
4142:Skillful means and the One Vehicle
4092:giving seven and thirteen and the
3741:reach the personal nirvana of the
3283:(Chinese: 密教; Esoteric Teaching),
2968:Silk Road Transmission of Buddhism
2292:, members of the forest dwelling (
1040:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
1035:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
37:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
25:
19586:
11818:
11698:Compiled in Gandhāra in Gandhārī?
11659:from the original on 8 March 2021
11591:Fronsdal, Gil (8 November 2007).
11291:The Faces of Buddhism in America.
9176:Studies in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra,
9009:Genesis and Development of Tantra
8530:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018).
6694:Relationship with the early texts
5194:philosophers developed their own
5171:third turning of the dharma wheel
3646:, the bodhisattva of compassion.
3229:texts show direct borrowing from
2767:school of Dignaga and Dharmakirti
2372:
2163:Cave complex associated with the
1690:) is a term for a broad group of
48:, an important figure in Mahāyāna
19523:
19514:
19513:
19327:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
18469:Democratic Republic of the Congo
14522:
14512:
14511:
14069:Thai temple art and architecture
13814:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
12054:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
11920:
11907:
11897:
11788:. Buddhist Publication Society.
11584:
11571:
11558:
11545:
11532:
11519:
11506:
11493:
11452:
11438:. Psychology Press. p. 83.
11405:
11392:
11361:
11348:
11335:
11322:
11309:
11296:
11283:
11270:
11215:
11206:
11189:
11176:
11163:
11141:
11117:The Faces of Buddhism in America
11108:
11095:
11082:
11045:
11036:
11023:
11007:
10994:
10981:
10968:
10955:
10942:
10929:
10826:
10813:
10800:
10787:
10740:
10718:
10705:
10684:
10671:
10665:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x
10644:
10631:
10573:
10556:
10547:
10534:
10531:, The Buddhist Academy of China.
10485:
10428:
10407:
10398:
10369:
10344:
10331:
10318:
10305:
10296:
10283:
10274:
10265:
10232:
10217:
10204:
10175:
10146:
10133:
10124:
10111:
10089:
10071:
10062:
10053:
10044:
10001:
9988:
9965:
9940:
9915:
9902:
9893:
9880:
9867:
9854:
9841:
9828:
9815:
9802:
9775:
9766:
9757:
9748:
9728:
9696:
9687:
9653:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004).
9636:Nagarjuna on the Six Perfections
9609:Routledge, 2008, pp. 29, 36, 43.
9497:
9452:
9431:
9333:Zappulli, Davide Andrea (2022).
9174:Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro (1998).
8805:, p. 5. Oxford University Press.
8652:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004).
8472:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00193.x
8357:Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W.
8282:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x
6720:passage in the canon regarding "
5201:
4957:
4946:
4368:
4343:
3851:A Lamp for the Path to Awakening
3668:) is seen as being the superior
3471:The monumental sculpture of the
3205:The source and early origins of
2970:. They include translators like
2675:Thus we find one scripture (the
2463:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2397:
2386:
2278:or monastic orders (such as the
1606:
1556:
975:
85:
19555:Buddhist philosophical concepts
17929:Evolutionary origin of religion
11921:
11805:from the original on 2023-04-01
11398:Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul.
11371:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism
11259:from the original on 2020-12-25
11019:Zen and the Taming of the Bull.
10609:from the original on 2018-11-23
10311:Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (1907).
10168:Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W.
10009:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide
9873:Orsborn, Matthew Bryan (2012).
9860:Orsborn, Matthew Bryan (2012).
9413:Williams (2008), pp. 27-30, 46.
9398:
9389:
9376:
9367:
9313:
9275:
9244:
9224:
9215:
9206:
9197:
9188:
9168:
9137:
9082:
9069:
9036:
9025:from the original on 2021-03-11
8996:
8987:
8978:
8965:
8952:
8943:
8917:
8904:
8891:
8879:
8866:
8837:
8808:
8795:
8782:
8753:
8740:
8727:
8714:
8705:
8692:
8679:
8670:
8645:
8434:
8425:
8412:
8399:
8386:
8373:
8351:
8286:
8210:
8201:
8180:
8166:from the original on 2021-02-08
8149:from the original on 2020-11-23
8135:
8102:
8084:
8071:
8058:
8020:
8007:
7784:
7771:
7758:
7745:
7732:
7719:
7705:
7648:
7226:communist takeover of the south
6869:East Asian religious traditions
6752:than is that of the Theravadin
6192:Mahāyāna Buddhists in East Asia
5879:four foundations of mindfulness
4183:the vehicle of solitary Buddhas
3658:The Mahāyāna bodhisattva path (
2852:(blue arrow). The overland and
2369:" and was a successor to them.
18285:Separation of church and state
16938:Polytheistic reconstructionism
14059:Japanese Buddhist architecture
13861:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
12941:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
12132:Places where the Buddha stayed
11825:Digital Dictionary of Buddhism
10639:A Concise History of Buddhism.
9460:The Silk Road in World History
8912:The Buddhist Conquest of China
7956:
7919:
7854:
7820:
7635:
7571:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
7027:rénjiān fójiào, more literally
6889:Chinese salvationist religions
6789:three major Buddhist divisions
6779:Contemporary Mahāyāna Buddhism
6206:used by the Theravāda school.
5865:, the development of insight (
5417:. An Indian commentary on the
5264:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
3608:) and the "enjoyment bodies" (
3447:
3287:(密宗; "Esoteric Tradition") or
3261:, in surrounding regions like
3171:, this movement developed new
3072:). Later, new developments in
2993:Mahāyāna spread from China to
2947:through trade routes like the
2217:The Mahāsāṃghika origin theory
1938:, the Buddha, and Bodhisattva
13:
1:
15916:Traditional Sabahan religions
14074:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
10592:, Santipada, pp. 363–4,
10562:Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor),
10492:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2007-12-01).
10465:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2007-12-01).
10413:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (1988).
10313:Outlines of Mahaŷâna Buddhism
10226:Lives of Great Monks and Nuns
9684:Routledge, 2008, pp. 200–201.
9564:Routledge, 2008, pp. 195–196.
9503:Reeves, Gene, trans. (2008).
9096:. Lantern Books. p. 45.
8066:Who composed the Lotus Sutra?
8029:Theravada – Mahayana Buddhism
7801:
7273:and in some regions of North
7178:
6732:Lesser Discourse on Emptiness
5775:
5624:: generosity, charity, giving
4302:) anything in the world. The
2951:, later spreading throughout
2836:, from Buddhist heartland in
2380:Earliest Mahayana inscription
2312:Mahāyāna Rāṣṭrapālapaṛiprcchā
1707:
1702:, and practices developed in
19565:History of religion in India
14569:
13831:Buddhism and the Roman world
13807:Decline of Buddhism in India
13802:History of Buddhism in India
11902: Topics in
11761:, Columbia University Press.
11751:Outline of Mahayana Buddhism
11696:Așțasāhasrikā Prajñāparamitā
11374:. Sarup & Sons. p.
11119:. Univ of California Press.
11031:An Introduction to Buddhism.
10974:Lindtner, Christian (1997).
10961:Lindtner, Christian (1997).
10782:A History of Indian Buddhism
10435:Wright, Dale Stuart (2009).
10280:Williams, (2008), pp. 41-42.
10271:Williams, (2008), pp. 40–41.
10023:Zimmermann, Michael (2002),
9736:The Lotus Sutra: A Biography
9625:Routledge, 2008, p. 56, 200.
9259:Interpreting the Lotus Sutra
8816:A History of Indian Buddhism
8420:Setting Out on the Great Way
8333:A History of Indian Buddhism
8230:A History of Indian Buddhism
7288:North and North-east India (
7039:reform and opening up period
6628:Dharmacakra Pravartana Sūtra
6599:Dating back at least to the
6148:Frontispiece of the Chinese
6121:
5903:), and contemplation death (
5144:flow of mental experiences.
4478:Buddhist logico-epistemology
4057:Mahāyāna Buddhist scriptures
4006:Descending with Twenty-five
3456:Tibetan depiction of Buddha
3315:A Ming bronze of the Buddha
3306:
3009:. Mahāyāna also spread from
2062:Parable of the Burning House
2019:are those that occur in the
1917:
1238:Buddhist Paths to liberation
44:, depicting the bodhisattva
7:
19575:History of Buddhism in Asia
18138:National religiosity levels
17363:Nauruan Indigenous religion
16918:Hellenism (modern religion)
13029:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
12769:
11568:Motilal Banarsidass: p. 24.
11542:Wisdom Publications: p. 42.
11250:Agency for Cultural Affairs
11004:Albany: SUNY Press: p. 200.
10939:Routledge, 2018, chapter 2.
10797:Routledge, 2008, pp. 40–41.
10404:Williams (2008), pp. 50-51.
9335:"Towards a Buddhist theism"
9263:Readings of the Lotus Sutra
9075:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004)
8634:(2): 99–138. Archived from
8431:Williams (2008), pp. 33-34.
7826:Harvey (2013), pp. 108-109.
7508:
7099:
7061:is dominated by the Korean
6911:Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum
6858:Triratna Buddhist Community
6504:philosophy. Numerous later
6500:, the foundational text of
6456:and associates it with the
6056:("sending and receiving"),
5643:
5566:
5500:
5450:Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra
5441:Vivṛtaguhyārthapiṇḍavyākhyā
5433:taught to the group of five
4049:Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss
3585:repetition of Buddha's name
3475:contains a giant statue of
3173:tantric spiritual practices
2472:Bu-ddha-sya A-mi-tā-bha-sya
2333:The cult of the book theory
2317:Jan Nattier's study of the
1977:, the adoption of the term
427:
395:
363:
340:
10:
19591:
17547:
13979:The unanswerable questions
11635:University of Hawaii Press
11619:
11564:Kalupahana, David (2006).
11555:Motilal Banarsidass: p. 6.
11551:Kalupahana, David (2006).
10991:Albany: SUNY Press: p. 53.
10965:Dharma Publishing: p. 324.
10952:Motilal Banarsidass: p. 5.
10948:Kalupahana, David (2006).
10378:A Day in the Life of China
10376:Cohen, David, ed. (1989).
9763:Williams (2008) pp. 49-50.
9117:Kenneth W. Morgan (1986).
9007:. In Einoo, Shingo (ed.).
9003:Sanderson, Alexis (2009).
8496:(1st ed.). New York:
8077:Karashima, Seishi (2015),
8064:Karashima, Seishi (2000),
7369:
7260:tantric Buddhist practices
6946:People's Republic of China
6901:
6867:Lastly, there are various
6724:" in two different works.
6700:earliest texts of Buddhism
6266:In Mahāyāna Buddhism, the
6236:
5597:can mean "excellence" or "
5356:Arguments for authenticity
5217:
4513:Interdependent origination
4145:
2923:Expansion outside of India
2834:Buddhist expansion in Asia
2327:Rāṣṭrapālaparipṛcchā-sūtra
2131:
1729:and their emphasis on the
19509:
19428:
19345:
19217:
18962:
18687:
18404:
18400:
18389:
18298:
18223:
17994:
17902:
17839:
17557:
17553:
17542:
17105:
17092:
17017:
16840:
16822:Transcendental Meditation
16715:
16702:
16667:
16415:
16392:
16381:
16308:
16271:
15995:
15891:
15873:
15817:
15808:
15725:
15653:
15504:
15495:
15453:
15425:
15383:
15316:
15307:
15298:
15264:
15231:
15203:
15194:
15144:
15011:
14698:
14612:
14603:
14594:
14590:
14577:
14507:
14459:
14374:
14289:
14064:Buddhist temples in Korea
13987:
13889:
13772:
13469:
13397:
13224:
13097:
13037:
12672:
12627:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
12538:
12530:Three planes of existence
12478:
12323:
12215:
12145:
12137:Buddha in world religions
11999:
11944:
11916:
11002:Madhyamika and Yogachara.
10989:Madhyamika and Yogachara.
10139:Hookham, Shenpen (1991).
9847:Lopez, Donald S. (1988).
9352:10.1017/S0034412522000725
8923:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978).
8830:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978).
8619:Schopen, Gregory (1987).
8589:Rhie, Marylin M. (2010).
7131:and three major sects of
7053:
6154:, the oldest known dated
6108:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
5859:, the different kinds of
5832:mindfulness of the Buddha
5581:) as part of the path to
5151:cognition of "Thusness" (
4330:anutpattika-dharmakshanti
4109:, the five paths and ten
3231:Shaiva tantric literature
2804:
2179:
2116:
2110:
2100:
2082:
2027:Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra
1662:
18454:Central African Republic
15463:Vietnamese folk religion
14854:Charismatic Christianity
13846:Persecution of Buddhists
13067:Four stages of awakening
12448:Three marks of existence
12034:Physical characteristics
11835:Introduction to Mahayana
11718:, Boston: Little Brown,
11716:The Vision of the Buddha
11714:Lowenstein, Tom (1996).
11627:Hirakawa, Akira (1990),
11516:Routledge Press: p. 192.
11368:Baruah, Bibhuti (2000).
11212:Williams (2008), p. 412.
11053:The Yogi and the Mystic.
10586:A History of Mindfulness
10302:Williams, (2008), p. 41.
10152:Sebastian, C.D. (2005),
10119:The 'Lankavatara Sutra',
9921:Westerhoff, Jan (2009).
9821:Orsborn, Matthew Bryan.
9655:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
9638:, Kalavinka Press, 2009.
8801:Westerhoff, Jan (2018).
8654:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
8143:"北傳:雜阿含769經南傳:相應部45相應4經"
7844:A Dictionary of Buddhism
7694:("great knowledge") and
7678:("the Buddha-vehicle"),
7658:, the Middle Indic forn
7628:
5885:), the five hindrances (
5816:mindfulness of breathing
5794:, depicted as six small
5269:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa
5169:calls its doctrine the '
3438:defines Mahāyāna in his
3414:Three marks of existence
3245:and in the lands of the
2733:Madhyanta-vibhaga-bhasya
2476:"Of the Buddha Amitabha"
18348:New religious movements
17981:Theories about religion
17934:Evolutionary psychology
16963:Modern Finnish paganism
14930:Independent Catholicism
13209:Ten principal disciples
12092:(aunt, adoptive mother)
11764:Williams, Paul (2009).
11757:Walser, Joseph (2025).
11673:Encyclopædia Britannica
11458:Collins, Steven. 1990.
11242:Religious Yearbook 2019
11015:Buddhist Phenomenology.
10862:Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo
10836:Routledge, 2008, p. 23.
10823:Routledge, 2008, p. 38.
10810:Routledge, 2008, p. 46.
10117:Daisetz T. Suzuki, tr.
9946:Williams, Paul (2004),
9912:Routledge, 2008, p. 63.
9785:Routledge, 2008, p. 52.
9494:Routledge, 2008, p. 55.
9478:Routledge, 2008, p. 60.
9310:Routledge, 2008, p. 27.
9255:Stone, Jacqueline Ilyse
8936:Williams, Paul (1989).
8544:Oxford University Press
8498:St. Martin's Essentials
8409:Routledge, 2008, p. 16.
8322:Routledge, 2009, p. 47.
8055:Routledge. 2004. p. 50.
7926:Foltz, Richard (2013).
7880:Routledge, 2008, p. 21.
7849:Oxford University Press
7682:("the great vehicle"),
7377:Role of the Bodhisattva
7283:Tibet autonomous region
7046:and wherever there are
7037:. In modern China, the
6846:new religious movements
6711:, mentions the canon's
6343:and great, 'celestial'
6255:(extensive) sutras, or
5826:; the contemplation of
5085:"perceptions only" and
4914:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
4580:Pre-modern philosophers
4488:Buddhism and psychology
3950:Other sutras (like the
3853:) by the Indian master
3706:) by becoming a Buddha.
3509:("the Imperturbable"),
3473:Longmen Buddha Grottoes
3327:The female bodhisattva
3131:was one new feature of
2986:(385–433). The site of
2961:have also been found in
2504:'s path to Buddhahood.
2286:The "forest hypothesis"
2148:, from Loriyan Tangai.
1258:Philosophical reasoning
430:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
18997:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16978:Erzyan native religion
16827:Unitarian Universalism
16206:Native American Church
14974:Oneness Pentecostalism
13919:Buddhism and democracy
13432:Tibetan Buddhist canon
13427:Chinese Buddhist canon
12659:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
12654:Early Buddhist schools
11686:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11525:King, Richard (1999).
11341:Harvey, Peter (2000).
11328:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11315:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11276:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11221:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11182:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11101:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11088:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11075:Harvey, Peter (2013).
11029:Harvey, Peter (1993).
10339:The Shrimaladevi Sutra
10197:Werner et al. (2013).
10181:Werner et al. (2013).
9734:Lopez, Donald (2016),
9230:Hurvitz, Leon (2009),
8910:Zürcher, Erik (1972).
8897:Williams, Paul (2008)
8720:Williams, Paul (2000)
8698:Williams, Paul (2008)
8685:Williams, Paul (2008)
8396:Routledge, 2008, p. 6.
8361:SUNY Press 2008, p. 1.
7860:Harvey (2013), p. 111.
7817:Harvey (2013), p. 189.
7690:("buddha-knowledge"),
7536:Early Buddhist schools
7446:
7410:Theravāda and Hīnayāna
7407:
7252:
7215:Plum Village Tradition
7149:Japanese new religions
6917:
6883:, Syncretized Shinto (
6811:Indo-Tibetan tradition
6791:
6722:nirvanic consciousness
6568:whose work focused on
6557:was also influential.
6329:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
6245:early Buddhist schools
6200:Chinese Buddhist canon
6159:
6141:
6062:("mind training") and
6009:
6002:
5811:
5799:
5688:is classified as both
5533:
5517:
5464:The commentary on the
5444:
5215:
5142:dependently originated
5017:
4493:Buddhist vegetarianism
4207:
4052:
3974:(spiritual power) and
3909:early Buddhist schools
3829:
3820:
3805:
3773:
3655:
3513:("Medicine guru") and
3479:
3464:
3373:earlier Buddhist texts
3331:
3320:
3140:
2957:Central Asian Buddhism
2936:
2857:
2826:
2742:
2716:Mulamadhyamika-karikas
2682:) that advocates both
2615:
2595:
2367:early Buddhist schools
2195:was first proposed by
2193:The lay origins theory
2176:
2156:
1946:
1942:. 2nd–3rd century CE,
1711: 1st century BCE
1025:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
460:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra
407:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
61:
49:
19317:Saint Kitts and Nevis
18614:São Tomé and Príncipe
18474:Republic of the Congo
16675:Aboriginal Australian
15326:Chinese folk religion
13929:Eight Consciousnesses
12039:Life of Buddha in art
11754:, Open Court, Chicago
11748:Suzuki, D.T. (1999).
11735:Suzuki, D.T. (1918).
11302:Kapstein, Matthew T.
10912:Powers, John (1993),
10890:Keenan, John (2000).
9702:Pye, Michael (1978).
9144:N. Ross Reat (1994).
8128:Nattier, Jan (2003),
8013:Nattier, Jan (2003),
8000:Nattier, Jan (2003),
7493:Prajñāpāramitā Hṛdaya
7436:
7395:
7239:
6961:Singaporean Buddhists
6909:
6786:
6653:school of Asaṅga and
6646:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
6602:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
6493:Mūlamadhyamika-karikā
6323:Sandhinirmocana Sutra
6184:dependent origination
6147:
6129:
6088:Six Dharmas of Nāropa
6007:
5997:
5947:37 wings to awakening
5828:dependent origination
5805:
5783:
5611:Prajñapāramitā sūtras
5523:
5508:
5425:
5409:Claims of superiority
5343:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
5289:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
5258:Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra
5241:Buddha-nature, matrix
5209:
5157:eight consciousnesses
5100:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
5043:dependent origination
5003:
4964:Philosophy portal
4666:Dharmapala of Nalanda
4336:Madhyamaka (Centrism)
4254:Because of this, all
4205:
4098:outlining 40 stages.
4001:
3826:
3811:
3795:
3768:
3642:
3470:
3455:
3398:Dependent origination
3326:
3314:
3143:Beginning during the
3126:
2930:
2832:
2817:(Great Monastery) in
2812:
2698:, while another (the
2673:
2601:
2574:
2564:nikāya being used in
2411:" in the "year 26 of
2269:and northwest India.
2199:and then defended by
2162:
2139:
2080:, Mahāyāna is called
2044:but the Prakrit word
1990:, often use the term
1930:
1910:, compared to 36% to
1774:theory of emptiness (
1671:[mɐɦaːˈjaːnɐ]
1293:Aids to Enlightenment
1118:Dependent Origination
421:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
398:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
342:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra
327:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras
55:
33:
18939:United Arab Emirates
17725:Religious experience
17099:Historical religions
15483:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
14815:Schwenkfelder Church
14406:East Asian religions
13836:Buddhism in the West
13407:Early Buddhist texts
13022:Four Right Exertions
12488:Ten spiritual realms
11981:Noble Eightfold Path
11692:Karashima, Seishi, "
11055:Curzon Press: p. 97.
9851:, p. 19. SUNY Press.
9043:Huber, Toni (2008).
8641:on December 7, 2019.
7700:Indo-Iranian Journal
7503:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
7085:and Chinŏn schools.
6969:Indonesian Buddhists
6896:Buddhism in the West
6745:Abhidharma-samuccaya
6708:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
6420:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra
6226:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra
6090:, the recitation of
5979:Pratyutpanna Samādhi
5850:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra
5635:Bodhisattva precepts
4829:Anagarika Dharmapala
3939:bodhisattva precepts
3833:The Bodhisattva Path
3787:apratiṣṭhita nirvāṇa
3505:("Infinite Light"),
3460:in his Pure Land of
3406:Noble Eightfold Path
3058:East Asian Madhymaka
2700:P'u-sa pen-yeh ching
2493:Ugraparipṛccha Sūtra
2307:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra
1263:Devotional practices
1086:Noble Eightfold Path
172:Bodhisattva Precepts
132:Transcendent Virtues
19332:Trinidad and Tobago
19227:Antigua and Barbuda
18395:Religion by country
17451:Cult of Magna Mater
15953:Philippine Dayawism
15534:Nimbarka Sampradaya
15282:Chinese Manichaeism
14954:Jehovah's Witnesses
14759:Proto-Protestantism
14529:Religion portal
14276:Temple of the Tooth
14155:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
13194:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
12687:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
12470:Two truths doctrine
12290:Mahapajapati Gotamī
12090:Mahapajapati Gotamī
11603:on 25 February 2008
10417:p. 21, SUNY Press.
10224:Li, Rongxi (2002).
10214:, 3rd edition, 1999
9319:Guang Xing (2005).
9147:Buddhism: A History
8927:, pp. 35-36. Delhi.
8834:, pp. 16-27. Delhi.
8532:"Maritime Buddhism"
8466:4/2 (2010): 66–74,
8026:W. Rahula, (1996).
7592:Schools of Buddhism
7553:History of Buddhism
7526:Creator in Buddhism
7362:convert Buddhists.
7184:Vietnamese Buddhism
7111:(the largest being
7015:Humanistic Buddhism
6957:Malaysian Buddhists
6953:Taiwanese Buddhists
6800:East Asian Mahāyāna
6661:Some traditions of
6445:Abhidharmasamuccaya
6377:Arya-svapna-nirdesa
5923:Abhidharmasamuccaya
5912:Other works of the
5871:) and tranquility (
5808:Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
5724:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
5591:Donald S. Lopez Jr.
5467:Abhidharmasamuccaya
5429:Trapuṣa and Ballika
5349:Ratnagotravibhāga's
5281:David Seyfort Ruegg
4953:Religion portal
4823:Modern philosophers
4533:Two truths doctrine
4362:Buddhist philosophy
3968:(vow, resolution),
3329:Prajñaparamita Devi
3113:East Asian Buddhism
3066:East Asian Yogacara
2914:(established under
2844:(green arrow), and
2419:in the inscription:
2122:Emperor Ling of Han
2088:dàshèng, or dàchéng
2072:Chinese translation
1904:East Asian Mahāyāna
1563:Buddhism portal
1436:Buddhism by country
1198:Sanskrit literature
843:Regional traditions
382:Lalitavistara Sūtra
357:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra
350:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
246:Prajñāpāramitā Devī
162:Non-abiding Nirvana
127:Transcendent Wisdom
19267:Dominican Republic
18313:Abrahamic prophets
17402:Proto-Indo-Iranian
15926:Aliran Kepercayaan
15129:Non-denominational
15051:Modernist Salafism
14737:Oriental Orthodoxy
14451:Western philosophy
14049:Dzong architecture
13871:Vipassana movement
13866:Buddhist modernism
13294:Emperor Wen of Sui
13062:Pratyekabuddhayāna
12995:Threefold Training
12797:Vipassana movement
12513:Hungry Ghost realm
12333:Avidyā (Ignorance)
12280:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
12029:Great Renunciation
12024:Eight Great Events
11906:
11703:2018-09-03 at the
11171:Chinese Religions,
10935:Walser, Joseph G.
10754:2021-03-08 at the
10732:2021-03-08 at the
10698:2021-06-12 at the
10527:2013-05-08 at the
10239:Tārānātha (2010).
9531:2021-03-05 at the
9290:2021-06-02 at the
9251:Teiser, Stephen F.
8958:Ray, Reginald A.;
8035:2019-01-24 at the
7979:on 20 October 2013
7547:Golden Light Sutra
7495:) and Nāgārjuna's
7350:Russian Federation
7285:(PRC): 5.4 million
7253:
7151:that arose in the
7109:Pure Land Buddhism
6918:
6887:) and some of the
6792:
6572:. He produced the
6554:Satyasiddhi śāstra
6508:philosophers like
6309:Golden Light Sutra
6160:
6142:
6014:Pure Land Buddhism
6010:
5812:
5800:
5784:The Japanese monk
5704:are classified as
5534:
5518:
5216:
5176:Pratyutpanna sutra
5136:) or perceptions (
5130:), consciousness (
5104:which claims that
5018:
4586:Moggaliputta-Tissa
4568:Buddhist modernism
4208:
4179:disciples' vehicle
4053:
4025:Pure Land Buddhist
3994:Bodhisattva levels
3962:(skillful means),
3894:) and compassion (
3830:
3821:
3806:
3685:Pratyekabuddhayāna
3656:
3589:Pure Land Buddhism
3480:
3465:
3332:
3321:
3141:
3119:Later developments
3027:Indonesian islands
2937:
2858:
2827:
2815:Nalanda Mahavihara
2644:Schøyen Collection
2616:
2608:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2596:
2575:Painting from the
2177:
2157:
1947:
1050:Buddhist modernism
467:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra
453:Golden Light Sutra
366:Vimalakirtinirdeśa
182:Bodhisattva stages
147:Consciousness-only
62:
50:
27:Branch of Buddhism
19537:
19536:
19505:
19504:
19501:
19500:
18489:Equatorial Guinea
18385:
18384:
18381:
18380:
17919:Cognitive science
17538:
17537:
17471:Mysteries of Isis
17245:Frankish paganism
17088:
17087:
17084:
17083:
17080:
17079:
16832:White Brotherhood
16698:
16697:
16663:
16662:
15987:Sundanese Wiwitan
15804:
15803:
15800:
15799:
15529:Brahma Sampradaya
15491:
15490:
15294:
15293:
15290:
15289:
15272:Assianism/Uatsdin
15190:
15189:
14959:British Israelism
14945:Nontrinitarianism
14908:Plymouth Brethren
14903:Nondenominational
14837:Congregationalism
14725:Eastern Orthodoxy
14673:Reconstructionist
14537:
14536:
14175:Om mani padme hum
13881:Women in Buddhism
13797:Buddhist councils
13667:Western countries
13455:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
13216:Shaolin Monastery
12793:Samatha-vipassanā
12403:Pratītyasamutpāda
12207:Metteyya/Maitreya
12125:
12117:
12109:
12101:
12093:
12085:
12077:
11954:Four Noble Truths
11863:by Jeffrey Samuel
11795:978-955-24-0396-5
11486:978-0-674-04012-0
11445:978-0-415-07585-5
11385:978-81-7625-152-5
11173:p. 205. Springer.
11169:J. Ching (2016).
11158:978-986-7625-08-3
11126:978-0-520-92065-1
10976:Master of Wisdom.
10963:Master of Wisdom.
10923:978-90-04-09826-8
10894:. Numata Center.
10852:2001. pp. 199–200
10746:Hirakawa, Akira,
10724:Hirakawa, Akira,
10637:Skilton, Andrew.
10599:978-1-921842-10-8
10518:Ven. Dr. Yuanci,
10505:978-955-24-0052-0
10478:978-955-24-0052-0
10448:978-0-19-538201-3
10423:978-0-88706-589-7
10391:978-0-00-215321-8
10380:. San Francisco:
10250:978-81-208-0696-2
10141:The Buddha Within
9948:Mahayana Buddhism
9744:978-0-691-15220-2
9513:978-0-86171-571-8
9339:Religious Studies
9271:978-0-231-14288-5
9240:978-0-231-14895-5
9161:978-0-87573-001-1
9130:978-81-208-0030-4
9062:978-0-226-35648-8
9018:978-5-88134-784-0
8938:Mahayana Buddhism
8925:Mahāyāna Buddhism
8832:Mahāyāna Buddhism
8602:978-90-04-18400-8
8563:978-0-19-934037-8
8507:978-1-250-31368-3
8098:on June 18, 2008.
7939:978-1-78074-309-7
7904:978-0-415-85880-9
7541:Faith in Buddhism
7521:Buddhist holidays
7302:Jammu and Kashmir
7271:Himalayan regions
7232:Northern Buddhism
7197:(Pure Land), and
7125:Nichiren Buddhism
7105:Japanese Buddhism
7031:Chinese religions
6920:Contemporary Han
6833:practiced by the
6821:practiced by the
6621:for those in the
6615:Four Noble Truths
6466:Bodhisattvapiṭaka
6302:Vimalakirti Sutra
6198:preserved in the
6188:Four Noble Truths
6158:book in the world
6098:, and the use of
6064:samatha-vipasyana
6000:the bodhisattvas.
5992:Samādhirāja Sūtra
5927:and Vasubandhu's
5761:: spiritual power
5321:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
5124:) are only mind (
5064:two truths theory
5055:is not a kind of
5008:, founder of the
4998:
4997:
4884:K. N. Jayatilleke
4781:Acariya Anuruddha
4161:White Lotus Sutra
4138:(a noble being).
4073:Daśabhūmika Sūtra
4065:five paths schema
4033:Japanese Buddhism
4013:National Treasure
3846:Bodhipathapradīpa
3531:White Lotus Sutra
3441:Bodhipathapradipa
3419:bodhipakṣadharmas
3402:Four Noble Truths
3259:Buddhism in Tibet
2862:the fifth century
2210:Vimalakirti Sūtra
2040:was not the term
1994:as a synonym for
1923:Original Sanskrit
1891:and regions with
1821:Himalayan regions
1599:
1598:
1081:Four Noble Truths
954:
953:
439:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
414:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra
389:Samādhirāja Sūtra
112:Mind of Awakening
78:Mahāyāna Buddhism
18:Mahāyāna Buddhism
16:(Redirected from
19582:
19560:Culture of India
19527:
19517:
19516:
19395:Papua New Guinea
19370:Marshall Islands
19197:Northern Ireland
18402:
18401:
18391:
18390:
18275:Secular theology
18270:Secular humanism
17555:
17554:
17544:
17543:
17419:Ancestral Pueblo
17094:
17093:
16713:
16712:
16390:
16389:
15815:
15814:
15571:Shaiva Siddhanta
15502:
15501:
15435:Korean shamanism
15314:
15313:
15305:
15304:
15201:
15200:
15114:Mahdawi movement
14984:Swedenborgianism
14964:Christadelphians
14610:
14609:
14601:
14600:
14592:
14591:
14579:
14578:
14564:
14557:
14550:
14541:
14540:
14527:
14526:
14515:
14514:
14354:Sacred languages
14202:Maya Devi Temple
14165:Mahabodhi Temple
13969:Secular Buddhism
13934:Engaged Buddhism
12774:
12622:Tibetan Buddhism
12573:Vietnamese Thiền
12172:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
12123:
12115:
12107:
12099:
12091:
12083:
12075:
11924:
11923:
11911:
11901:
11891:
11884:
11877:
11868:
11867:
11857:by Bhikkhu Bodhi
11839:Kagyu Samye Ling
11813:
11811:
11810:
11804:
11787:
11676:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11608:
11599:. Archived from
11588:
11582:
11575:
11569:
11562:
11556:
11549:
11543:
11536:
11530:
11523:
11517:
11510:
11504:
11497:
11491:
11490:
11472:
11463:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11429:
11420:
11419:
11409:
11403:
11396:
11390:
11389:
11365:
11359:
11352:
11346:
11339:
11333:
11326:
11320:
11313:
11307:
11300:
11294:
11287:
11281:
11274:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11264:
11258:
11247:
11232:
11226:
11219:
11213:
11210:
11204:
11193:
11187:
11180:
11174:
11167:
11161:
11145:
11139:
11138:
11112:
11106:
11099:
11093:
11086:
11080:
11073:
11056:
11049:
11043:
11040:
11034:
11027:
11021:
11011:
11005:
10998:
10992:
10985:
10979:
10972:
10966:
10959:
10953:
10946:
10940:
10933:
10927:
10926:
10909:
10903:
10888:
10877:
10859:
10853:
10846:
10837:
10832:Williams, Paul,
10830:
10824:
10819:Williams, Paul,
10817:
10811:
10806:Williams, Paul,
10804:
10798:
10793:Williams, Paul,
10791:
10785:
10778:
10772:
10766:
10760:
10744:
10738:
10722:
10716:
10709:
10703:
10688:
10682:
10677:Williams, Paul.
10675:
10669:
10668:
10653:Religion Compass
10648:
10642:
10635:
10629:
10626:
10617:
10616:
10615:
10614:
10608:
10591:
10577:
10571:
10560:
10554:
10551:
10545:
10538:
10532:
10516:
10510:
10509:
10489:
10483:
10482:
10462:
10453:
10452:
10432:
10426:
10411:
10405:
10402:
10396:
10395:
10373:
10367:
10364:
10355:
10348:
10342:
10335:
10329:
10322:
10316:
10309:
10303:
10300:
10294:
10287:
10281:
10278:
10272:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10236:
10230:
10229:
10221:
10215:
10208:
10202:
10195:
10186:
10179:
10173:
10166:
10157:
10150:
10144:
10137:
10131:
10128:
10122:
10115:
10109:
10095:King, Sallie B.
10093:
10087:
10086:
10075:
10069:
10066:
10060:
10057:
10051:
10048:
10042:
10039:
10030:
10021:
10012:
10005:
9999:
9992:
9986:
9983:
9972:
9969:
9963:
9960:
9951:
9944:
9938:
9935:
9926:
9919:
9913:
9908:Williams, Paul,
9906:
9900:
9897:
9891:
9884:
9878:
9871:
9865:
9858:
9852:
9845:
9839:
9832:
9826:
9819:
9813:
9808:Shi Huifeng, Is
9806:
9800:
9797:
9786:
9781:Williams, Paul,
9779:
9773:
9770:
9764:
9761:
9755:
9752:
9746:
9732:
9726:
9723:
9714:
9700:
9694:
9691:
9685:
9680:Williams, Paul,
9678:
9669:
9668:
9650:
9639:
9632:
9626:
9621:Williams, Paul,
9619:
9610:
9605:Williams, Paul,
9603:
9590:
9583:
9574:
9571:
9565:
9560:Williams, Paul,
9558:
9549:
9546:
9537:
9521:
9515:
9501:
9495:
9490:Williams, Paul,
9488:
9479:
9474:Williams, Paul,
9472:
9463:
9456:
9450:
9447:
9438:
9435:
9429:
9423:
9414:
9411:
9405:
9402:
9396:
9393:
9387:
9382:Dr. Guang Xing,
9380:
9374:
9371:
9365:
9364:
9354:
9330:
9324:
9317:
9311:
9306:Williams, Paul,
9304:
9295:
9279:
9273:
9248:
9242:
9228:
9222:
9219:
9213:
9210:
9204:
9201:
9195:
9192:
9186:
9172:
9166:
9165:
9141:
9135:
9134:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9086:
9080:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9050:
9040:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9000:
8994:
8991:
8985:
8982:
8976:
8969:
8963:
8956:
8950:
8947:
8941:
8934:
8928:
8921:
8915:
8908:
8902:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8872:Walser, Joseph,
8870:
8864:
8859:Walser, Joseph,
8857:
8848:
8843:Walser, Joseph,
8841:
8835:
8828:
8819:
8812:
8806:
8799:
8793:
8788:Walser, Joseph,
8786:
8780:
8775:Walser, Joseph,
8773:
8764:
8759:Walser, Joseph,
8757:
8751:
8744:
8738:
8733:Walser, Joseph,
8731:
8725:
8718:
8712:
8709:
8703:
8696:
8690:
8683:
8677:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8625:
8616:
8607:
8606:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8555:
8527:
8512:
8511:
8489:
8474:
8464:Religion Compass
8460:
8441:
8438:
8432:
8429:
8423:
8422:. Equinox, 2018.
8416:
8410:
8405:Williams, Paul,
8403:
8397:
8392:Williams, Paul,
8390:
8384:
8379:Walser, Joseph,
8377:
8371:
8370:Karashima, 2013.
8368:
8362:
8355:
8349:
8342:
8336:
8329:
8323:
8318:Williams, Paul.
8316:
8310:
8303:
8297:
8290:
8284:
8270:
8245:
8239:
8233:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8199:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8171:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8139:
8133:
8126:
8113:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8094:. Archived from
8088:
8082:
8075:
8069:
8062:
8056:
8051:Williams, Paul.
8049:
8040:
8024:
8018:
8011:
8005:
7998:
7989:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7978:
7971:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7890:
7881:
7876:Williams, Paul,
7874:
7861:
7858:
7852:
7836:
7827:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7795:
7788:
7782:
7775:
7769:
7762:
7756:
7749:
7743:
7736:
7730:
7723:
7717:
7709:
7703:
7652:
7646:
7639:
7617:Tibetan Buddhism
7597:Secular Buddhism
7451:phenomenological
7399:Self perspective
7366:Theravāda school
7359:Tibetan diaspora
7334:(PRC): 5 million
7161:Risshō Kōsei Kai
7048:Chinese diaspora
6942:mantra practices
6922:Chinese Buddhism
6881:Yellow shamanism
6787:Map showing the
6682:Chinese Buddhist
6663:Tibetan Buddhism
6575:Pramānasamuccaya
6472:Other literature
6316:Avatamsaka Sutra
6295:Pure Land sutras
6164:early scriptures
5995:for states that:
5970:Pure Land sutras
5930:Madhyāntavibhāga
5916:school, such as
5836:Chinese Buddhism
5750:bodhisattva vows
5738:: skillful means
5718:Ten Stages Sutra
5646:
5478:and other texts;
5420:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
5233:Tathāgata womb (
5224:The doctrine of
5117:paramārtha-satya
4990:
4983:
4976:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4889:David Kalupahana
4548:Buddhist atomism
4372:
4347:
4340:
4339:
4266:) and "dreams" (
4117:Tibetan Buddhism
4089:Bodhisattvabhūmi
4011:(13th century),
3924:bodhisattva vows
3877:Bodhicaryavatara
3635:The Bodhisattvas
3596:the three bodies
3544:Buddha Sakyamuni
3477:Vairocana Buddha
3211:Alexis Sanderson
3177:Buddhist Tantras
3133:Tantric Buddhism
3074:Chinese Mahāyāna
2824:
2566:Tibetan Buddhism
2562:Mūlasarvāstivāda
2467:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2401:
2390:
2119:
2118:
2113:
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2102:
2085:
2084:
2048:in the sense of
1712:
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1624:
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1612:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1561:
1560:
1288:Sublime abidings
979:
956:
955:
946:
939:
932:
721:Hongzhi Zhengjue
538:Tibetan Buddhism
446:Ghanavyūha sūtra
434:
402:
375:Pure Land Sutras
370:
345:
306:Wrathful deities
89:
79:
64:
63:
21:
19590:
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19497:
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19405:Solomon Islands
19341:
19213:
19117:North Macedonia
18958:
18683:
18396:
18377:
18338:Mass gatherings
18306:
18301:
18294:
18233:
18228:
18219:
18153:Religiocentrism
18133:National church
18001:
17998:
17990:
17905:
17898:
17835:
17757:Bodies of water
17549:
17534:
17319:Jamaican Maroon
17101:
17076:
17013:
16843:
16836:
16707:
16705:
16694:
16659:
16633:Trinidad Orisha
16418:
16411:
16384:
16377:
16304:
16267:
16243:Washat Dreamers
15998:
15991:
15887:
15869:
15796:
15770:Srilankan Vedda
15721:
15649:
15524:Sri Vaishnavism
15487:
15449:
15421:
15379:
15286:
15260:
15227:
15186:
15140:
15065:Twelver Shi'ism
15007:
14869:Neo-charismatic
14842:Presbyterianism
14694:
14586:
14573:
14568:
14538:
14533:
14521:
14503:
14455:
14370:
14285:
14022:Ordination hall
13983:
13885:
13856:Buddhist crisis
13768:
13465:
13417:Mahayana sutras
13393:
13389:Thích Nhất Hạnh
13220:
13093:
13033:
12983:Bodhisattva vow
12668:
12534:
12474:
12433:Taṇhā (Craving)
12368:Five hindrances
12319:
12211:
12141:
11995:
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11808:
11806:
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11705:Wayback Machine
11670:
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11354:Paul Williams,
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10384:. p. 193.
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10288:
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10279:
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10237:
10233:
10222:
10218:
10212:Indian Buddhism
10209:
10205:
10196:
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10167:
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10022:
10015:
10007:Kevin Trainor,
10006:
10002:
9994:Paul Williams,
9993:
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9954:
9945:
9941:
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9903:
9898:
9894:
9886:Conze, Edward;
9885:
9881:
9872:
9868:
9859:
9855:
9846:
9842:
9834:Conze, Edward.
9833:
9829:
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9593:
9587:Mahayana Sutras
9585:Drewes, David,
9584:
9577:
9572:
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9559:
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9547:
9540:
9533:Wayback Machine
9523:Drewes, David,
9522:
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9502:
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9425:Conze, Edward,
9424:
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8800:
8796:
8787:
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8774:
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8758:
8754:
8746:Neelis, Jason.
8745:
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8706:
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8404:
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8387:
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8374:
8369:
8365:
8356:
8352:
8346:Indian Buddhism
8343:
8339:
8330:
8326:
8317:
8313:
8304:
8300:
8291:
8287:
8272:Drewes, David,
8271:
8248:
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8037:Wayback Machine
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7746:
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7733:
7724:
7720:
7714:Indian Buddhism
7710:
7706:
7656:the Lotus Sūtra
7653:
7649:
7643:Indian Buddhism
7640:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7577:Mahayana sutras
7511:
7412:
7379:
7374:
7368:
7234:
7211:Thích Nhất Hạnh
7181:
7153:post-war period
7102:
7059:Korean Buddhism
7056:
6973:The Philippines
6967:, 0.7 million;
6963:, 1.5 million;
6959:, 5.5 million;
6904:
6885:shinbutsu-shūgō
6781:
6738:. According to
6713:Katyāyana Sūtra
6696:
6597:
6595:Classifications
6585:Pramānavārttikā
6518:Abhidharmakosha
6482:(treatises) or
6474:
6462:pratyekabuddhas
6426:Ajitasena sutra
6268:Mahāyāna sūtras
6241:
6239:Mahayana sutras
6235:
6233:Mahāyāna sutras
6124:
6038:koan meditation
6022:in Chinese and
6012:In the case of
5989:Similarly, the
5824:loving-kindness
5778:
5673:Prajñā pāramitā
5569:
5554:Mahāyāna sūtras
5503:
5437:Prajñāpāramitās
5411:
5358:
5338:Mahāparinirvāṇa
5330:tathāgatagarbha
5326:tathāgatagarbha
5235:Tathāgatagarbha
5222:
5204:
5166:Saṃdhinirmocana
5083:vijñapti-mātra,
5076:
5068:prajñapti-matra
4994:
4958:
4956:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4934:14th Dalai Lama
4919:Jamgon Kongtrul
4909:Thích Nhất Hạnh
4859:Keiji Nishitani
4824:
4816:
4815:
4766:Abhayakaragupta
4581:
4573:
4572:
4483:Buddhist ethics
4473:
4465:
4464:
4380:
4338:
4326:prajñāpāramitā,
4200:
4150:
4144:
4041:sentient beings
3996:
3868:bodhicittotpāda
3835:
3737:. Bodhisattvas
3723:Avalokiteshvara
3637:
3450:
3392:), such as the
3309:
3255:Tibetan plateau
3157:rdo rje theg pa
3121:
3068:(especially by
2925:
2822:
2807:
2763:Tathāgatagarbha
2593:Amitabha Buddha
2583:, illustrating
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2446:
2439:
2427:
2420:
2409:Amitabha Buddha
2404:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2356:Mahāyāna sutras
2337:Gregory Schopen
2201:Étienne Lamotte
2182:
2142:Avalokiteshvara
2134:
2074:
2036:version of the
1998:, but the term
1996:Bodhisattvayāna
1975:Bodhisattvayāna
1959:Bodhisattvayāna
1925:
1920:
1797:Indian Buddhism
1756:Bodhisattvayāna
1727:Mahāyāna sūtras
1710:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1666:
1651:
1647:
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1378:
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1333:
1323:
1322:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1188:Mahayana Sutras
1168:
1158:
1157:
1098:Five Aggregates
1076:
1075:
1055:
1054:
1045:Later Buddhists
1010:
950:
921:
920:
844:
836:
835:
831:Thích Nhất Hạnh
826:14th Dalai Lama
761:Abhayākaragupta
576:
568:
567:
483:
473:
472:
321:
319:Mahayana sutras
311:
310:
221:
207:
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177:Bodhisattva vow
97:
77:
58:Five Tathāgatas
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19187:United Kingdom
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18320:
18315:
18309:
18307:
18299:
18296:
18295:
18293:
18292:
18287:
18282:
18280:Secularization
18277:
18272:
18267:
18262:
18260:Deconstruction
18257:
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18242:
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18130:
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18120:
18115:
18110:
18108:Fundamentalism
18105:
18104:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18088:
18078:
18073:
18068:
18063:
18062:
18061:
18056:
18051:
18041:
18040:
18039:
18034:
18029:
18015:
18010:
18004:
18002:
17995:
17992:
17991:
17989:
17988:
17983:
17978:
17973:
17972:
17971:
17961:
17956:
17951:
17946:
17941:
17936:
17931:
17926:
17921:
17916:
17910:
17908:
17900:
17899:
17897:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17881:
17876:
17871:
17866:
17861:
17856:
17851:
17845:
17843:
17837:
17836:
17834:
17833:
17832:
17831:
17826:
17821:
17811:
17806:
17801:
17796:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17775:
17774:
17769:
17764:
17759:
17749:
17748:
17747:
17742:
17737:
17727:
17722:
17717:
17712:
17707:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17687:
17682:
17681:
17680:
17675:
17670:
17660:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17586:
17584:Call to prayer
17581:
17576:
17571:
17569:Disaffiliation
17561:
17559:
17551:
17550:
17540:
17539:
17536:
17535:
17533:
17532:
17527:
17522:
17517:
17512:
17507:
17502:
17497:
17496:
17495:
17490:
17485:
17475:
17474:
17473:
17468:
17463:
17458:
17453:
17443:
17438:
17437:
17436:
17431:
17426:
17416:
17415:
17414:
17409:
17399:
17398:
17397:
17392:
17387:
17382:
17372:
17367:
17366:
17365:
17355:
17354:
17353:
17348:
17338:
17333:
17332:
17331:
17321:
17316:
17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17291:
17286:
17285:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17267:Greco-Buddhism
17264:
17254:
17253:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17237:
17227:
17222:
17221:
17220:
17210:
17205:
17200:
17199:
17198:
17188:
17183:
17178:
17177:
17176:
17171:
17161:
17156:
17155:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17134:
17129:
17124:
17119:
17118:
17117:
17106:
17103:
17102:
17090:
17089:
17086:
17085:
17082:
17081:
17078:
17077:
17075:
17074:
17073:
17072:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17021:
17019:
17015:
17014:
17012:
17011:
17010:
17009:
16997:
16992:
16991:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16975:
16970:
16965:
16960:
16950:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16910:
16909:
16908:
16898:
16897:
16896:
16891:
16881:
16880:
16879:
16874:
16864:
16859:
16858:
16857:
16848:
16846:
16838:
16837:
16835:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16818:
16817:
16812:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16782:
16781:
16780:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16750:
16745:
16740:
16735:
16730:
16725:
16719:
16717:
16710:
16700:
16699:
16696:
16695:
16693:
16692:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16671:
16669:
16665:
16664:
16661:
16660:
16658:
16657:
16656:
16655:
16650:
16645:
16640:
16635:
16630:
16628:Tambor de Mina
16625:
16620:
16615:
16610:
16605:
16600:
16595:
16590:
16585:
16584:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16554:
16553:
16552:
16551:
16541:
16536:
16531:
16526:
16521:
16516:
16511:
16506:
16501:
16496:
16491:
16486:
16481:
16476:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16456:
16455:
16454:
16449:
16439:
16434:
16429:
16423:
16421:
16413:
16412:
16410:
16409:
16408:
16407:
16405:Guanche church
16396:
16394:
16387:
16379:
16378:
16376:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16360:
16355:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16320:
16314:
16312:
16310:Tibeto-Burmese
16306:
16305:
16303:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16281:
16279:
16269:
16268:
16266:
16265:
16260:
16255:
16250:
16245:
16240:
16239:
16238:
16233:
16223:
16218:
16216:Nuu-chah-nulth
16213:
16208:
16203:
16198:
16197:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16171:
16166:
16161:
16160:
16159:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16138:
16137:
16132:
16127:
16125:Muscogee Creek
16122:
16117:
16107:
16102:
16097:
16092:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16062:
16061:
16056:
16051:
16046:
16036:
16031:
16026:
16025:
16024:
16014:
16009:
16003:
16001:
15993:
15992:
15990:
15989:
15984:
15982:Sumbese Marapu
15979:
15978:
15977:
15972:
15962:
15961:
15960:
15950:
15945:
15940:
15935:
15934:
15933:
15928:
15920:
15919:
15918:
15913:
15903:
15901:Batak Parmalim
15897:
15895:
15889:
15888:
15886:
15885:
15879:
15877:
15871:
15870:
15868:
15867:
15866:
15865:
15860:
15850:
15849:
15848:
15843:
15838:
15823:
15821:
15812:
15806:
15805:
15802:
15801:
15798:
15797:
15795:
15794:
15793:
15792:
15787:
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15756:
15755:
15750:
15740:
15735:
15729:
15727:
15723:
15722:
15720:
15719:
15712:
15707:
15706:
15705:
15695:
15694:
15693:
15688:
15683:
15665:
15659:
15657:
15651:
15650:
15648:
15647:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15609:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15563:
15562:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15521:
15510:
15508:
15499:
15493:
15492:
15489:
15488:
15486:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15459:
15457:
15451:
15450:
15448:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15431:
15429:
15423:
15422:
15420:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15403:
15402:
15389:
15387:
15381:
15380:
15378:
15377:
15376:
15375:
15370:
15360:
15359:
15358:
15353:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15322:
15320:
15311:
15302:
15296:
15295:
15292:
15291:
15288:
15287:
15285:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15268:
15266:
15262:
15261:
15259:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15237:
15235:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15213:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
15209:
15207:
15198:
15192:
15191:
15188:
15187:
15185:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15169:
15164:
15159:
15154:
15148:
15146:
15142:
15141:
15139:
15138:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15100:
15099:
15089:
15084:
15083:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15057:
15056:
15055:
15054:
15053:
15048:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15017:
15015:
15009:
15008:
15006:
15005:
14998:
14997:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14981:
14976:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14950:Bible Students
14942:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14920:Restorationism
14917:
14916:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14899:
14898:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14876:Evangelicalism
14873:
14872:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14851:
14850:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14818:
14817:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14787:
14777:
14776:
14775:
14770:
14756:
14755:
14754:
14749:
14739:
14734:
14733:
14732:
14722:
14721:
14720:
14715:
14704:
14702:
14696:
14695:
14693:
14692:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14649:
14648:
14647:
14646:
14636:
14635:
14634:
14618:
14616:
14607:
14598:
14588:
14587:
14575:
14574:
14567:
14566:
14559:
14552:
14544:
14535:
14534:
14532:
14531:
14519:
14508:
14505:
14504:
14502:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14471:
14465:
14463:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14453:
14448:
14443:
14438:
14433:
14428:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14402:
14401:
14396:
14386:
14380:
14378:
14372:
14371:
14369:
14368:
14367:
14366:
14361:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14295:
14293:
14287:
14286:
14284:
14283:
14278:
14273:
14272:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14241:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14220:
14219:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14178:
14177:
14167:
14162:
14157:
14152:
14151:
14150:
14145:
14140:
14135:
14130:
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14089:
14088:
14086:Greco-Buddhist
14078:
14077:
14076:
14071:
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14040:
14039:
14037:Burmese pagoda
14029:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13993:
13991:
13985:
13984:
13982:
13981:
13976:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13956:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13906:
13901:
13895:
13893:
13887:
13886:
13884:
13883:
13878:
13873:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13833:
13828:
13827:
13826:
13819:Greco-Buddhism
13816:
13811:
13810:
13809:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13778:
13776:
13770:
13769:
13767:
13766:
13765:
13764:
13759:
13754:
13752:United Kingdom
13749:
13744:
13739:
13734:
13729:
13724:
13719:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13699:
13697:Czech Republic
13694:
13689:
13684:
13679:
13674:
13664:
13663:
13662:
13657:
13647:
13646:
13645:
13635:
13634:
13633:
13628:
13618:
13613:
13608:
13603:
13598:
13593:
13588:
13587:
13586:
13576:
13571:
13561:
13556:
13551:
13546:
13541:
13536:
13531:
13526:
13521:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13475:
13473:
13467:
13466:
13464:
13463:
13461:Abhidharmadīpa
13458:
13451:
13446:
13441:
13434:
13429:
13424:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13403:
13401:
13395:
13394:
13392:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13379:B. R. Ambedkar
13376:
13371:
13366:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13331:
13326:
13321:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13301:
13299:Songtsen Gampo
13296:
13291:
13286:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13266:
13261:
13256:
13251:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13230:
13228:
13222:
13221:
13219:
13218:
13213:
13212:
13211:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13175:
13174:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13103:
13101:
13095:
13094:
13092:
13091:
13090:
13089:
13084:
13079:
13074:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13043:
13041:
13035:
13034:
13032:
13031:
13026:
13025:
13024:
13014:
13013:
13012:
13007:
13002:
12992:
12991:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12978:Eight precepts
12975:
12965:
12964:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12938:
12937:
12936:
12926:
12921:
12916:
12915:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12873:
12872:
12867:
12857:
12852:
12851:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12766:
12756:
12751:
12749:Five Strengths
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12715:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12689:
12684:
12678:
12676:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12640:
12639:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12614:
12613:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12576:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12544:
12542:
12536:
12535:
12533:
12532:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12490:
12484:
12482:
12476:
12475:
12473:
12472:
12467:
12466:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12388:Mental factors
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12329:
12327:
12321:
12320:
12318:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12240:Mahamoggallāna
12237:
12232:
12227:
12221:
12219:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12163:
12162:
12155:Avalokiteśvara
12151:
12149:
12143:
12142:
12140:
12139:
12134:
12129:
12128:
12127:
12119:
12111:
12103:
12095:
12087:
12079:
12066:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12005:
12003:
11997:
11996:
11994:
11993:
11988:
11983:
11978:
11977:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11956:
11950:
11948:
11942:
11941:
11939:
11938:
11933:
11928:
11917:
11914:
11913:
11894:
11893:
11886:
11879:
11871:
11865:
11864:
11858:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11832:
11827:
11820:
11819:External links
11817:
11815:
11814:
11794:
11776:
11769:
11762:
11755:
11746:
11733:
11726:
11712:
11690:
11684:
11683:China, Trübner
11677:
11668:
11651:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11583:
11570:
11557:
11544:
11531:
11518:
11514:Pali Buddhism.
11505:
11492:
11485:
11464:
11451:
11444:
11421:
11418:. John Murray.
11404:
11391:
11384:
11360:
11347:
11334:
11332:, pp. 414-416.
11321:
11308:
11295:
11282:
11269:
11227:
11225:, pp. 404-406.
11214:
11205:
11188:
11175:
11162:
11140:
11125:
11107:
11105:, pp. 213-218.
11094:
11081:
11057:
11044:
11035:
11022:
11013:Dan Lusthaus,
11006:
10993:
10980:
10967:
10954:
10941:
10928:
10922:
10904:
10878:
10854:
10838:
10825:
10812:
10799:
10786:
10773:
10771:(2004): p. 293
10761:
10739:
10717:
10711:Luk, Charles.
10704:
10683:
10681:, 2009, p. 40.
10670:
10643:
10630:
10618:
10598:
10581:Sujato, Bhante
10572:
10555:
10546:
10540:Luk, Charles.
10533:
10511:
10504:
10484:
10477:
10454:
10447:
10427:
10406:
10397:
10390:
10368:
10356:
10343:
10330:
10317:
10304:
10295:
10282:
10273:
10264:
10249:
10231:
10216:
10203:
10187:
10174:
10158:
10145:
10132:
10123:
10110:
10088:
10085:on 2007-10-23.
10070:
10061:
10052:
10043:
10031:
10013:
10000:
9987:
9973:
9964:
9952:
9939:
9927:
9914:
9901:
9892:
9879:
9866:
9853:
9840:
9827:
9814:
9801:
9787:
9774:
9765:
9756:
9747:
9727:
9715:
9695:
9686:
9670:
9663:
9640:
9627:
9611:
9591:
9575:
9566:
9550:
9538:
9516:
9496:
9480:
9464:
9451:
9439:
9430:
9415:
9406:
9397:
9388:
9375:
9366:
9345:(4): 762–774.
9325:
9312:
9296:
9274:
9243:
9223:
9214:
9205:
9196:
9187:
9167:
9160:
9136:
9129:
9109:
9102:
9081:
9079:, pp. 206-214.
9068:
9061:
9035:
9017:
8995:
8986:
8977:
8971:Wayman, Alex.
8964:
8951:
8942:
8929:
8916:
8903:
8890:
8878:
8865:
8849:
8836:
8820:
8807:
8794:
8781:
8765:
8752:
8739:
8726:
8713:
8704:
8691:
8678:
8669:
8662:
8644:
8608:
8601:
8581:
8562:
8513:
8506:
8500:. p. xi.
8475:
8442:
8433:
8424:
8411:
8398:
8385:
8372:
8363:
8350:
8337:
8324:
8311:
8298:
8296:(2004): p. 494
8285:
8246:
8244:, p. 271.
8234:
8221:
8209:
8200:
8179:
8134:
8114:
8101:
8083:
8070:
8057:
8041:
8019:
8006:
7990:
7955:
7938:
7918:
7903:
7882:
7862:
7853:
7828:
7819:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:(2004): p. 492
7783:
7781:(2004): p. 492
7770:
7768:(2004): p. 493
7757:
7755:(2004): p. 494
7744:
7742:(2004): p. 493
7731:
7729:(2004): p. 492
7718:
7704:
7666:(Pkt < Skt
7647:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7411:
7408:
7378:
7375:
7370:Main article:
7367:
7364:
7354:
7353:
7352:): 0.7 million
7335:
7332:Inner Mongolia
7329:
7323:
7322:: 0.49 million
7317:
7311:
7310:: 0.16 million
7305:
7304:): 0.4 million
7286:
7233:
7230:
7180:
7177:
7101:
7098:
7055:
7052:
6903:
6900:
6819:Newar Buddhism
6815:
6814:
6807:
6780:
6777:
6740:Walpola Rahula
6695:
6692:
6680:The different
6659:
6658:
6640:
6632:
6596:
6593:
6566:Buddhist logic
6545:vijñapti-matra
6473:
6470:
6436:Ugraparipṛcchā
6274:Prajñaparamita
6237:Main article:
6234:
6231:
6220:Abhidharmakośa
6133:Prajñaparamita
6131:Astasahasrika
6123:
6120:
5974:Akṣobhya-vyūha
5941:smṛtyupasthāna
5897:), suffering (
5883:smṛtyupasthāna
5798:Buddha figures
5777:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5762:
5752:
5739:
5678:
5677:
5669:
5660:
5651:
5638:
5625:
5587:prajñāpāramitā
5573:Prajñāpāramitā
5568:
5565:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5459:pratyekabuddha
5410:
5407:
5357:
5354:
5239:also known as
5218:Main article:
5203:
5200:
5075:
5072:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4929:Gendün Chöphel
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4879:Mahasi Sayadaw
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Kitaro Nishida
4851:
4846:
4841:
4839:B. R. Ambedkar
4836:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Ratnākaraśānti
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4706:Guifeng Zongmi
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4591:Katyāyāniputra
4588:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4349:
4348:
4337:
4334:
4213:Prajñāpāramitā
4199:
4196:
4146:Main article:
4143:
4140:
4061:saṃbhāra-mārga
3995:
3992:
3932:Prajñaparamita
3834:
3831:
3802:Goryeo Dynasty
3762:(great being)
3702:(the round of
3670:spiritual path
3662:) or vehicle (
3644:Avalokiteśvara
3636:
3633:
3499:buddha kshetra
3449:
3446:
3308:
3305:
3192:fierce deities
3120:
3117:
2982:(c. 401), and
2978:(c. 265–313),
2974:(c. 167–186),
2924:
2921:
2887:(337–422 CE),
2872:as well as in
2838:northern India
2806:
2803:
2747:Prajñāpāramitā
2655:at that time.
2502:Gautama Buddha
2488:the common era
2462:
2440:
2433:
2421:
2415:" (153 CE) In
2406:
2405:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:Early Mahāyāna
2371:
2360:dharmabhanakas
2335:, defended by
2197:Jean Przyluski
2181:
2178:
2133:
2130:
2090:), which is a
2073:
2070:
1940:Avalokiteśvara
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1893:Asian diaspora
1817:Southeast Asia
1736:Prajñāpāramitā
1723:early Buddhism
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Pratyekabuddha
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:Buddhist chant
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1166:Buddhist texts
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
981:
980:
972:
971:
965:
964:
952:
951:
949:
948:
941:
934:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
857:
856:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:Rangjung Dorje
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
756:Ratnākaraśānti
753:
748:
746:Śaṅkaranandana
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
696:Shāntarakshita
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
563:Chung Tai Shan
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
479:
478:
475:
474:
471:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
424:
417:
410:
403:
392:
385:
378:
371:
360:
353:
346:
337:
330:
322:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
266:Avalokiteśvara
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
202:Three Turnings
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
157:Three vehicles
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
122:Skillful Means
119:
114:
109:
104:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
82:
81:
73:
72:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19587:
19576:
19573:
19571:
19568:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19547:
19545:
19530:
19526:
19522:
19520:
19512:
19511:
19508:
19494:
19491:
19489:
19486:
19484:
19481:
19479:
19476:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19466:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19435:
19433:
19431:
19430:South America
19427:
19421:
19418:
19416:
19413:
19411:
19408:
19406:
19403:
19401:
19398:
19396:
19393:
19391:
19388:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19356:
19353:
19352:
19350:
19348:
19344:
19338:
19337:United States
19335:
19333:
19330:
19328:
19325:
19323:
19320:
19318:
19315:
19313:
19310:
19308:
19305:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19273:
19270:
19268:
19265:
19263:
19260:
19258:
19255:
19253:
19250:
19248:
19245:
19243:
19240:
19238:
19235:
19233:
19230:
19228:
19225:
19224:
19222:
19220:
19219:North America
19216:
19208:
19205:
19203:
19200:
19198:
19195:
19193:
19190:
19189:
19188:
19185:
19183:
19180:
19178:
19175:
19173:
19170:
19168:
19165:
19163:
19160:
19158:
19155:
19153:
19150:
19148:
19145:
19143:
19140:
19138:
19135:
19133:
19130:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19085:
19083:
19080:
19078:
19077:Liechtenstein
19075:
19073:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19063:
19060:
19058:
19055:
19053:
19050:
19048:
19045:
19043:
19040:
19038:
19035:
19033:
19030:
19028:
19025:
19023:
19020:
19018:
19015:
19013:
19010:
19008:
19005:
19003:
19000:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18970:
18969:
18967:
18965:
18961:
18955:
18952:
18950:
18947:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18937:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18927:
18925:
18922:
18920:
18917:
18915:
18912:
18910:
18907:
18905:
18902:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18825:
18822:
18820:
18817:
18813:
18810:
18808:
18805:
18804:
18803:
18800:
18798:
18795:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18778:
18775:
18773:
18770:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18728:
18725:
18723:
18720:
18718:
18715:
18713:
18710:
18708:
18705:
18703:
18700:
18698:
18695:
18694:
18692:
18690:
18686:
18680:
18677:
18675:
18672:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18592:
18590:
18587:
18585:
18582:
18580:
18577:
18575:
18572:
18570:
18567:
18565:
18562:
18560:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18545:
18542:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18530:
18529:Guinea-Bissau
18527:
18525:
18522:
18520:
18517:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18507:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18487:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18475:
18472:
18470:
18467:
18465:
18462:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18450:
18447:
18445:
18442:
18440:
18437:
18435:
18432:
18430:
18427:
18425:
18422:
18420:
18417:
18415:
18412:
18411:
18409:
18407:
18403:
18399:
18392:
18388:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18364:
18361:
18359:
18356:
18354:
18353:Organizations
18351:
18349:
18346:
18344:
18341:
18339:
18336:
18334:
18331:
18329:
18326:
18324:
18321:
18319:
18316:
18314:
18311:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18297:
18291:
18288:
18286:
18283:
18281:
18278:
18276:
18273:
18271:
18268:
18266:
18263:
18261:
18258:
18256:
18253:
18251:
18248:
18246:
18243:
18241:
18238:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18227:
18222:
18216:
18213:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18190:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18178:Vegetarianism
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18123:Homosexuality
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18109:
18106:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18083:
18082:
18079:
18077:
18074:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18052:
18050:
18047:
18046:
18045:
18042:
18038:
18035:
18033:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18024:
18023:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18005:
18003:
18000:
17993:
17987:
17984:
17982:
17979:
17977:
17974:
17970:
17967:
17966:
17965:
17962:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17945:
17944:Neurotheology
17942:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17915:
17912:
17911:
17909:
17907:
17901:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17872:
17870:
17867:
17865:
17862:
17860:
17857:
17855:
17852:
17850:
17847:
17846:
17844:
17842:
17838:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17816:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17805:
17802:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17773:
17770:
17768:
17765:
17763:
17760:
17758:
17755:
17754:
17753:
17750:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17732:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17665:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17638:Folk religion
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17596:
17594:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17570:
17566:
17563:
17562:
17560:
17556:
17552:
17545:
17541:
17531:
17528:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17518:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17498:
17494:
17491:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17480:
17479:
17476:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17461:Imperial cult
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17448:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17439:
17435:
17432:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17421:
17420:
17417:
17413:
17410:
17408:
17405:
17404:
17403:
17400:
17396:
17393:
17391:
17388:
17386:
17383:
17381:
17378:
17377:
17376:
17373:
17371:
17368:
17364:
17361:
17360:
17359:
17356:
17352:
17349:
17347:
17344:
17343:
17342:
17339:
17337:
17334:
17330:
17327:
17326:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17259:
17258:
17255:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17238:
17236:
17233:
17232:
17231:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17219:
17216:
17215:
17214:
17211:
17209:
17206:
17204:
17201:
17197:
17194:
17193:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17166:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17140:
17139:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17120:
17116:
17113:
17112:
17111:
17108:
17107:
17104:
17100:
17095:
17091:
17071:
17068:
17067:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17030:Discordianism
17028:
17026:
17025:Anthroposophy
17023:
17022:
17020:
17016:
17008:
17007:
17003:
17002:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16974:
16973:Mari religion
16971:
16969:
16966:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16956:
16955:
16954:
16951:
16949:
16946:
16944:
16941:
16939:
16936:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16907:
16904:
16903:
16902:
16899:
16895:
16892:
16890:
16887:
16886:
16885:
16882:
16878:
16875:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16865:
16863:
16860:
16856:
16853:
16852:
16850:
16849:
16847:
16845:
16839:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16810:Neo-Theosophy
16808:
16807:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16783:
16779:
16776:
16775:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16748:New Acropolis
16746:
16744:
16741:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16724:
16721:
16720:
16718:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16701:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16678:
16676:
16673:
16672:
16670:
16666:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16631:
16629:
16626:
16624:
16621:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16589:
16586:
16582:
16579:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16569:
16568:
16567:
16564:
16563:
16562:
16560:
16556:
16555:
16550:
16547:
16546:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16460:
16457:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16444:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16424:
16422:
16420:
16414:
16406:
16403:
16402:
16401:
16398:
16397:
16395:
16393:North African
16391:
16388:
16386:
16380:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16319:
16316:
16315:
16313:
16311:
16307:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16280:
16278:
16274:
16270:
16264:
16261:
16259:
16256:
16254:
16251:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16237:
16234:
16232:
16229:
16228:
16227:
16224:
16222:
16219:
16217:
16214:
16212:
16209:
16207:
16204:
16202:
16199:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16176:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16158:
16155:
16154:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16147:Kwakwakaʼwakw
16145:
16143:
16140:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16112:
16111:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16096:
16093:
16091:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16050:
16047:
16045:
16042:
16041:
16040:
16037:
16035:
16032:
16030:
16027:
16023:
16020:
16019:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16004:
16002:
16000:
15994:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15967:
15966:
15963:
15959:
15956:
15955:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15944:
15941:
15939:
15936:
15932:
15929:
15927:
15924:
15923:
15921:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15908:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15898:
15896:
15894:
15890:
15884:
15881:
15880:
15878:
15876:
15875:Austroasiatic
15872:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15855:
15854:
15851:
15847:
15846:Vattisen Yaly
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15833:
15832:
15828:
15825:
15824:
15822:
15820:
15816:
15813:
15811:
15807:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15782:
15781:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15765:Kirat Mundhum
15763:
15761:
15758:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15745:
15744:
15741:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15731:
15730:
15728:
15724:
15718:
15717:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15704:
15701:
15700:
15699:
15696:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15678:
15674:
15671:
15670:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15660:
15658:
15656:
15652:
15646:
15645:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15568:
15567:
15564:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15516:
15515:
15512:
15511:
15509:
15507:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15494:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15460:
15458:
15456:
15452:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15432:
15430:
15428:
15424:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15401:
15400:
15396:
15395:
15394:
15391:
15390:
15388:
15386:
15382:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15365:
15364:
15361:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15348:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15323:
15321:
15319:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15297:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15269:
15267:
15263:
15257:
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15238:
15236:
15234:
15230:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15208:
15206:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15193:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15173:
15170:
15168:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15158:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15149:
15147:
15143:
15137:
15136:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15124:Milah Abraham
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15098:
15095:
15094:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15081:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15066:
15063:
15062:
15061:
15058:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15043:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15023:
15022:
15019:
15018:
15016:
15014:
15010:
15004:
15003:
14999:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14975:
14972:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14951:
14948:
14947:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14897:
14894:
14893:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14855:
14852:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14834:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14792:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14782:
14781:
14780:Protestantism
14778:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14765:
14762:
14761:
14760:
14757:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14744:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14731:
14728:
14727:
14726:
14723:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14710:
14709:
14706:
14705:
14703:
14701:
14697:
14691:
14690:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14645:
14642:
14641:
14640:
14637:
14633:
14630:
14629:
14628:
14625:
14624:
14623:
14620:
14619:
14617:
14615:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14602:
14599:
14597:
14593:
14589:
14585:
14580:
14576:
14572:
14565:
14560:
14558:
14553:
14551:
14546:
14545:
14542:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14518:
14510:
14509:
14506:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14485:
14482:
14480:
14477:
14475:
14472:
14470:
14467:
14466:
14464:
14462:
14458:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14432:
14429:
14427:
14424:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14400:
14397:
14395:
14392:
14391:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14381:
14379:
14377:
14373:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14356:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14296:
14294:
14292:
14291:Miscellaneous
14288:
14282:
14281:Vegetarianism
14279:
14277:
14274:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14246:
14245:
14242:
14240:
14237:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14194:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14176:
14173:
14172:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14149:
14146:
14144:
14141:
14139:
14136:
14134:
14131:
14129:
14126:
14125:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14103:Buddha in art
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14087:
14084:
14083:
14082:
14079:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14038:
14035:
14034:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13995:
13994:
13992:
13990:
13986:
13980:
13977:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13896:
13894:
13892:
13888:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13825:
13822:
13821:
13820:
13817:
13815:
13812:
13808:
13805:
13804:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13779:
13777:
13775:
13771:
13763:
13760:
13758:
13757:United States
13755:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13743:
13740:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13730:
13728:
13725:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13698:
13695:
13693:
13690:
13688:
13685:
13683:
13680:
13678:
13675:
13673:
13670:
13669:
13668:
13665:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13652:
13651:
13648:
13644:
13641:
13640:
13639:
13636:
13632:
13629:
13627:
13624:
13623:
13622:
13619:
13617:
13614:
13612:
13609:
13607:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13584:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13566:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13535:
13532:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13476:
13474:
13472:
13468:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13456:
13452:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13439:
13435:
13433:
13430:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13404:
13402:
13400:
13396:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13380:
13377:
13375:
13372:
13370:
13367:
13365:
13362:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13330:
13327:
13325:
13322:
13320:
13317:
13315:
13314:Padmasambhava
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13231:
13229:
13227:
13226:Major figures
13223:
13217:
13214:
13210:
13207:
13206:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13173:
13172:Western tulku
13170:
13169:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13104:
13102:
13100:
13096:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13069:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13044:
13042:
13040:
13036:
13030:
13027:
13023:
13020:
13019:
13018:
13015:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12997:
12996:
12993:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12973:Five precepts
12971:
12970:
12969:
12966:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12951:Dhamma vicaya
12949:
12947:
12944:
12943:
12942:
12939:
12935:
12932:
12931:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12798:
12794:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12781:
12779:
12776:
12773:
12772:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12761:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12719:Buddhābhiṣeka
12717:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12694:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12677:
12675:
12671:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12619:
12618:
12615:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12555:
12554:
12551:
12550:
12549:
12546:
12545:
12543:
12541:
12537:
12531:
12528:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12495:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12485:
12483:
12481:
12477:
12471:
12468:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12450:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12363:Enlightenment
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12353:Dhamma theory
12351:
12349:
12348:Buddha-nature
12346:
12344:
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12330:
12328:
12326:
12322:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12222:
12220:
12218:
12214:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12187:Samantabhadra
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12161:
12158:
12157:
12156:
12153:
12152:
12150:
12148:
12144:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12126:
12120:
12118:
12112:
12110:
12104:
12102:
12096:
12094:
12088:
12086:
12080:
12078:
12072:
12071:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12004:
12002:
11998:
11992:
11989:
11987:
11984:
11982:
11979:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11961:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11943:
11937:
11934:
11932:
11929:
11927:
11919:
11918:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11892:
11887:
11885:
11880:
11878:
11873:
11872:
11869:
11862:
11859:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11840:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11822:
11801:
11797:
11791:
11784:
11783:
11777:
11774:
11770:
11767:
11763:
11760:
11756:
11753:
11752:
11747:
11744:
11743:
11738:
11734:
11731:
11727:
11725:
11724:1-903296-91-9
11721:
11717:
11713:
11710:
11706:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11691:
11689:
11685:
11682:
11679:Beal (1871).
11678:
11674:
11669:
11658:
11654:
11652:0-8248-1203-4
11648:
11644:
11640:
11636:
11632:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11587:
11580:
11574:
11567:
11561:
11554:
11548:
11541:
11535:
11528:
11522:
11515:
11509:
11502:
11496:
11488:
11482:
11478:
11471:
11469:
11461:
11455:
11447:
11441:
11437:
11436:
11428:
11426:
11417:
11416:
11408:
11401:
11395:
11387:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11372:
11364:
11357:
11351:
11344:
11338:
11331:
11325:
11318:
11312:
11305:
11299:
11292:
11286:
11279:
11273:
11255:
11251:
11243:
11239:
11238:
11231:
11224:
11218:
11209:
11202:
11201:0-9627713-0-9
11198:
11192:
11185:
11179:
11172:
11166:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11144:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11122:
11118:
11111:
11104:
11098:
11091:
11085:
11078:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11066:
11064:
11062:
11054:
11048:
11039:
11032:
11026:
11020:
11016:
11010:
11003:
10997:
10990:
10984:
10977:
10971:
10964:
10958:
10951:
10945:
10938:
10932:
10925:
10919:
10915:
10908:
10901:
10900:1-886439-10-9
10897:
10893:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10875:
10874:0-7007-1762-5
10871:
10868:. Routledge.
10867:
10863:
10858:
10851:
10845:
10843:
10835:
10829:
10822:
10816:
10809:
10803:
10796:
10790:
10783:
10777:
10770:
10765:
10758:
10757:
10753:
10750:
10743:
10736:
10735:
10731:
10728:
10721:
10714:
10708:
10701:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10687:
10680:
10674:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10647:
10640:
10634:
10625:
10623:
10605:
10601:
10595:
10588:
10587:
10582:
10576:
10569:
10565:
10559:
10550:
10543:
10537:
10530:
10526:
10523:
10522:
10515:
10507:
10501:
10497:
10496:
10488:
10480:
10474:
10470:
10469:
10461:
10459:
10450:
10444:
10440:
10439:
10431:
10424:
10420:
10416:
10410:
10401:
10393:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10372:
10363:
10361:
10353:
10347:
10340:
10334:
10327:
10324:Hamar, Imre.
10321:
10314:
10308:
10299:
10292:
10286:
10277:
10268:
10260:
10256:
10252:
10246:
10242:
10235:
10227:
10220:
10213:
10207:
10200:
10194:
10192:
10184:
10178:
10171:
10165:
10163:
10155:
10149:
10142:
10136:
10127:
10120:
10114:
10108:
10107:0-8248-1949-7
10104:
10100:
10099:
10092:
10084:
10080:
10074:
10065:
10056:
10047:
10038:
10036:
10028:
10027:
10020:
10018:
10010:
10004:
9997:
9991:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9968:
9959:
9957:
9949:
9943:
9934:
9932:
9924:
9918:
9911:
9905:
9896:
9889:
9883:
9876:
9870:
9863:
9857:
9850:
9844:
9837:
9831:
9824:
9818:
9811:
9805:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9784:
9778:
9769:
9760:
9751:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9731:
9722:
9720:
9713:
9712:0-7156-1266-2
9709:
9705:
9699:
9690:
9683:
9677:
9675:
9666:
9664:0-02-865718-7
9660:
9656:
9649:
9647:
9645:
9637:
9631:
9624:
9618:
9616:
9608:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9588:
9582:
9580:
9570:
9563:
9557:
9555:
9545:
9543:
9535:
9534:
9530:
9527:
9520:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9500:
9493:
9487:
9485:
9477:
9471:
9469:
9461:
9455:
9446:
9444:
9434:
9428:
9422:
9420:
9410:
9401:
9392:
9385:
9379:
9370:
9362:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9316:
9309:
9303:
9301:
9293:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9278:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9247:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9218:
9209:
9200:
9191:
9185:
9184:81-215-0833-9
9181:
9177:
9171:
9163:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9148:
9140:
9132:
9126:
9122:
9121:
9113:
9105:
9103:1-59056-069-8
9099:
9095:
9091:
9085:
9078:
9072:
9064:
9058:
9054:
9049:
9048:
9039:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9010:
9006:
8999:
8990:
8981:
8974:
8968:
8961:
8955:
8946:
8939:
8933:
8926:
8920:
8913:
8907:
8900:
8894:
8888:
8882:
8875:
8869:
8862:
8856:
8854:
8846:
8840:
8833:
8827:
8825:
8817:
8811:
8804:
8798:
8791:
8785:
8778:
8772:
8770:
8762:
8756:
8749:
8743:
8736:
8730:
8723:
8717:
8708:
8701:
8695:
8688:
8682:
8673:
8665:
8663:0-02-865718-7
8659:
8655:
8648:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8615:
8613:
8604:
8598:
8594:
8593:
8585:
8569:
8565:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8509:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8459:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8437:
8428:
8421:
8415:
8408:
8402:
8395:
8389:
8382:
8376:
8367:
8360:
8354:
8347:
8341:
8334:
8328:
8321:
8315:
8308:
8302:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8243:
8242:Hirakawa 1990
8238:
8231:
8225:
8218:
8213:
8204:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8176:
8165:
8161:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8132:: pp. 193–194
8131:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8111:
8105:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8080:
8074:
8067:
8061:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8010:
8003:
7997:
7995:
7975:
7968:
7967:
7959:
7952:
7941:
7935:
7931:
7930:
7922:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7896:
7889:
7887:
7879:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7857:
7850:
7846:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7833:
7823:
7814:
7812:
7807:
7793:
7787:
7780:
7774:
7767:
7761:
7754:
7748:
7741:
7735:
7728:
7722:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7644:
7638:
7634:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:Buddha-nature
7514:
7513:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7475:
7471:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7394:
7392:
7387:
7384:
7373:
7363:
7360:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7328:: 2.7 million
7327:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7316:: 2.9 million
7315:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7277:, including:
7276:
7272:
7267:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7250:
7246:
7245:Tenzin Gyatso
7243:
7238:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7205:(Huayan) and
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7185:
7176:
7174:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7051:
7050:communities.
7049:
7045:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6976:
6974:
6971:, 4 million,
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6955:, 8 million;
6954:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6899:
6897:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6776:
6774:
6773:luminous mind
6770:
6769:Buddha nature
6766:
6761:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6676:
6675:Buddha Nature
6672:
6668:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6641:
6638:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6533:perspective.
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6454:Śrāvakapiṭaka
6451:
6447:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6400:dharmabhanaka
6397:
6393:
6389:
6387:
6380:
6378:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6305:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6282:
6277:
6275:
6269:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6212:
6211:Tibetan canon
6207:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6146:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6128:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5963:buddhānusmṛti
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5809:
5804:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5788:reciting the
5787:
5782:
5770:
5768:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5603:transcendence
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5557:
5555:
5550:
5548:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5406:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5368:
5362:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5221:
5220:Buddha-nature
5213:
5208:
5202:Buddha-nature
5199:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5161:three natures
5158:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4991:
4986:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:P. A. Payutto
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:Hajime Tanabe
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Sakya Chokden
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Je Tsongkhapa
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Sakya Pandita
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4751:Jñanasrimitra
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:Buddha-nature
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:Dharma theory
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Lokottaravāda
4413:
4411:
4410:Prajñaptivāda
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4292:Diamond Sutra
4287:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4046:
4043:aspire to be
4042:
4038:
4035:, one of the
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3980:(knowledge).
3979:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3841:
3825:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:and almighty
3553:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:Bhaiṣajyaguru
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3317:Mahāvairocana
3313:
3304:
3303:in Japanese.
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3137:Chakrasamvara
3134:
3130:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:Chan Buddhism
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:. Over time,
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:Kumaragupta I
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2820:
2816:
2813:Ruins of the
2811:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:Kushan Empire
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:Buddha-nature
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2660:archeological
2656:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:Dharmaguptaka
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:early schools
2495:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2417:Brahmi script
2414:
2410:
2400:
2389:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2280:Dharmaguptaka
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:bodhisattva.
2143:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2107:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:According to
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:communities.
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:Buddha-nature
1785:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1705:
1704:ancient India
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:Great Vehicle
1672:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1642:
1603:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
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1380:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1318:Vegetarianism
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Recollections
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Five precepts
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Chinese canon
1206:
1204:
1203:Tibetan canon
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1154:
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1141:
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1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1003:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
958:
957:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:
925:
924:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:Sakya Pandita
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:Dahui Zonggao
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
572:
571:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:Fo Guang Shan
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
482:
481:Major schools
477:
476:
469:
468:
464:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
450:
448:
447:
443:
441:
440:
436:
433:
432:
431:
425:
423:
422:
418:
416:
415:
411:
409:
408:
404:
401:
400:
399:
393:
391:
390:
386:
384:
383:
379:
377:
376:
372:
369:
368:
367:
361:
359:
358:
354:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
338:
336:
335:
331:
329:
328:
324:
323:
320:
315:
314:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Samantabhadra
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Bhaiṣajyaguru
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
220:
216:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:Luminous mind
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
117:Buddha-nature
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
93:
92:
88:
84:
83:
80:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
59:
54:
47:
43:
39:
38:
32:
19:
18934:Turkmenistan
18894:Saudi Arabia
18639:South Africa
18629:Sierra Leone
18434:Burkina Faso
18343:Names of God
18290:Unaffiliated
18245:Antireligion
18101:Universalism
18049:Assimilation
17914:Anthropology
17789:Supernatural
17784:Spirituality
17752:Sacred space
17740:Purification
17613:Denomination
17567: /
17375:Paleo-Balkan
17341:Mesopotamian
17181:Cook Islands
17152:Old Prussian
17065:UFO religion
17004:
17000:Zalmoxianism
16928:Neoshamanism
16785:Spiritualism
16668:Other ethnic
16557:
16383:Traditional
16343:Bongthingism
16231:Acoma Pueblo
16174:Mesoamerican
15893:Austronesian
15714:
15710:Neo-Buddhism
15667:
15642:
15638:Neo-Hinduism
15559:Swaminarayan
15397:
15346:Salvationist
15331:Confucianism
15182:Samaritanism
15152:Ali-Illahism
15133:
15000:
14994:Unitarianism
14935:Old Catholic
14742:Nestorianism
14700:Christianity
14687:
14653:Conservative
14469:Bodhisattvas
14389:Christianity
14384:Baháʼí Faith
14249:Dharmachakra
14239:Prayer wheel
14229:Prayer beads
13997:Architecture
13876:969 Movement
13660:Saudi Arabia
13638:Central Asia
13631:South Africa
13453:
13436:
13369:Panchen Lama
13274:Buddhapālita
12870:Satipatthana
12865:Mindful Yoga
12778:Recollection
12692:Brahmavihara
12563:Japanese Zen
12558:Chinese Chan
12547:
12518:Animal realm
12325:Key concepts
12147:Bodhisattvas
11959:Three Jewels
11807:. Retrieved
11781:
11772:
11768:, Routledge.
11765:
11758:
11750:
11740:
11729:
11715:
11708:
11695:
11687:
11680:
11672:
11671:"Mahayana".
11661:, retrieved
11629:
11605:. Retrieved
11601:the original
11596:
11586:
11578:
11573:
11565:
11560:
11552:
11547:
11539:
11534:
11526:
11521:
11513:
11508:
11500:
11495:
11476:
11459:
11454:
11434:
11414:
11407:
11402:2007. p. 121
11399:
11394:
11370:
11363:
11355:
11350:
11342:
11337:
11329:
11324:
11316:
11311:
11303:
11298:
11293:1998. p. 134
11290:
11285:
11277:
11272:
11261:. Retrieved
11241:
11236:
11230:
11222:
11217:
11208:
11191:
11183:
11178:
11170:
11165:
11149:
11143:
11116:
11110:
11102:
11097:
11089:
11084:
11076:
11052:
11047:
11038:
11030:
11025:
11018:
11014:
11009:
11001:
10996:
10988:
10983:
10975:
10970:
10962:
10957:
10949:
10944:
10936:
10931:
10913:
10907:
10891:
10865:
10857:
10849:
10833:
10828:
10820:
10815:
10807:
10802:
10794:
10789:
10781:
10776:
10768:
10764:
10747:
10742:
10725:
10720:
10712:
10707:
10691:
10686:
10678:
10673:
10659:(2): 66–74.
10656:
10652:
10646:
10641:1997. p. 104
10638:
10633:
10611:, retrieved
10585:
10575:
10567:
10563:
10558:
10549:
10544:1964. p. 125
10541:
10536:
10520:
10514:
10494:
10487:
10467:
10437:
10430:
10414:
10409:
10400:
10377:
10371:
10351:
10346:
10338:
10333:
10325:
10320:
10315:, pp. 13-16.
10312:
10307:
10298:
10290:
10285:
10276:
10267:
10240:
10234:
10225:
10219:
10211:
10206:
10198:
10182:
10177:
10172:2008. p. 68.
10169:
10153:
10148:
10140:
10135:
10126:
10118:
10113:
10097:
10091:
10083:the original
10073:
10064:
10055:
10046:
10025:
10008:
10003:
9995:
9990:
9967:
9947:
9942:
9922:
9917:
9909:
9904:
9895:
9887:
9882:
9874:
9869:
9861:
9856:
9848:
9843:
9835:
9830:
9822:
9817:
9809:
9804:
9782:
9777:
9768:
9759:
9750:
9735:
9730:
9703:
9698:
9689:
9681:
9654:
9635:
9630:
9622:
9606:
9586:
9569:
9561:
9524:
9519:
9504:
9499:
9491:
9475:
9459:
9454:
9433:
9409:
9400:
9391:
9383:
9378:
9369:
9342:
9338:
9328:
9320:
9315:
9307:
9282:
9277:
9262:
9258:
9246:
9231:
9226:
9217:
9208:
9199:
9190:
9175:
9170:
9146:
9139:
9119:
9112:
9093:
9090:Phelps, Norm
9084:
9076:
9071:
9046:
9038:
9027:. Retrieved
9008:
8998:
8989:
8980:
8975:, 2013, p 3.
8972:
8967:
8959:
8954:
8945:
8937:
8932:
8924:
8919:
8911:
8906:
8898:
8893:
8881:
8873:
8868:
8860:
8844:
8839:
8831:
8815:
8810:
8802:
8797:
8789:
8784:
8776:
8760:
8755:
8750:2010. p. 141
8747:
8742:
8734:
8729:
8721:
8716:
8707:
8699:
8694:
8686:
8681:
8672:
8653:
8647:
8636:the original
8631:
8627:
8591:
8584:
8572:. Retrieved
8535:
8493:
8463:
8436:
8427:
8419:
8414:
8406:
8401:
8393:
8388:
8380:
8375:
8366:
8358:
8353:
8345:
8340:
8332:
8327:
8319:
8314:
8306:
8305:Guang Xing.
8301:
8293:
8288:
8273:
8237:
8229:
8224:
8212:
8203:
8195:
8191:
8182:
8174:
8168:. Retrieved
8151:. Retrieved
8137:
8129:
8104:
8096:the original
8086:
8073:
8060:
8052:
8028:
8022:
8014:
8009:
8001:
7981:. Retrieved
7974:the original
7965:
7958:
7949:
7943:. Retrieved
7928:
7921:
7894:
7877:
7856:
7842:
7839:Damien Keown
7822:
7791:
7786:
7778:
7773:
7765:
7760:
7752:
7747:
7739:
7734:
7726:
7721:
7713:
7707:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7688:buddha-jñāna
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7650:
7642:
7637:
7569:
7562:
7545:
7502:
7496:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7477:
7470:Sautrāntikas
7467:
7462:
7455:Sarvāstivāda
7447:
7439:
7437:
7431:
7413:
7396:
7388:
7380:
7355:
7275:Central Asia
7268:
7263:
7254:
7249:Desmond Tutu
7219:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7193:(Chan/Zen),
7189:
7182:
7169:
7103:
7094:totalitarian
7087:
7057:
7026:
7012:
6979:
6977:
6950:
6919:
6893:
6879:, Mongolian
6866:
6854:Won Buddhism
6843:
6823:Newar people
6816:
6804:Peter Harvey
6793:
6762:
6758:
6743:
6731:
6726:
6712:
6706:
6697:
6685:
6679:
6660:
6644:
6626:
6600:
6598:
6590:
6583:
6578:, and later
6573:
6570:epistemology
6559:
6553:
6544:
6535:
6527:Sarvastivada
6516:
6514:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6475:
6465:
6453:
6443:
6441:
6434:
6424:
6418:
6410:
6408:
6399:
6391:
6390:such as the
6386:buddhavacana
6384:
6381:
6376:
6373:
6368:
6350:
6334:
6327:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6278:such as the
6272:
6265:
6261:Mahāsāṃghika
6256:
6252:
6242:
6224:
6219:
6208:
6161:
6149:
6130:
6068:
6057:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6023:
6017:
6011:
5998:
5990:
5988:
5984:Pratyutpanna
5983:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5962:
5960:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5928:
5921:
5911:
5906:maraṇasaṃjñā
5904:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5872:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5840:
5813:
5789:
5765:
5755:
5742:
5732:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5671:
5662:
5653:
5640:
5627:
5618:
5610:
5607:
5594:
5586:
5576:
5572:
5570:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5535:
5475:
5465:
5463:
5448:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5418:
5412:
5402:D. T. Suzuki
5399:
5382:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5359:
5347:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5311:
5301:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5253:Buddha-dhātu
5252:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5225:
5223:
5181:
5174:
5164:
5152:
5146:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5098:
5091:Gupta period
5086:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5061:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5033:
5025:
5019:
4944:
4874:D. T. Suzuki
4834:Ledi Sayadaw
4736:Śāntarakṣita
4671:Chandrakirti
4656:Buddhapālita
4621:Saṃghabhadra
4419:
4385:Vibhajyavāda
4329:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4255:
4253:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4211:
4209:
4192:
4172:
4170:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4133:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4100:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4054:
4051:of Amitābha.
4008:Bodhisattvas
4002:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3786:
3783:apratiṣṭhita
3782:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3738:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3693:
3683:
3677:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3648:Ajaṇṭā Caves
3626:
3615:
3611:saṃbhogakāya
3609:
3605:nirmāṇakāyas
3603:
3599:
3593:
3576:buddhakṣetra
3574:
3571:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3498:
3487:bodhisattvas
3481:
3439:
3432:
3417:
3410:Three Jewels
3383:
3377:
3333:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3251:Central Asia
3240:
3204:
3195:
3181:
3160:
3156:
3142:
3110:
3047:
3029:, including
2992:
2941:Central Asia
2938:
2912:Vikramashila
2897:
2882:
2859:
2762:
2743:
2731:
2729:Vasubandhu's
2714:
2699:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2657:
2649:Central Asia
2625:
2620:
2617:
2579:(Cave 217),
2553:
2539:
2532:
2509:Indoscythian
2506:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2305:
2302:Reginald Ray
2293:
2285:
2284:
2273:
2271:
2241:
2225:Hendrik Kern
2221:Mahāsāṃghika
2216:
2215:
2209:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2165:Mahāsāṃghika
2105:
2095:
2087:
2075:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1897:
1805:Vikramashila
1794:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1735:
1730:
1700:philosophies
1694:traditions,
1601:
1600:
1392:
1268:Merit making
1233:Three Jewels
1173:Buddhavacana
1103:Impermanence
1091:Dharma wheel
816:D. T. Suzuki
621:Buddhapālita
465:
458:
451:
444:
437:
428:
419:
412:
405:
397:
387:
380:
373:
364:
355:
348:
333:
325:
219:Bodhisattvas
152:Three bodies
76:
35:
19385:New Zealand
19322:Saint Lucia
19272:El Salvador
19177:Switzerland
19112:Netherlands
18884:Philippines
18812:South Korea
18807:North Korea
18697:Afghanistan
18644:South Sudan
18534:Ivory Coast
18318:Deification
18265:Objectivism
18240:Agnosticism
18193:Persecution
18183:Video games
18148:Populations
18059:Proselytism
18027:Monasticism
18018:Clericalism
18008:Agriculture
17999:and society
17964:Soteriology
17924:Comparative
17894:Transtheism
17879:Panentheism
17663:Monasticism
17456:Gallo-Roman
17358:Micronesian
17324:Manichaeism
17272:Hermeticism
17240:Continental
17235:Anglo-Saxon
17115:Paleolithic
17110:Prehistoric
17060:Scientology
16923:Italo-Roman
16778:Radha Soami
16758:New Thought
16598:Espiritismo
16539:Waaqeffanna
16479:Fon and Ewe
16417:Sub-Saharan
16300:Satsana Phi
16086:Ghost Dance
16039:Californian
16017:Anishinaabe
15943:Karo Pemena
15922:Indonesian
15596:Lingayatism
15544:Mahanubhava
15514:Vaishnavism
15445:Jeungsanism
15368:Folk Taoism
15351:Xiantiandao
15205:Zoroastrian
14864:Charismatic
14859:Pentecostal
14822:Anglicanism
14773:Waldensians
14708:Catholicism
14314:Dharma talk
14143:Asalha Puja
13939:Eschatology
13742:Switzerland
13722:New Zealand
13650:Middle East
13559:Philippines
13479:Afghanistan
13284:Bodhidharma
13269:Buddhaghosa
13189:Householder
13099:Monasticism
13052:Bodhisattva
12907:Prostration
12860:Mindfulness
12788:Anapanasati
12771:Kammaṭṭhāna
12568:Korean Seon
12508:Asura realm
12503:Human realm
12443:Ten Fetters
12398:Parinirvana
12300:Uppalavanna
12265:Mahākaccana
12250:Mahākassapa
12182:Kṣitigarbha
12177:Ākāśagarbha
12074:Suddhodāna
12019:Four sights
11946:Foundations
11643:10125/23030
10715:1964. p. 83
10328:2007. p. 94
10289:Hsuan Hua.
9458:Xinru Liu,
8112:》、《远东汉英大辞典》
7983:2 September
7702:44: 207–230
7676:buddha-yānā
7564:Lotus Sutra
7488:Heart Sūtra
7479:Kathāvatthu
7298:West Bengal
7222:Vietnam war
7188:Vietnamese
7157:Sōka Gakkai
7090:North Korea
7075:South Korea
7071:Taego Order
7067:Jogye Order
6982:), such as
6862:Sōka Gakkai
6704:Nāgārjuna's
6580:Dharmakirti
6531:Sautrantika
6510:Candrakirti
6337:bodhisattva
6288:Lotus Sutra
5936:mindfulness
5771:: knowledge
5593:, the term
5087:citta-mātra
5079:Vijñānavāda
4811:Mikyö Dorje
4731:Jñānagarbha
4651:Dharmakirti
4636:Buddhadatta
4631:Buddhaghosa
4435:Pramāṇavāda
4405:Pudgalavada
4400:Sautrāntika
4300:aparigṛhīta
4285:Heart Sutra
4278:), unborn (
4103:Kamalashila
4084:Daśabhūmika
3953:Daśabhūmika
3917:Lotus Sutra
3882:Kamalashila
3840:asaṃkheyyas
3798:Lotus Sutra
3764:bodhisattva
3719:bodhisattva
3679:Śrāvakayāna
3652:Maharashtra
3562:(including
3548:docetically
3448:The Buddhas
3428:D.T. Suzuki
3295:, Tomitsu,
3247:Pala Empire
3227:Guhyasamaja
3169:mahasiddhas
3161:Guhyamantra
3127:The use of
3039:Philippines
3017:, and then
2984:Dharmakṣema
2976:Dharmarakṣa
2933:Mogao Caves
2891:(602–664),
2765:), and the
2712:Nagarjuna's
2688:bodhisattva
2665:Lotus sutra
2604:Jamal Garhi
2589:buddhafield
2577:Mogao Caves
2521:monasticism
2323:bodhisattva
2298:Jan Nattier
2294:aranyavasin
2263:Bhavaviveka
2255:Candrakīrti
2233:Kṛṣṇa River
2229:A.K. Warder
2169:Karla Caves
2038:Lotus Sūtra
2022:Lotus Sūtra
1987:Lotus Sūtra
1963:Bodhisattva
1953:, the term
1951:Jan Nattier
1933:Bodhisattva
1849:Philippines
1783:Vijñānavāda
1752:bodhisattva
1731:bodhisattva
1503:New Zealand
1358:Bodhisattva
1343:Four Stages
1298:Monasticism
1278:Mindfulness
1248:Perfections
1178:Early Texts
854:Han Chinese
676:Amoghavajra
651:Bodhidharma
641:Candrakīrti
636:Dharmakīrti
631:Bhāvaviveka
586:Ashvaghosha
575:Key figures
334:Lotus Sūtra
291:Ākāśagarbha
286:Kṣitigarbha
276:Vajrasattva
167:One Vehicle
102:Bodhisattva
19544:Categories
19375:Micronesia
19252:Costa Rica
19147:San Marino
19107:Montenegro
19087:Luxembourg
18944:Uzbekistan
18919:Tajikistan
18824:Kyrgyzstan
18797:Kazakhstan
18747:East Timor
18717:Bangladesh
18707:Azerbaijan
18624:Seychelles
18589:Mozambique
18574:Mauritania
18559:Madagascar
18449:Cape Verde
18231:irreligion
18226:Secularism
18128:Minorities
18096:Toleration
18091:Syncretism
18076:Fanaticism
18066:Disability
18054:Missionary
18044:Conversion
18032:Ordination
17954:Psychology
17949:Philosophy
17889:Polytheism
17869:Monotheism
17864:Henotheism
17705:Orthopraxy
17695:Ordination
17658:Meditation
17653:Indigenous
17618:Entheogens
17603:Conversion
17429:Pueblo III
17346:Babylonian
17336:Melanesian
17262:Gnosticism
17147:Lithuanian
17040:Fourth Way
16894:Circassian
16872:Dievturība
16795:Tensegrity
16728:Falun Gong
16373:Sanamahism
16353:Donyi-Polo
15965:Polynesian
15911:Kaharingan
15836:Burkhanism
15775:Ravidassia
15753:Śvetāmbara
15539:Pushtimarg
15519:Krishnaism
15455:Vietnamese
15440:Cheondoism
15373:Yao Taoism
15309:East Asian
15075:Isma'ilism
15031:Maturidism
14810:Mennonites
14805:Hutterites
14790:Anabaptism
14683:Humanistic
14431:Psychology
14411:Gnosticism
14399:Comparison
14394:Influences
14376:Comparison
14259:Bhavacakra
14217:Kushinagar
14192:Pilgrimage
14138:Māgha Pūjā
14093:Bodhi Tree
13909:Buddhology
13899:Abhidharma
13891:Philosophy
13824:Menander I
13692:Costa Rica
13643:Uzbekistan
13484:Bangladesh
13438:Dhammapada
13422:Pali Canon
13384:Ajahn Chah
13364:Dalai Lama
13264:Kumārajīva
13259:Vasubandhu
13234:The Buddha
13142:Zen master
13077:Sakadagami
13057:Buddhahood
12988:Pratimokṣa
12803:Shikantaza
12759:Meditation
12734:Deity yoga
12605:Madhyamaka
12498:Deva realm
12393:Mindstream
12343:Bodhicitta
12255:Aṅgulimāla
12122:Devadatta
12098:Yaśodharā
12001:The Buddha
11991:Middle Way
11841:'s website
11809:2023-03-21
11775:Routledge.
11742:The Monist
11663:17 January
11607:10 October
11263:2020-10-08
11237:宗教年鑑 令和元年版
11135:1224277904
10613:2021-07-05
10293:2003. p. 2
10259:1073573698
9029:2020-10-27
8170:2019-06-28
8153:2019-06-28
8092:"容易讀錯的字和詞"
7945:2017-12-18
7802:References
7426:Vihara in
7424:Abhayagiri
7420:Mahāvihara
7242:Dalai Lama
7207:Thiên Thai
7203:Hoa Nghiêm
7179:Vietnamese
7033:, such as
6835:Bai people
6765:bodhicitta
6754:Abhidhamma
6717:Mādhyamaka
6655:Vasubandhu
6582:wrote the
6537:Vasubandhu
6523:Vasubandhu
6506:Madhyamika
6502:Madhyamika
6354:pure lands
6186:, and the
6076:Deity Yoga
6047:shikantaza
5776:Meditation
5744:Praṇidhāna
5710:Adhiṭṭhāna
5682:Dhammapala
5599:perfection
5583:Buddhahood
5395:Shantideva
5383:subhasita)
5188:Vasubandhu
5062:Using the
5026:śūnyavāda,
5022:Madhyamaka
5010:Madhyamaka
4899:Buddhadasa
4796:Longchenpa
4756:Ratnakīrti
4741:Haribhadra
4676:Shantideva
4641:Dhammapāla
4616:Vasubandhu
4611:Harivarman
4528:Middle Way
4498:Abhidharma
4425:Madhyamaka
4395:Vaibhāṣika
4379:Traditions
4095:Avatamsaka
4037:Ten realms
3965:praṇidhāna
3928:praṇidhāna
3913:bodhicitta
3902:Shantideva
3872:Shantideva
3860:bodhicitta
3760:mahāsattva
3750:Haribhadra
3714:bodhicitta
3617:Dharmakaya
3552:omnipotent
3424:Abhidharma
3394:Middle Way
3382:(i.e. the
3196:vajracarya
3155:(Tibetan:
3139:(pictured)
3062:Kumārajīva
2980:Kumārajīva
2916:Dharmapala
2787:Vasubandhu
2751:Mādhyamaka
2727:treatise (
2710:treatise (
2708:Madhyamika
2692:ten bhumis
2621:kriyākarma
2349:pure lands
2205:laypersons
2173:Mahārāṣtra
1967:buddhahood
1906:and 6% to
1809:South Asia
1792:teaching.
1772:Madhyamaka
1745:Buddhahood
1667:pronounced
1376:Traditions
1313:Pilgrimage
1253:Meditation
1213:Post-canon
1193:Pāli Canon
1123:Middle Way
1020:The Buddha
796:Longchenpa
791:Tsongkhapa
706:Mazu Daoyi
691:Shāntideva
616:Sthiramati
611:Vasubandhu
601:Kumārajīva
558:Fa Gu Shan
488:Mādhyamaka
236:Adi-Buddha
226:Shakyamuni
187:Pure Lands
142:Two truths
107:Buddhahood
19493:Venezuela
19438:Argentina
19355:Australia
19307:Nicaragua
19282:Guatemala
19082:Lithuania
18904:Sri Lanka
18899:Singapore
18879:Palestine
18767:Indonesia
18757:Hong Kong
18579:Mauritius
18300:Overviews
18255:Criticism
18208:Sectarian
18198:Terrorism
18173:Theocracy
18118:Happiness
18086:Pluralism
18071:Education
17997:Religion
17969:Salvation
17959:Sociology
17904:Religious
17884:Pantheism
17874:Nontheism
17767:Mountains
17745:Sacrifice
17700:Orthodoxy
17690:Mythology
17685:Mysticism
17574:Behaviour
17483:Canaanite
17466:Mithraism
17434:Pueblo IV
17424:Pueblo II
17329:Mazdakism
17304:Hungarian
17277:Mysteries
17186:Dravidian
16968:Hungarian
16884:Caucasian
16855:Godianism
16815:Agni Yoga
16805:Theosophy
16768:Rastafari
16743:Modekngei
16723:Brahmoism
16716:Syncretic
16708:movements
16706:religious
16618:Quimbanda
16566:Candomblé
16559:Diasporic
16338:Bathouism
16328:Benzhuism
16248:Tsimshian
16194:Purépecha
16115:Longhouse
16090:Sun Dance
16034:Blackfoot
15948:Malaysian
15938:Kapitayan
15748:Digambara
15733:Ayyavazhi
15698:Vajrayana
15663:Theravada
15576:Ganapatya
15549:Ramanandi
15478:Hoahaoism
15356:Yiguandao
15251:Yarsanism
15246:Shabakism
15233:Yazdânism
15223:Zurvanism
15218:Mazdaznan
15177:Rastafari
15172:Mandaeism
15046:Wahhabism
15026:Ash'arism
14989:Tolstoyan
14979:Spiritual
14969:Mormonism
14940:Judaizers
14913:Quakerism
14891:Methodist
14881:Irvingism
14832:Calvinism
14785:Adventism
14768:Moravians
14605:Abrahamic
14499:Festivals
14479:Buddhists
14441:Theosophy
14244:Symbolism
14234:Hama yumi
14207:Bodh Gaya
13974:Socialism
13949:Evolution
13924:Economics
13762:Venezuela
13677:Australia
13672:Argentina
13596:Sri Lanka
13591:Singapore
13509:Indonesia
13471:Countries
13412:Tripiṭaka
13374:Ajahn Mun
13249:Nagarjuna
13244:Aśvaghoṣa
13127:Anagārika
13122:Śrāmaṇerī
13117:Śrāmaṇera
13112:Bhikkhunī
13072:Sotāpanna
12961:Passaddhi
12902:Offerings
12877:Nekkhamma
12754:Iddhipada
12674:Practices
12644:Theravada
12617:Vajrayana
12610:Yogachara
12580:Pure Land
12493:Six Paths
12480:Cosmology
12260:Anuruddha
12235:Sāriputta
12225:Kaundinya
12217:Disciples
12192:Vajrapāṇi
12044:Footprint
12009:Tathāgata
11319:, p. 414.
11280:, p. 408.
11186:, p. 410.
11092:, p. 413.
11079:, p. 403.
9361:254354100
8887:p. 133 sq
8702:: pp. 4–5
8348:: p. 335.
7913:916409066
7716:: p. 335.
7696:hīnajñāna
7692:mahājñāna
7582:Pure land
7474:emptiness
7441:Tripiṭaka
7428:Sri Lanka
7383:Theravada
7372:Theravada
7240:The 14th
7000:Pure Land
6965:Hong Kong
6930:Pure land
6831:Azhaliism
6736:emptiness
6667:Vajrayāna
6637:Nāgārjuna
6498:Nagarjuna
6431:arhatship
6369:anumodana
6361:Sukhavati
6341:purelands
6249:Theravāda
6180:emptiness
6122:Scripture
6084:Mahamudra
6072:Vajrayāna
6028:Amitabha.
5868:vipaśyanā
5561:preachers
5559:Buddhist
5524:Japanese
5515:Bodh Gaya
5308:emptiness
5245:principle
5227:Tathāgata
5212:cintamani
5106:śūnyavāda
5047:śūnyavāda
5030:Nagarjuna
5006:Nagarjuna
4924:Ju Mipham
4894:Ñāṇananda
4869:Masao Abe
4661:Bhāviveka
4601:Nagarjuna
4553:Suffering
4518:Emptiness
4440:Vajrayana
4430:Yogachara
4390:Theravāda
4222:emptiness
4039:in which
3988:emptiness
3944:pāramitās
3727:Manjushri
3674:arhatship
3623:emptiness
3564:pantheism
3526:lokuttara
3522:Sakyamuni
3515:Vairocana
3491:cosmology
3462:Sukhavati
3365:plurality
3340:Indonesia
3307:Worldview
3207:Vajrayāna
3153:Vajrayāna
3086:Pure Land
2972:Lokakṣema
2953:East Asia
2949:Silk Road
2906:emperor,
2870:Shan shan
2850:Vajrayāna
2842:Theravāda
2799:Taranatha
2779:Aśvaghoṣa
2771:Nagarjuna
2721:emptiness
2704:paramitas
2694:, or the
2658:Based on
2585:Sukhavati
2525:arhatship
2513:Lokakṣema
2247:Nāgārjuna
2242:lokottara
2146:Gandharan
2108:(vehicle
2050:mahājñāna
1918:Etymology
1912:Theravada
1908:Vajrayāna
1889:Indonesia
1861:Vajrayāna
1853:Indonesia
1841:Singapore
1813:East Asia
1768:Vairocana
1733:path and
1719:Vajrayāna
1715:Theravāda
1523:Sri Lanka
1513:Singapore
1468:Indonesia
1408:Vajrayāna
1383:Theravāda
1338:Awakening
1226:Practices
1183:Tripiṭaka
1153:Cosmology
1128:Emptiness
1108:Suffering
911:Indonesia
821:Sheng-yen
596:Lokakṣema
581:Nāgārjuna
533:Vajrayāna
523:Pure Land
271:Vajrapāṇi
256:Vairocana
241:Akshobhya
137:Emptiness
96:Teachings
19550:Mahayana
19519:Category
19483:Suriname
19473:Paraguay
19458:Colombia
19365:Kiribati
19292:Honduras
19262:Dominica
19237:Barbados
19202:Scotland
19162:Slovenia
19157:Slovakia
19132:Portugal
19002:Bulgaria
18924:Thailand
18874:Pakistan
18854:Mongolia
18849:Maldives
18844:Malaysia
18732:Cambodia
18679:Zimbabwe
18654:Tanzania
18504:Ethiopia
18499:Eswatini
18479:Djibouti
18444:Cameroon
18429:Botswana
18373:Timeline
18368:Scholars
18328:Founders
18188:Violence
18143:Politics
18013:Business
17976:Theology
17720:Prophecy
17710:Paganism
17598:Covenant
17565:Apostasy
17500:Scythian
17441:Rapa Nui
17395:Thracian
17390:Illyrian
17380:Albanian
17351:Sumerian
17294:Harappan
17230:Germanic
17225:Georgian
17218:Selk'nam
17203:Etruscan
17191:Egyptian
17169:Druidism
17132:Armenian
17055:Satanism
17035:Eckankar
16958:Estonian
16943:Romanian
16933:Ossetian
16913:Germanic
16862:Armenian
16851:African
16844:paganism
16773:Sant Mat
16763:Rajneesh
16738:Meivazhi
16733:Japanese
16690:Siberian
16623:Santería
16593:Convince
16459:Bushongo
16363:Kiratism
16290:Hmongism
16157:Wocekiye
16142:Jivaroan
16110:Iroquois
16105:Ho-Chunk
16066:Cherokee
15999:American
15970:Hawaiian
15883:Sarnaism
15853:Tungusic
15841:Tengrism
15831:Mongolic
15760:Sarnaism
15691:Nichiren
15668:Mahayana
15655:Buddhism
15633:Sant Mat
15623:Sauraism
15618:Smartism
15613:Shaktism
15606:Balinese
15591:Kaumaram
15586:Kapalika
15581:Kashmiri
15566:Shaivism
15506:Hinduism
15473:Caodaism
15417:Ryukyuan
15412:Tenrikyo
15407:Shugendō
15385:Japanese
15256:Yazidism
15241:Ishikism
15119:Quranism
15092:Khawarij
15041:Salafism
15036:Atharism
14925:Esoteric
14896:Holiness
14886:Lutheran
14847:Reformed
14827:Baptists
14800:Brethren
14764:Hussites
14752:Assyrian
14668:Haymanot
14622:Orthodox
14571:Religion
14517:Category
14446:Violence
14416:Hinduism
14364:Sanskrit
14319:Hinayana
14304:Amitābha
14264:Swastika
14133:Uposatha
14123:Holidays
14108:Calendar
13954:Humanism
13792:Kanishka
13782:Timeline
13606:Thailand
13574:Kalmykia
13569:Buryatia
13554:Pakistan
13539:Mongolia
13534:Maldives
13529:Malaysia
13494:Cambodia
13359:Shamarpa
13354:Nichiren
13304:Xuanzang
13239:Nagasena
13157:Rinpoche
12887:Pāramitā
12729:Devotion
12649:Navayana
12637:Dzogchen
12600:Nichiren
12548:Mahayana
12540:Branches
12418:Saṅkhāra
12167:Mañjuśrī
12124:(cousin)
12116:(cousin)
12084:(mother)
12076:(father)
12064:Miracles
12014:Birthday
11931:Glossary
11904:Buddhism
11800:Archived
11701:Archived
11694:Was the
11657:archived
11597:Tricycle
11254:Archived
10864:(2002).
10752:Archived
10730:Archived
10696:Archived
10604:archived
10583:(2012),
10525:Archived
9529:Archived
9288:Archived
9257:(2009),
9092:(2004).
9023:Archived
8940:: p. 103
8914:, p. 23.
8568:Archived
8164:Archived
8147:Archived
8033:Archived
8017:: p. 172
8004:: p. 174
7841:(2003),
7684:hīnayāna
7680:mahāyāna
7645:: p. 338
7531:Dzogchen
7509:See also
7459:entities
7422:and the
7416:Xuanzang
7391:Thailand
7346:Kalmykia
7338:Buryatia
7326:Mongolia
7308:Pakistan
7199:Mật Tông
7165:Agon Shū
7100:Japanese
7079:Cheontae
7069:and the
7021:: 人間佛教;
6877:Shugendo
6728:Yogācāra
6651:Yogācāra
6619:Varanasi
6541:Yogacara
6458:śrāvakas
6423:and the
6415:hīnayāna
6411:sravakas
6357:Abhirati
6326:and the
6257:gambhira
6253:vaipulya
6223:and the
6138:Maitreya
6104:mandalas
6096:dharanis
6080:Dzogchen
6024:nembutsu
5976:and the
5914:Yogācāra
5888:nivaraṇa
5791:nembutsu
5769:pāramitā
5759:pāramitā
5746:pāramitā
5736:pāramitā
5721:and the
5666:pāramitā
5657:pāramitā
5648:pāramitā
5631:pāramitā
5622:pāramitā
5595:pāramitā
5578:pāramitā
5567:Pāramitā
5539:pāramitā
5526:Sōtō Zen
5501:Practice
5341:and the
5298:Hinduism
5261:and the
5192:Yogācāra
5159:and the
5149:non-dual
5138:vijñapti
5111:nītārtha
5095:Yogācāra
5057:nihilism
5052:svabhāva
5035:svabhāva
4849:Yin Shun
4691:Xuanzang
4681:Sengzhao
4606:Aryadeva
4596:Nagasena
4543:Svabhava
4508:Not-self
4460:Dzogchen
4455:Zen/Chán
4420:Mahayana
4354:a series
4352:Part of
4321:Dharmatā
4275:anutpāda
4243:svabhāva
4218:non-dual
4055:Various
4017:Chion-in
4004:Amitābha
3735:Maitreya
3695:hinayana
3628:Thusness
3556:divinity
3507:Akṣobhya
3503:Amitābha
3495:theology
3458:Amitāyus
3416:and the
3356:Mongolia
3301:Taimitsu
3267:Mongolia
3235:tantrism
3215:Shaivism
3184:Yogacara
3165:Pala era
3129:mandalas
3070:Xuanzang
3043:Cambodia
3023:Malaysia
2988:Dunhuang
2964:Gandhāra
2889:Xuanzang
2854:maritime
2775:Āryadeva
2755:Yogācāra
2725:Yogacara
2678:Aksobhya
2628:Amitābha
2612:Pakistan
2581:Dunhuang
2550:bhikṣuṇī
2517:Gandhāra
2413:Huvishka
2310:and the
2290:ascetics
2267:Gandhara
2259:Āryadeva
2187:Hīnayāna
2154:Calcutta
2058:mahāyāna
2054:mahājāna
2046:mahājāna
2042:mahāyāna
2031:Gandhāri
2017:Mahāyāna
2010:Hīnayāna
2006:Mahāyāna
2001:Hīnayāna
1992:Mahāyāna
1979:Mahāyāna
1971:Mahāyāna
1955:Mahāyāna
1944:Gandhāra
1936:Maitreya
1900:Buddhism
1885:Malaysia
1873:Mongolia
1859:. Since
1857:Malaysia
1819:and the
1764:Amitābha
1692:Buddhist
1659:Sanskrit
1602:Mahāyāna
1533:Thailand
1493:Mongolia
1488:Malaysia
1453:Cambodia
1418:Navayana
1398:Hinayana
1393:Mahāyāna
1303:Lay life
1133:Morality
1113:Not-self
1071:Concepts
1030:Councils
1015:Timeline
987:Glossary
969:Buddhism
961:a series
959:Part of
906:Malaysia
901:Mongolia
741:Nichiren
666:Xuanzang
591:Āryadeva
543:Dzogchen
528:Nichiren
493:Yogācāra
281:Maitreya
261:Mañjuśrī
231:Amitabha
69:a series
67:Part of
46:Maitreya
19570:Nāstika
19488:Uruguay
19463:Ecuador
19443:Bolivia
19420:Vanuatu
19347:Oceania
19297:Jamaica
19277:Grenada
19232:Bahamas
19192:England
19182:Ukraine
19137:Romania
19097:Moldova
19057:Ireland
19052:Iceland
19047:Hungary
19037:Germany
19027:Finland
19022:Estonia
19017:Denmark
19012:Czechia
19007:Croatia
18992:Belgium
18987:Belarus
18982:Austria
18977:Andorra
18972:Albania
18949:Vietnam
18859:Myanmar
18834:Lebanon
18752:Georgia
18712:Bahrain
18702:Armenia
18664:Tunisia
18634:Somalia
18619:Senegal
18604:Nigeria
18594:Namibia
18584:Morocco
18549:Liberia
18544:Lesotho
18494:Eritrea
18464:Comoros
18439:Burundi
18414:Algeria
18358:Outline
18323:Deities
18250:Atheism
18163:Science
18081:Freedom
17939:History
17906:studies
17859:Dualism
17849:Animism
17814:Worship
17794:Symbols
17735:Liturgy
17648:Goddess
17608:Deities
17589:Laicism
17579:Beliefs
17558:Aspects
17530:Zapotec
17525:Vainakh
17493:Yahwism
17478:Semitic
17407:Iranian
17309:Hurrian
17299:Hittite
17289:Guanche
17282:Orphism
17213:Fuegian
17208:Finnish
17196:Atenism
17142:Latvian
17127:Arabian
17070:Raëlism
17050:Jediism
17045:Goddess
17018:De novo
16906:Druidry
16800:Thelema
16753:New Age
16638:Umbanda
16529:Tumbuka
16514:Odinala
16499:Lugbara
16419:African
16385:African
16333:Bimoism
16323:Burmese
16169:Mapuche
16135:Wyandot
16095:Guarani
16076:Choctaw
16071:Chilote
16012:Alaskan
16007:Abenaki
15958:Tagalog
15931:Kejawèn
15780:Sikhism
15743:Jainism
15703:Tibetan
15686:Amidism
15554:Warkari
15468:Đạo Mẫu
15318:Chinese
15300:Eastern
15277:Roshani
15196:Iranian
15104:Alevism
15097:Ibadism
15070:Zaydism
14747:Ancient
14718:Eastern
14678:Renewal
14663:Karaite
14644:Zionist
14632:Hasidic
14614:Judaism
14596:Western
14494:Temples
14474:Buddhas
14436:Science
14426:Judaism
14421:Jainism
14339:Lineage
14299:Abhijñā
14269:Thangka
14212:Sarnath
14197:Lumbini
14118:Funeral
14113:Cuisine
13989:Culture
13964:Reality
13914:Creator
13904:Atomism
13774:History
13747:Ukraine
13707:Germany
13626:Senegal
13616:Vietnam
13544:Myanmar
13344:Shinran
13334:Karmapa
13309:Shandao
13279:Dignāga
13204:Śrāvaka
13184:Donchee
13179:Kappiya
13137:Sayadaw
13107:Bhikkhu
13082:Anāgāmi
13039:Nirvana
13005:Samadhi
12892:Paritta
12833:Tonglen
12828:Mandala
12783:Smarana
12764:Mantras
12712:Upekkha
12682:Bhavana
12632:Shingon
12585:Tiantai
12438:Tathātā
12428:Śūnyatā
12423:Skandha
12413:Saṃsāra
12408:Rebirth
12383:Kleshas
12373:Indriya
12275:Subhūti
12160:Guanyin
12114:Ānanda
12106:Rāhula
11986:Nirvana
11926:Outline
11675:. 2002.
11620:Sources
11503:: p. 83
11462:. p. 21
10902:: p. 49
10876:: p. 80
10382:Collins
8724:: p. 97
8160:"長阿含2經"
7951:itself.
7851:, p. 38
7607:Śūnyatā
7587:Rebirth
7463:dharmas
7403:amulets
7290:Sikkhim
7195:Tịnh độ
7129:Shingon
7019:Chinese
7008:Zhenyan
6992:Tiantai
6988:Faxiang
6934:Tiantai
6928:(Zen),
6902:Chinese
6850:Hòa Hảo
6750:Nikayas
6687:panjiao
6671:Gelugpa
6623:śravaka
6562:Dignāga
6488:karikās
6484:vrittis
6345:Buddhas
6215:Nikāyas
6204:Nikāyas
6176:anātman
6172:rebirth
6156:printed
6112:Shingon
6092:mantras
6053:tonglen
6042:mòzhào,
5955:samadhi
5932:-bhāsya
5877:), the
5874:śamatha
5862:samādhi
5856:dhyānas
5715:In the
5702:Upekkhā
5461:paths.
5455:śrāvaka
5391:Gautama
5312:śūnyatā
5173:'. The
5153:tathatā
5133:vijñāna
5122:dharmas
5093:called
4801:Gorampa
4786:Dolpopa
4776:Rongzom
4646:Dignāga
4563:Nirvana
4445:Tiāntāi
4260:Nirvāṇa
4256:dharmas
4249:essence
4237:dharmas
4226:śūnyatā
4174:ekayāna
4166:nirvana
4128:darśana
4047:is the
4027:art in
3874:in his
3819:, China
3813:Guanyin
3771:beings.
3704:rebirth
3700:saṃsāra
3690:nirvāṇa
3654:, India
3600:trikāya
3483:Buddhas
3344:Vietnam
3293:Shingon
3277:Chinese
3272:Zhēnyán
3265:and in
3243:Kashmir
3223:Samvara
3219:Saivism
3188:dakinis
3149:tantric
3102:Vietnam
3078:Tiantai
3019:Sumatra
3015:Myanmar
2999:Vietnam
2900:Nalanda
2878:Mathura
2874:Bamiyan
2866:Bamiyan
2846:Tantric
2825:1200 CE
2791:Dignaga
2738:ekayana
2696:trikaya
2684:srávaka
2640:Huviṣka
2632:Mathura
2554:nikāyas
2534:samadhi
2529:ascetic
2275:nikāyas
2251:Dignaga
2235:in the
2175:, India
2140:Seated
2132:History
2098:(great
2078:Chinese
2034:Prakrit
1865:tantric
1845:Vietnam
1801:Nalanda
1780:), the
1777:śūnyatā
1741:tantric
1679:
1543:Vietnam
1498:Myanmar
1413:Tibetan
1403:Chinese
1331:Nirvāṇa
1148:Saṃsāra
1143:Rebirth
1008:History
997:Outline
881:Tibetan
876:Vietnam
806:Hanshan
781:Dolpopa
731:Shinran
661:Shandao
656:Huineng
626:Dignāga
553:Tzu Chi
518:Shingon
498:Tiantai
215:Buddhas
197:Dharani
42:Nalanda
19529:Portal
19468:Guyana
19448:Brazil
19415:Tuvalu
19312:Panama
19302:Mexico
19247:Canada
19242:Belize
19172:Sweden
19152:Serbia
19142:Russia
19127:Poland
19122:Norway
19102:Monaco
19072:Latvia
19067:Kosovo
19042:Greece
19032:France
18964:Europe
18929:Turkey
18914:Taiwan
18819:Kuwait
18792:Jordan
18782:Israel
18742:Cyprus
18727:Brunei
18722:Bhutan
18674:Zambia
18669:Uganda
18609:Rwanda
18564:Malawi
18524:Guinea
18514:Gambia
18419:Angola
18406:Africa
18215:Wealth
18158:Schism
18113:Growth
18037:Priest
18022:Clergy
17841:Theism
17824:Nature
17819:Astral
17762:Groves
17730:Ritual
17715:Prayer
17673:Novice
17623:Ethnic
17548:Topics
17520:Urartu
17515:Tongan
17510:Somali
17505:Slavic
17385:Dacian
17164:Celtic
17159:Basque
17137:Baltic
16988:Udmurt
16953:Uralic
16948:Slavic
16901:Celtic
16889:Abkhaz
16877:Romuva
16867:Baltic
16842:Modern
16685:Papuan
16648:Voodoo
16603:Kumina
16544:Yoruba
16534:Urhobo
16504:Maasai
16489:Lotuko
16437:Baluba
16427:Akamba
16400:Berber
16358:Heraka
16348:Dongba
16226:Pueblo
16221:Pawnee
16211:Navajo
16201:Muisca
16164:Lenape
16152:Lakota
16130:Seneca
16120:Mohawk
16054:Ohlone
16029:Apache
16022:Ojibwe
15997:Native
15863:Manchu
15858:Evenki
15819:Altaic
15810:Ethnic
15785:Khalsa
15738:Kalash
15628:Śrauta
15497:Indian
15427:Korean
15393:Shinto
15363:Taoism
15336:Luoism
15162:Baháʼí
15157:Bábism
15109:Ahmadi
15087:Sufism
15080:Alawis
14730:Church
14658:Reform
14639:Modern
14627:Haredi
14489:Sutras
14484:Suttas
14349:Siddhi
14334:Koliya
14309:Brahmā
14224:Poetry
14170:Mantra
14160:Kasaya
14032:Pagoda
14012:Kyaung
14007:Vihāra
14002:Temple
13944:Ethics
13787:Ashoka
13737:Sweden
13732:Poland
13727:Norway
13717:Mexico
13702:France
13687:Canada
13682:Brazil
13621:Africa
13601:Taiwan
13564:Russia
13489:Bhutan
13449:Vinaya
13329:Naropa
13319:Saraha
13254:Asanga
13010:Prajñā
12919:Refuge
12882:Nianfo
12843:Tertön
12838:Tantra
12823:Ganana
12813:Tukdam
12739:Dhyāna
12707:Mudita
12702:Karuṇā
12595:Risshū
12590:Huayan
12523:Naraka
12463:Anattā
12458:Dukkha
12453:Anicca
12358:Dharma
12310:Channa
12245:Ānanda
12230:Assaji
12197:Skanda
12100:(wife)
12069:Family
12049:Relics
11974:Sangha
11969:Dharma
11964:Buddha
11792:
11732:, 1990
11722:
11649:
11483:
11442:
11382:
11244:]
11199:
11156:
11133:
11123:
10920:
10898:
10872:
10596:
10502:
10475:
10445:
10421:
10388:
10257:
10247:
10105:
9742:
9710:
9661:
9511:
9359:
9269:
9238:
9182:
9158:
9127:
9100:
9059:
9015:
8962:, 2000
8901:p. 44.
8689:p. 30.
8660:
8599:
8574:30 May
8560:
8540:Oxford
8504:
8110:现代汉语词典
7936:
7911:
7901:
7612:Tendai
7501:(Skt.
7491:(Skt.
7432:Theras
7320:Bhutan
7294:Ladakh
7173:Shinto
7141:Rinzai
7121:Tendai
7088:While
7083:Jingak
7054:Korean
7044:Taiwan
7035:Taoism
7023:pinyin
7006:, and
6996:Huayan
6984:Sanlun
6938:Huayan
6915:Taiwan
6839:Yunnan
6829:) and
6549:Asanga
6479:śāstra
6450:Asaṅga
6276:sutras
6196:Āgamas
6116:Tendai
6114:, and
6100:mudras
6086:, the
6059:lojong
6034:huatou
6019:nianfo
5982:. The
5972:, the
5918:Asaṅga
5900:duḥkha
5894:anitya
5841:dhyana
5830:; and
5810:, 1887
5708:, and
5706:Dhyāna
5694:Prajñā
5664:Dhyāna
5644:Kṣānti
5511:monlam
5415:Dharma
5387:Dharma
5267:. The
5229:embryo
5184:Asanga
5163:. The
4711:Wonhyo
4701:Fazang
4686:Jizang
4626:Asanga
4503:Ahimsa
4472:Themes
4450:Huayan
4315:ksanti
4269:svapna
4188:arhats
4130:-mārga
4079:bhūmis
4045:reborn
3983:Prajñā
3935:sutras
3897:karuṇā
3891:maitrī
3817:Leshan
3743:arhats
3560:theism
3536:kalpas
3436:Atisha
3412:, the
3408:, the
3404:, the
3400:, the
3390:Āgamas
3385:Nikāya
3369:sutras
3299:, and
3297:Mikkyo
3289:Tángmì
3285:Mìzōng
3281:Mìjiao
3263:Bhutan
3253:, the
3190:, and
3082:Huayen
3064:) and
3054:Guptas
3050:Faxian
3037:, the
3035:Borneo
3003:Taiwan
3001:, and
2910:) and
2893:Yijing
2885:Faxian
2805:Growth
2789:, and
2783:Asanga
2680:-vyuha
2636:Brāhmī
2587:, the
2546:bhikṣu
2542:Vinaya
2484:sūtras
2261:, and
2237:Āndhra
2180:Origin
2167:sect.
2150:Kushan
2126:Āgamas
2092:calque
2025:(Skt.
1877:Bhutan
1837:Taiwan
1663:महायान
1528:Taiwan
1508:Russia
1448:Brazil
1443:Bhutan
1363:Buddha
1283:Wisdom
1066:Dharma
896:Bhutan
861:Taiwan
801:Hakuin
771:Atisha
766:Nāropā
751:Virūpa
701:Wohnyo
681:Saichō
671:Fazang
606:Asanga
508:Huayan
503:Tendai
19453:Chile
19410:Tonga
19400:Samoa
19390:Palau
19380:Nauru
19287:Haiti
19207:Wales
19167:Spain
19092:Malta
19062:Italy
18954:Yemen
18909:Syria
18889:Qatar
18864:Nepal
18839:Macau
18802:Korea
18787:Japan
18762:India
18737:China
18649:Sudan
18599:Niger
18554:Libya
18539:Kenya
18519:Ghana
18509:Gabon
18484:Egypt
18424:Benin
18333:Index
18304:lists
18168:State
17986:Women
17854:Deism
17829:Place
17809:Water
17804:Truth
17772:Trees
17628:Faith
17593:Laity
17488:Punic
17446:Roman
17412:Vedic
17370:Olmec
17257:Greek
17250:Norse
17174:Irish
16995:Wicca
16790:Subud
16680:Inuit
16653:Winti
16643:Vodou
16608:Obeah
16588:Comfa
16571:Bantu
16524:Serer
16509:Mbuti
16469:Dogon
16464:Dinka
16447:Kongo
16442:Bantu
16368:Qiang
16258:Yaqui
16189:Olmec
16179:Aztec
16100:Haida
16049:Miwok
16044:Kuksu
15975:Māori
15906:Dayak
15827:Turko
15790:Sects
15726:Other
15681:Thiền
15265:Other
15167:Druze
15145:Other
15021:Sunni
15013:Islam
14795:Amish
14713:Latin
14461:Lists
14329:Kalpa
14324:Iddhi
14187:Music
14182:Mudra
14148:Vassa
14128:Vesak
14098:Budai
14044:Candi
14027:Stupa
13959:Logic
13712:Italy
13611:Tibet
13549:Nepal
13519:Korea
13514:Japan
13504:India
13499:China
13444:Sutra
13399:Texts
13349:Dōgen
13339:Hōnen
13324:Atiśa
13289:Zhiyi
13199:Achar
13167:Tulku
13162:Geshe
13147:Rōshi
13132:Ajahn
13087:Arhat
13047:Bodhi
13017:Vīrya
12934:Sacca
12929:Satya
12924:Sādhu
12912:Music
12855:Merit
12848:Terma
12808:Zazen
12744:Faith
12697:Mettā
12378:Karma
12338:Bardo
12305:Asita
12295:Khema
12285:Upāli
12270:Nanda
12108:(son)
12082:Māyā
12059:Films
11936:Index
11803:(PDF)
11786:(PDF)
11257:(PDF)
11246:(PDF)
11240:[
10607:(PDF)
10590:(PDF)
9357:S2CID
9152:19–20
9055:–95.
8639:(PDF)
8624:(PDF)
8188:增一阿含經
7977:(PDF)
7970:(PDF)
7668:jñāna
7629:Notes
7314:Nepal
7247:with
7190:Thiền
7145:Obaku
6827:Nepal
6365:merit
6168:karma
5834:. In
5796:Amida
5767:Jñāna
5734:Upāya
5698:Mettā
5686:Sacca
5655:Vīrya
5547:merit
5530:Kyoto
5513:) at
5374:devas
5367:Nagas
5303:ātman
5274:atman
5127:citta
4844:Taixu
4746:Atiśa
4726:Dōgen
4721:Kūkai
4716:Jinul
4696:Zhiyi
4523:Karma
4280:ajata
4155:upāya
4148:upāya
4122:bhūmi
4112:bhūmi
4107:Atiśa
4031:. In
4029:Japan
4021:Kyoto
3977:Jñāna
3959:upāya
3855:Atiśa
3755:bodhi
3739:could
3660:mārga
3581:faith
3360:Japan
3352:Tibet
3348:Korea
3336:China
3198:) or
3145:Gupta
3106:Japan
3098:Korea
3011:India
3007:Japan
2995:Korea
2945:China
2904:Gupta
2819:Bihar
2653:China
2511:monk
2341:stupa
1881:Nepal
1869:Tibet
1863:is a
1833:Japan
1829:Korea
1825:China
1760:arhat
1696:texts
1538:Tibet
1478:Korea
1473:Japan
1463:India
1458:China
1423:Newar
1348:Arhat
1138:Karma
992:Index
891:Newar
886:Nepal
871:Korea
866:Japan
849:China
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