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write about their experiences in writing program's as administrators in a predominantly white midwestern institution. One big culture shock to them was the underrepresentation of people of color and minorities in the
Council of Writing Program Administrators (CWPA) meetings. The CWPA oversee the evolution of the program, introduce revisions, implement university writing standards etc. Therefore, reprogramming and the addressing of issues must first and foremost go through the CWPA. That is not to say any of the council members are at fault, it is a mere observation to shed light on the issue at hand, power dynamics and how they affect writing programs. Dominant and minority relationships serve as a dimension that pushes for change in order to reach common language. Consequently, a broader composition in understanding helps construct identity politics in order to reach an agreement. Craig then goes on to share her story when a well known professor approaches her and takes on an "It's not my problem" or "I can't teach these people" attitude when he has an issue with another black RA. The professor then goes on to say "He might take constructive criticism better from a pretty woman like you than an old white guy like me." Her example is one of many given in the article that address the issue at hand with power dynamics within writing programs and PWI's. It doesn't allow room for advice or consultation from those of other races or gender. Instead, it simply passes on one problem from one demographic to another. In these cases taking into consideration intersectionality and how prevalent they are in academia can help set up a system of acknowledgment and understanding.
5139:
intersectionality was conceptualized as developing policies to be in everyone's universal interest rather than being targeted to particular groups. "Pan equality" was concern for issues that affected most marginalised groups. "Multi-strand intersectionality" attempted to consider different groups when making a decision, but rarely viewed the groups as overlapping or focused on issues for a particular group. "Diversity within" considered one main form of identity, such as gender, as most important while occasionally considering other aspects of identity, with these different forms of identity sometimes seen as detracting from the main identity. "Intersections of equality strands" considered the intersection of identities but no form of identity was seen as more relevant. In this approach it was sometimes felt that if one dealt with the most marginalised identity the system would tend to work for all people. Christoffersen referred to some of these meanings given to intersectionality as "additive" where inequalities are thought to be able to be added to and subtracted from one another. .
5320:
class level. Inclusivity in education is a direct product of intersectionality, as it takes into consideration elements of peoples' identity. Different, more inclusive styles of teaching have gained traction as teachers continue to work towards accessibility for a wider range of students, specifically those affected by disability. These teaching styles also embrace multilingualism, multimodality, and accessibility. As Laura
Gonzales and Janine Butler explain in their article, when common language is unable to be reached, students may need to use other methods of communication such as gestures, visuals, or even technology. The research conducted on these students by both authors promote the strengths of bilingual education and disability in writing. Teachers in their classrooms also incorporate pedagogical methods for multimodal composition, which create safe and productive learning environments for students while also promoting intersectional methods of learning.
5331:
towards mindful interactions. The students first must consider their own environment and methods of communication and either work with individuals who use the same methods of communication or explore a new genre of communication from a different community. After, the student must create a multimodal and multilingual reflection of the interview in order to interpret and process their own experiences and takeaways. Next is the analysis of digital spaces, where students must take into consideration how their publications or organizations properly reach their target audience. Students are able to use their own identities as inspiration for picking an organization/publication. Then, they must write an in-depth report on Medium (a social platform) on how the digital platform communicates with their audience, or doesn't. If published, this creates "an online audience" where students and other peers can directly interact and discuss with one another.
4992:) from the land, to military conquest of the Mexicans, to the construction of Africans as property, the ability to define, possess, and own property has been a central feature of power in America ... social benefits accrue largely to property owners." One could apply the intersectionality framework analysis to various areas where race, class, gender, sexuality and ability are affected by policies, procedures, practices, and laws in "context-specific inquiries, including, for example, analyzing the multiple ways that race and gender interact with class in the labor market; interrogating the ways that states constitute regulatory regimes of identity, reproduction, and family formation"; and examining the inequities in "the power relations of whiteness ... the denial of power and privilege ... of whiteness, and middle-classness", while not addressing "the role of power it wields in social relations".
5001:
2402:, the emergence of intersectionality "challenged the notion that 'gender' was the primary factor determining a woman's fate". The historical exclusion of black women from the feminist movement in the United States resulted in many black 19th- and 20th-century feminists, such as Anna Julia Cooper, challenging their historical exclusion. This disputed the ideas of earlier feminist movements, which were primarily led by white middle-class women, suggesting that women were a homogeneous category who shared the same life experiences. However, once established that the forms of oppression experienced by white middle-class women were different from those experienced by black, poor, or disabled women, feminists began seeking ways to understand how gender, race, and class combine to "determine the female destiny".
5012:(EU), there has been discussion regarding the intersections of social classifications. Before Crenshaw coined her definition of intersectionality, there was a debate on what these societal categories were. The once definite borders between the categories of gender, race, and class have instead fused into a multidimensional intersection of "race" that now includes religion, sexuality, ethnicities, etc. In the EU and UK, these intersections are referred to as the notion of "multiple discrimination". Although the EU passed a non-discrimination law which addresses these multiple intersections; there is however debate on whether the law is still proactively focusing on the proper inequalities. Outside of the EU, intersectional categories have also been considered. In
4783:
suffer from gender bias, and men of color suffer from racial bias; however, both of their experiences differ from that of women of color, because women of color experience both racial and gender bias. According to
Crenshaw, a political failure of the antiracist and feminist discourses was the exclusion of the intersection of race and gender that places priority on the interest of "people of color" and "women", thus disregarding one while highlighting the other. Political engagement should reflect support of women of color; a prime example of the exclusion of women of color that shows the difference in the experiences of white women and women of color is the women's suffrage march.
5362:
psychology. What is found, is that every human mind has its own biases in judgment and decision-making that tend to preserve the status quo by avoiding change and attention to ideas that exist outside one's personal realm of perception. Psychological interaction effects span a range of variables, although person-by-situation effects are the most examined category. As a result, psychologists do not construe the interaction effect of demographics such as gender and race as either more noteworthy or less noteworthy than any other interaction effect. In addition, oppression can be regarded as a subjective construct when viewed as an absolute hierarchy.
5043:, the authors argue that earlier immigration reform (which required spouses who immigrated to the US to marry American citizens to remain properly married for two years before they were eligible to receive permanent resident status) provided "no exceptions for battered women who often faced the risk of serious injury and death on the one hand, or deportation on the other." They continue to argue that advocates of several kinds hadn't originally considered this particular struggle many immigrant women face, including advocates for fairer immigration policies and advocates for domestic violence survivors.
5020:
thought of as a homogeneous entity, when, in fact, their experience of oppression is informed by their geography, history, and culture. When western feminists write about women in the global South in this way, they dismiss the inherent intersecting identities that are present in the dynamic of feminism in the global South. Mohanty questions the performance of intersectionality and relationality of power structures within the US and colonialism and how to work across identities with this history of colonial power structures. This lack of homogeneity and intersecting identities can be seen through
5032:
gender reassignment, marriage or civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation". "Section 14 contains a provision to cover direct discrimination on up to two combined groundsâknown as combined or dual discrimination. However, this section has never been brought into effect as the government deemed it too 'complicated and burdensome' for businesses." This demonstrates systematic neglect of the issues that intersectionality presents, because the UK courts have explicitly decided not to cover intersectional discrimination in their courts.
2475:, a collection of articles describing the multiple oppressions black women in America have experienced from the 1830s to contemporary times. Guy-Sheftall speaks about the constant premises that influence the lives of African-American women, saying, "black women experience a special kind of oppression and suffering in this country which is racist, sexist, and classist because of their dual race and gender identity and their limited access to economic resources." Other writers and theorists were using intersectional analysis in their work before the term was coined. For example,
2217:, critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression. An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality and provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research. An analysis of academic articles published through May 2020 found that intersectionality is frequently misunderstood when bridging theory into quantitative methodology.
5084:." Both Postcolonial and transnational feminists advocate attending to "complex and intersecting oppressions and multiple forms of resistance". Vrushali Patil argues that intersectionality ought to recognize transborder constructions of racial and cultural hierarchies. About the effect of the state on identity formation, Patil says: "If we continue to neglect cross-border dynamics and fail to problematize the nation and its emergence via transnational processes, our analyses will remain tethered to the spatialities and temporalities of colonial modernity."
5223:, Cooper points to Kimberlé Crenshaw's argument that the "failure to begin with an intersectional frame would always result in insufficient attention to black women's experiences of subordination." Cooper's main issue lies in the converse of Crenshaw's argument, where she feels that Crenshaw does not properly address intersectionality as a framework that is both "an effective tool of accounting for identities at any level beyond the structural," and a framework that would "fully and wholly account for the range or depth of black female experiences."
4766:
see the impact of intersectionality are wages, discrimination, and domestic labor. Those who experience privilege within the social hierarchy in terms of race, gender, and socio-economic status are less likely to receive lower wages, to be subjected to stereotypes and discriminated against, or to be hired for exploitative domestic positions. Studies of the labor market and intersectionality provide a better understanding of economic inequalities and the implications of the multidimensional impact of race and gender on social status within society.
33:
5366:
get hired for a job than a white man. However, gay black men are perceived as harmless, which increases their chances of getting employed and receiving bonuses, despite the fact that gay males are also socially disadvantaged. The stereotype of gay men as harmless helps black men transcend their reputation for criminality. Several psychological studies have likewise shown that possessing multiple oppressed or marginalized identities has effects that are not necessarily additive, or even multiplicative, but rather, interactive in complex ways.
5189:" is fundamentally mistaken because intersectionality is over-determined by feminist politics. Curry specifically points out how Crenshaw's intersectional model depends on second-wave feminist ideas imported from subculture of violence theorists who argue for a view of Black masculinity that is compensatory and sexually predatory. Curry also points out that Crenshaw's conclusions in Mapping the Margins rely on a dangerous gender essentialism that erases Black male victims of intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and lethal violence.
5116:
concerning the intersectionality of women and disability, which maintains an overall social denial of the prevalence of abuse among the disabled and leads to this abuse being frequently ignored when encountered. A paradox is presented by the overprotection of people with disabilities combined with the expectations of promiscuous behavior of disabled women. This leads to limited autonomy and social isolation of disabled individuals, which place women with disabilities in situations where further or more frequent abuse can occur.
2525:
5016:, the authors argue: "The impact of patriarchy and traditional assumptions about gender and families are evident in the lives of Chinese migrant workers (Chow, Tong), sex workers and their clients in South Korea (Shin), and Indian widows (Chauhan), but also Ukrainian migrants (Amelina) and Australian men of the new global middle class (Connell)." This text suggests that there are many more intersections of discrimination for people around the globe than Crenshaw originally accounted for in her definition.
4895:
religion, ethnicity, ability, income, indignity, and any other part of a person's identity which shapes their life, and the way others treat them. Stephanie A. Shields in her article on intersectionality and gender explains how each part of someones identity "serve as organizing features of social relations, mutually constitute, reinforce, and naturalize one another." Shields explains how one aspect can not exist individually, rather it "takes its meaning as a category in relation to another category."
9767:
2456:
4673:. This anthology explored how classifications of sexual orientation and class also mix with those of race and gender to create even more distinct political categories. Many black, Latina, and Asian writers featured in the collection stress how their sexuality interacts with their race and gender to inform their perspectives. Similarly, poor women of color detail how their socio-economic status adds a layer of nuance to their identities, ignored or misunderstood by middle-class white feminists.
4629:
commonalities, amongst others, that exist between these cases with the first being each respective court's inability to fully understand the multidimensionality of the plaintiff's intersecting identities. Second is the limited ability that the plaintiffs had to argue their case due to restrictions created by the very legislation that exists in opposition to discrimination such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as used against the plaintiffs in the DeGraffenreid v Motors case.
2349:. Truth also expressed what she viewed as the difference between the oppression of white and black women, saying that white women are often treated as emotional and delicate, while black women are in contrast considered brutish and subjected to racist abuse. However, this was largely dismissed by white feminists of the time, who worried that focusing on other issues would distract from their primary goal of women's suffrage. Similarly, in her 1892 essay "The Colored Woman's Office",
2242:
10097:
5028:
analyze gender inequalities across different nations and differentiates this from an approach (the one that
Mohanty was referring to) which, one, paints national-level inequalities as the same and, two, differentiates only between the global North and South. This is manifested through the intersection of global dynamics like economics, migration, or violence, with regional dynamics, like histories of the nation or gendered inequalities in education and property education.
4909:
12038:
4842:, family, and society. This relates to the specific experiences to which people are subjected as they move from a common cultural world (i.e., family) to that of modern society. Therefore, even though a womanâespecially a Black womanâmay become influential in a particular field, she may feel as though she does not belong. Her personality, behavior, and cultural being overshadow her value as an individual; thus, she becomes the outsider within.
5384:
4543:
10085:
2452:. Simultaneity is the simultaneous influences of race, class, gender, and sexuality, which informed the member's lives and their resistance to oppression. Thus, the women of the Combahee River Collective advanced an understanding of African-American experiences that challenged analyses emerging from black and male-centered social movements, as well as those from mainstream cisgender, white, middle-class, heterosexual feminists.
65:
4617:. Through her analysis of these two forms of male violence against women, Crenshaw says that the experiences of non-white women consist of a combination of both racism and sexism. She says that because non-white women are present within discourses that have been designed to address either race or sexâbut not both at the same timeânon-white women are marginalized within both of these systems of oppression as a result.
4633:
her theory from
African American women to all women". Much like Crenshaw, Collins argues that cultural patterns of oppression are not only interrelated, but are bound together and influenced by the intersectional systems of society, such as race, gender, class, and ethnicity. Collins describes this as "interlocking social institutions have relied on multiple forms of segregation... to produce unjust results".
12048:
5262:
4680:
However, if this perception is inspired by stereotypes of Asian women as "hyperfeminine", it can serve to perpetuate racialized stereotypes of Asian women as subordinate or oversexualized. Robin Zheng writes that widespread fetishization of East Asian women's physical features leads to "racial depersonalization": the separation of Asian women from their own individual attributes.
4758:, gender hierarchies, and disadvantages in the labor market can be centered on black women's unique experiences. Considering this from a historical perspective and examining interracial marriage laws and property inheritance laws creates what Collins terms a "distinctive work/family nexus that in turn influences the overall patterns of black political economy". For example,
5055:
marginal" groups. Belleau argues that, through strategic intersectionality, differences between nat-cult feminisms are neither essentialist nor universal, but should be understood as resulting from socio-cultural contexts. Furthermore, the performances of these nat-cult feminisms are also not essentialist. Instead, they are strategies.
4779:
interlock and oppress women of color while molding their experiences in different arenas. Crenshaw's analysis of structural intersectionality was used during her field study of battered women. In this study, Crenshaw uses intersectionality to display the multilayered oppressions that women who are victims of domestic violence face.
2433:, have argued that the introduction of the intersectionality theory was vital to sociology and that before the development of the theory, there was little research that specifically addressed the experiences of people who are subjected to multiple forms of oppression within society. An example of this idea was championed by
2484:. In the article, King addresses what soon became the foundation for intersectionality, saying, "black women have long recognized the special circumstances of our lives in the United States: the commonalities that we share with all women, as well as the bonds that connect us to the men of our race." Additionally,
2406:
white women. Early women's rights movements often exclusively pertained to the membership, concerns, and struggles of white women. Second-wave feminism worked to dismantle sexism relating to the perceived domestic purpose of women. While feminists during this time achieved success in the United States through the
5197:. They also say that intersectional philosophy encourages a focus on the issues inside the group instead of on society at large, and that intersectionality is "a call to complexity and to abandon oversimplification... this has the parallel effect of emphasizing 'internal differences' over hegemonic structures". (
4835:. A standpoint is an individual's world perspective. The theoretical basis of this approach views societal knowledge as being located within an individual's specific geographic location. In turn, knowledge becomes distinct and subjective; it varies depending on the social conditions under which it was produced.
5326:
Gonzales explains an introduction writing course to
English majors where students were able to compile and film short videos of interviews with Indigenous people and interpreters. The purpose of the project served as a form of representation for an underrepresented group of people. In many instances,
5054:
nat-cult as an example, Belleau says that many nat-cult groups contain infinite sub-identities within themselves, arguing that there are endless ways in which different feminisms can cooperate by using strategic intersectionality, and that these partnerships can help bridge gaps between "dominant and
4782:
Political intersectionality highlights two conflicting systems in the political arena, which separates women and women of color into two subordinate groups. The experiences of women of color differ from those of white women and men of color due to their race and gender often intersecting. White women
4621:
violence and rape in a manner qualitatively different from white women. Political intersectionality examines how laws and policies intended to increase equality have paradoxically decreased the visibility of violence against non-white women. Finally, representational intersectionality delves into how
2278:
and demonstrates a multifaceted connection between race, gender, and other systems that work together to oppress, while also allowing privilege in other areas. Intersectionality is relative because it displays how race, gender, and other components "intersect" to shape the experiences of individuals.
5124:
Expanding on
Crenshaw's framework, migration researcher Nira Yuval-Davis proposed the concept of situated intersectionality as a theoretical framework that can encompass different types of inequalities, simultaneously (ontologically), but enmeshed (concretely), and based on a dialogical epistemology
5115:
Women with disabilities encounter more frequent domestic abuse with a greater number of abusers. Health care workers and personal care attendants perpetrate abuse in these circumstances, and women with disabilities have fewer options for escaping the abusive situation. There is a "silence" principle
4786:
Representational intersectionality advocates for the creation of imagery that is supportive of women of color. Representational intersectionality condemns sexist and racist marginalization of women of color in representation. Representational intersectionality also highlights the importance of women
4765:
The intersectionality of race and gender has been shown to have a visible impact on the labor market. "Sociological research clearly shows that accounting for education, experience, and skill does not fully explain significant differences in labor market outcomes." The three main domains in which we
4679:
women often report intersectional experiences that set them apart from other
American women. For example, several studies have shown that East Asian women are considered more physically attractive than white women, and other women of color. Taken at face value, this may seem like a social advantage.
4636:
Collins sought to create frameworks to think about intersectionality, rather than expanding on the theory itself. She identified three main branches of study within intersectionality. One branch deals with the background, ideas, issues, conflicts, and debates within intersectionality. Another branch
4632:
The term gained prominence in the 1990s, particularly in the wake of the further development of
Crenshaw's work in the writings of sociologist Patricia Hill Collins. Crenshaw's term, Collins says, replaced her own previous coinage "black feminist thought", and "increased the general applicability of
2279:
Crenshaw used intersectionality to denote how race, class, gender, and other systems combine to shape the experiences of many by making room for privilege. Crenshaw used intersectionality to display the disadvantages caused by intersecting systems creating structural, political, and representational
5019:
Chandra
Mohanty discusses alliances between women throughout the world as intersectionality in a global context. She rejects the western feminist theory, especially when it writes about global women of color and generally associated "third world women". She argues that "third world women" are often
4818:
point towards either/or thinking as an influence on this oppression and as further intensifying these differences. Specifically, Collins refers to this as the construct of dichotomous oppositional difference. This construct is characterized by its focus on differences rather than similarities. Lisa
4745:
expands on this by pointing out the value of centering on the experiences of black women. Joy James takes things one step further by "using paradigms of intersectionality in interpreting social phenomena". Collins later integrated these three views by examining a black political economy through the
2294:
writes: "Du Bois saw race, class, and nation not primarily as personal identity categories but as social hierarchies that shaped African-American access to status, poverty, and power." Du Bois nevertheless omitted gender from his theory and considered it more of a personal identity category. In the
5365:
Even if an objective definition of oppression was reached, person-by-situation effects would make it difficult to deem certain persons or categories of persons as uniformly oppressed. For instance, black men are stereotypically perceived as criminals, which makes it much more difficult for them to
5168:
stated in 2019 that "I would define intersectionality as, at least the way that I've seen it manifest on college campuses, and in a lot of the political left, as a hierarchy of victimhood in which people are considered members of a victim class by virtue of membership in a particular group, and at
5163:
Some conservatives and moderates believe that intersectionality allows people of color and women of color to victimize themselves and let themselves submit to special treatment. Instead, they classify the concept of intersectionality as a hierarchy of oppression determining who will receive better
5159:
Lisa Downing argues that intersectionality focuses too much on group identities, which can lead it to ignore the fact that people are individuals, not just members of a class. Ignoring this can cause intersectionality to lead to a simplistic analysis and inaccurate assumptions about how a person's
5138:
Practices referred to as intersectionality may be implemented in different ways in different organizations. Within the context of the UK charity sector, Christoffersen identified five different conceptualizations of intersectionality. "Generic intersectionality" was observed in policy areas, where
5070:
criticize intersectionality as a concept emanating from WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic) societies that unduly universalizes women's experiences. Postcolonial feminists have worked to revise Western conceptualizations of intersectionality that assume all women experience
4962:
Intersectionality has been applied in many fields from politics, education healthcare, and employment, to economics. For example, within the institution of education, Sandra Jones' research on working-class women in academia takes into consideration meritocracy within all social strata, but argues
2479:
used the phrase "Jane Crow" in 1947 while at Howard University to describe the compounded challenges faced by black women in the Jim Crow south. Deborah K. King published the article "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology" in 1988, just before Crenshaw
5361:
Researchers in psychology have incorporated intersection effects since the 1950s. These intersection effects were based on studying the lenses of biases, heuristics, stereotypes, and judgments. Psychologists have extended research in psychological biases to the areas of cognitive and motivational
5330:
Another example is Butler's pedagogical approach to incorporating intersectionality, focusing on letting her disabled students communicate through a variation of assignments. Examples of these variations are video reflections or an analysis of digital spaces. The video reflections are more geared
5319:
Laura Gonzales and Janine Butler argue that intersectionality can be helpful to provide an open perspective that helps study multiple inclusive learning processes, formalities, and strategies in order to decrease the risk of academic disadvantages/inequity because of anyone's social, economic, or
4656:, that she was living in "a country where racism, sexism, and homophobia are inseparable". Here, Lorde outlines the importance of intersectionality, while acknowledging that different prejudices are inherently linked. Lorde's formulation of this linkage remains seminal in intersectional feminism.
2405:
The concept of intersectionality is intended to illuminate dynamics that have often been overlooked by feminist theory and movements. Racial inequality was a factor that was largely ignored by first-wave feminism, which was primarily concerned with gaining political equality between white men and
5479:
Magical law theorists have integrated intersectionality into their analysis of anti-magicality. Magical identity and practice, either legitimate or falsely alleged, intersect with gender and race, having historically impacted women, Jewish people, and enslaved Africans in unique ways. Women, for
5342:
Inclusion of intersectionality is meant to "Trouble the Boundaries" and pave the way for a more diverse writing program in Predominantly White Institutions (PWI). Writing programs are very closely linked by the influence of race and gender. Both of the authors Collin Lamout Craig and Staci Maree
5031:
There is an issue globally with the way the law interacts with intersectionality. For example, the UK's legislation to protect workers' rights has a distinct issue with intersectionality. Under the Equality Act 2010, the things that are listed as 'protected characteristics' are "age, disability,
5027:
This is elaborated on by Christine Bose, who discusses a global use of intersectionality which works to remove associations of specific inequalities with specific institutions while showing that these systems generate intersectional effects. She uses this approach to develop a framework that can
5212:
Darren Hutchinson argues that "it is impossible to theorize about or study a group when each person in that group is 'composed of a complex and unique matrix of identities that shift in time, is never fixed, is constantly unstable and forever distinguishable from everyone else in the universe."
5079:
to represent a more comprehensive conceptualization of intersectionality. Grabe wrote, "Transnational intersectionality places importance on the intersections among gender, ethnicity, sexuality, economic exploitation, and other social hierarchies in the context of empire building or imperialist
4778:
Structural intersectionality is used to describe how different structures work together and create a complex which highlights the differences in the experiences of women of color with domestic violence and rape. Structural intersectionality entails the ways in which classism, sexism, and racism
4774:
Kimberlé Crenshaw, in "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color", uses and explains three different forms of intersectionality to describe the violence that women experience. According to Crenshaw, there are three forms of intersectionality:
5096:, proponents of intersectionality hold that unless service providers take intersectionality into account, they will be of less use for various segments of the population, such as those reporting domestic violence or disabled victims of abuse. According to intersectional theory, the practice of
2428:
was coined in the late 1980sânoted the lack of attention to race, class, sexual orientation, and gender identity in early feminist movements, and tried to provide a channel to address political and social disparities. Intersectionality recognizes these issues which were ignored by early social
5327:
such as medical consultations, Indigenous people are not offered interpreters, even when they are supposed to. Gonzales uses this course as an example and opportunity for community engagement where multiple forms of language were utilized, including digital media, readings, and conversations.
4620:
In her work, Crenshaw identifies three aspects of intersectionality that affect the visibility of non-white women: structural intersectionality, political intersectionality, and representational intersectionality. Structural intersectionality deals with how non-white women experience domestic
5369:
One of the main issues that affects the research of intersectionality is the construct problem. Constructs are what scientists use to build blocks of understanding within their field of study. It is important because it gives us something to measure. As mentioned previously, it is incredibly
5235:
from intersectionality theory can be complex; postintersectional critics of intersectional theory fault its proponents for inadequately explained causal methodology and say they have made incorrect predictions about the status of some minority groups. For example, despite facing centuries of
5129:
critical stance vis-Ă -vis the fragmentising and essentialising tendencies of identity politics, but without resorting to a universalism that eschews difference." This approach maintains a critical stance against the fragmentation and essentialism in identity politics, aligning with Fineman's
4894:
Intersectional theories in relation to gender recognize that each person has their own mix of identities which combine to create them, and where these identities "meet in the middle" therein lies each person's intersectionality. These intersections lie between components such as class, race,
4628:
Within Crenshaw's work, she delves into a few legal cases that exhibit the concept of political intersectionality and how anti-discrimination law has been historically limited. These cases include DeGraffenreid v Motors, Moore v Hughes Helicopter Inc., and Payne v Travenol. There are two
8877:
Reilly, Niamh; BjĂžrnholt, Margunn; Tastsoglou, Evangelia (2022). "Vulnerability, Precarity and Intersectionality: A Critical Review of Three Key Concepts for Understanding Gender-Based Violence in Migration Contexts". In Freedman, Jane; Sahraoui, Nina; Tastsoglou, Evangelia (eds.).
4804:. These are also known as "vectors of oppression and privilege". These terms refer to how differences among people (sexual orientation, class, race, age, etc.) serve as oppressive measures towards women and change the experience of living as a woman in society. Collins,
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and other poor birth outcomes among Muslim and Arab Americans, a result they connected to the increased racial and religious discrimination of the time. Some researchers have also argued that immigration policies can affect health outcomes through mechanisms such as
5463:, workers' rights, and public health. The relationship of these harms to our treatment of animals makes clear that farmed animal welfare is critical to counter many of the environmental injustices disproportionately impacting marginalized communities and peoples.
4596:
in her essay "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics". Crenshaw's term has risen to the forefront of national conversations about racial justice,
5370:
difficult to define oppression and, specifically, the feeling of being oppressed and ways that different kinds of oppression may interact as a construct. As psychology grows and changes its ability to define constructs, this research will likely improve.
4652:, who was a self-proclaimed "Black, Lesbian, Mother, Warrior, Poet". Even in the title she gave herself, Lorde expressed her multifaceted personhood and demonstrated her intersectional struggles with being a black, gay woman. Lorde commented in her essay
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entered academic environments and brought their perspectives to their scholarship. During this decade, many of the ideas that would together be labeled as intersectionality coalesced in U.S. academia under the banner of "race, class and gender studies".
4605:, arguing that the experience of being a black woman cannot be understood in terms independent of either being black or a woman. Rather, it must include interactions between the two identities, which, she adds, should frequently reinforce one another.
2322:. The courts weighed the allegations of race and gender discrimination separately, finding that the employment of African-American male factory workers disproved racial discrimination, and the employment of white female office workers disproved
4608:
In order to show that non-white women have a vastly different experience from white women due to their race and/or class and that their experiences are not easily voiced or amplified, Crenshaw explores two types of male violence against women:
4987:
Additionally, applications with regard to property and wealth can be traced to the American historical narrative that is filled "with tensions and struggles over propertyâin its various forms. From the removal of Native Americans (and later
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1024:
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How we treat nonhuman animals not only reflects the morals and values of society, but our treatment also has enormous effects on society. Our actions toward farmed animals, in particular, cause immense suffering and devastating impact.
5665:
Holley, Lynn C.; Mendoza, Natasha S.; Del-Colle, Melissa M.; Bernard, Marquita Lynette (2 April 2016). "Heterosexism, racism, and mental illness discrimination: Experiences of people with mental health conditions and their families".
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and Asian American feminists between the 1960s and 1980s. Collins has noted the existence of intellectuals at other times and in other places who discussed similar ideas about the interaction of different forms of inequality, such as
7256:
Crenshaw, Kimberle. "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics." University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, 1989, pp. 139-168.
5192:
Rekia Jibrin and Sara Salem argue that intersectional theory creates a unified idea of anti-oppression politics that requires a lot out of its adherents, often more than can reasonably be expected, creating difficulties achieving
5458:
acknowledged that industrialized animal agriculture inflicts injuries that are intersectional and require extensive and expeditious repair. Factory farming is not just an issue of animal welfare or rights; it is also an issue of
4858:
of the dominated; all forms of oppression imply the devaluation of the subjectivity of the oppressed". She later notes that self-valuation and self-definition are two ways of resisting oppression, and claims the practice of
5179:
Critics include Marxist historians and sociologists, some of whom claim that the contemporary applications of intersectional theory fail to adequately address economic class and wealth inequality. Additionally, philosopher
7896:
4699:, experiences of class, gender, and sexuality cannot be adequately understood unless the influence of racialization is carefully considered. This focus on racialization was highlighted many times by scholar and feminist
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approach and applies her intersectional principles to what she calls the "work/family nexus and black women's poverty". In her 2000 article "Black Political Economy" she describes how, in her view, the intersections of
2437:, arguing that differences must be acknowledged in order to find unifying social justice issues that create coalitions that aid in changing society for the better. More specifically, this relates to the ideals of the
9001:
2326:. The court declined to consider compound discrimination, and dismissed the case. Crenshaw argued that in cases such as this, the courts have tended to ignore black women's unique experiences by treating them as
7225:
5184:
published several works charging intersectional feminism with implicitly adopting, and thereby perpetuating, harmful stereotypes of Black men. In so doing, Curry argues that the intersectional feminist concept
4963:
that it is complicated by race and the external forces that oppress. Additionally, people of color often experience differential treatment in the healthcare system. For example, in the period immediately after
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as intersectional or interconnected problems, and as such, this phenomenon has been termed the link. Violence towards animals is a strong predictor or precursor that the abuser may inflict violence on people.
6453:
5247:
A review of quantitative studies seeking evidence on intersectional issues published through May 12, 2020 found that many quantitative methods were simplistic and were often misapplied or misinterpreted.
9495:
Remedios, Jessica D.; Chasteen, Alison L.; Rule, Nicholas O.; Plaks, Jason E. (November 2011). "Impressions at the intersection of ambiguous and obvious social categories: Does gay+Black=likable?".
5244:
asserts that intersectionality is ambiguous and open-ended, and that its "lack of clear-cut definition or even specific parameters has enabled it to be drawn upon in nearly any context of inquiry".
2283:
against minorities in the workplace and society. Crenshaw explained the dynamics that using gender, race, and other forms of power in politics and academics plays a big role in intersectionality.
2496:
feminist theorist exemplifies how "existent categories for identity are strikingly not dealt with in separate or mutually exclusive terms, but are always referred to in relation to one another".
4819:
A. Flores suggests, when individuals live in the borders, they "find themselves with a foot in both worlds". The result is "the sense of being neither" exclusively one identity nor another.
5334:
Both of these examples are ways Gonzales and Butler incorporate their research into their own classrooms in order to engage with their communities and incorporate intersectionality.
5024:, which goes over how women in India practice feminism within social structures and the continuing effects of colonization that differ from that of Western and other non-Western countries.
4721:. Black feminists argue that an understanding of intersectionality is a vital element of gaining political and social equity and improving the societal structures that oppress individuals.
11038:
2720:
990:
36:
An intersectional analysis considers a collection of factors that affect a social individual in combination, rather than considering each factor in isolation, as illustrated here using a
9106:
Tommy J. Curry (2021). "Decolonizing the Intersection: Black Male Studies as a Critique of Intersectionality's Indebtedness to Subculture of Violence Theory". In Robert Beshara (ed.).
4659:
Though intersectionality began with the exploration of the interplay between gender and race, over time other identities and oppressions were added to the theory. For example, in 1981
2632:
2299:
in response to what they felt was an alienation from both white feminism and the male-dominated black liberation movement, citing the "interlocking oppressions" of racism, sexism and
7410:
9259:
Bowleg, Lisa (1 September 2008). "When Black + Lesbian + Woman â Black Lesbian Woman: The Methodological Challenges of Qualitative and Quantitative Intersectionality Research".
6345:
4727:
has argued that criticisms of intersectionality that find it to be incomplete, or argue that it fails to recognize the specificity of women's oppression, can be met with an
8088:
Viruell-Fuentes, Edna A.; Miranda, Patricia Y.; Abdulrahim, Sawsan (December 2012). "More than culture: Structural racism, intersectionality theory, and immigrant health".
5454:âIt is past time to acknowledge the full harms that the unreformed practices of farming are inflicting.â With these words, penned by Judge J. Harvie Wilkinson III, the
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9609:"Research Methods in the Study of Intersectionality in Psychology: Examples Informed by a Decade of Collaborative Work With Majority World Women's Grassroots Activism"
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2715:
11527:
1493:
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5046:
Marie-Claire Belleau argues for "strategic intersectionality" in order to foster cooperation between feminisms of different ethnicities. She refers to different
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743:
2190:. Intersectionality opposes analytical systems that treat each axis of oppression in isolation. In this framework, for instance, discrimination against
8418:
7859:
Mann, Susan A.; Kelley, Lori R. (August 1997). "Standing at the crossroads of modernist thought: Collins, Smith, and the new feminist epistemologies".
5439:
This intersectional perspective, highlighting similarities between the different forms of oppression and their interlinked nature, is advocated for in
2754:
11922:
11305:
6506:"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics"
6483:
6166:"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics"
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4641:
in order to examine how they might perpetuate social inequality. The final branch formulates intersectionality as a critical praxis to determine how
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5125:
which can incorporate "differentially located situated gazes" at these inequalities. Reilly, BjĂžrnholt and Tastsoglou note that "Yuval-Davis shares
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Criticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors, and its use as an ideological tool against other
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4072:
2034:
694:
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7679:
Pedulla, David S. (March 2014). "The Positive Consequences of Negative Stereotypes: Race, Sexual Orientation, and the Job Application Process".
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10663:
7571:
Hutchinson, Janet R. (2011). "Feminist theories and their application to public administration". In D'Agostino, Maria; Levine, Helisse (eds.).
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identifies black women as the most important actors in social change movements because of their experience with multiple facets of oppression.
607:
9337:
Davis, Kathy (1 April 2008). "Intersectionality as buzzword: A sociology of science perspective on what makes a feminist theory successful".
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Tomlinson, Barbara (Summer 2013). "To Tell the Truth and Not Get Trapped: Desire, Distance, and Intersectionality at the Scene of Argument".
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rising across the globe, Jews are often excluded from intersectionality movements on the grounds that they are not sufficiently oppressed.
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Since the term was coined, many feminist scholars have emerged with historical support for the intersectional theory. These women include
11280:
10884:
10426:
9534:"Greater than the sum of racism and heterosexism: Intersectional microaggressions toward racial/ethnic and sexual minority group members"
8692:
Patil, Vrushali (1 June 2013). "From Patriarchy to Intersectionality: A Transnational Feminist Assessment of How Far We've Really Come".
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The term also has historical and theoretical links to the concept of simultaneity, which was advanced during the 1970s by members of the
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836:
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7129:"Jane Crow: Pauli Murray's Intersections and Antidiscrimination Law." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 29, no. 1 (2013): 155-160.
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10040:
8453:
Belleau, Marie-Claire (2007). "L'intersectionalité: Feminisms in a divided world; Québec-Canada". In Orr, Deborah; et al. (eds.).
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European Union Non-discrimination Law and Intersectionality: Investigating the Triangle of Racial, Gender and Disability Discrimination
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517:
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theorized that the intersectional paradigms of race, class, and nation might explain specific aspects of the black political economy.
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Bauer, Greta R.; Churchill, Siobhan M.; Mahendran, Mayuri; Walwyn, Chantel; Lizotte, Daniel; Villa-Rueda, Alma Angelica (June 2021).
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2732:
2125:. However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the practical uses of intersectionality.
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10139:
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2749:
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332:
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Crenshaw, Kimberle (July 1991). "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color".
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Jones, Sandra J. (December 2003). "Complex subjectivities: class, ethnicity, and race in women's narratives of upward mobility".
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5173:
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Truth, Sojourner (2001). "'Speech at the Woman's Rights Convention, Akron, Ohio' (1851)". In Ritchie, Joy; Ronald, Kate (eds.).
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Grabe, Shelly; Else-Quest, Nicole M. (22 May 2012). "The Role of Transnational Feminism in Psychology: Complementary Visions".
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2003:
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262:
92:
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Flores, Lisa A. (May 1996). "Creating discursive space through a rhetoric of difference: Chicana feminists craft a homeland".
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Mann, Susan A.; Huffman, Douglas J. (January 2005). "The decentering of second wave feminism and the rise of the third wave".
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Johnson, Amanda Walker (2 October 2017). "Resituating the Crossroads: Theoretical Innovations in Black Feminist Ethnography".
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Bright, Liam Kofi; Malinsky, Daniel; Thompson, Morgan (17 December 2015). "Causally Interpreting Intersectionality Theory".
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Marginalized groups often gain a status of being an "other". In essence, you are "an other" if you are different from what
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2702:
2027:
1046:
337:
151:
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King, Deborah K. (1 October 1988). "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology".
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Minoritized Women Reading Race and Ethnicity: Intersectional Approaches to Constructed Identity and Early Christian Texts
5774:"Intersectionality in quantitative research: A systematic review of its emergence and applications of theory and methods"
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essay "Gender, black feminism, and black political economy" highlights her theory on the sociological crossroads between
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Holvino, Evangelina (May 2010). "Intersections: The simultaneity of race, gender and class in organization studies".
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5039:(AAPF) describes a certain example where immigrant women's lives are threatened by their abusive citizen spouses. In
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4439:
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900:
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Kelly, Ursula A. (AprilâJune 2009). "Integrating intersectionality and biomedicine in health disparities research".
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FalcĂłn, Sylvanna M. (11 July 2023), "Intersectionality, Global Patriarchy, and the Power of Feminist Performance",
8807:
6399:
6013:
Guan, Alice; Thomas, Marilyn; Vittinghoff, Eric; Bowleg, Lisa; Mangurian, Christina; Wesson, Paul (December 2021).
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advocates for the disaggregation of data in order to highlight intersectional identities in all kinds of research.
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1659:
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1382:
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721:
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6133:
6015:"An investigation of quantitative methods for assessing intersectionality in health research: A systematic review"
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10786:
10548:
10351:
9042:
7749:"Confronting the concept of intersectionality: the legacy of Audre Lorde and contemporary feminist organizations"
2682:
2627:
2438:
2367:
2020:
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738:
492:
287:
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approaches Crenshaw's original idea of intersectionality with more nuance. In Mary Hawkesworth and Lisa Disch's
4886:", i.e. specifically attempting to establish a person as unacceptable based on a certain, unachieved criterion.
2345:" speech, in which she spoke from her racialized position as a former slave to critique essentialist notions of
10411:
8738:"Our survival, our strengths: understanding the experiences of African American women in abusive relationships"
7983:
6454:"Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'"
5480:
example, faced witchcraft accusations in a manner specific to the intersection of female and magical identity.
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4011:
3977:
3886:
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347:
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8773:
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5036:
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4361:
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2796:
2697:
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1934:
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327:
5176:, has been critical of the applications of intersectional theory to attack other ways of feminist thinking.
5147:
To provide sufficient preventive, redressive and deterrent remedies, judges in courts and others working in
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11181:
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Both Gonzales and Butler incorporate their social justice movements for inclusion in their own classrooms.
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2742:
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2175:
1193:
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82:
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Levine-Rasky, Cynthia (March 2011). "Intersectionality theory applied to whiteness and middle-classness".
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5014:
Analyzing Gender, Intersectionality, and Multiple Inequalities: Global, Transnational and Local Contexts
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helps to preserve the self-esteem of the group that is being oppressed while allowing them to avoid any
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10759:
10446:
10177:
8316:
Analyzing Gender, Intersectionality, and Multiple Inequalities: Global-transnational and Local Contexts
6639:
5857:
4669:
4397:
3984:
3272:
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1954:
711:
382:
97:
9700:"The animal question and condition: intersectionality and Critical Animal Studies in the Asia-Pacific"
4601:, and policingâand over the years has helped shape legal discussions. In her work, Crenshaw discusses
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11043:
10928:
10595:
10563:
10233:
10167:
8339:
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade (1984). "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses".
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Browne, Irene; Misra, Joya (August 2003). "The Intersection of Gender and Race in the Labor Market".
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2213:. Critics have characterized the framework as ambiguous and lacking defined goals. As it is based in
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507:
161:
87:
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9787:"Understanding the Link between Animal Cruelty and Family Violence: The Bioecological Systems Model"
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literature. Scholars in these related areas have extended the concept to include non-human animals.
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centering of black women's experiences and the use of a theoretical framework of intersectionality.
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10048:. Vancouver, B.C.: Institute for Intersectionality Research & Policy, Simon Fraser University.
9734:"The Intersectionality of Environmental Injustice, Other Societal Harms, and Farmed Animal Welfare"
9425:"Troubling the Boundaries: (De)Constructing WPA Identities at the Intersections of Race and Gender"
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Thompson, Becky (2002). "Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism".
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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standpoint, Collins points out that Brittan and Maynard say that "domination always involves the
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Chenoweth, Lesley (December 1996). "Violence and women with disabilities: silence and paradox".
7003:
All the women are White, all the blacks are men, but some of us are brave: black women's studies
6134:"Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color"
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Jegatheesan, Brinda; Enders-Slegers, Marie-Jose; Ormerod, Elizabeth; Boyden, Paula (May 2020).
8913:"Gender, Nation, and Situated Intersectionality: The Case of Catalan Pro-independence Feminism"
8735:
Bent-Goodley, Tricia B.; Chase, Lorraine; Circo, Elizabeth A.; AntĂĄ Rodgers, Selena T. (2010).
7334:"$ 1 Million Berggruen Philosophy Prize Awarded to Patricia Hill Collins â Berggruen Institute"
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The ideas behind intersectional feminism existed long before the term was coined. For example,
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Samuelson, William; Zeckhauser, Richard (1 March 1988). "Status quo bias in decision making".
9386:"CF 44: Multilingualism, Multimodality, and Accessibility by Laura Gonzales and Janine Butler"
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Hancock, Ange-Marie (June 2007). "Intersectionality as a normative and empirical paradigm".
7785:"Learning from the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought"
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Collins, Patricia Hill (March 2000). "Gender, black feminism, and black political economy".
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Duran, Antonio; Jones, Susan R. (2020). "Intersectionality". In Casey, Zachary A. (ed.).
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2420:, they largely alienated black women from platforms in the mainstream movement. However,
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Cooper, Brittney (2016). "Intersectionality". In Disch, Lisa; Hawkesworth, Mary (eds.).
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Transnational Psychology of Women: Expanding International and Intersectional Approaches
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Cooper, Brittney (2016). "Intersectionality". In Disch, Lisa; Hawkesworth, Mary (eds.).
4882:, scholar of Chicana cultural theory, theorized that the sociological term for this is "
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Bose, Christine E. (February 2012). "Intersectionality and Global Gender Inequality".
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Violence towards animals and violence towards people are often seen in Psychology and
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Fattoracci, Elisa S. M.; Revels-Macalinao, Michelle; Huynh, Que-Lam (19 March 2020).
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This neglect of an intersectional framework can often lead to dire consequences. The
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2310:(1976), Emma DeGraffenreid and four other black female auto workers alleged compound
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1996:
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Lorde, Audre (2007) . "The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House".
6876:
6605:
Cooper, Anna Julia (2016) . "The colored woman's office". In Lemert, Charles (ed.).
6246:
4660:
2206:, which is the oppression associated with being a poor or immigrant woman of color.
2202:, but as something more complicated. Intersectionality engages in similar themes as
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8184:"Birth Outcomes for Arabic-Named Women in California Before and After September 11"
8146:
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1959:
1944:
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674:
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512:
402:
8952:"The politics of intersectional practice: competing concepts of intersectionality"
7046:
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11994:
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11592:
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11537:
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10491:
10113:(podcast). Public Lectures and Events. London School of Economics. 26 March 2014.
8263:
8055:
7308:
Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment
6177:
6145:
5216:
4855:
4851:
4810:
4755:
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portrayals of non-white women can obscure their own authentic lived experiences.
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The concept of intersectionality was introduced to the field of legal studies by
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1974:
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9579:
9508:
9108:
Critical Psychology Praxis: Psychosocial Non-Alignment to Modernity/Coloniality
8912:
7874:
7596:
7282:
7179:
Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture: A Comprehensive Guide to Gender Studies
7008:
6411:
6358:
6289:"Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis"
6254:
Crenshaw, Kimberlé; Gotanda, Neil; Peller, Gary; Thomas, Kendall, eds. (1995).
5181:
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about the oppression of women and that in order to fight it you have to fight
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8393:
7719:
7692:
7614:
7601:
6860:
6521:
6458:
5953:
5935:"The body politic: Gender, the right wing and 'identity category violations'"
5840:
5585:
5571:"Practicing Love: Black Feminism, Love-Politics, And Post-Intersectionality."
5101:
3628:
3588:
3583:
3493:
3235:
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2823:
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2485:
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1981:
1590:
1526:
1511:
1367:
1332:
1312:
1183:
1126:
1061:
449:
352:
8150:
6917:
6381:"The Roots of Intersectionality | University of Rochester School of Nursing"
6165:
5130:
critiques but avoiding a universalist perspective that negates differences.
5050:(national-cultural) groups that produce different types of feminisms. Using
2524:
11835:
11722:
11550:
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11497:
11427:
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11397:
11377:
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10911:
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10386:
10356:
10110:
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9803:
9652:
9557:
8516:
8437:
https://www.aapf.org/_files/ugd/62e126_19f84b6cbf6f4660bac198ace49b9287.pdf
8209:
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4838:
The concept of the outsider within refers to a standpoint encompassing the
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417:
357:
322:
292:
37:
9750:
9733:
8600:
8583:
8200:
8183:
6973:
6815:"The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained"
11737:
11697:
11665:
11532:
11492:
11332:
11245:
11196:
11171:
11071:
10764:
10503:
10486:
10441:
10361:
9216:
8862:
8843:
8286:
6931:
Mueller, Ruth Caston (1954). "The National Council of Negro Women, Inc".
6899:
5444:
5165:
5112:, and those counselors should adapt their counseling for women of color.
5093:
4871:
4805:
4688:
4649:
3252:
3043:
2416:
2383:
2191:
2159:, and other groups. Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from
2140:
2118:
1711:
1671:
1639:
1498:
1458:
1292:
1205:
1156:
1131:
1031:
716:
439:
422:
377:
297:
10096:
9947:
9699:
9026:
9017:
7660:
7290:
6961:"Critical kinship (universal aspirations and intersectional judgements)"
6944:
4800:
Collins refers to the various intersections of social inequality as the
2463:
protest in 2015. The main focus is four black women, one holding a sign.
12011:
12006:
11887:
11882:
11778:
11762:
11619:
11512:
11470:
11432:
11240:
11228:
11201:
11191:
11111:
10530:
10525:
10496:
10431:
10280:
10111:"Justice Rising: moving intersectionally in the age of post-everything"
9980:
9931:
9549:
9465:
8619:
6763:
6238:
6149:
5736:
5530:
5525:
5515:
5232:
5104:
urging all women to report their abusers to police is of little use to
4815:
4700:
4692:
3809:
3794:
3488:
2399:
2346:
2122:
2102:
1991:
1986:
1867:
1862:
1760:
1736:
1585:
1478:
1436:
1392:
1200:
1188:
1161:
1151:
1071:
466:
461:
432:
367:
208:
9896:
9864:
9784:
9517:
8779:
Domestic violence: intersectionality and culturally competent practice
8770:
8743:
Domestic violence: intersectionality and culturally competent practice
8640:(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
8610:
8356:
7810:
7068:
Norman, Brian (2007). "'We' in Redux: The Combahee River Collective's
5169:
the intersection of various groups lies the ascent on the hierarchy".
4637:
seeks to apply intersectionality as an analytical strategy to various
11912:
11860:
11577:
11176:
10306:
9845:
8584:"Decolonizing liberation: Toward a transnational feminist psychology"
8419:"Intersectionality: What is it and why does it matter for employers?"
7203:"Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later"
5702:
5510:
3789:
3784:
2862:
1892:
1840:
1543:
1136:
242:
9208:
Evidence-Based Best Practice for Discharge Planning: A Policy Review
8544:
8457:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 51â62.
7724:
Contemporary sociological theory and its classical roots: the basics
7176:
6839:
McCall, Leslie (March 2005). "The Complexity of Intersectionality".
6745:
6287:
Cho, Sumi; Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams; McCall, Leslie (June 2013).
6230:
5718:
4762:
effectively suppressed the upward economic mobility of black women.
4645:
initiatives can use intersectionality to bring about social change.
2357:
has located the origins of intersectionality among black feminists,
2271:, who used the term in a pair of essays published in 1989 and 1991.
11877:
11707:
11634:
11285:
11211:
11116:
11076:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10376:
10371:
10316:
9880:
9315:
9210:(Thesis). University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences Library.
8705:
8348:
7801:
7784:
7599:(2017). "Bodies in Plural: Towards an Anarcha-feminist Manifesto".
7155:
6852:
6304:
5991:
5545:
5535:
5500:
5200:
4883:
4787:
of color having representation in media and contemporary settings.
3563:
3431:
2994:
2516:
2411:
2195:
2117:. These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both
2098:
1857:
1681:
1600:
1245:
1171:
1076:
1036:
397:
392:
387:
312:
307:
252:
9149:
The Man-Not: Race, Class, Genre, and the Dilemmas of Black Manhood
6282:
6280:
4822:
10381:
10285:
10265:
10238:
10213:
10117:
10084:
9791:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
9668:
The Routledge International Handbook of Intersectionality Studies
9423:
Craig, Collin Lamont; Perryman-Clark, Staci Maree (Spring 2011).
9002:"Gender-Transformative Remedies for Women Human Rights Defenders"
7411:"The Magic and Fury of Audre Lorde: Feminist Praxis and Pedagogy"
6890:
Carastathis, Anna (2016). Leong, Karen J.; Smith, Andrea (eds.).
4831:
have been instrumental in providing a sociological definition of
4769:
3225:
2255:
317:
213:
193:
166:
141:
64:
9580:"Construct | Psychology, Measurement & Testing | Britannica"
9174:"Revisiting intersectionality: reflections on theory and praxis"
8087:
7105:
Words of fire: an anthology of African-American feminist thought
2473:
Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought
11337:
10366:
10270:
10248:
10243:
10193:
9531:
9082:"A Conversation With Walter Benn Michaels & Adolph Reed Jr"
8314:
Chow, Esther Ngan-Ling; Segal, Marcia Texler; Lin, Tan (2011).
7440:(2nd ed.). New York: Kitchen Table; Women of Color Press.
6277:
6258:
Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement
5352:
4775:
structural, political, and representational intersectionality.
2319:
2199:
2163:
by acknowledging women's differing experiences and identities.
2110:
2070:
1297:
302:
198:
176:
171:
121:
7436:
This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color
6999:
Hull, Gloria T.; Bell-Scott, Patricia; Smith, Barbara (1982).
6607:
Social theory: the multicultural, global, and classic readings
6346:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
5314:
11347:
10198:
8083:
8081:
6406:(3rd ed.). New York University Press. pp. 142â144.
6065:
KimberlĂ© Crenshaw â On Intersectionality â keynote â WOW 2016
5771:
5664:
4918:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2139:, which largely focused on the experiences of women who were
2074:
1307:
126:
8774:"Social work practice with abused persons with disabilities"
8129:
8127:
7575:. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 8.
5172:
Barbara Tomlinson, of the Department of Feminist Studies at
11959:
11788:
8631:
8629:
6253:
6012:
5540:
5273:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
5004:
Intersectionality at a Dyke March in Hamburg, Germany, 2020
4964:
4614:
1939:
1770:
8636:
Collins, Lynn H.; Machizawa, Sayaka; Rice, Joy K. (2019).
8233:"How's the economy? vs. how's the economy for each of us?"
8078:
7634:
7632:
4654:
The master's tools will never dismantle the master's house
9494:
8876:
8781:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 131â134.
8124:
7726:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 204â207.
7491:
An Intersectional Feminist Theory of Moral Responsibility
5860:. International Women's Development Agency. 11 May 2018.
5164:
treatment than others. American conservative commentator
5151:
mechanisms take into account intersectional dimensions.
2078:
8626:
5644:"Intersectionality and posthumanist visions of equality"
4995:
7629:
7226:"Intersectionality: the double bind of race and gender"
6093:
Encyclopedia of Critical Whiteness Studies in Education
5973:
5971:
2182:. Activists and academics use the framework to promote
9301:
9043:"Socialism and the Argument against Race Reductionism"
8477:
7897:"What Is Intersectionality? | Intersections of Gender"
7461:
Choi, Jin Young; Smith, Mitzi J. (24 September 2020).
7385:. Berkeley, Calif.: Crossing Press. pp. 110â114.
5337:
5133:
9965:"The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory"
7177:
Buikema, Rosemarie; van der Tuin, Iris, eds. (2009).
5456:
United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
2872:
2295:
1970s, a group of black feminist women organized the
8635:
7570:
6968:. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. p. 244.
6790:
Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, & Culture
6565:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 144â146.
6563:
Available Means: An Anthology Of Women's Rhetoric(s)
5968:
4795:
9451:
9422:
8745:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 77.
8455:
Feminist Politics: identity, difference, and agency
8133:
7573:
Women in Public Administration: theory and practice
7075:
differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies
6998:
6892:
Intersectionality: Origins, Contestations, Horizons
2174:in 1989. She describes how interlocking systems of
8844:"Situated Intersectionality and Social Inequality"
8772:
8736:
8728:
8478:Henrich, J.; Heine, S. J.; Norenzayan, A. (2010).
8230:
8134:Ladson-Billings, Gloria; Tate, William F. (2016).
7543:
7433:
7312:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 277.
7305:
7224:Thomas, Sheila; Crenshaw, Kimberlé (Spring 2004).
7102:
7000:
6959:
6255:
5858:"What Does Intersectional Feminism Actually Mean?"
5251:
5080:policies characterized by historical and emergent
5058:
2429:justice movements. Many recent academics, such as
2374:movement, Nira Yuval-Davis, Anna Julia Cooper and
11923:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
9538:Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology
8771:Cramer, Elizabeth P.; Plummer, Sara-Beth (2010).
8243:
6434:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
6286:
5703:"Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism"
5701:Zinn, Maxine Baca; Dill, Bonnie Thornton (1996).
4976:, restrictions on access to health care, and the
2382:receded in the 1980s, feminists of color such as
1903:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
12064:
9525:
8231:Ryssdal, Kai; Hollenhorst, Maria (8 June 2020).
7718:
7432:Moraga, CherrĂe; AnzaldĂșa, Gloria, eds. (1983).
6787:
6609:(6th ed.). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
6499:
6497:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6192:
4648:One writer who focused on intersectionality was
11583:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
9865:"Witchcraft and the Status of Women: A Comment"
9862:
8660:
8575:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8413:
8411:
8175:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7564:
6783:
6781:
6628:
6626:
6540:"Ain't I A Woman? Revisiting Intersectionality"
6477:
6475:
5071:the same type of gender and racial oppression.
4889:
4823:Standpoint epistemology and the outsider within
2194:cannot be explained as a simple combination of
2057:for understanding how groups' and individuals'
1549:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
11065:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
10058:. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017.
9488:
9105:
8949:
8777:. In Lockhart, Lettie; Danis, Fran S. (eds.).
8766:
8764:
8762:
8741:. In Lockhart, Lettie; Danis, Fran S. (eds.).
8694:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
7714:
7712:
7710:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7431:
7223:
7144:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
6841:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
6600:
6598:
6293:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
6055:
5980:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
5648:Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender & Society
4982:Women's Institute for Science, Equity and Race
4770:Forms: structural, political, representational
1025:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
10133:
10024:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
10020:Collins, Patricia Hill; Bilge, Sirma (2020).
8008:
8006:
7297:
6834:
6832:
6725:
6674:
6672:
6538:Brah, Avtar; Phoenix, Ann (15 January 2013).
6494:
6327:
6262:. New York: The New Press. pp. 357â384.
6189:
5928:
5926:
5906:
5884:. Oxford University Press. pp. 385â406.
5875:
5873:
5871:
5411:that contextualizes different points of view.
5397:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
5119:
4916:The examples and perspective in this section
4565:
2028:
10019:
9727:
9725:
9438:(2): 37â58 – via WPA Journal Archives.
9295:
9165:
8800:
8798:
8441:
8408:
8332:
8313:
8284:
8249:
8224:
8136:"Toward a Critical Race Theory of Education"
7974:
7937:
7767:
7170:
7100:
7094:
7026:
6924:
6778:
6623:
6472:
6402:. In Burgett, Bruce; Hendler, Glenn (eds.).
5668:Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services
2128:Intersectionality broadens the scope of the
11281:List of people killed for being transgender
10003:Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory
9962:
9913:
9330:
9171:
8993:
8910:
8841:
8759:
8581:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8278:
7825:
7740:
7707:
7667:
7638:
7352:
7266:
7217:
7195:
7137:
7135:
7061:
6889:
6883:
6788:Fixmer-Oraiz, Natalie; Wood, Julia (2015).
6635:"Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas"
6595:
6537:
6447:
6445:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5635:
5610:. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 249.
5574:Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism
5315:Different methods of teaching/accessibility
4592:as a way to help explain the oppression of
2341:exemplifies intersectionality in her 1851 "
1241:List of people killed for being transgender
10140:
10126:
9863:Swales, J. K.; McLachlan, Hugh V. (1979).
8588:Journal of Social and Political Psychology
8471:
8181:
8035:
8003:
7858:
7541:
7535:
7518:The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Philosophy
7374:
6829:
6697:
6669:
6090:
6084:
5923:
5868:
5820:
5658:
5641:
5373:
5357:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
4934:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
4572:
4558:
3452:African-American women's suffrage movement
2147:, to include the different experiences of
2035:
2021:
10038:
9820:
9802:
9749:
9722:
9642:
9624:
9516:
9497:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
9432:Council of Writing Program Administrators
9215:
9040:
9025:
8950:Christoffersen, Ashlee (1 October 2021).
8861:
8804:
8795:
8654:
8609:
8599:
8506:
8373:
8307:
8199:
7928:"Gender:An Intersectionality Perspective"
7852:
7800:
7546:Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism
7467:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 112.
7460:
7260:
6753:
6652:
6220:
6038:
5977:
5823:Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism
5797:
5726:
5427:Learn how and when to remove this message
5302:Learn how and when to remove this message
5108:due to the history of racially motivated
4950:Learn how and when to remove this message
4898:
4731:that recognizes "that there is something
4706:Ain't I A Woman: Black Women and Feminism
10397:Social determinants of health in poverty
9234:. Oxford University Press. pp. 385â406.
8685:
8531:
7521:. Oxford University Press. p. 143.
7409:Nixon, Angelique V. (24 February 2014).
7404:
7402:
7132:
6731:
6544:Journal of International Women's Studies
6503:
6451:
6442:
6206:
6163:
6131:
5912:
5758:
5700:
5694:
5608:Warrior Poet: A Biography of Audre Lorde
4999:
3397:Discrimination against transgender women
2454:
2247:KimberlĂ© Crenshaw â On Intersectionality
2220:
333:Social determinants of health in poverty
31:
10000:
9987:
9670:, London: Routledge, pp. 113â121,
9079:
8452:
8338:
7980:
7943:
7925:
7783:Collins, Patricia Hill (October 1986).
7782:
7678:
7595:
7487:
7303:
7032:
6957:
6951:
6930:
6632:
6481:
6342:
5932:
5174:University of California, Santa Barbara
5008:Over the last couple of decades in the
4845:
14:
12065:
9697:
9665:
9602:
9600:
9447:
9445:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9258:
9232:The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory
8999:
8431:African American Policy Form. (n.d.).
7831:
7746:
7425:
7181:. London: Routeledge. pp. 63â65.
7067:
6838:
6681:Feminist Theory: from margin to center
6604:
6404:Keywords for American cultural studies
6397:
6391:
5882:The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory
5879:
5852:
5850:
5593:Feminist Theory: From margin to center
5221:The Oxford Handbook of feminist theory
2424:âwhich emerged shortly after the term
10121:
9843:
9606:
9336:
9240:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20
9205:
9146:
8691:
8041:
8012:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7488:Ciurria, Michelle (6 December 2019).
7408:
7399:
7380:
6812:
6806:
6703:
6683:(3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
6678:
6560:
6554:
5890:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20
5825:(2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
5160:values and attitudes are determined.
4996:Intersectionality in a global context
4683:According to black feminists such as
2774:
12047:
11087:Capital punishment for homosexuality
10402:Social determinants of mental health
9992:. Women of Color Web. Archived from
8542:
8379:
7653:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100016
7514:
7383:Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches
7141:
6531:
6062:Crenshaw, Kimberlé (14 March 2016).
5377:
5255:
4902:
2069:. Examples of these factors include
1047:Capital punishment for homosexuality
338:Social determinants of mental health
11207:Genital modification and mutilation
9731:
9597:
9442:
9403:
9365:
9172:Jibrin, Rekia; Salem, Sara (2015).
8543:Herr, Ranjoo Seodu (1 March 2014).
8480:"The weirdest people in the world?"
7926:Shields, Stephanie (18 July 2008).
6792:. Boston, Mass.: Cengage Learning.
5913:Crenshaw, Kimberlé (October 2016).
5864:from the original on 23 April 2019.
5847:
5338:Writing programs on race and gender
5134:Implementation within organizations
2499:
2314:against black women as a result of
1167:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
10147:
9907:
8911:RodĂł-ZĂĄrate, Maria (7 June 2019).
8880:Gender-Based Violence in Migration
7914:
7205:. Columbia Law School. 8 June 2017
6813:Grady, Constance (20 March 2018).
25:
12104:
10077:
9990:"Defining Black Feminist Thought"
9006:Business and Human Rights Journal
8545:"Reclaiming Third World Feminism"
8143:Critical Race Theory in Education
6654:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
6510:University of Chicago Legal Forum
4796:Interlocking matrix of oppression
2061:result in unique combinations of
12046:
12037:
12036:
11686:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
11523:Law for Protection of the Nation
11423:White genocide conspiracy theory
10095:
10083:
9869:The British Journal of Sociology
9856:
9837:
9778:
9765:
9698:Salter, Colin (1 January 2015).
9691:
9659:
9572:
9252:
9224:
9199:
9140:
9099:
9073:
8971:10.1332/030557321X16194316141034
8029:10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00091.x
7997:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00400.x
6894:. University of Nebraska Press.
5916:The urgency of intersectionality
5595:(3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
5382:
5260:
4907:
4703:, specifically in her 1981 book
4541:
4073:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3407:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
2523:
2274:Intersectionality originated in
2240:
2234:Women of the World Festival 2016
1660:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1489:Law for Protection of the Nation
1383:White genocide conspiracy theory
63:
11528:MSM blood donation restrictions
11276:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
10001:Collins, Patricia Hill (2019).
9988:Collins, Patricia Hill (1990).
9454:Journal of Risk and Uncertainty
9034:
8943:
8904:
8870:
8835:
8425:
8102:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.12.037
7984:Gender, Work & Organization
7889:
7589:
7508:
7481:
7454:
7326:
7304:Collins, Patricia Hill (2000).
7250:
7123:
6633:Collins, Patricia Hill (2015).
6373:
6157:
6125:
6006:
5933:Downing, Lisa (November 2018).
5559:
5252:Intersectionality and education
5077:transnational intersectionality
5059:Transnational intersectionality
4790:
4667:published the first edition of
2471:and her fellow contributors to
2439:National Council of Negro Women
2308:DeGraffenreid v. General Motors
2286:However, long before Crenshaw,
2059:social and political identities
1494:MSM blood donation restrictions
1236:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
11541:(as religious or racial quota)
8582:Kurtis, T.; Adams, G. (2015).
8508:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-26A1-6
7722:; Stepinisky, Jeffrey (2013).
7101:Guy-Sheftall, Beverly (1995).
6452:Adewunmi, Bim (2 April 2014).
5814:
5474:
5226:
5142:
5087:
4505:Women's suffrage organizations
1507:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
11955:Second-generation gender bias
11671:Constitutional colorblindness
10392:Social determinants of health
10100:The dictionary definition of
9916:"Basements and Intersections"
9080:Bellows, The (15 June 2020).
8663:Psychology of Women Quarterly
8487:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
8433:A primer on intersectionality
8182:Lauderdale, Diane S. (2006).
8090:Social Science & Medicine
7047:10.1080/10999949.2018.1434350
6482:Coaston, Jane (28 May 2019).
6414:(inactive 2 September 2024).
5680:10.1080/10538720.2016.1155520
5628:
5346:
5041:A primer on intersectionality
5037:African American Policy Forum
4978:social determinants of health
1935:Second-generation gender bias
1645:Constitutional colorblindness
328:Social determinants of health
8318:. Emerald Group Publishing.
8264:10.1080/13504630.2011.558377
8056:10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181a3b3fc
7362:. Chicago: Poetry Foundation
6484:"The intersectionality wars"
5642:Deckha, M. (November 2008).
5154:
4890:Intersectionality and gender
4739:other forms of oppression."
4719:post-modern feminist thought
4490:Suffragists and suffragettes
4420:American feminist literature
2361:and other Latina feminists,
2318:' seniority-based system of
7:
11866:Medical model of disability
11718:Hate speech laws by country
9151:. Temple University Press.
8888:10.1007/978-3-031-07929-0_2
8821:10.1177/1077801296002004004
8044:Advances in Nursing Science
7834:Quarterly Journal of Speech
7681:Social Psychology Quarterly
7550:. Boston: South End Press.
7239:. p. 2. Archived from
6964:. In Wiegman, Robyn (ed.).
6711:. New York: Vintage Books.
6504:Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1989).
6164:Crenshaw, Kimberle (1989).
6132:Crenshaw, Kimberle (1994).
6095:. Brill. pp. 310â320.
6031:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100977
5790:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100798
5483:
5198:
4930:, discuss the issue on the
3730:Views on transgender topics
3720:Views on sexual orientation
1846:Medical model of disability
1692:Hate speech laws by country
10:
12109:
11975:Social model of disability
10447:Discrimination against men
9963:Carastathis, Anna (2014).
9914:Carastathis, Anna (2013).
9509:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.015
8842:Yuval-Davis, Nira (2015).
7875:10.1177/089124397011004002
7747:Dudley, Rachel A. (2006).
7641:Annual Review of Sociology
7494:. Routledge. p. 274.
7283:10.1521/siso.69.1.56.56799
6640:Annual Review of Sociology
6412:10.18574/9781479867455-038
6398:HoSang, Daniel M. (2020).
6359:10.1177/000271620056800105
5569:Nash, Jennifer C. (2011).
5350:
5120:Situated intersectionality
4670:This Bridge Called My Back
2178:affect those who are most
1955:Social model of disability
383:Discrimination against men
12032:
11771:
11648:
11441:
11328:Opposition to immigration
11052:
10692:
10539:
10299:
10249:Race / Ethnicity
10186:
10155:
10068:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
10039:Hankivsky, Olena (2014).
10005:. Duke University Press.
9983:– via ResearchGate.
9958:– via ResearchGate.
9626:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.494309
9273:10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z
9041:Reed, Jr., Adolf (2020).
8929:10.1017/s1743923x19000035
8499:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
7960:10.1017/S1743923X07000062
7846:10.1080/00335639609384147
7088:10.1215/10407391-2007-004
6755:2027/spo.0499697.0028.210
6101:10.1163/9789004444836_041
5728:2027/spo.0499697.0022.206
5606:De Veaux, Alexis (2004).
4521:Women's rights by country
3427:Female genital mutilation
2446:Combahee River Collective
2398:As articulated by author
2312:employment discrimination
2297:Combahee River Collective
2239:
2232:
2227:
1288:Opposition to immigration
177:Race / Ethnicity
11323:Occupational segregation
11092:Compulsory sterilization
9676:10.4324/9781003089520-11
9351:10.1177/1464700108086364
9116:10.4324/9781003119678-11
9059:10.1177/1095796020913869
8671:10.1177/0361684312442164
8561:10.2979/meridians.12.1.1
8394:10.1177/0891243211426722
8016:Journal of Social Issues
7693:10.1177/0190272513506229
7615:10.1177/0725513617727793
7237:American Bar Association
7070:black Feminist Statement
6527:Full text at Archive.org
5954:10.1177/0957155818791075
5586:10.2979/meridians.11.2.1
5552:
4526:Feminists by nationality
4500:Women's studies journals
4495:Women's rights activists
3213:Movements and ideologies
2188:political egalitarianism
1283:Occupational segregation
1052:Compulsory sterilization
27:Theory of discrimination
12078:Intersectional feminism
11851:Internalized oppression
11713:Fighting Discrimination
11703:Fat acceptance movement
11661:Anti-discrimination law
11301:Native American mascots
9613:Frontiers in Psychology
9206:Lewis, Marissa (2022).
9110:. New York: Routledge.
8151:10.4324/9781315709796-2
7753:McNair Scholars Journal
7109:. New York: New Press.
6958:Wiegman, Robyn (2012).
6709:Women, Race & Class
6180:. Additional archives:
6148:. Additional archives:
6019:SSM - Population Health
5942:French Cultural Studies
5778:SSM - Population Health
5468:evidence-based medicine
5441:critical animal studies
5374:Critical animal studies
5068:transnational feminists
4760:anti-miscegenation laws
4711:Patricia Hill Collins's
3914:International relations
2775:Intersectional variants
2459:A crowd of people in a
2180:marginalized in society
1833:Internalized oppression
1687:Fighting Discrimination
1677:Fat acceptance movement
1635:Anti-discrimination law
1261:Native American mascots
11970:Social identity threat
11943:Reverse discrimination
11933:Racial color blindness
11413:Violence against women
11393:Sex-selective abortion
10088:Quotations related to
9804:10.3390/ijerph17093116
9704:Animal Studies Journal
9607:Grabe, Shelly (2020).
8808:Violence Against Women
7759:(1): 5. Archived from
7007:. Old Westbury, N.Y.:
6933:Negro History Bulletin
6571:10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.28
5282:by rewriting it in an
5064:Postcolonial feminists
5005:
4899:Practical applications
4743:Cheryl Townsend Gilkes
4594:African-American women
4440:Conservative feminisms
3695:Bicycling and feminism
3671:Women in the workforce
3639:Violence against women
3614:Sexual objectification
3574:Opposition to feminism
2831:Vegetarian ecofeminism
2464:
1950:Social identity threat
1923:Reverse discrimination
1913:Racial color blindness
1373:Violence against women
1353:Sex-selective abortion
41:
11938:Religious intolerance
11898:Political correctness
11728:Intersex human rights
11676:Cultural assimilation
11358:Religious persecution
11122:Disability hate crime
10907:Jewish / Antisemitism
10042:Intersectionality 101
9751:10.1089/env.2021.0125
9738:Environmental Justice
9304:Philosophy of Science
9147:Curry, Tommy (2018).
8959:Policy & Politics
8917:Politics & Gender
8601:10.5964/jspp.v3i1.326
8201:10.1353/dem.2006.0008
7947:Politics & Gender
7515:Hall, Kim Q. (2021).
7270:Science & Society
7233:Perspectives Magazine
6974:10.1515/9780822394945
6679:hooks, bell (2014) .
6176:21 April 2023 at the
6144:18 April 2023 at the
5461:environmental justice
5405:by rewriting it in a
5003:
4697:Patricia Hill Collins
4470:Feminist rhetoricians
4460:Feminist philosophers
4012:Revisionist mythology
3715:Views on prostitution
3700:Criticism of marriage
3390:Children's literature
2458:
2450:Boston, Massachusetts
2408:Equal Pay Act of 1963
2378:. She noted that, as
2355:Patricia Hill Collins
2324:gender discrimination
2292:Patricia Hill Collins
2276:critical race studies
2221:Historical background
1918:Religious intolerance
1878:Political correctness
1702:Intersex human rights
1650:Cultural assimilation
1318:Religious persecution
1082:Disability hate crime
859:Jewish / Antisemitism
35:
18:Intersectional theory
11343:Political repression
10352:Anti-left handedness
10342:Anti-intellectualism
9996:on 11 December 2006.
9844:EttĂșf, QĂștb (2024).
9390:compositionforum.com
9217:10.46409/sr.qbwh5074
8863:10.3917/rai.058.0091
8382:Gender & Society
7862:Gender & Society
6900:10.2307/j.ctt1fzhfz8
5591:hooks, bell (2014).
5491:Class discrimination
5233:testable predictions
4928:improve this section
4867:outside influences.
4846:Resisting oppression
4802:matrix of domination
4450:Feminist art critics
4425:Feminist comic books
4382:Lists and categories
4061:By continent/country
3892:Pathways perspective
3775:Gender mainstreaming
3710:Views on pornography
3619:Substantive equality
3599:Reproductive justice
3549:Matriarchal religion
3402:Diversity (politics)
3338:Political lesbianism
2648:Other women's rights
2469:Beverly Guy-Sheftall
2380:second-wave feminism
2363:indigenous feminists
2055:analytical framework
1303:Political repression
288:Anti-left handedness
278:Anti-intellectualism
12093:2020s controversies
12088:2010s controversies
11846:Historical eugenics
11383:Segregation academy
11363:Religious terrorism
11152:Enemy of the people
11060:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
10579:Jehovah's Witnesses
10472:Perpetual foreigner
9732:Fox, Laura (2024).
9018:10.1017/bhj.2023.41
9000:Nissen, A. (2023).
7763:on 1 December 2017.
7542:bell hooks (1981).
7421:on 29 October 2017.
7246:on 18 January 2012.
6400:"Intersectionality"
6209:Stanford Law Review
5821:bell hooks (2015).
5565:For examples, see:
5521:Oppression Olympics
5506:Implicit stereotype
5149:conflict resolution
4874:calls the mythical
4639:social institutions
4548:Feminism portal
4455:Feminist economists
4445:Ecofeminist authors
4250:Trinidad and Tobago
4190:Republic of Ireland
3882:Composition studies
3649:Women's empowerment
3604:Sex workers' rights
3529:Feminist capitalism
3509:Internalized sexism
3442:Feminism in culture
2550:History of feminism
2422:third-wave feminism
2281:aspects of violence
1828:Historical eugenics
1343:Segregation academy
1323:Religious terrorism
1112:Enemy of the people
1020:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
523:Jehovah's Witnesses
408:Perpetual foreigner
11758:Social integration
11753:Self-determination
11743:Racial integration
11691:Diversity training
11681:Cultural pluralism
11656:Affirmative action
11556:Racial segregation
11466:Crime of apartheid
11368:Religious violence
10871:Indigenous people
10276:Sexual orientation
9981:10.1111/phc3.12129
9969:Philosophy Compass
9932:10.1111/hypa.12044
9584:www.britannica.com
9550:10.1037/cdp0000329
9466:10.1007/BF00055564
8882:. pp. 29â56.
8849:Raisons Politiques
8343:. 12/13: 333â358.
8145:. pp. 10â31.
5496:Disability justice
5284:encyclopedic style
5271:is written like a
5100:counselors in the
5006:
4990:Japanese Americans
4967:researchers noted
3860:Literary criticism
3725:Views on sexuality
3412:Effects on society
3380:Complementarianism
3355:Women's liberation
3110:Religious variants
3084:trans-exclusionary
2802:Radical lesbianism
2465:
2461:Black Lives Matter
2388:Gloria E. AnzaldĂșa
1732:Social integration
1727:Self-determination
1717:Racial integration
1665:Diversity training
1655:Cultural pluralism
1630:Affirmative action
1522:Racial segregation
1432:Crime of apartheid
1328:Religious violence
823:Indigenous people
204:Sexual orientation
42:
12073:Intersectionality
12060:
12059:
11928:Racism by country
11856:Intersectionality
11841:Heteronormativity
11640:Voter suppression
11388:Sexual harassment
11187:Forced conversion
11107:Cultural genocide
10770:African Americans
10589:postâCold War era
10574:Eastern Orthodoxy
10337:Anti-drug addicts
10332:Anti-homelessness
10259:Scientific racism
10103:intersectionality
10090:Intersectionality
10055:978-0-86491-355-5
10031:978-1-5095-3967-3
10022:Intersectionality
10012:978-1-4780-0709-8
9685:978-1-003-08952-0
9248:978-0-19-932858-1
9158:978-1-4399-1486-1
9125:978-1-003-11967-8
8897:978-3-031-07929-0
8788:978-0-231-14027-0
8752:978-0-231-14027-0
8647:978-1-4338-3069-3
8464:978-0-7425-4778-0
8325:978-0-85724-744-5
8300:978-0-7546-7980-6
8252:Social Identities
8160:978-1-315-70979-6
8096:(12): 2099â2106.
7733:978-0-07-802678-2
7582:978-0-7637-7725-8
7557:978-0-89608-128-4
7528:978-0-19-062892-5
7501:978-1-000-02484-5
7474:978-1-4985-9159-1
7447:978-0-913175-03-3
7415:The Feminist Wire
7392:978-1-5809-1186-3
7340:. 22 October 2023
7338:www.berggruen.org
7319:978-0-415-92484-9
7188:978-0-415-49383-3
7116:978-1-56584-256-4
7018:978-0-912670-92-8
6983:978-0-8223-5160-3
6909:978-0-8032-8555-2
6861:20.500.12209/1062
6799:978-1-305-28027-4
6718:978-0-394-71351-9
6690:978-1-138-82166-8
6616:978-0-8133-5044-8
6580:978-0-8229-7975-3
6421:978-1-4798-6745-5
6385:son.rochester.edu
6269:978-1-56584-271-7
6110:978-90-04-44483-6
5899:978-0-19-932858-1
5832:978-1-138-82148-4
5601:978-1-1388-2166-8
5437:
5436:
5429:
5391:This section may
5312:
5311:
5304:
5205:Cultural hegemony
5098:domestic violence
5082:global capitalism
5022:feminism in India
4969:low birth weights
4960:
4959:
4952:
4833:standpoint theory
4827:Both Collins and
4685:Kimberle Crenshaw
4611:domestic violence
4599:identity politics
4590:intersectionality
4586:Kimberlé Crenshaw
4582:
4581:
4533:
4532:
4052:
4051:
4042:womanist theology
3985:Political ecology
3816:Ăcriture fĂ©minine
3743:
3742:
3634:Triple oppression
3624:Toxic masculinity
3609:Sexual harassment
3469:Feminist stripper
3447:Feminist movement
3003:
3002:
2934:Africana womanism
2765:
2764:
2482:intersectionality
2435:Iris Marion Young
2426:intersectionality
2351:Anna Julia Cooper
2301:heteronormativity
2269:Kimberlé Crenshaw
2261:
2260:
2215:standpoint theory
2211:feminist theories
2204:triple oppression
2172:Kimberlé Crenshaw
2168:intersectionality
2137:waves of feminism
2048:Intersectionality
2045:
2044:
1908:Racism by country
1837:Intersectionality
1823:Heteronormativity
1606:Voter suppression
1348:Sexual harassment
1147:Forced conversion
1067:Cultural genocide
722:African Americans
533:postâCold War era
518:Eastern Orthodoxy
273:Anti-drug addicts
268:Anti-homelessness
187:Scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
12100:
12050:
12049:
12040:
12039:
11980:Social privilege
11965:Social exclusion
11893:Police brutality
11814:Multiculturalism
11784:Amatonormativity
11615:Social exclusion
11451:Age of candidacy
11251:Homeless dumping
11157:Ethnic cleansing
10142:
10135:
10128:
10119:
10118:
10114:
10099:
10087:
10073:
10067:
10059:
10047:
10035:
10016:
9997:
9984:
9959:
9901:
9900:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9824:
9806:
9782:
9776:
9769:
9763:
9753:
9729:
9720:
9719:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9663:
9657:
9656:
9646:
9628:
9604:
9595:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9503:(6): 1312â1315.
9492:
9486:
9485:
9449:
9440:
9439:
9429:
9420:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9382:
9363:
9362:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9299:
9293:
9292:
9256:
9250:
9228:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9178:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9103:
9097:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9077:
9071:
9070:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9029:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8956:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8908:
8902:
8901:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8839:
8833:
8832:
8802:
8793:
8792:
8776:
8768:
8757:
8756:
8740:
8732:
8726:
8725:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8633:
8624:
8623:
8613:
8603:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8540:
8529:
8528:
8510:
8484:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8450:
8439:
8429:
8423:
8422:
8421:. 9 August 2023.
8415:
8406:
8405:
8377:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8285:Schiek, Dagmar;
8282:
8276:
8275:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8228:
8222:
8221:
8203:
8179:
8173:
8172:
8140:
8131:
8122:
8121:
8085:
8076:
8075:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8010:
8001:
8000:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7923:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7893:
7887:
7886:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7804:
7780:
7765:
7764:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7716:
7705:
7704:
7676:
7665:
7664:
7636:
7627:
7626:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7549:
7539:
7533:
7532:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7439:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7417:. Archived from
7406:
7397:
7396:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7356:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7311:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7264:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7230:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7139:
7130:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7108:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7030:
7024:
7022:
7006:
6995:
6963:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6847:(3): 1771â1800.
6836:
6827:
6826:
6825:on 5 April 2019.
6821:. Archived from
6810:
6804:
6803:
6785:
6776:
6775:
6757:
6734:Feminist Studies
6729:
6723:
6722:
6705:Davis, Angela Y.
6701:
6695:
6694:
6676:
6667:
6666:
6656:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6602:
6593:
6592:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6535:
6529:
6525:
6501:
6492:
6491:
6479:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6462:. Archived from
6449:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6425:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6340:
6325:
6324:
6284:
6275:
6273:
6261:
6250:
6224:
6215:(6): 1241â1299.
6204:
6187:
6184:
6172:
6170:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6140:
6138:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6070:Southbank Centre
6059:
6053:
6052:
6042:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5975:
5966:
5965:
5939:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5919:. TEDWomen 2016.
5910:
5904:
5903:
5877:
5866:
5865:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5769:
5756:
5755:
5730:
5707:Feminist Studies
5698:
5692:
5691:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5639:
5622:
5563:
5432:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5412:
5408:balanced fashion
5386:
5385:
5378:
5307:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5236:persecution and
5208:
5110:police brutality
5092:In the field of
5075:coined the term
4955:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4935:
4911:
4910:
4903:
4850:Speaking from a
4751:Marxist feminist
4729:anarcha-feminism
4588:coined the term
4574:
4567:
4560:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4485:Feminist parties
4480:Muslim feminists
4475:Jewish feminists
4386:
4385:
4367:History of women
3990:Political theory
3758:
3757:
3688:
3687:
3661:
3654:Women-only space
3539:Likeability trap
3504:Invisible labour
3422:Female education
3231:Anti-pornography
3086:
3085:
3081:
2797:Lesbian of color
2780:
2779:
2657:Women's suffrage
2633:Muslim countries
2628:Women's suffrage
2545:Feminist history
2538:
2537:
2527:
2504:
2503:
2500:Feminist thought
2480:coined the term
2372:cultural studies
2343:Ain't I a Woman?
2288:W. E. B. Du Bois
2252:Southbank Centre
2244:
2243:
2225:
2224:
2037:
2030:
2023:
1960:Social privilege
1945:Social exclusion
1873:Police brutality
1796:Multiculturalism
1766:Amatonormativity
1581:Social exclusion
1417:Age of candidacy
1211:Homeless dumping
1117:Ethnic cleansing
67:
44:
43:
21:
12108:
12107:
12103:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12098:
12097:
12083:Feminist theory
12063:
12062:
12061:
12056:
12028:
11903:Polyculturalism
11799:Civil liberties
11767:
11748:Reappropriation
11649:Countermeasures
11644:
11573:Racial steering
11539:Numerus clausus
11443:
11437:
11162:Ethnic conflict
11097:Corrective rape
11048:
10688:
10535:
10427:HIV/AIDS stigma
10295:
10244:Mental disorder
10182:
10151:
10146:
10109:
10080:
10061:
10060:
10056:
10045:
10032:
10013:
9910:
9908:Further reading
9905:
9904:
9861:
9857:
9842:
9838:
9783:
9779:
9730:
9723:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9664:
9660:
9605:
9598:
9588:
9586:
9578:
9577:
9573:
9530:
9526:
9493:
9489:
9450:
9443:
9427:
9421:
9404:
9394:
9392:
9384:
9383:
9366:
9339:Feminist Theory
9335:
9331:
9300:
9296:
9257:
9253:
9229:
9225:
9204:
9200:
9176:
9170:
9166:
9159:
9145:
9141:
9126:
9104:
9100:
9090:
9088:
9078:
9074:
9047:New Labor Forum
9039:
9035:
8998:
8994:
8954:
8948:
8944:
8909:
8905:
8898:
8875:
8871:
8840:
8836:
8803:
8796:
8789:
8769:
8760:
8753:
8733:
8729:
8690:
8686:
8659:
8655:
8648:
8634:
8627:
8580:
8576:
8541:
8532:
8482:
8476:
8472:
8465:
8451:
8442:
8430:
8426:
8417:
8416:
8409:
8378:
8374:
8363:
8337:
8333:
8326:
8312:
8308:
8301:
8283:
8279:
8248:
8244:
8229:
8225:
8180:
8176:
8161:
8138:
8132:
8125:
8086:
8079:
8040:
8036:
8011:
8004:
7979:
7975:
7942:
7938:
7930:
7924:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7901:www.ualberta.ca
7895:
7894:
7890:
7857:
7853:
7830:
7826:
7789:Social Problems
7781:
7768:
7745:
7741:
7734:
7717:
7708:
7677:
7668:
7637:
7630:
7597:Bottici, Chiara
7594:
7590:
7583:
7569:
7565:
7558:
7540:
7536:
7529:
7513:
7509:
7502:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7459:
7455:
7448:
7430:
7426:
7407:
7400:
7393:
7379:
7375:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7343:
7341:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7320:
7302:
7298:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7243:
7228:
7222:
7218:
7208:
7206:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7175:
7171:
7140:
7133:
7128:
7124:
7117:
7099:
7095:
7066:
7062:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
6984:
6956:
6952:
6929:
6925:
6910:
6888:
6884:
6837:
6830:
6811:
6807:
6800:
6786:
6779:
6746:10.2307/3178747
6730:
6726:
6719:
6702:
6698:
6691:
6677:
6670:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6603:
6596:
6581:
6559:
6555:
6536:
6532:
6502:
6495:
6480:
6473:
6468:on 18 May 2018.
6450:
6443:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6396:
6392:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6341:
6328:
6285:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6231:10.2307/1229039
6222:10.1.1.695.5934
6205:
6190:
6182:
6178:Wayback Machine
6168:
6162:
6158:
6150:
6146:Wayback Machine
6136:
6130:
6126:
6111:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6011:
6007:
5986:(4): 993â1017.
5976:
5969:
5937:
5931:
5924:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5878:
5869:
5856:
5855:
5848:
5833:
5819:
5815:
5770:
5759:
5719:10.2307/3178416
5699:
5695:
5663:
5659:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5486:
5477:
5433:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5403:help improve it
5400:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5359:
5351:Main articles:
5349:
5340:
5317:
5308:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5280:help improve it
5277:
5265:
5261:
5254:
5229:
5217:Brittney Cooper
5187:Double Jeopardy
5157:
5145:
5136:
5122:
5090:
5061:
4998:
4956:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4925:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4892:
4880:Gloria AnzaldĂșa
4856:objectification
4848:
4825:
4811:Sister Outsider
4798:
4793:
4772:
4756:consumer racism
4749:Collins uses a
4665:Gloria AnzaldĂșa
4578:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4436:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4282:Northern Cyprus
4062:
4054:
4053:
4048:
3870:Science fiction
3821:
3800:Women's studies
3765:Feminist method
3755:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3685:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3659:
3569:Oedipus complex
3559:Men in feminism
3524:Language reform
3499:Ideal womanhood
3479:Gender equality
3474:Formal equality
3437:Feminationalism
3375:Cognitive labor
3369:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3316:Post-structural
3215:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3083:
3080:Gender-critical
3079:
3078:
3029:Femonationalism
3013:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2978:Native American
2918:
2873:Critical theory
2835:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2716:Second Republic
2644:
2614:
2581:
2555:Women's history
2535:
2502:
2490:Gloria AnzaldĂșa
2339:Sojourner Truth
2241:
2228:External videos
2223:
2157:immigrant women
2041:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1883:Polyculturalism
1781:Civil liberties
1753:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1722:Reappropriation
1622:
1621:Countermeasures
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1539:Racial steering
1505:Numerus clausus
1409:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1122:Ethnic conflict
1057:Corrective rape
1012:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
647:
636:
635:
634:
633:
632:
485:
475:
474:
473:
472:
471:
363:HIV/AIDS stigma
235:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
172:Mental disorder
114:
106:
105:
104:
103:
102:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12106:
12096:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12054:
12044:
12033:
12030:
12029:
12027:
12026:
12021:
12020:
12019:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11998:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11952:
11951:
11950:
11948:Reverse racism
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11918:Prisoner abuse
11915:
11910:
11908:Power distance
11905:
11900:
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11874:
11873:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11826:Ethnic penalty
11823:
11822:
11821:
11819:Neurodiversity
11816:
11806:
11804:Dehumanization
11801:
11796:
11794:Cisnormativity
11791:
11786:
11781:
11775:
11773:
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839:
834:
829:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
735:
734:
729:
724:
714:
709:
704:
703:
702:
697:
692:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
641:
638:
637:
631:
630:
628:Zoroastrianism
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
604:
603:
593:
592:
591:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
559:
558:
557:
555:Untouchability
552:
542:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
505:
500:
495:
489:
488:
487:
486:
481:
480:
477:
476:
470:
469:
464:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
437:
436:
435:
430:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:Leprosy stigma
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
238:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
190:
189:
184:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
118:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
59:
57:Discrimination
53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12105:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12070:
12068:
12053:
12045:
12043:
12035:
12034:
12031:
12025:
12022:
12018:
12015:
12014:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12002:Social stigma
12000:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11982:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11956:
11953:
11949:
11946:
11945:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11811:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11776:
11774:
11770:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11692:
11689:
11688:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11653:
11651:
11647:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11625:State atheism
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11590:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11561:Jim Crow laws
11559:
11558:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11546:One-drop rule
11544:
11542:
11540:
11536:
11534:
11531:
11529:
11526:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11461:Blood quantum
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11440:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11408:Victimisation
11406:
11404:
11403:Trans bashing
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11373:Religious war
11371:
11369:
11366:
11364:
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11353:Racialization
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11303:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11235:
11232:
11231:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11224:Glass ceiling
11222:
11218:
11215:
11214:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11167:Ethnic hatred
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11102:Counter-jihad
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11066:
11063:
11062:
11061:
11058:
11057:
11055:
11051:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10913:
10910:
10909:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10886:
10885:United States
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10749:
10748:United States
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10735:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10696:
10691:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10669:Protestantism
10667:
10665:
10662:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10653:
10650:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10625:
10624:
10621:
10620:
10619:
10616:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10584:LDS or Mormon
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10546:
10544:
10542:
10538:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10514:Transmisogyny
10512:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10417:Gerontophobia
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10347:Anti-intersex
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10322:Anti-albinism
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10298:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10251:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10191:
10189:
10185:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10163:Institutional
10161:
10160:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10143:
10138:
10136:
10131:
10129:
10124:
10123:
10120:
10112:
10108:
10106:at Wiktionary
10105:
10104:
10098:
10094:
10091:
10086:
10082:
10081:
10071:
10065:
10057:
10051:
10044:
10043:
10037:
10033:
10027:
10023:
10018:
10014:
10008:
10004:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9966:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9912:
9911:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9859:
9851:
9847:
9846:"Magical Law"
9840:
9832:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9781:
9775:
9773:
9768:
9761:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9728:
9726:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9694:
9687:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9662:
9654:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9636:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9603:
9601:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9528:
9519:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9491:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9448:
9446:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9391:
9387:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9360:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9333:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9298:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9255:
9249:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9218:
9213:
9209:
9202:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9181:Trans-Scripts
9175:
9168:
9160:
9154:
9150:
9143:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9121:
9117:
9113:
9109:
9102:
9087:
9083:
9076:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9037:
9028:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8996:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8968:
8964:
8960:
8953:
8946:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8907:
8899:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8873:
8864:
8859:
8856:(2): 91â100.
8855:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8838:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8809:
8801:
8799:
8790:
8784:
8780:
8775:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8754:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8731:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8688:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8657:
8649:
8643:
8639:
8632:
8630:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8526:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8466:
8460:
8456:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8438:
8434:
8428:
8420:
8414:
8412:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8376:
8368:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8327:
8321:
8317:
8310:
8302:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8246:
8238:
8234:
8227:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8178:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8137:
8130:
8128:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8084:
8082:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8038:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8009:
8007:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7977:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7940:
7929:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7902:
7898:
7892:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7855:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7828:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7743:
7735:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7635:
7633:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7603:
7602:Thesis Eleven
7598:
7592:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7567:
7559:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7538:
7530:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7511:
7503:
7497:
7493:
7492:
7484:
7476:
7470:
7466:
7465:
7457:
7449:
7443:
7438:
7437:
7428:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7405:
7403:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7377:
7361:
7360:"Audre Lorde"
7355:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7321:
7315:
7310:
7309:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7263:
7253:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7204:
7198:
7190:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7136:
7126:
7118:
7112:
7107:
7106:
7097:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7029:
7020:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7004:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6962:
6954:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6886:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6835:
6833:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6801:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6782:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6720:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6692:
6686:
6682:
6675:
6673:
6664:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6618:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6599:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6557:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6500:
6498:
6489:
6485:
6478:
6476:
6466:
6461:
6460:
6459:New Statesman
6455:
6448:
6446:
6437:
6431:
6423:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6386:
6382:
6376:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
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6290:
6283:
6281:
6271:
6265:
6260:
6259:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6185:
6179:
6175:
6167:
6160:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6128:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
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6016:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5972:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5927:
5918:
5917:
5909:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5674:(2): 93â116.
5673:
5669:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5634:
5617:
5616:0-393-01954-3
5613:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5568:
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5539:
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5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5472:
5469:
5464:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5431:
5428:
5420:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5380:
5379:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5344:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5306:
5303:
5295:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5269:This section
5267:
5258:
5257:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5152:
5150:
5140:
5131:
5128:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5102:United States
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5002:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4954:
4951:
4943:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4905:
4904:
4896:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:Dorothy Smith
4820:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4744:
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4730:
4726:
4722:
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4716:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4651:
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4640:
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4606:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4539:
4538:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4362:United States
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:Latin America
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Technoscience
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Art criticism
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3805:Men's studies
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:Views on BDSM
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3629:Transmisogyny
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Purplewashing
3587:
3585:
3584:Protofeminism
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Honor killing
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:Individualist
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:Cyberfeminism
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Anti-abortion
3017:
3016:
3009:
3008:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:Multicultural
2922:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2907:Transnational
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:Postgenderism
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:Transfeminism
2817:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2750:United States
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Liechtenstein
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2492:'s work as a
2491:
2487:
2486:Gloria Wekker
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:Leslie McCall
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Social stigma
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:State atheism
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Jim Crow laws
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:One-drop rule
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
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11428:Wife selling
11418:White flight
11398:Slut-shaming
11378:Scapegoating
11296:Murder music
10969:Palestinians
10912:Anti-Zionism
10780:South Africa
10765:Black people
10743:South Africa
10564:Christianity
10554:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
10482:Sectarianism
10422:Heterosexism
10387:Ephebiphobia
10357:Anti-Masonry
10224:Hair texture
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5246:
5238:antisemitism
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5073:Shelly Grabe
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4946:
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4869:
4865:dehumanizing
4849:
4837:
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4791:Key concepts
4785:
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4583:
4312:Saudi Arabia
4108:South Africa
3951:Epistemology
3926:Legal theory
3845:Architecture
3835:Anthropology
3814:
3780:Gynocentrism
3644:War on women
3579:Pro-feminism
3534:Gender-blind
3484:Gender quota
3457:Art movement
3226:Anti-fascist
3160:Dianic Wicca
3039:Postfeminism
2914:Xenofeminism
2897:Postcolonial
2814:Sex-positive
2481:
2477:Pauli Murray
2472:
2466:
2443:
2425:
2415:
2404:
2397:
2392:Angela Davis
2376:Ida B. Wells
2336:
2307:
2305:
2285:
2273:
2262:
2246:
2208:
2167:
2165:
2145:middle-class
2127:
2052:sociological
2047:
2046:
1818:Gender-blind
1697:Human rights
1517:Racial quota
1504:
1484:Jewish quota
1464:Gerontocracy
1459:Gender roles
1437:Disabilities
1422:Blood purity
1388:Wife selling
1378:White flight
1358:Slut-shaming
1338:Scapegoating
1256:Murder music
921:Palestinians
864:Anti-Zionism
732:South Africa
717:Black people
695:South Africa
508:Christianity
498:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
418:Sectarianism
358:Heterosexism
323:Ephebiphobia
293:Anti-Masonry
152:Hair texture
38:Venn diagram
29:
11738:Nonviolence
11733:LGBT rights
11698:Empowerment
11666:Anti-racism
11588:Segregation
11533:No kid zone
11333:Persecution
11246:Hate speech
11197:Gay bashing
11172:Ethnic joke
11127:Dog whistle
11072:Blood libel
10760:Azerbaijani
10664:Neopaganism
10657:Persecution
10623:Persecution
10606:Persecution
10569:Catholicism
10504:Transphobia
10487:Supremacism
10442:Lesbophobia
10362:Aporophobia
10327:Anti-autism
10178:Taste-based
10173:Statistical
9797:(9): 3116.
9710:(1): 1â11.
9460:(1): 7â59.
9086:The Bellows
8555:(1): 1â30.
8293:. Ashgate.
8237:Marketplace
7257:HeinOnline.
6550:(3): 75â86.
6072:via YouTube
5475:Magical law
5445:ecofeminist
5242:Kathy Davis
5231:Generating
5227:Methodology
5182:Tommy Curry
5166:Ben Shapiro
5143:Remediation
5094:social work
5088:Social work
4872:Audre Lorde
4806:Audre Lorde
4689:Audre Lorde
4650:Audre Lorde
4623:pop culture
4317:South Korea
4297:Philippines
4277:New Zealand
4272:Netherlands
3995:Pornography
3973:Metaphysics
3887:Criminology
3865:Film theory
3840:Archaeology
3519:Women's Day
3311:Libertarian
3253:Ecofeminism
3170:Ecofeminist
3051:Reactionary
3044:Neofeminism
2985:Multiracial
2890:Ecofeminist
2885:Materialist
2728:Switzerland
2708:New Zealand
2417:Roe v. Wade
2384:Audre Lorde
2368:Stuart Hall
2192:black women
1712:Nonviolence
1707:LGBT rights
1672:Empowerment
1640:Anti-racism
1554:Segregation
1499:No kid zone
1293:Persecution
1206:Hate speech
1157:Gay bashing
1132:Ethnic joke
1087:Dog whistle
1032:Blood libel
712:Azerbaijani
608:Neopaganism
601:Persecution
567:Persecution
550:Persecution
513:Catholicism
440:Transphobia
423:Supremacism
378:Lesbophobia
298:Aporophobia
263:Anti-autism
98:Taste-based
93:Statistical
12067:Categories
12012:Stereotype
12007:Speciesism
11888:Oppression
11883:Oikophobia
11779:Allophilia
11763:Toleration
11620:Sodomy law
11513:Internment
11433:Witch-hunt
11311:Blackhawks
11241:Hate group
11229:Hate crime
11202:Gendercide
11192:Freak show
11182:Excellence
11142:Employment
11112:Defamation
11044:Vietnamese
11039:Venezuelan
10929:Lithuanian
10596:Falun Gong
10531:Xenophobia
10526:Vegaphobia
10509:Non-binary
10467:Pedophobia
10432:Homophobia
10254:Skin color
10214:Disability
10187:Attributes
10168:Structural
9589:7 December
9518:1807/33199
8611:1808/21823
8341:Boundary 2
8188:Demography
7082:(2): 104.
6025:: 100977.
5784:: 100798.
5629:References
5531:Speciesism
5526:Polylogism
5516:Misogynoir
5347:Psychology
5292:March 2023
4940:March 2017
4816:bell hooks
4701:bell hooks
4693:bell hooks
4513:Categories
4415:Literature
4125:Bangladesh
4000:Psychology
3946:Empiricism
3941:Aesthetics
3936:Philosophy
3810:Patriarchy
3795:Matriarchy
3515:Girl's Day
3489:Girl power
3462:In hip hop
3385:Literature
3343:Separatist
3321:Postmodern
3287:Difference
3221:Analytical
3165:Reclaiming
2973:Indigenous
2878:Standpoint
2807:Separatist
2659:by country
2400:bell hooks
2347:femininity
2153:poor women
2123:oppressing
2119:empowering
2103:disability
1992:Stereotype
1987:Speciesism
1868:Oppression
1863:Oikophobia
1761:Allophilia
1737:Toleration
1586:Sodomy law
1479:Internment
1393:Witch-hunt
1271:Blackhawks
1201:Hate group
1189:Hate crime
1162:Gendercide
1152:Freak show
1142:Excellence
1102:Employment
1072:Defamation
996:Vietnamese
991:Venezuelan
881:Lithuanian
540:Falun Gong
467:Xenophobia
462:Vegaphobia
445:Non-binary
403:Pedophobia
368:Homophobia
182:Skin color
142:Disability
113:Attributes
88:Structural
11985:Christian
11913:Prejudice
11861:Masculism
11809:Diversity
11603:religious
11578:Redlining
11177:Ethnocide
11137:Education
11029:Ukrainian
10964:Pakistani
10954:Mongolian
10875:Australia
10857:Hungarian
10812:Colombian
10792:Bulgarian
10674:Rastafari
10628:Ahmadiyya
10541:Religious
10519:Trans men
10477:Pregnancy
10412:Gayphobia
10407:Fatphobia
10312:Acephobia
10307:Arophobia
10291:Viewpoint
10064:cite book
9956:143824123
9940:0887-5367
9889:0007-1315
9813:1661-7827
9772:CC BY 4.0
9760:1939-4071
9716:2201-3008
9635:1664-1078
9566:213180686
9474:1573-0476
9359:145295170
9345:: 67â85.
9281:1573-2762
9261:Sex Roles
9193:2160-6730
9134:234091480
9067:219429466
8987:236668880
8979:1470-8442
8937:1743-923X
8722:144680534
8569:145668809
8549:Meridians
8525:220918842
8402:145233506
8272:145104826
8169:140276325
7968:144145167
7819:144491582
7701:144311164
7623:148911963
7609:(1): 95.
7164:143446946
7055:149590053
6992:242615176
6772:152165042
6663:145739525
6522:0892-5593
6430:cite book
6367:146255922
6321:143982074
6217:CiteSeerX
6119:242630915
6068:(Video).
6000:144641071
5962:165115259
5841:886381091
5752:A18800342
5745:233181156
5688:147454725
5580:(2):1-24
5511:Kyriarchy
5417:July 2024
5155:Criticism
5127:Fineman's
5052:Québécois
4932:talk page
4584:In 1989,
4403:Feminists
4215:Argentina
4175:Indonesia
4165:Hong Kong
4120:Australia
4027:Sociology
3909:Geography
3899:Economics
3790:Male gaze
3785:Kyriarchy
3246:Networked
3128:Christian
2863:Jineology
2851:Anarchist
2841:Socialist
2721:Francoist
2673:Australia
2619:Timelines
2330:women or
2166:The term
2095:sexuality
2087:ethnicity
2067:privilege
1965:Christian
1893:Prejudice
1841:Masculism
1791:Diversity
1569:religious
1544:Redlining
1137:Ethnocide
1097:Education
981:Ukrainian
916:Pakistani
906:Mongolian
827:Australia
809:Hungarian
764:Colombian
744:Bulgarian
618:Rastafari
572:Ahmadiyya
483:Religious
455:Trans men
413:Pregnancy
348:Gayphobia
343:Fatphobia
248:Acephobia
243:Arophobia
219:Viewpoint
12042:Category
12024:The talk
11960:Snobbery
11878:Net bias
11708:Feminism
11635:Ugly law
11476:Catholic
11444:policies
11291:Mortgage
11286:Lynching
11217:examples
11212:Genocide
11132:Economic
11117:Democide
11077:Bullying
10994:Romanian
10959:Nigerian
10902:Japanese
10837:Georgian
10822:Filipino
10755:Assyrian
10728:Armenian
10718:American
10713:Albanian
10695:National
10679:Yazidism
10601:Hinduism
10559:Buddhism
10462:Nepotism
10457:Misogyny
10452:Misandry
10377:Clannism
10372:Biphobia
10317:Adultism
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