International relations (1814–1919)

5310:

1915, and other countries such as Romania in 1916. The United States, initially neutral, tried to broker a settlement but in April, 1917, it declared war on Germany. The U.S. cooperated with the Allies but did not formally join them, and it negotiated peace separately. Despite overcoming Romania in 1916 (although Romania continued to fight until May 1918, later rejoining the war in November 1918) and Russia in March 1918, the Central Powers collapsed in November, 1918; and Germany accepted an "armistice" that in practice was a total surrender. Much of the diplomatic efforts of the major powers was oriented toward pushing neutral countries into the alliance with promises of rich territorial rewards. Britain, the United States and Germany spent large sums funding their allies. Propaganda campaigns to maintain morale at home and undermine morale in the enemy camp, especially among minorities, were a priority for the major powers. They also engaged in subversion, by subsidizing political groups that try to overthrow the enemy regime, as the Bolsheviks did in Russia in 1917. Both sides made secret agreements with neutrals to entice them into joining the war in return for a slice of enemy territory after victory was achieved. Some land was promised to several nations, so some promises therefore had to be broken. That left permanent bitter legacies, especially in Italy. Blaming the war in part on secret treaties, President Wilson called in his

5039:

few overtures to Berlin, but they were rebuffed, and after 1900 there was a threat of war between France and Germany over Germany's attempt to deny French expansion into Morocco. Great Britain was still in its "splendid isolation" mode and after a major agreement in 1890 with Germany, it seemed especially favorable toward Berlin. Colonial conflicts in Africa brought Britain and France to a major crisis: the Fashoda crisis of 1898 brought Britain and France to the brink of war and ended with a humiliation of France that left it hostile to Britain. By 1892 Russia was the only opportunity for France to break out of its diplomatic isolation. Russia had been allied with Germany: the new Kaiser, Wilhelm, removed Bismarck in 1890 and in 1892 ended the "Reinsurance treaty" with Russia. Russia was now alone diplomatically and like France, it needed a military alliance to contain the threat of Germany's strong army and military aggressiveness. The pope, angered by German anti-Catholicism, worked diplomatically to bring Paris and St. Petersburg together. Russia desperately needed money for railway infrastructure and port facilities. The German government refused to allow its banks to lend money to Russia, but

921: 5329: 10714: 2607: 998: 3210: 2965:

Great Britain and the United States. By then peacetime Germany had an army of 545,000, which could be expanded in a matter of days to 3.4 million by calling up the reserves. The comparable numbers in France were 1.8 million and 3.5 million; Austria, 1.1 million and 2.6 million; Russia, 1.7 million to 4 million. The new system was expensive, with a per capita cost of the forces doubling or even tripling between 1870 and 1914. By then total defense spending averaged about 5% of the national income. Nevertheless, taxpayers seemed satisfied; parents were especially impressed with the dramatic improvements shown in the immature boys they sent away at age 18, compared to the worldly-wise men who returned two years later.

4696:. It indicated some highly influential Germans, alarmed by France's rapid recovery from defeat in 1871 and its rearmament program, talked of launching a preventive war against France to hold it down. There was a war scare in Germany and France, and Britain and Russia made it clear they would not tolerate a preventive war. Bismarck did not want any war either, but the unexpected crisis forced him to take into account the fear and alarm that his bullying and Germany's fast-growing power was causing among its neighbors. The crisis reinforced Bismarck's determination that Germany had to work in proactive fashion to preserve the peace in Europe, rather than passively let events take their own course and react to them. 4628:. The issue drew the party line between Gladstone's Liberals (who denounced the immoral Ottomans) and Disraeli's Conservatives (who downplayed the atrocities and supported the Ottoman Empire as an offset to Russian power). Disraeli had threatened war with Russia on the issue and Gladstone argued he was wrong. Liberal opinion was convulsed by atrocities in the Balkans, in particular the massacre of more than 10,000 Christian Bulgars by Turkish irregulars. Gladstone denounced the Turks for committing "abominable and bestial lusts ... at which Hell itself might almost blush" and demanded they withdraw from European soil "bag and baggage". His pamphlet sold an astonishing 200,000 copies. 5007:

Britain. France saw its opportunity, as Russia was looking for a new partner and French financiers invested heavily in Russian economic development. In 1893 Paris and St. Petersburg signed an alliance. France was no longer isolated – but Germany was increasingly isolated and distrusted, with only Austria as a serious ally. The Triple Alliance included Germany, Austria, and Italy, but Italy had serious disputes with Austria, and switched sides when the world war erupted. Britain was also moving toward alliances, having abandoned its policy of splendid isolation. By 1903, France settled its disputes with Britain. After Russia and Britain settled their disputes over Persia in the 1907

710: 4539: 805:

The first steam engines were very inefficient, using a great deal of coal. For an ocean voyage in the 1860s, half of the cargo space was given over to coal. The problem was especially acute for warships, because their combat range using coal was strictly limited. Only the British Empire had a network of coaling stations that permitted a global scope for the Royal Navy. Steady improvement gave high-powered compound engines which were much more efficient. The boilers and pistons were built of steel, which could handle much higher pressures than iron. They were first used for high-priority cargo, such as mail and passengers. The arrival of the

10923:

negotiation, 1907–12 – v. 7. The Agadir crisis – v. 8. Arbitration, neutrality and security – v. 9. The Balkan wars, pt. 1-2 – v.10, pt.1. The Near and Middle East on the eve of war. pt. 2. The last years of peace—v.11. The outbreak of war V.3. The testing of the Entente, 1904–6 -- v.4. The Anglo-Russian rapprochement, 1903–7 -- v.5. The Near East, 1903–9 -- v.6. Anglo-German tension. Armaments and negotiation, 1907–12—v.7. The Agadir crisis—v.8. Arbitration, neutrality and security—v.9. The Balkan wars, pt.1-2 -- v.10, pt.1. The Near and Middle East on the eve of war. pt.2. The last years of peace—v.11. The outbreak of war.

33: 5176:

agreement with Germany over Morocco rankled, especially given Germany was deeply insecure about its newly acquired Great Power status. Hence Germany opted for an increase in belligerent rhetoric and, theatrically, Kaiser Wilhelm II dramatically interrupted a Mediterranean cruise to visit Tangier, where he declared Germany's support for the Sultan's independence and integrity of his kingdom, turning Morocco overnight into an international 'crisis.' Germany's plan backfired when Britain made it clear that in the event of a German attack on France, Britain would intervene on France's side. In 1906 the

3278:. They argue there was no long-term Liberal plan in support of imperialism, but the urgent necessity to act to protect the Suez Canal was decisive in the face of what appeared to be a radical collapse of law and order, and a nationalist revolt focused on expelling the Europeans, regardless of the damage it would do to international trade and the British Empire. A complete takeover of Egypt, turning it into a British colony like India was much too dangerous for it would be the signal for the powers to rush in for the spoils of the tottering Ottoman Empire, with a major war a likely result. 4744: 337:", so that no one or two powers would be dominant. If one power gained an advantage—for example by winning a war and acquiring new territory—its rivals might seek "compensation"—that is, territorial or other gains, even though they were not part of the war in the first place. The bystander might be angry if the winner of the war did not provide enough compensation. For example, in 1866, Prussia and supporting north German States defeated Austria and its southern German allies, but France was angry that it did not get any compensation to balance off the Prussian gains. 2336: 1887: 640: 375:. Some historians see the more formal version of the Concert of Europe, constituting the immediate aftermath of the Vienna Congress, as collapsing by 1823, while other historians see the Concert of Europe as persisting through most of the 19th century. Historian Richard Langhorne sees the Concert as governing international relations between the European powers until the formation of Germany in 1871, and Concert mechanisms having a more loose but detectable influence in international politics as late as the outbreak of WWI. 4581:(June–July 1878). The new Treaty of Berlin revised the earlier treaty. Germany's Chancellor Otto von Bismarck presided over the congress and brokered the compromises. The Congress ended the strong ties between Germany and Russia and they became military rivals. The obvious weakness of the Ottoman Empire incited Balkan nationalism and encouraged Vienna to become a major player in Balkan alignments. In 1879 Bismarck moved to solidify the new alignment of power by engineering an alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. 3530:

89,000 tons. The second development spurring European interest in Africa was the growing European demand for products of Africa including ivory and cloves. Thirdly, British interest in East Africa was first stimulated by their desire to abolish the slave trade. Later in the century, British interest in East Africa was stimulated by German competition, and in 1887 the Imperial British East Africa Company, a private concern, leased from Seyyid Said his mainland holdings, a 10-mile (16-km)-wide strip of land along the coast.

4433: 3714: 2720: 5221: 3375: 4302: 3430: 2266:

more clearly than ever a threat to the Ottoman and Habsburg empires, which were essentially multi-national. European culture had been enriched by the new vernacular contributions of little-known or forgotten peoples, but at the same time such unity as it had was imperilled by fragmentation. Moreover, the antagonisms fostered by nationalism had made not only for wars, insurrections, and local hatreds — they had accentuated or created new spiritual divisions in a nominally Christian Europe.

2883:). Theodore Zeldin says, "Revenge and the recovery of Alsace-Lorraine became a principal object of French policy for the next forty years. That Germany was France's enemy became the basic fact of international relations." Bismarck's solution was to make France a pariah nation, encouraging royalty to ridicule its new republican status, and building complex alliances with the other major powers – Austria, Russia, and Britain – to keep France isolated diplomatically. A key element was the 2630:, took the lead in uniting all of Germany (except for Austria), and created a new German Empire, headed by the king of Prussia. To do it, he engaged in a series of short, decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France. The many smaller German states followed the lead of Prussia, until finally they united together after defeating France in 1871. Bismarck's Germany then became the most powerful and dynamic state in Europe, and Bismarck himself promoted decades of peace in Europe. 520: 893:, a diplomat, foreign minister and prime minister. Before the Crimean War debacle that ended his career he scored numerous diplomatic triumphs, starting in 1813–1814 when as ambassador to the Austrian Empire he negotiated the alliances and financing that led to the defeat of Napoleon. In Paris he normalized relations with the newly restored Bourbon government and convinced his government they could be trusted. He worked well with top European diplomats such as his friends 4790:

the crisis to an end. The crisis permanently damaged relations between Austria-Hungary on one hand and Serbia, Italy and Russia on the other. At the time it appeared to be a total diplomatic victory for Vienna, but Russia became determined not to back down again and hastened its military build-up. Austrian–Serbian relations became permanently stressed. It aroused intense anger among Serbian nationalists that led to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

5428: 1583: 4049: 4402:. That is it did not demand an independent state, rather it flourished by holding most of the high military and diplomatic offices in the Empire. Russia was the main enemy, as well as Slavic and nationalist groups inside the Empire (especially in Bosnia-Herzegovina) and in nearby Serbia. Although Austria, Germany, and Italy had a defensive military alliance – the Triple Alliance – Italy was dissatisfied and wanted a slice of territory controlled by Vienna. 1733:. The revolutionary surge was sudden and unexpected, catching the traditional forces unprepared. But the revolutionaries were also unprepared – they had no plans on how to hold power when it was suddenly in their hands, and bickered endlessly. Reaction came much more gradually, but the aristocrats had the advantages of vast wealth, large networks of contacts, many subservient subjects, and the specific goal in mind of returning to the old status quo. 5345: 3301: 2439: 4668:, making sure that restive ethnic groups such as the Poles were kept in control. The Balkans posed a more serious issue, and Bismarck's solution was to give Austria predominance in the western areas, and Russia in the eastern areas. The system collapsed in 1887. Kaiser Wilhelm ousted Bismarck in 1890 and developed his own aggressive foreign policy. The Kaiser rejected the Russian alliance, and Russia in turn turned to an alliance with France. 885:. He therefore welcomed liberal revolutions as in France (1830), and Greece (1843). Fourth, he promoted British nationalism, looking for advantages for his nation as in the Belgian revolt of 1830 and the Italian unification of 1859. He avoided wars, and operated with only a very small British Army. He felt the best way to promote peace was to maintain a balance of power to prevent any nation—especially France or Russia—from dominating Europe. 285: 740: 4310:

Austria-Hungary and Russia, and between Russia and Great Britain. Russia especially wanted control of Constantinople in the straits connecting the Black Sea with the Mediterranean. British policy had long been to support the Ottoman Empire against Russian expansion. However, in 1876, William Gladstone added a new dimension escalated the conflict by emphasizing Ottoman atrocities against Christians in Bulgaria. The atrocities - plus

248:. The First World War unexpectedly pushed the great powers' military, diplomatic, social and economic capabilities to their limits. Germany, Austria–Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria were defeated; Germany lost its great power status, Bulgaria lost more territory, and the others were broken up into collections of states. The winners Britain, France, Italy and Japan gained permanent seats at the governing council of the new 419:

British decided not to become involved in continental issues that did not directly affect them. They rejected the plan of Tsar Alexander I to suppress future revolutions. The Concert system fell apart as the common goals of the Great Powers were replaced by growing political and economic rivalries. Artz says the Congress of Verona in 1822 "marked the end". There was no Congress called to restore the old system during the great

10211: 855:, signed in 1839, the Great Powers guaranteed the neutrality of Belgium. Its importance came to a head in 1914 when Germany invaded Belgium in an attempt to outflank and defeat the French. The Germans dismissed the agreement (which predated the formation of Imperial Germany) as a "scrap of paper" in defiance of a British ultimatum to withdraw from Belgium soil immediately leading the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany. 3383:

controlled the Congo. Bases along the coast become the nucleus of colonies that stretched inland. In the 20th century, the Scramble for Africa was widely denounced by anti-imperialist spokesmen. At the time, however, it was praised as a solution to the terrible violence and exploitation caused by unrestrained adventurers, slave traders, and exploiters. Bismarck took the lead in trying to stabilize the situation by the

5181:

left more isolated and alienated. A momentous consequence was the heightened sense of frustration and readiness for war in Germany. It spread beyond the political elite to much of the press and most of the political parties except for the Liberals and Social Democrats on the left. The Pan-German element grew in strength and denounced their government's retreat as treason, stepping up chauvinistic support for war.

4720:. France, which had been shut out of the entire alliance system by Bismarck, decided to improve relations with Russia. It lent money to the Russians, expanded trade, and began selling warships after 1890. Meanwhile, after Bismarck lost office in 1890, there was no renewal of the Reinsurance treaty between Russia and Germany. The German bankers stopped lending to Russia, which increasingly depended on Paris banks. 1980: 4875: 1791: 670:. The context of the three Great Powers' intervention was Russia's long-running expansion at the expense of the decaying Ottoman Empire. However Russia's ambitions in the region were seen as a major geostrategic threat by the other European powers. Austria feared the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire would destabilize its southern borders. Russia gave strong emotional support for the fellow 2143:. Regardless Texas operated as a de facto independent republic during the interim between the revolution and being annexed into the U.S. Following the admission of Texas as an American state-based on the border dilineated in the treaty of Velasco, Mexico severed diplomatic ties with U.S., and both countries moved to occupy the disputed territory. The situation quickly escalated; after the 628: 1682:, but they were not in power. It was the main factor in France. The main factor in the German, Italian and Austrian states was nationalism. Stimulated by the Romantic movement, nationalism had aroused numerous ethnic/language groups in their common past. Germans and Italians lived under multiple governments and demanded to be united in their own national state. Regarding the 5294: 4555:

complicated the Disraeli government's policy of supporting Turkey against Russia. Russia, which supported Serbia, threatened war against Turkey. In August 1877, Russia declared war on Turkey, and steadily defeated its armies. In early January 1878 Turkey asked for an armistice; the British fleet arrived at Constantinople too late. Russia and Turkey on 3 March signed the

959:'s autocratic rule and efforts to put Dutch education on equal standing with French (in the Southern parts of the kingdom). There were high levels of unemployment and industrial unrest among the working classes. There was small-scale fighting but it took years before the Netherlands finally recognized defeat. In 1839 the Dutch accepted Belgian independence by signing the 1879:. Britain, now fearing for the security of the Ottoman Empire, sent a fleet to join with the French expecting the Russians would back down. Diplomatic efforts failed. The Sultan declared war against Russia in October 1851. Following an Ottoman naval disaster in November, Britain and France declared war against Russia. Most of the battles took place in the 767:, a very fast sailing ship of the 1843–1869 era. Clippers were narrow for their length, could carry limited bulk freight, small by later 19th-century standards, and had a large total sail area. Their average speed was six knots and they carried passengers across the globe, primarily on the trade routes between Britain and its colonies in the east, in 3628:. Portugal also established trading stations open to all nations off the coasts of Africa, South Asia, and East Asia. Portugal had imported slaves as domestic servants and farm workers in Portugal itself, and used its experience to make slave trading a major economic activity. Portuguese businessmen set up slave plantations on the nearby islands of 4886:, which broke out unexpectedly in central Europe in summer 1914, included many factors, such as the conflicts and hostility of the four decades leading up to the war. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and ethnic nationalism played major roles. However the immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the 10427: 2352:

those of Britain. Direct French rule in North Africa began in 1830 with the conquest of Algeria, where it encouraged French and Italian immigrants to settle. In the rest of Africa it created trade stations, and military posts. It gained full control of Indochina and was threatening southern China. It tried and failed to take control of Mexico.

5121:(World politics). It was the new policy of Germany to assert its claim to be a global power. Bismarck's conservatism was abandoned as Germany was intent on challenging and upsetting international order. Thereafter relations deteriorated steadily. London began to see Berlin as a hostile force and moved to friendlier relationships with France. 3865:. China was further obligated to pay Japan a war indemnity of 200 million silver taels, open five new ports to international trade, and foreigner entities (Japan and other Western powers generally) to establish and operate factories in these cities. However, Russia, France, and Germany saw themselves disadvantaged by the treaty and in the 1867:(the Ottoman government) to recognize it as the protector of Christian sites in the Holy Land. Russia denounced this claim, since it claimed to be the protector of all Eastern Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire. France sent its fleet to the Black Sea; Russia responded with its own show of force. In 1851, Russia sent troops into the 5236:(1849 – 1930) dominated German naval policy from 1897 until 1916. Before the German Empire formed in 1871, Prussia never had a real navy, nor did the other German states. Tirpitz turned the modest little fleet into a world-class force that could threaten the British Royal Navy. The British responded with new technology typified by the 2536:" – that is, cotton was so essential to British and French industry that they would fight to get it. The Confederates did raise money in Europe, which they used to buy warships and munitions. However Britain had a large surplus of cotton in 1861; stringency did not come until 1862. Most important was the dependence on grain from the 709: 2645:

Denmark but were not legally part of Denmark. An international treaty provided that the two territories were not to be separated from each other, though Holstein was part of the German Confederation. In the late 1840s, with both German and Danish nationalism on the rise, Denmark attempted to incorporate Schleswig into its kingdom.

367:(or "Congress system"), the major European powers—Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and (after 1818) France—pledged to meet regularly to resolve differences. This plan was the first of its kind in European history and seemed to promise a way to collectively manage European affairs and promote peace. It was the forerunner of the 1818:. The first part of the period, from 1804 to 1815, was marked by a violent struggle for independence with two armed uprisings. The later period (1815–1835) witnessed a peaceful consolidation of political power of the increasingly autonomous Serbia, culminating in the recognition of the right to hereditary rule by 5309:

The First World War was a global conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It saw the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria), fighting the "Entente" or "Allied" powers, led by Britain, Russia and France from 1914, who were later joined by Italy in

5038:

outrages, including multiple murderous large-scale pogroms against the Jews. On the other hand, France was increasingly frustrated by Bismarck's success in isolating it diplomatically. France had issues with Italy, which was allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance. Paris made a

4919:

policy in the Balkans, England by building her rival fleet. She had created with Austria-Hungary a military bloc in the heart of Europe so powerful and yet so restless that her neighbors on each side had no choice but either to become her vassals or to stand together for protection....They used their

4789:

in 1878. This unilateral action—timed to coincide with Bulgaria's declaration of independence (5 October) from the Ottoman Empire—sparked protestations from all the Great Powers and especially Serbia and Montenegro. In April 1909 the Treaty of Berlin was amended to reflect the fait accompli and bring

4554:

In 1876 Serbia and Montenegro declared war on Turkey, and were badly defeated, notably at the battle of Alexinatz (1 September 1876). Gladstone published an angry pamphlet on "The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East," which aroused enormous agitation in Britain against Turkish misrule, and

4500:

and was ready to make war to end those threats. Ethnic nationalism would doom the multicultural Austro-Hungarian Empire. Expansion of Serbia would block Austrian and German aspirations for direct rail connections to Constantinople and the Middle East. Serbia relied primarily on Russia for Great Power

4471:

looked to Serbia as the focus of their nationalism, but they were ruled by the Germans of the Austrian Empire. Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908 deeply alienated the Serbian peoples. Plotters swore revenge, which they achieved in 1914 by assassination of the Austrian heir. Serbia was landlocked,

4417:

would never accomplish any damage to Austria. 1912 he rejected an Ottoman proposal for an alliance that would include Austria, Turkey and Romania. His policies alienated the Bulgarians, who turned instead to Russia and Serbia. Although Austria had no intention to embark on additional expansion to the

3031:

Among the main empires from 1875 to 1914, historians assess a mixed record in terms of profitability. The assumption was that colonies would provide an excellent captive market for manufactured items. Apart from India, this was seldom true. By the 1890s, imperialists gained economic benefit primarily

2964:

along with everyone else. Austria adopted the system in 1868 (shortly after its defeat by Prussia) and France In 1872 (shortly after its defeat by Prussia and other German states). Japan followed in 1873, Russia in 1874, and Italy in 1875. All major countries adopted conscription by 1900, except for

2951:

A major trend was the move away from a professional army to a Prussian system that combined a core of professional careerists, a rotating base of conscripts, who after a year or two of active duty moved into a decade or more of reserve duty with a required summer training program every year. Training

2540:

for a large portion of the British food supply, France would not intervene alone, and in any case was less interested in cotton than in securing its control of Mexico. The Confederacy would allow that if it secured its independence, but the Union would never approve. Washington made it clear that any

2406:

at home and his erstwhile Italian allies. He lowered the tariffs, which helped in the long run but in the short run angered owners of large estates and the textile and iron industrialists, while leading worried workers to organize. Matters grew worse in the 1860s as Napoleon nearly blundered into war

2265:

Between 1830 and 1870 nationalism had thus made great strides. It had inspired great literature, quickened scholarship and nurtured heroes. It had shown its power both to unify and to divide. It had led to great achievements of political construction and consolidation in Germany and Italy; but it was

888:

Palmerston cooperated with France when necessary for the balance of power, but did not make permanent alliances with anyone. He tried to keep autocratic nations like Russia and Austria in check; he supported liberal regimes because they led to greater stability in the international system. However he

804:

in the photograph above. Wind was free, and could move the ship at an average speed of 2–3 knots, unless it was becalmed. Coal was expensive and required coaling stations along the route. A common solution was for a merchant ship to rely mostly on its sails, and only use the steam engine as a backup.

418:

tried to maintain the balance of power. Until the 1860s the territorial boundaries laid down at the Congress of Vienna were maintained, and even more importantly, there was an acceptance of the theme of balance with no major aggression. Otherwise, the Congress system had "failed" by 1823. In 1818 the

5175:

Another German strategy was to stage dramatic gestures, and dangerously play up the threat of war, in the belief that this would impress upon other European powers the importance of consultation with Germany on imperial issues: the fact that France had not considered it necessary to make a bilateral

4935:

By the 1870s or 1880s, all the major powers were preparing for a large-scale war, although none expected one. Britain focused on building up its Royal Navy, already stronger than the next two navies combined. Germany, France, Austria, Italy and Russia, and some smaller countries, set up conscription

4859:

The long-term result was heightened tension in the Balkans. Relations between Austria and Serbia became increasingly bitter. Russia felt humiliated after Austria and Germany prevented it from helping Serbia. Bulgaria and Turkey were also dissatisfied, and eventually joined Austria and Germany in the

4623:

Britain stayed aloof from alliances in the late 19th century, with an independence made possible by its island location, its dominant navy, its dominant position in finance and trade, and its strong industrial base. It rejected tariffs and practiced free trade. After losing power in Britain in 1874,

4418:

south, Aehrenthal encouraged speculation to that effect, expecting it would paralyze the Balkan states. Instead, it incited them to feverish activity to create a defensive block to stop Austria. A series of grave miscalculations at the highest level thus significantly strengthened Austria's enemies.

4344:

The Ottoman Empire was hard-pressed by nationalistic movements among the Christian populations, As well as its laggard condition in terms of modern technology. After 1900, the large Arab population would also grow nationalistic. The threat of disintegration was real. Egypt for example although still

3779:

Starting in the 1860s Japan rapidly modernized along Western lines, adding industry, bureaucracy, institutions and military capabilities that provided the base for imperial expansion into Korea, China, Taiwan and islands to the south. It saw itself vulnerable to aggressive Western imperialism unless

3529:

By 1840, to protect the interests of the various nationals doing business in Zanzibar, consul offices had been opened by the British, French, Germans and Americans. In 1859, the tonnage of foreign shipping calling at Zanzibar had reached 19,000 tons. By 1879, the tonnage of this shipping had reached

3382:

The "Scramble for Africa" was launched by Britain's unexpected takeover of Egypt in 1882. In response, it became a free-for-all for the control of the rest of Africa, as Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Portugal all greatly expanded their colonial empires in Africa. The King of Belgium personally

1758:

As the 19th century progressed the Ottoman Empire grew weaker militarily and economically. It lost more and more control over local governments especially in Europe. It started borrowing large sums and went bankrupt in 1875. Britain increasingly became its chief ally and protector, even fighting the

674:

Greeks. The British were motivated by strong public support for the Greeks. Fearing unilateral Russian action in support of the Greeks, Britain and France bound Russia by treaty to a joint intervention which aimed to secure Greek autonomy whilst preserving Ottoman territorial integrity as a check on

5180:

ended the crisis with a stinging diplomatic defeat for Germany as France gained the dominant role in Morocco. The experience brought London and Paris much closer and set up the presumption they would be allies if Germany attacked either one. The German adventure resulted in failure as Germany was

5082:

and Chancellor Bismarck were both realistic conservatives and largely in agreement on policies. There were several proposals for a formal treaty relationship between Germany and Britain, but they went nowhere; Britain preferred to stand in what it called "splendid isolation". Nevertheless, a series

5025:

France was deeply split between the monarchists on one side, and the Republicans on the other. The Republicans at first seemed highly unlikely to welcome any military alliance with Russia. That large nation was poor and not industrialized; it was intensely religious and authoritarian, with no sense

4836:

of its diverse peoples. Secondly, the Great Powers quarreled among themselves and failed to ensure that the Ottomans would carry out the needed reforms. This led the Balkan states to impose their own solution. Most important, the members of the Balkan League were confident that it could defeat the

4734:

argues that Russia was primarily responsible for the collapse of Bismarck's alliance policy in Europe, and starting the downward slope to the First World War. Kennan blames poor Russian diplomacy centered on its ambitions in the Balkans. Kennan says Bismarck's foreign policy was designed to prevent

4409:

main adversary, because of its own expansionist policies toward Slavic and Orthodox areas. He distrusted Slavic nationalist movements as a threat to his multi-ethnic empire. As tensions escalated in the early 20th century Austria Foreign-policy was set in 1906–1912 by its powerful foreign minister

3983:

fought on with the expectation that Russia would win decisive naval battles. When that proved illusory he fought to preserve the dignity of Russia by averting a "humiliating peace". The complete victory of the Japanese military surprised world observers. The consequences transformed the balance of

3347:

Bismarck realized that both Russia and Britain considered control of Central Asia a high priority, dubbed the "Great Game". Germany had no direct stakes, however its dominance of Europe was enhanced when Russian troops were based as far away from Germany as possible. Over two decades, 1871–1890, he

3343:

puts it, "Anglo-Russian rivalry took the form of missions of exploration and espionage. Though Englishmen and Russians in unconvincing native disguises sometimes ventured into the contentious territories, more usually both sides made use of proxies." This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and a

2862:

A net result of the strength and military prestige of Germany combined with situations created or manipulated by her chancellor was that in the eighties Bismarck became the umpire in all serious diplomatic disputes, whether they concerned Europe, Africa, or Asia. Questions such as the boundaries of

880:

set British foreign policy. He had six main goals that he pursued: first, he defended British interests whenever they seemed threatened, and upheld Britain's prestige abroad. Second, he was a master at using the media to win public support from all ranks of society. Third, he promoted the spread of

402:

proposed the formation of an entirely new alliance, to include all of the signatories from the Vienna treaties, to guarantee the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and preservation of the ruling governments of all members of this new coalition. The tsar further proposed an international army, with

4963:

French policy makers were not fixated on revenge. However strong public opinion regarding Alsace-Lorraine meant that friendship with Germany was impossible unless the provinces were returned, and public opinion in Germany would not allow a return to happen. So Germany worked to isolate France and

4943:

Germany in 1874 had a regular professional army of 420,000 with an additional 1.3 million reserves. By 1897 the regular army was 545,000 strong and the reserves 3.4 million. The French in 1897 had 3.4 million reservists, Austria 2.6 million, and Russia 4.0 million. The various national war plans

4723:

In 1894 a secret treaty stipulated that Russia would come to the aid of France if France was attacked by Germany. Another stipulation was that in a war against Germany, France would immediately mobilize 1.3 million men, while Russia would mobilize 700,000 to 800,000. It provided that if any of the

4639:

denouncing tyranny and oppression. The real audience was not the local electorate but Britain as a whole, especially the evangelical elements. By appealing to vast audiences denouncing Disraeli's pro-Turkish foreign policy, Gladstone made himself a moral force in Europe, unified his party, and was

4584:

Keeping ethnic groups together was not a priority when boundaries were drawn, thus creating new grievances between nationalistic ethnic groups. One result was that Austria took control of the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, intending to eventually merge them into the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

4440:

Russia was growing in strength, and wanted access to the warm waters of the Mediterranean. To get that it needed control of the Straits, connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, and if possible, control of Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Slavic nationalism was strongly on

3729:

for its weak industry and weak military. In the Scramble for Africa of the 1880s, leaders of the new nation of Italy were enthusiastic about acquiring colonies in Africa, expecting it would legitimize their status as a power and help unify the people. In North Africa, Italy first turned to Tunis,

2911:

with the United States that put into arbitration the American claims that the lack of British neutrality had prolonged the war; arbitrators eventually awarded the United States $ 15 million. Russia took advantage of the Franco-Prussian war to renounce the 1856 treaty in which it had been forced to

2351:

In 1763 and again in 1815 France lost much of its global empire. After 1830 it again became a major global political, economic, military and colonial power. It regained influence in nearby areas in western Europe and Italy. Its new holdings in the Mediterranean, the Middle East and Africa rivaled

1956:

was unable to fully support its military adventures, so in the future it redirected its attention to much weaker Muslim areas in Central Asia, and left Europe alone. Russian intellectuals used the humiliating defeat to demand fundamental reform of the government and social system. The war weakened

407:

as its nucleus, to provide the wherewithal to intervene in any country that needed it. Lord Castlereagh saw this as a highly undesirable commitment to reactionary policies. He recoiled at the idea of Russian armies marching across Europe to put down popular uprisings. Furthermore, to admit all the

10922:

vol. 1 The end of British isolation – v.2. From the occupation of Kiao-Chau to the making of the Anglo-French entente Dec. 1897–Apr. 1904 –V.3. The testing of the Entente, 1904–6 – v.4. The Anglo-Russian rapprochement, 1903–7 – v.5. The Near East, 1903–9 – v.6. Anglo-German tension. Armaments and

4902:

Berlin focused on a supposed conspiracy of its enemies: that year-by-year in the early 20th century it was systematically encircled by enemies. There was a growing fear in Berlin that the supposed enemy coalition of Russia, France and Britain was getting stronger militarily every year, especially

4408:

after serving as Hungarian prime minister became Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary (1871–1879). Andrássy was a conservative; his foreign policies looked to expanding the Empire into Southeast Europe, preferably with British and German support, and without alienating Turkey. He saw Russia as the

4123:

After wartime defeats by Britain, France and Japan, China remained nominally a unified country. In practice, European powers and Japan took effective control of certain port cities and their surrounding areas from the middle nineteenth century until the 1920s. Technically speaking, they exercised

3574:

engaged in large-scale coffee farming dependent on mostly Kikuyu labour. There were no significant mineral resources—none of the gold or diamonds that attracted so many to South Africa. In the initial stage of colonial rule, the administration relied on traditional communicators, usually chiefs.

3281:

Gladstone's decision came against strained relations with France, and maneuvering by "men on the spot" in Egypt. Critics such as Cain and Hopkins have stressed the need to protect large sums invested by British financiers and Egyptian bonds, while downplaying the risk to the viability of the Suez

3250:

The British occupation of Egypt altered the balance of power. It not only gave the British security for their route to India; it made them masters of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East; it made it unnecessary for them to stand in the front line against Russia at the Straits....And thus

3237:

for seven decades, even though the Ottoman Empire retained nominal ownership until 1914. France was seriously unhappy, having lost control of the canal that it built and financed and had dreamed of for decades. Germany, Austria, Russia, and Italy – and of course the Ottoman Empire itself—were all

2644:

A major diplomatic row, and several wars, emerged from the very complex situation in Schleswig and Holstein, where Danish and German claims collided, and Austria and France became entangled. The Danish and German duchies of Schleswig-Holstein were, by international agreement, ruled by the king of

2359:

could not resist the temptations of glory in foreign affairs. He was visionary, mysterious and secretive; he had a poor staff, and kept running afoul of his domestic supporters. In the end he was incompetent as a diplomat. After a brief threat of an invasion of Britain in 1851, France and Britain

1775:

contemplated an orderly dismemberment of it, in such a way as to reduce rivalry between the greater powers. The Berlin Conference on Africa of 1884 was, except for the abortive Hague Conference of 1899, the last great international political summit before 1914. Gladstone stood alone in advocating

4715:

with Russia. That encouraged Russian expansion into Bulgaria and the Straits. It meant that both France and Russia were without major allies; France took the initiative and funding Russian economic development, and in exploring a military alliance. Russia had never been friendly with France, and

4659:

and the strongest military. Bismarck made clear to all that Germany had no wish to add any territory in Europe, and he tried to oppose German colonial expansion. Bismarck feared that a hostile combination of Austria, France and Russia could overwhelm Germany. If two of them were allied, then the

2411:

in 1861–1867 was a total disaster. Finally in the end he went to war with Prussia in 1870 when it was too late to stop the unification of all Germans, aside from Austria, under the leadership of Prussia. Napoleon had alienated everyone; after failing to obtain an alliance with Austria and Italy,

4676:

Between 1873 and 1877, Germany repeatedly intervened in the internal affairs of France's neighbors. In Belgium, Spain, and Italy, Bismarck exerted strong and sustained political pressure to support the election or appointment of liberal, anticlerical governments. This was part of an integrated

4599:

The 1878 Treaty of Berlin had a new type of provision that protected minorities in the Balkans and newly independent states Great Power recognition was nominally conditional on the promise of guarantees of religious and civic freedoms for local religious minorities. Historian Carol Fink argues:

901:

in Paris. He brought Britain into the center of Continental diplomacy on critical issues, such as the local wars in Greece, Portugal and Belgium. Simmering troubles with the United States were ended by compromising the border dispute in Maine that gave most of the land to the Americans but gave

730:

The world became much smaller as long-distance travel and communications improved dramatically. Every decade there were more ships, more scheduled destinations, faster trips, and lower fares for passengers and cheaper rates for merchandise. This facilitated international trade and international

5006:

Bismarck's foreign policies had successfully isolated France from the other great powers. After Bismarck was fired, Kaiser Wilhelm took erratic positions that baffled diplomats. No one could quite figure out his goals. Germany ended its secret treaties with Russia, and rejected close ties with

4353:

movement indeed took over the Empire. While the previous rulers had been pluralistic, the Young Turks were hostile to all other nationalities and to non-Muslims. Wars were usually defeats, in which another slice of territory was sliced off and became semi-independent, including Greece, Serbia,

3282:

Canal. Unlike the Marxists, they stress "gentlemanly" financial and commercial interests, not the industrial, capitalism that Marxists believe was always central. More recently, specialists on Egypt have been interested primarily in the internal dynamics among Egyptians that produce the failed

2252:

The force of nationalism grew dramatically in the early and middle 19th century, involving a realization of cultural identity among the people sharing the same language and religious heritage. It was strong in the established countries, and was a powerful force for demanding more unity with or

4181:

a patient, pragmatic practitioner, with a keen understanding of Britain's historic interests....He oversaw the partition of Africa, the emergence of Germany and the United States as imperial powers, and the transfer of British attention from the Dardanelles to Suez without provoking a serious

3191:, initially built by the French, became a joint British-French project in 1875, as both considered it vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. In 1882, ongoing civil disturbances in Egypt prompted Britain to intervene, extending a hand to France. France's leading expansionist 1755:, 1798–1801. It was not invited to the Vienna Conference. During this period the Empire steadily weakened militarily, and lost most of its holdings in Europe (starting with Greece) and in North Africa (starting with Egypt). Its greatest enemy was Russia, while its chief supporter was Britain. 2980: 3927:

of the people. Japan had a civilizing mission, and it opened schools so that the peasants could become productive and patriotic manual workers. Medical facilities were modernized and mortality rates plunged. To maintain order, Japan imposed a police state that closely monitored the civilian

2995:

Most of the major powers (and some minor ones such as Belgium, the Netherlands and Denmark) engaged in imperialism, building up their overseas empires especially in Africa and Asia. Although there were numerous insurrections, historians count only a few wars, and they were small-scale: the

3914:

could only support a limited resource base, and it hoped that Taiwan, with its fertile farmlands, would make up the shortage. By 1905, Taiwan was producing rice and sugar and paying for itself with a small surplus. Perhaps more important, Japan gained Asia-wide prestige by being the first

4309:

The Eastern Question from 1870 to 1914 was the imminent risk of a disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Attention focused on rising nationalism among Christian ethnics in the Balkans, especially as supported by Serbia. There was a high risk this would lead to major confrontations between

836:

Britain continued as the most important power, followed by Russia, France, Prussia, and Austria. The United States was growing rapidly in size, population and economic strength, especially after its defeat of Mexico in 1848. While the U.S. was generally successful in its efforts to avoid

2849:

emerged as a decisive figure in European history from 1871 to 1890. He retained control over Prussia and as well as the foreign and domestic policies of the new German Empire. Bismarck had built his reputation as a war-maker but changed overnight into a peacemaker. He skillfully used

453:(1822–1827), who avoided close cooperation with other powers. Britain, with its unchallenged Royal Navy and increasing financial wealth and industrial strength, built its foreign policy on the principle that no state should be allowed to dominate the Continent. It wanted to support the 2563:

shut down 95% of Southern exports to Britain. In September 1862, during the Confederate invasion of Maryland, Britain (along with France) contemplated stepping in and negotiating a peace settlement, which could only mean war with the United States. But in the same month, President

817:

By the 1850s, railways and telegraph lines connected all the major cities inside Western Europe, as well as those inside the United States. Instead of greatly reducing the need for travel, the telegraph made travel easier to plan and replaced the slow long-distance mail service.

4939:

Each country devised a mobilisation system whereby the reserves could be called up quickly and sent to key points by rail. Every year the plans were updated and expanded in terms of complexity. Each country stockpiled arms and supplies for an army that ran into the millions.

5152:

wanted a more aggressive military policy using his French army based in Algeria. France decided to use both diplomacy and military force. With British approval, it would control the Sultan, ruling in his name and extending French control. British approval was received in the

4635:" of 1880 when he charged Disraeli's government with financial incompetence, neglecting domestic legislation, and mismanagement of foreign affairs. Gladstone felt a call from God to aid the Serbians and Bulgarians (who were Eastern Orthodox Christians); he spoke out like an 2034:

in 1859, and finally achieving independence in 1878. The two principalities had long been under Ottoman control, but both Russia and Austria also wanted them, making the region a site of conflict in the 19th century. The population was largely Orthodox in religion and spoke

11524: 2912:

demilitarize the Black Sea. Repudiation of treaties was unacceptable to the powers, so the solution was a conference in January 1871 at London that formally abrogated key elements of the 1856 treaty and endorsed the new Russian action. Russia had always wanted control of

537:

Spain was at war with Britain from 1798 to 1808, and the British Royal Navy cut off Spain's contacts with its colonies. Trade was handled by neutral American and Dutch traders. The colonies set up temporary governments or juntas which were effectively independent from the

5193:

was not opposed to these moves, but he felt Germany was entitled to some compensation elsewhere in Africa. He sent a small warship, made saber-rattling threats, and whipped up anger among German nationalists. France and Germany soon agreed on a compromise. However, the

4192:

with no formal allies. Lord Salisbury grew restless with the term in the 1890s, as his "third and final government found the policy of 'splendid isolation' increasingly less splendid," especially as France broke from its own isolation and formed an alliance with Russia.

326:), the division of French protectorates and annexations into independent states, the restoration of the Bourbon kings of Spain, the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 became modern Belgium, and the continuation of British subsidies to its allies. The 3402:

arrived to confront them. Under heavy pressure, the French withdrew securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. The status quo was recognised by an agreement between the two states acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in

4844:. After five centuries, the Ottoman Empire lost virtually all of its possessions in the Balkans. The Treaty had been imposed by the Great Powers, and the victorious Balkan states were dissatisfied with it. Bulgaria was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in 3792:

with Russia in 1904–1905. The war with China made Japan the world's first Eastern, modern imperial power, and the war with Russia proved that a Western power could be defeated by an Eastern state. The aftermath of these two wars left Japan the dominant power in the

2700:. Bismarck's new empire became the most powerful state in continental Europe until 1914. Napoleon III was overconfident in his military strength and failed to stop the rush to war when he was unable to find allies who would support a war to stop German unification. 487:. Britain negotiated treaties, or coerced, other nations into agreeing. The result was a reduction of over 95% in the volume of the slave trade from Africa to the New World. About 1000 slaves a year were illegally brought into the United States, as well as some to 2858:, it was Bismarck who "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers". Historian Paul Knaplund concludes: 848:(India), while France rebuilt its colonies in Asia and North Africa. Russia continued its expansion south (toward Persia) and east (into Siberia). The Ottoman Empire steadily weakened, losing control in parts of the Balkans to the new states of Greece and Serbia. 2531:

and favored the more aristocratic Confederacy. The South was also by far the chief source of cotton for European textile mills. The goal of the Confederacy was to obtain British and French intervention, that is, war against the Union. Confederates believed that

4654:

Chancellor Bismarck took full charge of German foreign policy from 1870 to his dismissal in 1890. His goal was a peaceful Europe, based on the balance of power, with Germany playing a central role; his policy was a success. Germany had the strongest economy on

731:

organization. After 1860, the enormous expansion of wheat production in the United States flooded the world market, lowering prices by 40%, and (along with the expansion of local potato farming) made a major contribution to the nutritional welfare of the poor.

4608:

Fink reports that these provisions were generally not enforced—no suitable mechanism existed and the Great Powers had little interest in doing so. Protections were part of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and became increasingly important after World War II.

4275:(called the Transvaal by the British). After a protracted hard-fought war, with severe hardships for Boer civilians, the Boers lost and were absorbed into the British Empire. The war bitterly divided with Liberals, with the majority faction denouncing it. 1776:

concerted instead of individual action regarding the internal administration of Egypt, the reform of the Ottoman Empire, and the opening-up of Africa. Bismarck and Lord Salisbury rejected Gladstone's position and were more representative of the consensus.

3136:. France, Spain, and Britain, angry over unpaid Mexican debts, sent a joint expeditionary force that seized the Veracruz customs house in Mexico in December 1861. Spain and Britain soon withdrew after realizing that Napoleon III intended to overthrow the 573:

Multiple revolutions in Latin America allowed the region to break free of the mother country. Repeated attempts to regain control failed, as Spain had no help from European powers. Indeed, Britain and the United States worked against Spain, enforcing the

3390:

In British colonies, workers and businessmen from India were brought in to build railways, plantations and other enterprises. Britain immediately applied the administrative lessons that had been learned in India, to Egypt and other new African colonies.

5143:

took the office, and soon died leaving chaos. By 1900, Morocco was the scene of multiple local wars started by pretenders to the sultanate, by bankruptcy of the treasury, and by multiple tribal revolts. No one was in charge. The French Foreign Minister

2671:

of 1866, which Prussia quickly won, thus becoming the leader of the German-speaking peoples. Austria now dropped to the second rank among the Great Powers. Emperor Napoleon III of France could not tolerate the rapid rise of Prussia, and started the

4476:. Austria worked hard to block Serbian access to the sea, for example by helping with the creation of Albania in 1912. Montenegro, Serbia's main ally, did have a small port, but Austrian territory intervened, blocking access until Serbia acquired 4152:

Britain, in addition to taking control of new territories, developed an enormous power in economic and financial affairs in numerous independent countries, especially in Latin America and Asia. It lent money, built railways, and engaged in trade.

4907:, "it was after this set-back in Morocco in 1905 that the fear of encirclement began to be a potent factor in German politics." Few outside observers agreed with the notion of Germany as a victim of deliberate encirclement. English historian 2055:

revolutions of 1848. During the Crimean War, Austria took control of the principalities. The population decided on unification on the basis of historical, cultural and ethnic connections. It took effect in 1859 after the double election of

1693:

to abdicate. Across Europe came the sudden realization that it was indeed possible to destroy a monarchy. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were forced into exile. Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of

844:(1853–1856) was the only large scale conflict between major powers during this time frame. It became notorious for its very high casualties and very small impact in the long run. Britain strengthened its colonial system, especially in the 4515:

Germany had no direct involvement in the Balkans, but indirectly Bismarck realized that it was a major source of tension between his two key allies, Russia and Austria. Therefore, Germany's policy was to minimize conflict in the Balkans.

2952:

took place in peacetime, and in wartime a much larger, well-trained, fully staffed army could be mobilized very quickly. Prussia had started in 1814, and the Prussian triumphs of the 1860s made its model irresistible. The key element was

2920:

that connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and would nearly achieve that in the First World War. France had long stationed an army in Rome to protect the pope; it recalled the soldiers in 1870, and the Kingdom of Italy moved in,

10717:

A French propaganda poster from 1917 portrays Prussia as an octopus stretching out its tentacles vying for control. It is captioned with an 18th-century quote: "Even in 1788, Mirabeau was saying that War is the National Industry of

4735:

any major war even in the face of improved Franco-Russian relations. Russia left Bismarck's Three Emperors' League (with Germany and Austria) and instead took up the French proposal for closer relationships and a military alliance.

3594:, completed in 1901. Some 32,000 workers were imported from British India to do the manual labour. Many stayed, as did most of the Indian traders and small businessmen who saw opportunity in the opening up of the interior of Kenya. 873:, marked a major turning point that made free trade the national policy of Great Britain into the 20th century. Repeal demonstrated the power of "Manchester-school" industrial interests over protectionist agricultural interests. 4956:: a deep sense of bitterness, hatred and demand for revenge against Germany, especially because of the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. Paintings that emphasized the humiliation of the defeat came in high demand, such as those by 2244:. The conflict ended in victory for the alliance and the near destruction of Paraguay as a nation-state. After which, Brazil and Argentina entered into a quiet period, averse to external political and military interventions. 3958:

of 1899–1901 saw Japan and Russia as allies who fought together against the Chinese, with Russians playing the leading role on the battlefield. In the 1890s Japan was angered at Russian encroachment on its plans to create a

4724:

Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) mobilized its reserves in preparation for war, then both Russia and France would mobilize theirs. "The mobilization is the declaration of war," the French chief of staff told Tsar

3620:, a small poor agrarian nation with a strong seafaring tradition, built up a large empire, and kept it longer than anyone else by avoiding wars and remaining largely under the protection of Britain. In 1899 it renewed its 791:

Freight rates on ocean traffic held steady in the 18th century down to about 1840, and then began a rapid downward plunge. The British dominated world exports, and rates for British freight fell 70% from 1840 to 1910. The

5066:. Paris and London had a high-level military discussion about coordination in a joint war against Germany. By 1914, Russia and France worked together, and Britain was hostile enough toward Germany to join them as soon as 4784:

of 1908–1909 began on 8 October 1908, when Vienna announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These territories were nominally owned by the Ottoman Empire but had been awarded in custody to Austria-Hungary in the

3184:. Furthermore, Prussia, having just defeated Austria, was an imminent threat. Napoleon realized his predicament and withdrew all his forces from Mexico in 1866. Juarez regained control and executed the hapless emperor. 2875:

Bismarck's main mistake was giving in to the Army and to intense public demand in Germany for acquisition of the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, thereby turning France into a permanent, deeply-committed enemy

1651:. Over 50 countries were affected. Liberal ideas had been in the air for a decade and activists from each country drew from the common pool, but they did not form direct links with revolutionaries in nearby countries. 2185:

to the U.S. in exchange for $ 15 million (US dollars), America further agreed to forgive $ 3.25 million in Mexican debt. In total, Mexico relinquished about 55% of its pre-war territorial claims to the United States.

1951:

methods. In the long run the war marked a turning point in Russian domestic and foreign policy. The Imperial Russian Army demonstrated its weakness, its poor leadership, and its lack of modern weapons and technology.

4964:

France sought allies against Germany, especially Russia and Britain. Apart perhaps from the German threat, most French citizens ignored foreign affairs and colonial issues. In 1914 the chief pressure group was the

4710:

The central development in Russian foreign policy was to move away from Germany and toward France. This became possible in 1890, when Bismarck was dismissed from office, and Germany refused to renew the secret 1887

3903:. They soon began to rule the natives. China took control in the 1660s, and sent in settlers. By the 1890s there were about 2.3 million Han Chinese and 200,000 members of indigenous tribes. After its victory in the 3915:

non-European country to operate a modern colony. It learned how to adjust its German-based bureaucratic standards to actual conditions, and how to deal with frequent insurrections. The ultimate goal was to promote

762:

were slow; the average speed of all long-distance Mediterranean voyages to Palestine was only 2.8 knots. Passenger ships achieved greater speed by sacrificing cargo space. The sailing ship records were held by the

4852:. The Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked into Bulgaria, while Romania and the Ottoman Empire also attacked Bulgaria and gained (or regained) territory. In the resulting 5228:(1906) made all battleships obsolete because it had ten long-range 12-inch big guns, mechanical computer-like range finders, high speed turbine engines that could make 21 knots, and armour plates 11 inches thick. 3410:

The Ottoman Empire lost its nominal control over Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. It retained only nominal control of Egypt. In 1875, Britain purchased the Suez Canal shares from the almost bankrupt Khedive of Egypt,

2899:", avoiding entanglements that had led it into the unhappy Crimean War in 1854–1856. It concentrated on internal industrial development and political reform, and building up its great international holdings, the 5111:(Risk Fleet) that would make it too risky for Britain to take on Germany as part of wider bid to alter the international balance of power decisively in Germany's favour. At the same time German foreign minister 3841:, rivalry for political influence in Korea and trade issues. Japan, having built up a stable political and economic system with a smaller but modern and well-trained army and navy, easily defeated China in the 2579:

to smuggle hundreds of thousands of weapons to Confederate ports and surreptitiously allowed warships to be built for the Confederacy. Both blockade runners and warships caused a major diplomatic row and in the

8076:

Donald Malcolm Reid, The 'Urabi revolution and the British conquest, 1879–1882 in M . W . Daly, ed., The Cambridge History of Egypt: vol 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century (1998) p

3814:

island is the largest of the Ryukyu Islands, and paid tribute to China from the late 14th century. Japan took control of the entire Ryukyu island chain in 1609 and formally incorporated it into Japan in 1879.

3263:

had a reputation for strong opposition to imperialism, so historians have long debated the explanation for this sudden reversal of policy. The most influential was study by John Robinson and Ronald Gallagher,

2871:, the financial affairs of Egypt, Russian expansion in the Middle East, the war between France and China, and the partition of Africa had to be referred to Berlin; Bismarck held the key to all these problems. 4604:"the imposed clauses on minority rights became requirements not only for recognition but were also, as in the cases of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, conditions for receiving specific grants of territory." 1901:, signed on 30 March 1856, ending the war. The Powers promised to respect Ottoman independence and territorial integrity. Russia gave up a little land and relinquished its claim to a protectorate over the 799:

Technological innovation was steady. Iron hulls replaced wood by mid-century; after 1870, steel replaced iron. It took much longer for steam engines to replace sails. Note the sailing ship across from the

3331:. Britain made it a high priority to protect all the approaches to India. Russia had no logistical ability to invade India directly, but made invasion plans considered credible by Britain because of the 4585:

Bosnia was eventually annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908, to the anger of Serbs. Bosnian Serbs assassinated Austria's heir to the crown, Franz Ferdinand, in 1914 and the result was the First World War.

4006:, which brought Korea into the Japanese sphere of influence as a protectorate. The Treaty was a result of the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War and Japan wanting to increase its hold over the 17: 10140: 725:

arriving in New York from Liverpool, England, in 1907. As the primary means of trans-oceanic voyages for over a century, ocean liners handled the travel needs of businessmen, immigrants and tourists.

4936:

systems whereby young men would serve from 1 to 3 years in the army, then spend the next 20 years or so in the reserves with annual summer training. Men from higher social statuses became officers.

783:

became the dominant mode of passenger transportation from the 1850s to the 1950s. It used coal—and needed many coaling stations. After 1900 oil replaced coal and did not require frequent refueling.

138:, made it the hegemonic nation until its power was challenged by the united Germany. It was a largely peaceful century, with no wars between the great powers, apart from the 1853–1871 interval, and 5374:

The world war was settled by the victors at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. 27 nations sent delegations, and there were many nongovernmental groups, but the defeated powers were not invited.

5161:

visited Morocco's capital, Tangier, and delivered a sabre-rattling speech demanding an international conference to ensure Morocco's independence, with war the alternative. Germany's goal in the

4577:

because it gave Russia and Bulgaria too much influence in the Balkans, where insurrections were frequent. War threatened. After numerous attempts a grand diplomatic settlement was reached at the

4374:, who demanded loyalty to the throne, but not to the nation . Nationalistic movements were growing rapidly. The most powerful were the Hungarians, who preserved their separate status within the 8731:

Yoneyuki Sugita, "The Rise of an American Principle in China: A Reinterpretation of the First Open Door Notes toward China" in Richard J. Jensen, Jon Thares Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds.

2181:

was signed in February 1848, ending the war, the terms included Mexican recognition of Texas as an American state according to the borders agreed to at Velasco, in addition, Mexico ceded their

651:

was the major military conflict in the 1820s. The Great Powers supported the Greeks, but did not want the Ottoman Empire destroyed. Greece was initially to be an autonomous state under Ottoman

150:

in the Balkan region, which exploded out of control into World War I (1914–1918) — a massively devastating event that was unexpected in its timing, duration, casualties, and long-term impact.

3984:

power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. It was the first major military victory in the modern era of an Asian power over a European one.

3056:

as a private enterprise. However, scandal after scandal regarding badly mistreated labour led the international community to force the government of Belgium to take it over in 1908, and the

4436:"The Russian menace: a Serio-Comic War Map for the Year 1877", an English cartoon from 1877 showing Russia as a monstrous octopus devouring neighbouring lands, especially the Ottoman Empire 3180:

to make clear its position. Napoleon was stretched very thin; he had committed 40,000 troops to Mexico, 20,000 to Rome to guard the Pope against the Italians, and another 80,000 in restive

4014:

two years later. The 1907 Treaty ensured that Korea would act under the guidance of a Japanese resident general and Korean internal affairs would be under Japanese control. Korean Emperor

682:, to force the Ottoman government to grant the Greeks autonomy within the empire and despatched naval squadrons to Greece to enforce their policy. The decisive Allied naval victory at the 4492:

and went to war with the Ottomans in 1912–1913. They won decisively and expelled that Empire from almost all of the Balkans. The main remaining foe was Austria, which strongly rejected

1689:

The uprisings were led by temporary coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. The start was in France, where large crowds forced King

5107:

became German Naval Secretary of State and began the transformation of German Navy from small, coastal defence force to a fleet meant to challenge British naval power. Tirpitz calls for

4664:, an alliance of the kaiser of Germany, the tsar of Russia, and the emperor of Austria-Hungary. It protected Germany against a war with France. The three emperors together could control 3745:

Italian diplomacy over a twenty-year period succeeded in getting permission to seize Libya, with approval coming from Germany, France, Austria, Britain, and Russia. A centerpiece of the

355:

The Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) dissolved the Napoleonic Wars and attempted to restore the monarchies Napoleon had overthrown, ushering in an era of reaction. Under the leadership of

440: 130:

in the 1880s and 1890s; the reverberations of which are still widespread and consequential in the 21st century. Britain established an informal economic network that, combined with its

7999:

He adds, "All the rest were maneuvers which left the combatants at the close of the day exactly where they had started." A.J.P. Taylor, "International Relations" in F.H. Hinsley, ed.,

3586:, subsequently opening (1902) the fertile highlands to white settlers. A key to the development of Kenya's interior was the construction, started in 1895, of a railway from Mombasa to 796:

cut the shipping time from London to India by a third when it opened in 1869. The same ship could make more voyages in a year, so it could charge less and carry more goods every year.

461:, and was especially worried that France and Spain planned to suppress the independence movement underway in Latin America. Canning cooperated with the United States to promulgate the 11945: 3575:

When colonial rule was established and efficiency was sought, partly because of settler pressure, newly educated younger men were associated with old chiefs in local Native Councils.

716: 5139:

Morocco on the northwest coast of Africa, was the last major territory in Africa not controlled by colonial power. Morocco nominally was ruled by its Sultan. But in 1894 the child

5026:

of democracy or freedom for its peoples. It oppressed Poland, and exiled, and even executed political liberals and radicals. At a time when French Republicans were rallying in the

318:

of March 1814 reaffirmed decisions that had been made already and which would be ratified by the more important Congress of Vienna of 1814–15. They included the establishment of a

5267:(1853–1919), chief of the admiralty staff, argued successfully in early 1917 to resume the attacks and thus starve the British. The German high command realized the resumption of 411:

The other meetings proved meaningless as each nation realized the Congresses were not to their advantage, where disputes were resolved with a diminishing degree of effectiveness.

2907:

to protect its island home and its many overseas possessions. It had come dangerously close to intervening in the American Civil War in 1861–1862, and in May 1871 it signed the

5083:

of developments steadily improved their relations down to 1890, when Bismarck was fired by the aggressive new Kaiser Wilhelm II. In January 1896 he escalated tensions with his

597:

After the loss of its colonies, Spain played a minor role in international affairs. Spain kept Cuba, which repeatedly revolted in three wars of independence, culminating in the

4915:

The encirclement, such as it was, was of Germany's own making. She had encircled herself by alienating France over Alsace-Lorraine, Russia by her support of Austria-Hungary's

4501:

support but Russia was very hesitant at first to support Pan-Slavism, and counselled caution. However, in 1914 it reversed positions and promised military support to Serbia.

3641: 2887:, in which Bismarck brought together rulers in Berlin, Vienna and St. Petersburg to guarantee each other's security, while blocking out France; it lasted from 1881 to 1887. 11948:; Штаб РККА, Упр. по исслед. и использованию опыта войн; Предисл. и под ред. М. П. Павловича. — : Ленинград: Воен. тип. Упр. делами Наркомвоенмор и РВС СССР, 1926. — 398 с. 3971:

to be a neutral buffer zone between Russia and Japan. The Japanese government decided on war to stop the perceived Russian threat to its plans for expansion into Asia. The

1654:

Key contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with old established political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for

5804: 3315:" was a political and diplomatic confrontation that existed for most of the nineteenth century between Britain and Russia over Afghanistan and neighbouring territories in 5416:" (section 231), the war was blamed on "aggression by Germany and her allies." Germany only paid a small fraction of the reparations before they were suspended in 1931. 4804:

The continuing collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to two wars in the Balkans, in 1912 and 1913, which were a prelude to World War I. By 1900 nation states had formed in

4692:

Containment almost got out of hand in 1875 in the "War in Sight" crisis. It was sparked by an editorial entitled "Krieg-in-Sicht" in an influential Berlin newspaper the

2841:

After fifteen years of warfare in the Crimea, Germany and France, Europe began a period of peace in 1871. With the founding of the German Empire and the signing of the

4685:. It was hoped that by ringing France with a number of liberal states, French republicans could defeat MacMahon and his reactionary supporters. The modern concept of 605:. Winning easily, the U.S. took Cuba and gave it partial independence. The U.S. also took the Spanish colonies of the Philippines and Guam. Though it still had small 483:

of the international slave trade. It began with legislation in Britain and the United States in 1807, which was increasingly enforced over subsequent decades by the

1856:(1853–1856) was fought between Russia on the one hand and an alliance of Great Britain, France, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. Russia was defeated. 5259:

required an effort be made to allow passengers and crew to board lifeboats before sinking a ship. The Germans disregarded the law and in the most dramatic episode

4441:

the rise in the Balkans. It gave Russia the opportunity to protect Slavic and Orthodox Christians. This put it in sharp opposition to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

1636:

was recently established. However the reactionary forces prevailed, especially with Russian help, and many rebels went into exile. There were some social reforms.

5206:

that denounced the German move as an intolerable humiliation. There was talk of war, and Germany backed down. Relations between Berlin and London remained sour.

2276: 4157:

clearly demonstrated Britain's dominance in engineering, communications and industry; that lasted until the rise of the United States and Germany in the 1890s.

3394:

Tensions between Britain and France reached a tinder stage in Africa. At several points, war was possible, but never happened. The most serious episode was the

5482: 5412:", chiefly to Britain and France; and the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect the forces of nationalism. In the " 4618: 3742:

in 1896. Public opinion was angered at the national humiliation by an inept government. In 1911 the Italian people supported the seizure of what is now Libya.

1628:

were a series of uncoordinated political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. They attempted to overthrow reactionary monarchies. This was the most widespread

3730:

under nominal Ottoman control, where many Italian farmers had settled. Weak and diplomatically isolated, Italy was helpless and angered when France assumed a

3936:. When Japan surrender to the allies in 1945 it was stripped of her empire and Taiwan was returned to China after over 50 years of Japanese administration. 2692:) to join the war alongside Prussia. The German coalition won an easy victory, dropping France to second class status among the Great Powers. Prussia, under 10614:

The Armies of Asia and Europe: Embracing Official Reports on the Armies of Japan, China, India, Persia, Italy, Russia, Austria, Germany, France, and England

3950:

Japan felt humiliated when the spoils from its decisive victory over China were partly reversed by the Western Powers (including Russia), which revised the

5157:

of 1904. Germany did not want Morocco itself, but felt embarrassed that France was making gains while Germany was not. On 31 March 1905, Germany's Kaiser

3344:

semi-constant threat of war between the two empires. There were numerous local conflicts, but a war in Central Asia between the two powers never happened.

6448:

Simone Müller, "The Transatlantic Telegraphs and the 'Class of 1866'—the Formative Years of Transnational Networks in Telegraphic Space, 1858–1884/89".

4920:

central position to create fear in all sides, in order to gain their diplomatic ends. And then they complained that on all sides they had been encircled.

4175:

as foreign minister and prime minister 1885–1902 was a strong and effective leader in foreign affairs. He had a superb grasp of the issues, and proved:

465:

to preserve newly independent Latin American states. His goal was to prevent French dominance and allow British merchants access to the opening markets.

8366:

John M. Mwaruvie, "Kenya's 'Forgotten' Engineer and Colonial Proconsul: Sir Percy Girouard and Departmental Railway Construction in Africa, 1896–1912."

2588:

in Geneva ruled in the Americans' favor, with $ 15.5 million paid by Britain to the U.S. only for damages caused by British-built Confederate warships.

1767:, who in the 1830–1865 era considered the Ottoman Empire an essential component in the balance of power, was the most favourable toward Constantinople. 920: 809:

around 1907 dramatically improved efficiency, and the increasing use of oil after 1910 meant far less cargo space had to be devoted to the fuel supply.

10569:

Schulz, Matthias. "A Balancing Act: Domestic Pressures and International Systemic Constraints in the Foreign Policies of the Great Powers, 1848–1851."

4624:

Liberal leader Gladstone returned to center stage in 1876 by calling for a moralistic foreign policy, as opposed to the realism of his great adversary

566:

leading the call for independence and eventually winning that independence. Spain lost all of its American colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, in a

330:

united the powers to defeat Napoleon and became the cornerstone of the Concert of Europe, which formed the balance of power for the next two decades.

12963: 9361: 3869:

forced Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula in return for a larger indemnity. The only positive result for China came when those factories led the

2015: 997: 13443: 13331: 10595: 5328: 5203: 5079: 4172: 1772: 12316: 9942:

Heather Jones, "Algeciras Revisited: European Crisis and Conference Diplomacy, 16 January-7 April 1906." (EUI WorkingPaper MWP 2009/1, 2009), p 5

7576:

J. V. Clardy, "Austrian Foreign Policy During the Schleswig-Holstein Crisis of 1864: An Exercise in Reactive Planning and Negative Formulations".

12502: 12358: 5509: 4335: 2061: 1999: 663: 350: 186: 4944:

had been perfected by 1914, albeit with Russia and Austria trailing in effectiveness. All plans called for a decisive opening and a short war.

4660:

third would ally with Germany only if Germany conceded excessive demands. The solution was to ally with two of the three. In 1873 he formed the

4255:

took pride in their imperialism and it proved quite popular with the voters. A generation later, a minority faction of Liberals became active "

504: 9104:

War and Society in East Central Europe: Planning for war against Russia and Serbia: Austro-Hungarian and German military strategies, 1871–1914

13453: 2527:. The North would not accept the breakup of the Union, and fought to restore it. British and French aristocratic leaders personally disliked 4971:

France had colonies in Asia and looked for alliances and found in Japan a possible ally. At Japan's request Paris sent military missions in

666:, cruelly crushed the rebellion and harshly punished the Greeks. Humanitarian concerns in Europe were outraged, as typified by English poet 12416: 4980: 4976: 4972: 3797:

with a sphere of influence extending over southern Manchuria and Korea, which was formally annexed as part of the Japanese Empire in 1910.

3172:. Juárez rallied opposition to the French; Washington supported Juárez and refused to recognize the new government because it violated the 3061: 1987: 1611: 890: 398:

ended the military occupation of France and adjusted downward the 700 million francs the French were obligated to pay as reparations. Tsar

10713: 10422:

Huber, Valeska. "Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera."

13433: 12411: 5457: 4069: 3522:

had begun mapping the interior. Three developments encouraged European interest in East Africa. First was the emergence of the island of

2286: 323: 295: 91: 12122: 698:

to the Peloponnese to force the withdrawal of Ottoman forces from central and southern Greece and to finally secure Greek independence.

6872: 3910:

Japan expected far more benefits from the occupation of Taiwan than the limited benefits it actually received. Japan realized that its

2851: 2576: 1764: 1719: 423:

with their demands for revision of the Congress of Vienna's frontiers along national lines. Conservative monarchies formed the nominal

334: 9740:

Karine Varley, "The Taboos of Defeat: Unmentionable Memories of the Franco-Prussian War in France, 1870–1914." in Jenny Macleod, ed.,

6846: 5051:, a strong military alliance to join in war if Germany attacked either of them. France had finally escaped its diplomatic isolation. 4716:

remembered the wars in the Crimea and the Napoleonic invasion; it saw republican France as a dangerous font of subversion to Russia's

3967:

in exchange for recognition of Korea as being within the Japanese sphere of influence. Russia refused and demanded Korea north of the

2493:

finally made peace with Italy in 1929. After 1870 Italy was recognized as the sixth great power, albeit much weaker than the others.

2383:, which Britain could not stop. In Europe, however, Napoleon failed again and again. The Crimean war of 1854–1856 produced no gains. 1921:. Moldavia and Wallachia remained under nominal Ottoman rule, but would be granted independent constitutions and national assemblies. 169:

in 1860 ("Risorgimento"); by 1905 two rapidly growing non-European states, Japan and the United States, had joined the great powers.

12983: 12512: 10959: 9998: 7397: 4891: 4235: 3537:'s coastal possessions in 1885. It traded its coastal holdings to Britain in 1890, in exchange for German control over the coast of 2364:

with increasing distrust, especially as the emperor built up his navy, expanded his empire and took up a more active foreign policy.

1768: 1715: 1319: 5171:

linking Britain and France. Historian Heather Jones argues that Germany's use of warlike rhetoric was a deliberate diplomatic ploy:

5011:, the way was open for the Triple Entente of France, Britain, and Russia. It formed the basis of the Allies of the First World War. 3398:

of 1898. French troops tried to claim an area in Southern Sudan, and a British force purporting to be acting in the interest of the

3032:

in the production of inexpensive raw materials to feed the domestic manufacturing sector. Overall, Great Britain profited well from

13326: 7917:

Paul H. Reuter, "United States-French Relations Regarding French Intervention in Mexico: From the Tripartite Treaty to Queretaro,"

6990: 6426:

Tom Standage, "The Victorian Internet: the remarkable story of the telegraph and the nineteenth century's online pioneers". (1998).

4840:

The First Balkan War broke out when the League attacked the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912 and ended seven months later with the

4529: 2854:

diplomacy to maintain Germany's position in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares, remained at peace. For historian

11109: 2606: 13091: 13081: 13013: 10850: 10588: 5530: 5472: 5442: 5413: 4339: 2506: 1746: 272: 260: 11283:

Seligmann, Matthew S. "Failing to Prepare for the Great War? The Absence of Grand Strategy in British War Planning before 1914"

2572:. Since support of the Confederacy now meant support for slavery, there was no longer any possibility of European intervention. 2395:. The British grew annoyed at his intervention in Syria in 1860–1861. He angered Catholics alarmed at his poor treatment of the 13346: 5487: 5323: 4326:

Each of the countries paid close attention to its own long-term interests, usually in cooperation with its allies and friends.

3929: 2139:. While this was the border stipulated to at Velasco, the Texian government never managed to cement its authority south of the 84: 8060:

Peter J. Cain and Anthony G. Hopkins, "Gentlemanly capitalism and British expansion overseas II: new imperialism, 1850‐1945."

2257:. The strong sense of nationalism also grew in established independent nations, such as Britain and France. English historian 12956: 12707: 11987: 10437: 9639: 5993: 5824: 5776: 5271:

meant war with the United States but calculated that American mobilization would be too slow to stop a German victory on the

4682: 4035: 3132:

Napoleon III took advantage of the American Civil War to attempt to take control of Mexico and impose its own puppet Emperor

2027: 1995: 1974: 1270: 567: 528: 8158: 5232:

After 1805 the dominance of Britain's Royal Navy was unchallenged; in the 1890s, Germany decided to match it. Grand Admiral

5099:. German officials in Berlin had managed to stop the Kaiser from proposing a German protectorate over the Transvaal. In the 4222:, which were essential to the security of Germany's ports. Overtures toward friendship otherwise went nowhere, and a great 3348:

maneuvered to help the British, hoping to force the Russians to commit more soldiers to Asia. However, Bismarck through the

2360:

cooperated in the 1850s, with an alliance in the Crimean War, and a major trade treaty in 1860. However, Britain viewed the

13351: 13341: 9202: 7488: 6982:

Robert F. Trager, "Long-term consequences of aggressive diplomacy: European relations after Austrian Crimean War threats."

6048:

David Head. "Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early Republic". In

5525: 5502: 4427: 4202: 3209: 3161: 3127: 3067:

The world's colonial population at the time of the First World War totaled about 560 million people, of whom 70.0% were in

2408: 1510: 360: 252:. The United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, decided to operate independently and never joined the League. 12274: 10541: 10056:

Dirk Steffen, "The Holtzendorff Memorandum of 22 December 1916 and Germany's Declaration of Unrestricted U-boat Warfare."

8637:

Petr E. Podalko, "‘Weak ally’ or ‘strong enemy?’: Japan in the eyes of Russian diplomats and military agents, 1900–1907."

5497: 5340:, showing the signing of the peace treaty by a minor German official opposite to the representatives of the winning powers 4848:, made in secret by its former allies, Serbia and Greece. Bulgaria attacked to force them out of Macedonia, beginning the 3780:

it took control of neighboring areas. It took control of Okinawa and Formosa. Japan's desire to control Taiwan, Korea and

3526:, located off the east coast. It became a base from which trade and exploration of the African mainland could be mounted. 889:

also supported the autocratic Ottoman Empire because it blocked Russian expansion. Second in importance to Palmerston was

13438: 13336: 13189: 13179: 12351: 11900: 10832:(Feb. 2014) 12#1 pp. 5–27; "Recent Historiography of the First World War (Part II)", (May 2014) 12#2 pp. 155–74 5515: 4379: 4214:

The main accomplishment was a friendly 1890 treaty. Germany gave up its small Zanzibar colony in Africa and acquired the

3611: 3607: 3112: 2502: 2298: 1711: 902:

Canada a strategically important link to a warm water port. Aberdeen played a central role in provoking and winning the

13106: 13096: 12788: 12664: 10531: 8512: 7528: 6823: 6515: 6243: 6033: 5721: 5678: 5035: 4211:

for his recklessness ran deep. The Kaiser did indeed meddle in Africa in support of the Boers, which soured relations.

3275: 3234: 2528: 2384: 2091: 2003: 1902: 1771:

in the 1870s sought to build a Concert of Europe that would support the survival of the empire. In the 1880s and 1890s

1752: 1725:

Reactionary forces ultimately prevailed, aided by Russian military intervention in Hungary, and the strong traditional

1411: 395: 12125:, first of five topical volumes also covering social, economic and military relations between Japan and Great Britain. 6683:

Claus Møller Jørgensen, "Transurban interconnectivities: an essay on the interpretation of the revolutions of 1848".

6235:

Boats, Ships and Shipyards: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Venice 2000

5397:. They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by the others. 13448: 13402: 13356: 13033: 12843: 12771: 12737: 9559: 9495: 9143: 8865: 8825: 8565: 8485: 8244: 8133: 7984: 7895: 7407: 6377: 6343: 5447: 5284: 5195: 5067: 4533: 4292: 4279:

and his followers broke with the Liberal Party and formed an alliance with the Conservatives to promote imperialism.

3785: 3137: 2290: 2108: 1359: 940: 691: 256: 139: 45: 11640: 12949: 11503: 11297: 10329:(1918), highly detailed summary prepared for use by the American delegation to the Paris peace conference of 1919. 9431:

T. G. Otte, "From 'War-in-Sight' to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898,"

8449:

Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa: Italy's African Wars in the Era of Nation-Building, 1870–1900

8288:

T. G. Otte, "From 'War-in-Sight' to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898,"

5520: 4995:. The treaty ending the war, put France in a protectorate over northern and central Vietnam, which it divided into 4649: 4510: 3774: 3332: 2601: 1604: 363:, the foreign minister of Great Britain (1812–1822), the Congress set up a system to preserve the peace. Under the 7854:

The Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Spain and Denmark are not included. U.S. Tariff Commission.

5054:

In its continuing effort to isolate Germany, France went to great pains to woo Great Britain, notably in the 1904

2696:, then brought together almost all the German states (excluding Austria, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein) into a new 408:

smaller countries would create intrigue and confusion. Britain refused to participate, so the idea was abandoned.

13397: 13256: 10798: 8915: 5408:

with Germany); heavy reparations imposed on Germany; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "

5288: 4468: 3177: 2864: 2781: 2733: 2344: 656: 606: 314:

in the Napoleonic Wars saw Napoleon's power collapsing in 1814, they started planning for the postwar world. The

10449:(1995), 940 pp; not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century 4382:. Other minorities, were highly frustrated, although some – especially the Jews – felt protected by the Empire. 13318: 13073: 12681: 12676: 12344: 10840: 9929:

Kim Munholland, "Rival Approaches to Morocco: Delcasse, Lyautey, and the Algerian-Moroccan Border, 1903–1905."

8981:

Solomon Wank and Barbara Jelavich, "The Impact of the Dual Alliance on the Germans in Austria and Vice-Versa,"

5877:

Roy Bridge. "Allied Diplomacy in Peacetime: The Failure of the Congress 'System', 1815–23". In Alan Sked, ed.,

5268: 4215: 4023: 4011: 4003: 3731: 3519: 3048:. Germany and Italy got very little trade or raw materials from their empires. France did slightly better. The 2868: 2520: 2282: 2209: 2199: 2084: 1958: 1329: 819: 752: 662:

After some initial success the Greek rebels were beset by internal disputes. The Ottomans, with major aid from

11601:

Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy."

11420:

Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy."

7191:

Great Britain and the Schleswig-Holstein question, 1848–64: a study in diplomacy, politics, and public opinion

2412:

France had no allies and was bitterly divided at home. It was disastrously defeated on the battlefield in the

2124: 200:

formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Italy stayed neutral and joined the Entente in 1915, while the

12691: 11445:(2001); 261pp; topical approach emphasizing national security, intelligence & relations with major powers 11129: 10928:

British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898–1914 Volume XI, the Outbreak of War Foreign Office Documents

10855:

Mulligan, William. "The Trial Continues: New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War."

4315: 4139:

whereby all nations would have access to Chinese ports, rather than having them reserved to just one nation.

4043: 3806: 3271: 2524: 2310: 2233: 2052: 1632:

in European history. It reached most of Europe, but much less so in the Americas, Britain and Belgium, where

928: 11815:

War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia

10917: 9551:

War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia

7731:

Mark Hewitson, "Germany and France before the First World War: A Reassessment of Wilhelmine Foreign Policy"

4903:

Russia. The longer Berlin waited the less likely it would prevail in a war. According to American historian

13018: 12752: 12597: 12471: 12119:

The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1600–2000: Volume I: The Political-Diplomatic Dimension, 1600–1930

11545: 10510: 8206:

James Stone, "Bismarck and the Great Game: Germany and Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1871–1890."

6203: 5352: 5260: 5215: 5190: 4749: 4728:

in 1892. "To mobilize is to oblige one's neighbor to do the same." This set up the tripwire for July 1914.

4661: 4538: 4223: 3997: 3892: 3754: 3349: 2884: 2787: 2667:

Berlin and Vienna split control of the two territories. That led to conflict between them, resolved by the

2516: 2309:

between Denmark and the German states. Russell and Palmerston were tempted to intervene on the side of the

2048: 1483: 1438: 1401: 1389: 1334: 956: 32: 9358: 7341: 1957:

both Russia and Austria, so they could no longer promote stability. This opened the way for Napoleon III,

383: 13199: 12868: 12627: 12558: 11290: 10728: 10668: 7694: 5477: 5272: 4450: 4391: 3692: 3579: 3149: 3017: 2908: 2639: 2178: 2044: 1597: 1545: 952: 11576: 11393:

Fryer, W. R. "The Republic and the Iron Chancellor: the Pattern of Franco-German Relations, 1871–1890."

11039: 9943: 3176:. After its victory over the Confederacy in 1865, the U.S. sent 50,000 experienced combat troops to the 2155: 1822:

in 1830 and 1833 and the territorial expansion of the young monarchy. The adoption of the first written

1666:, and the regrouping of established government forces. Liberalism at this time meant the replacement of 185:

initially operated as autonomous vassals, for until about 1908–1912 they were legally still part of the

13407: 13216: 12993: 12659: 12632: 8394:

A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 2: From Beginnings to 1807: the Portuguese empire

5348: 5158: 4853: 4665: 4208: 3886: 2953: 2842: 2537: 2368: 1423: 1418: 948: 578:. British merchants and bankers took a dominant role in Latin America. In 1824, the armies of generals 496: 4878:

European diplomatic alignments in 1914; Italy was neutral in 1914 and switched to the Entente in 1915.

4837:

Turks. Their prediction was accurate, as Constantinople called for terms after six weeks of fighting.

3242:

says that this "was a great event; indeed, the only real event in international relations between the

12497: 5561: 5409: 5360: 4410: 3932:, Formosa was intended to eventually be annexed into Metropolitan Japan and Taiwan even had seats in 3870: 3758: 3726: 3433:

Areas of Africa controlled by colonial powers in 1913, shown along with current national boundaries.

3266: 3009: 2585: 2569: 2555:. The British people generally favored the United States. What little cotton was available came from 2023: 1991: 1707: 1648: 1530: 1324: 1282: 648: 622: 598: 488: 10218:

shows (clockwise) US, Germany, Britain, France and Japan engaged in naval race in a "no limit" game.

8681:

The Japanese seizure of Korea, 1868–1910: a study of realism and idealism in international relations

8599: 6815:

Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe Between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829

6410: 4559:, which was highly advantageous to Russia, Serbia, and Montenegro, as well as Romania and Bulgaria. 3651:

After 1815, Lisbon held the trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control of

13209: 12858: 12524: 12459: 11415: 7958:

The Cambridge History of Egypt Volume 2 Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century

7463:

Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War

6182: 5264: 5008: 4681:

in France by strategically and ideologically isolating the clerical-monarchist regime of President

3896: 3621: 3567: 3550: 3218: 3052:

was notoriously profitable when it was a capitalistic rubber plantation owned and operated by King

3013: 2930: 2880: 2330: 2281:

In 1859, following another short-lived Conservative government, Prime Minister Lord Palmerston and

2241: 2103: 2019: 1983: 1819: 1703: 864: 602: 532: 500: 10562:

Schroeder, Paul W. "International Politics, Peace, and War, 1815–1914," in T. C. W. Blanning, ed.

3624:

with Britain originally written in 1386. Energetic explorations in the sixteenth century led to a

13382: 13194: 12972: 12921: 12911: 12853: 12793: 12639: 12466: 12449: 11612:(1959–64); vol 1: The Reformation; vol 2: 1648–1840; vol 3: 1840–1945; standard scholarly survey 11125: 10786: 10739: 10115:

The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts, Vol. 1

9241:

Defending the Rights of Others: The Great Powers, the Jews, and International Minority Protection

8720:

Grounds of Judgment: Extraterritoriality and Imperial Power in Nineteenth-Century China and Japan

8047:

David Steele, "Three British Prime Ministers and the Survival of the Ottoman Empire, 1855–1902."

6772:

David Steele, "Three British Prime Ministers and the Survival of the Ottoman Empire, 1855–1902".

6394:

The Compound Steam Engine and Productivity Changes in the German Merchant Marine Fleet, 1871–1887

5556: 5145: 5048: 5020: 4832:. The Ottoman Empire was unable to reform itself, govern satisfactorily, or deal with the rising 4725: 4705: 4252: 4248: 3904: 3900: 3842: 3824: 3475: 3439: 3256: 3096: 3005: 2486: 1686:, the many ethnicities suppressed by foreign rule—especially Hungarians—fought for a revolution. 1473: 1128: 960: 852: 687: 679: 671: 579: 379: 64: 37: 11656:(Hodder Arnold, 1971), 110 short excerpts from, primary sources covering his diplomatic career. 6733:

Kurt Weyland. "Crafting Counterrevolution: How Reactionaries Learned to Combat Change in 1848".

686:

broke the military power of the Ottomans and their Egyptian allies. Victory saved the fledgling

12712: 12649: 12432: 11177: 5546: 5378: 5237: 5092: 5044: 5031: 4841: 4547: 4272: 3972: 3933: 3895:

when Dutch traders in need of an Asian base to trade with Japan and China arrived in 1623. The

3555: 3466: 3457: 3214: 3165: 3153: 3133: 3116: 3084: 3072: 2961: 2957: 2807: 2662: 2548: 2465:

The papacy secured French backing to resist unification, fearing that giving up control of the

2387:

in 1859 facilitated the unification of Italy, and Napoleon was rewarded with the annexation of

2322: 2205: 2174: 1898: 1823: 1811: 1803: 1795: 1133: 1032: 894: 356: 197: 11167:

Cain, P.J. and Hopkins, A.G. "The Political Economy of British Expansion Overseas 1750–1914",

10697:

An historical atlas of modern Europe from 1789 to 1922 with an historical and explanatory text

10282:

The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. 11, Material Progress and World-Wide Problems 1870–1898

9133: 8855: 8707:

Legal imperialism: sovereignty and extraterritoriality in Japan, the Ottoman Empire, and China

8555: 8261:

Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa conference 1884–1885 and the onset of partition

8234: 7885: 7271: 6946: 6813: 6333: 6233: 5865:, Volume 9: War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793–1830. (1965) pp. 669–71, 676–77, 683–86. 5668: 5251:

failed to end Britain's control of the seas or break the stifling blockade. Germany turned to

5148:

saw the opportunity to stabilize the situation and expand the French overseas empire. General

4983:

to help modernize the Japanese army. Conflicts with China over Indochina climaxed during the

3103:. The home domains of the colonial powers had a total population of about 370 million people. 1932:; (3) neutral goods, except contraband, were not liable to capture under an enemy flag; (4) a 427:. This alliance fragmented in the 1850s due to crises in the Ottoman Empire, described as the 12798: 12654: 12476: 12386: 11274: 10732: 10678: 10230:

Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present

9729:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98

9659: 9549: 9485: 7974: 7518: 7073: 6563: 6505: 6367: 6023: 5983: 5711: 5590:

Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland remained neutral throughout the war.

5452: 5298: 5162: 5130: 5059: 5000: 4916: 4869: 4813: 4754: 4574: 4556: 4543: 4081: 3980: 3951: 3850: 3828: 3762: 3656: 3633: 3571: 3340: 3246:

and the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war." Taylor emphasizes the long-term impact:

3145: 3076: 3053: 2815: 2747: 2040: 1914: 1806:. The Serbian Revolution took place between 1804 and 1835, as this territory evolved from an 1505: 1453: 1433: 1371: 1351: 1346: 1180: 1060: 1055: 1027: 1022: 690:

from collapse. But it required two more military interventions, by Russia in the form of the

404: 399: 182: 10790: 10330: 9061: 8475: 8272:

Robert L. Tignor, "The 'Indianization' of the Egyptian Administration under British Rule."

7135: 7119: 5112: 4413:. He was thoroughly convinced that the Slavic minorities could never come together, and the 3976: 2597: 2450:

was the era from 1848 to 1871 that saw the achievement of independence of the Italians from

2208:

of Lisbon. Externally, it faced pressure from Great Britain to end its participation in the

1643:

in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent

13372: 13286: 13023: 12803: 12722: 12717: 12437: 11942: 10391: 6850: 5535: 5405: 5244: 5189:

of 1911, France used force to seize more control over Morocco. The German Foreign Minister

5177: 5140: 5047:. Negotiations were increasingly successful, and by 1895. France and Russia had signed the 4957: 4525: 4399: 4256: 4239: 3911: 3559: 3387:

of 1884–1885. All the European powers agreed on ground rules to avoid conflicts in Africa.

3088: 2773: 2650: 2403: 2400: 2361: 2302: 2294: 2173:, Mexico's largest port. After securing the harbor, the U.S. invasion army proceeded on to 1891: 1655: 1463: 1458: 1240: 1217: 1118: 1070: 1017: 1012: 981: 776: 768: 474: 319: 166: 41: 10439:

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500–2000

10295:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 12: The Shifting Balance of World Forces, 1898–1945

9864:

John Charmley, "Splendid Isolation to Finest Hour: Britain as a Global Power, 1900–1950."

9757:

Robert Jay, "Alphonse de Neuville's 'The Spy' and the Legacy of the Franco-Prussian War,"

9273:

Disraeli wisecracked that, of all the Bulgarian horrors perhaps the pamphlet was greatest.

9007:

Solomon Wank, "Foreign Policy and the Nationality Problem in Austria-Hungary, 1867–1914."

7202:

Paul H. Scherer. "Partner or Puppet? Lord John Russell at the Foreign Office, 1859–1862".

4318:, attracted public attention across Europe and lessened the chances of quiet compromises. 3356:

from British naval access, compelling an Anglo-Russian negotiation regarding Afghanistan.

3195:

was out of office, and the government allowed Britain to take effective control of Egypt.

1763:

against Russia in the 1850s to help it survive. Three British leaders played major roles.

8: 13296: 13291: 13154: 12783: 12592: 12546: 12517: 11910: 11843:

The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment

11801: 11718: 11484: 11332: 11328: 11188:

Splendid Isolation?: Britain, the Balance of Power and the Origins of the First World War

11046:

A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930

10617: 10500: 10298: 8944: 8840:

Lothar Reinermann, "Fleet Street and the Kaiser: British Public Opinion and Wilhelm II."

8802:

Splendid Isolation?: Britain, the Balance of Power and the Origins of the First World War

7480: 5916:

Gordon Craig, "The System of Alliances and the Balance of Power". in J. P. T. Bury, ed.,

5581:

The international relations of minor countries are covered in their own history articles.

4988: 4805: 4636: 4632: 4519: 4497: 4346: 4125: 3968: 3960: 3866: 3832: 3696: 3645: 3644:

declared trade to be a noble and necessary profession, allowing businessmen to enter the

3617: 3583: 3365: 2673: 2668: 2646: 2611: 2459: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2340: 2237: 2177:

in September, by which time virtually all of Mexico had been overrun by U.S. forces. The

2120: 2057: 1625: 1567: 1540: 1493: 1478: 1394: 1314: 1292: 1287: 1245: 1175: 972: 837:

international entanglements, the slavery issue became more and more internally divisive.

457:

as a bulwark against Russian expansionism. It opposed interventions designed to suppress

420: 387: 311: 205: 174: 165:) and Prussia (in 1871–1918, the German Empire). Italy was added to this group after its 127: 12149: 12141: 12073:

Debtor Diplomacy: Finance and American Foreign Relations in the Civil War Era, 1837-1873

11962:(2003), 2 vol. 16,300 annotated entries evaluate every major book and scholarly article. 11897:

Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908–1918

11873: 11729: 10607:

The New Cambridge Modern History: XI: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98

10285: 10268: 10265:

The New Cambridge Modern History Volume IX War and Peace In An Age of Upheaval 1793–1830

10249: 9270: 8001:

The New Cambridge Modern History: XI: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98

7147: 6987: 4743: 2135:. Of particular issue for Mexico was Texas' claim of sovereignty stretching down to the 1255: 13127: 12916: 12883: 12848: 12727: 12644: 12622: 12602: 12568: 12198:

Italy: The Least of the Great Powers: Italian Foreign Policy Before the First World War

12090: 12045: 11777: 11767:

The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815.

11630: 11405: 11314: 11267: 11085: 11078: 10862: 10816: 10794: 10771: 10761: 10520: 10480: 10470: 10364: 10320: 10254:

Craig, Gordon. "The System of Alliances and the Balance of Power." in J.P.T. Bury, ed.

9076:

Gunnar Hering, "Serbian-Bulgarian relations on the eve of and during the Balkan Wars."

6903: 5390: 5386: 5364: 5356: 5233: 5199: 5104: 4845: 4833: 4786: 4712: 4656: 4578: 4568: 4481: 4383: 4311: 4296: 4276: 4244: 4189: 4166: 3945: 3907:

in 1894–1895, the peace treaty ceded the island to Japan. It was Japan's first colony.

3862: 3846: 3789: 3750: 3680: 3534: 3260: 3230: 3204: 3025: 2896: 2821: 2685: 2681: 2623: 2512: 2376: 2335: 2306: 2167: 2151: 2088: 2076: 2068: 1910: 1886: 1785: 1629: 1562: 1498: 1448: 1406: 1376: 1364: 1302: 1277: 1265: 1250: 1235: 1190: 1080: 1065: 944: 915: 683: 632: 618: 587: 583: 484: 441:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom § 1814–1914: Pax Britannica

346: 327: 315: 299: 170: 103: 76: 12336: 12064:

Sexton, Jay. "Toward a synthesis of foreign relations in the Civil War era, 1848–77."

11784:

A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Hapsburg Empire

11514: 11374:

Great Britain: Foreign Policy and the Span of Empire, 1689–1971: A Documentary History

11119: 11106:

A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires

10650: 10410: 8910:

Andrew Porter, "The South African War (1899–1902): context and motive reconsidered."

5078:

In the 1880s relations between Britain and Germany improved as the key policy-makers,

4484:

from the Ottoman Empire in 1913. To the south, Bulgaria blocked Serbian access to the

2213: 898: 192:

In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, there were two major blocs in Europe: the

13392: 13261: 13226: 13169: 13137: 13054: 12903: 12888: 12764: 12732: 12686: 12305: 12247: 12183: 12133: 11997: 11970: 11930: 11657: 11542:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

11324: 11140: 11063: 10931: 10883: 10782: 10600: 10490: 10460: 10241:(13 vol 1957–1979), old but thorough coverage, mostly of Europe; strong on diplomacy 10233: 10010: 9635: 9555: 9491: 9139: 8861: 8821: 8561: 8508: 8481: 8240: 8166: 8139: 8129: 8086: 7980: 7891: 7859: 7524: 7484: 7403: 6819: 6720: 6511: 6373: 6339: 6239: 6029: 5989: 5820: 5782: 5772: 5717: 5674: 5551: 5401: 5252: 5248: 5040: 4849: 4817: 4809: 4717: 4625: 4594: 4456: 4375: 4371: 4268: 4056:(the United States) in 1899 demands an "open door" while major powers plan to cut up 3916: 3882: 3854: 3757:

as well as the local tribesmen. After the peace treaty gave Italy control it sent in

3746: 3652: 3603: 3538: 3484: 3384: 3304: 3169: 3092: 3045: 3021: 2988: 2984: 2846: 2693: 2689: 2627: 2451: 2195: 2170: 2116: 2036: 1962: 1953: 1868: 1807: 1699: 1671: 1640: 1550: 1520: 1488: 1428: 1260: 1155: 1145: 1075: 1050: 458: 415: 391: 368: 364: 279: 249: 233: 178: 12290:(1967), 140 documents 1878–1902. (American edition 1969 vol 1 and 2 bound together). 12035: 11836: 11491:

A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War

11113: 11015:

Imperialism: The Idea and Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion 1880–1914

10310: 9135:

The Unification of Germany and the challenge of Nationalism 1789–1919 Fourth Edition

6900:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 10: The Zenith of European Power, 1830–1870

4894:(the Archduke of Austria Hungary) by a Serbian secret organization, the Black Hand. 4405: 3837:

Friction between China and Japan arose from the 1870s from Japan's control over the

1123: 639: 13412: 13281: 13204: 12898: 12778: 12573: 12507: 12454: 12396: 12222: 11605:

115.462 (2000): 570–606; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority

11410:

Greisman, Harvey Clark. "The enemy concept in Franco-German relations, 1870–1914."

9282: 9252:

Jennifer Jackson Preece, "Minority rights in Europe: from Westphalia to Helsinki."

6286:

The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940

6061: 5812: 5394: 5167: 5154: 5055: 4992: 4829: 4731: 4472:

and strongly felt the need for access to the Mediterranean, preferably through the

4288: 4154: 4136: 4065: 4039: 4019: 3920: 3735: 3684: 3672: 3664: 3502: 3424: 3412: 3399: 3395: 3049: 2934: 2455: 2372: 2254: 2132: 2112: 1690: 1525: 1443: 1341: 1309: 1185: 744: 695: 492: 428: 111: 12052:

The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad, 1750 to Present

11099:

The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876–1912

10073: 8221:

Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876–1912

8089:

and Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid-Marsot, "The British occupation of Egypt: another view."

5247:

was not strong enough to confront the British in World War I; the one great naval

3713: 3141: 2462:) took the lead and imposed its constitutional system on the new nation of Italy. 13241: 13236: 13231: 13149: 12878: 12873: 12541: 12401: 12381: 12257: 12154:

Nish, Ian. (1990) "An Overview of Relations between China and Japan, 1895–1945."

11528: 11073: 10751: 10690: 10396: 9365: 8955:

W.N. Medlicott, "Austria-Hungary, Turkey and the Balkans." in F.H. Hinsley, ed.,

8815: 8502: 7176:

Niels Eichhorn. "The Intervention Crisis of 1862: A British Diplomatic Dilemma?"

7111: 7061: 6994: 5816: 5541: 5433: 5311: 5263:

in 1915 in a few minutes. The U.S. demanded it stop, and Germany did so. Admiral

5100: 5084: 4984: 4908: 4904: 4370:, was a largely rural, poor, multicultural state. It was operated by and for the 4363: 4260: 4073: 4022:, as he protested Japanese actions in the Hague Conference. Finally in 1910, the 4015: 3975:

opened hostilities by launching surprise attacks on the Russian Eastern Fleet at

3955: 3924: 3625: 3243: 3173: 3080: 3001: 2974: 2922: 2917: 2565: 2474: 2470: 2421: 2182: 2163: 2159: 2147: 1683: 1587: 1515: 1468: 1384: 1297: 882: 877: 822:

were laid to link the continents by telegraph, which was a reality by the 1860s.

591: 575: 462: 307: 162: 158: 115: 72: 10986: 10354: 10256:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 10: The Zenith of European Power, 1830–70

10246:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Vol. 10: the Zenith of European Power, 1830–70

4820:. Nevertheless, many of their ethnic compatriots lived under the control of the 4432: 4109: 2719: 2473:

and allow the liberals to dominate conservative Catholics. The Kingdom of Italy

1751:

The Ottoman Empire was only briefly involved in the Napoleonic Wars through the

13038: 12822: 12669: 12551: 12536: 12444: 12406: 12042:

Blue & Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations

11907:

The history of the Balkan Peninsula; from the earliest times to the present day

11863: 11686: 11535:

German History, 1789–1871: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich.

8034:

A.P. Thornton, "Rivalries in the Mediterranean, the Middle East and Egypt." in

7018: 5492: 5382: 5368: 5302: 5149: 5063: 5027: 4856:, Bulgaria lost most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War. 4821: 4781: 4775: 4762: 4264: 4129: 4097: 4077: 3858: 3838: 3811: 3739: 3708: 3668: 3493: 3448: 3181: 3100: 3068: 3037: 2997: 2913: 2900: 2581: 2544: 2229: 2217: 1948: 1940: 1939:

The war helped modernize warfare by introducing major new technologies such as

1890:

Diplomats at the Congress of Paris, 1856, settled the Crimean War; painting by

1742: 1730: 1212: 1113: 1103: 601:. The United States demanded reforms from Spain, which Spain refused. The U.S. 559: 554: 539: 454: 450: 444: 372: 303: 201: 193: 154: 143: 131: 12256:(1940); 475 pp detailed summaries of memoirs from all the major belligerents; 10700: 10450: 6592:

Wilbur Devereux Jones. "Lord Ashburton and the Maine Boundary Negotiations".

6463:

The Invisible Weapon: Telecommunications and International Politics, 1851–1945

5786: 5220: 4301: 2253:

independence from Germans, Irish, Italians, Greeks, and the Slavic peoples of

13427: 12815: 12810: 12481: 12391: 12295:

The Mirage of Power: Volume 3: The Documents British Foreign Policy, 1902–22.

10061: 9627: 9536:

The Decline of Bismarck's European Order: Franco-Russian Relations, 1875–1890

8817:

The Politics of Grand Strategy: Britain and France Prepare for War, 1904–1914

8170: 8125:

St. Petersburg and Moscow : Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814-1974

7673: 7370:

Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century

6131:

A world restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the problems of peace, 1812–22

5809:

Russia and the West from Alexander to Putin: Honor in International Relations

5333: 5186: 5134: 4825: 4678: 4489: 4414: 4207:

Britain and Germany each tried to improve relations, but British distrust of

4061: 3993: 3853:

of April 1895, China recognize the independence of Korea, and ceded to Japan

3591: 3545: 3369: 3239: 3057: 2929:. Italy was finally unified, but at the cost of alienating the pope and the 2855: 2697: 2556: 2225: 1864: 1659: 1207: 1140: 936: 806: 719: 643:

The territorial evolution of Greece since its independence in 1832 until 1947

523:

General Simón Bolívar, (1783–1830), a leader of independence in Latin America

424: 289:

The national boundaries within Europe as set by the Congress of Vienna, 1815.

126:

competitions for influence and power throughout the world, most famously the

107: 95: 12105:

China's Entrance into the Family of Nations: The Diplomatic Phase, 1858–1880

12004:

The cause of all nations: an international history of the American Civil War

11511:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

11264:

England and the International Policy of the European Great Powers, 1871–1914

10045:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

9303:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

7961: 7887:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

7424:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

6507:

A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War

5931:

A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812–22

5861:

C. W. Crawley. "International Relations, 1815–1830". In C. W. Crawley, ed.,

3582:, the British government on 1 July 1895 established direct rule through the 3374: 1647:. The revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in 586:

of Venezuela defeated the last Spanish forces; the final defeat came at the

13301: 13221: 13174: 12302:

Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902)

10433: 10290: 8733:

Trans-Pacific relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the twentieth century

7007:

The Union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859: An Episode in Diplomatic History

5766: 5096: 4930: 4758: 4473: 4057: 3563: 3429: 3316: 3283: 3041: 2946: 2926: 2677: 2552: 2490: 2482: 2466: 2356: 2326: 2277:

Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston § Prime Minister: 1859–1865

2144: 2140: 2072: 2043:, such as Jews and Greeks. The provinces were occupied by Russia after the 2007: 1965:(in Germany) to launch a series of wars in the 1860s that reshaped Europe. 1860: 1644: 881:

constitutional Liberal governments like in Britain, along the model of the

759: 544: 519: 480: 49: 12941: 12328: 11092:

Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

10327:

Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1870–1914

10141:

Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War

9742:

Defeat and Memory: Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era

9285:, "Midlothian: the Triumph and Frustration of the British Liberal Party," 8757:

David McLean, "Finance and 'Informal Empire' before the First World War,"

8143: 8021:

R.C. Mowat "From Liberalism to Imperialism: The Case of Egypt 1875–1887",

6411:

The King Edward and the development of the Mercantile Marine Steam Turbine

4394:) however, looked to Berlin in the new German Empire. There was a small 4345:

nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, had been independent for a century.

508: 90:

Important themes include the rapid industrialization and growing power of

13387: 13266: 13246: 13159: 13144: 13059: 12930: 12893: 12863: 12827: 12758: 12743: 12587: 11615: 11346:

Britain and the World, 1815–1986: A Dictionary of International relations

10624:

The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis

10361:

The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present

9995:

Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914

9022:

From Sadowa to Sarajevo: the foreign policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866–1914

6501: 5651:

The nineteenth century system: balance of power or political equilibrium?

5117: 5088: 4968:, a coalition of 50 organizations with a combined total of 5000 members. 4887: 4883: 4799: 4686: 4493: 4460: 4387: 4117: 4105: 3515: 3514:

The experience of Kenya is representative of the colonization process in

3192: 3033: 2933:

for a half century; the unstable situation was resolved in 1929 with the

2533: 2478: 2313:

in the American Civil War, but they kept Britain neutral in every case.

2221: 2128: 1847: 1760: 1726: 1679: 1675: 1663: 1535: 845: 841: 831: 780: 542:. The division exploded between Spaniards who were born in Spain (called 245: 213: 147: 123: 119: 80: 68: 12025:

Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941

11920: 11890: 11853: 11705:

Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph

11596: 11586: 11521:

From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary 1866–1914

11467: 11367:

Mirage of Power: volume 3: The Documents: British Foreign Policy 1902–22

11243: 11215: 11205: 10907: 10747: 10627: 10381: 10157: 10018: 9698:

The spirit of British policy and the myth of the encirclement of Germany

8668: 8585: 8397: 8259:

Stig Förster, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson, eds.

8195: 8107: 7591: 7152:

New Cambridge Modern History: vol X The Zenith of European Power 1830–70

5650: 5427: 4048: 3963:

in Korea and Manchuria. Japan offered to recognize Russian dominance in

3734:

in 1881. Turning to East Africa, Italy tried to conquer the independent

2956:, with relatively few exemptions. The upper strata was drafted into the 2071:

officially became independent in 1878. It then focused its attention on

1582: 13271: 12563: 12529: 11822:

St. Petersburg and Moscow: tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974

11753: 11717:

Scheck, Raffael. "Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945" (2008)

11681: 11676:

Morrow, Ian F. D. "The Foreign Policy of Prince Von Bulow, 1898-1909."

11193:

Gallagher, John and Robinson, Ronald. "The Imperialism of Free Trade",

11172: 10828:

Kramer, Alan. "Recent Historiography of the First World War – Part I",

9762: 9472:

St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

9394: 9290: 9120: 8762: 8436:

The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism

8303:

France under the Republic: The Development of Modern France (1870–1930)

8277: 8123: 8065: 7765: 7760:

W. N. Medlicott, "Bismarck and the Three Emperors' Alliance, 1881–87,"

7631: 7233: 7099: 6928: 6898:

Agatha Ramm, and B. H. Sumner. "The Crimean War." in J.P.T. Bury, ed.,

6437:

The struggle for control of global communication: The formative century

6393: 6315: 6298: 6215: 5462: 5338:

The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28th June 1919

5256: 4953: 4757:

declares independence and is proclaimed Tsar, and the Austrian Emperor

4689:

provides a useful model for understanding the dynamics of this policy.

4485: 4477: 4464: 4350: 4085: 3660: 3336: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3295: 3188: 3157: 2904: 2560: 2380: 2293:. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world, seeing the 2258: 2136: 1944: 1929: 1835: 1633: 1557: 1150: 989: 903: 793: 667: 652: 217: 135: 12281:

Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815–1939

12159: 9853:

Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy: The Close of the Nineteenth Century

7736: 5344: 4520:

Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878 Turkey at war with Serbia and Russia

3699:

into their colonies, while most settlers continued to head to Brazil.

3659:. The slave trade was abolished in 1836, in part because many foreign 2960:

for one year's training, but was nevertheless required to do its full

2438: 13377: 13132: 12578: 11212:

Britain's Imperial Century 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion

10947:

The Origins of the First World War: Diplomatic and Military Documents

5465:, official documents on causes of World War I released by each nation 5317: 4395: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4053: 3964: 3873:, spinning off a local class of entrepreneurs and skilled mechanics. 3781: 3753:

took control of a few coastal cities against stiff resistance by the

3688: 3676: 3328: 2150:

patrolling the area, the United States declared war in May 1846. The

2080: 1925: 1906: 1876: 1827: 1667: 1170: 1108: 870: 772: 549: 284: 60: 12032:

Crucible of power: A History of American Foreign Relations from 1897

12020:(Oxford History of the United States) (2008), 1056pp, general survey 10940:

The Mirage of Power: The Documents of British Foreign Policy 1914–22

9487:

The Lost History of 1914: Reconsidering the Year the Great War Began

7062:

US Army, Military History, Chapter 8, Mexican American War and After

5538:, 1875 – in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula 4699: 4398:

element located around Vienna, but it did not display much sense of

4263:(1899 – 1902) was fought by Britain against and the two independent 4135:

In 1899–1900 the United States won international acceptance for the

3300: 2458:

in the south, securing national unification. Piedmont (known as the

1802:

A successful uprising against the Ottomans marked the foundation of

739: 13184: 13122: 13101: 11798:

The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey

8941:

The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey

8928:

The Eastern question, 1774-1923: A study in international relations

5670:

Crisis Diplomacy: The Great Powers Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century

4952:

For a few years after its defeat in 1871 France displayed a bitter

3794: 3648:. Many settlers moved to Brazil, which became independent in 1822. 3544:

In 1895 the British government claimed the interior as far west as

3523: 3353: 1933: 1872: 1202: 869:

Britain's repeal in 1846 of the tariff on food imports, called the

237: 10210: 10183:

The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918–1933

9353:

James Stone, "Bismarck and the Containment of France, 1873–1877,"

6365: 5404:; the five peace treaties with defeated enemies (most notably the 3923:, but the administrators realized they first had to adjust to the 3335:. Meanwhile, both powers attempted colonial frontier expansion in 2979: 2801: 2740: 153:

In 1814, diplomats recognized five great powers: France, Britain,

71:

from 1814 to 1919. This era covers the period from the end of the

11353:

The Oxford History of the British Empire - Vol. 5: Historiography

10390:(Short Oxford History of the Modern World) (3rd ed. 2003) 544 pp 9199:

Europe 1789-1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire,

7505:

A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War

7036:

Russia and the formation of the Romanian National State 1821–1878

6579:

David Brown. "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865".

4219: 3845:

of 1894. Japanese soldiers massacred the Chinese after capturing

3629: 3506: 3404: 3352:

also aided Russia, by pressuring the Ottoman Empire to block the

3251:

prepared the way for the Franco-Russian Alliance ten years later.

3222: 2653:

of 1864 was a Danish defeat at the hands of Prussia and Austria.

2031: 1831: 1695: 1165: 1098: 764: 221: 209: 11960:

American Foreign Relations since 1600: A Guide to the Literature

11620:

Blood and Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire 1871-1918

11388:

Grandeur and Misery: France's bid for power in Europe, 1914–1940

10994:

The gentleman negotiators: the diplomatic history of World War I

10605:

Taylor, A.J.P. "International Relations" in F.H. Hinsley, ed.,

10599:(1954) 638pp; advanced history and analysis of major diplomacy; 10528:

Grant and Temperley's Europe in the Nineteenth Century 1789-1905

10196:

The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933

9788:

Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914–1940

6092:

Latin American Revolutions, 1808–1826: Old and New World Origins

5073: 4459:

had multiple national goals. Serbian intellectuals dreamed of a

3640:, focusing on sugar production. In 1770, the enlightened despot 3289: 2767: 2726: 2541:

official recognition of the Confederacy meant war with the U.S.

13276: 13164: 11860:

The Eastern question; an historical study in European diplomacy

11464:

The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War, 1871–1914

10559:(1994) 920 pp; advanced history and analysis of major diplomacy 9746:

Under the Shadow of Defeat: The War of 1870–71 in French Memory

6709:

Melvin Kranzberg, "1848: A Turning Point?" (1959) pp. viii–xi.

5920:, Vol. 10: The Zenith of European Power, 1830–70 (1960) p. 266. 5857: 5855: 4996: 4367: 3718: 3637: 3587: 3028:

of 1905, the only in which two major powers fought each other.

1979: 1918: 1880: 1815: 1160: 229: 225: 99: 12239:(Oxford UP, 1970.) pp. 195–504 are 147 selected documents 12166:

Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869–1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka

12112:

The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5: The Nineteenth Century

11986:

3 vol (2001), 2200 pp. 120 long articles by specialists.

11652:

Medlicott, William Norton, and Dorothy Kathleen Coveney, eds.

11637:

The Great Powers, imperialism and the German problem 1865-1925

6157:

Modern British Foreign Policy: The nineteenth century, 1814–80

6010:

Defence and Diplomacy: Britain and the Great Powers, 1815–1914

5297:

The participants in World War I. Those fighting alongside the

4188:

In 1886–1902 under Salisbury, Britain continued its policy of

4002:

In 1905, the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire signed the

609:, Spain's role in international affairs was essentially over. 333:

One goal of diplomacy throughout the period was to achieve a "

13251: 13008: 12333:– comprehensive collection of new articles by modern scholars 11671:

The Bismarckian Policy of Conciliation with France, 1875-1885

11429:

Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870–1940

11222:

The reluctant imperialists: British foreign policy, 1878–1902

11155:

Defence and Diplomacy: Britain and the Great Powers 1815–1914

9723: 9721: 9719: 8102:

Edward Ingram, "Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction"

7976:

The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon

7228:

Robert Schnerb, "Napoleon III and the Second French Empire."

6260:

Greyhounds of the Sea: The Story of the American Clipper Ship

4007: 2615: 2388: 2285:

made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as

2047:

in 1829. Russian and Turkish troops combined to suppress the

1790: 468: 241: 12018:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776

8504:

The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero

8500: 7516: 6216:

Submarine telegraph cables: Business and politics, 1838–1939

5852: 4874: 906:

against China, gaining control of Hong Kong in the process.

13028: 11946:Подготовка России к мировой войне в международном отношении 11250:

The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History, 1660–2000

10981:

The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

10866:

Dance of the Furies: Europe and the Outbreak of World War I

10317:

A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

9378:

The War Scare of 1875: Bismarck and Europe in the mid-1870s

8128:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 200–201. 7707:

France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety

7649:

A Diplomatic history of Europe since the Congress of Vienna

7552:

A Diplomatic history of Europe since the Congress of Vienna

7520:

The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War

7276:

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series)

6633:

A Diplomatic history of Europe since the Congress of Vienna

5695:

A Diplomatic history of Europe since the Congress of Vienna

2396: 2392: 1928:

was illegal; (2) a neutral flag covered enemy goods except

1706:

in the Netherlands. The revolutions were most important in

1197: 627: 562:" in English). The two groups wrestled for power, with the 11833:

The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804–1920

11691:

The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914

11481:

French Foreign Policy from Fashoda to Serajevo (1898–1914)

11321:

The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919

11240:

Britain and Foreign Affairs 1815–1885: Europe and Overseas

10904:

World War I: Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919

10417:

The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics, 1789–1989

9814:

France 1814–1919: The rise of a Liberal-Democratic Society

9744:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) pp. 62-80; also Karine Varley, 9716: 9602:

The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War

9201:

edited by John Merriman and Jay Winter, (2006) 2:703-705.

9115:

Gale Stokes, "The Serbian Documents from 1914: A Preview"

6948:

The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919

4671: 3378:

Central and East Africa, 1898, during the Fashoda Incident

2097: 1913:, and an international commission was set up to guarantee 13308: 12075:(Clarendon Press, 2005). The USA borrowed money in Paris. 11552:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

11294:

Britain in Europe (1789–1914): A Survey of Foreign Policy

10351:

The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914

10309:(Cambridge UP, 2014). 297 pp. On the role of neutrality 10170:

Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

9607: 9316:

Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna

9131: 7632:

Arms versus Allies: Trade-offs in the Search for Security

7272:

The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880

6873:"Serbian Revolution: Negotiations Legal Status Of Serbia" 6107:(2nd ed., 1982) pp 101–05, 122–23, 143–46, 306–09, 379–88 5811:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 63–77, 5293: 4761:

annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Ottoman Sultan

3238:

angered by London's unilateral intervention. Historian

2247: 12315:(1968) 352 pp of primary sources in English translation 12130:

The international relations of the Chinese empire Vol. 1

11967:

A short history of American foreign policy and diplomacy

10960:

Diplomatic history of World War I § Further reading

5873: 5871: 5771:. London: Macmillan Education, Limited. pp. 4, 10. 2123:

signed by then Mexican President and Commander-in-Chief

2064:(renamed the United Principalities of Romania in 1862). 208:

joined the Central Powers. Neutrality was the policy of

12366: 12244:

Readings in European International Relations Since 1879

11868:

Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007."

10896: 10890:

European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

9711:

British history in the 19th century and after 1782-1919

8774:

Nancy W. Ellenberger, "Salisbury" in David Loades, ed.

6696:

R. J. W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, eds.,

6450:

Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung

5198:

was alarmed at Germany's aggressiveness toward France.

5103:, Germany sympathised with the Boers. In 1897 Admiral 5034:, Russia was the most notorious center in the world of 2442:

The stages of Italian unification between 1829 and 1871

2367:

Napoleon III did score some successes: he strengthened

2232:(in the 1860s). This last war saw Argentina and Brazil 755:

linked the world's major trading nations by the 1860s.

607:

colonial holdings in North Africa and Equatorial Guinea

18:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

12271:

Selected speeches on British foreign policy, 1738–1914

11885:

Ragsdale, Hugh, and Valeri Nikolaevich Ponomarev eds.

11008:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

10914:

British documents on the origins of the war, 1898–1914

10325:

Anderson, Frank Maloy, and Amos Shartle Hershey, eds.

10074:

The Holtzendorff Memo (English translation) with notes

9342:

Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, Volume 2: 1871–1898

7382:

John Quinlan, "Prisoner in the Vatican: Rome In 1870"

7217:

Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion

6183:

Ocean Freight Rates and Economic Development 1730–1913

5483:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

5043:

eagerly did so. For example, it funded the essential

4619:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

4251:

as he repeatedly attacked Disraeli's imperialism. The

4229: 2119:

to be Mexican territory—it did not recognize the 1836

266: 9993:

Frank Maloy Anderson, and Amos Shartle Hershey, eds.

9059: 7691:

Letters from the Berlin Embassy, 1871–1874, 1880–1885

6944: 6369:

The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy

5868: 5498:

British Empire#Britain's imperial century (1815–1914)

4488:. Serbia, Greece, Montenegro and Bulgaria formed the 2371:, established bases in Africa, began the takeover of 1905:. In a major blow to Russian power and prestige, the 27:

Diplomacy and wars of six largest powers in the world

12087:

Japan's Foreign Relations 1542–1936: A Short History

10507:

Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World

8813: 6200:

Oceans of Grain: How American Wheat Remade the World

5985:

A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846

5423: 4354:

Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, Bosnia, and Albania.

3570:

and the surrounding Highlands became the enclave of

2925:, and made Rome its capital city in 1871 ending the 963:. The major powers guaranteed Belgian independence. 701: 659:, it was recognized as a fully independent kingdom. 10873:

Fifty years of Europe: a study in pre-war documents

10580:(1955) 216 pp; brief overview of diplomatic history 10307:

An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815–1914

10083: 10081: 8355:

Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970

7749:

Fifty Years of Europe: A study in pre-war documents

7475:Gallien, Max; Weigand, Florian (21 December 2021). 5666: 3566:. With the beginning of colonial rule in 1895, the 3407:, but France experienced a serious disappointment. 3121: 3106: 2289:in a new Palmerston cabinet. It was the first true 12237:The foreign policy of Victorian England, 1830–1902 11870:Journal of International Relations and Development 11272: 10459:(5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events 8970:The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923 8882:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 8853: 8462:Europe and Italy's Acquisition of Libya, 1911–1912 6607:Biographical dictionary of British prime ministers 6144:The Transformation of European Politics: 1763–1848 5957:The Transformation of European Politics: 1763–1848 5905:The Transformation of European Politics: 1763–1848 5638:The Transformation of European Politics: 1763–1848 5318:1919: Paris Peace Conference and Versailles Treaty 3939: 3198: 3148:. Napoleon had the support of the remnants of the 2131:, after being defeated in the final battle of the 12146:The international relations of the Chinese empire 12138:The international relations of the Chinese empire 11627:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914 11181:Pax Britannica?: British Foreign Policy 1789–1914 11053:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914 10686:(1983), maps #76–81. Published in Britain as the 10557:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 8957:The Cambridge Modern History: vol. 11: 1870–1898. 7437:The United States and France: Civil War Diplomacy 6659:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 6331: 4700:The alliance between Russia and France, 1894–1914 2903:, while maintaining by far the world's strongest 1897:Russia was defeated and was forced to accept the 359:, the prime minister of Austria (1809–1848), and 13425: 12288:The reluctant imperialists: vol 2: The Documents 12219:The Ottoman Empire and its successors, 1801-1922 11466:(The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1988) 11438:(The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1988) 11229:Mirage of Power: British Foreign Policy 1902–14 10785:long chapters on Britain's Landsdowne; France's 10744:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 10275:The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 14: Atlas 10078: 10015:Tirpitz: Architect of the German High Seas Fleet 9982:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 9656:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 7094:Diego Abente, "The War of the Triple Alliance". 6885:A. J. P. Taylor. "The war that would not boil". 3064:cost the United States much more than expected. 2375:, and opened trade with China. He facilitated a 1924:New rules of wartime commerce were set out: (1) 771:, and the New York-to-San Francisco route round 612: 340: 11977:Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations 11649:(1979), 833pp; focus on politics and diplomacy. 11233:Mirage of Power: British Foreign Policy 1914–22 11084:(1926); 583pp; Wide-ranging historical survey; 11029:The Roots Of French Imperialism In Eastern Asia 10442:(1987), stress on economic and military factors 9547: 8553: 7399:An Economic History of Liberal Italy: 1850–1918 6568:British foreign policy in the age of Palmerston 6335:A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World 6066:Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery 6028:. Greenwood Press. pp. xxi, xxxiii–xxxiv. 5510:Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich 4336:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 3667:. In India, trade flourished in the colony of 3578:Following severe financial difficulties of the 2703: 2424:is blunt: "he ruined France as a great power". 2355:Despite his 1851 promises of a peaceful reign, 2062:United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 351:Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich 13014:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 12242:Cooke, W. Henry, and Edith P. Stickney, eds. 11474:The Foreign Policy of France from 1914 to 1945 11359: 11304:Britain and the Origins of the First World War 11162:Foreign Policy of Victorian England, 1830–1902 10969:(Oxford UP, 1988), thorough scholarly coverage 10967:The First World War and International Politics 10837:The Origins of the First and Second World Wars 10102:The First World War and International Politics 9267:Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East 9102:Béla K. Király, and Gunther Erich Rothenberg, 7474: 7367: 7259:France, 1848–1945: Ambition, love and politics 6800:A History of Serbia and the Serbian Revolution 6605:Robert Eccleshall and Graham S. Walker, eds. 6231: 4769: 3979:, China. Russia suffered multiple defeats but 2618:after their victory in the Franco-Prussian War 196:formed by France, Britain, and Russia and the 12957: 12352: 11826:A Century of Russian Foreign Policy 1814–1914 11748:Stürmer, Michael. "Bismarck in Perspective," 11462:Mayeur, Jean-Marie, and Madeleine Rebirioux. 11450:France and the Origins of the First World War 11202:British Foreign and Imperial Policy 1865–1919 11070:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 10337:Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 10228:Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. 9840:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 9519:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 8857:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 8473: 7945:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 7932:Mexico and the Foreign Policy of Napoleon III 7662:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 6951:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 390–91 6929:The Treaty of Paris of 1856 and Its Execution 6366:Craig L. Symonds; William J. Clipson (2001). 6021: 5709: 5400:The major decisions were the creation of the 5165:was to enhance its prestige and diminish the 5074:Anglo-German relations deteriorate: 1880–1904 4897: 4018:was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, 3290:Great Game in Central Asia: Britain vs Russia 3164:in 1862 Napoleon installed Austrian archduke 1605: 935:Catholic Belgium in 1830 broke away from the 876:From 1830 to 1865, with a few interruptions, 779:. The much faster steam-powered, iron-hulled 322:including both Austria and Prussia (plus the 11395:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10823:The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880–1914 10596:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 10346:(2010); Focus on how diplomats are organized 9446:European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890 9420:European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890 9197:Edward J. Erickson, "Eastern Question." in 9173:European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890 8232: 8091:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7972: 7883: 7762:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6811: 6537:W. H. Chaloner. "The Anti-Corn Law League". 6316:The Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship 1850–1885 6299:The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869–1914 5988:. Oxford University Press. pp. 290–93. 5209: 2127:under duress while he was a prisoner of the 12971: 12283:(1968), pp. 1–385; 200 short documents 11952: 11575:(4 vol 1928–1931), in English translation. 11276:The Cambridge History of the British Empire 11257:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 11255:Olson, James S. and Robert S. Shadle, eds. 11248:Mulligan, William, and Brendan Simms, eds. 10990:A Diplomatic History of the First World War 10641:A World Atlas Of Military History 1861–1945 10467:European Alliances and Alignments 1870–1890 10400:Europe in the nineteenth century: a history 9918:The Development of modern France, 1870–1939 9589:The diplomacy of the Balkan wars, 1912–1913 9483: 8239:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 580. 6273:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History 5981: 5458:Historiography of the causes of World War I 4738: 4643: 4546:against Turkish troops was crucial for the 3761:, but suffered extensive casualties in its 2339:Napoleon III with the French forces at the 2171:and Marines commenced the siege of Veracruz 2026:broke away slowly from the Ottoman Empire, 514: 12964: 12950: 12359: 12345: 12061:(7th ed. 2 vol. 2009), university textbook 11850:The Russian Origins of the First World War 10847:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 10497:A history of European diplomacy, 1815–1914 10032:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 9956:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 9775:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 9620: 9576:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 9521:(1954) pp 334–345, and William L. Langer, 9389:Joseph V. Fuller, "The War-Scare of 1875" 9035:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 8996:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 8886:The rise and fall of British naval mastery 8789:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 7435:Lynn Marshall Case and Warren F. Spencer, 7342:A history of European diplomacy, 1815–1914 6170:Greek Struggle for Independence: 1821–1833 6079:The Spanish American Revolutions 1808–1826 5640:(1996) is an advanced history of diplomacy 5014: 4357: 4329: 3691:. The Portuguese successfully introduced 3558:in 1902, and in 1920 most of the enlarged 2684:caused the smaller German states (such as 2407:with the United States in 1862, while his 1612: 1598: 548:) versus those of Spanish descent born in 469:Abolition of the international slave trade 36:Bismarck manipulates the three emperors – 13029:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 12013:2nd ed. 1989. 700pp; 1200 short articles. 12011:Dictionary of American Diplomatic History 11831:Jelavich, Charles, and Barbara Jelavich. 11664:The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire 11060:Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1995 10707:A Sketch-map History of Europe, 1789–1914 10538:Europe in the Twentieth Century 1905-1970 8410:The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825 8381:The Portuguese seaborne empire, 1415–1825 8190:David Fromkin, "The Great Game in Asia." 7619:Struggle for Mastery of Europe: 1848–1918 7565:Struggle for Mastery of Europe: 1848–1918 7386:(Sept 1970), Vol. 20 Issue 9, pp 620-627. 6372:. Naval Institute Press. pp. 72–74. 5802: 5764: 5314:for "open covenants, openly arrived at". 5305:in orange, and neutral countries in grey. 4892:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 4573:Britain, France, and Austria opposed the 4236:Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone 4147: 3229:The most decisive event emerged from the 2991:regulated European imperialism in Africa. 2633: 1994:in 1812. In 1859, Moldavia and Wallachia 1968: 925:Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830 12300:Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. 12254:Recent Revelations of European Diplomacy 12180:War And Diplomacy In The Japanese Empire 12054:(2nd ed 1994) university textbook; 884pp 11323:(3 vol, 1921–23), old detailed classic; 10926:Gooch, G. P. and Harold Temperley, eds. 10722: 10712: 10564:The Nineteenth Century: Europe 1789–1914 10487:Political and social upheaval, 1832–1852 10388:Barricades and Borders: Europe 1800–1914 10209: 8529:Okinawa: The history of an island people 8121: 7523:. Indiana University Press. p. 19. 6721:Political and social upheaval, 1832–1852 6510:. Cornell University Press. p. 17. 5673:. Cambridge UP. pp. 107, 161, 164. 5343: 5327: 5292: 5219: 5124: 4991:destroyed the Chinese fleet anchored at 4873: 4742: 4537: 4431: 4300: 4196: 4047: 3849:on the Liaodong Peninsula. In the harsh 3712: 3428: 3373: 3299: 3208: 3160:, a civil war from 1857 to 1861. In the 2978: 2715: 2708: 2605: 2437: 2399:, then reversed himself and angered the 2334: 1978: 1885: 1789: 919: 738: 638: 626: 518: 485:British Royal Navy patrols around Africa 283: 31: 13444:19th century in international relations 13034:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 11984:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 11745:(2011), most recent scholarly biography 11721:, a brief textbook by a leading scholar 10912:Gooch, G.P. and Harold Temperley, eds. 9879:The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 9827:The diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902 9523:The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890–1902 9517:For more elaborate detail, see Taylor, 8897:John W. Auld, "The Liberal Pro-Boers." 8748:(Cambridge University Press, 1970) ch 1 8542:The Diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 8501:David Wolff; John W. Steinberg (2007). 8316:The diplomacy of imperialism: 1890–1902 8117: 8115: 8012:Taylor, "International Relations" p 554 7517:Frank J. Merli; David M. Fahey (2004). 7395: 6918:(2011) is a standard scholarly history. 6787:New Cambridge Modern History: 1870-1898 6214:Daniel R. Headrick and Pascal Griset. " 6172:(University of California Press, 1973). 6022:Falola, Toyin; Warnock, Amanda (2007). 5531:History of United States foreign policy 4340:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire 4282: 3533:Germany set up a protectorate over the 3036:, but not from most of the rest of its 2523:and set up an independent country, the 2507:History of United States foreign policy 2189: 2154:quickly took the initiative, capturing 2098:United States defeats Mexico, 1846–1848 1779: 1747:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire 748:– an American clipper ship of the 1850s 497:abolished in the British Empire in 1833 14: 13426: 11808:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 11497: 11457:The Franco-Russian alliance, 1880–1894 11434:Jardin, Andre, and Andre-Jean Tudesq. 11121:Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450–1950 11022:Europe Overseas: Phases of Imperialism 10974:The First World War: Volume I: To Arms 10585:European Diplomatic History: 1871–1932 10477:The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890–1902 10371:The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914 10359:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. 9329:European Diplomatic History: 1871–1932 8159:"An Endless Progression of Whirlwinds" 7830:Europe Overseas: Phases of Imperialism 7804:A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900 7791:A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900 7778:A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900 7720:A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900 6818:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 147ff. 5612:A Generation of Materialism: 1871–1900 5488:Timeline of British diplomatic history 5393:of France, and Italian Prime Minister 4863: 4828:. There were three main causes of the 4824:. In 1912, these countries formed the 3891:The island of Taiwan (Formosa) had an 3359: 2923:seized the remaining papal territories 2680:and other trivialities. The spirit of 2427: 2248:1860–1871: Nationalism and unification 2014:In a largely peaceful transition, the 966: 12945: 12340: 12173:The origins of the Russo-Japanese war 12059:American Foreign Relations: A History 11880:The origins of the Russo-Japanese war 11800:(1915) summary histories by scholars 11790: 11573:German Diplomatic Documents 1871–1914 11311:England and the Near East: The Crimea 11224:(1969) 257pp plus 150 pp of documents 11104:Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., 10152:Robert O. Paxton, and Julie Hessler. 9700:(London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1931). 9626: 9490:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 59. 8943:(1915) summary histories by scholars 8652:The Origins of the Russo–Japanese War 8626:Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan 8600:"The Koo family: a century in Taiwan" 8582:Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan 8156: 6971:Aspects of European History 1789–1980 5798: 5796: 5768:The Collapse of the Concert of Europe 5760: 5758: 5756: 5742: 5740: 5385:of the United States, Prime Minister 4612: 4562: 4160: 4142: 4036:History of foreign relations of China 3717:Surrender of the Turkish garrison in 2575:However, several British firms built 1975:Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia 909: 858: 529:Spanish American wars of independence 479:An important liberal advance was the 271:For the previous diplomatic era, see 189:, before gaining their independence. 13454:Historiography of the United Kingdom 11994:A History of American Foreign Policy 11889:(Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993) 11365:Lowe, C.J. and M. L. Dockrill, eds. 11252:(Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 345 pages 10953: 10897:Primary sources on coming of the war 10779:Before the war: studies in diplomacy 10117:(Taylor & Francis, 2001) p. 61. 9793: 9132:Alan Farmer; Andrina Stiles (2015). 8860:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 279. 8329:Africa Since 1875: A Modern History, 8112: 6594:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 6500: 5944:Reaction & Revolution: 1814–1832 5879:Europe's Balance of Power, 1815–1848 5705: 5703: 5526:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 5503:Historiography of the British Empire 5058:with Great Britain, and finally the 4924: 4428:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 4029: 3738:, but was massively defeated at the 3128:Second French intervention in Mexico 1936:, to be legal, had to be effective. 1702:in Denmark, and the introduction of 12368:International relations (1814–1919) 12293:Lowe, C.J. and M.L. Dockrill, eds. 12066:American Nineteenth Century History 11760:Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman 10938:Lowe, C.J. and M.L. Dockrill, eds. 10808:(2012) 38 topics essays by scholars 10768:History of modern Europe, 1878–1919 10727:For a more comprehensive list, see 10684:Rand McNally Atlas of World History 10407:History of Modern Europe: 1878–1919 9063:The Annexation of Bosnia, 1908–1909 8709:(Cambridge University Press, 2010). 8597: 8557:China's Last Empire: The Great Qing 7477:The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling 7178:American Nineteenth Century History 7066: 6789:(1962) vol 11 pp. 38, 45, 550, 553. 6698:The Revolutions in Europe 1848–1849 6338:. Grove/Atlantic. pp. 326–28. 6068:(Cambridge University Press, 2009). 5713:The League of Nations in retrospect 5516:History of French foreign relations 5473:International relations (1919–1939) 5443:International relations (1648–1814) 4380:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 4230:Liberal Party splits on imperialism 4155:The Great London Exhibition of 1851 3657:Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) 3113:History of French foreign relations 2788:League of the Three Emperors (1881) 2598:German Empire § Foreign policy 2503:Diplomacy of the American Civil War 2240:; in what was the bloodiest war in 2224:with Argentina (in the 1850s); the 2111:refused to recognize the 1845 U.S. 1883:, which the Allies finally seized. 1698:in Austria and Hungary, the end of 434: 294:As the four major European powers ( 273:International relations (1648–1814) 267:1814–1830: Restoration and reaction 261:international relations (1919–1939) 24: 13434:History of international relations 13107:International relations since 1989 13097:Diplomatic history of World War II 13019:International Criminal Court (ICC) 12229: 12205:Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774–2000. 12079: 11436:Restoration and Reaction 1815–1848 10875:(1933) covers 1871 to 1914, 438 pp 10830:Journal of Modern European History 10813:The Origins of the First World War 10770:(2nd ed. 1956) pp. 386–413. 10349:Bridge, F. R. & Roger Bullen. 10205: 9632:The origins of the First World War 8746:The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism 6025:Encyclopedia of the middle passage 5892:Reaction and Revolution: 1814–1832 5803:Tsygankov, Andrei P., ed. (2012), 5793: 5753: 5737: 5625:Reaction and Revolution: 1814–1832 5324:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 4588: 4321: 4182:confrontation of the great powers. 4128:" that was imposed in a series of 3763:brutal campaign against the tribes 3671:, with its subsidiary colonies of 3276:Cambridge School of historiography 2475:finally took over the Papal States 2079:but with about two million ethnic 1915:freedom of commerce and navigation 1753:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1712:states of the German Confederation 449:British foreign policy was set by 396:Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) 48:– like a ventriloquist's puppets; 25: 13465: 13403:International political sociology 12322: 12212:Italian Foreign Policy, 1870–1940 11929:(1958), major scholarly history; 11673:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). 11402:Franco-German Relations 1871–1914 10811:Joll, James & Gordon Martel. 10128:Great Power Diplomacy: Since 1914 9969:German Foreign Policy 1871 – 1914 9138:. Hodder Education. p. 199. 8776:Reader's Guide to British History 8477:Sino-Japanese Naval War 1894–1895 6735:American Political Science Review 5716:. Walter De Gruyter. p. 21. 5700: 5448:Diplomatic history of World War I 5285:Diplomatic history of World War I 4026:formally annexed Korea to Japan. 3818: 3138:Second Federal Republic of Mexico 3060:became much less profitable. The 2220:against Argentina (in 1825); the 2085:Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed 1903:Christians in the Ottoman domains 1736: 1678:. It had become the creed of the 1639:The revolutions were essentially 941:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 812: 786: 702:Travel, trade, and communications 257:diplomatic history of World War I 46:Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary 12330:Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions 11982:DeConde, Alexander, et al. eds. 11937:Russia and the Balkans 1870-1880 11738:(1993), a major scholarly survey 11698:Metternich: Councillor of Europe 11593:German Foreign Policy, 1871–1914 11561:(1965), a major scholarly survey 11504:History of German foreign policy 11339:The Foreign Policy of Palmerston 11319:Ward, A.W. and G.P. Gooch, eds. 11273:Rose, John Holland, ed. (1929). 11000: 10880:The Diplomacy of the War of 1914 10550:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 10457:An Encyclopedia of World History 10188: 10175: 10162: 10146: 10133: 10120: 10107: 10094: 10066: 10050: 10037: 10024: 10004: 9987: 9974: 9961: 9948: 9936: 9923: 9910: 9897: 9884: 9871: 9858: 9845: 9832: 9819: 9806: 9780: 9767: 9751: 9734: 9703: 9690: 9677: 9664: 9648: 9594: 9581: 9568: 9541: 9528: 9511: 9477: 9464: 9459:Great power diplomacy, 1814–1914 9451: 9438: 9425: 9412: 9399: 9383: 9370: 9347: 9334: 9321: 9308: 9295: 9276: 9259: 9246: 9233: 9220: 9207: 9191: 9178: 9165: 9152: 9125: 9109: 9096: 9089:Richard C. Hall, "Balkan Wars," 9083: 9070: 9053: 9040: 9027: 9014: 9001: 8988: 8975: 8962: 8949: 8933: 8920: 8904: 8891: 8874: 8854:James Stuart Olson, ed. (1991). 8847: 8834: 8807: 8794: 8781: 8768: 8751: 8738: 8725: 8712: 8699: 8694:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 8686: 8673: 8665:The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905 8657: 8644: 8631: 8618: 8591: 8574: 8547: 8534: 8521: 8494: 8467: 8454: 8441: 8428: 8415: 8402: 8386: 8373: 8360: 8347: 8334: 8321: 8308: 8295: 8282: 8266: 8253: 8226: 8213: 8200: 8184: 8150: 8096: 8080: 8070: 8054: 8041: 8036:The New Cambridge Modern History 8028: 8015: 8006: 7993: 7966: 7950: 7937: 7924: 7911: 7877: 7872:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 7864: 7848: 7835: 7822: 7809: 7796: 7783: 7770: 7754: 7741: 7725: 7712: 7699: 7683: 7667: 7654: 7641: 7624: 7611: 7598: 7583: 7570: 7557: 7544: 7510: 7497: 7468: 7455: 7442: 7429: 7416: 7389: 7376: 7361: 7348: 7333: 7320: 7307: 7294: 7281: 7264: 7251: 7238: 7222: 7209: 7196: 6945:A. W. Ward; G. P. Gooch (1970). 6761:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 6552:Mastering Modern British History 6489:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 6118:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 5970:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 5918:The New Cambridge Modern History 5863:The New Cambridge Modern History 5847:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 5748:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914 5521:History of German foreign policy 5426: 5278: 4911:expressed the British viewpoint: 4650:History of German foreign policy 4530:Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878) 4511:History of German foreign policy 4463:state—which in the 1920s became 4305:Political history of the Balkans 4247:policy after 1880 was shaped by 4226:worsened tensions, 1880s-1910s. 4203:Germany–United Kingdom relations 3871:industrialization of urban China 3788:with China in 1894–1895 and the 3775:Foreign relations of Meiji Japan 3768: 3333:Russian conquest of Central Asia 3307:at the beginning of 20th century 3122:France seizes, then loses Mexico 3107:French Empire in Asia and Africa 2863:Balkan states, the treatment of 2718: 2602:History of German foreign policy 2496: 2270: 2075:, a region historically part of 1581: 996: 708: 13398:International political economy 12098:Japanese Imperialism, 1894–1945 11887:Imperial Russian Foreign Policy 11774:The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918 11647:Germany in Western Civilization 11443:France and the World since 1870 11427:Hutton, Patrick H. et al. eds. 11227:Lowe, C.J. and M. L. Dockrill. 10658:Map History of the Modern World 10154:Europe in the Twentieth Century 9685:German foreign policy 1871-1914 9615:The Eastern Question, 1774–1923 9254:Review of international studies 9215:The Eastern Question, 1774–1923 8722:(Oxford University Press, 2012) 7606:Great Power Diplomacy 1814–1914 7450:Great Power Diplomacy 1814–1914 7356:Great Power Diplomacy 1814–1914 7183: 7170: 7157: 7140: 7124: 7105: 7088: 7054: 7041: 7028: 7012: 6999: 6976: 6963: 6938: 6921: 6908: 6892: 6879: 6865: 6839: 6805: 6792: 6779: 6766: 6753: 6740: 6727: 6712: 6703: 6690: 6677: 6664: 6651: 6638: 6625: 6622:(1937) pp. 129–48, 223–41, 688. 6612: 6599: 6586: 6573: 6557: 6544: 6531: 6494: 6481: 6468: 6455: 6442: 6429: 6420: 6403: 6386: 6359: 6325: 6308: 6291: 6278: 6265: 6252: 6225: 6208: 6192: 6175: 6162: 6149: 6136: 6123: 6110: 6097: 6084: 6071: 6055: 6042: 6015: 6002: 5975: 5962: 5949: 5936: 5923: 5910: 5897: 5884: 5839: 5655:Review of International Studies 5289:Economic history of World War I 4747:Cover of the French periodical 4010:. It led to the signing of the 3940:Japan defeats Russia, 1904–1905 3612:History of Portugal (1834–1910) 3608:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 3199:British takeover of Egypt, 1882 2940: 2895:Britain had entered an era of " 2890: 2865:Armenians in the Turkish empire 2087:at the end of the World War I, 2067:With Russian intervention, the 2000:the first modern Romanian state 1990:(then under Austrian rule) and 943:and established an independent 421:revolutionary upheavals of 1848 392:Three major European congresses 255:For the following periods, see 79:(1814–1815), to the end of the 11726:England and Germany, 1740–1914 11583:Bismarck and the German Empire 11235:(v. 2, 1972); analytic history 11082:Imperialism and world politics 10647:Cambridge Modern History Atlas 10587:(1933), basic summary; 425 pp 10319:(1958), 736 pp; basic survey; 9905:England and Germany, 1740–1914 9060:Bernadotte E. Schmitt (1937). 8423:A New History of Portugal 1966 8157:Irwin, Robert (21 June 2001). 7096:Latin American Research Review 5805:"The Holy Alliance, 1815–1853" 5687: 5660: 5643: 5630: 5617: 5604: 5584: 5575: 5512:, Austrian diplomacy 1803-1848 5353:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 5269:unrestricted submarine warfare 5087:congratulating Boer President 4793: 4753:on the Bosnian Crisis: Prince 2968: 2656: 2610:German troops parade down the 2345:Austrian withdrawal from Italy 2039:, although there were certain 2030:into what would become modern 1859:In 1851, France under Emperor 1841: 414:To achieve lasting peace, the 384:question of Greek independence 59:This article covers worldwide 13: 1: 12738:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 12692:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 12682:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 12117:Kibata, Y. and I. Nish, eds. 11724:Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly. 11279:. Cambridge UP. p. 10ff. 11143:; 922pp; worldwide coverage; 11130:Institute of European History 10517:Diplomatic History, 1713–1933 8820:. Ashfield Press. p. 2. 8814:Samuel R. Williamson (1990). 8236:The English and Their History 8165:. Vol. 23, no. 12. 7979:. Routledge. pp. 67–69. 7817:The Great Illusion: 1900–1914 7074:"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" 6748:The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922 6050:Journal of the Early Republic 5597: 5080:Prime Minister Lord Salisbury 4672:"War in Sight" crisis of 1875 4534:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 4293:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 4044:European imperialism in China 3807:History of the Ryukyu Islands 3554:. The border was extended to 3272:The Imperialism of Free Trade 3162:French intervention in Mexico 3152:elements that Juarez and his 2987:chaired by German Chancellor 2525:Confederate States of America 2183:northern frontier territories 825: 613:Greek independence: 1821–1833 341:Congress of Vienna: 1814–1815 13366:Related fields and subfields 12598:Second Industrial Revolution 12472:League of the Three Emperors 12313:Metternich's Europe, 1813–48 12264:Britain and Europe 1793–1940 12210:Lowe, C. J. and F. Marzari. 12158:(1990) 124 (1990): 601–623. 12027:(2000) essays on main topics 11917:The Russian Empire 1801–1917 11752:(1971) 4#4 pp. 291–331 11678:Cambridge Historical Journal 11090:Page, Melvin E. et al. eds. 10758:The Origins of the World War 10552:(1992), comprehensive survey 10239:New Cambridge Modern History 9866:Contemporary British History 9731:(1962) pp 204-42, esp 214-17 9554:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 40–43. 9066:. Cambridge UP. p. vii. 8598:Yeh, Lindy (15 April 2002). 8104:International History Review 8051:50.1 (2014): 43-60 at p. 57. 7890:. Basic Books. p. 303. 7678:The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 7302:Europe: Grandeur and Decline 6620:Britain in Europe: 1789–1914 6238:. Oxbow Books. p. 203. 6232:Carlo Beltrame, ed. (2016). 5817:10.1017/CBO9781139179072.008 5667:James L. Richardson (1994). 5240:, and remained in the lead. 5216:Anglo-German naval arms race 5191:Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter 4662:League of the Three Emperors 4504: 4312:Ottoman attacks on Armenians 4224:Anglo-German naval arms race 4209:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany 3998:Japanese annexation of Korea 3721:to the Italian general, 1912 3024:(1911). The largest was the 2885:League of the Three Emperors 2704:1871: The year of transition 2212:. Brazil fought wars in the 1658:, other demands made by the 692:Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 110:, and, later in the period, 7: 12628:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 12308:, 608 pp of primary sources 12266:(1967); 390 pp of documents 11610:A History of Modern Germany 11380: 11360:Primary sources for Britain 10793:pp. 187–284; Russia's 10729:Bibliography of World War I 10363:(1983 and other editions), 10339:(1996) brief overview 216pp 10273:H. C. Darby and H. Fullard 10058:Journal of Military History 9903:Bernadotte Everly Schmitt, 9759:Metropolitan Museum Journal 9709:George Macaulay Trevelyan, 9355:Canadian Journal of History 8560:. Harvard UP. p. 234. 8480:. MMPBooks. pp. 7–17. 8434:William G. Clarence-Smith, 8368:Canadian Journal of History 7843:The Great Illusion, 1900–14 7735:(2000) 115#462 pp. 570-606 7315:Italian Unification 1820–71 7148:Nationality and nationalism 6802:(London: John Murray, 1847) 6646:The Low Countries 1780–1940 6398:Journal of Economic History 6303:Journal of Economic History 6187:Journal of Economic History 5765:Langhorne, Richard (2015). 5710:Heinz Waldner, ed. (1983). 5478:List of modern great powers 5419: 4947: 4890:, which was sparked by the 4770:Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 4451:Foreign relations of Serbia 3725:Italy was often called the 3597: 3580:British East Africa Company 3235:British occupation of Egypt 3004:(1880–1881 and 1899–1902), 2640:Schleswig-Holstein Question 2577:small fast blockade runners 2369:French control over Algeria 2179:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 2125:Antonio López de Santa Anna 753:Underwater telegraph cables 10: 13470: 13439:European political history 13408:Peace and conflict studies 13024:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 12677:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 12225:, strong on foreign policy 12132:(1910), coverage to 1859; 11501: 11157:(1993) brief survey, 160pp 11147: 11024:(1968) 206pp; basic survey 10992:(1971); also published as 10957: 10859:(2014) 129#538 pp: 639–66. 10806:A Companion to World War I 10726: 10695:Robertson, Charles Grant. 10378:The Crimean War: A History 10222: 10089:A Companion to World War I 10047:(1927) pp 266=99, 394-417. 9801:The Fall of Imperial China 9391:American Historical Review 8912:Journal of African History 8899:Journal of British Studies 8531:(Tuttle Publishing, 2013). 8290:Diplomacy & Statecraft 8274:American Historical Review 8122:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 7764:Vol. 27 (1945), pp. 61-83 7636:International Organization 7578:Diplomacy & Statecraft 7165:England and Italy, 1859–60 7150:". In J. P. T. Bury, ed., 6916:The Crimean War: A History 6685:European Review of History 6476:The Crimean War: A History 6332:William Bernstein (2009). 5321: 5282: 5213: 5128: 5062:in 1907, which became the 5018: 4928: 4898:Germany fears encirclement 4867: 4797: 4773: 4703: 4666:Central and Eastern Europe 4647: 4616: 4592: 4566: 4542:The Russian and Bulgarian 4523: 4508: 4448: 4425: 4333: 4286: 4233: 4200: 4164: 4033: 4004:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 3991: 3943: 3887:Taiwan under Japanese rule 3880: 3822: 3804: 3800: 3772: 3706: 3601: 3422: 3363: 3293: 3202: 3125: 3110: 2972: 2944: 2660: 2649:was a Danish victory. The 2637: 2626:, under the leadership of 2595: 2591: 2500: 2431: 2320: 2274: 2200:Argentina–Brazil relations 2193: 2101: 1972: 1845: 1783: 1740: 970: 913: 862: 829: 696:French expeditionary force 678:The Powers agreed, by the 616: 526: 472: 438: 378:The Congress resolved the 344: 277: 270: 146:. After 1900, there was a 13365: 13317: 13115: 13072: 13047: 13001: 12992: 12979: 12836: 12700: 12613: 12498:European balance of power 12490: 12425: 12374: 12190: 12057:Paterson, Thomas, et al. 11736:German History, 1770–1866 11603:English Historical Review 11422:English Historical Review 11412:History of European Ideas 11068:Olson, James Stuart, ed. 10942:(vol 3, 1972), pp 423–759 10868:(2011), on public opinion 10857:English Historical Review 10578:From Vienna to Versailles 10479:(1950); advanced history 10469:(1950); advanced history 10424:Journal of Global History 10168:by Rene Albrecht-Carrie, 9931:French Historical Studies 9448:(2nd ed. 1950) pp. 44–55. 9117:Journal of Modern History 9009:Austrian History Yearbook 8880:Paul M. Kennedy, Paul M. 8735:(Greenwood, 2003) pp 3–20 7733:English Historical Review 7402:. Routledge. p. 49. 7230:Journal of Modern History 7154:(1960) 213–245 at p. 245. 7116:A brief history of Brazil 6933:Journal of Modern History 6094:(1994), scholarly essays. 5562:European balance of power 5361:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 5210:British-German naval race 4444: 4421: 4052:"Putting his foot down": 3876: 3749:of 1911–12 came when the 3727:least of the great powers 3584:East African Protectorate 3270:(1961), which focused on 3267:Africa and the Victorians 3010:First Italo-Ethiopian War 2822:Reinsurance Treaty (1887) 2586:international arbitration 2570:Emancipation Proclamation 2559:, as the blockade by the 2481:was withdrawn. The angry 2316: 734: 649:Greek War of Independence 623:Greek War of Independence 603:intervened by war in 1898 599:Cuban War of Independence 568:complex series of revolts 63:and, more generally, the 13449:20th century in politics 12789:Venezuela Naval Blockade 12460:Anglo-Russian Convention 12148:vol 3 1894–1916. (1918) 11953:United States of America 11824:(1974); 1st edition was 11750:Central European History 11669:Mitchell, Pearl Boring. 11566:Germany: A Short History 11424:115.462 (2000): 570–606. 11309:Temperley, Harold W. V. 11169:Economic History Review, 11137:Colonial tariff policies 11135:U.S. Tariff Commission. 11118:Stuchtey, Benedikt, ed. 10839:(1997) textbook, 125 pp 10760:(2 vols. 2nd ed. 1930). 10505:Nelson, Scott Reynolds. 9548:Richard C. Hall (2014). 9433:Diplomacy and Statecraft 9393:(1919) 24#2 pp. 196-226 9364:14 December 2014 at the 9289:(1960) 22#2 pp 187–201. 8926:Matthew Smith Anderson, 8554:William T. Rowe (2010). 8447:Giuseppe Maria Finaldi, 8208:Central European History 8194:58#4 (1980) pp. 936-951 7856:Colonial tariff policies 7396:Toniolo, Gianni (2014). 7270:Jonathan Philip Parry. " 7132:The history of Argentina 7023:The Romanians, 1774–1866 6902:(1960) pp. 468–92, 6581:Diplomacy and Statecraft 6541:(1968) 18#3 pp. 196–204. 6400:(1968) 28#3 pp: 390–403. 5568: 5265:Henning von Holtzendorff 5009:Anglo-Russian Convention 4739:Balkan crises: 1908–1913 4644:German policy, 1870–1890 4396:German-speaking Austrian 3987: 3897:Dutch East India Company 3702: 3626:settler colony in Brazil 3551:East Africa Protectorate 3418: 3274:and was promoted by the 3233:, which resulted in the 3140:under elected president 2156:Santa Fe de Nuevo México 2092:united with Transylvania 1704:representative democracy 947:. Southern liberals and 657:Treaty of Constantinople 515:Spain loses its colonies 187:declining Ottoman Empire 13383:Foreign policy analysis 13195:International community 12973:International relations 12794:Alaska boundary dispute 12467:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 12450:Franco-Russian Alliance 12269:Jones, Edgar Rees, ed. 12140:vol 2 1861–1893 (1918) 12023:Hogan, Michael J. ed. 11958:Beisner, Robert L. ed, 11921:excerpt and text search 11891:excerpt and text search 11854:excerpt and text search 11796:Forbes, Nevill, et al. 11645:Maehl, William Harvey. 11587:excerpt and text search 11468:excerpt and text search 11244:excerpt and text search 11216:excerpt and text search 11206:excerpt and text search 11195:Economic History Review 11171:(1980) 33#4 pp 463–90. 11126:European History Online 11036:The Scramble for Africa 10908:excerpt and text search 10748:excerpt and text search 10688:Hamlyn Historical Atlas 10633: 10566:(Oxford UP Press, 2000) 10392:excerpt and text search 10382:excerpt and text search 10315:Albrecht-Carrié, René. 10258:(1960) pp. 246–73. 10158:excerpt and text search 10113:J.A.S. Grenville, ed., 10019:excerpt and text search 9799:Frederic Wakeman, Jr., 9761:(1984) 19: pp. 151-162 9660:excerpt and text search 9435:(2006) 17#4 pp 693–714. 9422:(2nd ed. 1950) pp 44–55 9357:(1994) 29#2 pp 281–304 9119:48#3 (1976), pp. 69-84 9093:(2012) 62#11 pp 36-42, 8761:(1976) 29#2 pp 291–305 8759:Economic History Review 8586:excerpt and text search 8398:excerpt and text search 8292:(2006) 17#4 pp 693-714. 8062:Economic History Review 8025:16#1 (1973), pp. 109-12 7592:The Franco-Prussian War 7580:(1991) 2#2 pp. 254–269. 7368:E. E. Y. Hales (1954). 7189:Keith A. P. Sandiford. 6672:The Revolutions of 1848 6583:(2006) 17#4 pp. 675–92. 6417:(2002) 88#3 pp. 301–06. 6320:Economic History Review 6305:(1958) 18#4 pp: 556–73. 6220:Business History Review 6198:Scott Reynolds Nelson, 6189:(1958) 18#4 pp: 537–55. 5557:Timeline of imperialism 5068:Germany invaded Belgium 5049:Franco-Russian Alliance 5021:Franco-Russian Alliance 5015:Franco-Russian Alliance 4706:Franco-Russian Alliance 4640:carried back to power. 4364:Austro-Hungarian Empire 4358:Austro-Hungarian Empire 4349:were emerging, and the 4330:Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 4316:Russian attacks on Jews 3905:First Sino-Japanese War 3843:First Sino-Japanese War 3825:First Sino-Japanese War 3732:protectorate over Tunis 3257:William Ewart Gladstone 3018:Philippine–American War 3006:First Sino-Japanese War 1834:, and made the country 1812:constitutional monarchy 1710:, the Netherlands, the 1045:By other characteristic 680:Treaty of London (1827) 501:French Republic in 1848 142:between Russia and the 65:international relations 38:Alexander III of Russia 12713:Unification of Germany 12660:Taft–Katsura agreement 12297:(1972), 191 documents. 12110:Jansen, Marius B. ed. 12085:Akagi, Roy Hidemichi. 11927:The Balkans Since 1453 11872:11.2 (2008): 128–151. 11479:Stuart, Graham Henry. 11414:19.1-3 (1994): 41–46. 11390:(A&C Black, 2014). 11386:Adamthwaite, Anthony. 11178:Chamberlain, Muriel E. 11108:(Edinburgh UP, 2008), 11051:Hodge, Carl Cavanagh. 10878:Stowell, Ellery Cory. 10821:Kennedy, Paul M., ed. 10797:285–365; and Austria' 10719: 10709:(1936) pp. 32–65. 10675:Atlas of World History 10665:Atlas of world history 10643:(1988) pp. 29–94 10344:A History of Diplomacy 10219: 10060:68.1 (2004): 215-224. 9525:(2nd ed, 1950) pp 3–60 9327:Raymond James Sontag, 9080:(1962) 4#2 pp 297-326. 8939:Nevill Forbes, et al. 8474:Piotr Olender (2014). 8276:68.3 (1963): 636-661. 8163:London Review of Books 8049:Middle Eastern Studies 7248:(2nd ed. 1963) 302-348 7051:(1994) pp. 11–54, 281. 6935:(1932) 4#3 pp. 387–414 6774:Middle Eastern Studies 6631:René Albrecht-Carrié, 6554:(3rd ed. 1998) p. 111. 5693:René Albrecht-Carrié, 5547:History of colonialism 5371: 5341: 5306: 5238:Dreadnaught revolution 5229: 5204:"Mansion House" speech 5045:Trans-Siberian Railway 4922: 4879: 4766: 4637:ancient Hebrew prophet 4551: 4548:liberation of Bulgaria 4544:defence of Shipka Pass 4469:Serbs living in Bosnia 4467:. The large number of 4437: 4306: 4273:South African Republic 4171:Historians agree that 4148:Free trade imperialism 4120: 3973:Imperial Japanese Navy 3722: 3511: 3379: 3350:Three Emperors' League 3308: 3226: 3215:Senegalese Tirailleurs 3166:Maximilian of Habsburg 3134:Maximilian I of Mexico 3117:French colonial empire 2992: 2954:universal conscription 2808:Triple Alliance (1882) 2663:Unification of Germany 2634:Schleswig and Holstein 2619: 2553:war scare in late 1861 2529:American republicanism 2443: 2348: 2323:French colonial empire 2242:South American history 2011: 1969:Moldavia and Wallachia 1894: 1799: 1796:Principality of Serbia 1668:autocratic governments 955:) united against King 932: 895:Klemens von Metternich 749: 655:, but by 1832, in the 644: 636: 524: 357:Klemens von Metternich 291: 85:Paris Peace Conference 56: 12799:First Moroccan Crisis 12513:Spread of nationalism 12477:Eight-Nation Alliance 12128:Morse, Hosea Ballou. 11965:Bemis, Samuel Flagg. 11905:Schevill, Ferdinand. 11813:Hall, Richard C. ed. 11741:Steinberg, Jonathan. 11666:(Princeton UP, 2018). 11571:Dugdale, E.T.S. ed. 11568:(3rd ed. 1999) 341pp; 11540:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 11523:(1972; reprint 2016) 11351:Winks, Robin W., ed. 10979:Tucker, Spencer, ed. 10888:Tucker, Spencer, ed. 10845:MacMillan, Margaret. 10733:Causes of World War I 10723:Coming of World War I 10716: 10660:(1982) pp. 2–32. 10573:21.3 (2003): 319–346. 10426:15.3 (2020): 394-407 10213: 9868:18.3 (2004): 130-146. 9842:(1954) pp 345, 403-26 9786:Anthony Adamthwaite, 9696:Hermann Kantorowicz, 9634:. London: Routledge. 9613:Matthew S. Anderson, 9407:Struggle for Mastery, 9048:First World War Atlas 8985:(1980) 7#2 pp 288-309 8844:26.4 (2008): 469-485. 8408:Charles Ralph Boxer, 8379:Charles Ralph Boxer, 8233:Robert Tombs (2015). 8210:48.2 (2015): 151-175. 7973:Hall Gardner (2016). 7921:(1965) 6#4 pp 469–489 7884:Don H. Doyle (2014). 7718:Carlton J. H. Hayes, 7638:47.2 (1993): 207–233. 7289:Struggle for Mastery, 7219:(1996) pp.24, 68, 77. 7206:19#3 (1987): 347–371. 7180:15.3 (2014): 287–310. 7009:(Cambridge UP, 2011). 7005:William Gordon East, 6986:21.2 (2012): 232–65. 6889:(1951) 1#2 pp. 23–31. 6812:Plamen Mitev (2010). 6737:110.2 (2016): 215–31. 6564:Muriel E. Chamberlain 6322:(1956) 9#1 pp: 74–88. 5610:Carlton J. H. Hayes, 5453:Causes of World War I 5347: 5331: 5296: 5223: 5163:First Moroccan Crisis 5131:First Moroccan Crisis 5125:Two crises in Morocco 5060:Anglo-Russian Entente 4913: 4877: 4870:Causes of World War I 4755:Ferdinand of Bulgaria 4746: 4575:Treaty of San Stefano 4557:Treaty of San Stefano 4541: 4449:Further information: 4435: 4304: 4197:Policy toward Germany 4051: 4034:Further information: 3992:Further information: 3952:Treaty of Shimonoseki 3893:indigenous population 3851:Treaty of Shimonoseki 3829:Treaty of Shimonoseki 3716: 3432: 3377: 3303: 3212: 3146:Second Mexican Empire 3054:Leopold II of Belgium 3044:did very well in the 2982: 2973:Further information: 2709:Maintaining the peace 2609: 2521:secede from the Union 2517:Southern slave states 2454:in the north and the 2441: 2338: 2321:Further information: 2166:. In March 1847, the 2016:Ottoman vassal states 1982: 1954:Russia's weak economy 1889: 1793: 1672:constitutional states 1347:Bulgarian unification 1023:Counter-revolutionary 923: 863:Further information: 830:Further information: 742: 642: 630: 522: 505:United States in 1865 439:Further information: 405:Imperial Russian Army 400:Alexander I of Russia 287: 35: 13373:Comparative politics 12804:Algeciras Conference 12784:Annexation of Hawaii 12723:Great Eastern Crisis 12718:Unification of Italy 12708:Formation of Romania 12525:French–German enmity 12186:; scholarly coverage 12096:Beasley, William G. 12009:Findling, John, ed. 12006:(Basic Books, 2014). 11992:DeConde, Alexander. 11943:Andrei Zayonchkovski 11915:Seton-Watson, Hugh. 11564:Detwiler, Donald S. 11550:Clark, Christopher. 11509:Brandenburg, Erich. 11372:Wiener, Joel H. ed. 11197:(1953) 6#1 pp 1–15. 10774:, diplomatic history 10673:O'Brian, Patrick K. 10465:Langer, William L. 10305:Abbenhuis, Maartje. 10263:Crawley, C. W., ed. 10139:Margaret Macmillan, 10030:Margaret Macmillan, 9980:Christopher Clark, 9954:Margaret MacMillan, 9933:5.3 (1968): 328-343. 9851:J. A. S. Grenville, 9587:Ernst C. Helmreich, 9574:Margaret Macmillan, 9484:Jack Beatty (2012). 9186:Struggle for Mastery 9033:Margaret Macmillan, 8914:31.1 (1990): 43-57. 8901:14.2 (1975): 78-101. 8787:Margaret Macmillan, 8580:Jonathan Manthorpe, 8093:9.4 (1978): 471-488. 7930:Michele Cunningham, 7481:Taylor & Francis 7328:Struggle for Mastery 7232:8.3 (1936): 338-355 6993:7 March 2021 at the 6687:19.2 (2012): 201–27. 6618:R. W. Seton-Watson. 6596:40.3 (1953): 477–90. 6461:Daniel R. Headrick, 6284:Daniel R. Headrick, 6222:75#3 (2001): 543–78. 5982:Boyd Hilton (2006). 5657:15.2 (1989): 135–53. 5649:Paul W. Schroeder, " 5536:Great Eastern Crisis 5406:Treaty of Versailles 5245:Imperial German Navy 5178:Algeciras Conference 5141:Abdelaziz of Morocco 5095:for beating off the 4958:Alphonse de Neuville 4683:Patrice de Mac-Mahon 4677:strategy to promote 4631:The climax was his " 4526:Great Eastern Crisis 4400:Austrian nationalism 4386:, especially in the 4347:Turkish nationalists 4283:The Eastern Question 4257:Liberal Imperialists 4240:Liberal Imperialists 3930:their other colonies 3225:(present-day Benin). 3156:had defeated in the 3014:Spanish–American War 2909:Treaty of Washington 2881:French–German enmity 2774:Dual Alliance (1879) 2757:Bismarck's alliances 2651:Second Schleswig War 2409:Mexican intervention 2362:Second French Empire 2343:, which secured the 2331:French–German enmity 2295:Unification of Italy 2210:Atlantic slave trade 2190:Brazil and Argentina 2148:ambushed U.S. forces 2115:. It considered the 2104:Mexican–American War 2083:. Finally, when the 2045:Treaty of Adrianople 1892:Edouard Louis Dubufe 1780:Serbian independence 1731:established churches 1656:freedom of the press 1119:Contentious politics 990:Political revolution 865:Anti–Corn Law League 807:steam turbine engine 777:California Gold Rush 769:trans-Atlantic trade 533:Spanish–American War 475:Atlantic slave trade 320:German Confederation 42:William I of Germany 13155:Collective security 13039:United Nations (UN) 12869:Philippine–American 12854:First Sino-Japanese 12687:Racconigi agreement 12633:Treaty of Frankfurt 12593:Great Rapprochement 12547:Scramble for Africa 12196:Bosworth, Richard. 12178:Takeuchi, Tatsuji. 12103:Hsü, Immanuel C.Y. 11895:Reynolds, Michael. 11858:Marriott, J. A. R. 11820:Jelavich, Barbara. 11806:Fuller, William C. 11680:4#1 (1932): 63–93. 11654:Bismarck and Europe 11639:(Routledge, 2013). 11498:Germany and Austria 11455:Langer, William L. 11397:29 (1979): 169–185. 11287:(2017) 24#4 414–37. 11200:Goodlad, Graham D. 10863:Neiberg, Michael S. 10817:online 2000 edition 10555:Schroeder, Paul W. 10485:Langer, William L. 10475:Langer, William L. 10455:Langer, William L. 10419:(Cornell UP, 2005). 10280:Hinsley, F.H., ed. 10244:Bury, J. P. T. ed. 9958:(2012) pp 378--398. 9877:William L. Langer, 9825:William L. Langer, 9803:(1975) pp. 189–191. 9727:F. H. Hinsley, ed. 9654:Christopher Clark, 9444:William L. Langer, 9418:William L. Langer, 9301:Erich Brandenburg, 9256:23#1 (1997): 75-92. 9228:European Alliances, 9160:European Alliances, 8983:East Central Europe 8718:Kristoffer Cassel, 8314:William L. Langer, 8064:40.1 (1987): 1-26. 7689:Paul Knaplund, ed. 7278:11 (2001): 147–175. 7098:(1987) 22#2: 47–69 7049:Rumania, 1866–1947] 6927:Harold Temperley, " 6798:Leopold von Ranke, 6785:F.H. Hinsley, ed., 6776:50.1 (2014): 43–60. 6718:William L. Langer, 6657:Paul W. Schroeder, 6392:Ramon Knauerhase, " 6314:Gerald S. Graham, " 6133:(1957) pp. 286–311. 6052:(2013) 33#3, p. 538 5955:Paul W. Schroeder. 5942:Frederick B. Artz, 5903:Paul W. Schroeder, 5636:Paul W. Schroeder, 5623:Frederick B. Artz, 4882:The main causes of 4864:Coming of World War 4854:Treaty of Bucharest 4633:Midlothian campaign 4498:Serbian nationalism 4384:German nationalists 4366:, headquartered at 4126:extraterritoriality 4084:are represented by 3961:sphere of influence 3928:population. Unlike 3867:Triple Intervention 3833:Triple Intervention 3784:, led to the first 3697:Portuguese language 3646:Portuguese nobility 3618:Kingdom of Portugal 3501: Independent ( 3366:Scramble for Africa 3360:Scramble for Africa 3219:Alfred-Amédée Dodds 3101:Italian possessions 2843:Treaty of Frankfurt 2674:Franco-Prussian War 2669:Austro-Prussian War 2485:declared himself a 2460:Kingdom of Sardinia 2434:Italian unification 2428:Italian unification 2414:Franco-Prussian War 2341:Battle of Solferino 2175:capture Mexico City 2113:annexation of Texas 2058:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 1626:Revolutions of 1848 1588:Politics portal 973:Revolutions of 1848 967:Revolutions of 1848 570:from 1808 to 1826. 380:Polish–Saxon crisis 128:Scramble for Africa 12728:Congress of Berlin 12645:Reinsurance Treaty 12623:Congress of Vienna 12603:Industrial warfare 12569:Scramble for China 12311:Walker, Mack. ed. 12068:5.3 (2004): 50–73. 11979:(2003), 1400 pages 11975:Brune, Lester H. 11791:Russia and Balkans 11734:Sheehan, James J. 11662:Mitchell, A. Wess 11533:Brose, Eric Dorn. 11337:Webster, Charles. 11291:Seton-Watson, R.W. 11114:entire text online 11097:Pakenham, Thomas. 11058:Manning, Patrick. 11044:Conklin, Alice L. 11034:Chamberlain. M.E. 11027:Cady, John Frank. 11020:Betts, Raymond F. 10976:(Oxford UP, 2003). 10965:Stevenson, David. 10945:Mombauer, Annika. 10835:McDonough, Frank. 10795:Alexander Izvolsky 10791:Bernhard von Bülow 10787:Théophile Delcassé 10740:Clark, Christopher 10720: 10656:Catchpole, Brian. 10523:; detailed summary 10445:Kissinger, Henry. 10369:Evans, Richard J. 10220: 9907:(1916) pp 133-43. 9687:(1976) pp 121-138. 9534:George F. Kennan, 9470:Barbara Jelavich, 9318:(1958) pp. 145–206 9287:Review of Politics 9037:(2013) pp 172-211. 9011:3.3 (1967): 37-56. 8888:(1976) pp 205-238. 8460:William C. Askew, 8421:H. V. Livermore, 8038:(1962) v 11 p 587. 8023:Historical Journal 7919:Southern Quarterly 7828:Raymond F. Betts, 7630:James D. Morrow. " 7554:(1958) pp 121–144. 7261:(1973) pp. 558–560 7076:. ourdocuments.gov 7034:Barbara Jelavich, 6670:Peter N. Stearns, 6661:(1994) pp. 671–91. 6648:(1978) pp. 151–54. 6609:(1998) pp. 167–74. 6491:(1992) pp. 101–22. 6297:Max E. Fletcher, " 6159:(1975) pp. 155–73. 6146:(1996) pp. 637–64. 5391:Georges Clemenceau 5389:of Great Britain, 5387:David Lloyd George 5372: 5365:Georges Clemenceau 5357:David Lloyd George 5342: 5307: 5301:are in green, the 5261:sank the Lusitania 5234:Alfred von Tirpitz 5230: 5200:David Lloyd George 5146:Théophile Delcassé 5113:Bernhard von Bülow 5105:Alfred von Tirpitz 4880: 4834:ethnic nationalism 4787:Congress of Berlin 4767: 4713:Reinsurance Treaty 4657:Continental Europe 4579:Congress of Berlin 4569:Congress of Berlin 4563:Congress of Berlin 4552: 4438: 4307: 4297:Congress of Berlin 4277:Joseph Chamberlain 4190:Splendid isolation 4167:Splendid isolation 4161:Splendid isolation 4121: 3946:Russo-Japanese War 3863:Liaodong Peninsula 3790:Russo-Japanese War 3751:Royal Italian Army 3723: 3535:Sultan of Zanzibar 3520:European explorers 3512: 3380: 3309: 3231:Anglo-Egyptian War 3227: 3205:Anglo-Egyptian War 3026:Russo-Japanese War 2993: 2931:Catholic community 2897:splendid isolation 2682:German nationalism 2624:Kingdom of Prussia 2620: 2513:American Civil War 2477:in 1870, when the 2452:Austrian Habsburgs 2444: 2349: 2307:Schleswig-Holstein 2299:American Civil War 2206:became independent 2152:United States Army 2069:Kingdom of Romania 2012: 1895: 1826:in 1835 abolished 1800: 1786:Serbian Revolution 1649:France in February 1641:liberal democratic 1630:revolutionary wave 1563:Second Arab Spring 945:Kingdom of Belgium 933: 916:Belgian Revolution 910:Belgian Revolution 750: 684:Battle of Navarino 672:Orthodox Christian 645: 637: 631:Allied victory at 619:Battle of Navarino 588:Battle of Ayacucho 580:José de San Martín 525: 382:at Vienna and the 347:Congress of Vienna 328:Treaty of Chaumont 316:Treaty of Chaumont 292: 77:Congress of Vienna 57: 13421: 13420: 13393:International law 13262:Right of conquest 13227:National interest 13170:Deterrence theory 13068: 13067: 13055:League of Nations 12939: 12938: 12908:Albanian Revolts 12765:German Naval Laws 12749:Naval arms races 12733:Berlin Conference 12665:Hague Conventions 12279:Kertesz, G.A. ed 12262:Joll, James, ed. 12235:Bourne, Kenneth. 12217:Miller, William. 12100:(Oxford UP, 1987) 12050:Lafeber, Walter. 12016:Herring, George. 11925:Stavrianos, L.S. 11845:(Oxford UP, 1997) 11841:LeDonne, John P. 11782:Wawro, Geoffrey. 11591:Geiss, Imanuel. 11559:Germany 1866–1945 11557:Craig, Gordon A. 11325:vol 1, 1783–1815 11160:Bourne, Kenneth. 11006:Aldrich, Robert. 10954:Wartime diplomacy 10902:Collins, Ross F. 10851:CSPANJ discussion 10815:, 3rd ed. (2006) 10804:Horne, John, ed. 10801:pp. 366–438. 10705:Taylor, George. 10583:Sontag, Raymond. 10515:Petrie, Charles. 10489:(1969) ch 10–14 10353:, 2nd Ed. (2005) 10156:(2011) pp 141-78 10100:David Stevenson, 10011:Michael Epkenhans 9984:(2012) pp 204-13. 9881:(1951) pp 433-42. 9672:Germany 1866-1945 9670:Gordon A. Craig, 9641:978-0-415-26205-7 9600:Richard C. Hall, 9474:(1974) pp 213–220 9461:(1992) pp 260-62. 9314:Albrecht-Carrie, 9046:Martin Gilbert, 9024:(1972) pp 338-39. 8998:(2013) pp 212-44. 8968:Justin McCarthy, 8959:(1962) pp 323-51. 8884:(1987); Kennedy, 8696:(1992) pp 300-28. 8544:(1960) pp 167-94. 8370:2006 41(1): 1–22. 8353:R. Mugo Gatheru, 8219:Thomas Pakenham, 8087:John S. Galbraith 7874:(1992) pp 167-83. 7705:Theodore Zeldin, 7664:(1954) pp 201-24. 7651:(1958) pp 145-57. 7647:Albrecht-Carrié, 7617:A. J. P. Taylor, 7563:A. J. P. Taylor, 7550:Albrecht-Carrié, 7345:(1922), pp 115-63 7300:A. J. P. Taylor. 7257:Theodore Zeldin, 7246:France: 1814–1919 7134:(2015) pp 33–80. 7130:Daniel K. Lewis, 7118:(2010) pp 68–88. 6763:(1992) pp. 69–77. 6746:Donald Quataert, 6724:(1969) ch. 10–14. 6635:(1958) pp. 33–36. 6181:Douglass North, " 6129:Henry Kissinger. 6120:(1992) pp. 44–57. 5995:978-0-19-160682-3 5972:(1992) pp. 28–43. 5929:Henry Kissinger' 5907:(1996) pp. 517–82 5894:(1934) pp. 110–18 5881:(1979), pp' 34–53 5849:(1992) pp. 33–35. 5826:978-1-139-17907-2 5778:978-1-349-86092-0 5614:(1941) pp. 16–17. 5552:Concert of Europe 5402:League of Nations 5381:" were President 5253:submarine warfare 5249:Battle of Jutland 4925:Mobilizing armies 4860:First World War. 4850:Second Balkan War 4718:Tsarist autocracy 4626:Benjamin Disraeli 4595:Minority Treaties 4457:Kingdom of Serbia 4376:Habsburg monarchy 4269:Orange Free State 4249:William Gladstone 4030:Dividing up China 4024:Annexation Treaty 3917:Japanese language 3883:History of Taiwan 3786:Sino-Japanese War 3747:Italo-Turkish War 3622:Treaty of Windsor 3604:Portuguese Empire 3385:Berlin Conference 3305:Russian Turkestan 3217:, led by Colonel 3170:Emperor of Mexico 3022:Italo-Ottoman war 3020:(1899-1902), and 2989:Otto von Bismarck 2985:Berlin Conference 2847:Otto von Bismarck 2839: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2793: 2792: 2694:Otto von Bismarck 2678:perceived insults 2628:Otto von Bismarck 2515:(1861–1865), the 2469:would weaken the 2287:Foreign Secretary 2196:History of Brazil 2117:Republic of Texas 2060:as Prince of the 2041:ethnic minorities 1963:Otto von Bismarck 1881:Crimean peninsula 1869:Ottoman provinces 1769:William Gladstone 1700:absolute monarchy 1662:, the upsurge of 1622: 1621: 1156:Mass mobilization 1146:Guerrilla warfare 582:of Argentina and 459:liberal democracy 416:Concert of Europe 369:League of Nations 365:Concert of Europe 280:Concert of Europe 250:League of Nations 16:(Redirected from 13461: 13413:Security studies 13205:Internationality 13200:Internationalism 12999: 12998: 12966: 12959: 12952: 12943: 12942: 12859:Spanish–American 12779:Fashoda Incident 12655:Treaty of Björkö 12640:Treaty of Berlin 12574:Open Door Policy 12508:Eastern question 12455:Entente Cordiale 12361: 12354: 12347: 12338: 12337: 12171:Nish, Ian Hill. 11878:Nish, Ian Hill. 11848:McMeekin, Sean. 11743:Bismarck: A Life 11719:full text online 11344:Weigall, David. 11333:vol 3. 1866–1919 11329:vol 2, 1815–1866 11280: 11186:Charmley, John. 10397:Gooch, Brison D. 10386:Gildea, Robert. 10376:Figes, Orlando. 10335:Bartlett, C. J. 10214:1909 cartoon in 10199: 10192: 10186: 10179: 10173: 10166: 10160: 10150: 10144: 10137: 10131: 10130:(2002) pp 12-20. 10124: 10118: 10111: 10105: 10098: 10092: 10087:John Horne, ed. 10085: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10054: 10048: 10041: 10035: 10028: 10022: 10008: 10002: 9991: 9985: 9978: 9972: 9967:Immanuel Geiss, 9965: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9927: 9921: 9914: 9908: 9901: 9895: 9888: 9882: 9875: 9869: 9862: 9856: 9849: 9843: 9836: 9830: 9829:(1960), pp 3-66. 9823: 9817: 9810: 9804: 9797: 9791: 9784: 9778: 9771: 9765: 9755: 9749: 9738: 9732: 9725: 9714: 9707: 9701: 9694: 9688: 9681: 9675: 9668: 9662: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9624: 9618: 9611: 9605: 9598: 9592: 9585: 9579: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9545: 9539: 9532: 9526: 9515: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9481: 9475: 9468: 9462: 9455: 9449: 9442: 9436: 9429: 9423: 9416: 9410: 9403: 9397: 9387: 9381: 9374: 9368: 9351: 9345: 9338: 9332: 9325: 9319: 9312: 9306: 9299: 9293: 9283:M. A. Fitzsimons 9280: 9274: 9263: 9257: 9250: 9244: 9237: 9231: 9224: 9218: 9213:M. S. Anderson, 9211: 9205: 9195: 9189: 9182: 9176: 9169: 9163: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9129: 9123: 9113: 9107: 9100: 9094: 9087: 9081: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9057: 9051: 9044: 9038: 9031: 9025: 9018: 9012: 9005: 8999: 8992: 8986: 8979: 8973: 8972:(1997) pp 306-7. 8966: 8960: 8953: 8947: 8937: 8931: 8924: 8918: 8908: 8902: 8895: 8889: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8851: 8845: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8811: 8805: 8798: 8792: 8785: 8779: 8772: 8766: 8755: 8749: 8744:Bernard Semmel, 8742: 8736: 8729: 8723: 8716: 8710: 8705:Turan Kayaoglu, 8703: 8697: 8690: 8684: 8677: 8671: 8663:Geoffrey Jukes, 8661: 8655: 8648: 8642: 8635: 8629: 8622: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8595: 8589: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8551: 8545: 8538: 8532: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8471: 8465: 8458: 8452: 8445: 8439: 8432: 8426: 8419: 8413: 8406: 8400: 8390: 8384: 8377: 8371: 8364: 8358: 8351: 8345: 8338: 8332: 8325: 8319: 8318:(1951) pp 537-80 8312: 8306: 8305:(1940) pp 321-26 8299: 8293: 8286: 8280: 8270: 8264: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8230: 8224: 8217: 8211: 8204: 8198: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8119: 8110: 8106:2#2 pp. 160-171 8100: 8094: 8084: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8058: 8052: 8045: 8039: 8032: 8026: 8019: 8013: 8010: 8004: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7970: 7964: 7954: 7948: 7947:(1954) pp 286-92 7941: 7935: 7928: 7922: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7881: 7875: 7868: 7862: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7833: 7826: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7800: 7794: 7787: 7781: 7774: 7768: 7758: 7752: 7751:(1933) pp 21-27 7747:J. A. Spender, 7745: 7739: 7729: 7723: 7716: 7710: 7703: 7697: 7687: 7681: 7680:(1987), p. 312. 7671: 7665: 7658: 7652: 7645: 7639: 7628: 7622: 7615: 7609: 7602: 7596: 7589:Geoffrey Wawro, 7587: 7581: 7574: 7568: 7561: 7555: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7514: 7508: 7503:Amanda Foreman, 7501: 7495: 7494: 7490:9-7810-0050-8772 7472: 7466: 7459: 7453: 7446: 7440: 7433: 7427: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7393: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7337: 7331: 7324: 7318: 7313:Martin Collier. 7311: 7305: 7298: 7292: 7285: 7279: 7268: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7242: 7236: 7226: 7220: 7215:Robert Aldrich, 7213: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7161: 7155: 7146:J. P. T. Bury. " 7144: 7138: 7128: 7122: 7109: 7103: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7047:Keith Hitchins, 7045: 7039: 7032: 7026: 7016: 7010: 7003: 6997: 6984:Security Studies 6980: 6974: 6973:(2001) pp. 67–74 6969:Stephen J. Lee, 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6942: 6936: 6925: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6896: 6890: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6849:. Archived from 6843: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6809: 6803: 6796: 6790: 6783: 6777: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6751: 6744: 6738: 6731: 6725: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6701: 6694: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6649: 6644:E. H. Kossmann, 6642: 6636: 6629: 6623: 6616: 6610: 6603: 6597: 6590: 6584: 6577: 6571: 6561: 6555: 6548: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6498: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6472: 6466: 6465:(1991) pp. 11–49 6459: 6453: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6424: 6418: 6415:Mariner's Mirror 6407: 6401: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6329: 6323: 6312: 6306: 6295: 6289: 6288:(1988) pp. 18–49 6282: 6276: 6269: 6263: 6258:Carl C. Cutler, 6256: 6250: 6249: 6229: 6223: 6212: 6206: 6196: 6190: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6140: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6114: 6108: 6105:Spain, 1808–1975 6101: 6095: 6090:John Lynch, ed. 6088: 6082: 6081:(2nd ed., 1986). 6075: 6069: 6062:Seymour Drescher 6059: 6053: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6019: 6013: 6008:C. J. Bartlett, 6006: 6000: 5999: 5979: 5973: 5966: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5859: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5762: 5751: 5750:(1992) pp. 1–27. 5744: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5707: 5698: 5697:(1958) pp. 9–16. 5691: 5685: 5684: 5664: 5658: 5647: 5641: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5395:Vittorio Orlando 5202:made a dramatic 5168:Entente Cordiale 5155:Entente Cordiale 5056:Entente Cordiale 4842:Treaty of London 4830:First Balkan War 4750:Le Petit Journal 4732:George F. Kennan 4613:British policies 4411:Count Aehrenthal 4289:Eastern Question 4143:British policies 4137:Open Door Policy 4130:unequal treaties 4116:Aug 23, 1899 by 4060:for themselves; 4040:Open Door Policy 4008:Korean Peninsula 3981:Tsar Nicholas II 3759:Italian settlers 3736:Ethiopian Empire 3663:were flying the 3572:white immigrants 3548:; it set up the 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3425:History of Kenya 3400:Khedive of Egypt 3396:Fashoda Incident 3144:and establish a 3050:Congo Free State 3002:Second Boer Wars 2935:Lateran Treaties 2852:balance of power 2830: 2817: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2783: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2676:of 1870–71 over 2551:helped defuse a 2489:; his successor 2456:Spanish Bourbons 2385:War with Austria 2255:Southeast Europe 2133:Texas Revolution 1808:Ottoman province 1691:Louis Philippe I 1614: 1607: 1600: 1586: 1585: 1439:Hungarian (1956) 1271:Spanish American 1000: 977: 976: 961:Treaty of London 859:British policies 853:Treaty of London 820:Submarine cables 712: 493:Empire of Brazil 435:British policies 429:Eastern Question 394:took place. The 361:Lord Castlereagh 335:balance of power 21: 13469: 13468: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13460: 13459: 13458: 13424: 13423: 13422: 13417: 13361: 13352:Postcolonialism 13313: 13242:Non-state actor 13237:Non-belligerent 13232:Neutral country 13217:Interventionism 13150:Co-belligerence 13111: 13064: 13043: 12988: 12975: 12970: 12940: 12935: 12874:Boxer Rebellion 12832: 12696: 12650:Treaty of Paris 12615: 12609: 12542:New Imperialism 12503:Ottoman decline 12486: 12433:Triple Alliance 12421: 12382:Austria-Hungary 12370: 12365: 12325: 12246:(1931) 1060 pp 12232: 12230:Primary sources 12207:(2000). 375 pp. 12203:Hale, William. 12193: 12156:China Quarterly 12082: 12080:Japan and China 12040:Jones, Howard. 12030:Jones, Howard. 11955: 11793: 11772:Taylor, A.J.P. 11765:Taylor, A.J.P. 11758:Taylor, A.J.P. 11687:Padfield, Peter 11625:Kennedy, Paul. 11608:Holborn, Hajo. 11506: 11500: 11489:Wetzel, David. 11441:Keiger, J.F.V. 11383: 11362: 11302:Steiner, Zara. 11262:Pribram, A.F. 11214:(3rd ed. 2002) 11153:Bartlett, C.J. 11150: 11079:Moon, Parker T. 11003: 10972:Strachan, Hew. 10962: 10956: 10899: 10882:(1915) 728 pp 10756:Fay, Sidney B. 10736: 10725: 10663:Haywood, John. 10639:Banks, Arthur. 10636: 10626:(2nd ed. 2009) 10609:(1962): 542–66. 10593:Taylor, A.J.P. 10576:Seaman, L.C.B. 10530:(7th ed. 2014) 10342:Black, Jeremy. 10225: 10208: 10206:Further reading 10203: 10202: 10193: 10189: 10180: 10176: 10167: 10163: 10151: 10147: 10138: 10134: 10125: 10121: 10112: 10108: 10099: 10095: 10086: 10079: 10071: 10067: 10055: 10051: 10042: 10038: 10029: 10025: 10009: 10005: 9992: 9988: 9979: 9975: 9966: 9962: 9953: 9949: 9941: 9937: 9928: 9924: 9916:Dennis Brogan, 9915: 9911: 9902: 9898: 9892:Lord Salisbury, 9889: 9885: 9876: 9872: 9863: 9859: 9850: 9846: 9837: 9833: 9824: 9820: 9812:John B. Wolf, 9811: 9807: 9798: 9794: 9785: 9781: 9772: 9768: 9756: 9752: 9739: 9735: 9726: 9717: 9708: 9704: 9695: 9691: 9683:Imanuel Geise, 9682: 9678: 9669: 9665: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9625: 9621: 9612: 9608: 9599: 9595: 9586: 9582: 9573: 9569: 9562: 9546: 9542: 9533: 9529: 9516: 9512: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9482: 9478: 9469: 9465: 9456: 9452: 9443: 9439: 9430: 9426: 9417: 9413: 9404: 9400: 9388: 9384: 9375: 9371: 9366:Wayback Machine 9352: 9348: 9344:(1986) pp 46–48 9339: 9335: 9326: 9322: 9313: 9309: 9305:(1927) pp 1-19. 9300: 9296: 9281: 9277: 9264: 9260: 9251: 9247: 9238: 9234: 9225: 9221: 9212: 9208: 9196: 9192: 9183: 9179: 9170: 9166: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9130: 9126: 9114: 9110: 9101: 9097: 9088: 9084: 9075: 9071: 9058: 9054: 9045: 9041: 9032: 9028: 9019: 9015: 9006: 9002: 8993: 8989: 8980: 8976: 8967: 8963: 8954: 8950: 8938: 8934: 8925: 8921: 8909: 8905: 8896: 8892: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8852: 8848: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8812: 8808: 8800:John Charmley, 8799: 8795: 8786: 8782: 8773: 8769: 8756: 8752: 8743: 8739: 8730: 8726: 8717: 8713: 8704: 8700: 8691: 8687: 8679:Hilary Conroy, 8678: 8674: 8662: 8658: 8650:Ian Hill Nish, 8649: 8645: 8636: 8632: 8623: 8619: 8609: 8607: 8596: 8592: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8552: 8548: 8539: 8535: 8526: 8522: 8515: 8499: 8495: 8488: 8472: 8468: 8459: 8455: 8446: 8442: 8433: 8429: 8420: 8416: 8407: 8403: 8391: 8387: 8378: 8374: 8365: 8361: 8352: 8348: 8339: 8335: 8327:Robin Hallett, 8326: 8322: 8313: 8309: 8300: 8296: 8287: 8283: 8271: 8267: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8231: 8227: 8218: 8214: 8205: 8201: 8192:Foreign Affairs 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8155: 8151: 8136: 8120: 8113: 8101: 8097: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8071: 8059: 8055: 8046: 8042: 8033: 8029: 8020: 8016: 8011: 8007: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7971: 7967: 7956:M.W. Daly, ed. 7955: 7951: 7943:A.J.P. Taylor, 7942: 7938: 7929: 7925: 7916: 7912: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7869: 7865: 7853: 7849: 7845:(1971) pp 7-10. 7840: 7836: 7827: 7823: 7814: 7810: 7801: 7797: 7793:(1941), pp 3-4. 7788: 7784: 7780:(1941), pp 2-3. 7775: 7771: 7759: 7755: 7746: 7742: 7730: 7726: 7722:(1941), pp 1-2. 7717: 7713: 7704: 7700: 7688: 7684: 7672: 7668: 7659: 7655: 7646: 7642: 7629: 7625: 7616: 7612: 7603: 7599: 7588: 7584: 7575: 7571: 7562: 7558: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7483:. p. 321. 7473: 7469: 7460: 7456: 7447: 7443: 7434: 7430: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7394: 7390: 7381: 7377: 7366: 7362: 7353: 7349: 7338: 7334: 7325: 7321: 7312: 7308: 7299: 7295: 7286: 7282: 7269: 7265: 7256: 7252: 7243: 7239: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7210: 7201: 7197: 7188: 7184: 7175: 7171: 7162: 7158: 7145: 7141: 7129: 7125: 7112:Teresa A. Meade 7110: 7106: 7093: 7089: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7046: 7042: 7033: 7029: 7017: 7013: 7004: 7000: 6995:Wayback Machine 6981: 6977: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6943: 6939: 6926: 6922: 6914:Orlando Figes, 6913: 6909: 6897: 6893: 6884: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6856: 6854: 6853:on 6 March 2012 6845: 6844: 6840: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6797: 6793: 6784: 6780: 6771: 6767: 6758: 6754: 6745: 6741: 6732: 6728: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6704: 6700:(2000) pp. v, 4 6695: 6691: 6682: 6678: 6669: 6665: 6656: 6652: 6643: 6639: 6630: 6626: 6617: 6613: 6604: 6600: 6591: 6587: 6578: 6574: 6562: 6558: 6549: 6545: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6502:Hull, Isabel V. 6499: 6495: 6486: 6482: 6474:Orlando Figes, 6473: 6469: 6460: 6456: 6452:(2010): 237–59. 6447: 6443: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6409:Peter McOwat, " 6408: 6404: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6364: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6313: 6309: 6296: 6292: 6283: 6279: 6270: 6266: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6213: 6209: 6197: 6193: 6180: 6176: 6168:Douglas Dakin, 6167: 6163: 6154: 6150: 6141: 6137: 6128: 6124: 6115: 6111: 6102: 6098: 6089: 6085: 6076: 6072: 6060: 6056: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5967: 5963: 5954: 5950: 5941: 5937: 5928: 5924: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5889: 5885: 5876: 5869: 5860: 5853: 5844: 5840: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5801: 5794: 5779: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5708: 5701: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5648: 5644: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5542:New Imperialism 5434:Politics portal 5432: 5425: 5422: 5326: 5320: 5312:Fourteen Points 5291: 5283:Main articles: 5281: 5218: 5212: 5196:British cabinet 5137: 5129:Main articles: 5127: 5101:Second Boer War 5085:Kruger telegram 5076: 5023: 5017: 4989:Admiral Courbet 4985:Sino-French War 4950: 4933: 4927: 4909:G. M. Trevelyan 4905:Gordon A. Craig 4900: 4872: 4866: 4802: 4796: 4778: 4772: 4741: 4708: 4702: 4674: 4652: 4646: 4621: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4589:Minority rights 4571: 4565: 4536: 4524:Main articles: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4453: 4447: 4430: 4424: 4372:Habsburg family 4360: 4342: 4334:Main articles: 4332: 4324: 4322:Long-term goals 4299: 4287:Main articles: 4285: 4261:Second Boer War 4242: 4234:Main articles: 4232: 4205: 4199: 4169: 4163: 4150: 4145: 4046: 4032: 4000: 3990: 3956:Boxer Rebellion 3948: 3942: 3925:Chinese culture 3889: 3881:Main articles: 3879: 3835: 3823:Main articles: 3821: 3809: 3803: 3777: 3771: 3711: 3705: 3665:Portuguese flag 3614: 3602:Main articles: 3600: 3510: 3498: 3496: 3489: 3487: 3480: 3478: 3471: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3453: 3451: 3444: 3442: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3372: 3364:Main articles: 3362: 3298: 3292: 3255:Prime Minister 3244:Battle of Sedan 3207: 3201: 3174:Monroe Doctrine 3130: 3124: 3119: 3111:Main articles: 3109: 3069:British domains 2977: 2975:New Imperialism 2971: 2949: 2943: 2918:Turkish Straits 2893: 2869:Jews in Rumania 2845:(10 May 1871), 2818: 2804: 2784: 2770: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2665: 2659: 2642: 2636: 2604: 2596:Main articles: 2594: 2566:Abraham Lincoln 2509: 2501:Main articles: 2499: 2471:Catholic Church 2436: 2430: 2422:A. J. P. Taylor 2418:Alsace–Lorraine 2333: 2319: 2291:Liberal Cabinet 2279: 2273: 2250: 2204:Brazil in 1822 2202: 2194:Main articles: 2192: 2164:northern Mexico 2162:, and invading 2160:Alta California 2106: 2100: 1977: 1971: 1961:(in Italy) and 1899:Treaty of Paris 1850: 1844: 1820:Serbian princes 1788: 1782: 1765:Lord Palmerston 1749: 1741:Main articles: 1739: 1720:Austrian Empire 1684:Austrian Empire 1618: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1231: 1223: 1222: 1094: 1086: 1085: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1008: 975: 969: 953:French speaking 918: 912: 899:François Guizot 883:1832 Reform Act 878:Lord Palmerston 867: 861: 834: 828: 815: 789: 737: 728: 727: 726: 718: 713: 704: 625: 617:Main articles: 615: 576:Monroe Doctrine 558:in Spanish or " 535: 527:Main articles: 517: 477: 471: 463:Monroe Doctrine 447: 437: 353: 345:Main articles: 343: 310:) opposing the 290: 282: 276: 269: 198:Triple Alliance 163:Austria-Hungary 161:(in 1867–1918, 81:First World War 73:Napoleonic Wars 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13467: 13457: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13332:English school 13329: 13327:Constructivism 13323: 13321: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13306: 13305: 13304: 13299: 13297:Non-aggression 13294: 13289: 13284: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13213: 13212: 13207: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13119: 13117: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13078: 13076: 13070: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13062: 13057: 13051: 13049: 13045: 13044: 13042: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13005: 13003: 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12986: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12969: 12968: 12961: 12954: 12946: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12925: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12906: 12901: 12891: 12886: 12884:Russo-Japanese 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12849:Anglo-Egyptian 12846: 12840: 12838: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12830: 12825: 12823:Bosnian Crisis 12820: 12819: 12818: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12775: 12774: 12772:Austro-Italian 12769: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12747: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12673: 12672: 12670:Martens Clause 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12625: 12619: 12617: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12582: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12556: 12555: 12554: 12552:Egyptian Lever 12539: 12537:Pax Britannica 12534: 12533: 12532: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12518:Sovereign debt 12515: 12510: 12500: 12494: 12492: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12463: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12445:Triple Entente 12442: 12441: 12440: 12429: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12412:United Kingdom 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12364: 12363: 12356: 12349: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12324: 12323:External links 12321: 12320: 12319: 12309: 12298: 12291: 12284: 12277: 12267: 12260: 12250: 12240: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12221:(2nd ed 1927) 12215: 12208: 12201: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12176: 12169: 12162: 12152: 12126: 12115: 12108: 12101: 12094: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12055: 12048: 12038: 12028: 12021: 12014: 12007: 12002:Doyle, Don H. 12000: 11990: 11980: 11973: 11963: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11940: 11935:Sumner, B. H. 11933: 11923: 11913: 11903: 11893: 11883: 11876: 11866: 11856: 11846: 11839: 11829: 11818: 11811: 11804: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11787: 11780: 11770: 11769:(2001). 280pp. 11763: 11756: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11722: 11715: 11710:Palmer, Alan. 11708: 11703:Palmer, Alan. 11701: 11696:Palmer, Alan. 11694: 11684: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11650: 11643: 11633: 11623: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11589: 11579: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11538: 11531: 11517: 11513:(1933) ; 11502:Main article: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11487: 11477: 11470: 11460: 11453: 11448:Keiger, John. 11446: 11439: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11408: 11398: 11391: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11377: 11370: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11349: 11342: 11335: 11317: 11307: 11300: 11288: 11285:War in History 11281: 11270: 11260: 11253: 11246: 11236: 11225: 11218: 11210:Hyam, Ronald. 11208: 11198: 11191: 11184: 11175: 11165: 11158: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11133: 11116: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11076: 11066: 11056: 11055:(2 vol., 2007) 11049: 11042: 11038:(4th ed 2014) 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10958:Main article: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10949:(2013), 592pp; 10943: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10924: 10910: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10886: 10876: 10871:Spender, J.A. 10869: 10860: 10853: 10843: 10833: 10826: 10819: 10809: 10802: 10775: 10764: 10754: 10724: 10721: 10711: 10710: 10703: 10693: 10681: 10671: 10661: 10654: 10644: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10630: 10622:Watson, Adam. 10620: 10612:Upton, Emory. 10610: 10603: 10591: 10581: 10574: 10571:German History 10567: 10560: 10553: 10548:Rich, Norman. 10546: 10545: 10544: 10536:Ramm, Agatha. 10526:Ramm, Agatha. 10524: 10513: 10503: 10493: 10483: 10473: 10463: 10453: 10443: 10431: 10420: 10415:Haas, Mark L. 10413: 10403: 10394: 10384: 10374: 10373:(2016), 934pp. 10367: 10357: 10347: 10340: 10333: 10323: 10313: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10288: 10278: 10271: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10236: 10224: 10221: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10194:Zara Steiner, 10187: 10185:(2nd ed. 2003) 10174: 10161: 10145: 10132: 10119: 10106: 10093: 10077: 10065: 10049: 10036: 10023: 10003: 9986: 9973: 9971:(1976) 133-36. 9960: 9947: 9935: 9922: 9920:(1940) 392-95. 9909: 9896: 9883: 9870: 9857: 9844: 9831: 9818: 9805: 9792: 9779: 9766: 9750: 9733: 9715: 9702: 9689: 9676: 9663: 9647: 9640: 9619: 9606: 9593: 9580: 9567: 9560: 9540: 9527: 9510: 9496: 9476: 9463: 9450: 9437: 9424: 9411: 9398: 9382: 9369: 9346: 9333: 9331:(1933) pp 3–58 9320: 9307: 9294: 9275: 9271:online edition 9258: 9245: 9232: 9219: 9206: 9190: 9177: 9164: 9151: 9144: 9124: 9108: 9095: 9082: 9078:Balkan Studies 9069: 9052: 9039: 9026: 9013: 9000: 8987: 8974: 8961: 8948: 8932: 8919: 8903: 8890: 8873: 8866: 8846: 8842:German History 8833: 8826: 8806: 8793: 8780: 8767: 8750: 8737: 8724: 8711: 8698: 8685: 8672: 8656: 8643: 8630: 8617: 8590: 8573: 8566: 8546: 8533: 8520: 8514:978-9004154162 8513: 8493: 8486: 8466: 8453: 8440: 8427: 8414: 8401: 8385: 8372: 8359: 8346: 8342:Africa to 1875 8333: 8331:(1974) p. 560. 8320: 8307: 8301:D. W. Brogan, 8294: 8281: 8265: 8252: 8245: 8225: 8212: 8199: 8183: 8149: 8134: 8111: 8095: 8079: 8069: 8053: 8040: 8027: 8014: 8005: 7992: 7985: 7965: 7949: 7936: 7923: 7910: 7896: 7876: 7863: 7858:(1922), p. 5 7847: 7841:Oron J. Hale, 7834: 7821: 7808: 7795: 7782: 7769: 7753: 7740: 7724: 7711: 7709:(1977) 2: 117. 7698: 7682: 7666: 7653: 7640: 7623: 7610: 7597: 7582: 7569: 7556: 7543: 7530:978-0253344731 7529: 7509: 7496: 7489: 7467: 7461:Howard Jones, 7454: 7441: 7428: 7422:Don H. Doyle, 7415: 7408: 7388: 7375: 7360: 7347: 7332: 7319: 7306: 7304:(1967). p. 64. 7293: 7280: 7263: 7250: 7244:John B. Wolf, 7237: 7221: 7208: 7195: 7182: 7169: 7163:Derek Beales, 7156: 7139: 7123: 7104: 7087: 7065: 7053: 7040: 7027: 7019:Keith Hitchins 7011: 6998: 6975: 6962: 6937: 6920: 6907: 6891: 6878: 6864: 6838: 6825:978-3643106117 6824: 6804: 6791: 6778: 6765: 6752: 6739: 6726: 6711: 6702: 6689: 6676: 6663: 6650: 6637: 6624: 6611: 6598: 6585: 6572: 6556: 6543: 6530: 6517:978-0801470646 6516: 6493: 6480: 6467: 6454: 6441: 6428: 6419: 6402: 6385: 6378: 6358: 6344: 6324: 6307: 6290: 6277: 6264: 6251: 6245:978-1785704642 6244: 6224: 6207: 6191: 6174: 6161: 6148: 6135: 6122: 6109: 6103:Raymond Carr, 6096: 6083: 6070: 6054: 6041: 6035:978-0313334801 6034: 6014: 6001: 5994: 5974: 5961: 5959:(1996) p. 800. 5948: 5946:(1934) p. 170. 5935: 5922: 5909: 5896: 5883: 5867: 5851: 5838: 5825: 5792: 5777: 5752: 5736: 5723:978-3110905854 5722: 5699: 5686: 5680:978-0521459877 5679: 5659: 5642: 5629: 5616: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5583: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5493:Pax Britannica 5490: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5421: 5418: 5383:Woodrow Wilson 5369:Woodrow Wilson 5349:The "Big Four" 5322:Main article: 5319: 5316: 5303:Central Powers 5280: 5277: 5214:Main article: 5211: 5208: 5183: 5182: 5150:Hubert Lyautey 5126: 5123: 5075: 5072: 5064:Triple Entente 5028:Dreyfus affair 5019:Main article: 5016: 5013: 4966:Parti colonial 4949: 4946: 4929:Main article: 4926: 4923: 4899: 4896: 4888:Crisis of 1914 4868:Main article: 4865: 4862: 4822:Ottoman Empire 4798:Main article: 4795: 4792: 4782:Bosnian Crisis 4776:Bosnian Crisis 4774:Main article: 4771: 4768: 4763:Abdul Hamid II 4740: 4737: 4704:Main article: 4701: 4698: 4673: 4670: 4648:Main article: 4645: 4642: 4617:Main article: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4593:Main article: 4590: 4587: 4567:Main article: 4564: 4561: 4521: 4518: 4509:Main article: 4506: 4503: 4446: 4443: 4426:Main article: 4423: 4420: 4406:Gyula Andrássy 4359: 4356: 4331: 4328: 4323: 4320: 4284: 4281: 4265:Boer republics 4231: 4228: 4201:Main article: 4198: 4195: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4173:Lord Salisbury 4165:Main article: 4162: 4159: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4098:Franz Joseph I 4031: 4028: 3989: 3986: 3944:Main article: 3941: 3938: 3934:House of Peers 3901:Fort Zeelandia 3878: 3875: 3859:Penghu Islands 3857:(Taiwan), the 3839:Ryukyu Islands 3820: 3819:War with China 3817: 3805:Main article: 3802: 3799: 3773:Main article: 3770: 3767: 3740:Battle of Adwa 3709:Italian Empire 3707:Main article: 3704: 3701: 3599: 3596: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3423:Main article: 3420: 3417: 3361: 3358: 3294:Main article: 3291: 3288: 3253: 3252: 3203:Main article: 3200: 3197: 3182:French Algeria 3178:Mexican border 3126:Main article: 3123: 3120: 3108: 3105: 3099:, and 0.5% in 2970: 2967: 2945:Main article: 2942: 2939: 2914:Constantinople 2901:British Empire 2892: 2889: 2873: 2872: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2754: 2753: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2661:Main article: 2658: 2655: 2638:Main article: 2635: 2632: 2612:Champs-Élysées 2593: 2590: 2582:Alabama Claims 2568:announced the 2545:Queen Victoria 2534:cotton is king 2498: 2495: 2432:Main article: 2429: 2426: 2377:French company 2318: 2315: 2275:Main article: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2249: 2246: 2230:Paraguayan War 2218:Cisplatine War 2214:La Plata river 2191: 2188: 2121:Velasco treaty 2102:Main article: 2099: 2096: 1973:Main article: 1970: 1967: 1949:modern nursing 1863:compelled the 1846:Main article: 1843: 1840: 1784:Main article: 1781: 1778: 1773:Lord Salisbury 1743:Ottoman Empire 1738: 1737:Ottoman Empire 1735: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1602: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320:Italian states 1312: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1213:Tax resistance 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1114:Class conflict 1111: 1106: 1104:Civil disorder 1101: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 993: 992: 986: 985: 971:Main article: 968: 965: 929:Gustaf Wappers 914:Main article: 911: 908: 897:in Vienna and 860: 857: 827: 824: 814: 813:Communications 811: 788: 787:Transportation 785: 736: 733: 715: 714: 707: 706: 705: 703: 700: 688:Greek Republic 614: 611: 540:Spanish Empire 516: 513: 509:Brazil in 1888 495:. Slavery was 473:Main article: 470: 467: 455:Ottoman Empire 451:George Canning 445:Pax Britannica 436: 433: 373:United Nations 342: 339: 288: 278:Main article: 268: 265: 202:Ottoman Empire 194:Triple Entente 148:series of wars 144:Ottoman Empire 118:. This led to 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13466: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13307: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13075: 13071: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13046: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13006: 13004: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12994:Organizations 12991: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12978: 12974: 12967: 12962: 12960: 12955: 12953: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12932: 12929: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12889:Italo-Turkish 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12844:Russo-Turkish 12842: 12841: 12839: 12835: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12817: 12816:Treaty of Fes 12814: 12813: 12812: 12811:Agadir Crisis 12809: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12773: 12770: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12618: 12612: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12561: 12560: 12557: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12489: 12483: 12482:Balkan League 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12439: 12438:Dual Alliance 12436: 12435: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12424: 12418: 12417:United States 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12362: 12357: 12355: 12350: 12348: 12343: 12342: 12339: 12332: 12331: 12327: 12326: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12265: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12252:Gooch, G. P. 12251: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12238: 12234: 12233: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12102: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12083: 12074: 12071:Sexton, Jay. 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12001: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11961: 11957: 11956: 11947: 11944: 11941: 11938: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11902: 11901:online review 11898: 11894: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11840: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11816: 11812: 11809: 11805: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11794: 11785: 11781: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11757: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11744: 11740: 11737: 11733: 11731: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11699: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11648: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11611: 11607: 11604: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11588: 11584: 11581:Eyck, Erich. 11580: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11567: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11536: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11525:online review 11522: 11519:Bridge, F.R. 11518: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11507: 11505: 11492: 11488: 11486: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11419: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11385: 11384: 11375: 11371: 11369:(1972); 350pp 11368: 11364: 11363: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11258: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11231:(v 1, 1972); 11230: 11226: 11223: 11219: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11192: 11190:(1999), 528pp 11189: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11151: 11142: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11122: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11013:Baumgart, W. 11012: 11009: 11005: 11004: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10987:Zeman, Z.A.B. 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10920: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10900: 10891: 10887: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10831: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10807: 10803: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10781:(vol 1 1936) 10780: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10734: 10730: 10715: 10708: 10704: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10659: 10655: 10652: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10434:Kennedy, Paul 10432: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10341: 10338: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10312: 10311:online review 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10257: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10226: 10217: 10212: 10197: 10191: 10184: 10181:Sally Marks, 10178: 10171: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10142: 10136: 10129: 10126:Norman Rich, 10123: 10116: 10110: 10103: 10097: 10090: 10084: 10082: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10046: 10043:Brandenburg, 10040: 10033: 10027: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10007: 10000: 9996: 9990: 9983: 9977: 9970: 9964: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9939: 9932: 9926: 9919: 9913: 9906: 9900: 9893: 9887: 9880: 9874: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9841: 9835: 9828: 9822: 9815: 9809: 9802: 9796: 9789: 9783: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9730: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9713:(1937) p 463. 9712: 9706: 9699: 9693: 9686: 9680: 9674:(1978) p. 321 9673: 9667: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9643: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9616: 9610: 9603: 9597: 9590: 9584: 9577: 9571: 9563: 9561:9781610690317 9557: 9553: 9552: 9544: 9537: 9531: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9499: 9497:9780802779106 9493: 9489: 9488: 9480: 9473: 9467: 9460: 9457:Norman Rich, 9454: 9447: 9441: 9434: 9428: 9421: 9415: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9379: 9376:James Stone, 9373: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9350: 9343: 9340:Lothar Gall, 9337: 9330: 9324: 9317: 9311: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9255: 9249: 9243:(2004). p 37. 9242: 9239:Carole Fink, 9236: 9229: 9223: 9217:(1966) p 396. 9216: 9210: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9187: 9181: 9174: 9168: 9161: 9155: 9147: 9145:9781471839047 9141: 9137: 9136: 9128: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9105: 9099: 9092: 9091:History Today 9086: 9079: 9073: 9065: 9064: 9056: 9049: 9043: 9036: 9030: 9023: 9020:F.R. Bridge, 9017: 9010: 9004: 8997: 8991: 8984: 8978: 8971: 8965: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8900: 8894: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8869: 8867:9780313262579 8863: 8859: 8858: 8850: 8843: 8837: 8829: 8827:9780948660139 8823: 8819: 8818: 8810: 8803: 8797: 8790: 8784: 8778:(2003) 2:1154 8777: 8771: 8764: 8760: 8754: 8747: 8741: 8734: 8728: 8721: 8715: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8689: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8647: 8640: 8634: 8628:(2008) ch 13 8627: 8621: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8569: 8567:9780674054554 8563: 8559: 8558: 8550: 8543: 8537: 8530: 8527:George Kerr, 8524: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8497: 8489: 8487:9788363678517 8483: 8479: 8478: 8470: 8463: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8437: 8431: 8424: 8418: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8392:A.R. Disney, 8389: 8382: 8376: 8369: 8363: 8356: 8350: 8343: 8337: 8330: 8324: 8317: 8311: 8304: 8298: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8262: 8256: 8248: 8246:9781101874776 8242: 8238: 8237: 8229: 8222: 8216: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8135:0-253-35050-6 8131: 8127: 8126: 8118: 8116: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8092: 8088: 8083: 8073: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8050: 8044: 8037: 8031: 8024: 8018: 8009: 8002: 7996: 7988: 7986:9781317032175 7982: 7978: 7977: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7946: 7940: 7933: 7927: 7920: 7914: 7899: 7897:9780465080922 7893: 7889: 7888: 7880: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7844: 7838: 7831: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7786: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7721: 7715: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7679: 7675: 7674:Eric Hobsbawm 7670: 7663: 7657: 7650: 7644: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7620: 7614: 7607: 7601: 7594: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7573: 7566: 7560: 7553: 7547: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7513: 7506: 7500: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7458: 7451: 7445: 7438: 7432: 7425: 7419: 7411: 7409:9781317569541 7405: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7385: 7384:History Today 7379: 7371: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7344: 7343: 7339:R. B. Mowat, 7336: 7329: 7323: 7316: 7310: 7303: 7297: 7290: 7284: 7277: 7273: 7267: 7260: 7254: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7218: 7212: 7205: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7075: 7069: 7063: 7057: 7050: 7044: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6972: 6966: 6950: 6949: 6941: 6934: 6930: 6924: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6888: 6887:History Today 6882: 6874: 6868: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6808: 6801: 6795: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6762: 6756: 6749: 6743: 6736: 6730: 6723: 6722: 6715: 6706: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6647: 6641: 6634: 6628: 6621: 6615: 6608: 6602: 6595: 6589: 6582: 6576: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6550:Norman Lowe, 6547: 6540: 6539:History Today 6534: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6484: 6477: 6471: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6423: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6399: 6395: 6389: 6381: 6379:9781557509840 6375: 6371: 6370: 6362: 6347: 6345:9781555848439 6341: 6337: 6336: 6328: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6300: 6294: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6171: 6165: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6126: 6119: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6018: 6011: 6005: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5978: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5939: 5932: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5845:Norman Rich, 5842: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5797: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5746:Norman Rich, 5743: 5741: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5706: 5704: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5639: 5633: 5627:(1934) p. 110 5626: 5620: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5587: 5578: 5574: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5429: 5424: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5335: 5334:William Orpen 5330: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5279:The Great War 5276: 5274: 5273:Western Front 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5187:Agadir Crisis 5179: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5135:Agadir Crisis 5132: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5032:anti-Semitism 5029: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4987:(1884–1885). 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4876: 4871: 4861: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4826:Balkan League 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4791: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4745: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4727: 4726:Alexander III 4721: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4679:republicanism 4669: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4651: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4620: 4610: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4512: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4490:Balkan League 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4442: 4434: 4429: 4419: 4416: 4415:Balkan League 4412: 4407: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4378:and with the 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4253:Conservatives 4250: 4246: 4245:Liberal Party 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4218:islands, off 4217: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4194: 4191: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3994:Korean Empire 3985: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969:39th parallel 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3769:Rise of Japan 3766: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3592:Lake Victoria 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3546:Lake Naivasha 3542: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3431: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3413:Isma'il Pasha 3408: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3376: 3371: 3370:French Africa 3367: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325:Persia (Iran) 3323:, especially 3322: 3321:Southern Asia 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3261:Liberal Party 3258: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3240:A.J.P. Taylor 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3213:In 1892, the 3211: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142:Benito Juárez 3139: 3135: 3129: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3058:Belgian Congo 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3012:(1895–1896), 3011: 3008:(1894–1895), 3007: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2958:officer corps 2955: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2856:Eric Hobsbawm 2853: 2848: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2721: 2714: 2701: 2699: 2698:German Empire 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2647:The first war 2641: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2584:in 1872, the 2583: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2557:New York City 2554: 2550: 2549:Prince Albert 2546: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519:attempted to 2518: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2497:United States 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379:building the 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2271:Great Britain 2264: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2226:Uruguayan War 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:demilitarized 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865:Sublime Porte 1862: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814:and a modern 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:modern Serbia 1797: 1792: 1787: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1756: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1727:aristocracies 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:working class 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1645:nation states 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1208:Strike action 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1141:Direct action 1139: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1129:Demonstration 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1004: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 991: 988: 987: 983: 979: 978: 974: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937:Protestantism 930: 926: 922: 917: 907: 905: 900: 896: 892: 891:Lord Aberdeen 886: 884: 879: 874: 872: 866: 856: 854: 849: 847: 843: 838: 833: 823: 821: 810: 808: 803: 797: 795: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 760:sailing ships 756: 754: 747: 746: 741: 732: 724: 723: 717: 711: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 673: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 641: 634: 629: 624: 620: 610: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 584:Simón Bolívar 581: 577: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556: 551: 547: 546: 541: 534: 530: 521: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 476: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 446: 442: 432: 430: 426: 425:Holy Alliance 422: 417: 412: 409: 406: 401: 397: 393: 390:(Ljubljana). 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 352: 348: 338: 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:French Empire 309: 305: 301: 297: 286: 281: 274: 264: 262: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 190: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 96:United States 93: 92:Great Britain 88: 87:(1919–1920). 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 13292:Multilateral 13222:Isolationism 13175:Expansionism 13086: 12757: 12753:Anglo-German 12742: 12614:Treaties and 12375:Great powers 12367: 12329: 12312: 12301: 12294: 12287: 12280: 12270: 12263: 12253: 12243: 12236: 12218: 12211: 12204: 12197: 12179: 12172: 12165: 12155: 12145: 12137: 12129: 12118: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12086: 12072: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12041: 12031: 12024: 12017: 12010: 12003: 11993: 11983: 11976: 11966: 11959: 11936: 11926: 11916: 11906: 11896: 11886: 11879: 11869: 11859: 11849: 11842: 11832: 11825: 11821: 11814: 11807: 11797: 11783: 11773: 11766: 11759: 11749: 11742: 11735: 11725: 11711: 11704: 11697: 11690: 11677: 11670: 11663: 11653: 11646: 11636: 11635:Lowe, John. 11626: 11619: 11616:Hoyer, Katja 11609: 11602: 11592: 11582: 11572: 11565: 11558: 11551: 11541: 11534: 11520: 11510: 11490: 11480: 11473: 11463: 11456: 11449: 11442: 11435: 11431:(2 vol 1986) 11428: 11421: 11411: 11401: 11400:Gooch, G.P. 11394: 11387: 11376:(4 vol 1972) 11373: 11366: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11320: 11310: 11303: 11293: 11284: 11275: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11239: 11238:Lowe, John. 11232: 11228: 11221: 11211: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11136: 11120: 11105: 11098: 11094:(2 vol 2003) 11091: 11081: 11069: 11059: 11052: 11045: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 10993: 10989: 10980: 10973: 10966: 10946: 10939: 10927: 10913: 10903: 10889: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10856: 10846: 10836: 10829: 10822: 10812: 10805: 10789:; Germany's 10778: 10777:Gooch, G.P. 10767: 10766:Gooch, G.P. 10757: 10743: 10706: 10696: 10687: 10683: 10674: 10664: 10657: 10646: 10640: 10623: 10613: 10606: 10594: 10584: 10577: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10537: 10527: 10516: 10506: 10496: 10495:Mowat, R.B. 10486: 10476: 10466: 10456: 10446: 10438: 10423: 10416: 10406: 10405:Gooch, G.P. 10399: 10387: 10377: 10370: 10360: 10350: 10343: 10336: 10326: 10316: 10306: 10294: 10291:Mowat, C. L. 10281: 10274: 10264: 10255: 10245: 10238: 10229: 10215: 10195: 10190: 10182: 10177: 10172:(1958) p 363 10169: 10164: 10153: 10148: 10135: 10127: 10122: 10114: 10109: 10101: 10096: 10088: 10068: 10057: 10052: 10044: 10039: 10031: 10026: 10014: 10006: 9994: 9989: 9981: 9976: 9968: 9963: 9955: 9950: 9938: 9930: 9925: 9917: 9912: 9904: 9899: 9891: 9886: 9878: 9873: 9865: 9860: 9852: 9847: 9839: 9834: 9826: 9821: 9813: 9808: 9800: 9795: 9787: 9782: 9774: 9769: 9758: 9753: 9745: 9741: 9736: 9728: 9710: 9705: 9697: 9692: 9684: 9679: 9671: 9666: 9655: 9650: 9631: 9622: 9614: 9609: 9601: 9596: 9588: 9583: 9578:(2013) ch 16 9575: 9570: 9550: 9543: 9535: 9530: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9501:. Retrieved 9486: 9479: 9471: 9466: 9458: 9453: 9445: 9440: 9432: 9427: 9419: 9414: 9406: 9401: 9390: 9385: 9377: 9372: 9354: 9349: 9341: 9336: 9328: 9323: 9315: 9310: 9302: 9297: 9286: 9278: 9266: 9261: 9253: 9248: 9240: 9235: 9227: 9222: 9214: 9209: 9198: 9193: 9185: 9180: 9172: 9167: 9159: 9154: 9134: 9127: 9116: 9111: 9103: 9098: 9090: 9085: 9077: 9072: 9062: 9055: 9047: 9042: 9034: 9029: 9021: 9016: 9008: 9003: 8995: 8990: 8982: 8977: 8969: 8964: 8956: 8951: 8940: 8935: 8927: 8922: 8911: 8906: 8898: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8876: 8856: 8849: 8841: 8836: 8816: 8809: 8801: 8796: 8788: 8783: 8775: 8770: 8758: 8753: 8745: 8740: 8732: 8727: 8719: 8714: 8706: 8701: 8693: 8688: 8680: 8675: 8664: 8659: 8651: 8646: 8641:28#3 (2016). 8638: 8633: 8625: 8620: 8608:. Retrieved 8604:Taipei Times 8603: 8593: 8581: 8576: 8556: 8549: 8541: 8536: 8528: 8523: 8503: 8496: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8456: 8448: 8443: 8435: 8430: 8422: 8417: 8409: 8404: 8393: 8388: 8380: 8375: 8367: 8362: 8354: 8349: 8344:, pp. 560–61 8341: 8336: 8328: 8323: 8315: 8310: 8302: 8297: 8289: 8284: 8273: 8268: 8260: 8255: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8215: 8207: 8202: 8191: 8186: 8174:. Retrieved 8162: 8152: 8124: 8103: 8098: 8090: 8082: 8072: 8061: 8056: 8048: 8043: 8035: 8030: 8022: 8017: 8008: 8003:(1962): 554. 8000: 7995: 7975: 7968: 7957: 7952: 7944: 7939: 7931: 7926: 7918: 7913: 7901:. Retrieved 7886: 7879: 7871: 7866: 7855: 7850: 7842: 7837: 7829: 7824: 7816: 7811: 7806:(1941), p 4. 7803: 7798: 7790: 7785: 7777: 7772: 7761: 7756: 7748: 7743: 7732: 7727: 7719: 7714: 7706: 7701: 7693:(1944) p. 8 7690: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7656: 7648: 7643: 7635: 7626: 7618: 7613: 7605: 7600: 7590: 7585: 7577: 7572: 7564: 7559: 7551: 7546: 7534:. Retrieved 7519: 7512: 7504: 7499: 7476: 7470: 7462: 7457: 7452:pp. 147–166. 7449: 7444: 7436: 7431: 7423: 7418: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7378: 7369: 7363: 7355: 7350: 7340: 7335: 7327: 7322: 7314: 7309: 7301: 7296: 7288: 7283: 7275: 7266: 7258: 7253: 7245: 7240: 7229: 7224: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7198: 7190: 7185: 7177: 7172: 7164: 7159: 7151: 7142: 7131: 7126: 7115: 7107: 7095: 7090: 7078:. Retrieved 7068: 7056: 7048: 7043: 7035: 7030: 7022: 7014: 7006: 7001: 6983: 6978: 6970: 6965: 6953:. Retrieved 6947: 6940: 6932: 6923: 6915: 6910: 6899: 6894: 6886: 6881: 6867: 6855:. Retrieved 6851:the original 6841: 6829:. Retrieved 6814: 6807: 6799: 6794: 6786: 6781: 6773: 6768: 6760: 6755: 6747: 6742: 6734: 6729: 6719: 6714: 6705: 6697: 6692: 6684: 6679: 6671: 6666: 6658: 6653: 6645: 6640: 6632: 6627: 6619: 6614: 6606: 6601: 6593: 6588: 6580: 6575: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6546: 6538: 6533: 6521:. Retrieved 6506: 6496: 6488: 6483: 6475: 6470: 6462: 6457: 6449: 6444: 6436: 6435:Jill Hills, 6431: 6422: 6414: 6405: 6397: 6388: 6368: 6361: 6349:. Retrieved 6334: 6327: 6319: 6310: 6302: 6293: 6285: 6280: 6275:(2003) 3:366 6272: 6271:Joel Mokyr, 6267: 6259: 6254: 6234: 6227: 6219: 6210: 6199: 6194: 6186: 6177: 6169: 6164: 6156: 6155:Paul Hayes, 6151: 6143: 6138: 6130: 6125: 6117: 6112: 6104: 6099: 6091: 6086: 6078: 6077:John Lynch. 6073: 6065: 6057: 6049: 6044: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6004: 5984: 5977: 5969: 5964: 5956: 5951: 5943: 5938: 5930: 5925: 5917: 5912: 5904: 5899: 5891: 5886: 5878: 5862: 5846: 5841: 5830:, retrieved 5808: 5767: 5747: 5727:. Retrieved 5712: 5694: 5689: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5645: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5586: 5577: 5414:guilt clause 5399: 5376: 5373: 5337: 5336:'s painting 5332:Detail from 5308: 5242: 5231: 5225: 5224:The British 5184: 5166: 5138: 5116: 5108: 5097:Jameson raid 5077: 5053: 5041:French banks 5036:anti-Semitic 5024: 5005: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4951: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4931:Mobilization 4914: 4901: 4881: 4858: 4839: 4803: 4779: 4759:Franz Joseph 4748: 4730: 4722: 4709: 4693: 4691: 4675: 4653: 4630: 4622: 4607: 4598: 4583: 4572: 4553: 4514: 4480:and part of 4474:Adriatic Sea 4461:South Slavic 4454: 4439: 4404: 4361: 4343: 4325: 4308: 4243: 4213: 4206: 4187: 4170: 4151: 4134: 4122: 4113: 4110:Émile Loubet 4001: 3949: 3912:home islands 3909: 3899:(VOC) built 3890: 3836: 3810: 3778: 3755:Ottoman Army 3744: 3724: 3650: 3615: 3577: 3564:crown colony 3560:protectorate 3549: 3543: 3532: 3528: 3513: 3409: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3346: 3341:Robert Irwin 3310: 3284:Urabi revolt 3280: 3265: 3254: 3228: 3186: 3150:Conservative 3131: 3066: 3030: 2994: 2962:reserve duty 2950: 2947:Conscription 2941:Conscription 2927:risorgimento 2894: 2891:Major powers 2877: 2874: 2840: 2666: 2643: 2621: 2574: 2543: 2510: 2491:Pope Pius XI 2483:Pope Pius IX 2467:Papal States 2464: 2448:Risorgimento 2447: 2445: 2401:anticlerical 2366: 2357:Napoleon III 2354: 2350: 2327:Napoleon III 2283:Earl Russell 2280: 2251: 2216:region: the 2203: 2145:Mexican Army 2107: 2073:Transylvania 2066: 2013: 2008:Transylvania 1988:Transylvania 1938: 1926:privateering 1923: 1919:Danube River 1896: 1861:Napoleon III 1858: 1853: 1851: 1824:Constitution 1801: 1757: 1750: 1724: 1688: 1653: 1638: 1623: 1474:People Power 1191:Disobedience 934: 924: 887: 875: 868: 850: 839: 835: 816: 801: 798: 790: 757: 751: 743: 729: 721: 677: 661: 646: 596: 590:in southern 572: 563: 553: 545:peninsulares 543: 536: 489:Spanish Cuba 478: 448: 413: 410: 377: 354: 332: 293: 254: 191: 152: 89: 69:great powers 58: 53: 50:John Tenniel 29: 13388:Geopolitics 13267:Sovereignty 13247:Imperialism 13160:Colonialism 13145:Appeasement 13060:Warsaw Pact 12931:World War I 12894:Balkan Wars 12879:Second Boer 12864:Banana Wars 12828:July Crisis 12759:Dreadnought 12744:Weltpolitik 12588:Pan-Slavism 12286:Lowe, C.J. 12275:online free 12164:Nish, Ian. 11971:online free 11220:Lowe, C.J. 11001:Imperialism 10916:(11 vol. ) 10034:(2013) ch 5 9890:Grenville, 9773:Macmillan, 9503:24 February 9265:Gladstone, 9050:(1970) p 8. 8994:Macmillan, 8945:online free 8791:(2013) ch 2 8639:Japan Forum 8624:Manthorpe, 8610:22 December 8606:. p. 3 8588:, Ch. 10–12 8176:4 September 7903:24 February 7608:pp. 184–217 7567:pp. 171–219 7536:24 February 7358:pp. 123–146 6955:24 February 6831:24 February 6523:24 February 6351:24 February 6142:Schroeder. 5729:24 February 5463:Color books 5257:laws of war 5226:Dreadnaught 5118:Weltpolitik 5115:called for 5089:Paul Kruger 4884:World War I 4800:Balkan Wars 4794:Balkan Wars 4687:containment 4494:Pan-Slavism 4388:Sudetenland 4118:J. S. Pughe 4106:Nicholas II 4012:1907 Treaty 3977:Port Arthur 3847:Port Arthur 3693:Catholicism 3687:, north of 3681:China coast 3661:slave ships 3568:Rift Valley 3518:. By 1850 3516:East Africa 3193:Jules Ferry 3071:, 10.0% in 3062:Philippines 3046:East Indies 3042:Netherlands 2969:Imperialism 2657:Unification 2547:'s husband 2511:During the 2479:French Army 2311:Confederacy 2222:Platine War 2129:Texian Army 1854:Crimean War 1848:Crimean War 1842:Crimean War 1761:Crimean War 1680:bourgeoisie 1676:rule of law 1664:nationalism 1536:Arab Spring 1134:Human chain 1124:Coup d'état 1033:Proletarian 846:British Raj 842:Crimean War 832:Crimean War 781:ocean liner 775:during the 324:Czech lands 246:Switzerland 214:Netherlands 167:unification 124:colonialist 120:imperialist 13428:Categories 13342:Liberalism 13287:Friendship 13272:Suzerainty 12616:agreements 12564:Great Game 12530:Revanchism 10799:Aehrenthal 10653:. 141 maps 10021:, pp 23-62 9894:pp 368-69. 9790:(1995) p 6 8425:pp 299-306 7621:pp 171–219 7330:pp. 99–125 7291:pp 171–227 5787:1084400309 5598:References 5159:Wilhelm II 5109:Riskflotte 4954:Revanchism 4814:Montenegro 4486:Aegean Sea 4478:Novi Pazar 4465:Yugoslavia 4351:Young Turk 4216:Heligoland 4100:(in rear) 4086:Wilhelm II 3636:, and the 3634:Cape Verde 3539:Tanganyika 3485:Portuguese 3337:Inner Asia 3313:Great Game 3296:Great Game 3221:, invaded 3189:Suez Canal 3158:Reform War 3095:, 1.2% in 3093:Portuguese 3091:, 1.6% in 3087:, 2.1% in 3083:, 2.2% in 3079:, 3.9% in 3075:, 8.6% in 2561:Union Navy 2538:U.S. North 2381:Suez Canal 2301:, and the 2259:J. B. Bury 2137:Rio Grande 2053:Wallachian 1930:contraband 1718:, and the 1674:under the 1634:liberalism 1558:Euromaidan 1506:Bolivarian 1454:Nicaraguan 1434:Guatemalan 1372:Young Turk 1352:Philippine 1181:Nonviolent 1176:Resistance 1151:Insurgency 1061:Nonviolent 1056:From above 1028:Democratic 904:Opium Wars 826:1830–1850s 794:Suez Canal 668:Lord Byron 653:suzerainty 218:Luxembourg 183:Montenegro 136:Royal Navy 13378:Diplomacy 13282:Bilateral 13180:Grey-zone 13133:Coalition 13092:1919–1939 13087:1814–1919 13082:1648–1814 12579:Meiji era 12426:Alliances 11472:Nere, J. 11128:, Mainz: 10718:Prussia." 10447:Diplomacy 10331:full text 9777:(2013) pp 9409:pp 225–27 9230:pp 121–66 9188:pp 228–54 9175:pp 121-66 9162:pp 89–120 8507:. BRILL. 8340:Hallett, 8171:0260-9592 7819:pp 21-27. 5832:8 October 5093:Transvaal 4981:1918–1919 4977:1884–1889 4973:1872–1880 4917:anti-Slav 4846:Macedonia 4765:looks on. 4482:Macedonia 4390:(part of 4102:Uncle Sam 4094:John Bull 4090:Umberto I 4054:Uncle Sam 3965:Manchuria 3782:Manchuria 3689:Australia 3677:Hong Kong 3562:became a 3329:Turkestan 2416:, losing 2373:Indochina 2234:as allies 2168:U.S. Navy 2081:Romanians 2049:Moldavian 2024:Wallachia 1992:Wallachia 1945:telegraph 1907:Black Sea 1877:Wallachia 1828:feudalism 1511:Bulldozer 1464:Carnation 1459:Argentine 1402:1917–1923 1390:Communist 1335:Hungarian 1171:Rebellion 1109:Civil war 1071:Permanent 1018:Communist 1013:Bourgeois 957:William I 949:Catholics 871:Corn Laws 802:Lusitania 773:Cape Horn 722:Lusitania 720:RMS 694:and by a 550:New Spain 481:abolition 140:some wars 61:diplomacy 13337:Feminism 13190:Idealism 13185:Hegemony 13138:Military 13123:Alliance 13116:Concepts 13102:Cold War 12984:Glossary 12273:(1914). 11754:in JSTOR 11712:Bismarck 11483:(1921). 11296:(1937) 11173:in JSTOR 10616:(1878). 10267:(1965) 9838:Taylor, 9763:in JSTOR 9630:(2002). 9405:Taylor, 9362:Archived 9291:in JSTOR 9226:Langer, 9184:Taylor, 9171:Langer, 9158:Langer, 8763:in JSTOR 8540:Langer, 7737:in JSTOR 7660:Taylor, 7326:Taylor, 7287:Taylor, 6991:Archived 6857:29 March 6504:(2014). 5420:See also 5410:mandates 5379:Big Four 5030:against 4806:Bulgaria 4271:and the 4259:". The 3861:and the 3795:Far East 3695:and the 3598:Portugal 3524:Zanzibar 3503:Ethiopia 3354:Bosporus 3259:and his 3154:Liberals 3089:American 3081:Japanese 3016:(1898), 2916:and the 2487:prisoner 2404:liberals 2303:1864 war 2261:argues: 2238:Paraguay 2236:against 2228:and the 2037:Romanian 2020:Moldavia 2010:in 1918. 2002:, which 1984:Moldavia 1941:railways 1934:blockade 1873:Moldavia 1836:suzerain 1568:Sudanese 1546:Egyptian 1541:Tunisian 1494:Romanian 1395:Cultural 1381:Chinese 1356:Iranian 1325:February 1246:American 1241:Atlantic 1230:Examples 1203:Samizdat 1007:By class 982:a series 980:Part of 951:(mostly 675:Russia. 633:Navarino 564:criollos 555:criollos 552:(called 491:and the 371:and the 238:Portugal 206:Bulgaria 175:Bulgaria 134:and its 132:colonies 83:and the 75:and the 13357:Realism 13347:Marxism 13210:Liberal 13128:Entente 13074:History 13002:Present 12559:In Asia 12392:Germany 12317:excerpt 12304:(1938) 12182:(1935) 12123:excerpt 12121:(2000) 12089:(1936) 12044:(2010) 12034:(2001) 11996:(1963) 11969:(1959) 11919:(1967) 11909:(1922) 11899:(2011) 11862:(1917) 11852:(2011) 11835:(1977) 11776:(1948) 11728:(1916) 11641:excerpt 11629:(1980) 11597:excerpt 11595:(1979) 11585:(1964) 11544:(1938) 11529:excerpt 11404:(1923) 11313:(1936) 11306:(1977). 11266:(1931) 11242:(1998) 11204:(1999) 11148:Britain 11139:(1922) 11110:excerpt 11074:excerpt 11072:(1991) 11062:(1998) 10983:(1999). 10930:(1926) 10906:(2007) 10849:(2013) 10841:excerpt 10750:; also 10746:(2013) 10699:(1922) 10677:(2007) 10667:(1997) 10649:(1912) 10628:excerpt 10542:excerpt 10540:(1984) 10532:excerpt 10519:(1946) 10511:excerpt 10509:(2022) 10499:(1922) 10409:(1923) 10402:(1971). 10380:(2011) 10297:(1968) 10284:(1979) 10248:(1964) 10232:(1970) 10223:Surveys 10104:(1988). 10062:excerpt 10017:(2008) 9997:(1918) 9855:(1964). 9658:(2012) 9269:(1876) 9106:(1993). 8930:(1966). 8804:(1999). 8683:(1960). 8669:excerpt 8667:(2002) 8654:(1985). 8584:(2008) 8396:(2009) 8383:(1969). 7960:(1998) 7802:Hayes, 7789:Hayes, 7776:Hayes, 7426:(2017). 7317:(2003). 7193:(1975). 7167:(1961). 7080:27 June 7038:(1984). 7025:(1996). 6750:(2000). 6674:(1974). 6570:(1980). 6439:(2002). 6262:(1984). 6204:excerpt 6202:(2022) 5933:(1957). 5351:at the 5185:In the 5091:of the 4979:and in 4505:Germany 4392:Bohemia 4267:of the 4220:Hamburg 4074:Austria 4070:England 4062:Germany 4020:Sunjong 3921:culture 3812:Okinawa 3801:Okinawa 3679:on the 3675:, near 3630:Madeira 3507:Liberia 3494:Spanish 3476:Italian 3449:British 3440:Belgian 3405:Morocco 3317:Central 3223:Dahomey 3097:Belgian 2867:and of 2686:Bavaria 2592:Germany 2089:Romania 2077:Hungary 2032:Romania 2028:uniting 1917:on the 1832:serfdom 1810:into a 1798:in 1817 1696:serfdom 1499:Singing 1449:Rwandan 1424:Spanish 1419:Siamese 1407:Russian 1377:Mexican 1303:Belgian 1278:Serbian 1266:Haitian 1251:Brabant 1236:English 1166:Protest 1099:Boycott 1093:Methods 1066:Passive 851:In the 765:clipper 560:creoles 388:Laibach 308:Austria 300:Prussia 296:Britain 222:Denmark 210:Belgium 171:Romania 159:Austria 108:Germany 104:Prussia 67:of the 13319:Theory 13277:Treaty 13165:Crisis 12917:Second 12904:Second 12701:Events 12491:Trends 12407:Russia 12387:France 12306:online 12258:online 12248:online 12223:online 12214:(2001) 12200:(1979) 12191:Others 12184:online 12175:(1985) 12168:(2001) 12160:online 12150:online 12142:online 12134:online 12114:(1989) 12107:(1960) 12091:online 12046:online 12036:online 11998:online 11988:Online 11939:(1937) 11931:online 11911:online 11882:(1985) 11874:online 11864:online 11837:online 11828:(1964) 11817:(2014) 11810:(1998) 11802:online 11786:(2014) 11778:online 11762:(1967) 11730:online 11714:(2015) 11707:(1995) 11700:(1972) 11693:(2005) 11682:online 11658:online 11631:online 11622:(2021) 11577:online 11554:(2006) 11546:online 11537:(1997) 11515:online 11493:(2003) 11485:online 11476:(2001) 11459:(1929) 11452:(1985) 11416:online 11406:online 11381:France 11355:(1999) 11348:(1989) 11341:(1951) 11315:online 11298:online 11268:online 11259:(1996) 11183:(1989) 11164:(1970) 11141:online 11132:, 2011 11101:(1992) 11086:online 11064:online 11048:(1997) 11040:online 11031:(1967) 11017:(1982) 11010:(1996) 10996:(1971) 10932:online 10918:online 10892:(1999) 10884:online 10825:(1979) 10783:online 10772:online 10762:online 10752:online 10701:online 10691:online 10679:Online 10669:online 10651:online 10618:Online 10601:online 10589:online 10521:online 10501:online 10491:online 10481:online 10471:online 10461:online 10451:online 10428:online 10411:online 10365:online 10355:online 10321:online 10299:online 10293:, ed. 10286:online 10277:(1972) 10269:online 10250:online 10234:online 10198:(2007) 10143:(2002) 10091:(2012) 9999:online 9944:online 9816:(1963) 9748:(2008) 9638: 9617:(1966) 9604:(2000) 9591:(1938) 9558: 9538:(1979) 9494: 9395:online 9380:(2010) 9359:online 9203:online 9142: 9121:online 8916:online 8864: 8824: 8692:Rich, 8564: 8511: 8484: 8464:(1942) 8451:(2010) 8438:(1985) 8412:(1969) 8357:(2005) 8278:online 8263:1988). 8243: 8223:(1991) 8196:online 8169: 8144:796911 8142: 8132: 8108:online 8066:online 7983: 7962:online 7934:(2001) 7894: 7870:Rich, 7860:online 7832:(1968) 7815:Hale, 7766:online 7695:online 7604:Rich, 7595:(2003) 7527: 7507:(2012) 7487: 7465:(2002) 7448:Rich, 7439:(1970) 7406: 7354:Rich, 7234:online 7204:Albion 7136:online 7120:online 7100:online 6988:Online 6904:online 6822: 6759:Rich, 6514: 6487:Rich, 6478:(2010) 6376: 6342: 6242: 6116:Rich. 6032: 6012:(1993) 5992: 5968:Rich. 5890:Artz, 5823: 5785: 5775: 5720: 5677: 5367:, and 5299:Allies 5255:. The 4997:Tonkin 4993:Fuzhou 4948:France 4818:Serbia 4810:Greece 4532:, and 4445:Serbia 4422:Russia 4368:Vienna 4314:, and 4295:, and 4108:, and 4082:France 4080:& 4078:Russia 4042:, and 4016:Gojong 3954:. The 3877:Taiwan 3855:Taiwan 3831:, and 3719:Rhodes 3683:, and 3653:Angola 3642:Pombal 3638:Azores 3610:, and 3588:Kisumu 3556:Uganda 3499: 3492: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3474: 3472: 3467:German 3465: 3463: 3458:French 3456: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3085:German 3073:French 3040:. The 3038:empire 2690:Saxony 2600:, and 2329:, and 2317:France 2297:, the 2141:Neuces 2109:Mexico 2004:united 1996:united 1959:Cavour 1947:, and 1943:, the 1816:Serbia 1708:France 1551:Yemeni 1531:Kyrgyz 1521:Orange 1489:Velvet 1484:Yogurt 1429:August 1412:German 1385:Xinhai 1365:Second 1342:Eureka 1330:German 1261:French 1218:Terror 1161:Mutiny 1076:Social 1051:Colour 931:(1834) 758:Cargo 745:Hornet 735:Travel 635:(1827) 507:, and 503:, the 499:, the 443:, and 306:, and 304:Russia 244:, and 234:Greece 230:Norway 226:Sweden 212:, the 181:, and 179:Serbia 155:Russia 100:France 94:, the 13302:Peace 13257:Power 13252:Peace 13009:BRICS 12922:Third 12912:First 12899:First 12402:Japan 12397:Italy 12093:560pp 11112:also 10072:See 9628:Henig 5569:Notes 5377:The " 5001:Annam 4975:, in 4114:Punch 4066:Italy 4058:China 3988:Korea 3703:Italy 3685:Timor 3673:Macau 3590:, on 3419:Kenya 3339:. As 3311:The " 3077:Dutch 3034:India 2998:First 2616:Paris 2389:Savoy 2305:over 2006:with 1998:into 1716:Italy 1526:Tulip 1444:Cuban 1360:First 1310:Texas 1283:Greek 1256:Liège 1186:Civil 927:, by 664:Egypt 242:Spain 116:Japan 112:Italy 54:PUNCH 52:1884 13048:Past 12837:Wars 10731:and 10634:Maps 10216:Puck 9636:ISBN 9556:ISBN 9505:2016 9492:ISBN 9140:ISBN 8862:ISBN 8822:ISBN 8612:2014 8562:ISBN 8509:ISBN 8482:ISBN 8241:ISBN 8178:2021 8167:ISSN 8140:OCLC 8130:ISBN 8077:219. 7981:ISBN 7905:2016 7892:ISBN 7538:2016 7525:ISBN 7485:ISBN 7404:ISBN 7082:2007 7060:See 6957:2016 6859:2015 6847:"Dr" 6833:2016 6820:ISBN 6525:2016 6512:ISBN 6374:ISBN 6353:2016 6340:ISBN 6240:ISBN 6030:ISBN 5990:ISBN 5834:2021 5821:ISBN 5783:OCLC 5773:ISBN 5731:2016 5718:ISBN 5675:ISBN 5287:and 5243:The 5133:and 4999:and 4816:and 4780:The 4694:Post 4496:and 4455:The 4362:The 4338:and 4238:and 3996:and 3919:and 3885:and 3655:and 3616:The 3505:and 3368:and 3327:and 3319:and 3187:The 3115:and 3000:and 2983:The 2905:Navy 2688:and 2622:The 2505:and 2446:The 2397:Pope 2393:Nice 2391:and 2198:and 2158:and 2051:and 2022:and 1909:was 1875:and 1852:The 1830:and 1794:The 1745:and 1729:and 1624:The 1516:Rose 1479:1989 1469:Saur 1315:1848 1298:July 1293:1830 1288:1820 1198:Riot 1081:Wave 840:The 647:The 621:and 592:Peru 531:and 403:the 349:and 259:and 204:and 122:and 114:and 44:and 13309:War 12144:; 12136:; 11527:; 11327:; 7634:". 7274:". 6931:", 6413:". 6396:". 6318:". 6301:". 6218:". 6185:". 5813:doi 3669:Goa 3168:as 2878:see 2614:in 2018:of 1871:of 1670:by 939:of 386:at 13430:: 11689:. 11618:. 11331:; 11124:, 10742:. 10436:. 10080:^ 10013:, 9718:^ 8602:. 8161:. 8138:. 8114:^ 7676:, 7479:. 7114:, 7021:, 6566:, 6064:. 5870:^ 5854:^ 5819:, 5807:, 5795:^ 5781:. 5755:^ 5739:^ 5702:^ 5653:" 5363:, 5359:, 5355:: 5275:. 5070:. 5003:. 4960:. 4812:, 4808:, 4528:, 4291:, 4132:. 4112:. 4104:, 4096:, 4092:, 4088:, 4076:, 4072:, 4068:, 4064:, 4038:, 3827:, 3765:. 3632:, 3606:, 3541:. 3415:. 3286:. 2937:. 2420:. 2325:, 2094:. 1986:, 1838:. 1722:. 1714:, 984:on 594:. 511:. 431:. 302:, 298:, 263:. 240:, 236:, 232:, 228:, 224:, 220:, 216:, 177:, 173:, 157:, 102:, 98:, 40:, 12965:e 12958:t 12951:v 12360:e 12353:t 12346:v 10735:. 10430:. 10001:. 9644:. 9564:. 9507:. 9148:. 8870:. 8830:. 8765:. 8614:. 8570:. 8517:. 8490:. 8249:. 8180:. 8146:. 7989:. 7907:. 7540:. 7493:. 7412:. 7372:. 7102:. 7084:. 6959:. 6875:. 6861:. 6835:. 6527:. 6382:. 6355:. 6248:. 6038:. 5998:. 5815:: 5789:. 5733:. 5683:. 4550:. 4124:" 3509:) 2876:( 2816:4 2802:3 2782:2 2768:1 2748:4 2741:3 2734:2 2727:1 2532:" 2347:. 1613:e 1606:t 1599:v 275:. 106:/ 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

International relations (1814–1919)

Index