Alexander III of Russia

1126: 2758: 729:, was suffering from chronic ill-health. Two days after Empress Marie died, his father told him, "I shall live as I wish, and my union with Princess Dolgorukova is definite" but assured him that "your rights will be safeguarded." Alexander was furious over his father's decision to marry Catherine a month after his mother's death, which he believed "forever ruined all the dear good memories of family life." His father threatened to disinherit him if he left court out of protest against the marriage. He privately denounced Catherine as "the outsider" and complained that she was "designing and immature". After his father's assassination, he reflected that his father's marriage to Catherine had caused the tragedy: "All the scum burst out and swallowed all that was holy. The guardian angel flew away and everything turned to ashes, finally culminating in the dreadful incomprehensible 1 March." 1997: 619: 2546: 1492: 456: 869: 2628: 1962: 1409:, who was a first cousin of Alexander and a Romanov Grand Duchess by birth, came with their children from Athens. In contrast to the strict security observed in Russia, Alexander and Maria revelled in the relative freedom that they enjoyed in Denmark, Alexander once commenting to the Prince and Princess of Wales near the end of a visit that he envied them being able to return to a happy home in England, while he was returning to his Russian prison. In Denmark, he was able to enjoy joining his children, nephews and nieces, in muddy ponds looking for tadpoles, sneaking into his father-in-law's orchard to steal apples, and playing pranks, such as turning a water hose on the visiting 1976: 1783: 2019: 2342: 1259: 2435: 2525: 2650: 2095: 2137: 1588: 315: 2265: 1969: 2376: 1354:(b. 1882). He told Dagmar that "only with can I relax mentally, enjoy them and rejoice, looking at them." He wrote in his diary that he "was crying like a baby" when Dagmar gave birth to their first child, Nicholas. He was much more lenient with his children than most European monarchs, and he told their tutors, "I do not need porcelain, I want normal healthy Russian children." General Cherevin believed that the clever George was "the favourite of both parents". Alexander enjoyed a more informal relationship with his youngest son Michael and doted on his youngest daughter, Olga. 2713: 2567: 1860: 2116: 2154: 1576: 2739: 2189: 2224: 782: 1818: 1762: 2419: 1839: 2321: 2039: 2060: 2691: 56: 2657: 2607: 2286: 820: 3451: 1060: 6831: 1125: 1895: 5185: 2482: 1913: 952: 2244: 1366: 1005: 3465: 526:

struck me like a blow. The Tsar's gaze! The look of a man who stood above all others, but who carried a monstrous burden and who every minute had to fear for his life and the lives of those closest to him. In later years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid. In more ordinary cases Tsar Alexander III could be at once kind, simple, and even almost homely.

5848: 3437: 1169: 479:, Alexander was seen as lacking refinement and elegance. Indeed, he rather relished the idea of being of the same rough texture as some of his subjects. His straightforward, abrupt manner savoured sometimes of gruffness, while his direct style of expression matched his rough-hewn, immobile features and somewhat sluggish movements. His education was not such as to soften these peculiarities. 1535:, who had come from her native Darmstadt to receive the Tsar's blessing. Despite being exceedingly weak, Alexander insisted on receiving Alix in full dress uniform, an event that left him exhausted. Soon after, his health began to deteriorate more rapidly. He died in the arms of his wife, and in the presence of his physician, 1318:

with the parents of Princess Dagmar of Denmark, who had been Nicholas' fiancée. Initially, the tsesarevich refused to travel to Copenhagen because he wanted to marry Maria. Enraged, the tsar ordered him to go straight to Denmark and propose to Princess Dagmar. The young Alexander wrote in his diary "Farewell, dear Dusenka."

1229:, it was thought that he would help Russia to solve the Eastern question in accordance with Russian interests, but to the surprise and indignation of the cabinet of Saint Petersburg he confined himself to acting the part of "honest broker" at the Congress, and shortly afterwards contracted an alliance with 1330:

for her, and she was so delighted that Alexander gave her an egg every Easter. After Alexander died, his heir Nicholas doubled the tradition, every Easter commissioning an egg for his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and one for his mother Dagmar. When Dagmar nursed him in his final illness, Alexander told

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Alexander and his father became estranged due to their different political views. In 1870, Alexander II supported Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War, which angered the younger Alexander. Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian

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upon Nicholas's sudden death in 1865. He had been very close to his older brother, and he was devastated. When he became tsar, he reflected that "no one had such an impact on my life as my dear brother and friend Nixa " and lamented that "a terrible responsibility fell on my shoulders" when Nicholas

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After an unpleasant childhood experience on a bad-tempered mount, he developed a lifelong fear of horses. His wife once convinced him to go on a carriage ride with her, but as he reluctantly entered the carriage, the ponies reared back. He immediately left the carriage and no amount of pleading from

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depicts Alexander III sitting on a stump, his stretched arms resting on a sabre. An inscription says "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy", although historians dispute whether the Tsar actually said those words. Alexander III is believed to be one of Putin's admired historic leaders,

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had proposed to her in early 1866, he told his parents that he was prepared to give up his rights of succession in order to marry his beloved "Dusenka". In 1866 after tsesarevich Nicholas's death, tsar Alexander II informed the new tsesarevich Alexander that Russia had come to a marriage agreement

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with the addition of Great Britain. That alliance brought France out of diplomatic isolation, and moved Russia from the German orbit to a coalition with France, one that was strongly supported by French financial assistance to Russia's economic modernisation. Girs was in charge of a diplomacy that

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It is very difficult to come to any satisfactory conclusion as to the real objects of Russian policy. I am more inclined to believe there are none; that the Emperor is really his own Minister, and so bad a Minister that no consequent or coherent policy is pursued; but that each influential person,

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Alexander III disliked the extravagance of the rest of his family. It was also expensive for the Crown to pay so many grand dukes each year. Each one received an annual salary of 250,000 rubles, and grand duchesses received a dowry of a million when they married. He limited the title of grand duke

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Alexander was concerned that his heir-apparent, Nicholas, was too gentle and naive to become an effective Emperor. When Witte suggested that Nicholas participate in the Trans-Siberian Committee, Alexander said, "Have you ever tried to discuss anything of consequence with His Imperial Highness the

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Despite his initial reluctance, Alexander grew fond of Dagmar, by the end of his life they loved each other deeply. A few weeks after their wedding, he wrote in his diary: "God grant that... I may love my darling wife more and more... I often feel that I am not worthy of her, but even if this was

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Alexander rejected foreign influence, German influence in particular, thus the adoption of local national principles was deprecated in all spheres of official activity, with a view to realizing his ideal of a Russia homogeneous in language, administration and religion. These ideas conflicted with

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about him. The look of his bright eyes made quite an impression on me. As he passed where I was standing, he raised his head for a second, and to this day I can remember what I felt as our eyes met. It was a look as cold as steel, in which there was something threatening, even frightening, and it

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Alexander III took initiatives to stimulate the development of trade and industry, as his father did before him. Russia's economy was still challenged by the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, which created a deficit, so he imposed customs duties on imported goods. To further alleviate the budget

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The Tsesarevich could refer to these results as confirmation of the views he had expressed during the Franco-Prussian War; he concluded that for Russia, the best thing was to recover as quickly as possible from her temporary exhaustion, and prepare for future contingencies by military and naval

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with Great Britain, which was fearful that Russian expansion to the south would be a threat to India. Girs was usually successful in restraining the aggressive inclinations of Tsar Alexander convincing him that the very survival of the Tsarist system depended on avoiding major wars. With a deep

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On his deathbed, Nicholas allegedly expressed the wish that his fiancée, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, should marry Alexander. Alexander's parents encouraged the match. On 2 June 1866, Alexander went to Copenhagen to visit Dagmar. When they were looking at photographs of the deceased Nicholas,

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Despite the antipathy that Alexander had towards his stepmother, Catherine Dolgorukov, he nevertheless allowed her to remain in the Winter Palace for some time after his father's assassination and to retain keepsakes such Alexander II's blood-soaked uniform and his reading glasses.

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unexpectedly liked the monument. Following the Revolution of 1917, the statue remained in place as a symbol of tsarist autocracy until 1937 when it was placed in storage. In 1994, it was again put on public display, although in a different place – in front of the

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Grand Duke? Don't tell me you never noticed the Grand Duke is ... an absolute child. His opinions are utterly childish. How could he preside over such a committee?" He was worried that Nicholas had no experiences with women and arranged for the Polish ballerina

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where he commanded the left wing of the invading army. Never consulted on political questions, Alexander confined himself to military duties and fulfilled them in a conscientious and unobtrusive manner. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached

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of 1882. These laws encouraged open anti-Jewish sentiment and dozens of pogroms across the western part of the empire. As a result, many Jews emigrated to Western Europe and the United States. The laws banned Jews from inhabiting rural areas and

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in 1888, Alexander joked, "I can imagine how disappointed Vladimir is going to be when he learns that we all stayed alive!" This tension was reflected in the rivalry between Maria Feodorovna and Vladimir's wife Marie Pavlovna.

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true, I will do my best to be." When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you." In 1885, he commissioned

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needed to escort Vladimir out of the restaurant. Alexander was so furious that he temporarily exiled Vladimir and his wife and threatened to exile them permanently to Siberia. When Alexander and his family survived the

1298:. The palace was surrounded by moats, watch towers, and trenches, and soldiers were on guard night and day. Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the 1030:

military or civil, snatches from him as opportunity offers the decisions which such person at the moment wants and that the mutual effect of these decisions on each other is determined almost exclusively by chance.

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Despite chilly relations with Berlin, the Tsar nevertheless confined himself to keeping a large number of troops near the German frontier. With regard to Bulgaria he exercised similar self-control. The efforts of

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setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. On ascending to the throne, however, Alexander III took Pobedonostsev's advice and cancelled the policy before its publication. He made it clear that his

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would mobilize two or three army corps against Russia, he twisted a silver fork into a knot and threw it onto the plate of the ambassador. He said, "That is what I am going to do to your two or three army corps."

1087:(for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. In response Alexander III then began cordial relations with France, eventually entering into an 1250:

deficit, he implemented increased frugality and accounting in state finances. Industrial development increased during his reign. Also during his reign, construction of the Trans Siberian Railway was started.

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insight into the tsar's moods and views, Girs was usually able to shape the final decisions by outmaneuvering hostile journalists, ministers, and even the Tsarina, as well as his own ambassadors.

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from 1865 to 1881 Alexander did not play a prominent part in public affairs, but allowed it to become known that he had ideas which did not coincide with the principles of the existing government.

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Though he was destined to be a strongly counter-reforming emperor, Alexander had little prospect of succeeding to the throne during the first two decades of his life, as he had an elder brother,

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Alexander was hostile to Jews, and his reign witnessed a sharp deterioration in their economic, social, and political condition. His policy was eagerly implemented by tsarist officials in the

7038: 570:, who seemed of robust constitution. Even when Nicholas first displayed symptoms of delicate health, the notion that he might die young was never taken seriously, and he was betrothed to 6948: 841:(elective local administrative bodies) and placed the administration of peasant communes under the supervision of land-owning proprietors appointed by his government, "land captains" ( 4757: 1047:

featured numerous negotiated settlements, treaties and conventions. These agreements defined Russian boundaries and restored equilibrium to dangerously unstable situations. The most

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In disposition, Alexander bore little resemblance to his soft-hearted, liberal father, and still less to his refined, philosophic, sentimental, chivalrous, yet cunning great-uncle

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Alexander had the political goal of Russification, which involved homogenizing the language and religion of Russia's people. He implemented changes such as teaching only the

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her, "Even before my death, I have known an angel." He died in Dagmar's arms, and his daughter Olga wrote that "my mother still held him in her arms" long after he died.

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those of his father, who had German sympathies despite being a patriot; Alexander II often used the German language in his private relations, occasionally ridiculed the

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to become his son's mistress. Even at the end of his life, he considered Nicholas a child and told him, "I can't imagine you as a fiancé – how strange and unusual!"

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In foreign affairs Alexander III was a man of peace, but not at any price, and held that the best means of averting war is to be well-prepared for it. Diplomat

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epidemic, which caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths, and some liberal activity was tolerated, and the zemstvos were recruited to help with relief. Among others,

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Fedyashin, Anton (2023). "Book Review: Istoriia rossiiskogo gosudarstva. Tsar'-osvoboditel' i tsar'-mirotvorets. Lekarstvo dlia imperii by Boris Akunin".

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Alexander was extremely strong. He tore packs of cards in half with his bare hands to entertain his children. When the Austrian ambassador threatened that

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All of Alexander III's internal reforms aimed to reverse the liberalization from his father's reign. The new Emperor believed that the principles of

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unveiled a bronze monument to Alexander III on the site of the former Maly Livadia Palace in Crimea. The four-meter monument by Russian sculptor

845:). This weakened the nobility and peasantry and strengthed the Emperor's personal control. In such policies Alexander III followed the advice of 823:

Photograph about arriving of Alexander III at the Fontell House (also known as "The House of Emperor") for the first time on August 4, 1885, in

7023: 7018: 2330: 1551:, with his funeral being attended by numerous foreign relatives, including King Christian IX of Denmark, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and 1118:), and he never allowed the bellicose partisans of a forward policy to get out of hand. His reign cannot be regarded as an eventful period of 6878: 6312: 6282: 6134: 5823: 1933: 4919: 1618:. Both the horse and rider were sculpted in massive form, leading to the nickname of "hippopotamus". Troubetzkoy envisioned the statue as a 1464:

remembered when he would play with her and her siblings: "The Emperor... seemed a playful and kind Goliath among all the romping children."

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nature restrained him from many exaggerations, and any popular illusions he may have imbibed were dispelled by personal observation in

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with the Germans. However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor,

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failed to do what was expected of him by the Russian emperor. In return for the Russian support which had enabled him to create the

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to destroy Russian influence in the principality roused his indignation, but he vetoed all proposals to intervene by force of arms.

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remembered hearing the tsar say, "To think that after having faced the guns of the Turks I must retreat now before these skunks."

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Charles Jelavich, "Russo-Bulgarian relations, 1892–1896: with particular reference to the problem of the bulgarian succession".

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20 October] 1894 at the age of 49, and was succeeded by his eldest son Tsesarevich Nicholas, who took the throne as

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Margaret Maxwell, "A Re-examination of the Role of N. K. Giers as Russian Foreign Minister under Alexander III" pp. 352–353.

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and duchess to only children and male-line grandchildren of emperors. The rest would bear a princely title and the style of

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Following his father's assassination, Alexander III was advised that it would be difficult for him to be kept safe at the

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affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking conflict with the

598:, whereas Alexander received only the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. This included acquaintance with 552: 293: 4527: 2722: 6903: 5872: 3379: 2615: 6084:

was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.

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made no effort to conceal his sympathies for the French. These sentiments would resurface during 1875–1879, when the

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The general negative consensus about the tsar's foreign policy follows the conclusions of the British Prime Minister

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I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration."

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excited Russian society. At first, the Tsesarevich was more Slavophile than the Russian government. However, his

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Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. A Review Article"

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of the Orthodox Church in Russia. Pobedonostsev instilled into the young man's mind the belief that zeal for

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reorganization. In accordance with this conviction, he suggested that certain reforms should be introduced.

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Polunov, A. Iu. "The Orthodox Church in the Baltic Region and the Policies of Alexander Ill's Government."

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paid a visit and administered Communion to the Tsar. On 21 October, Alexander received Nicholas's fiancée,

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Even though he disliked their mother, Alexander was kind to his half-siblings. His youngest half-sister

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Alexander was known for his striking appearance, a tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength.

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Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54

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The Borki Cathedral was one of many churches built to commemorate the Tsar's miraculous survival in

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was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the

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Alexander III & the State Council: bureaucracy & counter-reform in late imperial Russia

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title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne

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title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne

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I. Michael Aronson, "The Prospects for the Emancipation of Russian Jewry during the 1880s."

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Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers

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coast, where their children were immersed in a Scandinavian lifestyle of relative modesty.

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Alexander III had six children (five of whom survived to adulthood) of his marriage with

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As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under

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enduring into 21st century historiography. His major foreign policy achievement was the

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Kelly, Luke (November 2016). "British humanitarianism and the Russian famine, 1891–2".

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Grand painting by artist Georges Becker of the coronation of Emperor Alexander III and

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of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and his daughter-in-law to be, Alix of Hesse, and her brother,

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Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

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Alexander III and Maria Feodorovna in the family circle on the porch of his home in

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Alexander resented his father for having a long-standing relationship with Princess

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The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature

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on 27 May 1883. Alexander's ascension to the throne was followed by an outbreak of

749:. As a result, Alexander ascended to the Russian imperial throne in the village of 675: 540: 502: 412: 303: 5354:– Historical reconstruction "The Romanovs". StarMedia. Babich-Design(Russia, 2013) 4821: 4795:

Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "

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The Court of the Last Tsar: Pomp, Power and Pageantry in the Reign of Nicholas II

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Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark § Children of Dagmar and Alexander III

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Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise,

1397:, bringing Alexander, Maria and their children to Denmark. His sister-in-law, the 6818: 6757: 6691: 6153: 6097: 5725: 5700: 5558: 5061: 4803: 4629: 4610: 3478: 3456: 2890: 2159: 1767: 1667: 1398: 1299: 1291: 1230: 923: 766: 746: 710:, Alexander wed Dagmar, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name 603: 599: 349: 6727: 6564:

policy in the territories occupied or annexed by Russia in the 18–21st centuries

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and dissolved German, Polish, and Swedish cultural and religious institutions.

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Dorpalen, Andreas. "Tsar Alexander III and the Boulanger Crisis in France."

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Alexander had six children by Dagmar, five of whom survived into adulthood:

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helped with relief efforts on his estate and through the British press, and

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Polunov, A. Iu. "Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev – Man and Politician".

4522: 4172: 2850: 2104: 1666:. On 5 June 2021, he unveiled another monument to Alexander on the site of 1636: 1107: 1035: 858: 824: 147: 6090:'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the 4976:"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia" 1075:

towards Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germany—even reviving the

385:

During his reign, Russia fought no major wars, and he came to be known as

6671: 5790: 3872:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-rule-of-alexander-iii-of-russia.html

3600: 2291: 2194: 1191: 1162: 1142: 1130: 885: 655: 595: 460: 429: 357: 215: 107: 6112: 4934:[Military William Order: Romanov, Alexander III Alexandrovich]. 4873: 3450: 1309:

In the 1860s, Alexander fell in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting,

1059: 5235: 4586: 4130: 4042: 3996: 2830: 2423: 1619: 1472: 1445:(who he made rear admiral and then grand admiral of the Russian Navy), 1374: 1199: 1146: 976: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 790: 725:(with whom he had several illegitimate children) while his mother, the 687: 679: 607: 361: 26: 5309: 5051:

Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

1182:

Some differences between father and son had first appeared during the

753:. He and Maria Feodorovna were officially crowned and anointed at the 6808: 6506:

of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar

6091: 4960:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1872/73

4902:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878

2773: 1539:, at Maly Palace in Livadia on the afternoon of 1 November [ 1504: 802: 379: 4975: 1583:, shows the Emperor sitting heavily on the back of a ponderous horse 951: 861:(D. A. Tolstoy's successor in the latter post). Journalists such as 535:

Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich was born on 10 March 1845 at the

6788: 4524:

Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, Alexander Mikhailovich

1552: 1263: 1203: 1168: 1071:

Though Alexander was indignant at the conduct of German chancellor

907: 897:

Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland

5190:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

4622: 1365: 1122:; but under his hard rule the country made considerable progress. 1004: 6803: 5847: 4603: 4502:"Putin unveils monument to Russia's Tsar Alexander III in Crimea" 4501: 1918: 1844: 1650:. It was opened by his son, Nicholas II, and exists to this day. 1646:, the French Republic commissioned a bridge named in his honour, 1632: 1592: 1154: 1134: 927: 881: 837: 433: 268: 39: 34: 1503:

In 1894, Alexander III became ill with terminal kidney disease (

922:

Encouraged by its successful assassination of Alexander II, the

6969:

Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog

6929:

Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

4688:(in French), 1866, p. 52 – via Archives de Bruxelles 2656: 2649: 2249: 2018: 1631:. Another pre-revolutionary memorial is located in the city of 1187: 912: 750: 594:. Great solicitude was devoted to the education of Nicholas as 520: 476: 4932:"Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Aleksandr III Nikolajevitsj" 4797:

The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London

1420:. At a restaurant, Vladimir had brawled with the French actor 1416:

Alexander had an extremely poor relationship with his brother

475:. Although an enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the 6503: 1516: 1150: 919:) and restricted the occupations in which they could engage. 690:

to be cultivated by every right-minded emperor. While he was

7039:

Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg

4761:(1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 46 4758:

Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

4067:

Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier

2611: 1441:

Alexander had better relationships with his other brothers

1262:

Left to Right: Emperor Alexander III, Prince George (later

930:

uncovered the plot and five of the conspirators, including

857:(minister of education, and later of internal affairs) and 797: 639: 6949:

Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree

5279:

Alexander III His Life and Reign'm (2014), Gilbert's Books

5170:

Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Württemberg: 1866

356:

from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He was highly

4823:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865

3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3623: 926:

movement began planning the murder of Alexander III. The

785:

Alexander receiving rural district elders in the yard of

6784:

Child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

4974:

Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017).

4721:

State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1894

4557:"The Royal Role Model: Historical Revisionism in Russia" 4333: 4331: 4095:

Raymond A. Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885",

1141:

Alexander and his wife regularly spent their summers at

796:

On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an

5240:

Etty, John. "Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 1881–1889."

4604:

Russian Imperial Army – Emperor Alexander III of Russia

2331:

Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

1165:

and based his foreign policy on the Prussian alliance.

892:

directed anti-cholera precautions in several villages.

816:, would quell revolutionary agitation and save Russia. 7004:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

6954:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

5347:

Romanovs. The eighth film. Alexander III; Nicholas II.

4924: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4136: 3670: 2587:

Bronze Commemorative Medal for the Russo-Turkish War,

1389:, held family reunions at the Danish royal palaces of 1278:). Probably taken on the imperial yacht near Denmark, 698:

Alexander proposed to Dagmar. On 9 November [

344:; 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) was 4360:

Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 128

4328: 3805:"Die Judenverfolgung in Rußland in der Krönungswoche" 3663: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3647: 440:, intermingling Russian influences with the shifting 402: 339: 6989:

Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William

4663:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1867

4351:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 121

4282:

John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54

4228:

Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 29

4210:

Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19

3667:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 133

3655:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 132

3641:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 101

3432: 1233:

for the purpose of counteracting Russian designs in

6934:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)

4716:

Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1894

4340: 3768:

John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959", p. 86

876:The government was overwhelmed in dealing with the 773:, as well as those outside of the Orthodox Church. 559:). He was born during the reign of his grandfather 6944:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class 5074:"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro" 4713:Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1894) . 4706: 4064: 3788:"Alexander III., Alexandrovich, Emperor of Russia" 3658: 3644: 3635: 1579:The equestrian statue of Alexander III, by Prince 7014:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) 7009:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania 4847:(1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" 4845:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen 4712: 3544:13 March 1881 – 1 November 1894. 2913:(1868–1924); div. 16 October 1916; had no issue. 1591:Memorial dedicated to Alexander III in Pullapää, 6845: 6498:born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by 5258:The Romanovs : autocrats of all the Russias 4641:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 4582:"Unveiling of monument to Emperor Alexander III" 4219:Alexander Mikhailovich, Once a Grand Duke, p. 65 2687: 1172:Alexander III and Nicholas II on French stamps, 6994:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 6984:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion 5831: 5039:Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) 4973: 4956: 6964:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog 6939:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class 4819: 4775:. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 516. 4062: 2761:Alexander III with his wife and their children 2145:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion, 853:.) Other conservative advisors included Count 368:, a policy of "counter-reforms" (Russian: 150:, Livadia, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire 6959:Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class 6546: 6128: 5817: 5448: 4950: 2233:Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar 1934:Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog 1471:17 October] 1888 the Imperial train 1186:, when Alexander II supported the cabinet of 1079:for a period of time and in 1887, signed the 390: 369: 360:in domestic affairs and reversed some of the 327: 5462: 5041:(in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4 4813: 4237:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459 3777:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 451 3759:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445 3750:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 442 3741:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 441 3719:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 415 3710:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 409 3701:Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 407 2819:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia 865:supported the emperor's autocracy policies. 737:On 13 March 1881 (N.S.) Alexander's father, 498:his wife could convince him to get back in. 7029:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles 5225:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 5166: 2871:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia 1462:Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya 1042:of 1891, which was later expanded into the 686:thought was an essential factor of Russian 6553: 6539: 6135: 6121: 5824: 5810: 5455: 5441: 5306:Comparative Studies in Society and History 4899:"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen". 4653: 4446:The Flight of the Romanovs: a Family Saga 3228:Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 2879:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia 2859:Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia 2772:(Note: all dates prior to 1918 are in the 646:, and behind Nicholas can be seen a young 501:An account from the memoirs of the artist 162:Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg 54: 6142: 5316:Romanovs: Europe's Most Obsessive Dynasty 4682:"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold" 3964: 3553: 3322:Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden 3202:Louis I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine 2899:Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia 2839:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia 2742:Lesser Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire 992:Learn how and when to remove this message 551:(Future Alexander II) and his first wife 4881:(in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143. 4554: 4396: 4173:"The Economical Policy of Alexander III" 3592:The Decline of Bismarck's European Order 2756: 2737: 1993: 1586: 1574: 1490: 1364: 1257: 1167: 1124: 1058: 1003: 938:, were captured and hanged in May 1887. 867: 818: 780: 617: 454: 5195: 5053:(1869), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 4599: 4597: 4444:John Perry & Constantine Pleshakov 4142: 3689: 3629: 2702:Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter 2624: 1511:, offered to let him stay at her villa 626:, which took place on 27 May [ 505:gives one impression of Alexander III: 188: 6846: 6318:Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich 4920:Sovereign Ordonnance of 14 August 1883 4862:, Vincenzo Bona, Torino, 1886, p. 136. 4659: 4154: 3965:Florinsky, Michael T. (6 March 2019). 3588: 3301: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3138:Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3059: 3018:Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg 2949: 2945: 1274:, Tsesarevich Nicholas (later Emperor 378:(1827–1907), he acted to maximize his 7024:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter 7019:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 6779:Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 6534: 6328:Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich 6116: 5805: 5436: 4475: 4399:"Diaries and Letters – Alexander III" 4317: 4315: 4009:"This day, May 15, in Jewish history" 3912: 3377: 3367: 3363: 3351: 3345: 3335: 3319: 3309: 3305: 3289: 3283: 3273: 3257: 3247: 3243: 3231: 3225: 3215: 3199: 3189: 3185: 3161: 3151: 3135: 3125: 3121: 3109: 3103: 3093: 3077: 3067: 3063: 3047: 3041: 3031: 3015: 3005: 3001: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2957: 2953: 2911:Duke Peter Alexandrovich of Oldenburg 2458:Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal 1770:: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian 1449:(who he made governor of Moscow) and 1426:Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1311:Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya 1290:, and he relocated his family to the 1244: 810:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality 588:Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom 411: 6879:People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd 4998: 4888:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4871: 4770: 4594: 4532:. Illustrated Russia. Archived from 4426:(John Wiley & Sons, 2006) p. 325 3286:Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 2935:Ancestors of Alexander III of Russia 2723:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown 1642:For Alexander's role in forging the 1523:, they stayed at the Maly Palace in 1495:Alexander III in the uniform of the 1486: 1294:30 kilometres (20 mi) south of 1017:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 974:adding citations to reliable sources 945: 835:Alexander weakened the power of the 776: 642:can be seen his young son and heir, 547:, the second son and third child of 428:that eventually embroiled Russia in 341:Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich Romanov 6974:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 6313:Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich 5140: 5006:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste" 4734:from the original on 9 October 2022 2298:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 1313:. Dismayed to learn that Prince zu 1063:Alexander III and French President 872:5-ruble coin of Alexander III, 1888 329:Александр III Александрович Романов 16:Emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894 13: 6999:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz 6919:Children of Alexander II of Russia 6389:Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich 6257:Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich 6152:The generations are numbered from 4555:Torbakov, Igor (12 January 2018). 4516: 4312: 3380:Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 3260:Princess Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 2769:, also known as Marie Feodorovna. 2616:Order of the Royal House of Chakri 2579:Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo 2494:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania 2388:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword 509:After a performance of the ballet 133:, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire 14: 7050: 6889:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 6358:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 6323:Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich 6293:Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich 5367:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 5336:Alexander III. Historical photos. 5329: 5128:(in Norwegian), 1890, p. 595 5101:Sveriges och Norges Statskalender 4700:"Knights of the Order of Bravery" 4325:(Sutton Publishing, 2003), p. 151 4039:Slavonic and East European Review 3535:10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894 2143:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1872:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross 1805:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion 1424:when the latter kissed his wife, 1304:Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich 941: 704:Grand Church of the Winter Palace 702:28 October] 1866 in the 6830: 6829: 6399:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich 6343:Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich 6283:Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich 6226:Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich 5846: 5183: 4860:Calendario reale per l'anno 1887 4643:(1876), "Großherzogliche Orden" 4112:(Sutton Publishing; 2003) p. 162 3823:"Rioting and Politics in Russia" 3463: 3449: 3435: 3080:Frederick William III of Prussia 2873:(1866–1933); had seven children 2711: 2689: 2655: 2648: 2626: 2605: 2565: 2544: 2523: 2480: 2433: 2426:: Order of the August Portrait, 2417: 2374: 2340: 2319: 2284: 2263: 2242: 2222: 2201:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown 2187: 2152: 2135: 2114: 2093: 2058: 2037: 2017: 1995: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1943:Grand Commander of the Dannebrog 1911: 1893: 1858: 1837: 1816: 1781: 1760: 1565:Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse 1533:Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt 1381:Each summer his parents-in-law, 950: 812:, introduced by his grandfather 313: 6448:Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich 6425:Grand Duke John Konstantinovich 6414:Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich 6404:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich 6394:Grand Duke George Alexandrovich 6348:Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich 6333:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 6303:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich 6298:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich 6262:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich 5252:Late Imperial Russia: 1890–1917 5218: 5160: 5116: 5104:(in Swedish), 1866, p. 435 5092: 5080:(in Spanish). 1887. p. 146 5066: 5044: 5032: 4967: 4913: 4892: 4865: 4853: 4838: 4789: 4764: 4750: 4692: 4674: 4634: 4616: 4574: 4548: 4494: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4438: 4429: 4416: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4186: 4165: 4155:Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1902). 4148: 4115: 4102: 4089: 4056: 4047: 4031: 4001: 3985: 3958: 3933: 3906: 3861: 3852: 3834: 3816: 3798: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3732:(Sutton Publishing, 2003) p. 94 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 2813:(1872–1918); had five children 2556:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 961:needs additional citations for 745:by members of the organization 613: 416:), with the laudatory title of 259:Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov 184: 76:13 March 1881 – 6799:Russification in modern Russia 6484:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 6442:Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich 6409:Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich 6368:Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich 6363:Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich 6353:Grand Duke George Mikhailovich 6267:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich 3973:. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc 3595:. Princeton University Press. 3582: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3511: 2919:(1881–1958); had two children 2780: 2594:Grand Cross of the White Eagle 2209:Cross for Distinction in War ( 2166:Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun 1694:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky 1264:George V of the United Kingdom 1253: 755:Assumption Cathedral in Moscow 582:, and whose siblings included 450: 1: 6894:19th-century Russian monarchs 6874:Royalty from Saint Petersburg 6814:Ukrainian orthography of 1933 6308:Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich 5308:31#1 (1989) pp. 168–179 4403:Alexander Palace Time Machine 4161:. Little, Brown. p. 260. 3941:"Czar Aleksandr III - Trivia" 3504: 3499:President of the Soviet Union 3106:Princess Charlotte of Prussia 2833:, aged 10 months and 26 days 2797:Emperor Nicholas II of Russia 1602:of Alexander III sculpted by 1279: 1173: 1049:dramatic success came in 1885 630:15 May] 1883 at the 584:King Frederik VIII of Denmark 530: 23:Eastern Slavic naming customs 6899:19th-century Polish monarchs 6711:Anti-Russification activists 6466:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 6338:Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich 6236:Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich 4771:M. & B. Wattel. (2009). 4623:"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 4194:"The Trans-Siberian Railway" 3348:Princess Wilhelmine of Baden 2926: 2512:Crossing of the Danube Cross 1570: 576:King Christian IX of Denmark 7: 6640:Organizers of Russification 6602:Great Russification program 6419:Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich 4808:Hawaiian Journal of History 3484:Tsars of Russia family tree 3428: 2893:(1880–1952); had one child 2778: 2639:Knight of the Golden Fleece 2460:House Order of Hohenzollern 2028:Grand Cross of the Redeemer 403: 340: 294:Marie of Hesse and by Rhine 10: 7055: 6168:Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich 5524:Sviatoslav III of Vladimir 5296:Russian Studies in History 5285:Russian Studies in History 5222: 3792:www.JewishEncyclopedia.com 3589:Kennan, George F. (1979). 3568:10.1177/02656914231199945a 3556:European History Quarterly 3494:Emperor of all the Russias 3295: 3179: 3053: 2947: 2917:Colonel Nikolai Kulikovsky 2915:married 16 November 1916, 2891:Natalia Sergeyevna Wulfert 2809:married 26 November 1894, 2767:Princess Dagmar of Denmark 2750: 2271:Principality of Montenegro 2254:Grand Cross of St. Charles 2176:Order of the Chrysanthemum 2126:Knight of the Annunciation 1985:Saxe-Ernestine House Order 1673: 1065:Marie François Sadi Carnot 1014: 572:Princess Dagmar of Denmark 374:). Under the influence of 205: 21:In this name that follows 20: 6904:Heads of state of Finland 6827: 6771: 6710: 6657:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky 6639: 6569: 6493: 6475: 6457: 6434: 6376: 6275: 6244: 6213: 6197: 6176: 6160: 6150: 6076: 5987: 5960: 5859: 5840: 5716: 5632: 5472:Grand princes of Vladimir 5470: 5421: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5360: 5274:full-length old biography 5232:Journal of Modern History 5197:Wallace, Donald Mackenzie 4938:(in Dutch). 17 March 1881 4448:(Basic Books, 1999) p. 62 4123:Journal of Modern History 4099:(1969) 119#3 pp. 176–183. 3365: 3357: 3329: 3307: 3303: 3267: 3245: 3237: 3209: 3187: 3183: 3145: 3123: 3115: 3087: 3065: 3061: 3025: 3003: 2995: 2967: 2951: 2889:married 16 October 1912, 2446:Knight of the Black Eagle 1712:Knight of the White Eagle 1091:with the French in 1892. 878:Russian famine of 1891–92 413:[mʲɪrɐˈtvorʲɪt͡s] 391: 370: 328: 309: 299: 289: 279: 267: 258: 253: 249: 198: 169: 154: 137: 117: 113: 103: 93: 83: 72: 65: 60:Portrait photograph, 1885 53: 48: 6924:Sons of Russian emperors 5569:Dmitry the Terrible Eyes 5464:List of Russian monarchs 5362:Alexander III of Russia 5136:– via runeberg.org 5112:– via runeberg.org 5010:Preussische Ordens-Liste 4957:Staat Oldenburg (1873). 4628:22 December 2010 at the 4609:17 December 2018 at the 4504:. TASS. 18 November 2017 4323:The Romanovs: 1818–1959 4110:The Romanovs: 1818–1959 3858:Sebag Montefiore, p. 668 3846:www.yivoencyclopedia.org 3730:The Romanovs: 1818–1959 3489:List of Russian monarchs 2853:, aged 28; had no issue 2746: 2275:Order of Prince Danilo I 1901:Principality of Bulgaria 1734:Knight of St. Stanislaus 1497:Danish Royal Life Guards 1467:On 29 October [ 1371:Empress Maria Fyodorovna 1077:League of Three Emperors 847:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 732: 664:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 624:Empress Maria Fyodorovna 376:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 274:Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp 6884:Alexander III of Russia 5519:Yaroslav II of Vladimir 5268:Alexander III of Russia 5210:Encyclopædia Britannica 4936:Ministerie van Defensie 4820:Staat Hannover (1865). 4802:19 October 2019 at the 4686:Almanach Royal Officiel 4480:. Pimlico. p. 15. 4476:Figes, Orlando (1997). 4071:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 4063:S. C. M. Paine (1996). 3971:Encyclopædia Britannica 3927:10.1111/1468-2281.12140 3164:Alexander III of Russia 2909:married 9 August 1901, 2869:married 6 August 1894, 2733: 2677:Grand Cross of St. Olav 2535:Knight of the Rue Crown 1796:House Order of Fidelity 1644:Franco-Russian Alliance 1549:Peter and Paul Fortress 1537:Ernst Viktor von Leyden 1411:King Oscar II of Sweden 1403:King George I of Greece 1369:Alexander and his wife 1360:Mathilde Kschessinskaya 1040:Franco-Russian Alliance 934:, the older brother of 789:in Moscow; painting by 672:Moscow State University 592:King George I of Greece 580:Queen Louise of Denmark 555:(née Princess Marie of 490:Unlike his extroverted 465:Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 426:international relations 350:King of Congress Poland 6914:Tsesarevichs of Russia 6570:By annexed territories 5718:Emperors of all Russia 5291:, by a leading scholar 5234:23.2 (1951): 122–136. 5148:The Knights of England 5078:Guía Oficial de España 4963:. Schulze. p. 29. 4826:. Berenberg. pp. 4125:24.4 (1952): 341–351. 3810:Das interessante Blatt 3044:Alexander II of Russia 2811:Princess Alix of Hesse 2762: 2743: 2668:Knight of the Seraphim 2573:Principality of Serbia 2398:Sash of the Two Orders 2308:Military William Order 1925:Knight of the Elephant 1847:: Grand Cordon of the 1721:Knight of St. Vladimir 1595: 1584: 1500: 1378: 1315:Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn 1283: 1179: 1138: 1068: 1053:long-standing tensions 1012: 873: 832: 805:would not be limited. 793: 674:and later (from 1880) 666:, then a professor of 651: 644:the Tsarevich Nicholas 528: 468: 284:Alexander II of Russia 7034:Deaths from nephritis 6909:Grand dukes of Russia 6733:Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 6144:Grand Dukes of Russia 5961:Without special title 5529:Andrey II of Vladimir 5499:Vsevolod the Big Nest 5415:Grand Duke of Finland 5262:online free to borrow 4666:. Landesamt. p. 4387:Van Der Kiste, p. 119 4378:Van Der Kiste, p. 118 4369:Van Der Kiste, p. 141 4337:Van Der Kiste, p. 152 4013:Cleveland Jewish News 2760: 2751:Further information: 2741: 2503:Military Virtue Medal 2333:, with Golden Crown, 2273:: Grand Cross of the 2203:, with Crown in Ore, 2103:: Grand Cross of the 2049:Order of Kamehameha I 2047:: Grand Cross of the 2006:: Grand Cross of the 1983:: Grand Cross of the 1653:On 18 November 2017, 1590: 1578: 1507:). His first cousin, 1494: 1368: 1326:to produce the first 1276:Nicholas II of Russia 1261: 1213:Treaty of San Stefano 1171: 1128: 1062: 1007: 899:. He also patronized 871: 822: 784: 723:Catherine Dolgorukova 638:. On the left of the 621: 549:Tsesarevich Alexander 507: 458: 422:Russo-French Alliance 354:Grand Duke of Finland 6794:Lithuanian press ban 6697:Alexander Lukashenko 5642:Ivan IV the Terrible 5509:Konstantin of Rostov 5489:Andrei I Bogolyubsky 5372:Cadet branch of the 5298:39.4 (2001): 66–76. 5250:Hutchinson, John F. 5167:Württemberg (1866). 5146:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) 5125:Norges Statskalender 4321:Van Der Kiste, John 4309:The Romanovs, p. 479 4300:The Romanovs, p. 477 4291:The Romanovs, p. 475 4264:The Romanovs, p. 460 4255:The Romanovs, p. 484 4246:The Romanovs, p. 483 4108:Van Der Kiste, John 3728:Van Der Kiste, John 3601:10.2307/j.ctv141649s 2986:Nicholas I of Russia 2552:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 2363:Order of Distinction 2174:Grand Cordon of the 2101:Grand Duchy of Hesse 2082:Royal Guelphic Order 2072:Knight of St. George 1828:Knight of St. Hubert 1772:Order of St. Stephen 1743:Knight of St. George 1685:Knight of St. Andrew 1612:Moscow Rail Terminal 1509:Queen Olga of Greece 1435:Borki train disaster 1010:the 1888 train crash 970:improve this article 771:morganatic marriages 221:Grand Duke Alexander 5634:Tsars of all Russia 5609:Vasily II the Blind 5549:Dmitry of Pereslavl 5514:Yuri II of Vladimir 5504:Yuri II of Vladimir 5494:Mikhail of Vladimir 5325:(Rutgers UP, 1982). 5287:39.4 (2001): 8–32. 5256:Lincoln, W. Bruce. 5060:8 June 2020 at the 3995:34.1 (1975): 1–18. 3915:Historical Research 3632:, pp. 561–562. 2396:Grand Cross of the 2382:Kingdom of Portugal 2306:Grand Cross of the 2080:Grand Cross of the 1880:Grand Cross of the 1515:, on the island of 1418:Grand Duke Vladimir 1328:jeweled Easter eggs 1184:Franco-Prussian War 843:zemskiye nachalniki 473:Emperor Alexander I 424:, a major shift in 231:Grand Duchess Xenia 6859:Emperors of Russia 6597:February Manifesto 6587:Bessarabia/Moldova 5614:Ivan III the Great 5554:Andrey of Gorodets 5544:Vasily of Kostroma 5375:House of Oldenburg 4536:on 17 January 2022 4478:A People's Tragedy 3929:– via EBSCO. 3828:The New York Times 2763: 2744: 2488:Kingdom of Romania 2440:Kingdom of Prussia 2066:Kingdom of Hanover 1824:Kingdom of Bavaria 1703:Knight of St. Anna 1648:Pont Alexandre III 1608:Znamenskaya Square 1598:In 1909, a bronze 1596: 1585: 1501: 1379: 1324:Peter Carl Fabergé 1284: 1245:Trade and Industry 1217:Congress of Berlin 1180: 1139: 1099:and afterwards of 1081:Reinsurance Treaty 1069: 1013: 917:Pale of Settlement 874: 833: 794: 769:. He also forbade 652: 557:Hesse and by Rhine 553:Maria Alexandrovna 469: 241:Grand Duchess Olga 236:Grand Duke Michael 6841: 6840: 6718:Kastus Kalinouski 6687:Nikita Khrushchev 6528: 6527: 6154:Peter I of Russia 6110: 6109: 5843:Tsardom of Russia 5799: 5798: 5599:Dmitry of the Don 5574:Alexander of Tver 5484:Yuri I Dolgorukiy 5431: 5430: 5422:Succeeded by 5411:Emperor of Russia 5341:A short biography 5321:Whelan, Heide W. 5314:Thomson, Oliver. 4982:(in Portuguese). 4782:978-2-35077-135-9 4041:(1977): 348–369. 3894:Missing or empty 3425: 3424: 3421: 3420: 2924: 2923: 2531:Kingdom of Saxony 2464:25 September 1872 2354:Order of Osmanieh 2045:Kingdom of Hawaii 2024:Kingdom of Greece 1981:Ernestine duchies 1886:15 September 1868 1604:Paolo Troubetzkoy 1600:equestrian statue 1581:Paolo Troubetzkoy 1529:John of Kronstadt 1487:Illness and death 1428:. The prefect of 1399:Princess of Wales 1383:King Christian IX 1085:Kaiser Wilhelm II 1073:Otto von Bismarck 1067:forge an alliance 1002: 1001: 994: 932:Aleksandr Ulyanov 915:(even within the 901:Eastern Orthodoxy 777:Domestic policies 759:anti-Jewish riots 654:Alexander became 648:Grand Duke George 517:Mariinsky Theatre 459:Alexander III as 442:balances of power 438:Otto von Bismarck 418:Tsar’-Mirotvorets 401: 380:autocratic powers 346:Emperor of Russia 338: 321: 320: 263: 262: 226:Grand Duke George 176:Dagmar of Denmark 67:Emperor of Russia 7046: 6833: 6832: 6677:Nikolay Bobrikov 6555: 6548: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6114: 6113: 6102:tsarevich Dmitry 5850: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5709: 5594:Dmitry of Suzdal 5589:Ivan II the Fair 5584:Simeon the Proud 5539:Yaroslav of Tver 5534:Alexander Nevsky 5457: 5450: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5401:Preceded by 5391: 5384: 5358: 5357: 5348: 5266:Lowe, Charles. 5244:60 (2008): 1–5. 5214: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5175: 5174: 5164: 5158: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5096: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5070: 5064: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4928: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4880: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4817: 4811: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4768: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4733: 4726: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4657: 4651: 4638: 4632: 4620: 4614: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4529:Book of Memories 4520: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4338: 4335: 4326: 4319: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4070: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4045: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4015:. 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317: 304:Russian Orthodox 251: 250: 209: 192: 190: 186: 164:, Russian Empire 158:18 November 1894 144: 127: 125: 79: 58: 46: 45: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7043: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6823: 6819:Valuev Circular 6767: 6758:Atner Khuzangai 6706: 6692:Leonid Brezhnev 6635: 6565: 6559: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6512: 6497: 6489: 6476:10th generation 6471: 6453: 6430: 6372: 6271: 6240: 6209: 6193: 6172: 6156: 6146: 6141: 6111: 6106: 6072: 5983: 5956: 5855: 5836: 5830: 5800: 5795: 5712: 5707: 5628: 5559:Mikhail of Tver 5466: 5461: 5427: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5390:1 November 1894 5385: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5346: 5332: 5227: 5221: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5165: 5161: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5062:Wayback Machine 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4972: 4968: 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4914: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4843: 4839: 4818: 4814: 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6760: 6755: 6753:Zianon Pazniak 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6702:Vladimir Putin 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6558: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6461: 6459: 6458:9th generation 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6438: 6436: 6435:8th generation 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6377:7th generation 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6276:6th generation 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6245:5th generation 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6214:4th generation 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 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2591: 2585: 2562: 2560:3 October 1864 2541: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2469:Pour le Mérite 2466: 2456: 2430: 2424:Persian Empire 2414: 2413: 2412: 2394: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2360: 2348:Ottoman Empire 2337: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2304: 2281: 2279:4 January 1867 2260: 2258:14 August 1883 2239: 2229:Mexican Empire 2219: 2218: 2217: 2207: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2172: 2170:28 August 1879 2149: 2132: 2111: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2055: 2034: 2014: 1991: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1908: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1878: 1855: 1834: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1794:Knight of the 1778: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1675: 1672: 1655:Vladimir Putin 1616:St. Petersburg 1606:was placed in 1572: 1569: 1488: 1485: 1430:St. Petersburg 1373:on holiday in 1350:(b. 1878) and 1296:St. Petersburg 1255: 1252: 1246: 1243: 1235:Eastern Europe 1209:Constantinople 1112:United Kingdom 1044:Triple Entente 1032: 1031: 1023:Lord Salisbury 1015:Main article: 1000: 999: 958: 956: 949: 943: 942:Foreign policy 940: 936:Vladimir Lenin 863:Mikhail Katkov 778: 775: 734: 731: 708:St. Petersburg 636:Moscow Kremlin 632:Uspensky Sobor 615: 612: 608:military drill 602:, English and 574:, daughter of 545:Russian Empire 532: 529: 452: 449: 389:(Russian: 387:The Peacemaker 326:(Russian: 319: 318: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 271: 265: 264: 261: 260: 256: 255: 247: 246: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 212: 210: 196: 195: 180: 174: 173: 171: 167: 166: 160: 156: 152: 151: 145:(aged 49) 139: 135: 134: 119: 115: 114: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 87: 81: 80: 74: 70: 69: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7051: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 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6485: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:Alexander III 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6126: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 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3909: 3901: 3888: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3811: 3807:(in German), 3806: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3471:Russia portal 3461: 3458: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3433: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3206: 3203: 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2613: 2603: 2599: 2598:29 April 1883 2595: 2592: 2590: 2589:17 April 1878 2586: 2584: 2583:26 March 1878 2580: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2489: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2450:10 March 1855 2447: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356:, 1st Class, 2355: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2317: 2313: 2312:17 March 1881 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2240: 2238: 2237:10 April 1866 2234: 2230: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2004: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1745:, 2nd Class, 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736:, 1st Class, 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727:; 3rd Class, 1726: 1723:, 4th Class, 1722: 1719: 1717: 1716:10 March 1845 1713: 1710: 1708: 1707:10 March 1845 1705:, 1st Class, 1704: 1701: 1699: 1698:10 March 1845 1695: 1692: 1690: 1689:10 March 1845 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1664:Joseph Stalin 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:Marble Palace 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1498: 1493: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422:Lucien Guitry 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288:Winter Palace 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1251: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:German Empire 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:Central Asian 1104: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1011: 1006: 996: 993: 985: 975: 971: 965: 964: 959:This section 957: 953: 948: 947: 939: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 909: 904: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 870: 866: 864: 860: 859:I. N. Durnovo 856: 855:D. A. Tolstoy 852: 848: 844: 840: 839: 830: 826: 821: 817: 815: 811: 806: 804: 799: 792: 788: 783: 774: 772: 768: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 730: 728: 724: 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 695: 693: 692:heir apparent 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 657: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 537:Winter Palace 527: 524: 522: 518: 514: 513: 506: 504: 499: 495: 493: 488: 485: 480: 478: 474: 466: 462: 457: 448: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 405: 399: 388: 383: 381: 377: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 336: 325: 324:Alexander III 316: 312: 308: 305: 302: 298: 295: 292: 288: 285: 282: 278: 275: 272: 270: 266: 257: 252: 248: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 211: 208: 207: 201: 197: 177: 172: 168: 163: 157: 153: 149: 140: 136: 132: 131:Winter Palace 128:10 March 1845 120: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 88: 86: 82: 75: 71: 68: 64: 57: 52: 49:Alexander III 47: 42: 41: 36: 33: and the 32: 31:Alexandrovich 28: 24: 19: 6748:Albert Razin 6743:Vasyl Makukh 6728:Eduard Polón 6723:Leo Mechelin 6666: 6652:Alexander II 6499: 6482: 6464: 6446: 6423: 6287: 6252:Alexander II 6081: 6046: 6039: 6038: 6024: 6016: 6002: 5994: 5975: 5967: 5936: 5928: 5908: 5901: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5785: 5781:Alexander II 5761:Catherine II 5678: 5666: 5409: 5404:Alexander II 5387: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5322: 5318:(2008) ch 13 5315: 5305: 5295: 5284: 5278: 5277:Nelipa, M., 5267: 5257: 5251: 5241: 5231: 5219:Bibliography 5208: 5169: 5162: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5130:, retrieved 5124: 5118: 5106:, retrieved 5100: 5094: 5082:. 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