724:
1795:
144:
1352:
3558:
151:
1649:
780:
167:
219:
752:
39:
766:
699:
238:
1367:
Poles, those ideas meant assimilation: turning them into loyal subjects through gradual religious and cultural conversion. The principle of
Orthodoxy was the result of the special role it played in the Russian Empire, as the Church was in fact becoming a department of state, and other religions discriminated against; for instance, papal bulls could not be read in the largely Catholic kingdom of Poland without agreement from the Russian government.
1427:
3622:
738:
3514:
1771:
1301:, and wanted no restrictions on their rule. All opposition to the emperor of Russia was suppressed and the law was disregarded at will by Russian officials. Though the absolute rule demanded by Russia was difficult to establish due to Poland's liberal traditions and institutions, the independence of the kingdom lasted only 15 years; initially
2452:), a province of the Russian Empire, as many sources still use the term Congress Poland for the post-1864 period. The sources are also unclear as to when Congress Poland (or Vistula land) officially ended; some argue that it ended when the German and Austro-Hungarian occupying authorities assumed control of the area during
1192:, the Congress Kingdom's autonomy was abolished. Poles faced confiscation of property, deportation, forced military service, and the closure of their own universities. The Congress was important enough in the creation of the state to cause the new country to be informally named for it. The kingdom lost its status as a
1209:
to be more closely integrated with the
Russian Empire. However, even after this formalized annexation, the territory retained some degree of distinctiveness and continued to be referred to informally as Congress Poland until the Russian rule there ended as a result of the advance by the armies of the
1836:
Since agriculture was equivalent to 70% of the national income, the most important economic transformations included the establishment of mines and the textile industry; the development of these sectors brought more profit and higher tax revenues. The beginnings were difficult due to floods and an
1366:
was crowned King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw, but he declined to swear to abide by the
Constitution and continued to limit the independence of the Polish kingdom. Nicholas' rule promoted the idea of Official Nationality, consisting of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality. In relation to
1370:
The rule of
Nicholas also meant the end of political traditions in Poland; democratic institutions were removed, an appointed—rather than elected—centralized administration was put in place, and efforts were made to change the relations between the state and the individual. All of this led to
3421:. Covers the transition from feudalism to capitalism; the adjustment of the aristocracy's power and privilege from a legal basis to one of only social significance; the political changes instigated by the jurisdictional partitions and reorganizations of the state.
1633:
in 1815, it was composed of five ministers, special nominees of the king and the viceroy of the
Kingdom of Poland. The council executed the king's will and ruled in the cases outside the minister's competence and prepared projects for the Council of State.
2562:* Ludność Polski w XX Wieku = The Population of Poland in the 20th Century / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodorowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, 2005 (Monografie; 5), p 539,
1221:
The kingdom was 128,500 km in area and originally had a population of approximately 3.3 million. The new state would be one of the smallest Polish states ever, smaller than the preceding Duchy of Warsaw and much smaller than the
1590:
The governor-general answered directly to the emperor and exercised much broader powers than had the "namiestnik". In particular, he controlled all the military forces in the region and oversaw the judicial systems (he could impose
1391:
broke out but lasted only two years before being crushed. As a direct result, any remaining separate status of the kingdom was removed and the political entity was directly incorporated into the
Russian Empire. The unofficial name
1656:
The administrative divisions of the kingdom changed several times over its history, and various smaller reforms were also carried out which either changed the smaller administrative units or merged/split various subdivisions.
1937:. Taxes were raised and the overall economic situation of commoners worsened. The noblemen and landowners were, on the other hand, provided with more privileges, rights and even financial support in the form of
1196:
state in 1831 and the administrative divisions were reorganized. It was sufficiently distinct that its name remained in official
Russian use, although in the later years of Russian rule it was replaced with the
2570:
Mimo wprowadzenia oficjalnej nazwy Kraj Przywiślański terminy Królestwo
Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe lub w skrócie Kongresówka były nadal używane, zarówno w języku potocznym jak i w niektórych publikacjach.
1382:
Following an 11-month military campaign, the
Kingdom of Poland lost its semi-independent status and was integrated much more closely with the Russian Empire. This was formalized through the issuing of the
1160:
in 1807. After
Napoleon's 1812 defeat, the fate of the Duchy of Warsaw was dependent on Russia. Prussia insisted on the duchy being completely eliminated. After Russian troops reached Paris in 1812, Tsar
1948:
in Europe. The development of the zinc industry took place at the beginning of the 19th century. It was mostly caused by the significant increase of demand for zinc mainly in industrialized countries of
2444:
in 1864, the autonomy of Congress Poland was drastically reduced. They disagree however on whether the Kingdom of Poland, colloquially known as Congress Poland, as a state, was officially replaced by
1387:
by the Emperor in 1832, which abolished the constitution, army and legislative assembly. Over the next 30 years, a series of measures bound Congress Poland ever more closely to Russia. In 1863 the
2577:
Despite the official name Kraj Przywiślański terms such as, Kingdom of Poland, Congress Poland, or in short Kongresówka were still in use, both in everyday language and in some publications.
218:
3546:
3524:
1888:, to upkeep larger establishments, or to undertake production. The Germans were also relieved of the tax burden. This allowed to create one of the largest European textile centres in
1884:; the first textile machine was installed in 1829. Greater use of machines led to production in the form of workshops. The government was also encouraging foreign specialists, mostly
1480:
Polish remained an official language until the mid-1860s when it was replaced by Russian. This resulted in bilingual street signs and documents, however, the full implementation of
1226:
which had a population of over 10 million and an area of 1 million km. Its population reached 6.1 million by 1870 and 10 million by 1900. The majority of ethnic
1904:
were the majority in the population. With the abolition of border customs in 1851 and further economic growth, Polish cities were gaining wealth and importance. Most notably,
1845:
negotiated to open the Polish market to the world. He also tried to introduce appropriate protective duties. A large and profitable investment was the construction of the
1817:
Despite the fact that the economic situation varied at times, Congress Poland was one of the largest economies in the world. In the mid 1800s the region became heavily
1230:
within the Russian Empire lived in the Congress Kingdom, although some areas outside its borders were also inhabited by strong Polish and Roman Catholic minorities.
3539:
1305:
used the title King of Poland and was obligated to observe the provisions of the constitution. However, in time the situation changed and he granted the viceroy,
3829:
3824:
2613:
after the fall of the uprising last elements of autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland (including the name) were abolished, transforming it into the "Vistula land;"
2515:
2843:
W. Caban, ‘The Nineteenth-Century Ideas of Polish Roads to Independence’, Yearbook of the Institute of East-Central Europe, 2018, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 105-127.
895:
at the end of the 18th century, Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation for 123 years. The territory, with its native population, was split among the
2710:
under German and Austro-Hungarian occupation from 1915 to 1918; it was finally abolished after the creation of the Second Polish Republic in November 1918
2563:
1173:, however, disapproved strongly of the idea, Austria issuing a memorandum on returning to the 1795 resolutions with support from the United Kingdom under
404:
3834:
3554:
3532:
343:
1508:. The viceroy was chosen by the king from among the noble citizens of the Russian Empire or the Kingdom of Poland. The viceroy supervised the entire
2323:
1477:
of the Russian Empire. The liberal provisions of the constitution, and the scope of the autonomy, were often disregarded by the Russian officials.
2631:
717:
1375:
in response to his repeated curtailing of its constitutional rights. Nicholas reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland, resulting in the
2875:
2985:
1929:, which marked the beginning of Polish sugar refineries. The use of iron cutters and plows was also favoured among the farmers. During the
1463:
3484:
Mykhed, Oksana (2014). "Not by Force Alone: Public Health and the Establishment of Russian Rule in the Russo-Polish Borderland, 1762–85".
2665:
Kingdom of Poland after the January Uprising: the name Kingdom of Poland was replaced, in official documents, by the name of Vistula land.
3794:
3044:
2608:
po upadku powstania zlikwidowano ostatnie elementy autonomii Królestwa Pol. (łącznie z nazwą), przekształcając je w "Kraj Przywiślański";
998:
3440:
1665:
1643:
1306:
985:. The moderately multicultural population of Congress Poland was estimated at 9,402,253 inhabitants in 1897. It was mostly composed of
2948:
1723:
were renamed powiats. In 1844 several governorates were merged with others, and some others were renamed; five governorates remained.
1313:
resolutions were signed, Russia ceased to respect them. In 1819, Alexander I abolished freedom of the press and introduced preventive
3804:
3192:
3168:
1568:
2651:
Królestwo Polskie po powstaniu styczniowym: Nazwę Królestwa Polskiego zastąpiła, w urzędowej terminologii, nazwa Kraj Przywiślański.
237:
1384:
143:
3606:
2916:
1742:(a new lower-level entity), and restructured the existing five governorates into 10. The 1912 reform created a new governorate –
1178:
1675:
On 16 January 1816 the administrative division was reformed, with the departments being replaced with more traditionally Polish
3799:
3493:
3392:
3125:
3014:
2689:
2499:
1900:. These small and initially insignificant settlements later developed into large and multicultural cities, where Germans and
1691:
earlier that decade, the administrative division was reformed again, bringing Congress Poland closer to the structure of the
1630:
1435:
1262:
939:
567:
3586:
3596:
3099:
1794:
1626:
1513:
1455:
1182:
1493:
452:
1555:, who served from 1863 to his death in 1874. No "namiestnik" was named to replace him; however, the role of "namestnik"—
3581:
3373:
1829:
and other crops was significant in stabilizing the financial output. An important trade partner of Congress Poland was
1743:
1552:
1223:
1166:
885:
166:
3460:
3121:
3058:
2995:
2926:
2885:
2806:
2775:
2742:
2457:
2345:
1908:, being associated with the construction of railway lines and bridges, gained priority in the entire Russian market.
1842:
1071:
881:
82:
60:
1325:, which represented Poland's patriotic traditions. Beginning in 1825, the sessions of the Sejm were held in secret.
53:
3518:
1661:
1443:
1318:
904:
1964:-"Factory of Optical Equipment") in Warsaw. It was the only firm in the Russian Empire which crafted and produced
3809:
3562:
1505:
1045:
242:
172:
1532:. The viceroy exercised broad powers and could nominate candidates for most senior government posts (ministers,
1351:
1002:
990:
759:
3018:
2693:
1730:, further reforms were instituted which were designed to bring the administrative structure of Poland (now
1067:
745:
1648:
903:, and the Russian Empire. After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the
3050:
1738:) closer to that of the Russian Empire. It divided larger governorates into smaller ones, introduced the
1270:
150:
1881:
1806:. The city was considered to be one of the largest textile industry centres in Europe and was nicknamed
1406:), i.e., 'Vistula Land', replaced 'Kingdom of Poland' as the area's official name and the area became a
938:
The Congress Kingdom of Poland was theoretically granted considerable political autonomy by the liberal
1371:
discontent and resistance among the Polish population. In January 1831, the Sejm deposed Nicholas I as
977:, which towards the beginning of the 20th century became the Russian Empire's third-largest city after
928:
1548:). He had no competence in the realms of finances and foreign policy; his military competence varied.
1921:
and paid workforce. Only a few experimented by obtaining proper machinery and plowing equipment from
1321:
started the persecution of Polish secret organizations and in 1821 the King ordered the abolition of
994:
333:
2628:
1188:
Following the Congress, Russia gained a larger share of Poland (with Warsaw) and, after crushing an
3819:
3814:
3789:
2705:
1915–18 pod okupacją niem. i austro-węgierską; K.P. przestało istnieć po powstaniu II RP (XI 1918).
1083:
47:
3084:
1033:
3365:
2422:
2395:
2339:
2059:
1356:
1297:
deeply valued personal freedom. In reality, the kings had absolute power and the formal title of
1266:
1242:
1063:
503:
391:
348:
156:
3743:
3687:
3636:
3576:
3418:
1821:, however, agriculture still maintained a major role in the economy. In addition, the export of
3738:
3671:
3611:
3430:
2461:
2328:
1608:
1517:
1459:
1342:
1234:
1048:
946:, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. It was, therefore, little more than a
640:
625:
353:
338:
64:
3763:
2732:
2538:
2489:
1551:
The office of "namiestnik" or viceroy was never abolished; however, the last "namiestnik" was
1289:
boundary separating it from the rest of Russian lands. Poland also had democratic traditions (
1205:
its separate institutions and administrative arrangements were abolished as part of increased
1997:
1529:
1509:
1302:
1162:
1041:
943:
441:
426:
205:
3646:
2765:
1941:. The aim of this was to weaken their support for the rebellion against the Russian Empire.
3666:
3656:
2956:
2596:
2334:
1363:
1141:
1037:
916:
912:
892:
20:
3748:
3697:
3661:
3601:
3336:
1911:
Although the economic and industrial progress occurred rapidly, most of the farms, called
8:
3758:
2952:
2871:
2761:
2098:
2072:
1933:
the occupying authorities sought to deprive peasant insurgents of their popularity among
1747:
1525:
1165:
intended to annex the duchy and parts of Lithuanian lands which were historically in the
861:
533:
474:
1469:
In theory, Congress Poland possessed one of the most liberal governments of the time in
3768:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3707:
3692:
3651:
3641:
3591:
3474:
2350:
1973:
1783:
1751:
1317:. Resistance to Russian control began in the 1820s. Russian secret police commanded by
1310:
1157:
1149:
1129:
1029:
908:
900:
842:
554:
386:
26:"Russian Poland" redirects here. For Russian territory of the former Commonwealth, see
3283:
970:(provinces). Thus, from the start, Polish autonomy remained little more than fiction.
3753:
3702:
3489:
3456:
3414:
3369:
3117:
3054:
2991:
2922:
2881:
2771:
2738:
2639:
2495:
2460:
in 1917; finally, some argue that it ended only with the creation of the independent
1755:
1688:
1596:
1394:
1376:
1334:
1202:
1189:
1113:
1006:
955:
920:
896:
580:
489:
396:
27:
3262:
3220:
2000:, Congress Poland had a population of 9,402,253: 4,712,090 men and 4,690,163 women.
1846:
954:
with the Russian Empire. The autonomy was severely curtailed following uprisings in
2441:
2413:
2386:
2085:
2033:
1930:
1735:
1727:
1580:
1560:
1399:
1388:
1338:
1070:, established by the Germans. In 1917, part of this was renamed as the short-lived
1014:
959:
595:
518:
295:
124:
3022:
2516:"The Social and Political History of the Polish Language in the Long 19th Century"
1257:
Theoretically, the Polish Kingdom in its 1815 form was a semi-autonomous state in
3450:
3425:
2912:
2728:
2635:
2592:
2382:
2374:
2046:
2020:
1669:
1618:
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1145:
1125:
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857:
704:
322:
311:
291:
192:
110:
1897:
1274:
963:
663:
1985:
1950:
1818:
1759:
1692:
1660:
Immediately after its creation in 1815, the Kingdom of Poland was divided into
1592:
1439:
1372:
1290:
1258:
1246:
1211:
1170:
1137:
1079:
978:
951:
865:
849:
267:
257:
230:, following the Congress of Vienna. The Russian Empire is shown in light green.
3305:
1438:
in 1815. The emperor of Russia was the official head of state, considered the
3783:
3444:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 929–932.
3435:
3109:
1830:
1261:
with Russia through the rule of the Russian emperor. The state possessed the
1227:
1206:
1025:
986:
932:
877:
379:
375:
3137:
816:
3409:
Getka-Kenig, Mikolaj. "The Genesis of the Aristocracy in Congress Poland,"
3241:
2445:
1474:
1346:
1198:
1140:. The kingdom was created from parts of the Polish territory that had been
1075:
947:
731:
610:
2819:
1889:
1803:
911:". The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy as the
2453:
1981:
1977:
1866:
1799:
1787:
1700:
1676:
1537:
1322:
1215:
1193:
1133:
873:
527:
512:
2767:
Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph
1969:
1926:
1873:
1809:
1545:
1500:
1411:
1314:
1282:
1233:
The Kingdom of Poland largely re-emerged as a result of the efforts of
263:
3478:
3429:
1893:
1426:
3337:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
1696:
1415:
1245:
in Europe, with the emperor of Russia serving as the self-proclaimed
1174:
1052:
967:
802:
3193:"Gospodarka w Królestwie Polskim od roku 1815 do początku XIX wieku"
3563:
Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland)
3502:
Zamoyski, Adam. Poland: a history. New York: Hippocrene Books, 2012
1934:
1294:
1024:
The territory of Congress Poland roughly corresponds to modern-day
853:
773:
3621:
2803:
Nation without a State: Imagining Poland in the Nineteenth Century
1754:. It was split off from the Vistulan Country and made part of the
1720:
1716:
1680:
1524:
the councils' decisions; other than that, his decisions had to be
1237:, a Pole who aimed to resurrect the Polish state in alliance with
3306:"DEVELOPMENT OF ZINC INDUSTRY IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND 1815–1904"
2491:
The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe
1965:
1938:
1922:
1913:
1885:
1838:
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1533:
1286:
1018:
806:
370:
358:
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1858:
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1564:
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1238:
982:
974:
846:
838:
798:
281:
1770:
1918:
1854:
1850:
1822:
1739:
1269:(parliament) responsible to the king capable of voting laws,
1201:" (Russian: Привислинский Край). Following the defeat of the
1005:, and a small Russian minority. The predominant religion was
2987:
Constitution-making in the region of former Soviet dominance
2855:
Castlereagh et l'Europe, w: Le Congrès de Vienne et l'Europe
3469:
Leslie, R. F. "Politics and economics in Congress Poland,"
1945:
1901:
1521:
924:
919:, but later was demoted to merely a Prussian province (the
3169:"Życie gospodarcze Królestwa Polskiego w latach 1815-1830"
2918:
The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812–1822
2734:
The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812–1822
1062:
The Kingdom of Poland effectively came to an end with the
2880:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 196.
1826:
1599:
with the force of law," which could alter existing laws.
1241:. The Kingdom of Poland was one of the few contemporary
1021:
and German were widely spoken by their native speakers.
2990:. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. 12–13.
2911:
2805:, dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
2669:
After the revolution 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland
3096:
Handbook for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland
2756:
2754:
2673:
In the years 1914-1916 the Kingdom of Poland became...
2342:– the withdrawal of Russian forces from Poland in 1915
1434:
The government of Congress Poland was outlined in the
1124:
The Congress Kingdom of Poland was created out of the
2427:
2400:
2983:
1536:, judges of the High Tribunal, councilors of state,
1265:, one of the most liberal in 19th-century Europe, a
1009:
and the official language used within the state was
3452:
Polish politics and the Revolution of November 1830
3215:
3213:
2751:
1652:
Administrative divisions of Congress Poland in 1830
1066:of Russian forces in 1915 and was succeeded by the
2723:
2721:
2004:Linguistic composition of Congress Poland in 1897
2659:W latach 1914-1916 Królestwo Polskie stało się...
2456:; others, that it ended with the creation of the
1956:In 1899, Aleksander Ginsberg founded the company
1328:
3781:
3210:
2487:
2324:Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland
1116:, it is often referred to as "Congress Poland".
1094:Although the official name of the state was the
3424:
3406:(Oxford University Press, 1982) pp. 306–33
2870:
2718:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2655:Po rewolucji 1905-1907 w Królestwie Polskim...
1013:until the failed January Uprising (1863) when
718:Polish National Government (November Uprising)
3830:States and territories disestablished in 1915
3825:States and territories disestablished in 1867
3540:
3448:
3187:
3185:
2770:. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 7.
1309:, almost dictatorial powers. Very soon after
1107:
116:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
1944:Congress Poland was the largest supplier of
1705:
185:
102:
3488:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 123–142.
3303:
2970:
2921:. New York: Grove Press. pp. 179–180.
2907:
2905:
2903:
2483:
2481:
1687:. On 7 March 1837, in the aftermath of the
1637:
1512:and, in the monarch's absence, chaired the
243:Administrative divisions of Congress Poland
3835:States and territories established in 1815
3547:
3533:
3182:
3043:Janowski, Maciej; Przekop, Danuta (2004).
3009:
3007:
2536:
1644:Administrative division of Congress Poland
1442:, with the local government headed by the
1181:and the British delegate to the Congress,
236:
217:
3221:"Polityka gospodarcza – druckilubecki.pl"
3152:
3073:
2852:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2440:Sources agree that after the fall of the
1833:, which imported goods in large amounts.
1790:were exclusively made in Congress Poland.
1602:
1112:), in order to distinguish it from other
83:Learn how and when to remove this message
2955:Encyclopedia (1890–1906). Archived from
2900:
2727:
2478:
1793:
1769:
1647:
1425:
1385:Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland
1350:
864:ceded a part of Polish territory to the
211:"National Song to the King's Well-being"
46:This article includes a list of general
3486:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
3004:
2690:Królestwo Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe
1925:. New crops were being cultivated like
1668:from the times of the French-dominated
1487:
1252:
3782:
3483:
3088:
3036:
2866:
2864:
2784:
2760:
2737:. New York: Grove Press. p. 171.
2667:However the same article also states:
1726:In 1867, following the failure of the
3528:
3400:God's Playground: A History of Poland
3393:Bibliography of the history of Poland
3359:
3331:
3329:
3114:God's Playground: A History of Poland
3083:, 1874, p. 140, note 1. Google Print
1869:, for which he is mostly remembered.
1837:intense diplomatic relationship with
1631:Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
1595:without trial). He could also issue "
1436:Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
1263:Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland
1017:became co-official as a consequence.
3413:(2009), Issue 100, pp. 79–112;
2941:
1841:. It was not until 1822 when Prince
1559:of the former kingdom passed to the
1506:1815 constitution of Congress Poland
1183:Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
1152:which had been transformed into the
962:, as the country became governed by
32:
3116:, Columbia University Press, 2005,
2861:
2494:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 137.
1494:Namiestnik of the Kingdom of Poland
923:), and was subsequently annexed in
260:with the Russian Empire (1815–1831)
13:
3795:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
3386:
3326:
3046:Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918
2144:
1865:. Drucki-Lubecki also founded the
1629:of the kingdom. Introduced by the
1553:Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg
1504:" was introduced in Poland by the
1473:, but in practice, the area was a
206:Pieśń narodowa za pomyślność króla
52:it lacks sufficient corresponding
16:Semi-autonomous polity (1815–1915)
14:
3846:
3506:
2807:The University of Texas at Austin
1567:—or, to be more specific, of the
1484:into the Polish language failed.
1136:reorganized Europe following the
868:following France's defeat in the
3805:1867 disestablishments in Poland
3620:
3556:
3512:
2877:The history of Polish literature
2653:Jednakże w artykule jest także:
2381:
1857:Rivers, which allowed to bypass
1444:viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland
1430:The Kingdom of Poland, 1815–1830
1319:Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev
1128:, a French client state, at the
907:, also commonly referred to as "
905:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
778:
764:
750:
736:
722:
697:
165:
149:
142:
37:
19:For the Polish legislature, see
3353:
3297:
3276:
3255:
3234:
3130:
3103:
2857:. Paris: Bruxelles. p. 60.
2846:
2837:
2812:
2434:
1991:
1307:Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich
159:Bottom: Brown-Water Navy Ensign
3428:; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).
2682:
2621:
2585:
2556:
2530:
2508:
2407:
2368:
1892:and in surrounding towns like
1329:Uprisings and loss of autonomy
1224:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1167:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
860:. It was established when the
195:for 'God is with us!')
1:
3800:1815 establishments in Poland
3098:, 1888, p. 460. Google Print
2984:Ludwikowski, Rett R. (1996).
2820:"Poland - Partitioned Poland"
2537:Britannica (8 January 2010).
2356:
2346:History of Poland (1795–1918)
1998:Russian Empire Census of 1897
1962:Fabryka Przyrządów Optycznych
1843:Francis Xavier Drucki-Lubecki
1679:(of which there were eight),
1421:
1414:until 1875, when it became a
760:Military Government of Lublin
224:
3473:(1955), 8#1, pp. 43–63
3426:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch
2539:"Congress Kingdom of Poland"
2518:. Kamusella. 24 January 2017
2471:
1980:. Following the outbreak of
1068:Government General of Warsaw
746:Government General of Warsaw
7:
3051:Central European University
2428:
2401:
2317:
2116:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2079:
2076:
2066:
2063:
2053:
2050:
2040:
2037:
2027:
2024:
1861:(Gdańsk) and high Prussian
1695:, with the introduction of
1355:Eagle of an officer in the
973:The capital was located in
942:. However, its rulers, the
10:
3851:
3390:
1765:
1641:
1606:
1491:
1332:
1119:
929:North German Confederation
831:Congress Kingdom of Poland
25:
18:
3716:
3680:
3629:
3618:
3569:
3081:Russia's Advance Eastward
2801:Agnieszka Barbara Nance,
2488:Tomasz Kamusella (2009).
2417:
2390:
2310:
1984:the factory was moved to
1778:made by a Polish company
1584:
1577:Warszawski Okręg Wojskowy
1403:
1362:Alexander I's successor,
1243:constitutional monarchies
1108:
1089:
966:, and later divided into
931:, the predecessor of the
876:, it was replaced by the
813:
794:
676:
656:
646:
639:
635:
622:
607:
592:
577:
564:
551:
547:
539:
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480:
465:
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451:
447:
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318:
302:
287:
277:
250:
235:
216:
199:
181:
138:
133:
117:
97:
3360:Golab, Caroline (1977).
1638:Administrative divisions
1585:Варшавский Военный Округ
1569:Warsaw Military District
1055:and a small part of the
1051:as well as southwestern
833:, formally known as the
223:Map of Congress Poland,
3441:Encyclopædia Britannica
3431:"Poland, Russian"
3411:Acta Poloniae Historica
3366:Temple University Press
2913:Nicolson, Harold George
2824:Encyclopedia Britannica
2729:Nicolson, Harold George
2543:Encyclopedia Britannica
2361:
1798:An early photograph of
1410:under the control of a
1357:Army of Congress Poland
1169:. Both Austria and the
841:created in 1815 by the
648:• 1897 census
392:Constitutional monarchy
288:Official languages
67:more precise citations.
3810:19th century in Poland
3717:1867–1914 governorates
3681:1844–1867 governorates
3630:1837–1844 governorates
3570:1816–1837 voivodeships
3449:Leslie, R. F. (1956).
3362:Immigrant Destinations
2853:Henderson, WO (1964).
2378:
2329:Grand Duchy of Finland
1814:
1791:
1706:
1653:
1622:
1615:Administrative Council
1609:Administrative Council
1603:Administrative Council
1576:
1518:Administrative Council
1460:Administrative Council
1451:
1431:
1359:
1343:Alvensleben Convention
1235:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
1103:
1049:Voivodeships of Poland
186:
103:
3015:"Królestwa Polskiego"
1876:was built in 1828 in
1797:
1773:
1651:
1510:public administration
1462:, in addition to the
1429:
1354:
886:regained independence
845:as a semi-autonomous
303:Common languages
3521:at Wikimedia Commons
3242:"The Augustów Canal"
2762:Palmer, Alan Warwick
2597:Encyklopedia Interia
2593:POWSTANIE STYCZNIOWE
2402:Kongressovaya Polsha
2379:Królestwo Kongresowe
2335:Grand Duchy of Posen
2311:Source: Golab (1977)
1774:An advertisement of
1746:– from parts of the
1625:) was a part of the
1623:Rada Administracyjna
1488:Executive leadership
1253:Initial independence
1190:insurrection in 1831
917:German Confederation
913:Grand Duchy of Posen
893:partitions of Poland
880:-controlled nominal
568:Constitution adopted
453:Namiestnik (Viceroy)
21:Parliament of Poland
3455:. Greenwood Press.
3404:1795 to the Present
3053:Press. p. 74.
2953:Brockhaus and Efron
2949:"Kingdom of Poland"
2391:Конгрессовая Польша
2137:
2005:
1917:, chose to rely on
1752:Lublin Governorates
1530:government minister
1528:by the appropriate
1271:an independent army
1086:instead of a king.
534:Chamber of Deputies
334:Eastern Catholicism
157:Top: Royal Standard
2951:(in Russian). The
2634:2017-04-24 at the
2464:in 1918. Examples:
2462:Republic of Poland
2351:Pale of Settlement
2134:
2003:
1815:
1792:
1703:, Polish spelling
1654:
1432:
1404:Привислинский Край
1360:
1311:Congress of Vienna
1158:Napoleon Bonaparte
1130:Congress of Vienna
1114:Kingdoms of Poland
901:Kingdom of Prussia
872:. In 1915, during
843:Congress of Vienna
626:Russian withdrawal
555:Congress of Vienna
3777:
3776:
3517:Media related to
3495:978-1-137-32058-2
3304:Rafał Kowalczyk.
3094:Thomas Mitchell,
2640:WIEM Encyklopedia
2629:Królestwo Polskie
2501:978-0-230-58347-4
2458:Kingdom of Poland
2450:Privislinsky Krai
2429:Tsarstvo Polskoye
2426:
2399:
2315:
2314:
2132:
2131:
1996:According to the
1872:The first Polish
1782:(1905). Cameras,
1756:Southwestern Krai
1744:Kholm Governorate
1689:November Uprising
1516:, as well as the
1395:Privislinsky Krai
1377:November Uprising
1335:November Uprising
1203:November Uprising
1177:, Prime Minister
1132:in 1815 when the
1104:Królestwo Polskie
1096:Kingdom of Poland
1072:Kingdom of Poland
1007:Roman Catholicism
921:Province of Posen
897:Habsburg monarchy
852:, a successor to
835:Kingdom of Poland
824:
823:
790:
789:
786:
785:
710:
709:
631:19 September 1915
490:Pavel Yengalychev
485:
482:• 1914–1915
470:
467:• 1815–1826
437:
434:• 1894–1915
422:
419:• 1815–1825
397:Absolute monarchy
323:Roman Catholicism
212:
104:Królestwo Polskie
99:Kingdom of Poland
93:
92:
85:
28:Russian Partition
3842:
3624:
3561:
3560:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3516:
3499:
3471:Past and Present
3466:
3445:
3433:
3398:Davies, Norman.
3380:
3379:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3341:www.demoscope.ru
3333:
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3086:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3021:. Archived from
3019:Encyklopedia PWN
3011:
3002:
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2703:
2694:Encyklopedia PWN
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2506:
2505:
2485:
2465:
2442:January Uprising
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2418:Царство Польское
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2384:
2372:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2012:Native speakers
2006:
2002:
1931:January Uprising
1736:Vistulan Country
1728:January Uprising
1709:
1627:Council of State
1586:
1561:governor-general
1514:Council of State
1456:Council of State
1405:
1389:January Uprising
1339:January Uprising
1179:Robert Jenkinson
1111:
1110:
1109:Царство Польское
944:Russian emperors
782:
781:
768:
767:
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740:
739:
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669:
588:29 November 1830
573:27 November 1815
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349:Russian Orthodox
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118:Царство Польское
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63:this article by
54:inline citations
41:
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33:
3850:
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3844:
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3841:
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3820:Personal unions
3815:Former kingdoms
3790:Congress Poland
3780:
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3778:
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3676:
3625:
3616:
3565:
3555:
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3519:Congress Poland
3509:
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3463:
3395:
3389:
3387:Further reading
3384:
3383:
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2636:Wayback Machine
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2136:
1994:
1768:
1711:). In 1842 the
1670:Duchy of Warsaw
1646:
1640:
1611:
1605:
1593:death sentences
1498:The office of "
1496:
1490:
1482:Cyrillic script
1424:
1408:namestnichestvo
1349:
1333:Main articles:
1331:
1295:Polish nobility
1255:
1214:in 1915 during
1154:Duchy of Warsaw
1138:Napoleonic wars
1126:Duchy of Warsaw
1122:
1106:; Russian:
1092:
1084:Regency Council
1057:Grodno District
909:Austrian Poland
882:Regency Kingdom
870:Napoleonic Wars
858:Duchy of Warsaw
827:Congress Poland
820:
805:
801:
779:
765:
751:
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723:
705:Duchy of Warsaw
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672:
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603:23 January 1863
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3507:External links
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3436:Chisholm, Hugh
3422:
3407:
3391:Main article:
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3381:
3375:978-0877221098
3374:
3368:. p. 91.
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1990:
1986:St. Petersburg
1951:Western Europe
1847:Augustów Canal
1819:industrialized
1767:
1764:
1760:Russian Empire
1693:Russian Empire
1642:Main article:
1639:
1636:
1607:Main article:
1604:
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1492:Main article:
1489:
1486:
1440:king of Poland
1423:
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1373:King of Poland
1330:
1327:
1291:Golden Liberty
1259:personal union
1254:
1251:
1247:king of Poland
1212:Central Powers
1171:United Kingdom
1121:
1118:
1091:
1088:
1082:, which had a
1080:Central Powers
979:St. Petersburg
952:personal union
891:Following the
866:Russian Empire
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3263:"Wyborcza.pl"
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3127:
3126:Print, p. 278
3123:
3122:0-231-12819-3
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:Norman Davies
3106:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3062:
3060:963-9241-18-0
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3025:on 2006-10-01
3024:
3020:
3017:(in Polish).
3016:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2997:0-8223-1802-4
2993:
2989:
2988:
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2974:
2959:on 2006-09-02
2958:
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2930:
2928:0-8021-3744-X
2924:
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2777:0-87113-665-1
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2744:0-8021-3744-X
2740:
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2344:
2341:
2340:Great Retreat
2338:
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2327:
2325:
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2309:
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2297:
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2058:
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2048:
2045:
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2035:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:landed gentry
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
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1831:Great Britain
1828:
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1812:
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1796:
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1757:
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1749:
1745:
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1718:
1715:were renamed
1714:
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1538:referendaries
1535:
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1526:countersigned
1523:
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1207:Russification
1204:
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1115:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1087:
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1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Great Retreat
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:Kalisz Region
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
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957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
933:German Empire
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
884:until Poland
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
818:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
795:Today part of
793:
777:
775:
772:
771:
763:
761:
758:
757:
749:
747:
744:
743:
735:
733:
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729:
721:
719:
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691:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
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621:
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137:
132:
126:
112:
105:
96:
87:
84:
76:
66:
62:
56:
55:
49:
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
3485:
3470:
3451:
3439:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3361:
3355:
3344:. Retrieved
3340:
3316:. Retrieved
3312:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3236:
3224:. Retrieved
3200:. Retrieved
3196:
3172:. Retrieved
3142:. Retrieved
3132:
3113:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3079:Hugo Stumm,
3075:
3064:. Retrieved
3049:. Budapest:
3045:
3038:
3027:. Retrieved
3023:the original
2986:
2961:. Retrieved
2957:the original
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2917:
2891:. Retrieved
2876:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2827:. Retrieved
2823:
2814:
2809:, pp. 169-88
2802:
2766:
2733:
2709:
2704:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2623:
2612:
2607:
2587:
2576:
2569:
2558:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2510:
2490:
2449:
2446:Vistula Land
2436:
2409:
2370:
1995:
1992:Demographics
1978:stereoscopes
1961:
1957:
1955:
1943:
1912:
1910:
1898:Zduńska Wola
1871:
1835:
1816:
1807:
1788:stereoscopes
1779:
1731:
1725:
1704:
1677:voivodeships
1674:
1659:
1655:
1614:
1612:
1597:declarations
1589:
1550:
1499:
1497:
1479:
1475:puppet state
1468:
1433:
1407:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1361:
1347:Vistula Land
1298:
1256:
1232:
1220:
1199:Vistula Land
1187:
1134:great powers
1123:
1095:
1093:
1076:client state
1061:
1059:of Belarus.
1023:
972:
968:governorates
948:puppet state
940:constitution
937:
890:
834:
830:
826:
825:
732:Vistula Land
687:Succeeded by
686:
681:
664:Polish złoty
614:established
611:Vistula Land
204:
200:
183:Motto:
182:
173:Coat of arms
79:
70:
51:
3318:11 November
2702:(in Polish)
2648:(in Polish)
2605:(in Polish)
2567:(in Polish)
2454:World War I
2331:(1809–1917)
1982:World War I
1867:Bank Polski
1849:connecting
1800:Manufaktura
1701:governorate
1662:departments
1546:archbishops
1520:. He could
1323:Freemasonry
1303:Alexander I
1216:World War I
1163:Alexander I
1142:partitioned
1003:Lithuanians
991:Polish Jews
915:outside of
874:World War I
682:Preceded by
668:(1815–1841)
560:9 June 1815
528:Lower house
513:Upper house
500:Legislature
442:Nicholas II
427:Alexander I
399:(1832–1915)
394:(1815–1832)
327:Minorities:
298:(from 1867)
270:(1832–1915)
228: 1815
187:Z nami Bóg!
65:introducing
3784:Categories
3672:Sandomierz
3612:Sandomierz
3402:. Vol. 2:
3346:2022-08-03
3066:2008-04-10
3029:2006-01-19
2963:2006-07-27
2934:2008-04-10
2893:2008-04-10
2548:18 January
2522:1 November
2357:References
2306:13,058,000
2298:11,935,318
2290:11,588,585
2135:Population
2125:9,402,253
2099:Belarusian
2073:Lithuanian
2038:1,267,194
2025:6,755,503
1974:objectives
1970:telescopes
1927:sugar beet
1874:steam mill
1810:Manchester
1784:objectives
1719:, and the
1697:guberniyas
1501:namiestnik
1452:Namiestnik
1422:Government
1412:namiestnik
1364:Nicholas I
1315:censorship
1293:) and the
1283:penal code
1046:Holy Cross
999:Ukrainians
817:Sopoćkinie
641:Population
387:Government
371:Demonym(s)
264:Real union
48:references
3607:Podlaskie
3419:0001-6829
3197:Sciaga.pl
2472:Citations
2423:romanized
2396:romanized
2282:9,402,253
2274:8,256,562
2266:7,687,893
2258:7,104,864
2250:6,515,153
2242:6,078,564
2234:5,336,210
2226:4,840,466
2218:4,673,869
2210:4,810,735
2202:4,798,658
2194:4,488,009
2186:4,188,112
2178:3,998,000
2170:3,911,000
2162:3,520,355
2154:2,815,000
2009:Language
1416:Guberniya
1194:sovereign
1175:George IV
1053:Lithuania
1042:Podlaskie
993:, ethnic
927:into the
888:in 1918.
803:Lithuania
652:9,402,253
319:Religion
314:, Russian
266:with the
134:1815–1915
73:July 2024
3744:Piotrków
3688:Augustów
3667:Podlasie
3657:Masovian
3637:Augustów
3597:Masovian
3577:Augustów
3289:29 April
3268:29 April
3247:29 April
3226:29 April
3202:29 April
3174:29 April
3144:29 April
2915:(2001).
2874:(1983).
2764:(1997).
2731:(2001).
2632:Archived
2318:See also
2090:267,160
2077:305,322
2064:335,337
2051:407,274
1914:folwarks
1732:de facto
1707:gubernia
1534:senators
1299:Autocrat
1275:currency
1144:between
1038:Masovian
1028:and the
964:viceroys
854:Napoleon
837:, was a
774:Ober Ost
657:Currency
598:Uprising
583:Uprising
581:November
344:Lutheran
339:Reformed
306:Polish,
3764:Suwałki
3759:Siedlce
3438:(ed.).
2829:5 April
2425::
2414:Russian
2398::
2387:Russian
2128:100.00
2114:35,116
2103:29,347
2086:Russian
2034:Yiddish
1966:cameras
1939:bribery
1923:England
1894:Ozorków
1886:Germans
1863:tariffs
1839:Prussia
1808:Polish
1776:cameras
1766:Economy
1758:of the
1748:Sedlets
1713:powiats
1685:powiats
1666:a relic
1581:Russian
1557:viceroy
1542:bishops
1400:Russian
1287:customs
1150:Prussia
1146:Austria
1120:History
1078:of the
1019:Yiddish
1015:Russian
995:Germans
956:1830–31
807:Belarus
624:•
609:•
596:January
594:•
579:•
566:•
553:•
540:History
526:•
511:•
469:(first)
421:(first)
359:Judaism
308:Yiddish
296:Russian
278:Capital
245:in 1914
201:Anthem:
125:Russian
61:improve
3769:Warsaw
3734:Lublin
3729:Kielce
3724:Kalisz
3708:Warsaw
3693:Lublin
3652:Lublin
3647:Kraków
3642:Kalisz
3592:Lublin
3587:Kraków
3582:Kalisz
3492:
3479:649777
3477:
3459:
3417:
3372:
3284:"Łódź"
3120:
3057:
2994:
2925:
2884:
2774:
2741:
2498:
2375:Polish
2122:TOTAL
2111:Other
2047:German
2041:13.48
2028:71.85
2021:Polish
1906:Warsaw
1878:Warsaw
1859:Danzig
1721:obwóds
1717:okręgs
1681:obwóds
1619:Polish
1573:Polish
1565:Warsaw
1544:, and
1471:Europe
1448:Polish
1345:, and
1285:and a
1279:budget
1239:Russia
1100:Polish
1090:Naming
1030:Lublin
1011:Polish
983:Moscow
975:Warsaw
899:, the
878:German
862:French
847:Polish
839:polity
799:Poland
543:
519:Senate
484:(last)
457:
436:(last)
409:
376:Polish
312:German
292:Polish
282:Warsaw
251:Status
203:
193:Polish
121:
111:Polish
107:
50:, but
3754:Radom
3749:Płock
3739:Łomża
3703:Radom
3698:Płock
3662:Płock
3602:Płock
3475:JSTOR
3434:. In
3309:(PDF)
2303:1913
2295:1909
2287:1904
2279:1897
2271:1890
2263:1885
2255:1880
2247:1875
2239:1870
2231:1865
2223:1860
2215:1855
2207:1850
2199:1845
2191:1840
2183:1835
2175:1830
2167:1825
2159:1820
2151:1814
2117:0.37
2106:0.31
2093:2.84
2080:3.25
2067:3.57
2054:4.33
1919:serfs
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