Han Chinese - Knowledge

1527: 3104:) or traditional Han clothing comprises all traditional clothing classifications of the Han Chinese with a recorded history of more than three millennia until the end of the Ming dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, Hanfu clothing was mostly replaced by the Manchu style until the dynasty's fall in 1911, yet Han women continued to wear clothing from Ming dynasty. Manchu and Han fashions of women's clothing coexisted during the Qing dynasty. Moreover, neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests. During the Republic of China period, fashion styles and forms of traditional Qing costumes gradually changed, influenced by fashion sensibilities from the Western World resulting modern Han Chinese wearing Western style clothing as a part of everyday dress. 10965:

boosted the development of pancreas transplantation… the Spitzingsee meetings, participants had the idea to renew the urinary drainage technique of the exocrine secretion of the pancreatic graft with segmental graft and eventually with whole pancreaticoduodenal transplant. That was clinically achieved during the mid- and remained the mainstay technique during the next decade. In parallel, the Swedish group developed the whole pancreas transplantation technique with enteric diversion. It was the onset of the whole pancreas reign. The enthusiasm for the technique was rather moderated in its early phase due to the rapid development of liver transplantation and the need for sharing vascular structures between both organs, liver and pancreas. During the modern era of immunosuppression, the whole pancreas transplantation technique with enteric diversion became the gold standard… .

2478: 4190:, who on their patrilines, bear a closer genetic resemblance to aboriginal peoples, but have Han matrilines. The Tanka are a group of boat-dwellers who speak a Sinitic language and who claim Han ancestry, but who have traditionally faced severe discrimination from the other southern Han subgroups. Unlike the Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan Han (whose dominant Y-chromosome haplotype is the Han patriline O2-M122), the Tanka have been shown instead to have a predominantly non-Han patriline similar to Daic peoples from Guizhou. However, matrilineally, the Tanka are closely clustered with the Hakka Han and Teochew Han, rather than with Austronesian or Austroasiatic populations, thus supporting an admixture hypothesis and validating, even if only partially, their own claims to Han ancestry. 1854: 3385: 3322: 2746: 3294: 2426: 3280: 3218: 3260: 2909:

regular levels of recognition that they would have typically enjoyed had they only chosen to remain as mere commoners back in their ancestral regions. Yet even such a dynamic social phenomenon has greatly influenced Han society, leading to the homogenization of the Han populace. Additionally, it has played a crucial role in the formation of a socially cohesive and distinct shared Han culture as well as the overall growth and integration of Han society. This development has been facilitated by various extraneous factors, including periods of rapid urbanization and sprouts of geographically extensive yet interconnected commodity markets.

4343:(mtDNA) between modern Northern Han Chinese and 3000-year-old Hengbei samples reveal extreme similarity, confirming genetic continuity between ancient Hengbei inhabitants to present-day Northern Han Chinese. This shows that the core genetic structure of Northern Han Chinese was established more than three thousand years ago in the Central Plains Area. Additionally, these studies indicate that contemporary northern and southern Han Chinese populations exhibit an almost identical Y-DNA genetic structure, indicating a common paternal descent, corroborating the historical record of Han Chinese migration to the south. However, a study of 3246: 1882: 13497: 3074: 3232: 1151:

nobility of Han Chinese ethnicity but retained a Bai Yue majority for several centuries. Yet others were forcibly brought into the Sinosphere by the imperial ambitions of emperors such as Qin Shi Huangdi and Han Wu Di, both of whom settled hundreds of thousands of Chinese in these lands to form agricultural colonies and military garrisons. Even then, control over these lands was tenuous, and Bai Yue cultural identity remained strong until sustained waves of Han Chinese emigration in the Jin, Tang and Song dynasties altered the demographic balance completely.

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lands south of the Yangtze and on the southeastern coast, leading to the earnest settlement by Chinese of lands hitherto regarded as part of the empire's sparsely populated frontier or periphery. Guangdong and Fujian, hitherto regarded as backwater regions populated by the descendants of garrison soldiers, exiles and refugees, became new centers and representatives of Han Chinese culture under the influence of the new Han migrants. The term is used in everyday colloquial discourse and is also an element in one of the words for

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for such esteemed roles of great influence and responsibility, extending beyond their prevailing entrance as a gateway into the imperial bureaucracy. Han literature itself has a rich tradition dating back thousands of years, from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature vernacular fiction novels that arose during the Ming dynasty which were employed as a source of cultural pleasure to entertain the masses of literate Chinese. Some of the most important Han Chinese poets in the pre-modern era were

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another two hundred thousand men were ordered to build ships to attack and colonialize the Lingnan region, thus adding to the population in Guangdong and Guangxi. The first urban cornubations in the region, for example, Panyu, were created by Han settlers rather than the Bai Yue, who preferred to maintain small settlements subsisting on swidden agriculture and rice farming. Later on, Guangdong, Northern Vietnam, and Yunnan all experienced a surge in Han Chinese migrants during

3308: 1644: 4194: 1312:, a further wave of Han migrants from northern China headed the south. At the start of the rebellion in 755 there were 52.9 million registered inhabitants of the Tang Empire, and after its end in 764, only 16.9 million were recorded. It is likely that the difference in census figures was due to the complete breakdown in administrative capabilities, as well as the widespread escape from the north by the Han Chinese and their mass migration to the south. 3197:

lineage branches of all surname groups will maintain a hall containing the memorial tablets (also known as spirit tablets) of deceased family members in clan halls. Extended family groupings have been very important to the Han Chinese, and there are strict conventions as how one may refer to aunts, uncles, and cousins and the spouses of the same, depending on their birth order as well as whether these blood relatives share the same surname.

1287:, also led to the resettlement of Fujian. The province of Fujian - whose aboriginal inhabitants had been deported to the Central Plains by Han Wu Di, was now repopulated by Han Chinese settlers and colonists from the Chinese heartland. The "Eight Great Surnames" were eight noble families who migrated from the Central Plains to Fujian - these were the Hu, He, Qiu, Dan, Zheng, Huang, Chen and Lin clans, who remain there until this very day. 2336: 2302: 1257: 1135: 1335: 1173: 13028: 3544:, both historically and in the modern era. They have also played a pivotal role in being at the forefront of shaping the evolutionary trajectory of Chinese civilization and significantly influenced the advancement of East Asian civilization in concurrence with the broader region of East Asia as a whole. The invention of paper, printing, the compass and gunpowder are celebrated in Chinese society as the 1635: 1212:. These events caused widespread devastation, and even depopulated the north, resulting in the complete social and political breakdown and collapse of central authority in the Central Plains, triggering massive, sustained waves of Han Chinese migration into South China, leading to the formation of distinct Han lineages, who also likely assimilated the by-now partially sinicized Bai Yue in their midst. 4246:

southern Han show evidence of being admixed with populations of Tai-Kadai and Austronesian ancestry. Southwestern Han show admixture with Hmong-Mien speakers whilst northwestern Han have very minor West Eurasian ancestral components, dating 4,500–1,200/1,300 years ago. Northeastern Han like Liaoning Han have more Yellow River Basin and some ancient Northeast Asian ancestry than south Han Chinese.

3012:, written Chinese based on Mandarin is widely understood by speakers of all varieties and has taken up the dominant position among written forms, formerly occupied by literary Chinese. Thus, although residents of different regions would not necessarily understand each other's speech, they generally share a common written language, Standard Written Chinese and Literary Chinese. 1296: 2187:), setting the precedent for the next two millennia. To consolidate administrative control over the newly conquered parts of the country, the First Emperor decreed a nationwide standardization of currency, writing scripts and measurement units, to unify the country economically and culturally. He also ordered large-scale infrastructure projects such as the 2608: 4211:

now today modern Southern China. These successive waves of Han migration to the south, subsequent intermarriage and cultural mixing between the northern Han migrants and the non-Han aborigines over the past few thousand years gave rise to modern Chinese demographics - a Han Chinese super-majority and minority non-Han Chinese indigenous peoples.

2106:. Through conquest and colonization, much of this area came under the influence of sinicization and this culture extended south. However, the power of the Zhou kings fragmented not long afterwards, and many autonomous vassal states emerged. This dynasty is traditionally divided into two eras – the Western Zhou (1046–771 BCE) and the 2560:, which eventually capitulated to Qing forces in 1683. Taiwan, previously inhabited mostly by non-Han aborigines, was sinicized during this period via large-scale migration accompanied by assimilation, despite efforts by the Manchus to prevent this, as they found it difficult to maintain control over the island. In 1681, the 3582:(1031–1095) of the Song dynasty theorized that the sun and moon were spherical and wrote of planetary motions such as retrogradation as well as postulating theories for the processes of geological land formation. Medieval Han Chinese astronomers were also among the first peoples to record observations of a cosmic 4242:-related peoples respectively. This led Chen et. al (2019) to theorize that Han Chinese emerged from admixture between an ancient Tibeto-Burman and a local pre-Sinitic population, which might have been linguistically Altaic in Neolithic times, when agriculture emerged in Yangtze and Yellow River basins. 4293:

Patrilineal DNA indicates the northern Han Chinese were the primary contributors to the paternal gene pool of modern southern Han Chinese. The data also indicates that the contribution of southern non-Han aboriginals to the southern Han Chinese genetics is limited. In short, male Han Chinese were the

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in Imperial China. Such comprehensive examinations were not only employed as the prevailing universal standards to evaluate a candidate's ethical behavior and virtuous conduct, but were also deployed as a measure of academic aptitude that determined a candidate's caliber, credibility, and eligibility

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With a rich historical literary heritage spanning over three thousand years, the Han Chinese have continued to push the boundaries that have circumscribed the standards of literary excellence by showcasing an unwaveringly exceptional caliber and extensive wealth of literary accomplishments throughout

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The total overseas Chinese population worldwide number some 60 million people. Overseas Han Chinese have settled in numerous countries across the globe, particularly within the Western World where nearly 4 million people of Han Chinese descent live in the United States (about 1.5% of the population),

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Clashes and tensions between the two groups over land, water, ethno-racial, and cultural differences led to the relocation of some communities and over time, varying degrees of intermarriage and assimilation took place. In Taiwan, Han Chinese (including both the earlier Han Taiwanese settlers and the

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A study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences into the gene frequency data of Han sub-populations and ethnic minorities in China, showed that Han sub-populations in different regions are also genetically quite close to the local ethnic non-Han minorities, meaning that in many cases, the blood of ethnic

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MtDNA of Han Chinese increases in diversity as one looks from northern to southern China, which suggests that the influx of male Han Chinese migrants intermarried with the local female non-Han aborigines after arriving in what is now modern-day Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and other regions of

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Zhou et. al (2022) states that the massive Han subgroups differ in some of their ancestral components despite shared Neolithic Yellow River farmer ancestry, reflective of their vast demographic history. They tend to share some maternal ancestry with geographically close minority groups. For example,

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Drawing upon their extensive literary heritage rooted in a historical legacy spanning over three thousand years, the Han Chinese have continued to demonstrate a uniformly high level of literary achievement throughout the modern era as the reputation of contemporary Chinese literature continues to be

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have revealed their main staple to be rice (more likely to consumed by Southerners) as well as noodles and other wheat-based food items (which are more likely to be eaten by Northerners). During China's Neolithic period, southwestern rice growers transitioned to millet from the northwest, when they

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peoples, all claim Han Chinese ancestry pointing to official histories and their own genealogical records to support such claims. Linguists hypothesize that the Wu and Min varieties of Chinese originate from the way Chinese was spoken during the Jin, while the Yue and Hakka from the way Chinese was

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The genesis of the modern Han people and their subgroups cannot be understood apart from their historical migrations to the south, resulting in a depopulation of the Central Plains, a fission between those that remained and those that headed south, and their subsequent fusion with aboriginal tribes

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The first emperor Qin Shih Huang Di is said to have sent several hundred thousand men and fifteen thousand women to form agricultural and military settlements in Lingnan (present day Guangxi and Guangdong), under the leadership of a general named Zhao Tuo. The famous Han emperor, Han Wu Di, ordered

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There were several periods of mass migration of Han people to Southeastern and Southern China throughout history. Initially, the sparsely populated regions of south China were inhabited by tribes known only as the Bai Yue or Hundred Yue. Many of these tribes developed into kingdoms under rulers and

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The first attempt to cure type 1 diabetes by pancreas transplantation was done at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, on December 17, 1966… opened the door to a period, between the mid- to mid- where only segmental pancreatic grafts were used... In the late – early , three major events…

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that exists for its corresponding maternal ancestry. These genetic findings are in concord with historical records confirming the continuous and large migratory waves of northern Han Chinese inhabitants escaping dynastic changes, geopolitical upheavals, instability, warfare and famine into what is

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and Buddhist influences in Chinese folk religion, such as the cult of Guanyin, who is treated as a Bodhisattva, immortal, goddess or exemplar of Confucian virtue, depending on the tradition. The four largest schools of Han Buddhism (Chan, Jingtu, Tiantai and Huayan) were all developed in China and

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that they brought and garnered to their families, social circles, and the localities that they hailed from. This elevation in their social standing, respectability, and pedigree was greatly augmented both within their own family circles, as well as among their neighbors and peers compared with the

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The Han Chinese also share a distinct set of cultural practices, traditions, and beliefs that have evolved over centuries. Traditional Han customs, art, dietary habits, literature, religious beliefs, and value systems have not only deeply influenced Han culture itself, but also the cultures of its

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Han Chinese rule resumed during the Sui and Tang dynasties, led by the Han Chinese families of the Yang (杨) and Li (李) surnames respectively. Both the Sui and Tang dynasties are seen as high points of Han Chinese civilization. These dynasties both emphasized their aristocratic Han Chinese pedigree

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and beyond, shifting the Chinese demographic center and speeding up sinicization of the far south. At the same time, most of the nomads in northern China came to be sinicized as they ruled over large Chinese populations and adopted elements of their culture and administration. Of note, the Xianbei

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Han Chinese can be divided into various subgroups based on the variety of Chinese that they speak. Waves of migration have occurred throughout China's long history and vast geographical expanse, engendering the emergence of Han Chinese subgroups found throughout the various regions of modern China

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and high point in Chinese civilization. The self-identification as Tang Ren is popular in south China, because it was at this time that massive waves of migration and settlement led to a shift in the center of gravity of the Chinese nation away from the tumult of the Central Plains to the peaceful

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The lands of southern China were acquired through conquest and colonization during the Qin and Han dynasty. Han Chinese people and culture then spread south from the northern heartland in the Yellow River valley, driven by large and sustained waves of migration during successive periods of Chinese

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displaying slight but discernible physical and physiological differences. Although genetically similar, Han Chinese subgroups exhibit a north-south stratification in their genetics, with centrally placed populations acting as conduits for outlying ones. Although a genetic north-south cline can be

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Ancestral halls and academies, as well as tombs were of great import to the Chinese. Ancestral halls were used for the veneration or commemoration of ancestors and other large family events. Family members preferred to be buried near one another. Academies were also set up to benefit those of the

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Ancestry and lineage are an important part of Han Chinese cultural practice and self-identity, and there have been strict naming conventions since the time of the Song dynasty that have been preserved until this day. Elaborate and detailed genealogies and family registers are maintained, and most

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area. The Manchus designated Jilin and Heilongjiang as the Manchu homeland, to which the Manchus could hypothetically escape and regroup if the Qing dynasty fell. Because of increasing Russian territorial encroachment and annexation of neighboring territory, the Qing later reversed its policy and

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Confucianism, although sometimes described as a religion, is another indigenous governing philosophy and moral code with some religious elements like ancestor worship. It continues to be deeply ingrained in modern Chinese culture and was the official state philosophy in ancient China during the

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has been gaining mainstream popularity throughout China since the 2000s, attributed to discontent toward these ethnic policies instituted by the Chinese government. The contemporary dissatisfaction and discord between the dominant Han Chinese mainstream and its non-Han minorities has led to the

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Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (1

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made from a permeable plastic sack that would effectively carry hemoglobin around the human circulatory system. Chang is also noteworthy for his development of charcoal-filled cells to treat drug poisoning in addition to the discovery of enzymes carried by artificial cells as a medical tool to

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methylation in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. Chuan is also noteworthy for having invented TAB-seq, a biochemical method that can map 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at base-resolution genome-wide, as well as hmC-Seal, a method that covalently labels 5hmC for its detection and

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is "the country with the biggest proportion of Han Chinese" in Southeast Asia. Singapore is the only nation in the world where Overseas Chinese constitute a majority of the population and remain the country's cultural, economic and politically dominant arbiters vis-à-vis their non-Han minority

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At various points in Chinese history, collapses of central authority in the face of barbarian uprisings or invasions and the loss of control of the Chinese heartland triggered mass migratory waves which transformed the demographic composition and cultural identity of the south. This process of

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triggered the first massive movement of Han Chinese dominated by civilians rather than soldiers to the south, being led principally by the aristocracy and the Jin elite. Thus, Jiangnan, comprising Hangzhou's coastal regions and the Yangtze valley were settled in the 4th century AD by families

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has always maintained a profound influence within the confines of Chinese civilization both historically and in the modern era. Indigenous Confucianism and Taoism share aspects of being a philosophy or a religion and neither demand exclusive adherence, resulting in a culture of tolerance and

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The government of imperial China still seems in many ways curiously modern and familiar. Bureaucratically organized, and dominated by a graded civil service led by men selected through competitive examinations, it was both a model for a precursor of the complex administrations of our modern

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Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; Mao, Xianyun; Zhang, Liang; Qian, Ji; Tan, Jingze; Jin, Jianzhong; Huang, Wei; Deka, Ranjan; Su, Bing; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture".

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who did not enter the imperial bureaucracy or who left it opting out to pursue other careers experienced significant improvements with respect to their credibility, pedigree, respectability, social status, and societal influence, resulting in a considerable amelioration with regards to the

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caused yet another wave of mass migration of the Han Chinese from Northern China to Southern China, leading to a further increase in the Han Chinese population across southern Chinese provinces. The formation of the Hainanese and Hakka people can be attributed to the chaos of this period.

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In the contemporary era, Han Chinese have continued to contribute to the development and growth of modern science and technology. Among such prominently illustrious names that have been honored, recognized, remembered, and respected for their historical groundbreaking achievements include

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has been regarded as the "father of modern differential geometry" and has also been recognized as one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th-century. Chern was awarded the 1984 Wolf Prize in mathematics in recognition for his fundamental contributions to the development and growth of

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Variation notwithstanding, Han Chinese subgroups are genetically closer to each other than they each are to their Korean and Yamato neighbors, to whom they are also genetically close in general. The close genetic relationship between the Han across the entirety of China has led to their

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Men's clothing in the Qing Dyansty consisted for the most part of long silk gowns and the so-called "Mandarin" jacket, which perhaps achieved their greatest popularity during the latter Kangxi Period to the Yongzheng Period. For women's clothing, Manchu and Han systems of clothing

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The reign of the first imperial dynasty was short-lived. Due to the First Emperor's autocratic rule and his massive labor projects, which fomented rebellion among his population, the Qin dynasty fell into chaos soon after his death. Under the corrupt rule of his son and successor

1399:(PRC), where they constitute about 90% of its overall population. Han Chinese in China have been a culturally, economically and politically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities throughout most of China's recorded history. Han Chinese are almost the majority in every 2408:. From this period, the native population of China proper was referred to as Hanren, or the "People of Han" to distinguish them from the nomads from the steppe. Warfare and invasion led to one of the first great migrations of Han populations in history, as they fled south to the 1537:

There are over 22 million people of Han Chinese ancestry in living in Taiwan. At first, these migrants chose to settle in locations that bore a resemblance to the areas they had left behind in mainland China, regardless of whether they arrived in the north or south of Taiwan.

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was not quite compatible with traditional Chinese cultural values, especially with the Confucian sociopolitical elite, as certain Buddhist values conflicted with Chinese sensibilities. However, through centuries of mutual tolerance, assimilation, adaptation, and syncretism,

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Han Chinese clothing has been shaped through its dynastic traditions as well as foreign influences. Han Chinese clothing showcases the traditional fashion sensibilities of Chinese clothing traditions and forms one of the major cultural facets of Chinese civilization. Hanfu

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By now, the Han Chinese population in the south far outstripped that of the Bai Yue. Guangdong and Fujian both experienced a significant influx of Northern Han Chinese settlers, leading many Cantonese, Hokkien and Teochew individuals to identify themselves as "Tang people"

840:. As a unified and cohesive empire that succeeded the short-lived Qin dynasty, Han China established itself as the center of the East Asian geopolitical order at the time, projecting its power and influence unto Asian neighbors. It was comparable with the contemporary 4331:

The Hengbei archaeological site in Jiang County, southern Shanxi was part of the suburbs of the capital during the Zhou dynasty. Genetic material from human remains in Hengbei have been used to examine the genetic continuity between ancient and modern Han Chinese.

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alongside historical writings, philosophical works, treatises, poetry, drama, and fiction have been revered and immortalized as timeless cultural masterpieces within the vast expanse of Chinese literature. Historically, ambitious individuals who aspired to seek top

3181:. Across large double doors was a wing for the elderly in the family. This wing consisted of three rooms: a central room where the four tablets – heaven, earth, ancestor and teacher – were worshipped and two rooms attached to the left and right, which were 664:. Han Chinese form large diaspora populations throughout Southeast Asia, comprising large minorities in countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. In Singapore, people of Han Chinese descent make up around 75 percent of the country's population. 12326:

Karafet, Tatiana; Hagberg, L; Hanson, L. A.; Korhonen, T; Leffler, H; Olling, S (1981). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders".

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The name "Han" was derived from the Han River, an upper tributary of the Yangtze River. It was further strengthened by the famous Han Empire (206 BC–220 AD) which lasted for several hundred years when the people began active interactions with the outside

720:. The Warring States period led to the emergence of the Zhou-era Chinese referring to themselves as being Huaxia (literally, "the beautiful grandeur"), which was distinctively used to adumbrate a "civilized" culture in contrast to peoples perceived as " 3746:

is well known for his pioneering research in glycoscience research and developing the first enzymatic method for the large-scale synthesis of oligosaccharides and the first programmable automated synthesis of oligosaccharides. The chemical biologist

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The Y-chromosome haplogroup distribution between southern Han Chinese and northern Han Chinese populations and principal core component analysis indicates that almost all modern Han Chinese populations form a tight cluster in their Y chromosome:

2451:. This was especially true in the latter part of the Tang era and the Five Dynasties period that followed; the relative stability of the south coast made it an attractive destination for refugees fleeing continual warfare and turmoil in the north. 1360:. These mass migrations over the centuries inevitably led to the demographic expansion, economic prosperity, agricultural advancements, and cultural flourishing of Southern China, which remained relatively peaceful unlike its northern counterpart. 3709:

was well-noted for his research that unlocked the key to prolonging freshness in fruits and flowers and "for his remarkable contributions to the understanding of the mechanism of biosynthesis, mode of action and applications of the plant hormone,

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over the centuries at various points in Chinese history. By the time of the Tang and Song dynasties, Han Chinese were the main inhabitants of the fertile lowland areas and cities of southern China, with minority tribes occupying the highlands.

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spoken in the Tang and Song, about half-a-millenia later. The presence of Tai-Kradai substrates in these dialects may have been due to the assimilation of the remaining groups of Bai Yue, integrating these lands into the Sinosphere proper.

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Biological research findings have also demonstrated that the paternal lineages Y-DNA O-M119, O-P201, O-P203 and O-M95 are found in commonly Southern non-Han minorities, less commonly in southern Han, and even less frequently in northern Han

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southern China. In these populations, the contribution to mtDNA from Han Chinese and indigenous tribes is evenly matched, representing a substantial mtDNA contribution from non-Han groups, collectively known as the Bai Yue or Hundred Yue.

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The prehistory of the Han Chinese is closely intertwined with both archaeology, biology, historical textual records, and mythology. The ethnic stock to which the Han Chinese originally trace their ancestry from were confederations of late

9451: 2322:(266-420 BC), although protracted struggles within the ruling house of Sima (司馬) sparked off a protracted period of fragmentation, rebellion by immigrant tribes that served as slaves and indentured servants, and extended non-native rule. 4297:

During the Zhou dynasty, or earlier, peoples with haplogroup Q-M120 also contributed to the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese people. This haplogroup is implied to be spread across in the Eurasian steppe and north Asia since it is found among

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and succeeded in establishing a much longer-lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by the Qin dynasty, but adopted a more moderate rule. Under the Han dynasty, art and culture flourished, while the Han Empire

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primary drivers of Han Chinese expansion in successive migratory waves from the north into what is now modern southern China as is shown by a greater contribution to the Y-chromosome than the mtDNA from northern to southern Han.

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The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by an age of fragmentation and several centuries of disunity amid warfare among rival kingdoms. There was a brief period of prosperity under the native Han Chinese dynasty known as the

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in the early 1900s. In Sun's revolutionary philosophical view, Han identity is exclusively possessed by the so-called civilized Hua Xia people who originated from the Central Plains, and were also the former subjects of the

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Luo, Xiao-Qin; Du, Pan-Xin; Wang, Ling-Xiang; Zhou, Bo-Yan; Li, Yu-Chun; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wei, Lan-Hai; Liu, Jun-Jian; Sun, Chang; Meng, Hai-Liang; Tan, Jing-Ze; Su, Wen-Jing; Wen, Shao-Qing; Li, Hui (6 August 2020).

3778:, which became known for its efficacy against lung, breast, and pancreatic cancer. Soon-Shiong is also well known for performing the first whole-pancreas transplant and he developed and first performed the experimental 1558:

recent mainland Chinese that arrived in Taiwan with Chiang Kai-shek in 1949) constitute over 95% of the population. They have also been a politically, culturally and economically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han

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minorities had mixed into Han genetic substrate through varying degrees of intermarriage, while at the same time, the blood of the Han had also mixed into the genetic substrates of the local ethnic non-Han minorities.

3763:, who was one of the first scientists to propose that AIDS was caused by a virus, thus subsequently developing combination antiretroviral therapy to combat it. In recognition of his medical contributions, Ho was named 1164:'s reign. The demographic composition and culture of these regions during this period, could however scarcely be said to have been Sinitic outside the confines of these agricultural settlements and military outposts. 1275:

of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive number of Han Chinese immigrating during this period which included notable families such as the Wang and the Xie. A religious group known as the

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Haplogroups prevalent in non-Han southern natives such as O1b-M110, O2a1-M88 and O3d-M7, which are prevalent in non-Han southern natives, were observed in 4% of southern Han Chinese and not at all in the northern

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and the Qin road system to militarily fortify the frontiers. In effect, he established a centralized bureaucratic state to replace the old feudal confederation system of preceding dynasties, making Qin the first

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based on Mandarin dialects, which had been developing for several centuries, was standardized and adopted to replace literary Chinese. While written vernacular forms of other varieties of Chinese exist, such as

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ideals were the dominant ideology. Near the end of the dynasty, Buddhism entered China, later gaining popularity. Historically, Buddhism alternated between periods of state tolerance (and even patronage) and

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were assimilated and absorbed by the Han Chinese at various points in China's history. Like many modern ethnic groups, the ethnogenesis of Han Chinese was a lengthy process that involved the expansion of the

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could not find a suitable northwestern ecology – which was typically dry and cold – to sustain the generous yields of their staple as well as it did in other areas, such as along the eastern Chinese coast.

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The expansion of the Han people outside their traditional homeland in the Yellow River is an important part of their historical consciousness and ethnogenesis, and accounts for their present-day diversity.

2847:, Chinese culture has been heavily influenced by Confucianism. Credited with shaping much of Chinese philosophical thought, Confucianism was the official state philosophical doctrine throughout most of 1603:, with periods during which it has seen cycles of expansion, contraction, unity, and fragmentation. Due to the overwhelming numerical and cultural dominance of Han culture in China, most of the written 4136: 4015:, is also widely practiced by the Han in both its folk forms and as an organized religion with its traditions having been a source of vestigial perennial influence on Chinese art, poetry, philosophy, 9993: 7782: 4143:

as a religion in the Chinese language instead of the name for any ethnic group, and that Chinese-speaking Muslims should not be considered as a separate ethnic group apart from other Han Chinese.

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The Han Chinese have made significant contributions to various fields in the advancement and progress of human civilization, including business and economy, culture and society, governance, and

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was a noted mathematician recognized for his contributions to number theory, where he demonstrated that any sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers or a

4621: 1921:(c. 2852–2070 BCE), who, allegedly, were elected to power among the tribes. This is a period for which scant reliable archaeological evidence exists – these sovereigns are largely regarded as 844:

in population size, geographical extent, and cultural reach. The Han dynasty's prestige and prominence led many of the ancient Huaxia to identify themselves as 'Han people'. Similarly, the

4647: 4566:"Population structure of Han Chinese in the modern Taiwanese population based on 10,000 participants in the Taiwan Biobank project | Human Molecular Genetics | Oxford Academic" 4226:(66.9–74.3%), and less significant in Han Chinese from Zhejiang (22%), Jiangsu (17%) and Shandong (8%). Meanwhile, modern north Han Chinese received 45% and 55% of their ancestries from 10859: 6101:

Wen, Bo; Li, Hui; Lu, Daru; Song, Xiufeng; Zhang, Feng; He, Yungang; Li, Feng; Gao, Yang; Mao, Xianyun; et al. (2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture".

2436:

and enforced the restoration of Central Plains culture, even the founders of both dynasties had already intermarried with non-Han or partly-Han women from the Dugu and Yuwen families.

9385:"The Relationship Between Filial Piety and the Academic Achievement and Subjective Wellbeing of Chinese Early Adolescents: The Moderated Mediation Effect of Educational Expectations" 4804: 3759:

Other prominent Han Chinese who have made notable contributions the development and growth of modern science and technology include the medical researcher, physician, and virologist

2439:

The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties saw continuing emigration from the Central Plains to the south-eastern coast of what is now China proper, including the provinces of

11997:"Population Genetic Analysis of Modern and Ancient DNA Variations Yields New Insights Into the Formation, Genetic Structure, and Phylogenetic Relationship of Northern Han Chinese" 10378: 1189:

south of the Yangtze, even as the centres of Han Chinese culture and wealth moved from the Yellow River Basin to Jiangnan, and to a lesser extent also, to Fujian and Guangdong.

2568:

to prevent Han Chinese migration to the three northeastern provinces, which nevertheless had harbored a significant Chinese population for centuries, especially in the southern

11609:

Gan, Rui-Jing; Pan, Shang-Ling; Mustavich, Laura F.; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Cai, Xiao-Yun; Qian, Ji; Liu, Cheng-Wu; Peng, Jun-Hua; Li, Shi-Lin; Xu, Jie-Shun; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2008).

8258:

Gan, Rui-Jing; Pan, Shang-Ling; Mustavich, Laura F.; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Cai, Xiao-Yun; Qian, Ji; Liu, Cheng-Wu; Peng, Jun-Hua; Li, Shi-Lin; Xu, Jie-Shun; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2008).

8875: 7492: 7452: 7392: 14224: 11182: 3185:

for the grandparents. The east wing of the house was inhabited by the eldest son and his family, while the west wing sheltered the second son and his family. Each wing had a

1200:

during the Jin dynasty (304-316 AD) in which China was completely overrun by minority groups previously serving as vassals and servants to Sima (the royal house of Jin), the

7876: 3552:(683-727), a polymathic Buddhist monk, mathematician, and mechanical engineer of the Tang dynasty is acknowledged for applying the earliest-known escapement mechanism to a 7187: 2840: 4860: 1480:

counterparts. Up until the past few decades, overseas Han communities originated predominantly from areas in Eastern and Southeastern China (mainly from the provinces of

11238: 10204: 8805: 8726: 1193:

sustained mass migration has been known as "garments and headdresses moving south" 衣冠南渡 (yì guān nán dù), on account of it first being led by the aristocratic classes.

7686: 10238: 4711: 12111: 10769:

Song CX, Szulwach KE, Fu Y, Dai Q, Yi C, Li X, Li Y, Chen CH, Zhang W, Jian X, Wang J, Zhang L, Looney TJ, Zhang B, Godley LA, Hicks LM, Lahn BT, Jin P, He C (2011).

4214:

Han Chinese in Fujian and Guangdong provinces also show excessive ancestries from Late Neolithic Fujianese sources (35.0–40.3%), which are more significant in modern

4988: 4367:. Although the genetic relationship is close, the various Han Chinese subgroups are genetically closer to each other than to their Korean and Yamato counterparts. 3321: 4051:. Taoism was the state religion during the Han and Tang eras where it also often enjoyed state patronage under subsequent emperors and successive ruling dynasties. 3488:

internationally recognized. Erudite literary scholars who are well-versed in Chinese literature continue to remain highly esteemed in contemporary Chinese society.

2867:

ceremonies that imitated the Confucian standards of the Emperors. Educational achievement and academic success gained through years of arduous study and mastery of

1955:, managed to not only install himself as the next ruler, but also dictated his sons as heirs by default, making the Xia dynasty the first in recorded history where 1905:

Early ancient Chinese history is largely legendary, consisting of mythical tales intertwined with sporadic annals written centuries to millennia later. Sima Qian's

4088:

gained an respectable place in the culture. Chinese Buddhism was also influenced by Confucianism and Taoism and exerted influence in turn – such as in the form of

2716:

associations, which often identify famous figures from Chinese history or myth as ancestors of current members. Such patriarchs include the Yellow Emperor and the

10271: 10592: 4595: 3019:

were adopted in mainland China and later in Singapore and Malaysia, while Chinese communities in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and overseas countries continue to use

7846: 8870: 5067: 4310:. But it is currently near-absent in these regions except for East Asia. In modern China, haplogroup Q-M120 can be found in the northern and eastern regions. 3950:, where multiple religions or belief systems are often practiced in conjunction with local customs and traditions. Han culture has for long been influenced by 7302: 7145: 1853: 1457:, respectively. The Han Chinese in Hong Kong and Macau have been culturally, economically and politically dominant majority vis-à-vis the non-Han minorities. 15366: 13999: 13808: 2708:, whose culture dates back thousands of years. Overseas Han Chinese maintain cultural affinities to Chinese territories outside of their host locale through 11149: 8840: 8608: 6992: 11856:

He, Guanglin (16 November 2021). "The genomic formation of the Tanka people, an isolated "gypsies in the water" in the coastal region of southeast China".

9983: 10531: 7631: 13323: 13212: 12506: 11488:

Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (4 May 2015). Hofreiter, Michael (ed.).

11086: 8316: 7786: 11212: 5631: 5222:

Cioffi-Revilla, Claudio; Lai, David (September 1995). "War And Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. to 722 B.C.: Measurement and Comparative Analysis".

4522: 3460:. The most esteemed and noteworthy novels of great literary significance in Chinese literature, otherwise known as the Four Great Classical Novels are: 3217: 5673: 5152: 8949: 7808: 4655: 3866:" for pioneering the application of quantitative and analytical engineering principles to the study of the human body and disease. China's system of " 13898: 10024: 6465: 3443:

of distinguished authority, importance, and power were mandated to demonstrate their proficiency in the Confucian classics assessed through rigorous

2048:– on realising that his younger brother, Jili, was wiser and deserved to inherit the throne – fled to Wu and settled there. Three generations later, 11430:

Chen, Jieming; Zheng, Houfeng; Bei, Jin-Xin; Sun, Liangdan; Jia, Wei-hua; Li, Tao; Zhang, Furen; Seielstad, Mark; Zeng, Yi-Xin; et al. (2009).

3163:

Han Chinese houses differ from place to place. In Beijing, the whole family traditionally lived together in a large rectangle-shaped house called a

2929:

Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language that are descended from a common early language; one of the names of the language groups is

14202: 13903: 10562: 4351:

showed similarity with modern northern Han Chinese, but significant differences from southern Han Chinese - indicating admixture on the matriline.

5518: 3245: 2875:

while also providing the primary qualifying basis criterion for entry among ambitious individuals who sought to hold high ranking and influential

14047: 13059: 11053: 10337: 3986: 2788: 2521:. During this period, China referred to the Ming Empire and to the Han people living in them, and non-Han communities were separated from China. 667:

The Han Chinese have exerted the primary formative influence in shaping the development and growth of Chinese civilization. Originating from the

10896: 10501: 5042: 2972:

as their native tongue. However, there was a larger variety of languages in certain areas of Southeast China, "in an arc extending roughly from

13938: 11286: 11116: 6739:

Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song

6281:

Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song

6229:

Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang Through the Song

2267:

of Chinese history, with the modern Han Chinese people taking their ethnic name from this dynasty and the Chinese script being referred to as "

4166:

The internal genetic structure of the Han Chinese is consistent with the vast geographical expanse of China and the recorded history of large

3985:

or family, clan and national ancestors. These practices vary from region to region and do not characterize an organized religion, though many

13966: 11321: 10851: 4751: 4206:

The estimated contribution of northern Han to the southern Han is substantial in the paternal ancestral lineages in addition to a geographic

3808: 7900: 3231: 14146: 7664: 7418: 4827: 4800: 2754: 2602: 2477: 2310: 12184:"A spatial analysis of genetic structure of human populations in China reveals distinct difference between maternal and paternal lineages" 2589:

famously proclaimed that "China is the China of the Chinese. We compatriots should identify ourselves with the China of the Han Chinese".

1356:

during the thirteenth century once again caused a surging influx of Northern Han Chinese refugees to move south to settle and develop the

13412: 12019: 9835: 8689: 8125: 7271: 7229: 6918: 6876: 6792: 6714: 6636: 6595: 6442: 6334: 6172: 3692:

and radically altered modern physical theory and changed the conventionally accepted view of the structure of the universe. The geometer

2661:("China" or "Mainland China") founded in 1949 was critical of Han chauvinism. In the latter half of the 20th century, official policy of 1693: 1684: 684: 10361: 10298: 9664: 9631: 7080: 7038: 6960: 6834: 6753: 6675: 6373: 6295: 3874:

conference in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978, and was hailed as a revolutionary breakthrough in international health ideology emphasizing

1881: 13311: 9588: 5479: 4958: 3107:

Han Chinese clothing has continued to play an influential role within the realm of traditional East Asian fashion as both the Japanese

775:). The two respective aforementioned terms are applied solely to those with a Han ethnic background that is semantically distinct from 12453:

Du, R; Xiao, C; Cavalli-Sforza, LL (1997). "Genetic distances between Chinese populations calculated on gene frequencies of 38 loci".

10979: 10818: 10475: 8578: 8073:

Cioffi-Revilla, C.; Lai, D. (1995). "War and Politics in Ancient China, 2700 B.C. To 722 B.C.: Measurement and Comparative Analysis".

7739:

Suryadinata, Leo (2017). "Blurring the Distinction between huaqiao and huaren: China's Changing Policy towards the Chinese Overseas".

11260: 9476: 8337:

Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019).

7326: 4777: 4573: 1989: 11172: 8865: 7717: 7480: 7444: 7380: 3279: 14169: 13753: 2153:

The chaotic Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty came to an end with the unification of China by the western state of

10252:

Chen, J. R. (1973). "On the representation of a larger even integer as the sum of a prime and the product of at most two primes".

8716:"Thinking About the 'Ming China' Anew: The Ethnocultural Space In A Diverse Empire-With Special Reference to the 'Miao Territory'" 4120:, after which foreign missionaries in China enjoyed the protection of the Western powers and engaged in widespread proselytizing. 3933:, as well as other various traditional homegrown Chinese philosophies, have influenced not only Han Chinese culture, but also the 3293: 1711:

and Han dynasties, Han Chinese writers established genealogical lineages by drawing from legendary materials originating from the

7868: 7556: 4175:

demonstrated, many studies simply conveniently categorize the Han Chinese into two subgroups: northern and southern Han Chinese

3899: 2263:) of Han ethnicity, although being ancient, was formally entrenched in the Han dynasty. The Han dynasty is considered one of the 1446: 10930:

Squifflet, J.P.; Gruessner, R.W.; Sutherland, D.E. (2008). "The History of Pancreas Transplantation: Past, Present and Future".

8147: 7171: 3259: 1959:

was the norm. The civilizational prosperity of the Xia dynasty at this time is thought to have given rise to the name "Huaxia" (

13981: 13918: 12044:

Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (4 May 2015).

10998: 7599: 4936: 4848: 1177: 11234: 10622: 10196: 9894: 8897: 8795: 8715: 4167: 3400:

that can be traced back as far as three millennia, with a body of literature encompassing significant early works such as the

2040:

were considered a different tribe, and described as being scantily dressed, tattooed and speaking a distinct language. Later,

1867: 13006: 12950: 11931: 11393: 10227: 9829: 9800: 9772: 9736: 9625: 9582: 9555: 9530: 9502: 9367: 9326: 9000: 8683: 8550: 8310: 8242: 8202: 8119: 8057: 8029: 8004: 7979: 7534: 7363: 6786: 6747: 6550: 6511: 6436: 6367: 6328: 6289: 6166: 6085: 5900: 5860: 5797: 5772: 5747: 5722: 5667: 5625: 5558: 5512: 5473: 5422: 5357: 5329: 5304: 5274: 5202: 5146: 5036: 4543: 4492: 2639:

and evangelists of Confucianism. Restoring Chinese rule to the Han majority was one of the motivations for supporters of the

2631: 12182:

Xue, Fuzhong; Wang, Yi; Xu, Shuhua; Zhang, Feng; Wen, Bo; Wu, Xuesen; Lu, Ming; Deka, Ranjan; Qian, Ji; et al. (2008).

12020:"Genetic structure and demographic history of Northern Han people in Liaoning Province inferred from genome-wide array data" 9742: 7113: 6556: 6517: 4689: 4498: 2025:–1046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of Chinese writing date back to this period – from characters inscribed on 704:

The term "Han" not only refers to a specific ethnic collective, but also points to a shared ancestry, history, and cultural

14195: 9274: 5598: 3384: 2722: 2414: 12416:"Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup Q1a1a-M120, a paternal lineage connecting populations in Siberia and East Asia" 10720:

Yu M, Hon GC, Szulwach KE, Song CX, Zhang L, Kim A, Li XK, Dai Q, Shen Y, Park B, Min JH, Jin P, Ren B, He C (June 2012).

7422: 4998: 2738:), a phrase which has reverberative connotations in a divisive political climate, as in that of major contentions between 1735:), at the beginning of Chinese history. The Yellow Emperor is traditionally credited to have united with the neighbouring 1595:

The Han Chinese have a rich history that spans thousands of years, with their historical roots dating back to the days of

15330: 13648: 13052: 13032: 11652:"Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago" 11650:

Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2015).

11023: 10415: 6000:"Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to three-thousand Years Ago" 5998:

Zhao, Yong-Bin; Zhang, Ye; Zhang, Quan-Chao; Li, Hong-Jie; Cui, Ying-Qiu; Xu, Zhi; Jin, Li; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2015).

4076: 3851:

was a cytogeneticist renowned as the first person to recognize the normal number of human chromosomes, a breakthrough in

2102:

shared the language and culture of the Shang people, and extended their reach to encompass much of the area north of the

1781: 13943: 7948: 4599: 1339:

Jin-Song wars resulted in the devastation of northern China and the displacement of yet more Han Chinese to south China.

14082: 13014: 12988: 12692:"Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean" 12588:"Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean" 12545: 12158: 11996: 10275: 10179: 10081: 9257: 9232: 9207: 9182: 9157: 9097: 9057: 9025: 7265: 7223: 7181: 7074: 6912: 6870: 6828: 6630: 6589: 2306: 1988:

Conclusive archaeological evidence predating the 16th century BCE is, however, rarely available. Recent efforts of the

1918: 1909:

recorded a period following the Battle of Zhuolu, during the reign of successive generations of confederate overlords (

1900: 649: 10584: 1939:

The first dynasty to be described in Chinese historical records is the Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BCE), established by

13961: 13853: 13328: 13299: 13217: 9445: 9284: 5817: 5382: 4112:. Christian beliefs often had conflicts with traditional Chinese values and customs which eventually resulted in the 2383: 1400: 8400:; Jin, Li (24 April 2019). "Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic". 7838: 5074: 4359:

The Han Chinese show a close yet distinguishable genetic relationship with other East Asian populations such as the

2745: 2365: 2246:, the Qin dynasty collapsed a mere three years later. The Han dynasty (206 BC–220 CE) then emerged from the ensuing 679:

in northern China. The Huaxia are the progenitors of Chinese civilization and the ancestors of modern Han Chinese.

15340: 14159: 14019: 13828: 13678: 13653: 10330:"Renowned mathematician Shiing-Shen Chern, who revitalized the study of geometry, has died at 93 in Tianjin, China" 7296: 7139: 3800: 3726:

that marked a major scientific breakthrough within the field of modern agricultural research. The physical chemist

2598: 12495: 4370:

Other research suggests a significant overlap between Yamato Japanese and the northern Han Chinese in particular.

14188: 14039: 13405: 12911: 11139: 8833: 6986: 4856: 3541: 3203: 3193:

frame. Every wing was also built around a central courtyard that was used for study, exercise or nature viewing.

3040: 2288: 1776:

Although study of this period of history is complicated by the absence of contemporary records, the discovery of

1284: 1267: 1197: 12046:"Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago" 11490:"Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago" 14211: 14092: 14029: 14004: 13890: 13643: 13045: 12980: 11808:"Uniparental Genetic Analyses Reveal the Major Origin of Fujian Tanka from Ancient Indigenous Daic Populations" 10523: 7622: 7507: 7032: 6954: 6708: 6669: 4434: 4394: 4336: 4152: 4116:

and a subsequent reduction in Christian influence in the country. Christianity grew considerably following the

3020: 2361: 2118:(476–221 BCE) periods. It was a period of significant cultural and philosophical diversification (known as the 1968: 1910: 1721: 1046: 505: 312: 9960: 8300: 7552:"Bifurcated Homeland and Diaspora Politics in China and Taiwan towards the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia" 7514: 7512: 7510: 14077: 14014: 13861: 13793: 13768: 13665: 13429: 12503: 11204: 10046: 9864: 8175: 7448: 4519: 4426: 4386: 4263: 3519: 3474: 3016: 2658: 2648: 2131: 1985:, "the magnificent Xia"), a term that was used ubiquitously throughout history to define the Chinese nation. 1960: 1303:, whose rebellion caused a fall in recorded numbers of Tang inhabitants from 53 million to 17 million people. 1251: 425: 326: 10128:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering

5916:

Leung, Genevieve Y.; Wu, Min-Hsuan (2012). "Linguistic landscape and heritage language literacy education".

4123:

The People's Republic of China government defined Chinese-speaking Muslims as a separate ethnic group, the "

2984:." Since the Qin dynasty, which standardized the various forms of writing that existed in China, a standard 2528:

rulers treated China as equivalent to both the Ming Empire and to the Han group. In 1644, the Ming capital,

2203:

This dynasty, sometimes phonetically spelt as the "Ch'in dynasty", has been proposed in the 17th century by

15243: 14100: 13823: 13613: 12367:"An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4" 12285:

Karafet, Tatiana; Hallmark, B; Cox, M.P.; Sudoyo, H; Downey, S; Lansing, J.S.; Hammer, M.F. (August 2010).

11208: 11112: 11019: 4020: 3832: 3731: 2823:

all have undergone thousands of years of development and growth, while numerous Chinese sites, such as the

2357: 2158: 2029:

used for divination – but the well-developed characters hint at a much earlier origin of writing in China.

1559: 829: 17: 10016: 8638: 6476: 13991: 13788: 13738: 13104: 11076: 8748:

Elliott, Mark C. (August 2000). "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies".

4685: 4651: 4101: 4100:

existed as early as the 7th century, Christianity did not gain a significant foothold in China until the

3535: 3366: 2992:. A simplified and elaborated version of this written standard was used in business contracts, notes for 2683: 2674: 1996:

and the Xia dynasty, but scholars could not reach a consensus regarding the reliability of such history.

1784:

to be identified along the Yellow River. Along the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River were the

1326:), which has served as a means to assert and acknowledge their ethnic and cultural origin and identity. 10554: 9617:

Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928

7027:. Vol. 13 of Critical perspectives on Asian Pacific Americans series. Rowman Altamira. p. 11. 6623:

From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia

3786:, and the "first pig-to-man islet-cell transplant in diabetic patients." The physician and physiologist 2487:

The next few centuries saw successive invasions of Han and non-Han peoples from the north. In 1279, the

683:

history, leading to a demographic and economic tilt towards the south, and to the absorption of various

14164: 14154: 14062: 14057: 13398: 13228: 12930: 11408:

Muslim Chinese : ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic. Gladney, Dru C. Cambridge, Mass,1996

8600: 5502: 5104: 4132: 3531: 3004: 2670: 2582: 2252: 2119: 1608: 798: 581: 463: 11045: 4721:(in Indonesian). Kewarganegaraan, suku bangsa, agama dan bahasa sehari-hari penduduk Indonesia. 2011. 2425: 13933: 13818: 13708: 12415: 12110:

Wen, B.; Li, H.; Lu, D.; Song, X.; Zhang, F.; He, Y.; Li, F.; Gao, Y.; et al. (September 2004).

10885: 10497: 10329: 9200:

The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America

9050:

The Triple Package: How Three Unlikely Traits Explain the Rise and Fall of Cultural Groups in America

5186: 5178: 5023: 4139:" under the Republic of China government. Bai Chongxi believed that "Hui" is an alternative name for 4113: 3871: 3824: 3735: 3662: 3507: 2319: 1607:

can be read as "a history of the Han Chinese," hinted and tinged with only passing references to its

1436: 484: 11298: 11108: 4234:-related peoples respectively, with Shaanxi Han inheriting 25.2% and 74.8% of their ancestries from 3635: 3307: 675:

people, a confederation of agricultural tribes that lived along the middle and lower reaches of the

15305: 14624: 13838: 13673: 12696: 12592: 10921: 10618: 8954: 8451: 6581:

Ritual Alliances of the Putian Plain. Volume One: Historical Introduction to the Return of the Gods

4060: 3462: 2879:

of distinguished authority, importance, responsibility, and power within the upper echelons of the

2792: 2644: 2346: 2111: 2064:, where a Chinese king and his soldiers ruled a non-Han population and mixed with locals, who were 1530: 1353: 724:" towards the adjacent and adjoining vicinities bordering the Zhou Kingdoms that were inhabited by 13783: 11313: 4747: 1466: 15168: 14523: 13871: 10925: 7897: 6397:

Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects

6194: 3962: 3764: 2905: 2860: 2662: 2350: 1408: 794: 13758: 10432:

Simon, Udo; Tjaden, Ekkehard-H.; Wefelscheid, Heinrich (2011). "Shiing-Shen Chern's Centenary".

7656: 7526: 7520: 7355: 7347: 5550: 5544: 5465:

Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c. 400 BCE–50 CE

4830:(Press release). PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines. Archived from 1280:

contributed to the movement. Jiangnan became the most populous and prosperous region of China.

15156: 14884: 14594: 14302: 14232: 14130: 14024: 13876: 13773: 13718: 12541:"mtDNA Polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with Special Reference to the Peopling of Japan" 5099: 4307: 4080: 3804: 2739: 2510: 2499:, seen as disloyal to ancestors and ancestral land, was banned by the Song and Yuan dynasties. 1829: 1521: 728: 289: 9817: 8673: 8109: 7255: 7213: 6902: 6860: 6776: 6698: 6618: 6579: 6426: 6318: 6156: 5765:

China: A History: From the Great Qing Empire through the People's Republic of China, 1644–2009

5615: 2491:

conquered all of China, becoming the first non-Han ethnic group to do so, and established the

14896: 14273: 13971: 13833: 13778: 13523: 13071: 12968: 12809:"Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations" 11718:"Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations" 10886:"Visions of Progress and Courage [Dr. Patrick Soon-Shiong — Medical Visionary Award]" 10771:"Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine" 10306: 9654: 9615: 9357: 7218:. Masters of Chinese Studies (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 194. 7064: 7022: 6944: 6818: 6737: 6659: 6357: 6279: 5657: 5136: 4831: 4171: 4097: 3955: 3942: 3891: 3787: 3783: 3718:, regarded as the "Father of Hybrid Rice" was famous for developing the world's first set of 3698: 3545: 3440: 3408: 3397: 3362: 3178: 3024: 2997: 2876: 2518: 2115: 1766: 1577:

over 1 million in Australia (5.6%) and about 1.5 million in Canada (5.1%), nearly 231,000 in

1471:

Nearly 30 to 40 million people of Han Chinese descent live in Southeast Asia. According to a

1440: 1390: 1386: 1129: 713: 246: 10976: 9856: 9572: 9316: 7333:: "Han Chinese 91.6%" out of a reported population of 1,384,688,986 billion (July 2018 est.) 6077: 5463: 15361: 15335: 15310: 14608: 14067: 13953: 13923: 13886: 13803: 13170: 12976: 12763: 12752:"Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago" 12705: 12601: 12236: 12126: 12057: 11665: 11564: 11501: 10828: 10657: 10467: 8800: 8570: 8485: 8409: 8350: 7687:"Chinese education companies scramble to teach Overseas Children to learn Chinese language" 6110: 6013: 4966: 4227: 4048: 4044: 3990: 3934: 3760: 3444: 3126:

throughout China have had certain traditionally prescribed roles, such as the family head (

2989: 2772: 2666: 2234: 2166: 1476: 1201: 1068: 837: 11361: 11344: 11272: 9473: 7323: 4773: 4565: 3073: 3023:. Although significant differences exist between the two character sets, they are largely 2988:

had emerged with vocabulary and grammar that was significantly different from the various

2835:. Since this program was launched in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by 2758:

captures the daily life of people from the Song dynasty at the capital, Bianjing, today's

2720:, who according to legend lived thousands of years ago and gave Han people the sobriquet " 1252:

First wave: Jin Dynasty - War of the Eight Princes and the Uprising of the Five Barbarians

1082: 8: 15277: 13713: 13233: 12499: 10233: 7713: 4012: 4002: 3938: 3914: 3879: 3875: 3836: 3803:

and is known for his pioneering work and significant contributions to the development of

3771: 3739: 3480: 2832: 2824: 2578: 2557: 2188: 2037: 1956: 1948: 1777: 1309: 12767: 12240: 12130: 12061: 11669: 11568: 11505: 10661: 8631:"Clayton D. Brown Research on Chinese History: Ethnology, Archaeology, and Han Identity" 8489: 8413: 8354: 6114: 6017: 15206: 15176: 15092: 14670: 14602: 14072: 13866: 13798: 13763: 13728: 13316: 12886: 12859: 12835: 12808: 12784: 12751: 12667: 12634: 12563: 12540: 12478: 12391: 12366: 12259: 12224: 12150: 12080: 12045: 11921: 11897: 11872: 11744: 11717: 11688: 11651: 11588: 11524: 11489: 11456: 11432:"Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation" 11431: 11366: 11177: 10955: 10795: 10770: 10746: 10721: 10449: 9988: 9933: 9411: 9384: 9130: 8773: 8765: 8433: 8373: 8338: 8090: 7756: 6134: 6036: 5999: 5972: 5947: 5247: 5239: 4903: 4648:"Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010 more information" 4127:". This was opposed by the Republic of China government and Muslim celebrities such as 3564: 3379: 2946: 2868: 2816: 2812: 2800: 2268: 2247: 2053: 2011: 1699: 1689: 1600: 1472: 1272: 1016:

regardless of their ethnic origins and does not necessary imply Han ancestry, the term

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The Governor General of Canada > Honours > Recipients > Thomas Ming Swi Chang

10646:"Energy efficiency with organic electronics: Ching W. Tang revisits his days at Kodak" 9953:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia: A linguistic and archaeological model" 2968:

In the Qing era, more than two-thirds of the Han Chinese population used a variant of

2581:

sentiment of the Han Chinese, which killed at least twenty million people and made it

2400:, which came to establish kingdoms of their own, the most successful of which was the 564: 15238: 15199: 15181: 14394: 14241: 13928: 13723: 13505: 13272: 13195: 13146: 13087: 13010: 13002: 12984: 12956: 12946: 12891: 12840: 12789: 12719: 12691: 12672: 12615: 12568: 12470: 12435: 12396: 12344: 12308: 12264: 12205: 12142: 12085: 11927: 11902: 11835: 11827: 11784: 11780: 11767:

McFadzean A.J.S., Todd D. (1971). "Cooley's anaemia among the tanka of South China".

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People of Han Chinese ancestry who possess foreign citizenship of a different country

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A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

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Critical Han Studies: The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority

12881: 12871: 12830: 12820: 12779: 12771: 12709: 12662: 12652: 12605: 12558: 12482: 12462: 12427: 12386: 12378: 12336: 12298: 12254: 12244: 12195: 12154: 12134: 12075: 12065: 11975: 11892: 11884: 11819: 11776: 11739: 11729: 11683: 11673: 11622: 11592: 11572: 11519: 11509: 11451: 11443: 11356: 10943: 10939: 10790: 10782: 10741: 10733: 10694: 10665: 10614: 10588: 10441: 9925: 9886: 9708: 9406: 9396: 9122: 8757: 8493: 8417: 8368: 8358: 8271: 8082: 7748: 7593: 7569: 6316: 6138: 6118: 6031: 6021: 5967: 5959: 5925: 5231: 5190: 5113: 4895: 4884:"The Chinese diaspora: The current distribution of the overseas Chinese population" 4223: 4089: 4085: 4064: 3970: 3930: 3867: 3723: 3607: 3553: 3522:, the first Chinese recipient of the esteemed international children's book prize. 3431: 3146:), who is in charge of the revenues. Because farmland was commonly bought, sold or 3064: 2969: 2924: 2918: 2880: 2848: 2844: 2820: 2796: 2784: 2709: 2636: 2284: 2170: 2087: 2045: 1807: 1796: 1762: 1604: 1590: 1571: 1517: 1216: 1077: 1013: 971: 931: 845: 790: 732: 716:

to elucidate the shared ethnicity of all Chinese; Chinese people called themselves

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An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China

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An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China

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Tigers, Rice, Silk, and Silt: Environment and Economy in Late Imperial South China

6265:

An Introduction to the Chinese Economy: The Driving Forces Behind Modern Day China

4539: 15293: 15267: 15228: 15143: 15110: 15097: 14848: 14766: 14407: 14358: 14256: 13608: 13594: 13535: 13306: 13294: 13260: 13190: 13141: 13121: 12610: 12587: 12510: 12287:"Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia" 12070: 11678: 11514: 11002: 10983: 10823: 9726: 9480: 8190: 7904: 7330: 7105: 7018: 6540: 6501: 6026: 4677: 4526: 4482: 4207: 4117: 4032: 3895: 3859: 3796: 3791: 3779: 3685: 3654: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3189:; some had a "sunroom" made with surrounding fabric and supported by a wooden or 3123: 2889: 2864: 2828: 2776: 2699: 2640: 2619: 2565: 2397: 2212: 2204: 2049: 1993: 1818: 1770: 1653: 1368: 1009: 725: 578: 411: 14106: 13265: 11611:"Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure" 8260:"Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure" 8086: 6359:

Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors

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Origin of Man in Southeast Asia 2: Early Dominant Peoples of the Mainland Region

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remains contentious, as the deterioration in ethnic relations has compounded by

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allowed the consolidation of a demographic Han majority in northeast China. The

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7414: 6355: 4994: 4529:: "Han Chinese 91.1%" out of a reported population of 1,416,043,270 (2024 est.) 4254:

Typical Y-DNA haplogroups of present-day Han Chinese include Haplogroup O-M95,

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of the Han people. It involves the worship of various extraordinary figures in

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of the Han Chinese since the culinary traditions and food consumed varies from

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Kinship, Contract, Community, And State: Anthropological Perspectives on China

8421: 8276: 8259: 6949:. Studies in Environment and History. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. 3688:, nicknamed the "First Lady of Physics" contributed to the development of the 2229: 15355: 15051: 15037: 15003: 14975: 14957: 14911: 14905: 14843: 14831: 14721: 14494: 14487: 14481: 14458: 14322: 14311: 13976: 13701: 13638: 13569: 13540: 13289: 13202: 13180: 13175: 13158: 12860:"The ChinaMAP analytics of deep whole genome sequences in 10,588 individuals" 11980: 11963: 11873:"The ChinaMAP analytics of deep whole genome sequences in 10,588 individuals" 11831: 10924:

began as a part of multi-organ transplants, in the mid-to-late 1960s, at the

10722:"Base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian genome" 10374: 9045: 8522: 8507: 8469: 8456:

10th International Conference on Evolutionary Linguistics, Nanjing University

7940: 6907:. Emerging Perspectives on Education in China. Lexington Books. p. 243. 5194: 4899: 4364: 4348: 4219: 4170:

over the past several millennia have engendered the emergence of the diverse

3743: 3727: 3715: 3706: 3615: 3174: 2993: 2893: 2525: 2103: 2015: 2005: 1922: 1841: 1712: 1596: 1513: 1240: 1224: 1038: 645: 477: 131: 12960: 12303: 12286: 12249: 12200: 12183: 11807: 9857:

Montgomery County Public Schools Foreign Language Department (August 2006).

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Nanjing: Historical Landscape and Its Planning from Geographical Perspective

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America's Changing Neighborhoods: An Exploration of Diversity through Places

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A PCA graph illustrates the genetic differences among Han Chinese subgroups.

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Such migratory waves were numerous and triggered by such events such as the

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movement in China today advocating that the culture be "re-Confucianized")

3136:), who represents the family to the outside world and the family manager ( 15058: 14997: 14985: 14980: 14950: 14821: 14686: 14638: 14558: 14548: 14543: 14425: 14364: 14347: 14335: 14328: 14317: 14180: 13686: 13574: 13513: 13481: 13476: 13335: 13250: 13092: 12382: 11077:"Discovered Human Growth Hormone: Choh Hao Li, 74; Endocrinologist at UC" 10698: 10670: 10645: 9712: 8902: 8220:

A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence

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East Asia At The Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement With The World

5117: 4458: 4418: 4215: 4128: 4056: 4036: 3918:, an allegorical image representing Buddhists, Confucianists, and Taoists 3812: 3719: 3638: 3619: 3595: 3587: 3567: 3515: 3150:, families were run like enterprises, with set rules for the allocation ( 2768: 2717: 2623: 2611: 2292: 2224: 2197: 2154: 2148: 2041: 2033: 2026: 1934: 1837: 1740: 1578: 1428: 1236: 1181: 1034: 833: 595: 343: 181: 44: 13037: 12138: 11576: 10977:

Thomas Chang, Professor of Physiology | About McGill – McGill University

9984:"'The Big Red Book of Modern Chinese Literature,' Edited by Yunte Huang" 9134: 7760: 6122: 4193: 3514:

also received the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 2015, children's writer

1751:

tribes then combined forces to defeat their common enemy from the east,

1020:

in its narrow, classical usages implies Central Plains or Han ancestry.

648:. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the 15260: 14991: 14936: 14917: 14872: 14791: 14776: 14693: 14659: 14652: 14576: 14281: 14250: 14136: 13733: 13696: 13530: 13354: 13255: 13153: 12554: 12525:

Poster: Preliminary Research on Hereditary Features of Yinxu Population

12466: 11964:"Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese" 11549: 11547: 11545: 11543: 9937: 9788: 8769: 8339:"Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan" 8152: 7173:

Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911

6619:"The Rise and Fall of Nestorianism in Quanzhou during the Yuan dynasty" 4299: 4239: 4124: 3947: 3650: 3603: 3575: 3561: 3499: 2901: 2687: 2654: 2533: 2496: 2264: 2256: 2162: 1668: 1643: 1244: 456: 282: 277: 238: 12714: 11871:

Cao Y, Li L, Xu M, Feng Z, Sun X, Lu J, et al. (September 2020).

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He C (November 2010). "Grand Challenge Commentary: RNA epigenetics?".

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The Reform and Abolition of the Traditional Chinese Examination System

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Y chromosome diversity in Singaporean Han Chinese population subgroups

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5243: 3634:(known as the "Godfather of Broadband" and "Father of Fiber Optics"); 14583: 14383: 14371: 14052: 13633: 13496: 13442: 13421: 12639: 11947:

Crawford, Dorothy H.; Rickinson, Alan; Johannessen, Ingolfur (2014).

10786: 9126: 8397: 7565: 7481:"The Paradox of Free Market Democracy: Rethinking Development Policy" 7381:"The Paradox of Free Market Democracy: Rethinking Development Policy" 6700:

Family Lineage Organization and Social Change in Ming and Qing Fujian

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Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions

7752: 7024:

Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions

3556:. The accomplishments and advancements of the Song dynasty polymath 2413:

rulers of Northern Wei ordered a policy of systematic sinicization,

2335: 1261:

Major nomadic groups involved in the Uprising of the Five Barbarians

14786: 14726: 14699: 13471: 13372: 13163: 12523: 11656: 10555:"Yuan Longping, Plant Scientist Who Helped Curb Famine, Dies at 90" 9952: 9916:

Eberhard, Wolfram (December 1965). "Chinese Regional Stereotypes".

9041: 8454:(27–28 October 2018). "Subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages". 7869:"2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights | Stats NZ" 7343: 6004: 5988: 5946:

Zhang, Feng; Su, Bing; Zhang, Ya-ping; Jin, Li (22 February 2007).

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Chinese civilization is one of the world's oldest and most complex

2669:. Today, the tension between the dominant Han Chinese majority and 2586: 2569: 2134:

are among the most important surviving philosophies from this era.

1828:). These cultures are believed to be related to the origins of the 1748: 1736: 1624: 1543: 1501: 1404: 1097: 519: 381: 121: 111: 12690:

Shi, Cheng-Min; Liu, Qi; Zhao, Shilei; Chen, Hua (21 March 2019).

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Zeng, Wen; Li, Jiawei; Yue, Hongbin; Zhou, Hui; Zhu, Hong (2013).

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Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

10050: 9655:"Chŭlăkantamangala: Or, The Tonsure Ceremony as Performed in Siam" 9495:

Chinese Clothing: Costumes, Adornments and Culture (Arts of China)

7176:. The Quantitative Economic History of China. BRILL. p. 154. 6854: 6852: 5936: 3908: 3751:

is notable for his work in discovering and deciphering reversible

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China's contemporary ethnic policies in favor of ethnic minorities

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During this time, areas of northern China were overrun by various

2215:

to be the etymological origin of the modern English word "China".

1395:

The vast majority of Han Chinese – over 1.2 billion – live in the

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Huang, Xiufeng; Xia, Zi-Yang; Bin, Xiaoyun; He, Guanglin (2022).

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Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018).

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Sovereignty and authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian modern

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The 1978 Wolf Prize in Physics inaugural recipient and physicist

3583: 3571: 3557: 3549: 3414: 3402: 3358: 3350: 3186: 3170: 3046: 2981: 2759: 2549: 2529: 2513:" and restoring Han people's China as a mission, established the 2488: 2409: 2405: 1493: 1412: 1256: 880:

Prior to the Han dynasty, ancient Chinese scholars used the term

561: 201: 161: 33: 11951:. Oxford University Press (published 14 March 2014). p. 98. 11386:

China's Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society

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Cohen, Myron L. (2005). "Late Imperial China and Its Legacies".

8156:. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 7207: 7205: 5876:

Hsu, Cho-yun; Lagerwey, John (2012). Y. S. Cheng, Joseph (ed.).

2417:, institutions, and culture, so the Xianbei became Han Chinese. 2060:

the descendants of Taibo in Wu – mirroring the later history of

1848:

Neolithic forebears of Sino-Tibetan and Chinese-speaking peoples

1334: 1172: 1134: 708:. The term "Huaxia" was used by the ancient Chinese philosopher 15130: 15023: 14801: 14761: 14731: 14709: 14614: 14341: 13486: 13359: 13027: 10074:

Technology and the City: Systems, Applications and Implications

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Traditional Chinese Clothing Costumes, Adornments & Culture

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