5049:
5752:
6857:
2533:
3281:
3411:
7218:
5227:
5215:
7418:
6506:
6525:
5438:
6481:
4344:
4730:
7505:
4714:
5033:
3161:
18910:
7330:
18798:
27675:
6987:
3267:
4890:
1881:
4336:
6865:
15066:
15018:
2966:
1602:
3754:
3427:
1561:
3114:), and breathwork. Instead, the school focused on using mental cultivation to return to the mind's original purity and clarity (which could become obscured by desires and emotions). Key figures of this school include Xu Xun, Liu Yu, Huang Yuanji, Xu Yi, and Liu Yuanran. Some of these figures taught at the imperial capital and were awarded titles. Their emphasis on practical ethics and self-cultivation in everyday life (rather than ritual or monasticism) made it very popular among the literati class.
2217:
6709:
4179:. The classic Daoist view is that humans are originally and naturally aligned with Tao, thus their original nature is inherently good. It emphasizes doing things that are natural, following the Tao, which is a cosmic force that flows through all things and binds and releases them. However, one can fall away from this due to personal habits, desires, and social conditions. Returning to one's nature requires active attunement through Daoist practice and ethical cultivation.
7676:
on the
Response of the Tao (T'ai-shang kan-ying p'ien). Li sparked a popular movement which focused on the everyday life of ordinary persons instead of on temples, monasteries and sages. At the core of this tradition is living in harmony with the Tao and with the Way of Heaven, which means acting with benevolence, kindness and compassion. Doing evil is considered a transgression against the way and this evil will be punished by deities, celestial ministers and judges.
3184:
26145:
24040:
6697:
5546:
2848:. Thus, according to Russell Kirkland, "in several important senses, it was really Lu Hsiu-ching who founded Taoism, for it was he who first gained community acceptance for a common canon of texts, which established the boundaries, and contents, of 'the teachings of the Tao' (Tao-chiao). Lu also reconfigured the ritual activities of the tradition, and formulated a new set of liturgies, which continue to influence Taoist practice to the present day."
24050:
6686:
2864:
5414:, this method "encourages openness to all sorts of stimuli and leads to a sense of free-flowing awareness. It often begins with the recognition of physical sensations and subtle events in the body but may also involve paying attention to outside occurrences." Guan is associated with deep listening and energetic sensitivity. The term most often refers to "inner observation" (neiguan), a practice that developed through Buddhist influence (see:
3594:
3892:
2690:
3232:(1966–1976), many Taoist priests were laicized and sent to work camps, and many Taoist sites and temples were destroyed or converted to secular use. This period saw an exodus of Taoists out of China. They immigrated to Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and to Europe and North America. Thus, the communist repression had the consequence of making Taoism a world religion by disseminating Taoists throughout the world.
5593:
18119:
25:
5150:(6) I will maintain harmony with my ancestors and family and never disregard my kin; (7) When I see someone do good, I will support him with joy and delight; (8) When I see someone unfortunate, I will support him with dignity to recover good fortune; (9) When someone comes to do me harm, I will not harbor thoughts of revenge; (10) As long as all beings have not attained the Dao, I will not expect to do so myself.
6963:
3300:(beginning in 1979) during which mainland China experienced increased religious freedom. This led to the restoration of many temples and communities, the publishing of Taoist literature and the preservation of Taoist material culture. Several Chinese intellectuals, like Hu Fuchen (Chinese Academy of Social Studies) and Liu Xiaogan (Chinese University of Hong Kong) have worked to developed a "New Daojia" (
3961:, the intellectual and emotional center (zhong) of a person. It is associated with the chest cavity, the physical heart as well as with emotions, thoughts, consciousness, and the storehouse of spirit (shen). When the heartmind is unstable and separated from the Tao, it is called the ordinary heartmind (suxin). On the other hand, the original heartmind (benxin) pervades Tao and is constant and peaceful.
3657:) of all people, a nature which is seen by Taoists as being ultimately good. In a naturalistic sense, the Tao as visible pattern, "the Tao that can be told", that is, the rhythmic processes and patterns of the natural world that can be observed and described. Thus, Kohn writes that Tao can be explained as twofold: the transcendent, ineffable, mysterious Tao and the natural, visible, and tangible Tao.
4140:
27687:
26132:
3619:) can mean way, road, channel, path, doctrine, or line. The Tao is a natural order that enables all things to exist and dominate every action, not so much through force as through a natural curvature of space and time. It is the origin and power of all creation - its essence is unknown, but it can be observed in its manifestation - this is behind the operation and change of nature.
2555:
4519:. In other cases, they are depicted as the ideal rulers which practice ruling through non-intervention and under which nations prosper peacefully. Sages are the highest humans, mediators between heaven and earth and the best guides on the Taoist path. They act naturally and simply, with a pure mind and with wuwei. They may have supernatural powers and bring good fortune and peace.
5397:). According to Louis Komjathy, this type of meditation "emphasizes emptiness and stillness; it is contentless, non-conceptual, and non-dualistic. One simply empties the heart-mind of all emotional and intellectual content." The texts of classical Taoism state that this meditation leads to the dissolution of the self and any sense of separate dualistic identity. Sima Chengzhen's
7252:. Quanzhen lineages are mainly monastic and ascetic tradition, based on meditation and internal cultivation, while the Orthodox Unity tradition is based on a lay priests (daoshi) who are expected to master an extensive ritual repertoire. These two traditions developed during the Song dynasty and grew to become recognized by the imperial government during late imperial China.
2627:, who was said to have had a vision of Laozi in 142 CE and claimed that the world was coming to an end. Zhang sought to teach people to repent and prepare for the coming cataclysm, after which they would become the seeds of a new era of great peace. It was a mass movement in which men and women could act as libationers and tend to the commoners. A related movement arose in
608:
5364:
5727:(c. CE 300) helped establish the text as an important source for Taoist thought. One traditional view is that a sage called Zhuang Zhou wrote the first seven chapters (the "inner chapters"), and his students and related thinkers were responsible for the other parts (the outer and miscellaneous chapters). However, some modern scholars, like Russell Kirkland, argue that
2202:; 'follower of Dao'), with the meaning of "Taoist" as "lay member or believer of Taoism", is a modern invention that goes back to the introduction of the Western category of "organized religion" in China in the 20th century, but it has no significance for most of Chinese society in which Taoism continues to be an "order" of the larger body of Chinese religion.
4016:
89:
3549:
associations include: Associacion de Taoism de España, Association
Francaise Daoiste, British Daoist Association, Daoist Foundation (San Diego, California), American Taoist and Buddhist Association (New York), Ching Chung Taoist Association (San Francisco), Universal Society of the Integral Way (Ni Hua-Ching), and Sociedade Taoista do Brasil.
2935:, "had frequent meetings with senior masters, ritual specialists, Taoist poets, and official patriarchs, such as Sima Chengzhen." He reorganized imperial rituals based on Taoist forms, sponsored Taoist shrines and monasteries, and introduced a separate examination system based on Taoism. Another important Taoist figure of the Tang dynasty was
4627:. The One then brought forth "the Two", the two energies yin and yang, which in turn merged in harmony to create the next level of existence, "the Three" (yin-yang combined), from which the myriad beings came forth. From original oneness, the world thus continued to move into ever greater states of distinction and differentiation.
2039:
of liturgical or explicitly supernatural character, used in contexts either of abstract metaphysics or of the ordinary conditions required for human flourishing. This distinction is still understood in everyday contexts among
Chinese people, and has been echoed by modern scholars of Chinese history and philosophy such as
3556:'s Healing Tao. While traditional Taoism initially arrived in the West through Chinese immigrants, more recently, Western run Taoist temples have also appeared, such as the Taoist Sanctuary in San Diego and the Dayuan Circle in San Francisco. Kohn notes that all of these centers "combine traditional ritual services with
3972:". Later Taoist sources also refer to it by other terms like "awakened nature" (wuxing), "original nature" (benxing), "original spirit" (yuanshen), and "scarlet palace". This pure heartmind is seen as being characterized by clarity and stillness (qingjing), purity, pure yang, spiritual insight, and emptiness.
7484:. The patriarch of this sect resides in Taiwan and this tradition performs numerous ceremonies which are often sponsored by the Taiwanese government. The training for Zhengyi priesthood, who are not celibate, focuses mainly on learning extensive rituals and liturgy, so that they can perform them flawlessly.
7683:
Karmic Taoism is a nonsectarian tradition adopted by many Taoist sects. The Laozu
Treatise on the Response of the Tao is studied in Quanzhen Taoism, Hsien-t'ien Tao and in the Wu-Liu sect. All major schools of Taoism view ethics as the foundation for spirituality. Furthermore, there are those who are
5742:
uses anecdotes, parables, and dialogues to express one of its main themes—avoiding cultural constructs and instead living in a spontaneous way aligned with the natural world. This way of living might be perceived as "useless" by most people who follow their own "common sense" and social and political
3809:
To attain naturalness, one has to identify with the Tao and flow with its natural rhythms as expressed in oneself. This involves freeing oneself from selfishness and desire, and appreciating simplicity. It also involves understanding one's nature and living in accordance with it, without trying to be
2961:
The Song era saw new scriptures and new movements of ritualists and Taoist rites, the most popular of which were the
Thunder Rites (leifa). The Thunder rites were protection and exorcism rites that evoked the celestial department of thunder, and they became central to the new Heavenly Heart (Tianxin)
2322:
formulated many of their precepts, including the quest for "long life". Traditionally, the Yellow
Emperor's founding of Taoism was said to have been because he "dreamed of an ideal kingdom whose tranquil inhabitants lived in harmonious accord with the natural law and possessed virtues remarkably like
2132:
embedded into
Chinese history and tradition, while also assuming many different "forms of philosophy and practical wisdom". Chung-ying Cheng also noted that the Taoist view of 'heaven' mainly from "observation and meditation, the teaching of can also include the way of heaven independently of human
7679:
These ideas are quite ancient, the
Taiping Jing (Scripture of Great Peace) states: "accumulate good deeds, and prosperity will come to you from the Tao". Besides wealth and prosperity, Karmic Taoism also believes that doing good increases longevity, while doing evil decreases it. Another common idea
5079:
reject animal sacrifice. Sacrifices to the deities remains a key element of Taoist rituals however. There are various kinds of Taoist rituals, which may include presenting offerings, scripture reading, sacrifices, incantations, purification rites, confession, petitions and announcements to the gods,
3940:
Taoism does not identify one's will as the root problem. Rather, it asserts that one must place their will in harmony with the natural way of the universe. Thus, a potentially harmful interference may be avoided, and in this way, goals can be achieved effortlessly. "By wu-wei, the sage seeks to come
2599:
are important sources from this period. An unorganized form of Taoism was popular in the Han dynasty that syncretized many preexisting forms in multiple ways for different groups existed during a rough span of time throughout the 2nd century BCE. Also during the Han, the earliest extant commentaries
2038:
is an ancient, deeply-rooted one. Taoism is a positive philosophy that aims for the holistic unification of an individual's reality with everything that is not only real but also valuable, encompassing both the natural world and society. The earliest references to 'the Tao' per se are largely devoid
7675:
Karmic Taoism, or "Action and Karma Taoism", according to Wong, focuses on ethics and is grounded in the idea that the sacred celestial powers aid and reward those who do good and punish those who do evil. This tradition can be traced back to Song dynasty Taoist Li Ying-chang and his Laozu
Treatise
7542:
of jing, qi and shen), which become dissipated, weak and lost as we age. To prevent this and to increase our inner vital energies, one must practice various methods of "internal alchemy" (neidan) to harmonize the internal energy in one's body and refine the "golden elixir" (jindan) inside the body.
6572:
Taoist temples may fly square or triangular flags. They typically feature mystical writing, talismans, or diagrams and are intended to fulfill various functions including providing guidance for the spirits of the dead, bringing good fortune, increasing life span, etc. Other flags and banners may be
4943:
and see humans as an important class of things in the world. However, in most Taoist views humans were not held to be especially important in comparison to other aspects of the world and Taoist metaphysics that were seen as equally or more special. Similarly, some
Taoists had similar views on their
4915:
Some key elements of Taoist practice include a commitment to self-cultivation, wu wei, and attunement to the patterns of the Tao.The practice of Taoism seeks to develop the body back to its original level of energy and restore it to its original state of creation. The body is no longer just a means
3623:
describes the Tao as "the underlying cosmic power which creates the universe, supports culture and the state, saves the good and punishes the wicked. Literally 'the way', Tao refers to the way things develop naturally, the way nature moves along and living beings grow and decline in accordance with
7429:
and devotion towards various celestial deities and spirits. The basic belief of ceremonial Taoism is that through various rites, human beings can honor the deities and these deities may then grant them with power, protection and blessings. Rituals and festivals can include chanting, offerings, and
6548:
are important symbols in Taoism because they represent key elements of Taoist cosmology (see above). Many Taoist (as well as non-Taoist) organizations make use of these symbols, and they may appear on flags and logos, temple floors, or stitched into clerical robes. What has become the standardised
3915:
carries the meaning of "there is no ..." or "lacking, without". Common translations are nonaction, effortless action, action without intent, noninterference and nonintervention. The meaning is sometimes emphasized by using the paradoxical expression "wei wu wei": action without action. Kohn writes
14277:
The taiji diagram (taiji tu) first appeared in a Taoist context at the beginning of the Song dynasty (960-1279). Several Song sources state that it originated with the Taoist Chen Tuan (c. 906-989), although Isabelle Robinet has shown that an antecedent for the diagram appeared in the work of the
5647:
is "actually a multi-vocal anthology consisting of a variety of historical and textual layers; in certain respects, it is a collection of oral teachings of various members of the inner cultivation lineages." Meanwhile, Russell Kirkland argues that the text arose out of "various traditions of oral
4951:
Throughout the history of Taoism, mountains have occupied a special place for Taoist practice. They are seen as sacred spaces and as the ideal places for Taoist cultivation and Taoist monastic or eremitic life, which may include "cloud wandering" (yunyou) in the mountains and dwelling in mountain
4658:
and organs). Qi is in constant transformation between its condensed state (life) and diluted state (potential). These two different states of qi are embodiments of yin and yang, two complementary forces that constantly play against and with each other and where one cannot exist without the other.
4637:, which applies to various sets of complementary ideas: bright – dark, light – heavy, soft – hard, strong – weak, above – below, ruler – minister, male – female, and so on. Cosmically, these two forces exist in mutual harmony and interdependence. Yin and yang are further divided into five phases (
4534:) with Tao. This is the main goal that all Daoist practices are aiming towards and can be felt in various ways, such as a sense of psychosomatic vitality and aliveness as well as stillness and a "true joy" (zhenle) or "celestial joy" that remains unaffected by mundane concerns like gain and loss.
3351:
Taoist institutions are state-owned, monastics are paid by the government, several bureaus compete for revenues and administrative power, and training centers require courses in Marxism as preparation for full ordination. Still, temple compounds are growing on the five sacred mountains, on Taoist
7270:
Taoism is one of the oldest systems of Taoism and its practices are similar to the shamans and sorcerers of ancient China. Magical Taoism believes there are various natural powers, deities and spirits (benevolent and malevolent) in the universe that can be made use of by specialists who know the
5300:
Another key longevity method is "ingestion", which focuses on what one absorbs or consumes from one's environment and is seen as affecting what one becomes. Diatectics, closely influenced by Chinese medicine, is a key element of ingestion practice, and there are numerous Taoist diet regimens for
2160:; 'master of the Tao'), thus strictly defining the priests of Taoism, ordained clergymen of a Taoist institution who "represent Taoist culture on a professional basis", are experts of Taoist liturgy, and therefore can employ this knowledge and ritual skill for the benefit of a community.
16854:
Napier, Nancy K.; Pham, Hiep-Hung; Nguyen, Ha; Nguyen, Hong Kong; Ho, Manh-Toan; Vuong, Thu-Trang; Cuong, Nghiem Phu Kien; Bui, Quang-Khiem; Nhue, Dam; La, Viet-Phuong; Ho, Tung; Vuong, Quan Hoang (4 March 2018). "'Cultural additivity' and how the values and norms of Confucianism, Buddhism, and
7437:
There is a complex and large pantheon in Taoism. It includes various deities classified into various ranks within an administrative structure, at the top of which are the celestial lords (t'ien-tsun). These include judges, heralds, officers, generals, clerks and messengers. The main division is
7433:
There are various kinds of festivals in Ceremonial Taoism, including "Great Services" (chai-chiao) and Ritual Gatherings (fa-hui) that can last for days and can focus on repentance, rainmaking, disaster aversion or petitioning. There are feast days which honor specific deities. 164 Funerals and
2330:
Afterwards, Taoism developed and grew into two sects; One is Zhengyi Taoism, which mainly focuses on spells, and the other is Quanzhen Taoism, which mainly focuses on practicing inner alchemy. Overall, traditional Taoist thought, content, and sects are varied, reflecting the ideal of "absorbing
7060:
practitioners and scholars, especially Chan Buddhists. On the other hand, Taoism also incorporated Buddhist elements during the Tang dynasty. Examples of such influence include monasteries, vegetarianism, prohibition of alcohol, the doctrine of emptiness, and collecting scripture in tripartite
6609:
celestials as emerging from the glint of light off of a pearl that existed "in the mists of chaos" and trapped in an endless cycle where they continually retrieve the pearl that makes them out of the mists. Some Internal Alchemy Taoists worshipped mercury as "divine water" and an embodiment of
2523:
Early Taoists studied the natural world in attempts to find what they thought were supernatural laws that governed existence. Taoists created scientific principles that were the first of their kind in China, and the belief system has been known to merge scientific, philosophical, and religious
5510:). Internal alchemy (neidan, literally: "internal elixir"), which focuses on the transformation and increase of qi in the body, developed during the late imperial period (especially during the Tang) and is found in almost all Taoist schools today, though it is most closely associated with the
5482:
practices, which include rituals, meditations, exercises, and the creation of various alchemical substances. The goals of alchemy include physical and spiritual transformation, aligning oneself spiritually with cosmic forces, undertaking ecstatic spiritual journeys, improving physical health,
3660:
Dao is a process of reality itself, a way for things to gather together while still changing. All of these reflect the deep-rooted belief of the Chinese people that change is the most fundamental characteristic of things. In the Book of Changes, this pattern of change is symbolized by numbers
2087:
state that "Taoism has never been a unified religion, and has constantly consisted of a combination of teachings based on a variety of original revelations." The distinction is fraught with hermeneutic difficulties when attempting to categorize different schools, sects, and movements. Russell
2074:
themselves, nor the early secondary sources written about them, put forward any particular supernatural ontology. Nonetheless, that religious Taoism emerged from a synthesis of folk religion with philosophical Taoist precepts is clear. The earlier, naturalistic was employed by pre-Han and Han
2078:
However, this distinction has been challenged or rejected by some scholars of religion, often those from a Western or Japanese background, who often use distinct interpretive models and techniques. This point of view characterizes the religious and philosophical characteristics of the Taoist
7806:
as the three gods Tianyi, Diyi, and "the Taiyi". These beings were varyingly interpreted as relatively simple heavenly, earthly, and all-purpose gods respectively, the "supreme deity" (an intangible god that represented the mind of the Tao), "his disciple", the Lord Tao (a more physical god
3548:
and culture. This is because, for most traditional Taoists, the religion is not seen as separate from Chinese ethnicity and culture. As such, most Western convert Taoist groups are led either by Chinese teachers or by teachers who studied with Chinese teachers. Some prominent Western Taoist
7790:
was written, many Taoists told stories and legends about heroes "whose bodies had been rendered invulnerable". This could be achieved by making contact with "dragon's blood" or a river in the afterlife, or drinking the "waters of the 'Well of Life' and eating the 'fungus of immortality'".
13728:. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in Guodian, Jingmen city, Hubei province, has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the
3645:
describes the Tao as an "ontological ground" and as "the One, which is natural, spontaneous, eternal, nameless, and indescribable. It is at once the beginning of all things and the way in which all things pursue their course." The Tao is thus an "organic order", which is not a willful or
4529:
The sages as thus because they have attained the primary goal of Taoism: a union with the Tao and harmonization or alignment with its patterns and flows. This experience is one of being attuned to the Tao and to our own original nature, which already has a natural capacity for resonance
2491:
and his followers insisted they were the heirs of ancient traditions and the ways of life of by-then legendary kingdoms. Pre-Taoist philosophers and mystics whose activities may have influenced Taoism included shamans, naturalists skilled in understanding the properties of plants and
3956:
In Taoism, one's innate or fundamental nature (xing) is ultimately the Tao expressing or manifesting itself as an embodied person. Innate nature is connected with one's heartmind (xin), which refers to consciousness, the heart, and one's spirit. The focus of Taoist psychology is the
6765:
is near to 950 million, which is 70% of Chinese. Among these, 173 million (13%) claim an affiliation with Taoist practices. 12 million people stated that they were "Taoists", a term traditionally used exclusively for initiates, priests, and experts of Taoist rituals and methods.
4322:
into its religious ethical system. Medieval Taoist thought developed the idea that ethics was overseen by a celestial administration that kept records of people's actions and their fate, as well as handed out rewards and punishments through particular celestial administrators.
2467:
were philosophically close to the School of Naturalists and relied greatly on astrological and calendrical speculations in their divinatory activities. Female shamans played an important role in the early Taoist tradition, which was particularly strong in the southern state of
4641:, or five materials): minor yang, major yang, yin/yang, minor yin, major yin. Each of these correlates with a specific substance: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water respectively. This schema is used in many different ways in Taoist thought and practice, from nourishing life (
2248:
meditation as a way of achieving union with the Tao. According to Louis Komjathy, their worldview "emphasized the Dao as sacred, and the universe and each individual being as a manifestation of the Dao." These communities were also closely related to and intermixed with the
14460:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
14427:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
14397:
Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.).
4686:(mainly seen as Lord Lao), representing order and creativity. Taoist cosmology influences Taoist soteriology, which holds that one can "return to the root" (guigen) of the universe (and of ourselves), which is also the Tao—the impersonal source (yuan) of all things.
1816:
were immortal beings with vast supernatural powers, also describing a principled, moral person. Since Taoist thought is syncretic and deeply rooted in Chinese culture for millennia, it is often unclear which denominations should be considered "Taoist". The status of
4855:
Different branches of Taoism often have differing pantheons of lesser deities, where these deities reflect different notions of cosmology. Lesser deities also may be promoted or demoted for their activity. Some varieties of popular Chinese religion incorporate the
7258:
There are also various smaller Taoist groups and traditions of practice. Eva Wong divides the major "systems" of Taoism into the following categories: Magical Taoism, Divinational Taoism, Ceremonial Taoism, Internal-Alchemical Taoism and Action and Karma Taoism.
4916:
of living in harmony in the world, it is itself a universe. Most Taoists throughout history have agreed on the importance of self cultivation through various practices, which were seen as ways to transform oneself and integrate oneself to the deepest realities.
4062:"human life is the accumulation of qi; death is its dispersal." Everyone has some amount of qi and can gain and lose qi in various ways. Therefore, Taoists hold that through various qi cultivation methods they can harmonize their qi, and thus improve health and
7400:
Contemporary divinational Taoism is practiced in temples and monasteries by various individuals and may not be sect specific (it is even practiced by non-daoists). This Taoist practice can be found in the Mao-shan sorcerers, the Celestial Masters sect and the
2883:(the teaching of the Tao). The Tang was the height of Taoist influence, during which Taoism, led by the Patriarch of Supreme Clarity, was the dominant religion in China. According to Russell Kirkland, this new Taoist synthesis had its main foundation in the
2838:; Mystery (Dongxuan), associated with Lingbao; and Spirit (Dongshen), associated with the Supreme Clarity tradition. Lu Xiujing also used this schema to arrange the Taoist scriptures and Taoist deities. Lu Xiujing worked to compile the first edition of the
2104:) is a modern Chinese construction largely rooted in earlier Chinese literati, European colonialist, and Protestant missionary interpretations. Contemporaneous Neo-Confucianists, for example, often self-identify as Taoist without partaking in any rituals.
5346:
regulated the body and bodily functions through a bureaucratic system "modeled after the Chinese system of government". Death occurs only when these gods leave, but life can be extended by meditating while visualizing them, doing good deeds, and avoiding
5514:. There are many systems of internal alchemy with different methods such as visualization and breathwork. In the late Imperial period, neidan developed into complex systems that drew on numerous elements, including: classic Taoist texts and meditations,
5406:
Concentration meditation, focusing the mind on one theme, like the breath, a sound, a part of the body (like one of the dantiens), a diagram or mental image, a deity etc. A subset of this is called "guarding the one", which is interpreted in different
2825:
During the sixth century, Taoists attempted to unify the various traditions into one integrated Taoism that could compete with Buddhism and Confucianism. To do this they adopted the schema known as the "three caverns", first developed by the scholar
2107:
In contrast, Komjathy characterizes Taoism as "a unified religious tradition characterized by complexity and diversity.", arguing that historically, none of these terms were understood according to a bifurcated 'philosophy' versus 'religion' model.
3805:
refers to the fact that "there is thus no ultimate cause to make things what they are. The universe exists by itself and of itself; it is existence just as it is. Nothing can be added or substracted from it; it is entirely sufficient upon itself."
13721:
research. The manuscripts, identified simply as "A" (jia) and "B" (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 B.C. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the "A" manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195
7192:
has been made by several authors, such as Martin Aronson, and Toropov & Hansen (2002), who believe that there are parallels that should not be ignored. In the opinion of J. Isamu Yamamoto, the main difference is that Christianity preaches a
7082:
philosophy emphasizing moral behavior and human perfection. In time, most Chinese people identified to some extent with all three traditions simultaneously. This became institutionalized when aspects of the three schools were synthesized in the
4221:
neutrally. However, some of the movements that were dour or skeptical about human nature did not believe that evil is permanent and believed that evil people can become good. Korean Daoists tended to think extremely positively of human nature.
5663:
is not organized in any clear fashion and is a collection of different sayings on various themes. The leading themes of the Tao Te Ching revolve around the nature of Tao, how to attain it and De, the inner power of Tao, as well as the idea of
5048:
5933:, a 4th-century BCE text that describes self-cultivation, meditation, how to work with qi', and how to train one's heart-mind (xin) as well as one's body. The ideas found in this text influenced later Taoist conceptions of internal alchemy.
6908:
represents the different regions, dialects, and time spans that are commonly associated with Taoism. Ancient Taoist art was commissioned by the aristocracy; however, scholars masters and adepts also directly engaged in the art themselves.
3953:. As Russell Kirkland writes, Taoists "generally assume that one's 'self' cannot be understood or fulfilled without reference to other persons, and to the broader set of realities in which all persons are naturally and properly embedded."
1649:). Although Taoism has no simple definitions, possible translations of Tao include 'way', 'road', and 'technique'. Taoist thought has informed the development of various practices within the Taoist tradition and beyond, including forms of
5735:).Zhuangzi also introduced seven versions of the meeting between Laozi and Confucius. Laozi is portrayed as growing old, and his Taoist teachings confuse his famous interlocutors. Zhuangzi also provides the only record of Laozi's death.
6827:. Organized Taoism seems not to have attracted a large non-Chinese following until modern times. In Taiwan, 7.5 million people, 33% of the population, identify themselves as Taoists. Data collected in 2010 for religious demographics of
4947:
According to Louis Komjathy, Taoist practice is a diverse and complex subject that can include "aesthetics, art, dietetics, ethics, health and longevity practice, meditation, ritual, seasonal attunement, scripture study, and so forth."
7636:
Much like Taoists who see writings made by influential members of their faith as having a divine nature, some Taoists view self-cultivation as a way for emotions and self to partake in divinity, and a smaller subset of these view some
5297:, are practiced by Taoists as methods of cultivating health and longevity as well as eliciting internal alchemical transformations. However, these methods are not specifically Taoist and are often practiced outside of Taoist contexts.
3632:
According to Komjathy, the Tao has four primary characteristics: "(1) Source of all existence; (2) Unnamable mystery; (3) All-pervading sacred presence; and (4) Universe as cosmological process." As such, Taoist thought can be seen as
2088:
Kirkland writes that "most scholars who have seriously studied Taoism, both in Asia and in the West" have abandoned this "simplistic dichotomy". Louis Komjathy writes that this is an untenable misconception because "the association of
4200:
was widely viewed by Taoists as a holy land because of influence from the Chinese public that viewed being born in China as a privilege and that outsiders were enemies. Preserving a sense of "Chineseness" in the country and rewarding
14668:; Murray, Daniel M., and James Miller. "TRADUÇAO: A Sociedade Taoísta do Brasil e a globalizaçao do Taoismo da Ortodoxia Unitária." Religare: Revista Do Programa De Pós Graduaç Ao Em Ciências Das Religi Oes Da Ufpb 12 (2016): 315–43.
7783:. In some Taoist sects, the Tao was the primary thing that was venerated and beings that would be gods in other sects were merely treated as supernatural beings similar to gods who could only act in accordance with the Tao's wishes.
4919:
Communal rituals are important in most Taoist traditions, as are methods of self-cultivation. Taoist self-cultivation practices tend to focus on the transformation of the heartmind together with bodily substances and energies (like
2507:
Significant movements in early Taoism disregarded the existence of gods, and many who believed in gods thought they were subject to the natural law of the Tao, in a similar nature to all other life. Roughly contemporaneously to the
7666:
Much of Taoism in general is about cleanliness in some way and involves free thinking, as well as rejecting the gratification of the senses, in order to purify oneself to make the mind like "the sky", "sun", and nature in general.
5427:
Visualization (cunxiang) of various mental images, including deities, cosmic patterns, the lives of saints, various lights in the bodies organs, etc. This method is associated with the Supreme Clarity school, which first developed
1775:. While Taoism and Confucianism often developed in a manner informed by the significant differences between the two traditions, they are not understood to be incompatible or mutually exclusive. The relationship between Taoism and
7662:
Hygiene Taoism is a Taoist tradition meant to increase life and "physical and mental harmony". Some Taoists from the "Hygiene School" believed that they could survive only on their own breath and saliva to purify their bodies.
2256:
Other scholars, like Russell Kirkland, argue that before the Han dynasty, there were no real "Taoists" or "Taoism". Instead, there were various sets of behaviors, practices, and interpretative frameworks (like the ideas of the
3315:, which saw a surge in the popularity of Qigong practice throughout China. During this period many new Taoist and Taoist influenced religions sprung up, the most popular being those associated with Qigong, such as Zangmigong (
2777:(960–1279) and focused on scriptural recitation and the use of talismans for harmony and longevity. The Lingbao school practiced purification rituals called "purgations" in which talismans were empowered. Lingbao also adopted
7495:
sect, though these schools understand ritual as mainly a way to develop internal alchemy. During the Song dynasty, a popular form of ceremonial Taoism was the Thunder Rites (leifa), which focused on exorcism and protection.
7349:
techniques to help one predict the future and live accordingly. This practice can also carry deeper spiritual significance, since it can help one appreciate the flux of the Tao. This form of Taoism owes much to the ancient
4326:
In its original form, the religion does not involve political affairs or complex rituals; on the contrary, it encourages the avoidance of public responsibility and the search for a vision of a spiritual transcendent world.
7056:, distrust of scripture and text, and emphasis on embracing "this life" and living in the "every-moment". Zhuangzi's statements that the Tao was omnipresent and that creation escorts animals and humans to death influenced
3992:
The cultivation of innate nature is often associated with the practice of stillness (jinggong) or quiet meditation, while the cultivation of life-destiny generally revolves around movement based practices (dongong) like
3929:, proposes that the universe works harmoniously according to its own ways. When someone exerts their will against the world in a manner that is out of rhythm with the cycles of change, they may disrupt that harmony and
7554:
forces internally to achieve immortality." A term used by some Taoists that sums up traditions that do not use these practices is "singular path". Most traditions follow the "singular path". These include the Longmen
3740:
sense, as well as to a higher spontaneous kind of sagely virtue or power that comes from following the Tao and practicing wu-wei. Thus, it is a natural expression of the Tao's power and not anything like conventional
3793:") is regarded as a central concept and value in Taoism and as a way of flowing with the Tao. It describes the "primordial state" of all things as well as a basic character of the Tao, and is usually associated with
1829:. Though generally lacking motivation for strong hierarchies, Taoist philosophy has often served as a theoretical foundation for politics, warfare, and Taoist organizations. Taoist secret societies precipitated the
7779:. Some Taoists chose not to worship beings they saw as gods, and only worshipped guardian spirits or "celestials", such as devas, various kinds of beings occupying heaven, members of the celestial bureaucracy, and
5330:
fields" that represented a higher level of reality or a spiritual kind of cinnabar that does not exist in normal reality. A method of meditation used by these Taoists was "visualizing light" that was thought to be
4147:. When some officials came to offer Zhuang zhou a job at court, he replied he preferred to continue to live a life of solitary simplicity, like a turtle who prefers to live in the mud than to be displayed at court.
4131:. Some Taoists viewed ancestors as merely corpses that were improperly revered and respect for the dead as irrelevant and others within groups that followed these beliefs viewed almost all traditions as worthless.
6560:
are more ancient symbols for yin and yang respectively, and these two animals are still widely used in Taoist art. Taoist temples in southern China and Taiwan may often be identified by their roofs, which feature
4975:
One of the earliest schemas for Taoist practice was the "nine practices" or "nine virtues" (jiǔxíng 九行), which were taught in the Celestial Masters school. These were drawn from classic Taoist sources, mainly the
5322:(often 36,000), gods who were likely thought of as at least somewhat mental in nature because of the word's other meaning of consciousness, that could be communed with by doing various methods to manipulate the
2653:
Another important early Taoist movement was Taiqing (Great Clarity), which was a tradition of external alchemy (weidan) that sought immortality through the concoction of elixirs, often using toxic elements like
6273:
and has become a popular morality tract in the last few centuries. It asserts that those in harmony with Tao will live long and fruitful lives. The wicked, and their descendants, will suffer and have shortened
3628:
begins with: "The Tao that can be told is not eternal Tao." Likewise, Louis Komjathy writes that the Tao has been described by Taoists as "dark" (xuan), "indistinct" (hu), "obscure" (huang), and "silent" (mo).
3152:. The Longmen school synthesized the Quanzhen and neidan teachings with the Chan Buddhist and Neo-Confucian elements that the Jingming tradition had developed, making it widely appealing to the literati class.
1729:—widely regarded as the fundamental texts of Taoist philosophy—were largely composed. They form the core of a body of Taoist writings accrued over the following centuries, which was assembled by monks into the
5393:, where it is termed "fasting the heartmind" (xinzhai). This practice is also variously termed "embracing the one" (baoyi), "guarding the one" (shouyi), "quiet sitting" (jingzuo), and "sitting forgetfulness" (
4697:
organs. Another common belief is that there are various gods that reside in human bodies. As a consequence, it is believed that a deeper understanding of the universe can be achieved by understanding oneself.
2243:
Scholars like Harold Roth argue that early Taoism was a series of "inner-cultivation lineages" of master-disciple communities. According to Roth, these practitioners emphasized a contentless and nonconceptual
2124:. Komjathy notes that the earliest Taoist texts also "reveal a religious community composed of master-disciple lineages", and therefore, that "Taoism was a religious tradition from the beginning." Philosopher
7255:"Some sects are concerned with the ritual control of spirits and the cosmic currents of yin and yang; others specialize in inner disciplines of meditation or breath control and mind-body exercise regimes."
15492:
4212:
Foreigners who joined these Taoist sects were made to repent for their sins in another life that caused them to be born "in the frontier wilds" because of Buddhist ideas of reincarnation coming into their
1917:, much like the English "dow". One authority calls the pronunciation with a <t> as in "tie" to be a "mispronunciation" originally caused by the "clumsy Wade-Giles system," which misled most readers.
4055:– "psychosomatic transmutation" or "internal alchemy"). Taoist physical cultivation rely on purifying and transforming the body's qi (vital breath, energy) in various ways such as dieting and meditation.
2075:
thinkers, and continued to be used well into the Song, including among those who explicitly rejected cults, both private and state-sanctioned, that were often either labeled or self-identified as Taoist.
1905:
romanization system, which until the late 20th century was predominant in English-speaking countries and remains in use for certain terms with strongly established spellings. "Dao" is the spelling in the
7680:
in this group of Taoist traditions is that there deities, like the Kitchen Lord, who monitor our actions and report to Heaven and the Jade Emperor (who tallies them and metes out punishment and reward).
7798:
often worshipped local gods, Buddhist gods and devas, and Taoist gods simultaneously, and this population included a significant amount of the Taoists who have ever worshipped devas throughout history.
3488:
and in "popular Western Taoism", a kind of popularized hybrid spirituality. According to Louis Komjathy, this "popular Western Taoism" is associated with popular translations and interpretations of the
7430:
the reading of scripture. These rites are mostly performed by ritual masters who have trained extensively for this role and who may, through their mastery of ritual, intercede on behalf of laypersons.
6465:
generally do not consult published versions of the Daozang, but individually choose or inherit texts included in the Daozang. These texts have been passed down for generations from teacher to student.
4387:
and physical matter were thought of as being the same in a way held together by the microcosm of the spirits of the human body and the macrocosm of the universe itself, represented and embodied by the
2145:
Traditionally, the Chinese language does not have terms defining lay people adhering to the doctrines or the practices of Taoism, who fall instead within the field of folk religion. Taoist, in Western
17215:
3552:
Particularly popular in the West are groups that focus on internal martial arts like Taijiquan, as well as qigong and meditation. A smaller set of groups also focus around internal alchemy, such as
1939:
Firstly, a term encompassing a family of organized religious movements that share concepts and terminology from Taoist philosophy—what can be specifically translated as 'the teachings of the Tao', (
6569:(with the phoenix also standing for yin) made from multicolored ceramic tiles. In general though, Chinese Taoist architecture lacks universal features that distinguish it from other structures.
3875:; 'uncut wood'), the "uncarved log", which represents the "original nature... prior to the imprint of culture" of an individual. It is usually referred to as a state one may return to.
5626:. Authorship, precise date of origin, and even unity of the text are still subject of debate and will probably never be known with certainty. The earliest manuscripts of this work (written on
5339:
or believed in the existence of instead. The light was then channeled through the three cinnabar fields, forming a "microcosmic orbit" or through the hands and feet for a "macrocosmic orbit".
4654:(vital air, subtle breath), which is seen as a force that circulates throughout the universe and throughout human bodies (as both air in the lungs and as a subtle breath throughout the body's
4196:
or "barbarians", and some of these thought of foreigners as people who do not feel "human feelings" and who never live out the correct norms of conduct until they became Taoist. At this time,
3041:
tradition properly developed in Southern China among Taoists of the Chang clan. This liturgically focused tradition would continue to be supported by later emperors and survives to this day.
1603:
5731:
is actually the creator of the 33-chapter Zhuangzi text and that there is no solid historical data for the existence of Zhuang Zhou himself (other than the sparse and unreliable mentions in
3106:
The Ming era saw the rise of the Jingming ("Pure Illumination") school to prominence, which merged Taoism with Buddhist and Confucian teachings and focused on "purity, clarity, loyalty and
4603:—the universe is seen as being in constant change, with various forces and energies (qi) affecting each other in different complex patterns. Taoist cosmology shares similar views with the
1562:
7654:, parts of the celestial hierarchy, metaphorical ideals that people should strive to be like, reclusive Taoist masters who know how to control and harness spiritual energies or shamans.
3225:. A key Taoist figure during this period was Chen Yingning (1880–1969). He was a key member of the early Chinese Taoist Association and wrote numerous books promoting Taoist practice.
17246:
4058:
According to Livia Kohn, qi is "the cosmic energy that pervades all. The concrete aspect of Tao, qi is the material force of the universe, the basic stuff of nature." According to the
3028:
who ended up making him the leader of all Chinese religions as well as exempting Quanzhen institutions from taxation. Another important Quanzhen figure was Zhang Boduan, author of the
15851:
7617:, making his tradition the most powerful in all of China, and contributing to Longmen's lasting influence. Another important Quanzhen lineage is the Qingjing pai, founded by the nun
4526:
through their mastery of the Tao. After shedding their mortal form, spiritual immortals may have many superhuman abilities like flight and are often said to live in heavenly realms.
2646:
period, focusing on ritual confession and petition, as well as developing a well-organized religious structure. The Celestial Masters school was officially recognized by the warlord
3920:
refers to "letting go of egoistic concerns" and "to abstain from forceful and interfering measures that cause tensions and disruption in favor of gentleness, adaptation, and ease."
3099:
continued to invite Taoists to court and hold Taoist rituals that were believed to enhance the power of the throne. The most important of these were connected with the Taoist deity
6838:
Followers of Daoism are present in Chinese émigré communities outside Asia. It has attracted followers with no Chinese heritage. For example, in Brazil there are Daoist temples in
5418:). Neiguan entails developing introspection of one's body and mind, which includes being aware of the various parts of the body as well as the various deities residing in the body.
12360:
4617:
the root of creation Tao rested in deep chaos (ch. 42). Next, it evolved into the One, a concentrated state cosmic unity that is full of creative potential and often described in
4421:" where higher, spiritual versions of Daoists such as Laozi were thought to exist when they were alive and absorb "the purest Yin and Yang" were all possibilities for a potential
3937:
says: "act of things and you will ruin them. Grasp for things and you will lose them. Therefore the sage acts with inaction and has no ruin, lets go of grasping and has no loss."
2705:(Mysterious Learning or Deep Wisdom) tradition, which focused on philosophical inquiry and integrated Confucian teachings with Taoist thought. The movement included scholars like
4575:
3923:
In ancient Taoist texts, wu-wei is associated with water through its yielding nature and the effortless way it flows around obstacles. Taoist philosophy, in accordance with the
10884:
Assandri, Friederike (2020). "Buddhist–Daoist Interaction as Creative Dialogue: The Mind and Dào in Twofold Mystery Teaching". In Anderl, Christoph; Wittern, Christian (eds.).
3454:, are also popular around the world. Its influence is ubiquitous, especially in divination and magical practices. As such, Taoism is now a religion with a global distribution.
1802:, often ones shared with other traditions, which are venerated as superhuman figures exemplifying Taoist virtues. They can be roughly divided into two categories of "gods" and
5565:
was originally viewed as "human wisdom" and "written by humans for humans." It and other important texts "acquired authority...that caused them to be regarded...as sacred."
2642:
The Celestial Masters movement survived this period and did not take part in attempting to replace the Han. As such, they grew and became an influential religion during the
3197:
During the 19th and 20th centuries, Taoism suffered much destruction as a result of religious persecution and numerous wars and conflicts that beset China in the so-called
14660:
Murray, Daniel M. & Miller, James. "The Taoist Society of Brazil and the Globalization of Orthodox Unity Taoism." Journal of Taoist Studies, vol. 6, 2013, pp. 93–114.
11772:
11615:
7650:
as being divine. Xian were viewed in many lights and as completely different types of beings over different times and in different places. They were sometimes viewed as
5561:
Some religious Taoist movements view traditional texts as scriptures that are considered sacred, authoritative, binding, and divinely inspired or revealed. However, the
3684:
rejected wú as the source and held that instead the true source was spontaneous "self-production" (zìshēng 自生) and "self-transformation" (zìhuà 自化). Another school, the
2463:
Both terms were used to designate individuals dedicated to "...magic, medicine, divination,... methods of longevity and to ecstatic wanderings" as well as exorcism. The
5751:
5668:. Tao is said to be ineffable and accomplishes great things through small, lowly, effortless, and "feminine" (yin) ways (which are compared to the behavior of water).
3020:" (Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism), "when investigated, prove to be but one school". Quanzhen became the largest and most important Taoist school in China when master
6749:
movement, which had a strong basis in the lower classes (though even this movement had a hereditary leadership made up of figures of the Chang clan for generations).
10446:(1978). Orsag, Carol; Kempthorne, Elizebethe; Willis, Cathy; Fadness, Fern Bryant; Overman, Laurel; Chase, Linda; Lawson, Wayne; Beadle, Jeremy; Knipe, Judy (eds.).
7033:
with Taoism. Originally seen as a kind of "foreign Taoism", Buddhism's scriptures were translated into Chinese using the Taoist vocabulary. Representatives of early
6644:). Natural symbols are also common, and include gourds, caves, clouds, mountains, and the animals of the Chinese zodiac. Other symbols used by Taoists include: the
5775:
that are not themselves "Taoist" texts but that remain important sources for Taoists. Perhaps the most important of these is the ancient divination text called the
4670:, presenting a natural undirected process in which an apophatic undifferentiated potentiality (called wuwuji, "without non-differentiation") naturally unfolds into
4381:
Taoists' views about what happens in the afterlife tend to include the soul becoming a part of the cosmos (which was often thought of as an illusionary place where
9255:
6472:
has a tradition of approaching Taoism through scriptural study. It is believed that by reciting certain texts often enough one will be rewarded with immortality.
4552:, and Taoist thoughts on immortality were sometimes drawn from Confucian views on heaven and its status as an afterlife that permeates the mortal world as well.
3125:. Thus, during this period, the status and influence of Taoism declined. During the 18th century, the Qing imperial library excluded virtually all Taoist books.
14351:
4548:
Becoming an immortal through the power of yin-yang and heaven, but also specifically Taoist interpretations of the Tao, was sometimes thought of as possible in
4311:
sphere, translated them as: "abstention from aggressive war and capital punishment", "absolute simplicity of living", and "refusal to assert active authority".
8776:
2541:
2504:, tribal chieftains, court scribes and commoner members of governments, members of the nobility in Chinese states, and the descendants of refugee communities.
7827:
was not worshipped alone, although gods do exist that anthropomorphize it in various ways. Laozi was sometimes thought to be a god or "the image of the Tao".
6856:
2532:
17192:
10242:
2167:
framework for the development of local cults", in other words a scheme or structure for Chinese religion, proposed first by the scholar and Taoist initiate
5301:
different effects (such as ascetic diets, monastic diets, therapeutic diets, and alchemical diets that use herbs and minerals). One common practice is the
14565:
4447:
More specifically, possibilities for "the spirit of the body" include "join the universe after death", exploring or serving various functions in parts of
5154:
Apart from these common ethical precepts, Taoist traditions also have larger sets of precepts that are often reserved for ordained priests or monastics.
4787:
in a secondary sense (since they are considered to be emanations from the impersonal and nameless ultimate principle). Some Taoist theology presents the
3403:, where it is a major religion and retains unique features and movements that differ from mainland Taoism. Taoism is also practiced throughout the wider
8268:
7151:
in its dance of assertion/yielding), and where nature takes its course with no gods or masters. Other parallels include the similarities between Daoist
4852:) etc. "Xian" are those who have acquired perfect cultivation of the Tao, persons with vast supernatural powers, unpredictable changes and immortality.
2905:
During the Tang, several emperors became patrons of Taoism, inviting priests to court to conduct rituals and enhance the prestige of the sovereign. The
20507:
15969:
6769:
Since the creation of the People's Republic of China, the government has encouraged a revival of Taoist traditions in codified settings. In 1956, the
2483:(c. 370–290 BCE) was the most influential of the Taoist hermits. Some scholars holds that since he lived in the south, he may have been influenced by
17715:
11016:
7205:, Taoist values have been shown to adapt to social norms and formed emerging sociocultural beliefs together with Confucianism. It also imitates some
5537:. Louis Komjathy adds that neidan seeks to create a transcendent spirit, usually called the "immortal embryo" (xiantai) or "yang spirit" (yangshen).
3745:. Louis Komjathy describes De as the manifestation of one's connection to the Tao, which is a beneficial influence of one's cosmological attunement.
5529:
Livia Kohn writes that the main goal of internal alchemy is generally understood as a set of three transformations: "from essence (jing) to energy (
2512:, some believed the Tao was a force that was the "basis of all existence" and more powerful than the gods, while being a god-like being that was an
22993:
17657:
16661:
10717:
7409:
sects. There are also many lay practitioners that are not affiliated with any specific sect. These lay Taoist practitioners are called "kui-shih".
6115:
6074:
5247:
2315:
A common tradition holds that Laozi founded Taoism. Laozi's historicity is disputed, with many scholars seeing him as a legendary founding figure.
2112:
was a taxonomical category for Taoist texts, that was eventually applied to Taoist movements and priests in the early medieval period. Meanwhile,
4507:
Those who know the Tao, who flow with the natural way of the Tao and thus embody the patterns of the Tao are called sages or "perfected persons" (
22842:
17676:—with Pinyin transcription, interlinear and literary translation, contains a complete dictionary of the book Zhuangzi and a concordance to Laozi.
6602:
Many Taoists saw the Tao as "the pearl of the sage" and a "conjunction between yin... yang." Taoists also revered pearls more generally, seeing
3165:
1825:, or 'Taoist master', is traditionally attributed only to clergy in Taoist organizations, who distinguish between their traditions and others in
15942:
7523:
Internal Alchemy Taoism or Transformation Taoism focuses on internal transformation through the use of various self-cultivation techniques like
3661:
representing 64 related force relationships, known as hexagrams. Dao is the change of these forces, usually simply referred to as yin and yang.
3016:. The Quanzhen school was syncretic, combining elements from Buddhism and Confucianism with Taoist tradition. According to Wang Chongyang, the "
23899:
18172:
14587:
7539:
4080:
4010:
739:
7602:
and preached his teachings, founding various religious communities. His school popularized Internal Alchemy Taoism and the usage of the term.
7438:
between "earlier heaven" deities, who have existed since the beginning of time and "later heaven" deities, mortals who later became immortal.
5111:
carrying images of deities. The various participants are not considered performers, but rather possessed by the gods and spirits in question.
1984:
from the Warring States period. The earliest recorded use of the word 'Tao' to reference such a philosophical school is found in the works of
14991:
15815:
4861:
26182:
23851:
21204:
17569:
16301:
6880:
Throughout Chinese history, there have been many examples of art being influenced by Taoism. Notable painters influenced by Taoism include
4186:, do not believe this and believe that some people are irredeemably evil and destined to be so. Many Taoist movements from around the time
2762:
or ecstatic excursions, visualizations, and alchemical concoctions." The Shangqing revelations also introduced many new Taoist scriptures.
14637:
10297:
8932:, Religion, Spirituality and Health: A Social Scientific Approach, vol. 5, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 99–111,
7543:
These meditative inner alchemical practices are believed to lead to greater longevity and even immortality (union with the Tao at death).
6842:
and Rio de Janeiro that are affiliated with the Taoist Society of China. Membership of these temples is entirely of non-Chinese ancestry.
1357:
24086:
18786:
8490:
6734:, monastics, teachers, householders, ascetics, family lineages, teacher-disciple lineages, urban associations, temples, and monasteries.
5723:, is a highly influential composite text of multi-vocal writings from various sources and historical periods. The commentator and editor
2650:
in 215 CE, legitimizing Cao Cao's rise to power in return. Laozi received imperial recognition as a divinity in the mid-2nd century BCE.
2479:
or recluses who did not participate in political life, while others sought to establish a harmonious society based on Taoist principles.
2137:
per se: while the two umbrella terms have considerable cultural overlap, core themes of both also diverge considerably from one another.
16397:
16202:
13998:
13976:
13954:
12344:
9375:
4425:
to be reborn in. These spiritual versions were thought to be abstract beings that can manifest in that world as mythical beings such as
3280:
3254:. Early proponents of Tai Chi Quan, like Sun Lutang, claimed that Tai Chi was a Taoist internal practice created by the Taoist immortal
24929:
22887:
22814:
20032:
19133:
17063:
11962:
7064:
Ideological and political rivals for centuries, Taoism, Confucianism,Hinduism and Buddhism deeply influenced one another. For example,
3431:
5533:), from energy to spirit (shen), and from spirit to Dao." Common methods for this include engaging the subtle body and activating the
4868:), one of the Three Pure Ones, as the highest God. Historical Taoist figures, and people who are considered to have become immortals (
4865:
3239:
and waiting until after death to live in "the dwelling of the immortals" was one of the faith's most popular and influential beliefs.
25207:
22692:
19111:
5250:(647–735). The goal of these methods range from better health and longevity to immortality. Key elements of these "nourishing life" (
3981:(life destiny), which is one's corporeal existence, one's body and vitality. Generally speaking, Taoist cultivation seeks a holistic
3968:(ch.14) calls this pure original heartmind the "inner heartmind", "an awareness that precedes language", and "a lodging place of the
3410:
23138:
18764:
14116:
420:
22978:
22852:
22837:
7621:(1119–1182), the only female member of the "seven perfected". Today, Quanzhen is mainly made up of celibate monastics who practice
7309:
According to Eva Wong, the main sects of magical Taoism today are the Maoshan sect (a very secretive sect, not to be confused with
1960:
largely based on core Taoist texts themselves—a term that can be translated as 'the philosophical school of the Tao' or 'Taology' (
15665:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
14884:
12746:
White, R.J. Teaching the Dao: monotheism, transcendence, and intercultural philosophy. Int. Commun. Chin. Cult 8, 271–287 (2021).
9108:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
9072:
The Essential Tao: An Initiation Into the Heart of Taoism Through the Authentic Tao Te Ching and the Inner Teachings of Chuang-Tzu
5526:, and Buddhist influences. Neidan systems tend to be passed on through oral master-disciple lineages that are often to be secret.
4764:, given its philosophical emphasis on the formlessness and unknowable nature of the Tao, and the primacy of the "Way" rather than
3540:
On the other hand, traditionally minded Taoists in the West are often either ethnically Chinese or generally assume some level of
2855:, which merged the high deities from different Taoist traditions into a common trinity that has remained influential until today.
17926:
6757:
The number of Taoists is difficult to estimate, due to a variety of factors, including defining Taoism. According to a survey of
5226:
4881:. Being one with the Tao does not necessarily indicate a union with an eternal spirit in, for example, the Hindu theistic sense.
3728:; often translated with virtue or power), in a sense that De results from an individual living and cultivating the Tao. The term
16855:
Taoism co-exist, interact, and influence Vietnamese society: A Bayesian analysis of long-standing folktales, using R and Stan".
10517:
Herman, Jonathan R. (2001), "Taoist Environmentalism in the West: Ursula K. Le Guin's Reception and Transmission of Taoism," in
15774:
14695:
12447:
1673:, a deeper appreciation of the Tao, and more harmonious existence. Taoist ethics vary, but generally emphasize such virtues as
25844:
7294:, as well as specific rites. Protection rites often include ritual petitions to the celestial deities of the northern bushel.
4119:
was important and their differing views on it and humanity's place in the universe were a point of distinction from Confucian
27722:
22998:
17878:
17798:
17774:
17750:
17727:
17705:
17669:
17608:
17589:
17557:
17491:
17472:
17453:
17434:
17339:
17292:
17235:
17172:
17126:
17090:
17057:
16943:
16901:
16844:
16804:
16632:
16576:
16524:
16486:
16391:
16370:
16295:
16196:
16154:
16130:
16014:
15979:
15888:
15837:
15514:
15155:
14929:
14758:
14474:
14441:
14411:
14263:
13281:
12324:
12254:
12173:
12138:
11873:
11800:
11716:
11643:
11545:
10977:
10913:
10660:
10483:
10412:
10222:
10036:
9911:
9321:
9300:
9236:
9164:
8945:
8838:
8592:
8254:
8093:
6584:
of the 2nd millennium BCE, Chinese thought regarded the Big Dipper as a deity, while, in later periods, it came to symbolize
5806:, which was later adopted as a Taoist text by Taoists (who also saw master Mo – Mozi – as a Taoist immortal and included the
5640:–249). Apart from the Guodian text and the Wang Bi edition, another alternative version exists, the Mawangdui Tao Te Chings.
1783:
is characterized as one of mutual influence, with long-running discourses shared between Taoists and Buddhists; the distinct
17096:
16160:
16020:
14612:
10863:
9431:
8099:
2014:. This particular usage precedes the emergence of the Celestial Masters and associated later religions. It is unlikely that
23463:
20502:
17886:
13915:
7217:
4607:. Taoist cosmology focuses on the impersonal transformations (zaohua) of the universe, which are spontaneous and unguided.
12212:
7807:
representing the Tao), and Lord Lao (Laozi "deified"), or an emanation of the Tao that was ultimately singular in nature.
7022:, hierarchical social order, and conventional morality, and favors "naturalness", spontaneity, and individualism instead.
4904:, Early Ming dynasty (1368–1644). This silk scroll painting is based on the story that the Yellow Emperor went out to the
3564:
philosophy as well as with various health practices, such as breathing, diet, meditation, qigong, and soft martial arts."
2898:(850–933). Du wrote numerous works about Taoist rituals, history, myth, and biography. He also reorganized and edited the
1864:, and also has significant populations of adherents throughout the Sinosphere and Southeast Asia. In the West, Taoism has
23581:
22862:
22463:
18736:
17844:
13691:
10534:
7692:
Taoism has traditionally been divided into religious Taoism and philosophical Taoism (Dàojiào and Dàojiā), respectively.
6261:
2754:
schools. Shangqing was based on a series of revelations by gods and spirits to a certain Yang Xi between 364 and 370. As
1449:
13628:
13547:
9252:
5214:
2472:. Early Taoist movements developed their own tradition in contrast to shamanism while also absorbing shamanic elements.
24413:
23791:
23521:
23403:
22857:
21442:
19396:
18409:
13700:
8374:
7938:
7417:
5630:) date back to the late 4th century BCE, and these contain significant differences from the later received edition (of
4023:, a diagram which illustrates the complex Taoist schema of the body as a way to aid practitioners of inner cultivation.
2835:
1067:
25470:
15912:
8902:
6737:
According to Russell Kirkland, throughout most of its history, most Taoist traditions "were founded and maintained by
5326:
of the body, as well as its qi. These Taoists also thought of the human body as a metaphorical existence where three "
3989:). Taoism believes in a "pervasive spirit world that is both interlocked with and separate from the world of humans."
3146:(1734–1821) and Min Yide (1758–1836) worked to promote and preserve Taoist inner alchemy practices through books like
2569:(206 BCE–220 CE), the various sources of Taoism had coalesced into a coherent tradition of ritualists in the state of
25495:
23841:
22667:
19917:
19051:
18828:
17646:
17627:
17529:
17510:
17415:
17396:
17377:
17358:
17320:
17149:
17027:
16990:
16962:
16924:
16879:
16823:
16785:
16766:
16745:
16722:
16703:
16677:
16651:
16595:
16543:
16505:
16464:
16445:
16426:
16349:
16330:
16265:
16246:
16227:
16082:
15705:
15672:
15618:
14966:
14343:
13509:
12815:
12109:
12034:
11997:
11923:
11497:
11359:
9204:
9115:
9079:
8878:
8741:
8186:
7986:
5917:, a 4th-century BCE classic Taoist work, which during the Tang was seen as the third great Taoist work alongside the
3201:. This period of persecution was caused by numerous factors including Confucian prejudices, anti-traditional Chinese
2186:
1377:
60:
8766:
5403:
is a key text that outlines this method. The practice is also closely connected with the virtue of wuwei (inaction).
3242:
The 20th century was also a creative period for Taoism despite its many setbacks. The Taoist influenced practice of
27644:
26476:
26175:
26027:
23894:
21452:
19078:
14638:"Census of population 2010: Statistical Release 1 on Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion"
14590:. Taiwan Government Information Office, Department of Civil Affairs, Ministry of the Interior. 2006. Archived from
7991:
6480:
4405:
who can appear in the human world at will, but normally lives in another plane. "acred forests and mountains" or a
4027:
Many Taoist practices work with ancient Chinese understandings of the body, its organs and parts, "elixir fields" (
3480:
centers, and translations of Taoist texts by western scholars as well as non-specialists. Taoist classics like the
2939:, who is considered the founder of the jindan meditation tradition and an influential figure in the development of
1507:
35:
12889:"Cultural additivity: behavioural insights from the interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in folktales"
12066:
11746:
7538:
The basic worldview of this Taoist tradition is that all beings are born with certain forms of energy (mainly the
6505:
5389:
or quietistic meditation, which was the main method of classical Taoism and can be found in classic texts like the
4190:
elements started being syncretized with Daoism had an extremely negative view of foreigners, referring to them as
27526:
26801:
26797:
26627:
26298:
26057:
24079:
23856:
23751:
22877:
22872:
22828:
22458:
21302:
20561:
19551:
18909:
18779:
18504:
14540:
2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Data reported in
11707:
Guangwei, He; Hualing, Tong; Wenzhen, Yang; Zhenguo, Chang; Zeru, Li; Ruicheng, Dong; Weijan, Gong, eds. (1999).
10239:
6921:
positions justified a strong emperor as the legitimate ruler, the Taoist "primitivists" (of chapters 8–11 of the
6773:
was formed to administer the activities of all registered Taoist orders, and received official approval in 1957.
6278:
6235:
5437:
3476:, leading to various forms of Taoist communities in the West, with Taoist publications, websites, meditation and
3270:
3148:
1170:
25665:
9681:
6935:
in which the political life is presented with disdain and some kind of pluralism or perspectivism is preferred.
6804:
tradition. Since 1980, many Taoist monasteries and temples have been reopened or rebuilt, both belonging to the
5652:
that were written, circulated, edited, and rewritten by different hands. He also suggests that authors from the
2921:) was constructed. Wudang would eventually become a major center for Taoism and a home for Taoist martial arts (
2785:, worldview, scriptures, and practices, and created a vast new collection of Taoist texts in close imitation of
2444:
folk religions in China. In particular, many Taoist practices drew from the Warring States era phenomena of the
27717:
26083:
25243:
23711:
23536:
22809:
21828:
21769:
21656:
21535:
21467:
19895:
19533:
19452:
18833:
18629:
14557:
13724:
Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the
4877:
Despite these hierarchies of deities, most conceptions of Tao should not be confused with the Western sense of
4808:) believed in by Taoism can be roughly divided into two categories, namely "gods" and "xian". "Gods" refers to
2010:
1949:), often interpreted as the Taoist "religion proper", or the "mystical" or "liturgical" aspects of Taoism. The
1868:, both those hewing to historical practice, as well as highly synthesized practices variously characterized as
1362:
516:
309:
21948:
21823:
14286:
were symbolized by the tiger and dragon, and this symbolism has continued through the history of later Taoism.
7381:. There many forms of Daoist divination, they include: celestial divination (which include various systems of
6599:
Some Taoists saw the stars as "knots in the 'net of Heaven'" that connected everything in "heaven and earth".
4343:
4096:
3138:) school of Wang Kunyang (1552–1641), a branch of Quanzhen from southern China that became established at the
2419:
Meanwhile, Isabelle Robinet identifies four components in the emergence of Taoism: the teachings found in the
27732:
27727:
26242:
24657:
24242:
23861:
23276:
23013:
22677:
22526:
22448:
21870:
20912:
20465:
19104:
18619:
18384:
8930:
Rituals and Practices in World Religions: Cross-Cultural Scholarship to Inform Research and Clinical Contexts
8276:
7811:
7733:
Taoists venerated one or more of these kinds of spiritual entities: "deified heroes...forces of nature" and "
7458:
6524:
5888:
5681:
commentary, was most likely written in the 2nd century CE. Other important commentaries include the one from
5064:
to gods and ancestors, which could include slaughtered animals (such as pigs and ducks) or fruit. The Taoist
4953:
4693:
of the universe, and thus the cosmological forces, like the five phases, are also present in the form of the
3359:
at Beijing remains the most important center for the training of Taoist monastics on the mainland, while the
2678:
2673:
After this point, Taoism did not have nearly as significant an effect on the passing of law as the syncretic
2371:
2272:
1758:
1352:
1052:
378:
250:
18924:
13717:
silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern
12284:
10886:
Chán Buddhism in Dūnhuáng and Beyond: A Study of Manuscripts, Texts, and Contexts in Memory of John R. McRae
7802:
The trinity is thought by scholars to have evolved into the Three Pure Ones. It was thought of in the early
7480:
The largest and most prominent sect of Ceremonial Taoism is the Way of the Celestial Masters, also known as
26324:
26062:
25967:
25615:
24332:
23919:
23721:
20934:
19684:
19046:
18954:
18823:
18624:
17870:
7851:
7314:
6746:
6485:
5523:
4751:
4542:
4048:
3760:
in front of a waterfall. The natural downward flow of water is a common metaphor for naturalness in Taoism.
2616:
2513:
2347:
1780:
1347:
1084:
21958:
6528:
Chinese Taoist Priest's Robe, 19th century. Aside from Taoist symbols like the dragon, it also adopts the
4779:
concepts in Taoism. However, Taoism does include many deities and spirits and thus can also be considered
3899:. Butcher Ding was so expert at butchering a carcass, that he barely had to use any force to cut the meat.
1914:
428:
27595:
26168:
25866:
25580:
24209:
23929:
23641:
23636:
23408:
21931:
21892:
21447:
21361:
20929:
19301:
19020:
18008:
17919:
12356:
11958:
11853:
10640:
10392:
10165:
8459:
7374:
6971:
4655:
4638:
4036:
3522:
2875:
The new Integrated Taoism, now with a united Taoist identity, gained official status in China during the
2397:
682:
206:
21963:
21953:
16736:
A theology of world religions: Interpreting God, self, and world in Semitic, Indian, and Chinese thought
9900:
The Story of China: The Epic History of a World Power from the Middle Kingdom to Mao and the China Dream
9827:
Littlejohn, Ronnie (n.d.). "Taoist Philosophy". The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002.
5957:), an old text (5th–6th century BCE) that claims that Laozi traveled to China and is thus the source of
4729:
3624:
cosmic laws." The Tao is ultimately indescribable and transcends all analysis and definition. Thus, the
2758:
writes, these revelations included detailed descriptions of the heavens as well as "specific methods of
1865:
27712:
27665:
26312:
26252:
25733:
25402:
24708:
24484:
24072:
22707:
22652:
22348:
21088:
20605:
19296:
19238:
19025:
18882:
18772:
17827:
15876:
14495:
13039:
10475:
10453:
8085:
Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World – From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present
7981:
6770:
6633:
3404:
3340:
2809:
1981:
1885:
1469:
288:
24118:
20686:
7504:
5743:
rules, but this uselessness is actually a wiser alternative, since it is more in accord with reality.
2318:
While Taoism is often regarded in the West as arising from Laozi, many Chinese Taoists claim that the
1913:
The Standard Chinese pronunciation of both romanizations of the character "Dao" is the same, that is,
26957:
26623:
25939:
24151:
24141:
23954:
23743:
23601:
23053:
21941:
21720:
21351:
20981:
20546:
19678:
19430:
19267:
19222:
19066:
19061:
18794:
18704:
16695:
15934:
12093:
8409:
7299:
7147:
describes a naturalist cosmology where there are only atoms and void (a primal duality which mirrors
7105:
encouraged this, and Taoists who agreed with him and his laws incorporated elements of Christianity,
6593:
5203:
5065:
3653:
in themselves, as well as in natural and social patterns. Thus, the Tao is also the "innate nature" (
3360:
2993:
1474:
1407:
22059:
17079:
Toropov, Brandon; Hansen, Chadwick (2002). "Chapter 15: The Tao and the Judeo-Christian Tradition".
14591:
9756:"On the Historical Background and Ideological Resources of the Confluence of Islam and Confucianism"
4799:
is considered the incarnation of one of the three and worshiped as the ancestral founder of Taoism.
27737:
26042:
25605:
24855:
24695:
24692:
24418:
24252:
24237:
23458:
23418:
23373:
23163:
23153:
22958:
22712:
22537:
22473:
22443:
22333:
22098:
22007:
21975:
21936:
21848:
20755:
20012:
19948:
19418:
19403:
19097:
18389:
16669:
15139:
9895:
7450:
6641:
4733:
4713:
4152:
2954:, were active in promoting Taoism, collecting Taoist texts, and publishing updated editions of the
2928:
1771:
1692:
1042:
789:
20455:
14999:
3689:
27475:
27281:
27105:
26757:
26307:
25620:
25561:
25514:
25372:
25335:
24703:
24618:
24608:
24532:
24398:
24370:
23909:
23846:
23796:
23756:
23701:
23336:
23331:
23221:
23168:
23058:
22988:
22784:
22595:
22510:
21715:
21693:
21492:
21314:
20839:
20497:
20424:
20108:
19479:
19279:
19188:
19072:
18979:
18887:
18426:
18394:
18357:
18192:
18178:
15908:
15610:
14958:
13911:
13543:
13501:
12807:
12425:
12207:
12026:
11989:
11915:
11742:
11489:
10467:
10447:
9034:
8898:
8830:
7996:
7933:
7815:
7102:
6442:
5318:
5119:
Taking up and living by sets of ethical precepts is another important practice in Taoism. By the
4690:
4170:
4100:
4092:
3949:
The Taoist view of the self is a holistic one that rejects the idea of a separate individualized
3930:
3332:
2997:
2951:
2914:
2906:
2636:
2546:
2354:) and its relationship to humanity. According to modern scholars of Taoism, such as Kirkland and
1869:
1830:
1047:
1015:
854:
757:
745:
27617:
17566:
17332:
The Secret of Everlasting Life: The first translation of the ancient Chinese text on immortality
16797:
Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China
16285:
7078:), was a Confucian. The three rivals also share some similar values, with all three embracing a
5087:, street parades take place. These are lively affairs that involve firecrackers, the burning of
5032:
3975:
Taoists see life (sheng) as an expression of the Tao. The Tao is seen as granting each person a
3641:(the Tao is both the sacred world and what is beyond it, immanent and transcendent). Similarly,
3160:
2323:
those espoused by early Taoism. On waking from his dream, Huangdi sought to" bring about "these
27610:
27236:
26982:
26818:
25753:
25685:
24765:
24603:
24181:
24156:
24146:
23776:
23671:
23631:
23611:
23468:
23443:
23348:
23321:
23271:
23241:
23231:
23148:
23113:
23098:
23083:
23038:
22973:
22647:
22578:
22483:
22478:
22219:
22142:
21904:
21786:
21710:
21507:
21497:
21356:
21324:
21262:
21233:
20750:
20745:
20442:
20402:
20187:
19528:
19523:
19503:
19499:
18877:
18484:
18100:
17912:
14741:
Roth, Harold D. (27 September 2014). "Huainanzi: The Pinnacle of Classical Daoist Syncretism".
14644:
14249:
10304:
8924:
Guoqing, Yu (2020), Yaden, David Bryce; Zhao, Yukun; Peng, Kaiping; Newberg, Andrew B. (eds.),
8057:
7317:
and the Kun-Lun sect (which is strongly influenced by Tibetan magic and make use of Taoist and
7234:
6742:
6637:
5302:
5198:
5131:
4897:
4192:
4157:
Daoist ethics tends to emphasize various themes from the Taoist classics, such as naturalness (
4083:, which is a specifically Taoist schema of the main elements in Taoist physical practices like
3982:
3577:
3198:
3111:
1737:
canon starting in the 5th century CE. Early Taoism drew upon diverse influences, including the
1147:
847:
794:
16860:
16360:
8482:
7329:
7201:, have argued that some moral and ethical tenets of the religions are similar. In neighboring
6632:
Symbols that represent longevity and immortality are particularly popular, and these include:
6299:(Longmen Pai), composed by the founder Wang Changyue (1622?–80), focus on Daoist monasticism:
4413:
realm inconceivable and incomprehensible by normal humans and even the virtuous Confucius and
4051:
and is used for health practices as well as for somatic and spiritual transformation (through
2432:
techniques for achieving ecstasy, practices for achieving longevity and becoming an immortal (
27436:
26967:
26595:
26456:
26267:
25990:
25929:
25909:
25743:
25655:
25635:
25625:
25258:
25107:
24740:
24672:
24580:
24547:
24375:
24355:
24161:
24017:
23962:
23879:
23831:
23806:
23606:
23428:
23423:
23291:
23281:
23103:
22779:
22722:
22542:
22488:
21909:
21887:
21806:
21747:
21413:
20852:
20713:
19875:
19474:
19386:
19010:
18872:
18818:
18105:
16381:
16186:
15729:
Zürcher, Erik (1980). "Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism: A Survey of Scriptural Evidence".
14921:
14745:. Dao Companions to Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 6. Springer Netherlands. pp. 341–365.
13993:
13971:
13949:
12246:
11664:
Zürcher, Erik (1980). "Buddhist Influence on Early Taoism: A Survey of Scriptural Evidence".
10711:
9903:
7875:
7756:
7709:
6762:
6363:
5124:
4604:
4561:
4549:
4470:." They are also often seen as being made up of "pure breath and light" and as being able to
3297:
3218:
3053:
2722:
2698:
2389:
2359:
2264:
2134:
1826:
1746:
1699:
799:
20733:
20681:
17503:
A Path And A Practice: Using Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching as a Guide to an Awakened Spiritual Life
17047:
7240:
Today, there are various living Taoist traditions, the largest and most influential are the
7093:
and Taoist contact often took place in the Tang dynasty, and some scholars believe that the
3985:
form of training that is described as "dual cultivation of innate nature and life-destiny" (
26942:
26575:
26007:
25962:
25924:
25871:
25800:
25556:
25352:
25263:
25086:
25056:
24797:
24325:
24171:
24166:
24007:
23997:
23982:
23889:
23816:
23786:
23761:
23726:
23686:
23681:
23656:
23526:
23448:
23398:
23378:
23368:
23256:
23203:
23178:
23028:
23023:
23003:
22968:
22953:
22897:
22672:
22605:
22573:
22453:
22388:
22254:
22132:
21985:
21865:
21764:
21676:
21644:
21639:
21487:
21219:
20514:
20098:
19858:
19469:
19413:
19364:
19349:
19202:
17856:
17112:
11954:
10504:
7267:
7177:
7169:) as opposed to conventional virtues, and the prominence of the Epicurus-like Chinese sage
7137:
have focused on the absence of a creator or gods controlling the forces of nature in both.
6689:
6188:), a 6th-century CE text that was adopted by Quanzen school as one of their key scriptures.
6044:
5267:
5231:
4116:
4103:(神, spirit, subtle consciousness, a capacity to connect with the subtle spiritual reality).
3534:
3530:
3526:
3514:
3415:
2801:
1500:
1311:
562:
19711:
18322:
7830:"Some Taoist adepts" worshipped thousands of gods that were thought to exist in the body.
7723:
that contained numerous ministries and officials and which was "modelled on...the earthly
6986:
3079:
for state bureaucratic purposes. Taoist ideas also influenced Neo-Confucian thinkers like
2460:("method masters", which probably derived from the "archivist-soothsayers of antiquity").
8:
27590:
26772:
26605:
26580:
26461:
26257:
26148:
26103:
26093:
26052:
26000:
25985:
25914:
25894:
25876:
25708:
25675:
25536:
25523:
25330:
25127:
25038:
24993:
24899:
24785:
24598:
24446:
24012:
23987:
23967:
23944:
23871:
23821:
23801:
23716:
23706:
23661:
23621:
23576:
23571:
23561:
23551:
23546:
23541:
23531:
23516:
23511:
23506:
23501:
23496:
23473:
23383:
23358:
23236:
23226:
23188:
23158:
23143:
23128:
23118:
23108:
23073:
23068:
23018:
22963:
22938:
22882:
22739:
22727:
22615:
22610:
22600:
22468:
22269:
22182:
22127:
22103:
21990:
21875:
21833:
21628:
21477:
21105:
20897:
20782:
20578:
20380:
20265:
20193:
20083:
20004:
19831:
19484:
19308:
19154:
19056:
18984:
18964:
17739:
16092:
Chan, Kim-Kwong (2005). "Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios".
14120:
13696:
9196:
8771:
8370:
8040:
8001:
7298:
is also a widespread practice. A commonly used method of divination in magical Taoism is
7181:
6777:
5864:
an ancient Chinense medical text that was influential on Taoist inner cultivation theory.
5376:
4792:
4722:
4308:
4206:
4202:
3843:
3794:
3229:
3095:) rose to prominence, being part of local plays and folk culture. Ming emperors like the
3068:
3001:
1910:
system, officially adopted in China in the 1950s, which has largely replaced Wade–Giles.
446:
24860:
6835:
show that, respectively, 14% and 11% of the people of these cities identify as Taoists.
5611:
has been a central text, used for ritual, self-cultivation, and philosophical purposes.
5371:
There are many methods of Taoist meditation (often referred to as "stillness practice",
5091:, and flower-covered floats broadcasting traditional music. They also variously include
4889:
4474:, and some Taoists believed their afterlife natural "paradises" were palaces of heaven.
3266:
2931:(r. 712–755) was also a devoted Taoist who wrote various Taoist works, and according to
2635:", seeking to create a new world by replacing the Han dynasty. This movement led to the
27463:
26673:
26648:
26191:
26098:
26067:
26047:
25995:
25977:
25952:
25947:
25899:
25886:
25853:
25748:
25650:
25585:
25541:
25485:
25325:
25154:
25048:
24956:
24760:
24639:
24630:
24593:
24588:
24494:
24489:
24466:
24385:
24199:
24126:
23992:
23972:
23939:
23836:
23826:
23771:
23766:
23696:
23676:
23666:
23651:
23646:
23626:
23596:
23591:
23566:
23556:
23488:
23453:
23438:
23343:
23316:
23306:
23266:
23251:
23246:
23198:
23193:
23133:
23088:
23048:
22943:
22930:
22717:
22642:
22515:
22338:
22012:
21970:
21811:
21779:
21754:
21681:
21661:
21482:
21430:
21418:
21396:
20988:
20946:
20819:
20654:
20649:
20644:
20475:
20259:
20235:
19614:
19538:
19286:
19232:
18969:
18865:
18751:
18731:
18721:
18672:
18614:
18150:
17970:
17691:
17161:
16913:
16734:
16415:
16319:
16109:
16057:
15843:
15791:
15754:
14881:
12910:
11865:
11689:
10927:
10652:
10439:
10404:
10195:
10187:
10156:
8616:
8437:
8315:
8035:
7638:
7630:
7610:
7587:
7556:
7532:
7487:
Ceremonies are practiced, to a lesser extent, in the Longmen (Dragon Gate) sect of the
7402:
7390:
7245:
7094:
6873:
6789:
6701:
6549:
yin-yang taijitu originated as a Taoist symbol in the 10th century CE during the early
6296:
5786:
5515:
5386:
5251:
5219:
5143:
4905:
4761:
4642:
4624:
4592:
4067:
3998:
3811:
3443:
3396:
3384:
3356:
3170:
3139:
2805:
2782:
2632:
2620:
2245:
2224:
2168:
1880:
1857:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1331:
1296:
734:
663:
345:
337:
21100:
20659:
20287:
20017:
6730:
Taoist communities can include a wide variety of people and groups, including daoshi,
3442:
Outside of China, many traditionally Taoist practices have spread, especially through
2358:, Taoist philosophy also developed by drawing on numerous schools of thought from the
2116:
was originally used to specifically distinguish Taoist tradition from Buddhism. Thus,
364:
27691:
27629:
27502:
27456:
27431:
27413:
26688:
26555:
26396:
26278:
26210:
26136:
26037:
26032:
26017:
25957:
25919:
25904:
25861:
25432:
25392:
25310:
25238:
25221:
25199:
24827:
24802:
24613:
24433:
24176:
24049:
24043:
23977:
23934:
23924:
23914:
23904:
23811:
23731:
23691:
23616:
23586:
23478:
23433:
23413:
23388:
23363:
23326:
23311:
23286:
23261:
23173:
23123:
23078:
23063:
23043:
23033:
23008:
22948:
22892:
22657:
22433:
22029:
22000:
21924:
21919:
21880:
21818:
21774:
21759:
21742:
21737:
21732:
21671:
21406:
21292:
21058:
21028:
21008:
20829:
20634:
20615:
20610:
20556:
20519:
20240:
20155:
20078:
19976:
19966:
19934:
19922:
19890:
19867:
19849:
19745:
19600:
19508:
19494:
19457:
19445:
19274:
19193:
19145:
19030:
19015:
18994:
18949:
18850:
18810:
18802:
18372:
18167:
17979:
17943:
17794:
17788:
17770:
17746:
17723:
17701:
17665:
17642:
17623:
17604:
17585:
17553:
17525:
17506:
17487:
17468:
17449:
17430:
17411:
17392:
17373:
17354:
17335:
17316:
17288:
17231:
17207:
17168:
17145:
17138:
17122:
17116:
17086:
17053:
17023:
16986:
16958:
16939:
16920:
16897:
16875:
16856:
16840:
16819:
16800:
16781:
16762:
16756:
16741:
16718:
16699:
16673:
16647:
16628:
16591:
16572:
16539:
16520:
16501:
16482:
16460:
16441:
16422:
16387:
16366:
16345:
16326:
16291:
16261:
16242:
16223:
16192:
16150:
16126:
16078:
16071:
16061:
16010:
15975:
15884:
15847:
15833:
15783:
15746:
15711:
15701:
15678:
15668:
15624:
15614:
15510:
15151:
14972:
14962:
14935:
14925:
14754:
14470:
14437:
14407:
14259:
13515:
13505:
13277:
13042:, "Chinese Medicine: From Temples to Taoism," T'ai Chi, Vol. 20, No. 3 (1996): 28–33.
12821:
12811:
12320:
12260:
12250:
12169:
12134:
12105:
12040:
12030:
12003:
11993:
11929:
11919:
11869:
11796:
11712:
11681:
11639:
11541:
11503:
11493:
11355:
10973:
10931:
10919:
10909:
10699:
10656:
10479:
10408:
10218:
10199:
10179:
9907:
9777:
9296:
9232:
9200:
9170:
9160:
9152:
9144:
9121:
9111:
9085:
9075:
8951:
8941:
8874:
8844:
8834:
8747:
8737:
8588:
8441:
8429:
8089:
8045:
7885:
7382:
7366:
7202:
7189:
7185:
6824:
6758:
6625:
and various historiographies made in prior dynasties to assign a phase from the five
6180:
6122:
5627:
5534:
5171:
5139:
5084:
5057:
4702:
4671:
4588:
3823:
3790:
3573:
3518:
3285:
3210:
3034:, a classic of internal alchemy, and the founder of the southern branch of Quanzhen.
2759:
2663:
2484:
2451:
2211:
1950:
1926:
1845:
1654:
1650:
1030:
804:
656:
638:
622:
617:
272:
264:
21512:
21110:
20770:
20524:
18421:
17807:
The Tao of Steve, a 2000 film directed by Jenniphr Goodman and starring Donal Logue.
17020:
A Comparative Sociology of World Religions: virtuosos, priests, and popular religion
16113:
14839:
14691:
12914:
10215:
Lost T'ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch'ing Dynasty (Chinese Philosophy and Culture)
7684:
not affiliated with a Taoist sect who may still follow Karmic Taoism in daily life.
5080:
observing the ethical precepts, memorials, chanting, lectures, and communal feasts.
4496:, the goal is to become a sage, which he equates with being a "spiritual immortal" (
4362:
Taoists have different religious goals that include Taoist conceptions of sagehood (
4297:; 'not daring to act as first under the heavens', but usually translated as
2913:
was to be a topic in the imperial examinations. During the reign of the 7th century
27585:
27549:
27531:
27520:
27171:
26230:
26225:
26088:
26022:
26012:
25713:
25660:
25610:
25590:
25551:
25546:
25387:
25315:
25033:
24944:
24835:
24807:
24792:
24755:
24461:
24441:
24408:
24313:
24275:
24002:
23884:
23781:
23393:
23353:
23301:
23296:
23213:
23183:
23093:
22983:
22847:
22799:
22794:
22358:
22323:
22296:
22054:
22039:
21914:
21838:
21688:
21666:
21574:
21435:
21214:
21177:
21033:
21018:
20966:
20760:
20740:
20708:
20703:
20674:
20669:
20593:
20583:
20412:
20376:
20368:
20339:
20252:
20172:
20167:
20130:
20120:
20046:
19984:
19826:
19663:
19513:
19171:
18989:
18959:
18860:
18855:
18709:
18663:
18646:
17952:
17818:
17258:
17140:
The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought
17049:
Effortless Action: Wu-Wei as Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China
16101:
16049:
15825:
15738:
15502:
14746:
14661:
12955:
12900:
12452:
12289:
11861:
11780:
11673:
11623:
10901:
10897:
10691:
10648:
10400:
10397:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)
10169:
9767:
8933:
8829:. Consulting work done by Cheng Kam Fong (Revised and Updated ed.). New York:
8421:
7764:
7752:
7724:
7700:
Some Taoist sects are expressly religious in the Western sense. "Lord Heaven" and "
7590:
who was said in legends to have met and learned secret methods from two immortals:
7512:
7469:. Taoists may also honor local spirits and deities, as well Buddhist deities (like
7406:
7378:
7318:
7310:
7230:
7084:
7057:
7034:
7026:
6881:
6864:
6738:
6662:
6645:
6469:
6417:
6063:
6006:
5772:
5239:
5072:
4765:
4569:
4477:
Taoists who sought to become one of the many different types of immortals, such as
4378:, variously understood as a kind of transcendent post-mortem state of the spirit).
4183:
3958:
3685:
3545:
3364:
3320:
3305:
3122:
3057:
2918:
2868:
2845:
2747:
2501:
2401:
2125:
1670:
1622:
1618:
1571:
1530:
1412:
1321:
1306:
165:
114:
21651:
17875:
8425:
8246:
5849:
4335:
4076:(Inward Training) is one of the earliest texts that teach qi cultivation methods.
3258:(though modern scholars note that this claim lacks credible historical evidence).
2834:" of Buddhism. The three caverns were: Perfection (Dongzhen), associated with the
2412:
27707:
27537:
27489:
27482:
27469:
27399:
27321:
26262:
26205:
25794:
25763:
25728:
25693:
25571:
25422:
25320:
25278:
25189:
25177:
25162:
25137:
25112:
24882:
24750:
24745:
24662:
24647:
24320:
24204:
24053:
22682:
22662:
22152:
22044:
22034:
21703:
21371:
21162:
21142:
21073:
21038:
20971:
20691:
20664:
20639:
20588:
20566:
20359:
20302:
20073:
19590:
19391:
19317:
19257:
19212:
19181:
18668:
18399:
18345:
18340:
18335:
18248:
17882:
17765:
17573:
17080:
16889:
16834:
16566:
16144:
16004:
15995:
The Divine Classic of Nan-Hua; Being the Works of Chuang Tsze, Taoist Philosopher
15993:
15985:
14888:
14750:
14605:
14253:
14002:
13980:
13958:
11792:
11635:
11020:
11011:
10867:
10860:
10538:
10246:
9435:
9428:
9259:
9228:
9220:
8083:
8013:
7976:
7928:
7776:
7748:
7579:
7560:
7488:
7442:
7241:
7143:
7098:
6975:
6957:
6930:
6820:
6816:
6801:
6592:
and may be seen on such roofs between two dragons as well as on the hairpin of a
6254:
6173:
5857:
5706:
5700:
5511:
5444:
4931:
Despite the detachment from reality and dissent from Confucian humanism that the
4788:
4741:
4504:) through the integration of "inner nature" (xing) and "worldly reality" (ming).
4489:
4388:
3896:
3753:
3376:
3088:
3049:
3017:
2981:
2852:
2831:
2427:
2293:
2019:
1799:
1724:
1493:
1326:
1097:
1057:
1003:
998:
993:
981:
904:
591:
236:
24934:
13907:
8937:
6784:, but was reestablished in 1980. The headquarters of the association are at the
6542:, commonly known as the "yin and yang symbol" or simply the "yin-yang", and the
1901:"Taoism" and "Daoism" are alternate spellings of the same word. "Tao" is in the
1848:
officially recognized by the Chinese government, also having official status in
121:
42:
27639:
27580:
27251:
27120:
26858:
26618:
25703:
25698:
25566:
25531:
25463:
25437:
25273:
25122:
25061:
24974:
24817:
24713:
24456:
24136:
22804:
22697:
22637:
22353:
22328:
22113:
22017:
21899:
21843:
21796:
21209:
21157:
21053:
21023:
21003:
20998:
20993:
20976:
20872:
20792:
20775:
20728:
20718:
19762:
19425:
19408:
19227:
19207:
19176:
18894:
18746:
18699:
18651:
18601:
18574:
18564:
18544:
18414:
16869:
16687:
15147:
12202:
12101:
11768:
11611:
10839:
10443:
9289:
Discovering God: The Origins of the Great Religions and the Evolution of Belief
7914:
7861:
7844:
7734:
7716:
7583:
7508:
7461:(Celestial, Earth, and Water). Some key later heaven deities include: Immortal
7358:
school of thought and often relies on the classic Chinese divination text, the
7019:
6991:
6905:
6885:
6797:
6622:
6603:
6562:
6557:
6509:
6434:
6228:
6083:
5841:
5469:
5415:
5100:
4674:(primordial oneness, "non-differentiation"), which then evolves into yin-yang (
4493:
4431:
4368:), spiritual self-cultivation, a happy afterlife or longevity and some form of
3642:
3462:
3458:
3426:
3129:
3096:
3045:
2989:
2884:
2786:
2770:
2751:
2643:
2578:
2517:
2319:
2280:
2044:
1640:
1402:
1316:
1284:
1251:
1238:
1218:
1072:
399:
392:
220:
27623:
25144:
24919:
20765:
20027:
17262:
17193:"People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011"
16105:
15772:
Stevens, Keith (1998). "Images of Sinicised Vedic Deities on Chinese Altars".
14248:
Little, Stephen (1 January 2000). "The Formation of the Taoist Tradition". In
12905:
12888:
12162:
Tao Te Ching: The Essential Translation of the Ancient Chinese Book of the Tao
10905:
10531:
10240:
Taijiquan and Daoism: From Religion to Martial Art and Martial Art to Religion
9969:
A Brief History of the Relationship Between Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism
9489:
8925:
6066:
in the 288 CE. It remained an influential Shangqin text and was important for
5316:
Some Taoists thought of the human body as a spiritual nexus with thousands of
4928:) and their connection to natural and universal forces, patterns, and powers.
3858:
3103:("Perfect Warrior"), which was the main dynastic protector deity of the Ming.
2965:
2894:
Perhaps the most important figure of the Tang was the court Taoist and writer
2887:
school's teachings, which was appealing to all classes of society and drew on
2216:
460:
27701:
27351:
27271:
26977:
26535:
26530:
26237:
25758:
25670:
25600:
25342:
25132:
25066:
25023:
24892:
24517:
24303:
24285:
22732:
22286:
22167:
21559:
21554:
21502:
21339:
21277:
21172:
21063:
20961:
20892:
20824:
20814:
20787:
20723:
20620:
20598:
20536:
20432:
20395:
20314:
20222:
19673:
19624:
19329:
18974:
18726:
18716:
18609:
18579:
18469:
18367:
18350:
18330:
18297:
18207:
18118:
18046:
17861:
17760:
17211:
15787:
15750:
15660:
15506:
14939:
13620:
13539:
13101:
12747:
12316:
12264:
12130:
11784:
11776:
11685:
11627:
11619:
10923:
10703:
10183:
9781:
9174:
9103:
9067:
8955:
8433:
7957:
7739:
7712:, and some conceptions of this deity thought of the two names as synonymous.
7645:
7622:
6918:
6714:
6670:
6649:
6581:
6387:
6150:
5978:
5895:
5653:
5484:
5461:
5306:
5135:
5123:, Taoism had created a system of lay discipleship in which one took a set of
5076:
5068:
4909:
4870:
4747:
4683:
4523:
4471:
4463:
4427:
4373:
4319:
3677:
3597:
3473:
3466:
3255:
3236:
3080:
3072:
2743:
2624:
2583:
2558:
2433:
2335:
1805:
1738:
1479:
1429:
1419:
1291:
1256:
1132:
1025:
1008:
988:
953:
720:
21401:
17891:
17866:
17823:
15742:
15715:
15682:
15628:
14976:
13864:"Daoism | Definition, Origin, Philosophy, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica"
13519:
12825:
12044:
12007:
11933:
11677:
11507:
9125:
9089:
8848:
8751:
8362:
8082:
Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tignor, Robert (16 December 2014).
7591:
7462:
6067:
4349:
4031:), inner substances (such as "essence" or jing), animating forces (like the
3183:
3092:
2936:
1980:; 'study of the Tao'). This would go on to be considered one of the
1617:—generally understood as an impersonal, enigmatic process of transformation
27679:
27634:
27543:
27514:
27392:
27361:
27356:
27341:
27336:
27266:
27176:
27151:
27125:
27055:
27015:
27010:
27002:
26992:
26952:
26922:
26917:
26901:
26896:
26823:
26805:
26787:
26782:
26736:
26371:
26333:
26220:
26215:
25789:
25779:
25738:
25718:
25490:
25453:
25412:
25298:
25248:
24909:
24887:
24865:
24812:
24780:
24652:
24512:
24423:
24219:
22867:
22769:
22630:
22318:
22313:
22291:
22281:
22162:
21594:
21529:
21472:
21457:
21423:
21048:
20956:
19994:
19885:
19880:
19731:
19701:
19575:
19543:
19291:
19262:
19249:
18840:
18656:
18559:
18554:
18539:
18459:
18362:
18283:
18241:
18055:
18024:
17986:
17784:
15904:
13686:
12421:
12165:
12157:
10683:
9284:
9156:
8894:
8018:
7909:
7795:
7705:
7701:
7618:
7614:
7595:
7511:, the founder of the Quanzhen School, and his seven disciples, depicted in
7446:
7355:
7194:
7159:
7134:
7118:
7090:
7049:
6999:
6979:
6893:
6708:
6657:
6614:
6550:
6529:
6513:
6375:
6371:
6367:
5884:
5830:
5756:
5677:
5587:
5492:
5323:
5290:
5120:
5096:
4857:
4776:
4718:
4648:
Taoists also generally see all things as being animated and constituted by
4633:
4600:
4538:
4414:
4406:
4355:
4304:
4218:
3737:
3701:
3541:
3502:
3368:
3312:
3247:
3187:
3118:
3107:
3100:
3084:
3064:
3025:
3013:
2977:
2947:
2895:
2876:
2790:
2774:
2769:
compiled a series of scriptures that later served as the foundation of the
2674:
2605:
2421:
2393:
2367:
2339:
2327:
in his own kingdom, to ensure order and prosperity among the inhabitants".
2300:
2276:
2058:, referring to the purported authors of the emerging Taoist canon, such as
1907:
1889:
1792:
1754:
1742:
1716:
1233:
1228:
1210:
1122:
1020:
939:
897:
836:
697:
669:
649:
354:
172:
134:
21095:
19782:
16053:
15829:
14665:
13863:
11711:. Translated by Wusun, Lin; Zhongping, Wu. Cologne: Könemann. p. 22.
10695:
8200:
7180:
of Taoism and Christianity. This has been of interest for students of the
6839:
5230:
Reconstructed drawings of guiding and pulling (Daoyin) exercises from the
3941:
into harmony with the great Tao, which itself accomplishes by nonaction."
3000:" and largely displaced them. The school focused on inner transformation,
2725:(267–300). Another later influential figure was the 4th century alchemist
2623:
movement at the end of the 2nd century CE. The latter had been founded by
27605:
27366:
27326:
27311:
27306:
27301:
27296:
27246:
27191:
27156:
27146:
27130:
27115:
27045:
27040:
27030:
26962:
26762:
26731:
26698:
26638:
26514:
26509:
26481:
25784:
25723:
25595:
25575:
25480:
25417:
25377:
25357:
25283:
25253:
24914:
24850:
24542:
24527:
24403:
24393:
24342:
24308:
24247:
22789:
22764:
22588:
22556:
22547:
22493:
22423:
22408:
22301:
22192:
21853:
21801:
21589:
21307:
21287:
21127:
21068:
20806:
20802:
20625:
20145:
20093:
20063:
19900:
19754:
19646:
19570:
19435:
19371:
19322:
18634:
18529:
18524:
18449:
18276:
18269:
18201:
18084:
16761:. Translated by Kierman, Frank A. Jr. University of Massachusetts Press.
16140:
14918:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
13273:
12243:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall
9370:
7904:
7880:
7803:
7572:
7564:
7492:
7481:
7249:
7110:
7018:
tenets in his work. In general, Taoism rejects the Confucian emphasis on
7011:
6805:
6383:
6207:
6192:
6172:
Buddhist ideas. The text was adopted as one of the key scriptures of the
5984:
5966:
5942:
5720:
5686:
5649:
5421:
5242:. Many of these methods date back to Tang dynasty figures like alchemist
4936:
4512:
4369:
4044:
3851:
3757:
3665:
3638:
3553:
3506:
3494:
3372:
3339:. In mainland China, the government regulates its activities through the
3206:
3038:
3030:
3005:
2992:(1113–1170) to compete with religious Taoist traditions that worshipped "
2922:
2814:
2609:
2595:
2566:
2488:
2480:
2469:
2446:
2441:
2063:
2040:
2015:
2005:
1985:
1834:
1687:
1367:
1200:
1195:
1109:
925:
918:
842:
413:
22108:
22049:
21152:
20573:
20407:
19956:
15795:
14815:
9772:
9755:
7820:
in some branches of religious Taoism thought to be able to pardon sins.
7474:
6660:, and various Chinese characters (such as the character for Tao and the
6400:, "caves" or "grottoes"). They are arranged from "highest" to "lowest":
5826:), a Legalist work that also contains key Taoist themes, such as wu-wei.
4401:
by either achieving spiritual immortality in an afterlife or becoming a
3446:
as well as conversion by non-Chinese. Taoist influenced practices, like
3012:. Quanzhen flourished during the 13th and 14th centuries and during the
2312:, is dated by scholars to sometime between the 4th and 6th century BCE.
27346:
27316:
27291:
27276:
27241:
27211:
27181:
27166:
27095:
27085:
27080:
27075:
26878:
26863:
26853:
26833:
26713:
26703:
26590:
26565:
26426:
26421:
26376:
26346:
25630:
25458:
25407:
25397:
25268:
25172:
25117:
24924:
24904:
24770:
24537:
24451:
24280:
24227:
24191:
24095:
22755:
22750:
22625:
22620:
22583:
22561:
22418:
22398:
22393:
22234:
22224:
22187:
21791:
21569:
21517:
21257:
20902:
20882:
20460:
20385:
20324:
20088:
20068:
19989:
19641:
19609:
19580:
19359:
19354:
19339:
18899:
18741:
18683:
18534:
18514:
18464:
18404:
18214:
17687:
17247:"Religion and Society. A Summary of French Studies on Chinese Religion"
16498:
Reading Lao Tzu: A Companion to the Tao Te Ching With a New Translation
16474:
16279:. Translated by Trask, Willard R. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15758:
12058:
11738:
11693:
11574:
10316:
An address given to the Delegation EU–China of the European Parliament.
10191:
8489:(Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University,
7856:
7775:, a trinity of high gods that varied in how it was thought of, and the
7730:
7346:
7303:
7295:
7280:
7272:
7198:
7030:
6851:
6809:
6781:
6696:
6577:
6100:
6059:
6032:
5545:
5411:
5399:
5286:
5255:
5243:
5189:
5163:
5092:
5088:
4784:
4610:
4578:
4537:
The Taoist quest for immortality was inspired by Confucian emphasis on
4279:
4259:
4166:
4120:
4032:
4020:
3646:
self-conscious creator, but an infinite and boundless natural pattern.
3620:
3498:
3435:
3344:
3328:
3324:
3251:
3143:
3009:
2932:
2827:
2808:
by a local Taoist master named Yin Tong. This tradition was called the
2797:
2755:
2587:
movement, which was an influential school of thought at this time. The
2375:
2355:
2343:
2084:
1957:
1902:
1439:
1382:
1205:
1185:
1180:
1127:
1062:
859:
765:
281:
27406:
21599:
20480:
12542:
8023:
7629:, internal alchemy and recite daily liturgies. The largest lineage is
5796:
Taoism also drew on other non-Taoist Chinese classic texts including:
5553:
manuscript, ink on silk, 2nd century BCE, Han dynasty, unearthed from
3826:
in which one empties the mind. It is held that this can also activate
27556:
27331:
27256:
27231:
27216:
27186:
27161:
27090:
27035:
26947:
26937:
26927:
26912:
26873:
26838:
26813:
26658:
26560:
26471:
26451:
26406:
26361:
26351:
26160:
25645:
25640:
25500:
25427:
25362:
25233:
25167:
24979:
24969:
24964:
24939:
24735:
24295:
24257:
22702:
22498:
22413:
22403:
22274:
22229:
22214:
22147:
21995:
21462:
21384:
21344:
21334:
21297:
21272:
21252:
21147:
21013:
20867:
20857:
20629:
20487:
20297:
20282:
20247:
20230:
20212:
20125:
19905:
19821:
19800:
19795:
19772:
19767:
19726:
19721:
19658:
19595:
19518:
19489:
19440:
19381:
19334:
18944:
18929:
18569:
18549:
18509:
18479:
18454:
18290:
18262:
18002:
17697:
16457:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
16123:
Creativity and Taoism, A Study of Chinese Philosophy, Art, and Poetry
15821:
15498:
15054:
14643:. Singapore Department of Statistics. 12 January 2011. Archived from
11380:
11351:
11273:
Living in the Tao: The Effortless Path of Self-Discovery, Mantak Chia
10298:"Human Rights Without Frontiers "Religious Freedom in China in 2006""
9673:
9292:
8870:
7613:
lineage. Chuji was also made the leader of all religions in China by
7606:
7386:
7338:
7138:
7042:
6940:
6929:. A more moderate position is presented in the Inner Chapters of the
6926:
6832:
6828:
6685:
6589:
6566:
6250:
5949:
5868:
5815:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5554:
5294:
5175:
5108:
5061:
4667:
4663:
4398:
4063:
3839:
3681:
3510:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3335:). Today, Taoism is one of five official recognized religions in the
3289:
3274:
3214:
3202:
3076:
3021:
2863:
2789:." Louis Komjathy also notes that they adopted the Mahayana Buddhist
2766:
2718:
2714:
2589:
1990:
1849:
1838:
1662:
1243:
1223:
1175:
1142:
1114:
946:
911:
302:
24870:
20177:
19706:
17693:
Change Your Thoughts, Change Your Life: Living the Wisdom of the Tao
16715:
Encountering Religion: an introduction to the religions of the world
12345:"Virtuous Life, Honored Afterlife and the Evolution of Confucianism"
11085:
10647:, Chandos Asian Studies Series, Chandos Publishing, pp. 40–71,
5675:
are important texts in their own right. Perhaps the oldest one, the
5138:(which are to avoid: killing , theft, sexual misconduct, lying, and
3637:(the Tao is one reality), panenhenic (seeing nature as sacred), and
2163:
This role of Taoist priests reflects the definition of Taoism as a "
103:
and is often translated as 'way', 'path', 'technique', or 'doctrine'
27444:
27420:
27261:
27226:
27196:
27100:
27070:
27050:
27025:
27020:
26972:
26843:
26777:
26683:
26643:
26545:
26525:
26466:
26431:
26341:
25475:
25382:
25347:
25305:
25293:
25081:
24875:
24775:
24718:
24522:
24476:
24360:
22505:
22249:
22239:
22094:
21584:
21564:
21391:
21267:
21122:
20696:
20450:
20390:
20309:
20217:
20204:
20182:
20162:
20140:
20135:
20115:
20055:
20022:
19961:
19805:
19790:
19668:
19629:
19585:
19376:
19313:
19217:
19120:
18678:
18584:
17266:
15646:(2nd ed.). Wigston, Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. p. 176.
15090:
14851:
14710:
11013:
Taoism and Science: Cosmology, Evolution, Morality, Health and more
10521:, ed. by N. J. Girardot et al., Harvard University Press, 391, 392.
10174:
10151:
8827:
Tong Sing: The Book of Wisdom: Based on the Ancient Chinese Almanac
7626:
7599:
7568:
7276:
7206:
7170:
7148:
7122:
7079:
7038:
6723:
6517:
6169:
5958:
5835:
5327:
5193:
5179:
4940:
4757:
4299:
4214:
4187:
4139:
4106:
These three are further associated with the three "elixir fields" (
3977:
3969:
3891:
3742:
3650:
3593:
3176:
2985:
2962:
tradition as well as for the Youthful Incipience (Tongchu) school.
2888:
2778:
2689:
2655:
2628:
2497:
2437:
2146:
2129:
2080:
1784:
1776:
1609:) is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to
1339:
1261:
323:
186:
17680:
16438:
A Taoist Theory of Chinese Thought: A Philosophical Interpretation
16220:
ABC (Alphabetically Based Computerized) Chinese-English Dictionary
16178:
Syncretism: The Religious Context of Christian Beginnings in Korea
12096:(1999). Spilling, Michael; Williams, Sophie; Dent, Marion (eds.).
8303:
6040:)—one of the earliest sources on Taoist internal alchemy (neidan).
5941:; attributed to a Disciple of Laozi but which likely dates to the
5592:
5522:
symbology, Taoist cosmology, external alchemy concepts and terms,
4515:. They often are depicted as living simple lives, as craftsmen or
4485:, wanted to "ensure complete physical and spiritual immortality".
3688:(Twofold Mystery), developed a metaphysics influenced by Buddhist
3363:
also contain influential Taoist centers. Other key sites include:
27221:
27206:
27065:
26932:
26848:
26828:
26718:
26708:
26693:
26678:
26663:
26653:
26600:
26585:
26496:
26441:
26411:
26386:
26381:
26356:
26293:
26285:
25102:
25076:
25071:
25013:
25008:
24840:
24728:
24723:
24682:
24504:
24350:
24232:
22774:
22378:
22343:
22264:
22177:
22118:
22022:
21725:
21579:
21329:
21282:
21167:
21043:
20862:
20329:
20292:
20103:
19653:
19619:
19462:
19163:
18934:
18641:
18589:
18519:
18499:
18489:
18311:
18304:
18094:
18016:
17184:
The Beaten Track of Science: The Life and Work of J.J.M. de Groot
16481:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
16146:
Sages and Filial Sons: Mythology and Archaeology in Ancient China
15998:. Translated by Balfour, Frederic Henry. Kelly & Walsh. 1881.
15030:
14466:
14433:
14403:
13106:
13104:
11860:, Chandos Asian Studies Series, Chandos Publishing, pp. iv,
11245:
11243:
11241:
9974:
7952:
7470:
7466:
7370:
7359:
7351:
7114:
7074:
7065:
6793:
6585:
6538:
6492:
6406:
6343:
6111:
5998:
5992:
5822:
5777:
5682:
5631:
5519:
5498:
5479:
5394:
5282:
5258:
in all things (drink, food, etc.), adapting to the cycles of the
5167:
5041:
5037:
4831:
4780:
4694:
4675:
4619:
4583:
4574:
4531:
4508:
4364:
4107:
4028:
3925:
3673:
3669:
3485:
3477:
3447:
3243:
3222:
3191:
2956:
2840:
2731:
2726:
2706:
2702:
2667:
2647:
2574:
2570:
2493:
2456:
2406:
2379:
2259:
2250:
2164:
2059:
1764:
1732:
1301:
1270:
1190:
1162:
1152:
1079:
967:
960:
890:
728:
690:
404:
361:
17839:
16287:
The Teachings and Practices of the Early Quanzhen Taoist Masters
7045:, knew and were deeply influenced by the Taoist keystone texts.
6962:
5490:
Taoist alchemy can be found in early Taoist scriptures like the
5036:
A Taoist ritual at the Gray Goat Temple (Qingyang Gong, 青羊宫) in
3933:
may more likely result rather than the willed outcome. Thus the
2554:
2026:, and Zhuangzi himself may have died before the term was in use.
27600:
27508:
27286:
27110:
27060:
26883:
26868:
26767:
26752:
26668:
26570:
26550:
26540:
26486:
26436:
26247:
25367:
25288:
25018:
24667:
24365:
24267:
22687:
22566:
22551:
22370:
22259:
22244:
22202:
21980:
21858:
21132:
20887:
20877:
20531:
20492:
20334:
19942:
19636:
18494:
18474:
18158:
18142:
18134:
18065:
16383:
Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism: The Themes of Chaos (Hun-Tun)
14779:
14722:
14344:"Taoism Ritual, Worship, Devotion, Symbolism, Taoism Symbolism"
10893:
10889:
10543:
Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions
7890:
7528:
7524:
7426:
7334:
7287:
7153:
7015:
6901:
6897:
6731:
6719:
6674:
6617:, Taoists and intellectuals who leaned towards Taoism used the
6253:
by Daochun Li that outlines the teachings and practices of the
6136:
6132:, c. 8th century CE), a text on internal alchemy and astrology.
5880:
5665:
5550:
5507:
5503:
5473:
5278:
5274:
5263:
5259:
5104:
4996:
4957:
4901:
4878:
4516:
4467:
4175:
4128:
4124:
4088:
4084:
4052:
3994:
3895:
Illustration of the parable of the adept butcher Ding from the
3886:
3733:
3634:
3451:
3316:
3110:". The school derided internal and external alchemy, fasting (
3056:(often from the western parts of the Yuan dynasty's land), and
2940:
2710:
2476:
2440:. Robinet states that some elements of Taoism may be traced to
2384:
2363:
2324:
2268:
2151:
1892:. Philosophers of Taoism are marked by triangles in dark green.
1861:
1837:, attempting to create what has been characterized as a Taoist
1820:
1750:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1630:
1157:
1137:
871:
829:
820:
813:
705:
479:
21078:
16816:
The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture
16188:
What Is Taoism?: And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History
11238:
8455:
7233:, 1553, anonymous woodblock print, James Michener Collection,
6588:. A related symbol is the flaming pearl, which stands for the
5196:
is a key element of some Taoist traditions. These can include
3838:, naturalness is also associated with rejection of the state (
27563:
27201:
26987:
26747:
26446:
26401:
26391:
26366:
25183:
24845:
24131:
24064:
22383:
22157:
22137:
22122:
21698:
21524:
21319:
21182:
21137:
21117:
20319:
19716:
19562:
19344:
18797:
18444:
18377:
18255:
18075:
17993:
17664:(in Chinese and German). Leipzig: Leipziger Literaturverlag.
14366:
14278:
Tang dynasty Buddhist monk Zongmi (780-841). Prior to this,
13780:
13778:
13776:
12921:
11767:
11706:
11610:
11540:. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. pp. 102–103.
8682:
7772:
7768:
7744:
7651:
7516:
7454:
7226:
7165:
7106:
6889:
6869:
6544:
6498:
6270:
5937:
5929:
5913:
5790:
5760:
5623:
4809:
4796:
4435:
4315:
4197:
4072:
4015:
3842:) and a desire to return to simpler pre-technological times (
3765:
3419:
3336:
2844:(the Taoist Canon), which was published at the behest of the
2746:(316–589) era saw the rise of two new Taoist traditions, the
2309:
2288:
1935:
is used to translate two related but distinct Chinese terms.
1853:
1680:
1610:
1592:
1580:
1551:
1539:
1104:
1035:
932:
713:
676:
539:
493:
383:
369:
17552:(2nd ed.). Pullman: Washington State University Press.
17429:(in Chinese, English, and German). Aachen: Hochschulverlag.
16256:
Dumoulin, Heinrich; Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul (2005).
15775:
Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
14291:
13586:
13435:
13305:
12728:
12515:
12491:
11888:
11312:
10584:
10548:
10343:
10067:
7279:, healing, traveling to the underworld to help the dead and
7068:, one of the most influential philosophical commentators on
6580:(also called the Bushel) are also important symbols. In the
5785:
and its associated concepts of yin and yang mapped into 64 "
4874:), are also venerated as well by both clergy and laypeople.
4701:
Another important element of Taoist cosmology is the use of
4466:
because "of their life being totally at one with the Tao of
3664:
Throughout Taoist history, Taoists have developed different
3649:
Furthermore, the Tao is something that individuals can find
3472:
During the late 20th century, Taoism began to spread to the
3311:
During the 1980s and 1990s, China experienced the so-called
2334:
Early Taoism drew on the ideas found in the religion of the
2133:
nature". Taoism is generally not understood as a variant of
34:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
27496:
26491:
26416:
22308:
22197:
20150:
19089:
18220:
17852:
15360:
15358:
14459:
14426:
14396:
13834:
13832:
13452:
13450:
13354:
13352:
13350:
13337:
13335:
13322:
13320:
13295:
13293:
13236:
13200:
13188:
13178:
13176:
13174:
13172:
13170:
13091:
13089:
12997:
12985:
12938:
12936:
12752:
11439:
11437:
11329:
11327:
10991:
10989:
10987:
10985:
10641:"Chapter 4 - An overview of Vietnamese history and culture"
10362:
10360:
10358:
9991:
9989:
9859:
9785:
8973:
8971:
7760:
7720:
7641:
7394:
7291:
7222:
7197:
while Daoism does not. Yet, a number of authors, including
7188:, among others. A comparison of the teachings of Laozi and
6998:
Many scholars believe Taoism arose as a countermovement to
6994:, a temple which contains elements from all three teachings
6653:
5802:
5352:
5348:
5309:
and true fasting is also adopted (which may also be termed
5183:
5166:. There are many methods used by Chinese Taoists including
4418:
4393:
4339:
Illustrations of Taoist immortals at the White Cloud Temple
3950:
2659:
2537:
2351:
1358:
Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters
865:
17741:
The Tao Jones Averages: A Guide to Whole-Brained Investing
17567:
The Taoist Translations of Thomas Cleary: A Reader's Guide
16625:
World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions
15144:
World Religions: The Great Faiths Explored & Explained
15042:
14894:
14519:
14517:
14502:
14135:
14099:
14097:
14095:
14032:
14020:
13930:
13882:
13844:
13795:
13793:
13773:
13749:
13737:
13603:
13601:
13562:
13009:
11075:
11073:
11058:
9643:
9641:
5424:("post standing")—standing meditation in various postures.
4795:
of deities, which was a hierarchy emanating from the Tao.
3395:. Meanwhile, Taoism is also practiced much more freely in
27386:
25028:
22207:
22172:
20847:
20226:
18939:
17961:
17904:
17833:
17541:
Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity
15938:
15343:
15078:
15006:
14258:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 131.
12643:
12641:
11226:
11031:
11029:
10840:"Daoist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
10620:
9577:
9575:
9521:
9477:
9409:
9379:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 194.
9265:
8694:
8660:
8658:
8643:
8456:"Daoist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
7824:
6815:
Taoist literature and art has influenced the cultures of
6292:), an influential neidan text from the late 17th century.
5502:. There are two main kinds of alchemy, internal alchemy (
5363:
4769:
4631:
The main distinction in Taoist cosmology is that between
4522:
Some sages are also considered to have become one of the
4410:
4143:
Illustration of the tortoise in the mud parable from the
4043:
channels). The complex Taoist schema of the body and its
3588:
2781:
elements. According to Kohn, they "integrated aspects of
1884:
The birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers from the
1788:
1698:
The core of Taoist thought crystallized during the early
1614:
1586:
1545:
643:
607:
425:
342:
328:
314:
100:
17011:
The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Taotsang
16362:
An Introduction To The Philosophy And Religion Of Taoism
16342:
Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths
15696:
Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992).
15695:
15433:
15409:
15370:
15355:
15263:
15251:
15227:
15203:
14863:
13829:
13667:
13447:
13376:
13347:
13332:
13317:
13290:
13224:
13212:
13167:
13131:
13086:
12933:
12503:
12479:
12375:
12313:
World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts
12127:
World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts
11592:
11514:
11434:
11368:
11324:
11300:
11288:
11276:
10982:
10808:
10684:"Dao-di herbs and its change of cultivated origin place"
10572:
10560:
10355:
10331:
10278:
10266:
10131:
10055:
10013:
9986:
9550:
9548:
8968:
8796:
8794:
8732:
Bellingham, David; Whittaker, Clio; Grant, John (1992).
8731:
8633:
8631:
8563:
8561:
8559:
6669:
Taoist priests also wear distinctive robes, such as the
6621:
as symbols of leadership and good governance, using old
6216:; 987?–1082), a Song era scholar of the three teachings.
5908:
There are many other important Taoist texts, including:
5767:
and the Northern Dipper, surrounded by Taoist talismans.
5335:
or another kind of life energy a Taoist substituted for
5238:
Taoist longevity methods are closely related to ancient
5162:
A key part of many Taoist traditions is the practice of
4511:). This is what is often considered salvation in Taoist
3944:
2729:, who wrote a key Taoist work on inner cultivation, the
2684:
2577:). One of the earliest forms of Taoism was the Han era (
293:
27450:
18185:
16894:
Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West
16644:
Tao and Method: A Reasoned Approach to the Tao Te Ching
16239:
Crossing the Gods: World Religions and Worldly Politics
15588:
15586:
15584:
15547:
15545:
15543:
15530:
15528:
15526:
15472:
15450:
15448:
15399:
15397:
15333:
15331:
15329:
15280:
15278:
15164:
15119:
15117:
14803:
14514:
14378:
14243:
14241:
14092:
14080:
14068:
14056:
14044:
14008:
13790:
13761:
13655:
13598:
13477:
13467:
13465:
13425:
13423:
13121:
13119:
13052:
13050:
13048:
13021:
12973:
12692:
12680:
12670:
12668:
12626:
12554:
12402:
11536:
Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021).
11348:
Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals
11214:
11202:
11173:
11161:
11113:
11070:
10820:
10771:
10759:
10096:
10094:
9871:
9830:
9638:
9387:
9385:
9050:
9048:
8867:
Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals
8606:
8604:
8327:
8212:
8210:
8191:[Classification of Taoist gods and immortals].
8147:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8126:
6677:, which symbolize their status and school affiliation.
6374:
dynasties. The extant version was published during the
6267:
Treatise of the Exalted One on Response and Retribution
6028:), the two most influential Supreme Clarity scriptures.
5793:—has influenced Taoism from its inception until today.
5530:
4964:
4650:
4565:
4440:
4391:), somehow aiding the spiritual functions of nature or
4383:
4040:
3911:
refers to any intentional or deliberated action, while
3827:
2800:, the first Taoist monastic institution (influenced by
751:
19132:
17790:
Infinite Self: 33 Steps to Reclaiming Your Inner Power
16853:
15700:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 126.
15644:
Myths & Legends of India, Egypt, China & Japan
15181:
15179:
15096:
14791:
14767:
14552:
14550:
12832:
12638:
12532:
12530:
12467:
12392:
12390:
11412:
11410:
11397:
11395:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11026:
10747:
10737:
10735:
10733:
10731:
10729:
10727:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9809:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9728:
9726:
9626:
9614:
9572:
9560:
9352:
9328:
9110:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. pp. 123–124.
9004:
9002:
8806:
8736:. Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press. p. 124.
8706:
8655:
8389:
8081:
7457:, the Seven Star Lords of the Northern Bushel and the
6761:
in 2010, the number of people practicing some form of
6452:) grotto, which includes texts predating the Maoshan (
5262:
by following injunctions regarding healing exercises (
4500:) and with the attainment of "clarity and stillness" (
2392:(from which Taoism draws its main cosmological ideas,
567:
88:
27663:
16971:
16255:
15604:
15060:
14952:
14845:
14821:
14463:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
14430:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
14400:
The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images
13643:
13495:
12801:
12653:
12020:
11983:
11909:
11483:
9701:
9699:
9604:
9602:
9545:
9533:
9397:
9340:
9014:
8791:
8670:
8628:
8556:
8532:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
7704:" were terms for a Taoist supreme deity also used in
7029:
into China was marked by significant interaction and
5483:
extending one's life, and even becoming an immortal (
5273:
A number of physical practices, like modern forms of
4225:
Some of the most important virtues in Taoism are the
3213:. By the 20th century, only one complete copy of the
2693:
A Taoist talisman from one of the Lingbao Scriptures.
2193:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1762:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1589:
1548:
269:
255:
241:
225:
211:
191:
177:
15581:
15569:
15557:
15540:
15523:
15460:
15445:
15421:
15394:
15382:
15326:
15314:
15302:
15290:
15275:
15239:
15215:
15191:
15114:
14827:
14238:
14234:(Third ed.). New York: Routhledge. p. 150.
13462:
13420:
13364:
13155:
13116:
13062:
13045:
12716:
12665:
11821:
11255:
10783:
10608:
10596:
10372:
10319:
10106:
10091:
9382:
9045:
8765:
Hackett, Conrad; Grim, Brian J. (18 December 2012).
8601:
8544:
8275:. US Federal Government. 29 May 2018. Archived from
8269:"Taiwan 2017 International Religious Freedom Report"
8229:
8227:
8225:
8207:
8138:
4591:
which gives birth to "the two" – yin and yang (i.e.
3822:
is to practice the "fasting of the mind", a kind of
3343:. Regarding the status of Taoism in mainland China,
2639:, and after years of bloody war, they were crushed.
1577:
1536:
521:
17389:
Mysticism and Morality: a new look at old questions
17190:
17009:Schipper, Kristopher; Verellen, Franciscus (2004).
16036:Carr, Michael (1990). "Whence the Pronunciation of
15176:
15102:
14547:
14541:
12614:
12602:
12590:
12578:
12566:
12527:
12387:
11833:
11422:
11407:
11392:
11149:
11137:
11125:
11101:
11041:
10724:
10507:. pp. First page, which doesn't have a number.
10438:
10250:. Journal of Asian Martial Arts (Vol. 16, Issue 4).
9944:
9932:
9842:
9792:
9723:
8999:
8520:
8356:
8354:
8075:
7128:
7010:are indeed shared by both Taoism and Confucianism.
6917:Taoism never had a unified political theory. While
5899:, which discusses Taoist ideas in several chapters.
3907:constitutes the leading ethical concept in Taoism.
2917:, the Five Dragons Temple (the first temple at the
2286:Some of the main early Taoist sources include: the
2279:" ideas), which were eventually synthesized in the
2238:
1953:
school is a well-known early example of this sense.
1574:
1533:
17738:
17160:
17137:
16912:
16836:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
16733:
16414:
16321:Comparative Religious Ethics: a narrative approach
16318:
16070:
15871:
15869:
14671:
13263:
13261:
13259:
13257:
13255:
13253:
13251:
12088:
12086:
12084:
11346:Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.).
10472:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
10261:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
10126:Taoist Ritual and Popular Cults of Southeast China
9696:
9674:"Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains"
9599:
9509:
9453:
9193:Dragons, Gods & Spirits from Chinese Mythology
8865:Salamone, Frank A. (2004). Levinson, David (ed.).
8727:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8339:
8157:
6951:
6058:) is a work on Taoist meditation revealed by Lady
5052:Taoist ritual specialists in a procession, Taiwan.
5020:Knowing how to stop and be content (zhī zhǐzú 知止足)
4812:and there are many kinds: heaven gods/celestials (
4662:Taoist texts present various creation stories and
4613:explains the basic Taoist cosmological theory as:
4330:
3067:(1368–1644), aspects of Confucianism, Taoism, and
2793:in its promotion of "universal salvation" (pudu).
2331:everything inside and mixing everything outside".
17276:Buddhism, Taoism, and Other Far Eastern Religions
16983:The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion'
16555:The Taoist Monastic Manual: A Translation of the
15689:
15667:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. p. 166.
12797:
12795:
12793:
12791:
12789:
12787:
12278:
12276:
12274:
11789:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
11632:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
11554:
9074:. Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. p. 161.
9032:
8585:The Routledge companion to philosophy of religion
8222:
8114:
7546:Another worldview is that beings must "harmonize
6146:), a 10th-century CE classic on internal alchemy.
5853:, which is widely quoted in early Taoist sources.
5146:.) The other five were a set of five injunctions:
4417:, such as the mental realm sometimes called "the
4095:(精, essence, the foundation for one's vitality),
2179:are comparable to the non-Taoist ritual masters (
27699:
17191:Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina; Strait, David (2012).
17008:
16972:Ruokanen, Miikka; Zhanzhu Huang, Paulos (2010).
15809:
15807:
15805:
14891:Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University.
14455:
14453:
14338:
14336:
14334:
14332:
14330:
14193:
14177:
14165:
14153:
13823:
13811:
13410:
13270:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy
12785:
12783:
12781:
12779:
12777:
12775:
12773:
12771:
12769:
12767:
12338:
12336:
12152:
12150:
11905:
11903:
11659:
11657:
11655:
11531:
11529:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11473:
11471:
11469:
11467:
11465:
9159:. London: Penguin Random House UK. p. 249.
8860:
8858:
8351:
7719:was a primary deity among polytheists who had a
7373:, along with the teachings of yin and yang, the
6938:The syncretist position found in texts like the
5382:Some of the key forms of Taoist meditation are:
3668:views regarding the Tao. For example, while the
3331:(which came to be outlawed and repressed by the
3246:developed during this time, led by figures like
3121:(1644–1912) mainly promoted Buddhism as well as
2670:, as well as ritual and purificatory practices.
465:
451:
17681:Popular (nonacademic) interpretations of Taoism
16712:
16316:
15866:
15655:
15653:
15134:
15132:
14857:
14785:
13533:
13531:
13529:
13248:
12315:(1st paperback ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota:
12129:(1st paperback ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota:
12081:
11949:
11947:
11945:
11943:
11761:
11732:
11730:
11728:
11249:
10532:Tracing the Contours of Daoism in North America
9227:(First American ed.). Broadway, New York:
9186:
9184:
8718:
7385:, like Tzu-wei tu-su), terrestrial divination (
7365:This tradition also relies on the cosmology of
5983:a Han dynasty text that is the earliest Taoist
5903:
5781:(circa 1150 BCE). The divination method in the
5656:may have been involved in the editing process.
5182:divination), and the interpretation of various
4834:, the spirit of all things); netherworld gods (
4772:. Nearly all the sects share this core belief.
4682:. Later medieval models included the idea of a
4182:Some popular Daoist beliefs, such as the early
2475:During the early period, some Taoists lived as
1795:(607–917) incorporates many ideas from Taoism.
14911:
14909:
12271:
11604:
11535:
9139:
9137:
9135:
6118:(647–735 CE), which is influenced by Buddhism.
6096:), a manual of longevity practices and neidan.
4314:Taoism also adopted the Buddhist doctrines of
4011:Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)
3830:(vital energy). In some passages found in the
3517:(which are often unrelated to Taoism proper),
3457:Taoism has been traditionally associated with
3273:, one of the most important Taoist temples in
2773:, which was most influential during the later
544:
45:to make improvements to the overall structure.
26176:
24080:
19105:
18780:
17920:
17896:
17200:Religions & Christianity in Today's China
17078:
16660:
16586:Kohn, Livia; LaFargue, Michael, eds. (1998).
15802:
15598:
15490:
15036:
14450:
14372:
14327:
14297:
14217:
14181:
13901:
13899:
13897:
13489:
12764:
12333:
12236:
12234:
12232:
12230:
12147:
12014:
11977:
11900:
11652:
11526:
11462:
11449:
11192:
11190:
11188:
10035:harvp error: no target: CITEREFEsposito2001 (
9373:(1911). "Lâo-Tsze". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
8855:
6948:blend Taoist positions with Confucian views.
6453:
6447:
6428:
6411:
6395:
6349:
6283:
6244:
6225:Fifteen discourses to Establish the Teachings
6211:
6197:
6155:
6141:
6127:
6105:
6053:
5442:
5375:), some of which were strongly influenced by
4847:
4841:
4835:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4803:
4678:) and then into the myriad beings, as in the
3604:
3133:
2180:
1896:
1501:
119:
94:
17467:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
17408:The Face of the Deep: A Theology of Becoming
17329:
16867:
16585:
16317:Fasching, Darrell J.; deChant, Dell (2001).
15883:. New York: Avenel Books. pp. 317–318.
15650:
15129:
14946:
14536:
14534:
14532:
13592:
13526:
12734:
11940:
11725:
11006:
11004:
10874:(Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
10716:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
9963:
9961:
9959:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9181:
8582:
8578:
8576:
7838:
7687:
7048:Taoism especially shaped the development of
6904:, Tang Mi, and Wang Zengzu. Taoist arts and
5478:A key element of many schools of Taoism are
5451:Pointers on Spiritual Nature and Bodily Life
5246:(582–683) and the Highest Clarity Patriarch
4935:teaches, Taoists were and are generally not
4645:) and medicine to astrology and divination.
3284:Taoist ceremony at Xiao Ancestral Temple in
2851:This period also saw the development of the
1970:; 'school of the Tao', or sometimes
498:
484:
17636:
17045:
17004:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16139:
15642:Storm, Rachel (2011). Sudell, Helen (ed.).
14906:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12185:
11064:
9132:
8764:
8408:Xiong, Qinjing; Ju, Yucui (21 March 2023).
7441:146 Key earlier heaven deities include the
7163:(live in obscurity), focus on naturalness (
7052:, introducing elements like the concept of
6860:Carved Jade boulder with a Taoist paradise.
6573:those of the gods or immortals themselves.
6206:) is a work on internal alchemy written by
5568:Perhaps the most influential texts are the
5277:, as well as modern internal martial arts (
3849:An often cited metaphor for naturalness is
2858:
2615:The first organized form of Taoism was the
1583:
1542:
26183:
26169:
24087:
24073:
19112:
19098:
18787:
18773:
17951:
17927:
17913:
17620:Chinese Dialectics: From Yijing To Marxism
17181:
17111:
16692:The Columbia History of Chinese Literature
15012:
14229:
13986:
13894:
13784:
12748:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40636-021-00225-1
12227:
11771:; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton;
11614:; Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton;
11196:
11185:
9821:
6610:consciousness that was a "flowing pearl".
4963:Tao can serve as a life energy instead of
3797:and creativity. According to Kohn, in the
3513:. This popular spirituality also draws on
3432:Weaverville Joss House State Historic Park
2185:) of vernacular traditions (the so-called
1508:
1494:
87:
17736:
17601:Chinese Religion: An Anthology of Sources
17348:
16888:
16731:
16473:
16283:
16258:Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China)
16217:
15875:
14529:
13838:
13679:
13267:
12927:
12904:
12092:
11232:
11001:
10626:
10263:, p. 41. Princeton: Princeton University.
10206:
10173:
10128:, p. 40. Princeton: Princeton University.
10025:
9956:
9836:
9771:
9738:
9421:
9219:
8824:
8583:Meister, Chad; Copan, Paul, eds. (2010).
8573:
7434:birthday blessings are a common service.
6745:' class". The only real exception is the
6094:Complete Methods of the Numinous Treasure
4451:or other spiritual worlds, or becoming a
3814:one's experience. One way of cultivating
3075:school, which eventually became Imperial
2527:
61:Learn how and when to remove this message
21627:
17714:
17655:
17519:
17462:
17273:
17182:Werblowsky, Raphael Jehudah Zwi (2002).
16999:
16933:
16713:Markham, Ian S.; Ruparell, Tinu (2001).
16641:
16613:
16604:
16514:
16379:
16236:
15897:
15478:
15048:
14869:
14523:
14508:
14384:
14141:
14103:
14086:
14074:
14062:
14050:
14038:
14026:
14014:
13936:
13888:
13850:
13799:
13767:
13755:
13743:
13673:
13607:
13568:
13483:
13456:
13441:
13382:
13358:
13341:
13326:
13311:
13242:
13230:
13218:
13206:
13194:
13182:
13080:
13027:
13015:
13003:
12991:
12979:
12942:
12758:
12698:
12686:
12632:
12560:
12521:
12509:
12497:
12485:
12445:
12408:
12381:
12282:
12182:
11894:
11598:
11520:
11443:
11386:
11374:
11345:
11333:
11318:
11306:
11294:
11282:
11220:
11208:
11179:
11095:
11079:
10995:
10972:p. 25. Columbia University Press. 1968.
10883:
10826:
10814:
10777:
10765:
10753:
10681:
10590:
10578:
10566:
10554:
10391:Wright, James D., ed. (1 January 2015),
10366:
10349:
10284:
10272:
10137:
10085:
10073:
10061:
10049:
10031:
10019:
10007:
9995:
9980:
9877:
9865:
9815:
9647:
9632:
9620:
9581:
9566:
9527:
9483:
9415:
9358:
9334:
9271:
8989:
8977:
8864:
8812:
8712:
8700:
8688:
8676:
8664:
8649:
8622:
8567:
8538:
8321:
8309:
8181:
8179:
8132:
7605:One of his "seven perfected" disciples,
7503:
7416:
7328:
7286:Protection magic can include the use of
7216:
6985:
6961:
6868:A 16th century painting of the immortal
6863:
6855:
6707:
6695:
6684:
6523:
6504:
6479:
6386:. Following the example of the Buddhist
6362:. It was originally compiled during the
5862:(The Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor),
5750:
5591:
5544:
5436:
5362:
5225:
5213:
5047:
5031:
4888:
4728:
4712:
4587:diagram. The red circle is the formless
4573:
4455:who can do one or more of those things.
4342:
4334:
4138:
4047:components contains many parallels with
4014:
3890:
3752:
3592:
3425:
3409:
3279:
3265:
3182:
3159:
2964:
2862:
2688:
2553:
2531:
2215:
1879:
1695:of compassion, frugality, and humility.
22919:
17584:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
17538:
17520:Pas, Julian F.; Leung, Man Kam (1998).
17310:
17282:
17036:
16957:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
16952:
16910:
16794:
16754:
16622:
15971:Jesus and Lao Tzu: The Parallel Sayings
15967:
15813:
15771:
15728:
15491:Stanley-Baker, Michael (19 June 2022).
15072:
15024:
14875:
14833:
14809:
14797:
14205:
13414:
13398:
13149:
13110:
12874:
12850:
12838:
12659:
12647:
12548:
12342:
12156:
11663:
11167:
10956:
10872:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
10688:China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica
9717:
9659:
9593:
9503:
9499:
9471:
9447:
9403:
9391:
9346:
9190:
9020:
9008:
8923:
8800:
8610:
8550:
8510:
8487:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
8407:
8360:
8333:
8216:
8170:
7868:
7345:Divinational Taoism focuses on various
7271:right methods. Their magic can include
6741:or by members of the later well-to-do '
6005:). This text is a major source for the
5974:), a key source for Han dynasty Taoism.
5441:Illustration of Taoist neidan from the
5157:
5099:, human-occupied puppets (often of the
3871:
3785:
3706:The active expression of Tao is called
3128:The Qing era also saw the birth of the
1645:
27700:
26190:
17598:
17500:
17405:
17349:Carr, David T.; Zhang, Canhui (2004).
17251:Review of Religion and Chinese Society
17017:
16832:
16775:
16454:
16435:
16412:
16358:
16339:
16277:A History of Religious Ideas, Volume 2
16274:
16002:
15659:
15138:
14773:
14728:
14716:
14247:
13649:
13580:
13537:
12310:
12124:
11736:
11091:
11035:
10944:
10638:
10434:
10432:
10430:
10390:
10217:. State University of New York Press.
9665:
9438:, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
9320:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKohn (
9143:
9102:
9066:
9054:
8993:
8480:
8395:
7421:Interior of the Xiaomen Zhengyi Temple
7389:), the casting of incense sticks with
7324:
6944:and some of the Outer Chapters of the
5607:Throughout the history of Taoism, the
5218:Sun Simiao as depicted by Gan Bozong,
5209:
4689:In Taoism, human beings are seen as a
3680:(nothingness, negativity, not-being),
3469:, and originated from Southern China.
3155:
3087:. During the Ming, the legends of the
2524:conceits from close to its beginning.
2362:(4th to 3rd centuries BCE), including
1669:. A common goal of Taoist practice is
344:
271:
26164:
25826:
24568:
24106:
24068:
22918:
22076:
21626:
19131:
19093:
18768:
17908:
17895:
17783:
17579:
17550:Taoism and the Rite of Cosmic Renewal
17465:The Taoist Tradition: An Introduction
17424:
17386:
17367:
17158:
17135:
17066:from the original on 1 September 2023
16980:
16813:
16616:The Daoist Tradition: An Introduction
16400:from the original on 1 September 2023
16304:from the original on 1 September 2023
16205:from the original on 1 September 2023
16184:
16175:
16163:from the original on 1 September 2023
16120:
16023:from the original on 1 September 2023
15881:China & Japan (Myths and Legends)
15641:
15084:
14989:
14900:
14846:Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005)
14822:Dumoulin, Heisig & Knitter (2005)
14677:
14568:from the original on 15 November 2011
14354:from the original on 20 February 2023
13732:. The tomb...is dated around 300 B.C.
13661:
12886:
12862:
12215:from the original on 21 February 2023
12100:(First American ed.). New York:
11815:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9684:from the original on 23 February 2023
9283:
9149:Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
8779:from the original on 1 September 2023
8493:from the original on 1 September 2023
8462:from the original on 11 February 2021
8176:
8120:
8102:from the original on 1 September 2023
7173:in the foundational Taoist writings.
6974:" which illustrates the unity of the
6475:
6269:, C. 12th century) discusses sin and
6114:("sitting forgetting") meditation by
6026:Purple Texts Inscribed by the Spirits
6018:Perfect Scripture of the Great Cavern
5023:Yielding and withdrawing (tuīràng 推讓)
4970:
4944:gods or the gods of other religions.
4434:who eat yin and yang energy and ride
4209:was important to many Taoist groups.
4205:policies such as the building of the
3945:Aspects of self (xing, xin, and ming)
3493:and the work of popular figures like
3261:
2982:Quanzhen (Complete Perfection) School
2685:Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties eras
2149:, is traditionally used to translate
16:Religious and philosophical tradition
17887:University of Michigan Museum of Art
17759:
17686:
17641:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
17617:
17582:Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies
17547:
17481:
17443:
17427:The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi – Taodejing
17225:
17082:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Taoism
16686:
16564:
16560:. New York: Oxford University Press.
16552:
16533:
16091:
16068:
16035:
15609:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
15592:
15575:
15563:
15551:
15534:
15466:
15454:
15439:
15427:
15415:
15403:
15388:
15376:
15364:
15349:
15337:
15320:
15308:
15296:
15284:
15269:
15257:
15245:
15233:
15221:
15209:
15197:
15185:
15170:
15123:
15108:
14957:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
14915:
14740:
14689:
14580:
14321:
14309:
13631:from the original on 16 October 2009
13500:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
13471:
13429:
13394:
13370:
13299:
13161:
13137:
13125:
13095:
13068:
13056:
12806:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
12722:
12710:
12674:
12620:
12608:
12596:
12584:
12572:
12536:
12473:
12396:
12240:
12025:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11988:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11914:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11851:
11839:
11827:
11783:; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999).
11626:; Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999).
11572:
11560:
11488:(2nd ed.). Don Mills, Ontario:
11428:
11416:
11401:
11261:
11155:
11143:
11131:
11119:
11107:
11052:
10888:. Numen Book Series. Vol. 165.
10802:
10789:
10741:
10614:
10602:
10498:
10466:
10460:
10378:
10337:
10325:
10212:
10149:
10112:
10100:
9950:
9938:
9926:
9894:
9853:
9803:
9753:
9732:
9705:
9608:
9554:
9539:
9515:
9495:
9459:
9038:
8905:from the original on 4 November 2021
8526:
8514:
8345:
8297:
8233:
8199:]. 21 April 2019. Archived from
8151:
7759:, various kinds of beings occupying
7412:
7014:explicitly criticized Confucian and
6912:
6009:and its inner-cultivation practices.
5955:Classic on converting the barbarians
5083:On particular holidays, such as the
4908:to meet with the famous Taoist sage
3997:and health and longevity practices (
3235:In the 1910s, Taoist doctrine about
3071:were consciously synthesized in the
2022:, was familiar with the text of the
18:
17845:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
17446:The Taoist Experience: An Anthology
17313:Taijiquan: Through the Western Gate
17221:from the original on 27 April 2017.
17046:Slingerland, Edward Gilman (2003).
16938:. 2 volume set. London: Routledge.
16495:
16073:A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy
15607:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
15605:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
15061:Ruokanen & Zhanzhu Huang (2010)
14955:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
14953:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
14698:from the original on 12 August 2020
13692:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13498:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
13496:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
12804:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
12802:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
12098:Illustrated Dictionary of Religions
12023:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
12021:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
11986:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
11984:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
11912:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
11910:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
11486:World Religions: Eastern Traditions
11484:Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, ed. (2002).
10639:Nguyen, Lan, ed. (1 January 2009),
10427:
9277:
8410:"Taoism and teaching without words"
8367:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7695:
7499:
6652:, I Ching coins, Taoist talismans (
6335:
5879:), an ancient source that includes
5746:
5719:), named after its supposed author
5305:. In certain cases, practices like
5114:
5011:Clarity and stillness (qīngjìng 清靜)
4545:were thought to exist after death.
4110:) and the organs in different ways.
3352:mountains, and in all major cities.
3296:Taoism began to recover during the
2812:, and their main scripture was the
1450:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)
13:
22888:Religions and spiritual traditions
19134:Religious groups and denominations
18410:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
17303:
17244:
17099:from the original on 26 March 2023
17041:. Honolulu: Sacred Mountain Press.
16519:. London and New York: Routledge.
16386:. University of California Press.
15960:
14992:"Contemplations on the Tao Series"
14743:Dao Companion to Daoist Philosophy
14694:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
14489:
13703:from the original on 28 April 2020
11965:from the original on 26 April 2023
11866:10.1016/b978-1-84334-332-5.50013-9
11749:from the original on 23 April 2023
10653:10.1016/b978-1-84334-550-3.50004-7
10405:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.99002-0
10399:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. iii,
9883:
9671:
8775:. The Global Religious Landscape.
8637:
8369:. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI,
8257:from the original on 14 July 2024.
8197:Wudang Mountain Taoist Association
7964:
7939:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
7393:on them and the interpretation of
7157:(effortless action) and Epicurean
5367:Illustration of Taoist meditation.
4004:
3205:ideologies, European and Japanese
2283:into the first forms of "Taoism".
2030:The distinction between Taoism in
1068:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
14:
27749:
19052:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)
17812:
17484:Experimental Essays on Chuang-tzu
17013:. Chicago: University of Chicago.
16814:Moore, Charles Alexander (1967).
16780:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
16607:Daoism: A guide for the Perplexed
16185:Creel, Herrlee Glessner (1982) .
16143:; Guisso, R. W. L., eds. (1991).
15814:Szostak, Rick (22 October 2020).
14618:from the original on 30 June 2014
14542:Wenzel-Teuber & Strait (2012)
13918:from the original on 1 April 2023
11852:Tang, Lei, ed. (1 January 2009),
10970:The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu.
9902:(First U.S. ed.). New York:
9262:Indiana University, History G380.
8414:Educational Philosophy and Theory
8377:from the original on 24 June 2013
8029:
7987:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
7657:
7262:
7097:influenced Taoist thought on the
6845:
6658:Four Symbols (mythical creatures)
6080:Perfect Writings in Five Sections
5005:Guarding the feminine (shǒucí 行守)
5002:Softness and weakness (róuruò 柔弱)
1920:
1713:), during which the epigrammatic
1378:Chinese ritual mastery traditions
27685:
27673:
26144:
26143:
26130:
24048:
24039:
24038:
23852:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
22994:Democratic Republic of the Congo
19079:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
18908:
18796:
18117:
16974:Christianity and Chinese Culture
16934:Pregadio, Fabrizio, ed. (2008).
16006:Chinese Thought: An Introduction
15927:
15854:from the original on 15 May 2023
15765:
15722:
15635:
15484:
14983:
14734:
14683:
14654:
14630:
14598:
14483:
14420:
14390:
14315:
14303:
14223:
14211:
14199:
14187:
14171:
14159:
14147:
14119:. Weber.ucsd.edu. Archived from
14109:
13964:
13942:
13905:
13856:
13817:
13805:
13613:
13574:
13404:
13388:
13143:
13074:
13033:
12948:
12880:
12868:
12856:
12844:
12740:
12704:
12439:
12414:
12363:from the original on 3 June 2023
12343:Murrell, Jasmyn (January 2017).
12304:
12118:
12065:(in Chinese). 16 November 2017.
12051:
11845:
11809:
11737:Stefon, Matt (5 December 2016).
11700:
11573:Mark, Emily (22 February 2016).
11566:
11339:
11267:
10962:
10950:
10938:
10877:
10853:
10832:
10795:
10675:
10632:
10524:
10511:
10492:
10384:
10290:
10253:
10231:
10143:
10118:
10079:
10043:
10001:
9315:
8247:"The State of Religion in China"
7992:Chinese spiritual world concepts
7751:and other celestial beings from
7670:
7129:Comparisons with other religions
6808:or Quanzhen schools, and clergy
6629:to different Chinese dynasties.
6329:Central Teachings of Dragon Gate
6321:Precepts for Celestial Immortals
6162:Classic of Clarity and Stillness
5410:Observation (guan)—according to
5101:"Seventh Lord" and "Eighth Lord"
4066:, and even attain magic powers,
3732:can be used to refer to ethical
3484:have also become popular in the
3091:(the most important of which is
2902:after a period of war and loss.
2765:Similarly, between 397 and 402,
2239:Classical Taoism and its sources
2079:tradition as being inseparable.
1621:. The concept originates in the
1570:
1529:
606:
23:
22459:Evolutionary origin of religion
18505:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
17522:Historical Dictionary of Taoism
16799:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
16191:. University of Chicago Press.
16125:. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
16003:Bishop, Donald H., ed. (1995).
15945:from the original on 4 May 2023
15915:from the original on 6 May 2023
13961:. Blue Snake Books, 2008. p. 21
13550:from the original on 8 May 2023
12069:from the original on 9 May 2023
10470:(1993). Laznovsky, Bill (ed.).
10150:Reid, Gilbert (February 1917).
9920:
9711:
9672:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
9653:
9587:
9465:
9441:
9364:
9309:
9245:
9213:
9096:
9060:
9026:
8983:
8917:
8887:
8818:
8758:
8504:
8474:
8448:
8401:
8291:
8261:
7715:The Taoist Jade Emperor in the
7567:(Earlier Heaven Way) sect, the
7133:Comparisons between Taoism and
7061:organization in certain sects.
6952:Relations with other traditions
6279:The Secret of the Golden Flower
6236:The Book of Balance and Harmony
6186:Scripture on the Inner Talisman
5643:Louis Komjathy writes that the
5579:
5202:mediumship and the practice of
4986:Scriptural Statutes of Lord Lao
4967:in some Taoist belief systems.
4736:(The Queen Mother of the West).
4581:'s (1017–1073 CE) cosmological
4331:Soteriology and religious goals
4217:. Some Daoist movements viewed
3434:, the oldest Chinese temple in
3304:), which parallels the rise of
3217:survived intact, stored at the
3149:The Secret of the Golden Flower
3044:In the Yuan dynasty, Taoism in
1613:, emphasizing harmony with the
1171:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
426:
405:
384:
370:
343:
329:
315:
294:
24094:
22810:Separation of church and state
21468:Polytheistic reconstructionism
18834:Chinese salvationist religions
17737:Goodspeed, Bennett W. (1983).
17637:Welch, H.; Seidel, A. (1979).
17486:. University of Hawaii Press.
17330:Bertschinger, Richard (2011).
17000:Schipper, Kristopher (1993) .
16915:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective
16818:. University of Hawaii Press.
16517:Taoism: The Enduring Tradition
16237:Demerath, Nicholas J. (2003).
16222:. University of Hawaii Press.
14996:Society of Friends of Epicurus
14848:, pp. 68, 70–73, 167–168.
14492:The Ageless Chinese: A History
14194:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14178:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14166:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
14154:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13824:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13812:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
13411:Schipper & Verellen (2004)
12283:Lagerwey, John (21 May 2018).
11538:World History: Our Human Story
10682:Xiangcai, MENG (1 July 2011).
8239:
7794:Ordinary Chinese in the early
7337:(geomantic compasses) used in
6752:
6204:Folios on Awakening to Reality
6003:Master who embraces simplicity
5134:are identical to the Buddhist
4894:Xuan Yuan Inquires of the Tao
4293:
4273:
4253:
4239:
3865:
3856:
3779:
3774:
3716:
3711:
3361:five sacred mountains of China
2820:Scripture of Western Ascension
2011:Records of the Grand Historian
2000:
1976:
1966:
1945:
1875:
1635:
1464:Institutions and organizations
1363:The Northern Celestial Masters
568:
522:
466:
270:
256:
242:
226:
212:
193:
192:
178:
120:
1:
25827:
20466:Traditional Sabahan religions
18620:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
18385:Three Great Emperor-Officials
17118:Anthology of World Scriptures
16976:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
16740:. Augsburg Publishing House.
16732:Martinson, Paul Varo (1987).
16479:A Guide to Chinese Literature
16459:. Stanford University Press.
16218:DeFrancis, John, ed. (1996).
16094:Religion, State & Society
15817:Making Sense of World History
14858:Markham & Ruparell (2001)
14786:Markham & Ruparell (2001)
14232:Religions in the Modern World
13538:Stefon, Matt (2 April 2023).
11250:Fasching & deChant (2001)
9191:Sanders, Tao Tao Liu (1980).
8485:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
8426:10.1080/00131857.2022.2112031
8088:. W. W. Norton. p. 164.
8064:
7812:Three Great Emperor-Officials
7810:An unrelated trinity was the
7586:(1112–1170), a hermit in the
7455:Mother of the Bushel of Stars
7425:Ceremonial Taoism focuses on
7176:Some authors have undertaken
6433:) grotto, which includes the
6416:) grotto, which includes the
6358:) is also referred to as the
6164:), Taoist teachings from the
5873:
5634:
5454:
5358:
4173:, and most important of all,
3544:, especially the adoption of
2943:(internal alchemy) practice.
2253:(method master) communities.
2228:
2083:such as Isabelle Robinet and
2052:
1703:
1619:ultimately underlying reality
1353:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
1053:Three Great Emperor-Officials
27723:Classical Chinese philosophy
25616:Ordinary language philosophy
24107:
19119:
19047:Freedom of religion in China
18625:Way of the Celestial Masters
17871:Internet Sacred Text Archive
16955:Taoism: Growth of a Religion
16868:Occhiogrosso, Peter (1994).
16778:Taoism: A Short Introduction
16666:Taoism and the Arts of China
16588:Lao-Tzu and the Tao-Te-Ching
16380:Girardot, Norman J. (1988).
16241:. Rutgers University Press.
16149:. Chinese University Press.
14751:10.1007/978-90-481-2927-0_15
14719:, pp. 224–226, 370–374.
14255:Taoism and the Arts of China
14230:Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016).
13983:Doubleday, 1979. pp. 15, 20.
12311:Wilson, Andrew, ed. (1995).
12125:Wilson, Andrew, ed. (1995).
9754:Wang, Wei (16 August 2022).
8625:, Vol. 1, p. 326, "Taoshih".
8324:, Vol. 1, p. 327, "Taoshih".
8273:American Institute on Taiwan
8251:Council on Foreign Relations
8069:
7852:Hong Kong Taoist Association
7212:
6776:It was disbanded during the
6313:Precepts of the Central Pole
5904:Other important Taoist texts
5671:Ancient commentaries on the
5085:Qingming/Ching Ming festival
4884:
4846:); gods of the human ghost (
4752:Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)
4555:
4049:Traditional Chinese medicine
3567:
3438:and an active Taoist center.
3298:Reform and Opening up period
2879:. This tradition was termed
2617:Way of the Celestial Masters
2561:, the first Celestial Master
2140:
1956:The other, referring to the
1348:Way of the Celestial Masters
7:
25666:Contemporary utilitarianism
25581:Internalism and externalism
22668:National religiosity levels
21893:Nauruan Indigenous religion
21448:Hellenism (modern religion)
17876:Collection: "Daoism/Taoism"
17622:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
17603:. Oxford University Press.
17539:Robinet, Isabelle (1993) .
17274:Yamamoto, J. Isamu (1998).
17186:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
17052:. Oxford University Press.
16981:Segal, Robert Alan (2006).
16953:Robinet, Isabelle (1997) .
16795:Mollier, Christine (2008).
16758:Taoism and Chinese Religion
16455:Hucker, Charles O. (1995).
16440:. Oxford University Press.
16284:Eskildsen, Stephen (2004).
15877:Mackenzie, Donald Alexander
15037:Toropov & Hansen (2002)
14373:Little & Eichman (2000)
14298:Little & Eichman (2000)
14218:Little & Eichman (2000)
14182:Little & Eichman (2000)
12357:California State University
11959:National Geographic Society
11858:The Chinese Consumer Market
11389:, p. 110-111, 122–125.
10166:University of Chicago Press
8938:10.1007/978-3-030-27953-0_8
8825:Windridge, Charles (2003).
7897:
7833:
6972:three laughs at tiger brook
6673:and Taoist versions of the
6390:, it is divided into three
5981:(Biographies of Immortals),
5692:
5443:
4980:, and are presented in the
4840:); gods of the human body (
4708:
2871:, a sacred space in Taoism.
2737:Master Embracing Simplicity
2619:, which developed from the
2194:
2189:) within Chinese religion.
2128:likewise views Taoism as a
1819:
1812:
1804:
1763:
1731:
1723:
1715:
10:
27754:
26313:Hundred Schools of Thought
24930:Svatantrika and Prasangika
24569:
22077:
18630:Northern Celestial Masters
17934:
17662:Gesamttext und Materialien
17406:Keller, Catherine (2003).
17387:Jones, Richard H. (2004).
17368:Chang, Stephen T. (1985).
17228:Taoism: An Essential Guide
16936:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
16833:Nadeau, Randal L. (2012).
16642:LaFargue, Michael (1994).
16515:Kirkland, Russell (2004).
16121:Chang, Chung-yuan (1968).
15613:. pp. 326, 393, 401.
14920:(1st ed.). New York:
14606:"2010 Yearbook – Religion"
14117:"Jordan: The Taoist Canon"
13593:Kohn & LaFargue (1998)
12887:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018).
12245:(1st ed.). New York:
11579:World History Encyclopedia
10476:Princeton University Press
10454:William Morrow and Company
10393:"Front Matter of Volume 1"
9971:, p. 389. Springer Nature.
9291:(1st ed.). New York:
7982:Chinese gods and immortals
7945:
7921:
7842:
7002:. The philosophical terms
6955:
6849:
6771:Chinese Taoist Association
6680:
6666:('longevity') character).
6512:at Guan Di Taoist Temple,
6341:
6231:, the founder of Quanzhen.
5698:
5585:
5467:
5432:
5303:avoidance of grains (bigu)
5027:
5017:Being desireless (wúyù 無欲)
5008:Being nameless (wúmíng 無名)
4745:
4739:
4666:. Classic cosmogonies are
4559:
4150:
4008:
3884:
3763:
3699:
3586:
3571:
3519:American Transcendentalism
3405:East Asian cultural sphere
3341:Chinese Taoist Association
3337:People's Republic of China
2810:Northern Celestial masters
2350:, and the idea of Heaven (
2209:
2205:
1982:Hundred Schools of Thought
1924:
1897:Spelling and pronunciation
1886:Hundred Schools of Thought
1798:Many Taoist denominations
1470:Chinese Taoist Association
27573:
27379:
27139:
27001:
26892:
26796:
26727:
26614:
26505:
26332:
26323:
26198:
26124:
26076:
25976:
25938:
25885:
25852:
25843:
25839:
25822:
25772:
25684:
25522:
25513:
25446:
25229:
25220:
25198:
25153:
25095:
25047:
25001:
24992:
24955:
24826:
24691:
24638:
24629:
24579:
24575:
24564:
24503:
24475:
24432:
24384:
24341:
24294:
24266:
24218:
24190:
24152:Philosophy of mathematics
24142:Philosophy of information
24117:
24113:
24102:
24034:
23953:
23870:
23742:
23487:
23212:
22929:
22925:
22914:
22823:
22748:
22524:
22432:
22369:
22087:
22083:
22072:
21635:
21622:
21547:
21370:
21352:Transcendental Meditation
21245:
21232:
21197:
20945:
20922:
20911:
20838:
20801:
20545:
20441:
20423:
20367:
20358:
20275:
20203:
20054:
20045:
20003:
19975:
19933:
19866:
19857:
19848:
19814:
19781:
19753:
19744:
19694:
19561:
19248:
19162:
19153:
19144:
19140:
19127:
19067:Ghosts in Chinese culture
19062:Regional Religious System
19039:
19003:
18917:
18906:
18809:
18705:Sacred Mountains of China
18692:
18600:
18437:
18321:
18233:
18126:
18115:
18045:
17942:
17902:
17897:Links to related articles
17548:Saso, Michael R. (1990).
17505:. Marlowe & Company.
17263:10.1163/22143955-04102008
16911:Prebish, Charles (1975).
16896:. Indiana: World Wisdom.
16839:. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
16696:Columbia University Press
16664:; Eichman, Shawn (2000).
16623:Kraemer, Kenneth (1986).
16565:Kohn, Livia, ed. (2000).
16365:. Sussex Academic Press.
16359:Fowler, Jeaneane (2005).
16340:Fisher, Mary Pat (1997).
16106:10.1080/09637490500118570
13992:e.g. Cleary, Thomas, tr.
12906:10.1057/s41599-018-0189-2
10906:10.1163/9789004439245_009
10698:(inactive 28 July 2024).
10474:. Princeton, New Jersey:
10152:"Taoism, an Appreciation"
9253:"4.8 Huang-Lao Ideology".
8300:, pp. 58, 60, 62, 68
8051:
7839:Schools and organizations
7688:Other divisions of Taoism
7609:(1148–1227), founded the
6454:
6448:
6429:
6412:
6396:
6350:
6284:
6245:
6212:
6198:
6156:
6142:
6128:
6106:
6054:
5771:Taoism draws on numerous
5759:with the Eight Trigrams (
5716:
5614:According to legend, the
5075:to the gods. Today, many
4848:
4842:
4836:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4804:
4288:
4268:
4248:
4234:
4134:
3878:
3857:
3605:
3134:
3037:During the Song era, the
2804:) was established in the
2199:
2181:
2157:
2051:dates to the Western Han
1995:
1971:
1961:
1940:
1761:theories, as well as the
1626:
1408:Sacred Mountains of China
790:Three Treasures (virtues)
581:
561:
556:
552:
545:
538:
533:
515:
510:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
473:
459:
445:
440:
419:
412:
398:
391:
377:
360:
353:
336:
322:
308:
301:
287:
280:
263:
249:
235:
219:
205:
185:
171:
164:
159:
155:
147:
143:
133:
129:
113:
108:
95:
86:
82:
77:
22979:Central African Republic
20013:Vietnamese folk religion
19404:Charismatic Christianity
18811:Major religions in China
18390:Queen Mother of the West
17862:Patheos Library – Taoism
17599:Sommer, Deborah (1995).
17576:. Shambala Publications.
17501:Martin, William (2005).
17463:Komjathy, Louis (2013).
17351:Space, Time, and Culture
17163:Tao: The Watercourse Way
17018:Sharot, Stephen (2001).
16985:. Blackwell Publishing.
16717:. Blackwell Publishing.
16670:Art Institute of Chicago
16614:Komjathy, Louis (2013).
16605:Komjathy, Louis (2014).
16436:Hansen, Chad D. (2000).
16325:. Blackwell Publishing.
16069:Chan, Wing-tsit (1963).
15968:Aronson, Martin (2002).
15507:10.4324/9780203740262-32
14731:, pp. 172, 306–311.
14611:. Hong Kong Government.
14005:. Shambhala, 1986. p. 6.
12956:"BBC - Religion: Taoism"
12317:Paragon House Publishers
12131:Paragon House Publishers
10530:Komjathy, Louis (2004),
10245:10 February 2023 at the
9258:10 February 2023 at the
8831:Barnes & Noble Books
8187:
8007:
7970:
7451:Queen Mother of the West
6642:Queen Mother of the West
6530:eight auspicious symbols
6045:The Yellow Court Classic
5540:
5506:) and external alchemy (
5222:, Tang dynasty (618–907)
5014:Being adept (zhūshàn 諸善)
4991:The nine practices are:
4802:The gods and immortals (
4717:Chinese painting of the
4462:are often seen as being
4277:, usually translated as
4257:, usually translated as
4153:Three Treasures (Taoism)
3810:something one is not or
3748:
3211:Christian missionization
2859:Later Imperial Dynasties
1988:historians: such as the
1846:five religious doctrines
1844:Today, Taoism is one of
1791:that emerged during the
1772:Spring and Autumn Annals
1043:Queen Mother of the West
26308:Nine Schools of Thought
25621:Postanalytic philosophy
25562:Experimental philosophy
22873:New religious movements
22511:Theories about religion
22464:Evolutionary psychology
21493:Modern Finnish paganism
19480:Independent Catholicism
19073:Three Persian religions
18980:Mongolian folk religion
18395:King Father of the East
17881:3 November 2020 at the
17618:Tian, Chenshan (2005).
17482:Mair, Victor H (1983).
17037:Silvers, Brock (2005).
17022:. New York: NYU Press.
16755:Maspero, Henri (1981).
16538:. New York: Routledge.
16500:. Xlibris Corporation.
16275:Eliade, Mircea (1984).
16009:. Motilal Banarsidass.
15909:Encyclopedia Britannica
15743:10.1163/156853280X00039
15611:Oxford University Press
14959:Oxford University Press
14692:"Taoism and Taoist Art"
14496:Charles Scribner's Sons
14250:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
14001:1 November 2015 at the
13979:17 October 2015 at the
13957:18 October 2015 at the
13912:Encyclopedia Britannica
13839:Idema & Haft (1997)
13544:Encyclopedia Britannica
13502:Oxford University Press
13401:, p. 228 & 103
13268:Stevenson, Jay (2000).
12893:Palgrave Communications
12808:Oxford University Press
12446:Lagerway, John (2005).
12426:Encyclopedia Britannica
12208:Encyclopedia Britannica
12027:Oxford University Press
11990:Oxford University Press
11916:Oxford University Press
11743:Encyclopedia Britannica
11678:10.1163/156853280X00039
11490:Oxford University Press
10449:The People's Almanac #2
9983:, p. 108-109, 165.
9376:Encyclopædia Britannica
9225:A Short History of Myth
8899:Encyclopedia Britannica
7997:Taoism and Confucianism
7934:Four heavenly ministers
7814:, three of the highest
7771:, "mythical emperors",
7755:, Indian Buddhism, and
6925:) argued for a kind of
6001:, also known as Baopu (
5810:into the Taoist canon).
4775:Arguments do exist the
4307:, applying them to the
4171:detachment from desires
4070:, and immortality. The
3931:unintended consequences
3416:Xisai Sacred Boat Rally
3333:Chinese Communist Party
3142:. Longmen authors like
2950:emperors, most notably
2637:Yellow Turban Rebellion
2342:, such as their use of
1958:philosophical doctrines
1870:new religious movements
1831:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1048:King Father of the East
1016:Four heavenly ministers
99:, which represents the
27611:State consequentialism
25754:Social constructionism
24766:Hellenistic philosophy
24182:Theoretical philosophy
24157:Philosophy of religion
24147:Philosophy of language
23522:Bosnia and Herzegovina
21508:Erzyan native religion
21357:Unitarian Universalism
20746:Native American Church
19524:Oneness Pentecostalism
18829:Folk ritual ministries
17819:BBC religions – Taoism
17580:Sivin, Nathan (1968).
17448:. Albany: SUNY Press.
17425:Klaus, Hilmar (2009).
17311:Barrett, Rick (2006).
17283:Zhiming, Yuan (2010).
17245:Wu, Nengchang (2014).
17167:. New York: Pantheon.
17136:Waley, Arthur (1958).
16776:Miller, James (2003).
16496:Kim, Ha Poong (2003).
16477:; Haft, Lloyd (1997).
16413:Graham, Angus (1989).
14990:Hiram (1 April 2015).
14588:"Taiwan Yearbook 2006"
13906:Ware, James Hamilton.
12104:. pp. 67–68, 70.
10499:Noss, John B. (1969).
10259:Dean, Kenneth (1993).
10213:Wile, Douglas (1995).
10124:Dean, Kenneth (1993).
9967:Zhongjian Mou (2003).
8058:Taoist Church of Italy
7520:
7467:Emperor Kuan (Kuan-yu)
7422:
7342:
7237:
7235:Honolulu Museum of Art
6995:
6983:
6877:
6861:
6727:
6705:
6693:
6638:peaches of immortality
6636:, pine trees, and the
6533:
6521:
6502:
6382:includes almost 1,500
5789:"—combinations of the
5768:
5604:
5558:
5465:
5368:
5235:
5223:
5152:
5132:Five precepts (Taoism)
5053:
5045:
4912:
4898:National Palace Museum
4737:
4726:
4629:
4596:
4359:
4352:crossing Lake Dongting
4340:
4294:bùgǎn wéi tiānxià xiān
4285:bugan wei tianxia xian
4148:
4129:political commentators
4024:
3900:
3761:
3609:
3582:
3578:Five precepts (Taoism)
3439:
3423:
3357:The White Cloud Temple
3354:
3327:(Central Qigong), and
3293:
3277:
3199:century of humiliation
3194:
3180:
3048:took inspiration from
2973:
2909:even decreed that the
2872:
2694:
2562:
2551:
2528:Early organized Taoism
2235:
1893:
1866:taken on various forms
452:
93:The Chinese character
27718:Chinese folk religion
26628:Northern and Southern
26137:Philosophy portal
25656:Scientific skepticism
25636:Reformed epistemology
24162:Philosophy of science
23842:Saint Kitts and Nevis
23139:São Tomé and Príncipe
22999:Republic of the Congo
21205:Aboriginal Australian
19876:Chinese folk religion
18819:Chinese folk religion
17543:. Albany: SUNY Press.
17372:. Tao Longevity LLC.
17285:Lao Tzu and the Bible
17121:. Thomson Wadsworth.
17113:Van Voorst, Robert E.
16176:Chung, David (2001).
16054:10.1353/dic.1990.0004
15830:10.4324/9781003013518
15494:Daoism and medicine 1
14666:10.1353/Tao.2013.0003
13713:The discovery of two
13504:. pp. 392, 394.
12349:History in the Making
11992:. pp. 392, 395.
11775:; Giarardot, Norman;
11618:; Giarardot, Norman;
11019:17 April 2016 at the
10696:10.4268/cjcmm20111301
10456:. pp. 1157–1158.
8587:. London: Routledge.
8481:Hansen, Chad (2020),
7765:celestial bureaucracy
7757:Chinese folk religion
7710:Chinese folk religion
7507:
7420:
7332:
7220:
6989:
6965:
6867:
6859:
6850:Further information:
6763:Chinese folk religion
6712:Xianguting Temple, a
6711:
6699:
6688:
6640:(associated with the
6527:
6508:
6483:
6295:The key texts of the
6262:Taishang Ganying Pian
5972:Great Peace Scripture
5754:
5713:Book of Master Zhuang
5595:
5548:
5440:
5366:
5229:
5217:
5148:
5125:Ten precepts (Taoism)
5051:
5035:
4892:
4732:
4716:
4615:
4605:School of Naturalists
4577:
4562:School of Naturalists
4560:Further information:
4550:Chinese folk religion
4397:after death or being
4346:
4338:
4142:
4018:
3894:
3756:
3695:
3596:
3429:
3413:
3349:
3319:Qigong influenced by
3283:
3269:
3219:White Cloud Monastery
3186:
3163:
3054:Chinese folk religion
2968:
2866:
2699:Three Kingdoms period
2692:
2557:
2535:
2436:), and practices for
2390:School of Naturalists
2360:Warring States period
2219:
2135:Chinese folk religion
1883:
1856:. It is considered a
1827:Chinese folk religion
1781:introduction to China
1700:Warring States period
151:"Religion of the Way"
27733:East Asian religions
27728:Dualism in cosmology
25557:Critical rationalism
25264:Edo neo-Confucianism
25108:Acintya bheda abheda
25087:Renaissance humanism
24798:School of the Sextii
24172:Practical philosophy
24167:Political philosophy
23464:United Arab Emirates
22255:Religious experience
21629:Historical religions
20033:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
19365:Schwenkfelder Church
17857:Chinese Text Project
17572:27 June 2021 at the
17444:Kohn, Livia (1993).
17315:. Blue Snake Books.
17159:Watts, Alan (1975).
16919:. Penn State Press.
16553:Kohn, Livia (2004).
16534:Kohn, Livia (2008).
16417:Disputers of the Tao
15988:on 24 November 2015.
15941:. 12 November 2009.
15501:. pp. 401–416.
15097:Napier et al. (2018)
14903:, pp. 133, 147.
14690:Augustin, Birgitta.
14558:"Taoism: Modern Age"
14436:. pp. 784–785.
13973:The I Ching Workbook
12133:. pp. 467–468.
12059:"青山王的秘書長－陰陽司公 | 保庇網"
10947:, pp. 77–78, 88
10900:. pp. 363–390.
10866:5 March 2023 at the
10505:Macmillan Publishers
9434:5 March 2023 at the
9295:. pp. 402–403.
9251:Eno, Robert (2010).
9033:Catherine Despeux. "
8833:. pp. 59, 107.
8691:, p. 20-33, 75.
7869:Concepts and objects
7531:(internal alchemy),
6305:Precepts for Novices
6290:Tàiyǐ Jīnhuá Zōngzhǐ
6082:), the first of the
6038:Kinship of the Three
5987:of Taoist immortals.
5833:) classics like the
5232:Mawangdui Silk Texts
5172:Chinese astrological
5158:Divination and magic
4599:Taoist cosmology is
4543:worshipped ancestors
4348:The Taoist immortal
4117:political philosophy
3736:in the conventional
3535:alternative medicine
3531:perennial philosophy
3527:New Age spirituality
3523:1960s counterculture
3515:Chinese martial arts
2828:Lu Xiujing (406–477)
2802:Buddhist monasticism
2796:During this period,
2701:saw the rise of the
2542:Wucheng Bamboo-slips
1312:Way of the Li Family
517:Revised Romanization
421:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
26258:School of Diplomacy
25128:Nimbarka Sampradaya
25039:Korean Confucianism
24786:Academic Skepticism
23857:Trinidad and Tobago
23752:Antigua and Barbuda
22920:Religion by country
21981:Cult of Magna Mater
20503:Philippine Dayawism
20084:Nimbarka Sampradaya
19832:Chinese Manichaeism
19504:Jehovah's Witnesses
19309:Proto-Protestantism
19057:Irreligion in China
18985:Qiang folk religion
18824:Ancestor veneration
18154:(self-cultivation)
17840:"Taoist philosophy"
17720:The Tao of Business
17524:. Scarecrow Press.
17391:. Lexington Books.
15911:. 3 February 2010.
15352:, p. 146, 159.
15039:, pp. 169–181.
14860:, pp. 248–249.
14498:. pp. 333–334.
14490:Li, Dun J. (1965).
14123:on 16 February 2007
13951:Walking the I Ching
13697:Stanford University
13040:David "Race" Bannon
12930:, pp. 168–169.
12735:Occhiogrosso (1994)
11961:. 30 January 2023.
11023:. Ultravisum, 2015.
10645:Guerilla Capitalism
10478:. pp. 24, 26.
10440:Wallechinsky, David
9773:10.3390/rel13080748
9197:Peter Bedrick Books
9041:, pp. 403–404.
8772:Pew Research Center
8640:, pp. 105–106.
8371:Stanford University
8203:on 26 January 2024.
8041:Taoism in Singapore
8002:Taoism in Hong Kong
7717:first millennium AD
7598:. He then moved to
7325:Divinational Taoism
7244:, particularly the
7182:history of religion
7178:comparative studies
6796:, belonging to the
6778:Cultural Revolution
6410:("real" or "truth"
5821:Writings of Master
5618:(also known as the
5254:) methods include:
5210:Longevity practices
5206:or spirit writing.
4207:Great Wall of China
4115:The body in Taoist
3789:; lit. "self-so", "
3271:Wong Tai Sin Temple
3230:Cultural Revolution
3156:Early modern Taoism
3069:East Asian Buddhism
3002:mystical experience
2608:commentary and the
447:Vietnamese alphabet
43:editing the article
26192:Chinese philosophy
25749:Post-structuralism
25651:Scientific realism
25606:Quinean naturalism
25586:Logical positivism
25542:Analytical Marxism
24761:Peripatetic school
24673:Chinese naturalism
24200:Aesthetic response
24127:Applied philosophy
23792:Dominican Republic
22838:Abrahamic prophets
21932:Proto-Indo-Iranian
20476:Aliran Kepercayaan
19679:Non-denominational
19601:Modernist Salafism
19287:Oriental Orthodoxy
18970:Miao folk religion
18866:Theravada Buddhism
18146:(external alchemy)
18138:(internal alchemy)
17853:Early Taoist texts
17722:. Earnshaw Books.
17334:. Singing Dragon.
17269:on 27 August 2017.
17226:Wong, Eva (2011).
16536:Introducing Daoism
15935:"Gods and spirits"
15442:, p. 173-174.
15418:, p. 172-173.
15379:, p. 155-157.
15367:, p. 147-154.
15272:, p. 124-131.
15260:, p. 115-121.
15236:, p. 115-117.
15212:, p. 105-106.
15087:, p. 141–145.
15002:on 8 October 2022.
14916:Chua, Amy (2007).
14887:2009-02-20 at the
14824:, pp. 70, 74.
13995:The Taoist I Ching
13868:www.britannica.com
13621:"Taoism: Overview"
13444:, p. 133-136.
13413:, pp. 70–71;
13314:, p. 133-134.
13302:, p. 136-140.
13152:, pp. 135–137
13140:, p. 132-135.
13113:, pp. 129–132
13098:, p. 133-142.
12524:, p. 163-166.
12500:, p. 162-163.
12241:Chua, Amy (2007).
11897:, p. 175-183.
11459:. Shambhala, 2000.
11321:, p. 116-117.
11065:Slingerland (2003)
10801:A. Chan, cited in
10593:, p. 222-224.
10557:, p. 207-208.
10537:2011-12-26 at the
10519:Taoism and Ecology
10352:, p. 215-216.
10340:, p. 185-187.
10157:The Biblical World
10076:, p. 202-203.
9904:St. Martin's Press
9868:, p. 103-104.
9231:. pp. 90–91.
9153:Harari, Yuval Noah
9145:Harari, Yuval Noah
8996:, pp. 203–204
8398:, pp. 170–171
8036:Taoism in Malaysia
7631:Dragon Gate Taoism
7588:Zhongnan mountains
7521:
7423:
7403:Dragon Gate Taoism
7343:
7238:
7125:into their faith.
7095:Church of the East
6996:
6984:
6966:A painting in the
6878:
6862:
6812:has been resumed.
6790:White Cloud Temple
6728:
6706:
6702:White Cloud Temple
6694:
6534:
6522:
6503:
6496:surrounded by the
6487:spider web ceiling
6476:Symbols and images
6348:The Taoist Canon (
6297:Dragon Gate School
5769:
5605:
5559:
5466:
5369:
5236:
5224:
5204:planchette writing
5071:rejected food and
5054:
5046:
4971:The nine practices
4913:
4906:Kongtong Mountains
4818:); earth spirits (
4791:at the top of the
4760:can be defined as
4738:
4727:
4723:the Heavenly Kings
4597:
4360:
4341:
4149:
4025:
3901:
3762:
3610:
3444:Chinese emigration
3440:
3424:
3385:Zhongnan mountains
3294:
3278:
3262:Late modern Taoism
3195:
3181:
3140:White Cloud Temple
2974:
2946:Likewise, several
2873:
2806:Zhongnan mountains
2783:Buddhist cosmology
2695:
2633:Way of Great Peace
2621:Five Pecks of Rice
2604:were written: the
2563:
2552:
2236:
2221:Laozi Riding an Ox
2169:Kristofer Schipper
2047:. Use of the term
1894:
1810:(or "immortals").
1779:upon the latter's
1721:and the anecdotal
1445:Cebu Taoist Temple
1435:White Cloud Temple
1297:Way of the Taiping
27713:Chinese astrology
27661:
27660:
27655:
27654:
27503:Mandate of Heaven
27375:
27374:
26158:
26157:
26120:
26119:
26116:
26115:
26112:
26111:
25818:
25817:
25814:
25813:
25810:
25809:
25537:Analytic feminism
25509:
25508:
25471:Kierkegaardianism
25433:Transcendentalism
25393:Neo-scholasticism
25239:Classical Realism
25216:
25215:
24988:
24987:
24803:Neopythagoreanism
24560:
24559:
24556:
24555:
24177:Social philosophy
24062:
24061:
24030:
24029:
24026:
24025:
23014:Equatorial Guinea
22910:
22909:
22906:
22905:
22449:Cognitive science
22068:
22067:
22001:Mysteries of Isis
21775:Frankish paganism
21618:
21617:
21614:
21613:
21610:
21609:
21362:White Brotherhood
21228:
21227:
21193:
21192:
20537:Sundanese Wiwitan
20354:
20353:
20350:
20349:
20079:Brahma Sampradaya
20041:
20040:
19844:
19843:
19840:
19839:
19822:Assianism/Uatsdin
19740:
19739:
19509:British Israelism
19495:Nontrinitarianism
19458:Plymouth Brethren
19453:Nondenominational
19387:Congregationalism
19275:Eastern Orthodoxy
19223:Reconstructionist
19087:
19086:
18995:Yao folk religion
18803:Religion in China
18762:
18761:
18373:Tianhuang Emperor
18113:
18112:
18035:
18034:
17800:978-1-56170-349-4
17776:978-0-14-006747-7
17752:978-0-525-24201-7
17729:978-988-18-1547-7
17707:978-1-4019-1750-0
17671:978-3-86660-222-9
17656:Zhuangzi (2018).
17610:978-0-19-508895-3
17591:978-0-674-12150-8
17559:978-0-87422-054-4
17493:978-0-8248-4700-5
17474:978-1-4411-6873-3
17455:978-0-7914-1579-5
17436:978-3-8107-0055-1
17341:978-1-84819-048-1
17294:978-1-4490-9110-1
17237:978-1-59030-882-0
17174:978-0-394-73311-1
17128:978-0-534-52099-1
17092:978-1-44-069573-5
17059:978-0-19-513899-3
17039:The Taoist Manual
16945:978-0-7007-1200-7
16903:978-1-933316-22-2
16846:978-1-4443-6143-8
16806:978-0-8248-3169-1
16634:978-0-8091-2781-8
16627:. Paulist Press.
16578:978-90-04-11208-7
16571:. Leiden: Brill.
16526:978-0-415-26321-4
16488:978-0-89264-123-9
16393:978-0-520-06460-7
16372:978-1-84519-086-6
16297:978-0-7914-6045-0
16198:978-0-226-12047-8
16156:978-962-201-469-5
16132:978-0-06-131968-6
16016:978-81-208-1139-3
15981:978-1-56975-319-4
15974:. Ulysses Press.
15890:978-0-517-60446-5
15839:978-1-003-01351-8
15782:: 62, 77–78, 85.
15698:Myths and Legends
15661:Cleary, Thomas F.
15516:978-0-203-74026-2
15173:, p. 99-198.
15157:978-0-7440-3475-2
15051:, pp. 69–70.
15013:Werblowsky (2002)
14931:978-0-385-51284-8
14760:978-90-481-2926-3
14476:978-3-8365-1448-4
14443:978-3-8365-1448-4
14413:978-3-8365-1448-4
14265:978-0-520-22785-9
14220:, p. 131–139
13785:Van Voorst (2005)
13283:978-0-02-863820-1
13245:, p. 142-43.
13209:, p. 138-39.
13197:, p. 150-51.
13006:, p. 182-92.
12994:, p. 191-93.
12761:, p. 99-100.
12326:978-1-55778-723-1
12256:978-0-385-51284-8
12175:978-0-670-02498-8
12168:. pp. ix–x.
12140:978-1-55778-723-1
12094:Wilkinson, Philip
11875:978-1-84334-332-5
11802:978-0-87779-044-0
11781:Pelikan, Jaroslav
11718:978-3-8290-1077-1
11709:Spectacular China
11645:978-0-87779-044-0
11624:Pelikan, Jaroslav
11547:978-1-60153-123-0
11197:Van Voorst (2005)
11122:, p. 21, 39.
10978:978-0-231-03147-9
10915:978-90-04-43191-1
10662:978-1-84334-550-3
10485:978-0-691-07417-7
10414:978-0-08-097087-5
10310:on 27 March 2009.
10224:978-0-7914-2654-8
9913:978-1-250-20257-4
9302:978-0-06-117389-9
9238:978-1-84195-716-6
9166:978-0-09-959008-8
9155:; Purcell, John;
9104:Cleary, Thomas F.
9068:Cleary, Thomas F.
8947:978-3-030-27953-0
8840:978-0-7607-4535-9
8767:"Other Religions"
8734:Myths and Legends
8594:978-0-415-43553-6
8312:, Vol. 1, p. xvi.
8095:978-0-393-91847-2
8046:Taoism in Vietnam
7886:Taoist coin charm
7763:, members of the
7413:Ceremonial Taoism
7383:Chinese astrology
7315:Celestial Masters
7190:Jesus of Nazareth
7186:J. J. M. de Groot
6913:Political aspects
6759:religion in China
6747:Celestial Masters
6249:) a 13th-century
6123:Huángdì Yǐnfújīng
5648:wisdom" from the
5622:) was written by
5535:microcosmic orbit
5073:animal sacrifices
5060:made much use of
4703:Chinese astrology
4091:. The three are:
4079:Qi is one of the
3987:xingming shuanxiu
3824:Taoist meditation
3791:self-organization
3676:described Tao as
3574:Taoist philosophy
3414:Taoist priest at
3164:Taoist clergy of
2779:Mahayana Buddhist
2502:environmentalists
2485:Chinese shamanism
2404:, especially the
2382:, which speak of
2212:History of Taoism
2100:with "religion" (
1991:Commentary of Zuo
1951:Celestial Masters
1927:Taoist philosophy
1800:recognize deities
1745:state religions,
1676:effortless action
1518:
1517:
1475:Celestial Masters
1031:Tianhuang Emperor
639:Taoist philosophy
585:
584:
577:
576:
529:
528:
436:
435:
310:Yale Romanization
251:Yale Romanization
166:Standard Mandarin
71:
70:
63:
36:layout guidelines
27745:
27690:
27689:
27688:
27678:
27677:
27676:
27669:
27532:Self-cultivation
27437:Neo-Confucianism
27172:Chung-ying Cheng
26330:
26329:
26231:New Confucianism
26226:Neo-Confucianism
26185:
26178:
26171:
26162:
26161:
26147:
26146:
26135:
26134:
26133:
25850:
25849:
25841:
25840:
25824:
25823:
25714:Frankfurt School
25661:Transactionalism
25611:Normative ethics
25591:Legal positivism
25567:Falsificationism
25552:Consequentialism
25547:Communitarianism
25520:
25519:
25388:New Confucianism
25227:
25226:
25034:Neo-Confucianism
24999:
24998:
24808:Second Sophistic
24793:Middle Platonism
24636:
24635:
24577:
24576:
24566:
24565:
24409:Epiphenomenalism
24276:Consequentialism
24210:Institutionalism
24115:
24114:
24104:
24103:
24089:
24082:
24075:
24066:
24065:
24052:
24042:
24041:
23920:Papua New Guinea
23895:Marshall Islands
23722:Northern Ireland
22927:
22926:
22916:
22915:
22800:Secular theology
22795:Secular humanism
22085:
22084:
22074:
22073:
21949:Ancestral Pueblo
21624:
21623:
21243:
21242:
20920:
20919:
20365:
20364:
20121:Shaiva Siddhanta
20052:
20051:
19985:Korean shamanism
19864:
19863:
19855:
19854:
19751:
19750:
19664:Mahdawi movement
19534:Swedenborgianism
19514:Christadelphians
19160:
19159:
19151:
19150:
19142:
19141:
19129:
19128:
19114:
19107:
19100:
19091:
19090:
18960:Manchu shamanism
18912:
18861:Tibetan Buddhism
18856:Chinese Buddhism
18801:
18800:
18789:
18782:
18775:
18766:
18765:
18710:Wudang Mountains
18121:
18043:
18042:
18020:(transformation)
17997:(eight trigrams)
17949:
17948:
17929:
17922:
17915:
17906:
17905:
17893:
17892:
17849:
17804:
17780:
17756:
17744:
17733:
17716:Gerstner, Ansgar
17711:
17675:
17652:
17639:Facets of Taoism
17633:
17614:
17595:
17563:
17544:
17535:
17516:
17497:
17478:
17459:
17440:
17421:
17402:
17383:
17364:
17345:
17326:
17298:
17279:
17270:
17265:. Archived from
17241:
17222:
17220:
17197:
17187:
17178:
17166:
17155:
17143:
17132:
17108:
17106:
17104:
17075:
17073:
17071:
17042:
17033:
17014:
17005:
16996:
16977:
16968:
16949:
16930:
16918:
16907:
16890:Oldmeadow, Harry
16885:
16871:The Joy of Sects
16864:
16850:
16829:
16810:
16791:
16772:
16751:
16739:
16728:
16709:
16683:
16657:
16638:
16619:
16610:
16601:
16582:
16561:
16549:
16530:
16511:
16492:
16470:
16451:
16432:
16420:
16409:
16407:
16405:
16376:
16355:
16336:
16324:
16313:
16311:
16309:
16280:
16271:
16260:. World Wisdom.
16252:
16233:
16214:
16212:
16210:
16181:
16172:
16170:
16168:
16136:
16117:
16088:
16076:
16065:
16032:
16030:
16028:
15999:
15989:
15984:. Archived from
15955:
15954:
15952:
15950:
15931:
15925:
15924:
15922:
15920:
15901:
15895:
15894:
15873:
15864:
15863:
15861:
15859:
15811:
15800:
15799:
15769:
15763:
15762:
15737:(1/3): 125–126.
15726:
15720:
15719:
15693:
15687:
15686:
15657:
15648:
15647:
15639:
15633:
15632:
15602:
15596:
15590:
15579:
15573:
15567:
15561:
15555:
15549:
15538:
15532:
15521:
15520:
15488:
15482:
15476:
15470:
15464:
15458:
15452:
15443:
15437:
15431:
15425:
15419:
15413:
15407:
15401:
15392:
15386:
15380:
15374:
15368:
15362:
15353:
15347:
15341:
15335:
15324:
15318:
15312:
15306:
15300:
15294:
15288:
15282:
15273:
15267:
15261:
15255:
15249:
15243:
15237:
15231:
15225:
15219:
15213:
15207:
15201:
15195:
15189:
15183:
15174:
15168:
15162:
15161:
15136:
15127:
15121:
15112:
15106:
15100:
15094:
15088:
15082:
15076:
15070:
15064:
15058:
15052:
15046:
15040:
15034:
15028:
15022:
15016:
15010:
15004:
15003:
14998:. Archived from
14987:
14981:
14980:
14950:
14944:
14943:
14913:
14904:
14898:
14892:
14879:
14873:
14867:
14861:
14855:
14849:
14843:
14837:
14831:
14825:
14819:
14813:
14807:
14801:
14795:
14789:
14783:
14777:
14771:
14765:
14764:
14738:
14732:
14726:
14720:
14714:
14708:
14707:
14705:
14703:
14687:
14681:
14675:
14669:
14658:
14652:
14651:
14650:on 3 March 2011.
14649:
14642:
14634:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14623:
14617:
14610:
14602:
14596:
14595:
14584:
14578:
14577:
14575:
14573:
14554:
14545:
14538:
14527:
14521:
14512:
14511:, p. 41-43.
14506:
14500:
14499:
14487:
14481:
14480:
14457:
14448:
14447:
14424:
14418:
14417:
14394:
14388:
14382:
14376:
14370:
14364:
14363:
14361:
14359:
14340:
14325:
14319:
14313:
14307:
14301:
14295:
14289:
14288:
14274:
14272:
14245:
14236:
14235:
14227:
14221:
14215:
14209:
14203:
14197:
14191:
14185:
14175:
14169:
14163:
14157:
14156:, pp. 1, 30
14151:
14145:
14144:, p. 22-23.
14139:
14133:
14132:
14130:
14128:
14113:
14107:
14101:
14090:
14084:
14078:
14072:
14066:
14060:
14054:
14048:
14042:
14041:, p. 44-46.
14036:
14030:
14029:, p. 41-46.
14024:
14018:
14012:
14006:
13990:
13984:
13968:
13962:
13948:Pittman, Allen.
13946:
13940:
13939:, p. 37-38.
13934:
13928:
13927:
13925:
13923:
13903:
13892:
13891:, p. 34-37.
13886:
13880:
13879:
13877:
13875:
13860:
13854:
13853:, p. 34-35.
13848:
13842:
13836:
13827:
13826:, pp. 74–77
13821:
13815:
13809:
13803:
13797:
13788:
13782:
13771:
13765:
13759:
13758:, p. 65-66.
13753:
13747:
13746:, p. 53-55.
13741:
13735:
13734:
13710:
13708:
13683:
13677:
13671:
13665:
13664:, p. xxiii.
13659:
13653:
13647:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13636:
13617:
13611:
13605:
13596:
13590:
13584:
13578:
13572:
13571:, p. 31-32.
13566:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13555:
13535:
13524:
13523:
13493:
13487:
13481:
13475:
13469:
13460:
13454:
13445:
13439:
13433:
13427:
13418:
13408:
13402:
13392:
13386:
13380:
13374:
13368:
13362:
13356:
13345:
13339:
13330:
13324:
13315:
13309:
13303:
13297:
13288:
13287:
13272:. Indianapolis:
13265:
13246:
13240:
13234:
13228:
13222:
13216:
13210:
13204:
13198:
13192:
13186:
13180:
13165:
13159:
13153:
13147:
13141:
13135:
13129:
13123:
13114:
13108:
13099:
13093:
13084:
13083:, pp. 28–29
13078:
13072:
13066:
13060:
13054:
13043:
13037:
13031:
13025:
13019:
13018:, p. 85-86.
13013:
13007:
13001:
12995:
12989:
12983:
12977:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12966:
12952:
12946:
12940:
12931:
12928:Martinson (1987)
12925:
12919:
12918:
12908:
12884:
12878:
12872:
12866:
12860:
12854:
12848:
12842:
12836:
12830:
12829:
12799:
12762:
12756:
12750:
12744:
12738:
12732:
12726:
12720:
12714:
12708:
12702:
12696:
12690:
12684:
12678:
12672:
12663:
12657:
12651:
12645:
12636:
12630:
12624:
12618:
12612:
12606:
12600:
12594:
12588:
12582:
12576:
12570:
12564:
12558:
12552:
12546:
12540:
12534:
12525:
12519:
12513:
12507:
12501:
12495:
12489:
12483:
12477:
12476:, p. 23-24.
12471:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12453:Encyclopedia.com
12443:
12437:
12436:
12434:
12432:
12418:
12412:
12406:
12400:
12394:
12385:
12379:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12368:
12340:
12331:
12330:
12308:
12302:
12301:
12299:
12297:
12290:Encyclopedia.com
12280:
12269:
12268:
12238:
12225:
12224:
12222:
12220:
12199:
12180:
12179:
12154:
12145:
12144:
12122:
12116:
12115:
12090:
12079:
12078:
12076:
12074:
12055:
12049:
12048:
12018:
12012:
12011:
11981:
11975:
11974:
11972:
11970:
11951:
11938:
11937:
11907:
11898:
11892:
11886:
11885:
11884:
11882:
11849:
11843:
11837:
11831:
11825:
11819:
11813:
11807:
11806:
11795:. p. 1058.
11765:
11759:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11734:
11723:
11722:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11661:
11650:
11649:
11608:
11602:
11596:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11570:
11564:
11558:
11552:
11551:
11533:
11524:
11518:
11512:
11511:
11481:
11460:
11453:
11447:
11441:
11432:
11426:
11420:
11414:
11405:
11399:
11390:
11384:
11378:
11372:
11366:
11365:
11343:
11337:
11331:
11322:
11316:
11310:
11304:
11298:
11292:
11286:
11280:
11274:
11271:
11265:
11259:
11253:
11247:
11236:
11230:
11224:
11218:
11212:
11206:
11200:
11194:
11183:
11177:
11171:
11165:
11159:
11153:
11147:
11141:
11135:
11129:
11123:
11117:
11111:
11105:
11099:
11089:
11083:
11077:
11068:
11062:
11056:
11050:
11039:
11033:
11024:
11008:
10999:
10993:
10980:
10968:Watson, Burton.
10966:
10960:
10954:
10948:
10942:
10936:
10935:
10898:Brill Publishers
10881:
10875:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10848:
10846:
10836:
10830:
10824:
10818:
10812:
10806:
10799:
10793:
10787:
10781:
10775:
10769:
10763:
10757:
10751:
10745:
10739:
10722:
10721:
10715:
10707:
10679:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10636:
10630:
10627:DeFrancis (1996)
10624:
10618:
10612:
10606:
10600:
10594:
10588:
10582:
10576:
10570:
10564:
10558:
10552:
10546:
10528:
10522:
10515:
10509:
10508:
10503:(4th ed.).
10496:
10490:
10489:
10464:
10458:
10457:
10436:
10425:
10424:
10423:
10421:
10388:
10382:
10376:
10370:
10364:
10353:
10347:
10341:
10335:
10329:
10323:
10317:
10315:
10311:
10309:
10303:. Archived from
10302:
10294:
10288:
10282:
10276:
10270:
10264:
10257:
10251:
10235:
10229:
10228:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10177:
10147:
10141:
10135:
10129:
10122:
10116:
10110:
10104:
10098:
10089:
10083:
10077:
10071:
10065:
10059:
10053:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10029:
10023:
10017:
10011:
10005:
9999:
9993:
9984:
9978:
9972:
9965:
9954:
9948:
9942:
9936:
9930:
9924:
9918:
9917:
9892:
9881:
9875:
9869:
9863:
9857:
9851:
9840:
9837:Eskildsen (2004)
9834:
9828:
9825:
9819:
9813:
9807:
9801:
9790:
9789:
9775:
9751:
9736:
9730:
9721:
9715:
9709:
9703:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9669:
9663:
9657:
9651:
9645:
9636:
9630:
9624:
9618:
9612:
9606:
9597:
9591:
9585:
9579:
9570:
9564:
9558:
9557:, p. 71-72.
9552:
9543:
9542:, p. 69-70.
9537:
9531:
9530:, p. 28-29.
9525:
9519:
9513:
9507:
9493:
9487:
9486:, p. 86-87.
9481:
9475:
9469:
9463:
9457:
9451:
9445:
9439:
9425:
9419:
9418:, p. 26-27.
9413:
9407:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9380:
9368:
9362:
9356:
9350:
9344:
9338:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9281:
9275:
9274:, p. 76-81.
9269:
9263:
9249:
9243:
9242:
9221:Armstrong, Karen
9217:
9211:
9210:
9188:
9179:
9178:
9151:. Translated by
9141:
9130:
9129:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9064:
9058:
9052:
9043:
9042:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
8997:
8987:
8981:
8975:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8921:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8862:
8853:
8852:
8822:
8816:
8810:
8804:
8798:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8729:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8703:, p. 23–33.
8698:
8692:
8686:
8680:
8674:
8668:
8662:
8653:
8652:, p. 8, 24.
8647:
8641:
8635:
8626:
8620:
8614:
8608:
8599:
8598:
8580:
8571:
8565:
8554:
8548:
8542:
8536:
8530:
8524:
8518:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8478:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8452:
8446:
8445:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8358:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8243:
8237:
8231:
8220:
8214:
8205:
8204:
8183:
8174:
8168:
8155:
8154:, p. 23–33.
8149:
8136:
8130:
8124:
8118:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8079:
7753:Chinese Buddhism
7696:Religious Taoism
7513:Changchun Temple
7500:Internal alchemy
7407:Wudang Mountains
7379:Chinese calendar
7319:Buddhist deities
7231:Muromachi period
7223:Taoist Talismans
7058:Chinese Buddhist
7035:Chinese Buddhism
6978:, 12th century,
6646:Yellow River Map
6594:Celestial Master
6576:Drawings of the
6470:Shangqing School
6457:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6432:
6431:
6415:
6414:
6399:
6398:
6353:
6352:
6337:The Taoist Canon
6287:
6286:
6248:
6247:
6221:Lijiao shiwu lun
6215:
6214:
6201:
6200:
6159:
6158:
6145:
6144:
6131:
6130:
6109:
6108:
6064:Shangqing school
6057:
6056:
6007:Shangqing School
5997:, attributed to
5878:
5875:
5773:Chinese classics
5747:Chinese classics
5718:
5639:
5636:
5524:Chinese medicine
5459:
5456:
5448:
5377:Buddhist methods
5240:Chinese medicine
5115:Ethical precepts
5066:Celestial Master
5058:Chinese religion
4851:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4570:Taoism and death
4524:immortals (xian)
4409:, yin, yang, or
4295:
4290:
4275:
4270:
4255:
4250:
4241:
4236:
4184:Shangqing school
4161:), spontaneity (
3873:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3787:
3781:
3776:
3718:
3713:
3608:
3607:
3546:Chinese language
3486:New Age movement
3321:Tibetan Buddhism
3306:New Confucianism
3174:
3137:
3136:
3123:Neo-Confucianism
3058:Tibetan Buddhism
3050:Tibetan cultural
2972:(1503) by Guo Xu
2929:Emperor Xuanzong
2919:Wudang Mountains
2867:A temple in the
2836:Three Sovereigns
2760:shamanic travels
2550:
2538:Chinese talisman
2402:Chinese classics
2374:theorists (like
2348:ancestor worship
2308:, attributed to
2265:yin-yang thought
2233:
2230:
2201:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2159:
2126:Chung-ying Cheng
2092:with "thought" (
2057:
2054:
2018:, author of the
2002:
1997:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1947:
1942:
1916:
1833:during the late
1824:
1815:
1809:
1768:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1671:self-cultivation
1667:internal alchemy
1647:
1637:
1628:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1413:Wudang Mountains
1322:Chongxuan School
1307:Shangqing School
855:Sexual practices
610:
587:
586:
573:
572:
554:
553:
548:
547:
525:
524:
508:
507:
502:
501:
488:
487:
469:
468:
455:
432:
431:
430:
408:
407:
387:
386:
373:
372:
349:
348:
347:
332:
331:
318:
317:
297:
296:
276:
275:
274:
259:
258:
245:
244:
231:
230:
229:
215:
214:
201:
200:
199:
197:
181:
180:
157:
156:
125:
124:
98:
97:
91:
75:
74:
66:
59:
55:
52:
46:
27:
26:
19:
27753:
27752:
27748:
27747:
27746:
27744:
27743:
27742:
27738:Three teachings
27698:
27697:
27696:
27686:
27684:
27674:
27672:
27664:
27662:
27657:
27656:
27651:
27569:
27470:Three teachings
27371:
27322:Tsang Lap Chuen
27135:
26997:
26906:
26888:
26804:
26800:
26792:
26741:
26723:
26632:
26626:
26610:
26519:
26501:
26319:
26317:
26263:School of Names
26206:Agriculturalism
26194:
26189:
26159:
26154:
26131:
26129:
26108:
26072:
25972:
25934:
25881:
25835:
25834:
25806:
25795:Russian cosmism
25768:
25764:Western Marxism
25729:New Historicism
25694:Critical theory
25680:
25676:Wittgensteinian
25572:Foundationalism
25505:
25442:
25423:Social contract
25279:Foundationalism
25212:
25194:
25178:Illuminationism
25163:Aristotelianism
25149:
25138:Vishishtadvaita
25091:
25043:
24984:
24951:
24822:
24751:Megarian school
24746:Eretrian school
24687:
24648:Agriculturalism
24625:
24571:
24552:
24499:
24471:
24428:
24380:
24337:
24321:Incompatibilism
24290:
24262:
24214:
24186:
24109:
24098:
24093:
24063:
24058:
24022:
23949:
23930:Solomon Islands
23866:
23738:
23642:North Macedonia
23483:
23208:
22921:
22902:
22863:Mass gatherings
22831:
22826:
22819:
22758:
22753:
22744:
22683:Religiocentrism
22663:National church
22531:
22528:
22520:
22435:
22428:
22365:
22287:Bodies of water
22079:
22064:
21849:Jamaican Maroon
21631:
21606:
21543:
21373:
21366:
21237:
21235:
21224:
21189:
21163:Trinidad Orisha
20948:
20941:
20914:
20907:
20834:
20797:
20548:
20541:
20437:
20419:
20346:
20320:Srilankan Vedda
20271:
20199:
20074:Sri Vaishnavism
20037:
19999:
19971:
19929:
19836:
19810:
19777:
19736:
19690:
19615:Twelver Shi'ism
19557:
19419:Neo-charismatic
19392:Presbyterianism
19244:
19136:
19123:
19118:
19088:
19083:
19035:
18999:
18918:Other religions
18913:
18904:
18805:
18795:
18793:
18763:
18758:
18688:
18596:
18433:
18400:Eight Immortals
18358:Four Sovereigns
18346:Lingbao Tianzun
18341:Yuanshi Tianzun
18336:Three Pure Ones
18317:
18229:
18173:Three Treasures
18122:
18109:
18041:
18031:
17938:
17933:
17898:
17883:Wayback Machine
17838:
17815:
17810:
17801:
17777:
17766:The Tao of Pooh
17753:
17745:. E.P. Dutton.
17730:
17708:
17683:
17672:
17658:Kalinke, Viktor
17649:
17630:
17611:
17592:
17574:Wayback Machine
17560:
17532:
17513:
17494:
17475:
17456:
17437:
17418:
17399:
17380:
17361:
17342:
17323:
17306:
17304:Further reading
17301:
17295:
17238:
17218:
17195:
17175:
17152:
17144:. Grove Press.
17129:
17102:
17100:
17093:
17069:
17067:
17060:
17030:
17002:The Taoist Body
16993:
16965:
16946:
16927:
16904:
16882:
16847:
16826:
16807:
16788:
16769:
16748:
16725:
16706:
16688:Mair, Victor H.
16680:
16662:Little, Stephen
16654:
16635:
16598:
16579:
16568:Taoism Handbook
16546:
16527:
16508:
16489:
16467:
16448:
16429:
16403:
16401:
16394:
16373:
16352:
16344:. I.B. Tauris.
16333:
16307:
16305:
16298:
16268:
16249:
16230:
16208:
16206:
16199:
16166:
16164:
16157:
16133:
16085:
16026:
16024:
16017:
15992:
15982:
15963:
15961:General sources
15958:
15948:
15946:
15933:
15932:
15928:
15918:
15916:
15903:
15902:
15898:
15891:
15874:
15867:
15857:
15855:
15840:
15824:. p. 466.
15812:
15803:
15770:
15766:
15727:
15723:
15708:
15694:
15690:
15675:
15658:
15651:
15640:
15636:
15621:
15603:
15599:
15591:
15582:
15574:
15570:
15562:
15558:
15550:
15541:
15533:
15524:
15517:
15489:
15485:
15479:Komjathy (2014)
15477:
15473:
15465:
15461:
15453:
15446:
15438:
15434:
15426:
15422:
15414:
15410:
15402:
15395:
15387:
15383:
15375:
15371:
15363:
15356:
15348:
15344:
15336:
15327:
15319:
15315:
15307:
15303:
15295:
15291:
15283:
15276:
15268:
15264:
15256:
15252:
15244:
15240:
15232:
15228:
15220:
15216:
15208:
15204:
15196:
15192:
15184:
15177:
15169:
15165:
15158:
15150:. p. 169.
15137:
15130:
15122:
15115:
15107:
15103:
15095:
15091:
15083:
15079:
15071:
15067:
15059:
15055:
15049:Yamamoto (1998)
15047:
15043:
15035:
15031:
15023:
15019:
15011:
15007:
14988:
14984:
14969:
14961:. p. 393.
14951:
14947:
14932:
14914:
14907:
14899:
14895:
14889:Wayback Machine
14882:Windows on Asia
14880:
14876:
14870:Schipper (1993)
14868:
14864:
14856:
14852:
14844:
14840:
14832:
14828:
14820:
14816:
14808:
14804:
14796:
14792:
14784:
14780:
14772:
14768:
14761:
14739:
14735:
14727:
14723:
14715:
14711:
14701:
14699:
14688:
14684:
14676:
14672:
14659:
14655:
14647:
14640:
14636:
14635:
14631:
14621:
14619:
14615:
14608:
14604:
14603:
14599:
14594:on 8 July 2007.
14586:
14585:
14581:
14571:
14569:
14556:
14555:
14548:
14544:, p. 29–54
14539:
14530:
14524:Kirkland (2004)
14522:
14515:
14509:Komjathy (2014)
14507:
14503:
14488:
14484:
14477:
14469:. p. 784.
14458:
14451:
14444:
14425:
14421:
14414:
14406:. p. 518.
14395:
14391:
14385:Schipper (1993)
14383:
14379:
14371:
14367:
14357:
14355:
14348:www.patheos.com
14342:
14341:
14328:
14320:
14316:
14308:
14304:
14296:
14292:
14270:
14268:
14266:
14246:
14239:
14228:
14224:
14216:
14212:
14204:
14200:
14192:
14188:
14176:
14172:
14164:
14160:
14152:
14148:
14142:Komjathy (2014)
14140:
14136:
14126:
14124:
14115:
14114:
14110:
14104:Komjathy (2014)
14102:
14093:
14087:Komjathy (2014)
14085:
14081:
14075:Komjathy (2014)
14073:
14069:
14063:Komjathy (2014)
14061:
14057:
14051:Komjathy (2014)
14049:
14045:
14039:Kirkland (2004)
14037:
14033:
14027:Kirkland (2004)
14025:
14021:
14015:Kirkland (2004)
14013:
14009:
14003:Wayback Machine
13991:
13987:
13981:Wayback Machine
13969:
13965:
13959:Wayback Machine
13947:
13943:
13937:Kirkland (2004)
13935:
13931:
13921:
13919:
13904:
13895:
13889:Kirkland (2004)
13887:
13883:
13873:
13871:
13862:
13861:
13857:
13851:Kirkland (2004)
13849:
13845:
13837:
13830:
13822:
13818:
13810:
13806:
13800:Kirkland (2004)
13798:
13791:
13783:
13774:
13768:Kirkland (2004)
13766:
13762:
13756:Kirkland (2004)
13754:
13750:
13744:Kirkland (2004)
13742:
13738:
13723:
13706:
13704:
13685:
13684:
13680:
13674:Kirkland (2004)
13672:
13668:
13660:
13656:
13648:
13644:
13634:
13632:
13619:
13618:
13614:
13608:Komjathy (2014)
13606:
13599:
13591:
13587:
13579:
13575:
13569:Komjathy (2014)
13567:
13563:
13553:
13551:
13536:
13527:
13512:
13494:
13490:
13484:Komjathy (2014)
13482:
13478:
13470:
13463:
13457:Komjathy (2014)
13455:
13448:
13442:Komjathy (2014)
13440:
13436:
13428:
13421:
13409:
13405:
13397:, p. 672;
13393:
13389:
13383:Komjathy (2014)
13381:
13377:
13369:
13365:
13359:Komjathy (2014)
13357:
13348:
13342:Komjathy (2014)
13340:
13333:
13327:Komjathy (2014)
13325:
13318:
13312:Komjathy (2014)
13310:
13306:
13298:
13291:
13284:
13276:. p. 226.
13266:
13249:
13243:Komjathy (2014)
13241:
13237:
13231:Komjathy (2014)
13229:
13225:
13219:Komjathy (2014)
13217:
13213:
13207:Komjathy (2014)
13205:
13201:
13195:Komjathy (2014)
13193:
13189:
13183:Komjathy (2014)
13181:
13168:
13160:
13156:
13148:
13144:
13136:
13132:
13124:
13117:
13109:
13102:
13094:
13087:
13081:Schipper (1993)
13079:
13075:
13067:
13063:
13055:
13046:
13038:
13034:
13028:Komjathy (2014)
13026:
13022:
13016:Komjathy (2014)
13014:
13010:
13004:Komjathy (2014)
13002:
12998:
12992:Kirkland (2004)
12990:
12986:
12980:Kirkland (2004)
12978:
12974:
12964:
12962:
12954:
12953:
12949:
12943:Komjathy (2014)
12941:
12934:
12926:
12922:
12885:
12881:
12873:
12869:
12861:
12857:
12849:
12845:
12837:
12833:
12818:
12810:. p. 392.
12800:
12765:
12759:Komjathy (2014)
12757:
12753:
12745:
12741:
12733:
12729:
12721:
12717:
12709:
12705:
12699:Komjathy (2014)
12697:
12693:
12687:Komjathy (2014)
12685:
12681:
12673:
12666:
12658:
12654:
12646:
12639:
12633:Komjathy (2014)
12631:
12627:
12619:
12615:
12607:
12603:
12595:
12591:
12583:
12579:
12571:
12567:
12561:Komjathy (2014)
12559:
12555:
12547:
12543:
12535:
12528:
12522:Komjathy (2014)
12520:
12516:
12510:Komjathy (2014)
12508:
12504:
12498:Komjathy (2014)
12496:
12492:
12486:Kirkland (2004)
12484:
12480:
12472:
12468:
12458:
12456:
12444:
12440:
12430:
12428:
12420:
12419:
12415:
12409:Komjathy (2014)
12407:
12403:
12395:
12388:
12382:Kirkland (2004)
12380:
12376:
12366:
12364:
12341:
12334:
12327:
12309:
12305:
12295:
12293:
12281:
12272:
12257:
12239:
12228:
12218:
12216:
12201:
12200:
12183:
12176:
12155:
12148:
12141:
12123:
12119:
12112:
12091:
12082:
12072:
12070:
12057:
12056:
12052:
12037:
12029:. p. 396.
12019:
12015:
12000:
11982:
11978:
11968:
11966:
11953:
11952:
11941:
11926:
11918:. p. 395.
11908:
11901:
11895:Kirkland (2004)
11893:
11889:
11880:
11878:
11876:
11850:
11846:
11838:
11834:
11826:
11822:
11814:
11810:
11803:
11793:Merriam-Webster
11773:Reynolds, Frank
11769:Carrasco, David
11766:
11762:
11752:
11750:
11735:
11726:
11719:
11705:
11701:
11662:
11653:
11646:
11638:. p. 691.
11636:Merriam-Webster
11616:Reynolds, Frank
11612:Carrasco, David
11609:
11605:
11599:Komjathy (2014)
11597:
11593:
11583:
11581:
11571:
11567:
11559:
11555:
11548:
11534:
11527:
11521:Komjathy (2014)
11519:
11515:
11500:
11492:. p. 397.
11482:
11463:
11455:Blofeld, John.
11454:
11450:
11444:Komjathy (2014)
11442:
11435:
11427:
11423:
11415:
11408:
11400:
11393:
11387:Komjathy (2014)
11385:
11381:
11375:Komjathy (2014)
11373:
11369:
11362:
11354:. p. 430.
11344:
11340:
11334:Komjathy (2014)
11332:
11325:
11319:Komjathy (2014)
11317:
11313:
11307:Komjathy (2014)
11305:
11301:
11295:Komjathy (2014)
11293:
11289:
11283:Kirkland (2004)
11281:
11277:
11272:
11268:
11260:
11256:
11248:
11239:
11231:
11227:
11221:Kirkland (2004)
11219:
11215:
11209:Komjathy (2014)
11207:
11203:
11195:
11186:
11180:Girardot (1988)
11178:
11174:
11166:
11162:
11154:
11150:
11142:
11138:
11130:
11126:
11118:
11114:
11106:
11102:
11096:Girardot (1988)
11094:, p. 121;
11090:
11086:
11080:Girardot (1988)
11078:
11071:
11063:
11059:
11051:
11042:
11034:
11027:
11021:Wayback Machine
11009:
11002:
10996:Komjathy (2014)
10994:
10983:
10967:
10963:
10955:
10951:
10943:
10939:
10916:
10882:
10878:
10868:Wayback Machine
10858:
10854:
10844:
10842:
10838:
10837:
10833:
10827:Komjathy (2014)
10825:
10821:
10815:LaFargue (1994)
10813:
10809:
10800:
10796:
10788:
10784:
10778:Komjathy (2014)
10776:
10772:
10766:Komjathy (2014)
10764:
10760:
10754:Komjathy (2014)
10752:
10748:
10740:
10725:
10709:
10708:
10680:
10676:
10667:
10665:
10663:
10637:
10633:
10625:
10621:
10613:
10609:
10601:
10597:
10591:Komjathy (2014)
10589:
10585:
10579:Komjathy (2014)
10577:
10573:
10567:Komjathy (2014)
10565:
10561:
10555:Komjathy (2014)
10553:
10549:
10539:Wayback Machine
10529:
10525:
10516:
10512:
10501:Man's Religions
10497:
10493:
10486:
10465:
10461:
10444:Wallace, Irving
10437:
10428:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10389:
10385:
10377:
10373:
10367:Komjathy (2014)
10365:
10356:
10350:Komjathy (2014)
10348:
10344:
10336:
10332:
10324:
10320:
10313:
10307:
10300:
10296:
10295:
10291:
10285:Komjathy (2014)
10283:
10279:
10273:Komjathy (2014)
10271:
10267:
10258:
10254:
10247:Wayback Machine
10237:Wile, Douglas.
10236:
10232:
10225:
10211:
10207:
10148:
10144:
10138:Komjathy (2014)
10136:
10132:
10123:
10119:
10111:
10107:
10099:
10092:
10086:Schipper (1993)
10084:
10080:
10074:Komjathy (2014)
10072:
10068:
10062:Kirkland (2004)
10060:
10056:
10050:Kirkland (2004)
10048:
10044:
10034:
10032:Esposito (2001)
10030:
10026:
10020:Kirkland (2004)
10018:
10014:
10008:Schipper (1993)
10006:
10002:
9996:Kirkland (2004)
9994:
9987:
9981:Kirkland (2004)
9979:
9975:
9966:
9957:
9949:
9945:
9937:
9933:
9925:
9921:
9914:
9906:. p. 363.
9893:
9884:
9878:Kirkland (2004)
9876:
9872:
9866:Kirkland (2004)
9864:
9860:
9852:
9843:
9835:
9831:
9826:
9822:
9816:Komjathy (2014)
9814:
9810:
9802:
9793:
9752:
9739:
9731:
9724:
9716:
9712:
9704:
9697:
9687:
9685:
9670:
9666:
9658:
9654:
9648:Kirkland (2004)
9646:
9639:
9633:Kirkland (2004)
9631:
9627:
9621:Kirkland (2004)
9619:
9615:
9607:
9600:
9592:
9588:
9582:Kirkland (2004)
9580:
9573:
9567:Kirkland (2004)
9565:
9561:
9553:
9546:
9538:
9534:
9528:Komjathy (2014)
9526:
9522:
9514:
9510:
9502:, p. xvi;
9494:
9490:
9484:Kirkland (2004)
9482:
9478:
9470:
9466:
9458:
9454:
9446:
9442:
9436:Wayback Machine
9426:
9422:
9416:Komjathy (2014)
9414:
9410:
9402:
9398:
9390:
9383:
9369:
9365:
9359:Kirkland (2004)
9357:
9353:
9345:
9341:
9335:Kirkland (2004)
9333:
9329:
9319:
9314:
9310:
9303:
9282:
9278:
9272:Kirkland (2004)
9270:
9266:
9260:Wayback Machine
9250:
9246:
9239:
9229:Canongate Books
9218:
9214:
9207:
9189:
9182:
9167:
9142:
9133:
9118:
9101:
9097:
9082:
9065:
9061:
9053:
9046:
9035:Women in Taoism
9031:
9027:
9019:
9015:
9007:
9000:
8992:, p. 149;
8990:Demerath (2003)
8988:
8984:
8980:, p. 2-10.
8978:Kirkland (2004)
8976:
8969:
8960:
8958:
8948:
8922:
8918:
8908:
8906:
8893:
8892:
8888:
8881:
8873:. p. 431.
8863:
8856:
8841:
8823:
8819:
8813:Kirkland (2004)
8811:
8807:
8799:
8792:
8782:
8780:
8763:
8759:
8744:
8730:
8719:
8713:Kirkland (2004)
8711:
8707:
8701:Kirkland (2004)
8699:
8695:
8689:Kirkland (2004)
8687:
8683:
8677:Komjathy (2014)
8675:
8671:
8665:Komjathy (2014)
8663:
8656:
8650:Komjathy (2014)
8648:
8644:
8636:
8629:
8623:Pregadio (2008)
8621:
8617:
8609:
8602:
8595:
8581:
8574:
8568:Komjathy (2014)
8566:
8557:
8549:
8545:
8539:Kirkland (2004)
8537:
8533:
8525:
8521:
8509:
8505:
8496:
8494:
8479:
8475:
8465:
8463:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8406:
8402:
8394:
8390:
8380:
8378:
8359:
8352:
8344:
8340:
8336:, p. xxix.
8332:
8328:
8322:Pregadio (2008)
8320:
8316:
8310:Pregadio (2008)
8308:
8304:
8296:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8279:on 18 June 2020
8267:
8266:
8262:
8253:. 15 May 2024.
8245:
8244:
8240:
8232:
8223:
8215:
8208:
8189:
8185:
8184:
8177:
8169:
8158:
8150:
8139:
8135:, p. 2–10.
8133:Kirkland (2004)
8131:
8127:
8119:
8115:
8105:
8103:
8096:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8054:
8032:
8014:Taoism in Japan
8010:
7977:Chinese culture
7973:
7967:
7965:Regional Taoism
7962:
7948:
7943:
7929:Three Pure Ones
7924:
7919:
7900:
7895:
7871:
7866:
7847:
7841:
7836:
7777:Three Pure Ones
7698:
7690:
7673:
7660:
7582:was founded by
7580:Quanzhen School
7561:Quanzhen School
7540:three treasures
7502:
7489:Quanzhen School
7459:Three Officials
7443:Three Pure Ones
7415:
7327:
7265:
7242:Quanzhen School
7215:
7144:De rerum natura
7131:
7103:Emperor Taizong
7099:Three Pure Ones
6976:three teachings
6960:
6958:Three teachings
6954:
6915:
6854:
6848:
6755:
6692:temple of Laozi
6690:Laojun Mountain
6683:
6623:religious texts
6478:
6356:Treasury of Tao
6346:
6340:
6255:Quanzhen School
6174:Quanzhen school
6090:Ling Bao Bi Fai
6050:Huang Ting Jing
6014:Dadong zhenjing
5906:
5876:
5858:Huangdi Neijing
5749:
5703:
5701:Zhuangzi (book)
5697:
5637:
5600:edition of the
5590:
5584:
5543:
5512:Quanzhen School
5476:
5457:
5445:Xingming guizhi
5435:
5361:
5220:woodblock print
5212:
5160:
5117:
5030:
4973:
4887:
4797:Laozi (Lao Tzu)
4789:Three Pure Ones
4766:anthropomorphic
4754:
4744:
4742:Taoist theology
4711:
4572:
4558:
4464:eternally young
4389:Three Pure Ones
4354:, dated to the
4333:
4309:socio-political
4227:Three Treasures
4155:
4137:
4081:Three Treasures
4013:
4007:
4005:The Taoist body
3959:heartmind (xin)
3947:
3889:
3883:
3768:
3751:
3720:; also spelled,
3704:
3698:
3591:
3585:
3580:
3572:Main articles:
3570:
3377:Mount Qingcheng
3264:
3168:
3158:
3132:("Dragon Gate"
3089:Eight Immortals
3018:three teachings
2984:was founded in
2915:Emperor Taizong
2907:Gaozong Emperor
2861:
2853:Three Pure Ones
2846:Chinese emperor
2787:Buddhist sutras
2687:
2579:2nd century BCE
2544:
2530:
2452:Chinese shamans
2241:
2231:
2214:
2208:
2173:The Taoist Body
2143:
2055:
1929:
1923:
1899:
1878:
1710:
1706:
1693:three treasures
1601:
1600:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1532:
1528:
1514:
1485:
1484:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1374:
1344:
1327:Quanzhen School
1287:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1248:
1215:
1167:
1119:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1058:Eight Immortals
1004:Lingbao Tianzun
999:Yuanshi Tianzun
994:Three Pure Ones
984:
974:
973:
885:
877:
876:
785:
777:
776:
740:Three Treasures
634:
563:Revised Hepburn
441:Vietnamese name
237:Tongyong Pinyin
227:
207:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
195:
148:Literal meaning
104:
67:
56:
50:
47:
41:Please help by
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
27751:
27741:
27740:
27735:
27730:
27725:
27720:
27715:
27710:
27695:
27694:
27682:
27659:
27658:
27653:
27652:
27650:
27649:
27648:
27647:
27640:Metaphilosophy
27637:
27632:
27627:
27620:
27615:
27614:
27613:
27608:
27598:
27593:
27588:
27583:
27577:
27575:
27571:
27570:
27568:
27567:
27560:
27553:
27546:
27541:
27534:
27529:
27524:
27517:
27512:
27505:
27500:
27493:
27486:
27479:
27472:
27467:
27460:
27453:
27448:
27441:
27440:
27439:
27434:
27424:
27417:
27410:
27403:
27396:
27389:
27383:
27381:
27377:
27376:
27373:
27372:
27370:
27369:
27364:
27359:
27354:
27349:
27344:
27339:
27334:
27329:
27324:
27319:
27314:
27309:
27304:
27299:
27294:
27289:
27284:
27279:
27274:
27269:
27264:
27259:
27254:
27252:Lee Shui-chuen
27249:
27244:
27239:
27234:
27229:
27224:
27219:
27214:
27209:
27204:
27199:
27194:
27189:
27184:
27179:
27174:
27169:
27164:
27159:
27154:
27149:
27143:
27141:
27137:
27136:
27134:
27133:
27128:
27123:
27121:Zhang Xuecheng
27118:
27113:
27108:
27103:
27098:
27093:
27088:
27083:
27078:
27073:
27068:
27063:
27058:
27053:
27048:
27043:
27038:
27033:
27028:
27023:
27018:
27013:
27007:
27005:
26999:
26998:
26996:
26995:
26990:
26985:
26980:
26975:
26970:
26965:
26960:
26955:
26950:
26945:
26940:
26935:
26930:
26925:
26920:
26915:
26909:
26907:
26905:
26904:
26899:
26893:
26890:
26889:
26887:
26886:
26881:
26876:
26871:
26866:
26861:
26859:Wang Chongyang
26856:
26851:
26846:
26841:
26836:
26831:
26826:
26821:
26816:
26810:
26808:
26798:Five Dynasties
26794:
26793:
26791:
26790:
26785:
26780:
26775:
26770:
26765:
26760:
26755:
26750:
26744:
26742:
26740:
26739:
26734:
26728:
26725:
26724:
26722:
26721:
26716:
26711:
26706:
26701:
26696:
26691:
26686:
26681:
26676:
26671:
26666:
26661:
26656:
26651:
26646:
26641:
26635:
26633:
26631:
26630:
26621:
26619:Three Kingdoms
26615:
26612:
26611:
26609:
26608:
26603:
26598:
26593:
26588:
26583:
26578:
26573:
26568:
26563:
26558:
26553:
26548:
26543:
26538:
26533:
26528:
26522:
26520:
26518:
26517:
26512:
26506:
26503:
26502:
26500:
26499:
26494:
26489:
26484:
26479:
26474:
26469:
26464:
26459:
26454:
26449:
26444:
26439:
26434:
26429:
26424:
26419:
26414:
26409:
26404:
26399:
26394:
26389:
26384:
26379:
26374:
26369:
26364:
26359:
26354:
26349:
26344:
26338:
26336:
26327:
26321:
26320:
26316:
26315:
26310:
26304:
26302:
26301:
26296:
26291:
26290:
26289:
26282:
26270:
26265:
26260:
26255:
26250:
26245:
26240:
26235:
26234:
26233:
26228:
26223:
26213:
26208:
26202:
26200:
26196:
26195:
26188:
26187:
26180:
26173:
26165:
26156:
26155:
26153:
26152:
26140:
26125:
26122:
26121:
26118:
26117:
26114:
26113:
26110:
26109:
26107:
26106:
26101:
26096:
26091:
26086:
26080:
26078:
26074:
26073:
26071:
26070:
26065:
26060:
26055:
26050:
26045:
26040:
26035:
26030:
26025:
26020:
26015:
26010:
26005:
26004:
26003:
25993:
25988:
25982:
25980:
25974:
25973:
25971:
25970:
25965:
25960:
25955:
25950:
25944:
25942:
25940:Middle Eastern
25936:
25935:
25933:
25932:
25927:
25922:
25917:
25912:
25907:
25902:
25897:
25891:
25889:
25883:
25882:
25880:
25879:
25874:
25869:
25864:
25858:
25856:
25847:
25837:
25836:
25833:
25832:
25828:
25820:
25819:
25816:
25815:
25812:
25811:
25808:
25807:
25805:
25804:
25797:
25792:
25787:
25782:
25776:
25774:
25770:
25769:
25767:
25766:
25761:
25756:
25751:
25746:
25741:
25736:
25731:
25726:
25721:
25716:
25711:
25706:
25704:Existentialism
25701:
25699:Deconstruction
25696:
25690:
25688:
25682:
25681:
25679:
25678:
25673:
25668:
25663:
25658:
25653:
25648:
25643:
25638:
25633:
25628:
25623:
25618:
25613:
25608:
25603:
25598:
25593:
25588:
25583:
25578:
25569:
25564:
25559:
25554:
25549:
25544:
25539:
25534:
25532:Applied ethics
25528:
25526:
25517:
25511:
25510:
25507:
25506:
25504:
25503:
25498:
25496:Nietzscheanism
25493:
25488:
25483:
25478:
25473:
25468:
25467:
25466:
25456:
25450:
25448:
25444:
25443:
25441:
25440:
25438:Utilitarianism
25435:
25430:
25425:
25420:
25415:
25410:
25405:
25400:
25395:
25390:
25385:
25380:
25375:
25370:
25365:
25360:
25355:
25350:
25345:
25340:
25339:
25338:
25336:Transcendental
25333:
25328:
25323:
25318:
25313:
25303:
25302:
25301:
25291:
25286:
25281:
25276:
25274:Existentialism
25271:
25266:
25261:
25256:
25251:
25246:
25241:
25236:
25230:
25224:
25218:
25217:
25214:
25213:
25211:
25210:
25204:
25202:
25196:
25195:
25193:
25192:
25187:
25180:
25175:
25170:
25165:
25159:
25157:
25151:
25150:
25148:
25147:
25142:
25141:
25140:
25135:
25130:
25125:
25120:
25115:
25110:
25099:
25097:
25093:
25092:
25090:
25089:
25084:
25079:
25074:
25069:
25064:
25062:Augustinianism
25059:
25053:
25051:
25045:
25044:
25042:
25041:
25036:
25031:
25026:
25021:
25016:
25011:
25005:
25003:
24996:
24990:
24989:
24986:
24985:
24983:
24982:
24977:
24975:Zoroastrianism
24972:
24967:
24961:
24959:
24953:
24952:
24950:
24949:
24948:
24947:
24942:
24937:
24932:
24927:
24922:
24917:
24912:
24907:
24897:
24896:
24895:
24890:
24880:
24879:
24878:
24873:
24868:
24863:
24858:
24853:
24848:
24843:
24832:
24830:
24824:
24823:
24821:
24820:
24818:Church Fathers
24815:
24810:
24805:
24800:
24795:
24790:
24789:
24788:
24783:
24778:
24773:
24763:
24758:
24753:
24748:
24743:
24738:
24733:
24732:
24731:
24726:
24721:
24716:
24711:
24700:
24698:
24689:
24688:
24686:
24685:
24680:
24675:
24670:
24665:
24660:
24655:
24650:
24644:
24642:
24633:
24627:
24626:
24624:
24623:
24622:
24621:
24616:
24611:
24606:
24601:
24591:
24585:
24583:
24573:
24572:
24562:
24561:
24558:
24557:
24554:
24553:
24551:
24550:
24545:
24540:
24535:
24530:
24525:
24520:
24515:
24509:
24507:
24501:
24500:
24498:
24497:
24492:
24487:
24481:
24479:
24473:
24472:
24470:
24469:
24464:
24459:
24454:
24449:
24444:
24438:
24436:
24430:
24429:
24427:
24426:
24421:
24416:
24411:
24406:
24401:
24396:
24390:
24388:
24382:
24381:
24379:
24378:
24373:
24368:
24363:
24358:
24353:
24347:
24345:
24339:
24338:
24336:
24335:
24333:Libertarianism
24330:
24329:
24328:
24318:
24317:
24316:
24306:
24300:
24298:
24292:
24291:
24289:
24288:
24283:
24278:
24272:
24270:
24264:
24263:
24261:
24260:
24255:
24250:
24245:
24240:
24235:
24230:
24224:
24222:
24216:
24215:
24213:
24212:
24207:
24202:
24196:
24194:
24188:
24187:
24185:
24184:
24179:
24174:
24169:
24164:
24159:
24154:
24149:
24144:
24139:
24137:Metaphilosophy
24134:
24129:
24123:
24121:
24111:
24110:
24100:
24099:
24092:
24091:
24084:
24077:
24069:
24060:
24059:
24057:
24056:
24046:
24035:
24032:
24031:
24028:
24027:
24024:
24023:
24021:
24020:
24015:
24010:
24005:
24000:
23995:
23990:
23985:
23980:
23975:
23970:
23965:
23959:
23957:
23951:
23950:
23948:
23947:
23942:
23937:
23932:
23927:
23922:
23917:
23912:
23907:
23902:
23897:
23892:
23887:
23882:
23876:
23874:
23868:
23867:
23865:
23864:
23859:
23854:
23849:
23844:
23839:
23834:
23829:
23824:
23819:
23814:
23809:
23804:
23799:
23794:
23789:
23784:
23779:
23774:
23769:
23764:
23759:
23754:
23748:
23746:
23740:
23739:
23737:
23736:
23735:
23734:
23729:
23724:
23719:
23712:United Kingdom
23709:
23704:
23699:
23694:
23689:
23684:
23679:
23674:
23669:
23664:
23659:
23654:
23649:
23644:
23639:
23634:
23629:
23624:
23619:
23614:
23609:
23604:
23599:
23594:
23589:
23584:
23579:
23574:
23569:
23564:
23559:
23554:
23549:
23544:
23539:
23534:
23529:
23524:
23519:
23514:
23509:
23504:
23499:
23493:
23491:
23485:
23484:
23482:
23481:
23476:
23471:
23466:
23461:
23456:
23451:
23446:
23441:
23436:
23431:
23426:
23421:
23416:
23411:
23406:
23401:
23396:
23391:
23386:
23381:
23376:
23371:
23366:
23361:
23356:
23351:
23346:
23341:
23340:
23339:
23334:
23324:
23319:
23314:
23309:
23304:
23299:
23294:
23289:
23284:
23279:
23274:
23269:
23264:
23259:
23254:
23249:
23244:
23239:
23234:
23229:
23224:
23218:
23216:
23210:
23209:
23207:
23206:
23201:
23196:
23191:
23186:
23181:
23176:
23171:
23166:
23161:
23156:
23151:
23146:
23141:
23136:
23131:
23126:
23121:
23116:
23111:
23106:
23101:
23096:
23091:
23086:
23081:
23076:
23071:
23066:
23061:
23056:
23051:
23046:
23041:
23036:
23031:
23026:
23021:
23016:
23011:
23006:
23001:
22996:
22991:
22986:
22981:
22976:
22971:
22966:
22961:
22956:
22951:
22946:
22941:
22935:
22933:
22923:
22922:
22912:
22911:
22908:
22907:
22904:
22903:
22901:
22900:
22895:
22890:
22885:
22880:
22875:
22870:
22865:
22860:
22855:
22850:
22845:
22840:
22834:
22832:
22824:
22821:
22820:
22818:
22817:
22812:
22807:
22805:Secularization
22802:
22797:
22792:
22787:
22785:Deconstruction
22782:
22777:
22772:
22767:
22761:
22759:
22749:
22746:
22745:
22743:
22742:
22737:
22736:
22735:
22730:
22725:
22715:
22710:
22705:
22700:
22695:
22690:
22685:
22680:
22675:
22670:
22665:
22660:
22655:
22650:
22645:
22640:
22638:Fundamentalism
22635:
22634:
22633:
22628:
22623:
22618:
22608:
22603:
22598:
22593:
22592:
22591:
22586:
22581:
22571:
22570:
22569:
22564:
22559:
22545:
22540:
22534:
22532:
22525:
22522:
22521:
22519:
22518:
22513:
22508:
22503:
22502:
22501:
22491:
22486:
22481:
22476:
22471:
22466:
22461:
22456:
22451:
22446:
22440:
22438:
22430:
22429:
22427:
22426:
22421:
22416:
22411:
22406:
22401:
22396:
22391:
22386:
22381:
22375:
22373:
22367:
22366:
22364:
22363:
22362:
22361:
22356:
22351:
22341:
22336:
22331:
22326:
22321:
22316:
22311:
22306:
22305:
22304:
22299:
22294:
22289:
22279:
22278:
22277:
22272:
22267:
22257:
22252:
22247:
22242:
22237:
22232:
22227:
22222:
22217:
22212:
22211:
22210:
22205:
22200:
22190:
22185:
22180:
22175:
22170:
22165:
22160:
22155:
22150:
22145:
22140:
22135:
22130:
22125:
22116:
22114:Call to prayer
22111:
22106:
22101:
22099:Disaffiliation
22091:
22089:
22081:
22080:
22070:
22069:
22066:
22065:
22063:
22062:
22057:
22052:
22047:
22042:
22037:
22032:
22027:
22026:
22025:
22020:
22015:
22005:
22004:
22003:
21998:
21993:
21988:
21983:
21973:
21968:
21967:
21966:
21961:
21956:
21946:
21945:
21944:
21939:
21929:
21928:
21927:
21922:
21917:
21912:
21902:
21897:
21896:
21895:
21885:
21884:
21883:
21878:
21868:
21863:
21862:
21861:
21851:
21846:
21841:
21836:
21831:
21826:
21821:
21816:
21815:
21814:
21809:
21804:
21799:
21797:Greco-Buddhism
21794:
21784:
21783:
21782:
21777:
21772:
21767:
21757:
21752:
21751:
21750:
21740:
21735:
21730:
21729:
21728:
21718:
21713:
21708:
21707:
21706:
21701:
21691:
21686:
21685:
21684:
21679:
21674:
21664:
21659:
21654:
21649:
21648:
21647:
21636:
21633:
21632:
21620:
21619:
21616:
21615:
21612:
21611:
21608:
21607:
21605:
21604:
21603:
21602:
21592:
21587:
21582:
21577:
21572:
21567:
21562:
21557:
21551:
21549:
21545:
21544:
21542:
21541:
21540:
21539:
21527:
21522:
21521:
21520:
21515:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21490:
21480:
21475:
21470:
21465:
21460:
21455:
21450:
21445:
21440:
21439:
21438:
21428:
21427:
21426:
21421:
21411:
21410:
21409:
21404:
21394:
21389:
21388:
21387:
21378:
21376:
21368:
21367:
21365:
21364:
21359:
21354:
21349:
21348:
21347:
21342:
21332:
21327:
21322:
21317:
21312:
21311:
21310:
21300:
21295:
21290:
21285:
21280:
21275:
21270:
21265:
21260:
21255:
21249:
21247:
21240:
21230:
21229:
21226:
21225:
21223:
21222:
21217:
21212:
21207:
21201:
21199:
21195:
21194:
21191:
21190:
21188:
21187:
21186:
21185:
21180:
21175:
21170:
21165:
21160:
21158:Tambor de Mina
21155:
21150:
21145:
21140:
21135:
21130:
21125:
21120:
21115:
21114:
21113:
21108:
21103:
21084:
21083:
21082:
21081:
21071:
21066:
21061:
21056:
21051:
21046:
21041:
21036:
21031:
21026:
21021:
21016:
21011:
21006:
21001:
20996:
20991:
20986:
20985:
20984:
20979:
20969:
20964:
20959:
20953:
20951:
20943:
20942:
20940:
20939:
20938:
20937:
20935:Guanche church
20926:
20924:
20917:
20909:
20908:
20906:
20905:
20900:
20895:
20890:
20885:
20880:
20875:
20870:
20865:
20860:
20855:
20850:
20844:
20842:
20840:Tibeto-Burmese
20836:
20835:
20833:
20832:
20827:
20822:
20817:
20811:
20809:
20799:
20798:
20796:
20795:
20790:
20785:
20780:
20779:
20778:
20773:
20763:
20758:
20756:Nuu-chah-nulth
20753:
20748:
20743:
20738:
20737:
20736:
20731:
20726:
20721:
20711:
20706:
20701:
20700:
20699:
20689:
20684:
20679:
20678:
20677:
20672:
20667:
20665:Muscogee Creek
20662:
20657:
20647:
20642:
20637:
20632:
20623:
20618:
20613:
20608:
20603:
20602:
20601:
20596:
20591:
20581:
20576:
20571:
20570:
20569:
20559:
20553:
20551:
20543:
20542:
20540:
20539:
20534:
20532:Sumbese Marapu
20529:
20528:
20527:
20522:
20512:
20511:
20510:
20500:
20495:
20490:
20485:
20484:
20483:
20478:
20470:
20469:
20468:
20463:
20453:
20451:Batak Parmalim
20447:
20445:
20439:
20438:
20436:
20435:
20429:
20427:
20421:
20420:
20418:
20417:
20416:
20415:
20410:
20400:
20399:
20398:
20393:
20388:
20373:
20371:
20362:
20356:
20355:
20352:
20351:
20348:
20347:
20345:
20344:
20343:
20342:
20337:
20327:
20322:
20317:
20312:
20307:
20306:
20305:
20300:
20290:
20285:
20279:
20277:
20273:
20272:
20270:
20269:
20262:
20257:
20256:
20255:
20245:
20244:
20243:
20238:
20233:
20215:
20209:
20207:
20201:
20200:
20198:
20197:
20190:
20185:
20180:
20175:
20170:
20165:
20160:
20159:
20158:
20153:
20148:
20143:
20138:
20133:
20128:
20123:
20113:
20112:
20111:
20106:
20101:
20096:
20091:
20086:
20081:
20076:
20071:
20060:
20058:
20049:
20043:
20042:
20039:
20038:
20036:
20035:
20030:
20025:
20020:
20015:
20009:
20007:
20001:
20000:
19998:
19997:
19992:
19987:
19981:
19979:
19973:
19972:
19970:
19969:
19964:
19959:
19954:
19953:
19952:
19939:
19937:
19931:
19930:
19928:
19927:
19926:
19925:
19920:
19910:
19909:
19908:
19903:
19893:
19888:
19883:
19878:
19872:
19870:
19861:
19852:
19846:
19845:
19842:
19841:
19838:
19837:
19835:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19818:
19816:
19812:
19811:
19809:
19808:
19803:
19798:
19793:
19787:
19785:
19779:
19778:
19776:
19775:
19770:
19765:
19763:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
19759:
19757:
19748:
19742:
19741:
19738:
19737:
19735:
19734:
19729:
19724:
19719:
19714:
19709:
19704:
19698:
19696:
19692:
19691:
19689:
19688:
19681:
19676:
19671:
19666:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19650:
19649:
19639:
19634:
19633:
19632:
19627:
19622:
19617:
19607:
19606:
19605:
19604:
19603:
19598:
19588:
19583:
19578:
19567:
19565:
19559:
19558:
19556:
19555:
19548:
19547:
19546:
19541:
19536:
19531:
19526:
19521:
19516:
19511:
19506:
19500:Bible Students
19492:
19487:
19482:
19477:
19472:
19470:Restorationism
19467:
19466:
19465:
19460:
19455:
19450:
19449:
19448:
19438:
19433:
19428:
19426:Evangelicalism
19423:
19422:
19421:
19416:
19411:
19401:
19400:
19399:
19394:
19389:
19379:
19374:
19369:
19368:
19367:
19362:
19357:
19352:
19347:
19337:
19327:
19326:
19325:
19320:
19306:
19305:
19304:
19299:
19289:
19284:
19283:
19282:
19272:
19271:
19270:
19265:
19254:
19252:
19246:
19245:
19243:
19242:
19235:
19230:
19225:
19220:
19215:
19210:
19205:
19200:
19199:
19198:
19197:
19196:
19186:
19185:
19184:
19168:
19166:
19157:
19148:
19138:
19137:
19125:
19124:
19117:
19116:
19109:
19102:
19094:
19085:
19084:
19082:
19081:
19076:
19069:
19064:
19059:
19054:
19049:
19043:
19041:
19037:
19036:
19034:
19033:
19028:
19026:Inner Mongolia
19023:
19018:
19013:
19007:
19005:
19001:
19000:
18998:
18997:
18992:
18987:
18982:
18977:
18972:
18967:
18962:
18957:
18952:
18947:
18942:
18937:
18932:
18927:
18921:
18919:
18915:
18914:
18907:
18905:
18903:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18891:
18890:
18885:
18883:Roman Catholic
18880:
18870:
18869:
18868:
18863:
18858:
18848:
18843:
18838:
18837:
18836:
18831:
18826:
18815:
18813:
18807:
18806:
18792:
18791:
18784:
18777:
18769:
18760:
18759:
18757:
18756:
18755:
18754:
18749:
18747:Tong Jee Teung
18744:
18739:
18734:
18724:
18719:
18714:
18713:
18712:
18702:
18700:Grotto-heavens
18696:
18694:
18690:
18689:
18687:
18686:
18681:
18676:
18666:
18661:
18660:
18659:
18649:
18644:
18639:
18638:
18637:
18632:
18622:
18617:
18612:
18606:
18604:
18598:
18597:
18595:
18594:
18587:
18582:
18577:
18575:Zhang Guoxiang
18572:
18567:
18565:Wang Chongyang
18562:
18557:
18552:
18547:
18545:Cheng Xuanying
18542:
18537:
18532:
18527:
18522:
18517:
18512:
18507:
18502:
18497:
18492:
18487:
18482:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18441:
18439:
18435:
18434:
18432:
18431:
18424:
18419:
18418:
18417:
18415:Yellow Emperor
18407:
18402:
18397:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18381:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18355:
18354:
18353:
18348:
18343:
18333:
18327:
18325:
18319:
18318:
18316:
18315:
18308:
18301:
18294:
18287:
18280:
18273:
18266:
18259:
18252:
18245:
18237:
18235:
18231:
18230:
18228:
18227:
18226:
18225:
18212:
18204:
18199:
18198:
18197:
18189:
18183:
18170:
18165:
18164:
18163:
18162:(calisthenics)
18147:
18139:
18130:
18128:
18124:
18123:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18110:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18091:
18090:
18089:
18080:(spontenaity)
18071:
18061:
18051:
18049:
18040:
18039:
18036:
18033:
18032:
18030:
18029:
18021:
18013:
18005:
18000:
17999:
17998:
17990:
17984:
17983:(non-polarity)
17966:
17957:
17955:
17946:
17940:
17939:
17932:
17931:
17924:
17917:
17909:
17903:
17900:
17899:
17890:
17889:
17873:
17864:
17859:
17850:
17836:
17821:
17814:
17813:External links
17811:
17809:
17808:
17805:
17799:
17781:
17775:
17761:Hoff, Benjamin
17757:
17751:
17734:
17728:
17712:
17706:
17682:
17679:
17678:
17677:
17670:
17653:
17647:
17634:
17628:
17615:
17609:
17596:
17590:
17577:
17564:
17558:
17545:
17536:
17530:
17517:
17511:
17498:
17492:
17479:
17473:
17460:
17454:
17441:
17435:
17422:
17416:
17403:
17397:
17384:
17378:
17365:
17359:
17346:
17340:
17327:
17321:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17299:
17293:
17287:. AuthorHous.
17280:
17271:
17257:(1): 104–127.
17242:
17236:
17223:
17188:
17179:
17173:
17156:
17150:
17133:
17127:
17109:
17091:
17076:
17058:
17043:
17034:
17028:
17015:
17006:
16997:
16991:
16978:
16969:
16963:
16950:
16944:
16931:
16925:
16908:
16902:
16886:
16880:
16865:
16851:
16845:
16830:
16824:
16811:
16805:
16792:
16786:
16773:
16767:
16752:
16746:
16729:
16723:
16710:
16704:
16684:
16678:
16658:
16652:
16646:. SUNY Press.
16639:
16633:
16620:
16611:
16602:
16596:
16590:. SUNY Press.
16583:
16577:
16562:
16550:
16544:
16531:
16525:
16512:
16506:
16493:
16487:
16471:
16465:
16452:
16446:
16433:
16427:
16421:. Open Court.
16410:
16392:
16377:
16371:
16356:
16350:
16337:
16331:
16314:
16296:
16290:. SUNY Press.
16281:
16272:
16266:
16253:
16247:
16234:
16228:
16215:
16197:
16182:
16173:
16155:
16137:
16131:
16118:
16089:
16083:
16066:
16033:
16015:
16000:
15990:
15980:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15956:
15926:
15896:
15889:
15865:
15838:
15801:
15764:
15721:
15706:
15688:
15673:
15649:
15634:
15619:
15597:
15595:, p. 194.
15580:
15578:, p. 193.
15568:
15566:, p. 192.
15556:
15554:, p. 191.
15539:
15537:, p. 190.
15522:
15515:
15483:
15471:
15469:, p. 184.
15459:
15457:, p. 183.
15444:
15432:
15430:, p. 173.
15420:
15408:
15406:, p. 169.
15393:
15391:, p. 159.
15381:
15369:
15354:
15342:
15340:, p. 164.
15325:
15323:, p. 163.
15313:
15311:, p. 146.
15301:
15299:, p. 124.
15289:
15287:, p. 123.
15274:
15262:
15250:
15248:, p. 119.
15238:
15226:
15224:, p. 107.
15214:
15202:
15200:, p. 103.
15190:
15175:
15163:
15156:
15128:
15126:, p. 149.
15113:
15101:
15089:
15077:
15073:Zhiming (2010)
15065:
15063:, p. 137.
15053:
15041:
15029:
15025:Aronson (2002)
15017:
15005:
14982:
14967:
14945:
14930:
14924:. p. 71.
14905:
14893:
14874:
14872:, p. 192.
14862:
14850:
14838:
14834:Mollier (2008)
14826:
14814:
14812:, p. 192.
14810:Prebish (1975)
14802:
14798:Maspero (1981)
14790:
14788:, p. 254.
14778:
14776:, p. 167.
14766:
14759:
14733:
14721:
14709:
14682:
14670:
14653:
14629:
14597:
14579:
14546:
14528:
14513:
14501:
14482:
14475:
14449:
14442:
14419:
14412:
14389:
14377:
14375:, p. 128.
14365:
14326:
14314:
14302:
14290:
14264:
14237:
14222:
14210:
14206:Robinet (1997)
14198:
14186:
14180:, p. 15;
14170:
14158:
14146:
14134:
14108:
14091:
14079:
14067:
14055:
14043:
14031:
14019:
14007:
13985:
13963:
13941:
13929:
13893:
13881:
13870:. 9 April 2024
13855:
13843:
13828:
13816:
13804:
13789:
13787:, p. 165.
13772:
13760:
13748:
13736:
13678:
13676:, p. 53-.
13666:
13654:
13642:
13612:
13597:
13595:, p. 158.
13585:
13573:
13561:
13525:
13510:
13488:
13476:
13474:, p. 171.
13461:
13459:, p. 136.
13446:
13434:
13432:, p. 170.
13419:
13415:Robinet (1997)
13403:
13399:Robinet (1997)
13387:
13385:, p. 132.
13375:
13373:, p. 137.
13363:
13361:, p. 137.
13346:
13344:, p. 135.
13331:
13329:, p. 134.
13316:
13304:
13289:
13282:
13247:
13235:
13233:, p. 140.
13223:
13221:, p. 139.
13211:
13199:
13187:
13185:, p. 133.
13166:
13164:, p. 174.
13154:
13150:Silvers (2005)
13142:
13130:
13128:, p. 131.
13115:
13111:Silvers (2005)
13100:
13085:
13073:
13071:, p. 143.
13061:
13059:, p. 145.
13044:
13032:
13020:
13008:
12996:
12984:
12972:
12947:
12945:, p. 131.
12932:
12920:
12879:
12875:Maspero (1981)
12867:
12855:
12851:Maspero (1981)
12843:
12839:Robinet (1997)
12831:
12816:
12763:
12751:
12739:
12737:, p. 171.
12727:
12725:, p. 128.
12715:
12703:
12691:
12679:
12677:, p. 115.
12664:
12660:Robinet (1997)
12652:
12648:Robinet (1997)
12637:
12625:
12613:
12601:
12589:
12577:
12565:
12553:
12549:Robinet (1997)
12541:
12526:
12514:
12512:, p. 163.
12502:
12490:
12488:, p. 184.
12478:
12466:
12438:
12413:
12401:
12386:
12384:, p. 183.
12374:
12332:
12325:
12319:. p. 20.
12303:
12270:
12255:
12249:. p. 65.
12226:
12181:
12174:
12146:
12139:
12117:
12110:
12080:
12050:
12035:
12013:
11998:
11976:
11939:
11924:
11899:
11887:
11874:
11844:
11832:
11830:, p. 123.
11820:
11808:
11801:
11777:Neusner, Jacob
11760:
11724:
11717:
11699:
11651:
11644:
11620:Neusner, Jacob
11603:
11601:, p. 147.
11591:
11565:
11553:
11546:
11525:
11523:, p. 125.
11513:
11498:
11461:
11448:
11446:, p. 112.
11433:
11421:
11406:
11391:
11379:
11377:, p. 109.
11367:
11360:
11338:
11336:, p. 117.
11323:
11311:
11309:, p. 116.
11299:
11297:, p. 115.
11287:
11285:, p. 190.
11275:
11266:
11264:, p. 137.
11254:
11237:
11235:, p. 109.
11233:Oldmeadow 2007
11225:
11213:
11201:
11184:
11172:
11170:, p. 286.
11168:Kraemer (1986)
11160:
11148:
11136:
11124:
11112:
11100:
11084:
11069:
11057:
11040:
11038:, p. 122.
11025:
11000:
10998:, p. 108.
10981:
10961:
10957:Maspero (1981)
10949:
10937:
10914:
10876:
10852:
10831:
10819:
10817:, p. 283.
10807:
10794:
10792:, p. 136.
10782:
10770:
10758:
10746:
10723:
10674:
10661:
10631:
10629:, p. 113.
10619:
10617:, p. 208.
10607:
10605:, p. 210.
10595:
10583:
10581:, p. 220.
10571:
10569:, p. 208.
10559:
10547:
10523:
10510:
10491:
10484:
10459:
10426:
10413:
10383:
10381:, p. 219.
10371:
10369:, p. 201.
10354:
10342:
10330:
10328:, p. 183.
10318:
10314:(30.6 KB)
10289:
10287:, p. 212.
10277:
10275:, p. 211.
10265:
10252:
10230:
10223:
10205:
10175:10.1086/475692
10142:
10140:, p. 205.
10130:
10117:
10115:, p. 184.
10105:
10103:, p. 185.
10090:
10078:
10066:
10064:, p. 168.
10054:
10042:
10024:
10022:, p. 110.
10012:
10000:
9998:, p. 165.
9985:
9973:
9955:
9953:, p. 163.
9943:
9941:, p. 178.
9931:
9929:, p. xvii
9919:
9912:
9882:
9880:, p. 105.
9870:
9858:
9856:, p. 155.
9841:
9829:
9820:
9808:
9806:, p. 154.
9791:
9737:
9735:, p. 153.
9722:
9718:Robinet (1997)
9710:
9695:
9678:whc.unesco.org
9664:
9660:Robinet (1997)
9652:
9650:, p. 163.
9637:
9625:
9613:
9598:
9594:Robinet (1997)
9586:
9571:
9559:
9544:
9532:
9520:
9508:
9506:, p. 150.
9504:Robinet (1997)
9500:Robinet (1997)
9498:, p. 68;
9488:
9476:
9472:Robinet (1997)
9464:
9452:
9440:
9420:
9408:
9404:Robinet (1997)
9396:
9392:Robinet (1997)
9381:
9363:
9351:
9347:Robinet (1997)
9339:
9327:
9308:
9301:
9276:
9264:
9244:
9237:
9212:
9205:
9199:. p. 73.
9180:
9165:
9131:
9116:
9095:
9080:
9059:
9044:
9025:
9021:Robinet (1997)
9013:
9009:Robinet (1997)
8998:
8982:
8967:
8946:
8916:
8886:
8879:
8854:
8839:
8817:
8805:
8801:Robinet (1997)
8790:
8757:
8742:
8717:
8705:
8693:
8681:
8669:
8654:
8642:
8627:
8615:
8611:Robinet (1997)
8600:
8593:
8572:
8555:
8551:Robinet (1997)
8543:
8531:
8529:, p. 174.
8519:
8511:Robinet (1997)
8503:
8473:
8447:
8420:(4): 496–507.
8400:
8388:
8350:
8338:
8334:Robinet (1997)
8326:
8314:
8302:
8290:
8260:
8238:
8221:
8217:Maspero (1981)
8206:
8175:
8171:Robinet (1997)
8156:
8137:
8125:
8113:
8094:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8031:
8030:Southeast Asia
8028:
8027:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7915:Taoist Tai Chi
7912:
7907:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7864:
7862:Zhengyi Taoism
7859:
7854:
7848:
7845:Taoist schools
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7735:nature spirits
7697:
7694:
7689:
7686:
7672:
7669:
7659:
7658:Hygiene Taoism
7656:
7584:Wang Chongyang
7571:sect, and the
7559:) sect of the
7535:and so forth.
7509:Wang Chongyang
7501:
7498:
7414:
7411:
7326:
7323:
7275:, protection,
7264:
7263:Magical Taoism
7261:
7214:
7211:
7130:
7127:
6992:Hanging Temple
6953:
6950:
6914:
6911:
6906:belles-lettres
6886:Huang Gongwang
6847:
6846:Art and poetry
6844:
6800:branch of the
6754:
6751:
6682:
6679:
6565:, tigers, and
6556:The tiger and
6532:from Buddhism.
6510:Chinese dragon
6477:
6474:
6460:
6459:
6458:) revelations.
6438:
6421:
6342:Main article:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6293:
6275:
6258:
6232:
6229:Wang Chongyang
6217:
6189:
6177:
6147:
6133:
6119:
6116:Sima Chengzhen
6097:
6087:
6075:Wupian zhenwen
6071:
6041:
6029:
6010:
5988:
5975:
5962:
5946:
5934:
5926:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5892:
5877: 139 BCE
5865:
5854:
5846:
5827:
5811:
5748:
5745:
5699:Main article:
5696:
5691:
5628:bamboo tablets
5586:Main article:
5583:
5578:
5542:
5539:
5470:Taoist alchemy
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5408:
5404:
5360:
5357:
5248:Sima Chengzhen
5211:
5208:
5159:
5156:
5116:
5113:
5077:Taoist temples
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4972:
4969:
4886:
4883:
4740:Main article:
4710:
4707:
4557:
4554:
4494:Wang Chongyang
4332:
4329:
4243:). These are:
4151:Main article:
4136:
4133:
4068:social harmony
4006:
4003:
3946:
3943:
3885:Main article:
3882:
3877:
3764:Main article:
3750:
3747:
3700:Main article:
3697:
3694:
3643:Wing-Tsit Chan
3587:Main article:
3584:
3581:
3569:
3566:
3463:Southern China
3459:Northern China
3263:
3260:
3157:
3154:
3097:Hongwu Emperor
3046:Northern China
2990:Wang Chongyang
2860:
2857:
2832:three vehicles
2830:based on the "
2771:Lingbao school
2721:(d. 312), and
2686:
2683:
2644:Three Kingdoms
2540:, part of the
2529:
2526:
2518:mother goddess
2320:Yellow Emperor
2240:
2237:
2210:Main article:
2207:
2204:
2142:
2139:
2066:. Neither the
2056: 100 BCE
2045:Wing-tsit Chan
2028:
2027:
1954:
1922:
1921:Classification
1919:
1898:
1895:
1877:
1874:
1858:major religion
1711: 300 BCE
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:Taoist priests
1477:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1403:Grotto-heavens
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1319:
1317:Lingbao School
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Zhang Guoxiang
1247:
1246:
1241:
1239:Wang Chongyang
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1219:Cheng Xuanying
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:Yellow Emperor
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
991:
985:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
869:
862:
857:
852:
840:
833:
826:
825:
824:
817:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
763:
762:
761:
754:
749:
737:
732:
725:
717:
710:
702:
694:
687:
679:
674:
673:
672:
660:
653:
646:
641:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
626:
625:
620:
612:
611:
603:
602:
596:
595:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
565:
559:
558:
557:Transcriptions
550:
549:
542:
536:
535:
531:
530:
527:
526:
519:
513:
512:
511:Transcriptions
504:
503:
496:
490:
489:
482:
476:
475:
471:
470:
463:
457:
456:
449:
443:
442:
438:
437:
434:
433:
423:
417:
416:
410:
409:
402:
400:Middle Chinese
396:
395:
393:Middle Chinese
389:
388:
381:
375:
374:
367:
358:
357:
351:
350:
340:
334:
333:
326:
320:
319:
312:
306:
305:
303:Yue: Cantonese
299:
298:
291:
285:
284:
278:
277:
267:
261:
260:
253:
247:
246:
239:
233:
232:
223:
217:
216:
209:
203:
202:
189:
183:
182:
175:
169:
168:
162:
161:
160:Transcriptions
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
127:
126:
117:
111:
110:
106:
105:
92:
84:
83:
80:
79:
69:
68:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
27750:
27739:
27736:
27734:
27731:
27729:
27726:
27724:
27721:
27719:
27716:
27714:
27711:
27709:
27706:
27705:
27703:
27693:
27683:
27681:
27671:
27670:
27667:
27646:
27643:
27642:
27641:
27638:
27636:
27633:
27631:
27628:
27626:
27625:
27621:
27619:
27616:
27612:
27609:
27607:
27604:
27603:
27602:
27599:
27597:
27594:
27592:
27589:
27587:
27584:
27582:
27579:
27578:
27576:
27572:
27566:
27565:
27561:
27559:
27558:
27554:
27552:
27551:
27547:
27545:
27542:
27540:
27539:
27535:
27533:
27530:
27528:
27525:
27523:
27522:
27518:
27516:
27513:
27511:
27510:
27506:
27504:
27501:
27499:
27498:
27494:
27492:
27491:
27487:
27485:
27484:
27480:
27478:
27477:
27473:
27471:
27468:
27466:
27465:
27461:
27459:
27458:
27454:
27452:
27449:
27447:
27446:
27442:
27438:
27435:
27433:
27430:
27429:
27428:
27425:
27423:
27422:
27418:
27416:
27415:
27411:
27409:
27408:
27404:
27402:
27401:
27397:
27395:
27394:
27390:
27388:
27385:
27384:
27382:
27378:
27368:
27365:
27363:
27360:
27358:
27355:
27353:
27352:Zhang Dongsun
27350:
27348:
27345:
27343:
27340:
27338:
27335:
27333:
27330:
27328:
27325:
27323:
27320:
27318:
27315:
27313:
27310:
27308:
27305:
27303:
27300:
27298:
27295:
27293:
27290:
27288:
27285:
27283:
27280:
27278:
27275:
27273:
27272:Liang Shuming
27270:
27268:
27265:
27263:
27260:
27258:
27255:
27253:
27250:
27248:
27245:
27243:
27240:
27238:
27235:
27233:
27230:
27228:
27225:
27223:
27220:
27218:
27215:
27213:
27210:
27208:
27205:
27203:
27200:
27198:
27195:
27193:
27190:
27188:
27185:
27183:
27180:
27178:
27175:
27173:
27170:
27168:
27165:
27163:
27160:
27158:
27155:
27153:
27150:
27148:
27145:
27144:
27142:
27138:
27132:
27129:
27127:
27124:
27122:
27119:
27117:
27114:
27112:
27109:
27107:
27104:
27102:
27099:
27097:
27094:
27092:
27089:
27087:
27084:
27082:
27079:
27077:
27074:
27072:
27069:
27067:
27064:
27062:
27059:
27057:
27054:
27052:
27049:
27047:
27044:
27042:
27039:
27037:
27034:
27032:
27029:
27027:
27024:
27022:
27019:
27017:
27014:
27012:
27009:
27008:
27006:
27004:
27000:
26994:
26991:
26989:
26986:
26984:
26981:
26979:
26978:Wang Yangming
26976:
26974:
26971:
26969:
26966:
26964:
26961:
26959:
26956:
26954:
26951:
26949:
26946:
26944:
26941:
26939:
26936:
26934:
26931:
26929:
26926:
26924:
26921:
26919:
26916:
26914:
26911:
26910:
26908:
26903:
26900:
26898:
26895:
26894:
26891:
26885:
26882:
26880:
26877:
26875:
26872:
26870:
26867:
26865:
26862:
26860:
26857:
26855:
26852:
26850:
26847:
26845:
26842:
26840:
26837:
26835:
26832:
26830:
26827:
26825:
26822:
26820:
26817:
26815:
26812:
26811:
26809:
26807:
26803:
26799:
26795:
26789:
26786:
26784:
26781:
26779:
26776:
26774:
26771:
26769:
26766:
26764:
26761:
26759:
26756:
26754:
26751:
26749:
26746:
26745:
26743:
26738:
26735:
26733:
26730:
26729:
26726:
26720:
26717:
26715:
26712:
26710:
26707:
26705:
26702:
26700:
26697:
26695:
26692:
26690:
26687:
26685:
26682:
26680:
26677:
26675:
26672:
26670:
26667:
26665:
26662:
26660:
26657:
26655:
26652:
26650:
26647:
26645:
26642:
26640:
26637:
26636:
26634:
26629:
26625:
26622:
26620:
26617:
26616:
26613:
26607:
26604:
26602:
26599:
26597:
26594:
26592:
26589:
26587:
26584:
26582:
26579:
26577:
26574:
26572:
26569:
26567:
26564:
26562:
26559:
26557:
26554:
26552:
26549:
26547:
26544:
26542:
26539:
26537:
26536:Dongfang Shuo
26534:
26532:
26531:Dong Zhongshu
26529:
26527:
26524:
26523:
26521:
26516:
26513:
26511:
26508:
26507:
26504:
26498:
26495:
26493:
26490:
26488:
26485:
26483:
26480:
26478:
26475:
26473:
26470:
26468:
26465:
26463:
26460:
26458:
26455:
26453:
26450:
26448:
26445:
26443:
26440:
26438:
26435:
26433:
26430:
26428:
26425:
26423:
26420:
26418:
26415:
26413:
26410:
26408:
26405:
26403:
26400:
26398:
26395:
26393:
26390:
26388:
26385:
26383:
26380:
26378:
26375:
26373:
26370:
26368:
26365:
26363:
26360:
26358:
26355:
26353:
26350:
26348:
26345:
26343:
26340:
26339:
26337:
26335:
26331:
26328:
26326:
26322:
26318:
26314:
26311:
26309:
26306:
26305:
26300:
26297:
26295:
26292:
26288:
26287:
26283:
26281:
26280:
26276:
26275:
26274:
26271:
26269:
26266:
26264:
26261:
26259:
26256:
26254:
26251:
26249:
26246:
26244:
26241:
26239:
26236:
26232:
26229:
26227:
26224:
26222:
26219:
26218:
26217:
26214:
26212:
26209:
26207:
26204:
26203:
26201:
26197:
26193:
26186:
26181:
26179:
26174:
26172:
26167:
26166:
26163:
26151:
26150:
26141:
26139:
26138:
26127:
26126:
26123:
26105:
26102:
26100:
26097:
26095:
26092:
26090:
26087:
26085:
26082:
26081:
26079:
26077:Miscellaneous
26075:
26069:
26066:
26064:
26061:
26059:
26056:
26054:
26051:
26049:
26046:
26044:
26041:
26039:
26036:
26034:
26031:
26029:
26026:
26024:
26021:
26019:
26016:
26014:
26011:
26009:
26006:
26002:
25999:
25998:
25997:
25994:
25992:
25989:
25987:
25984:
25983:
25981:
25979:
25975:
25969:
25966:
25964:
25961:
25959:
25956:
25954:
25951:
25949:
25946:
25945:
25943:
25941:
25937:
25931:
25928:
25926:
25923:
25921:
25918:
25916:
25913:
25911:
25908:
25906:
25903:
25901:
25898:
25896:
25893:
25892:
25890:
25888:
25884:
25878:
25875:
25873:
25870:
25868:
25865:
25863:
25860:
25859:
25857:
25855:
25851:
25848:
25846:
25842:
25838:
25830:
25829:
25825:
25821:
25803:
25802:
25798:
25796:
25793:
25791:
25788:
25786:
25783:
25781:
25778:
25777:
25775:
25773:Miscellaneous
25771:
25765:
25762:
25760:
25759:Structuralism
25757:
25755:
25752:
25750:
25747:
25745:
25744:Postmodernism
25742:
25740:
25737:
25735:
25734:Phenomenology
25732:
25730:
25727:
25725:
25722:
25720:
25717:
25715:
25712:
25710:
25707:
25705:
25702:
25700:
25697:
25695:
25692:
25691:
25689:
25687:
25683:
25677:
25674:
25672:
25671:Vienna Circle
25669:
25667:
25664:
25662:
25659:
25657:
25654:
25652:
25649:
25647:
25644:
25642:
25639:
25637:
25634:
25632:
25629:
25627:
25624:
25622:
25619:
25617:
25614:
25612:
25609:
25607:
25604:
25602:
25601:Moral realism
25599:
25597:
25594:
25592:
25589:
25587:
25584:
25582:
25579:
25577:
25573:
25570:
25568:
25565:
25563:
25560:
25558:
25555:
25553:
25550:
25548:
25545:
25543:
25540:
25538:
25535:
25533:
25530:
25529:
25527:
25525:
25521:
25518:
25516:
25512:
25502:
25499:
25497:
25494:
25492:
25489:
25487:
25484:
25482:
25479:
25477:
25474:
25472:
25469:
25465:
25462:
25461:
25460:
25457:
25455:
25452:
25451:
25449:
25445:
25439:
25436:
25434:
25431:
25429:
25426:
25424:
25421:
25419:
25416:
25414:
25411:
25409:
25406:
25404:
25403:Phenomenology
25401:
25399:
25396:
25394:
25391:
25389:
25386:
25384:
25381:
25379:
25376:
25374:
25371:
25369:
25366:
25364:
25361:
25359:
25356:
25354:
25351:
25349:
25346:
25344:
25343:Individualism
25341:
25337:
25334:
25332:
25329:
25327:
25324:
25322:
25319:
25317:
25314:
25312:
25309:
25308:
25307:
25304:
25300:
25297:
25296:
25295:
25292:
25290:
25287:
25285:
25282:
25280:
25277:
25275:
25272:
25270:
25267:
25265:
25262:
25260:
25257:
25255:
25252:
25250:
25247:
25245:
25242:
25240:
25237:
25235:
25232:
25231:
25228:
25225:
25223:
25219:
25209:
25208:Judeo-Islamic
25206:
25205:
25203:
25201:
25197:
25191:
25188:
25186:
25185:
25184:ʿIlm al-Kalām
25181:
25179:
25176:
25174:
25171:
25169:
25166:
25164:
25161:
25160:
25158:
25156:
25152:
25146:
25143:
25139:
25136:
25134:
25133:Shuddhadvaita
25131:
25129:
25126:
25124:
25121:
25119:
25116:
25114:
25111:
25109:
25106:
25105:
25104:
25101:
25100:
25098:
25094:
25088:
25085:
25083:
25080:
25078:
25075:
25073:
25070:
25068:
25067:Scholasticism
25065:
25063:
25060:
25058:
25055:
25054:
25052:
25050:
25046:
25040:
25037:
25035:
25032:
25030:
25027:
25025:
25022:
25020:
25017:
25015:
25012:
25010:
25007:
25006:
25004:
25000:
24997:
24995:
24991:
24981:
24978:
24976:
24973:
24971:
24968:
24966:
24963:
24962:
24960:
24958:
24954:
24946:
24943:
24941:
24938:
24936:
24933:
24931:
24928:
24926:
24923:
24921:
24918:
24916:
24913:
24911:
24908:
24906:
24903:
24902:
24901:
24898:
24894:
24891:
24889:
24886:
24885:
24884:
24881:
24877:
24874:
24872:
24869:
24867:
24864:
24862:
24859:
24857:
24854:
24852:
24849:
24847:
24844:
24842:
24839:
24838:
24837:
24834:
24833:
24831:
24829:
24825:
24819:
24816:
24814:
24811:
24809:
24806:
24804:
24801:
24799:
24796:
24794:
24791:
24787:
24784:
24782:
24779:
24777:
24774:
24772:
24769:
24768:
24767:
24764:
24762:
24759:
24757:
24754:
24752:
24749:
24747:
24744:
24742:
24739:
24737:
24734:
24730:
24727:
24725:
24722:
24720:
24717:
24715:
24712:
24710:
24707:
24706:
24705:
24702:
24701:
24699:
24697:
24694:
24690:
24684:
24681:
24679:
24676:
24674:
24671:
24669:
24666:
24664:
24661:
24659:
24656:
24654:
24651:
24649:
24646:
24645:
24643:
24641:
24637:
24634:
24632:
24628:
24620:
24617:
24615:
24612:
24610:
24607:
24605:
24602:
24600:
24597:
24596:
24595:
24592:
24590:
24587:
24586:
24584:
24582:
24578:
24574:
24567:
24563:
24549:
24546:
24544:
24541:
24539:
24536:
24534:
24531:
24529:
24526:
24524:
24521:
24519:
24518:Conceptualism
24516:
24514:
24511:
24510:
24508:
24506:
24502:
24496:
24493:
24491:
24488:
24486:
24483:
24482:
24480:
24478:
24474:
24468:
24465:
24463:
24460:
24458:
24455:
24453:
24450:
24448:
24447:Particularism
24445:
24443:
24440:
24439:
24437:
24435:
24431:
24425:
24422:
24420:
24417:
24415:
24414:Functionalism
24412:
24410:
24407:
24405:
24402:
24400:
24399:Eliminativism
24397:
24395:
24392:
24391:
24389:
24387:
24383:
24377:
24374:
24372:
24369:
24367:
24364:
24362:
24359:
24357:
24354:
24352:
24349:
24348:
24346:
24344:
24340:
24334:
24331:
24327:
24324:
24323:
24322:
24319:
24315:
24312:
24311:
24310:
24307:
24305:
24304:Compatibilism
24302:
24301:
24299:
24297:
24293:
24287:
24284:
24282:
24279:
24277:
24274:
24273:
24271:
24269:
24265:
24259:
24256:
24254:
24251:
24249:
24246:
24244:
24243:Particularism
24241:
24239:
24236:
24234:
24231:
24229:
24226:
24225:
24223:
24221:
24217:
24211:
24208:
24206:
24203:
24201:
24198:
24197:
24195:
24193:
24189:
24183:
24180:
24178:
24175:
24173:
24170:
24168:
24165:
24163:
24160:
24158:
24155:
24153:
24150:
24148:
24145:
24143:
24140:
24138:
24135:
24133:
24130:
24128:
24125:
24124:
24122:
24120:
24116:
24112:
24105:
24101:
24097:
24090:
24085:
24083:
24078:
24076:
24071:
24070:
24067:
24055:
24051:
24047:
24045:
24037:
24036:
24033:
24019:
24016:
24014:
24011:
24009:
24006:
24004:
24001:
23999:
23996:
23994:
23991:
23989:
23986:
23984:
23981:
23979:
23976:
23974:
23971:
23969:
23966:
23964:
23961:
23960:
23958:
23956:
23955:South America
23952:
23946:
23943:
23941:
23938:
23936:
23933:
23931:
23928:
23926:
23923:
23921:
23918:
23916:
23913:
23911:
23908:
23906:
23903:
23901:
23898:
23896:
23893:
23891:
23888:
23886:
23883:
23881:
23878:
23877:
23875:
23873:
23869:
23863:
23862:United States
23860:
23858:
23855:
23853:
23850:
23848:
23845:
23843:
23840:
23838:
23835:
23833:
23830:
23828:
23825:
23823:
23820:
23818:
23815:
23813:
23810:
23808:
23805:
23803:
23800:
23798:
23795:
23793:
23790:
23788:
23785:
23783:
23780:
23778:
23775:
23773:
23770:
23768:
23765:
23763:
23760:
23758:
23755:
23753:
23750:
23749:
23747:
23745:
23744:North America
23741:
23733:
23730:
23728:
23725:
23723:
23720:
23718:
23715:
23714:
23713:
23710:
23708:
23705:
23703:
23700:
23698:
23695:
23693:
23690:
23688:
23685:
23683:
23680:
23678:
23675:
23673:
23670:
23668:
23665:
23663:
23660:
23658:
23655:
23653:
23650:
23648:
23645:
23643:
23640:
23638:
23635:
23633:
23630:
23628:
23625:
23623:
23620:
23618:
23615:
23613:
23610:
23608:
23605:
23603:
23602:Liechtenstein
23600:
23598:
23595:
23593:
23590:
23588:
23585:
23583:
23580:
23578:
23575:
23573:
23570:
23568:
23565:
23563:
23560:
23558:
23555:
23553:
23550:
23548:
23545:
23543:
23540:
23538:
23535:
23533:
23530:
23528:
23525:
23523:
23520:
23518:
23515:
23513:
23510:
23508:
23505:
23503:
23500:
23498:
23495:
23494:
23492:
23490:
23486:
23480:
23477:
23475:
23472:
23470:
23467:
23465:
23462:
23460:
23457:
23455:
23452:
23450:
23447:
23445:
23442:
23440:
23437:
23435:
23432:
23430:
23427:
23425:
23422:
23420:
23417:
23415:
23412:
23410:
23407:
23405:
23402:
23400:
23397:
23395:
23392:
23390:
23387:
23385:
23382:
23380:
23377:
23375:
23372:
23370:
23367:
23365:
23362:
23360:
23357:
23355:
23352:
23350:
23347:
23345:
23342:
23338:
23335:
23333:
23330:
23329:
23328:
23325:
23323:
23320:
23318:
23315:
23313:
23310:
23308:
23305:
23303:
23300:
23298:
23295:
23293:
23290:
23288:
23285:
23283:
23280:
23278:
23275:
23273:
23270:
23268:
23265:
23263:
23260:
23258:
23255:
23253:
23250:
23248:
23245:
23243:
23240:
23238:
23235:
23233:
23230:
23228:
23225:
23223:
23220:
23219:
23217:
23215:
23211:
23205:
23202:
23200:
23197:
23195:
23192:
23190:
23187:
23185:
23182:
23180:
23177:
23175:
23172:
23170:
23167:
23165:
23162:
23160:
23157:
23155:
23152:
23150:
23147:
23145:
23142:
23140:
23137:
23135:
23132:
23130:
23127:
23125:
23122:
23120:
23117:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23090:
23087:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23075:
23072:
23070:
23067:
23065:
23062:
23060:
23057:
23055:
23054:Guinea-Bissau
23052:
23050:
23047:
23045:
23042:
23040:
23037:
23035:
23032:
23030:
23027:
23025:
23022:
23020:
23017:
23015:
23012:
23010:
23007:
23005:
23002:
23000:
22997:
22995:
22992:
22990:
22987:
22985:
22982:
22980:
22977:
22975:
22972:
22970:
22967:
22965:
22962:
22960:
22957:
22955:
22952:
22950:
22947:
22945:
22942:
22940:
22937:
22936:
22934:
22932:
22928:
22924:
22917:
22913:
22899:
22896:
22894:
22891:
22889:
22886:
22884:
22881:
22879:
22878:Organizations
22876:
22874:
22871:
22869:
22866:
22864:
22861:
22859:
22856:
22854:
22851:
22849:
22846:
22844:
22841:
22839:
22836:
22835:
22833:
22830:
22822:
22816:
22813:
22811:
22808:
22806:
22803:
22801:
22798:
22796:
22793:
22791:
22788:
22786:
22783:
22781:
22778:
22776:
22773:
22771:
22768:
22766:
22763:
22762:
22760:
22757:
22752:
22747:
22741:
22738:
22734:
22731:
22729:
22726:
22724:
22721:
22720:
22719:
22716:
22714:
22711:
22709:
22708:Vegetarianism
22706:
22704:
22701:
22699:
22696:
22694:
22691:
22689:
22686:
22684:
22681:
22679:
22676:
22674:
22671:
22669:
22666:
22664:
22661:
22659:
22656:
22654:
22653:Homosexuality
22651:
22649:
22646:
22644:
22641:
22639:
22636:
22632:
22629:
22627:
22624:
22622:
22619:
22617:
22614:
22613:
22612:
22609:
22607:
22604:
22602:
22599:
22597:
22594:
22590:
22587:
22585:
22582:
22580:
22577:
22576:
22575:
22572:
22568:
22565:
22563:
22560:
22558:
22555:
22554:
22553:
22549:
22546:
22544:
22541:
22539:
22536:
22535:
22533:
22530:
22523:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22507:
22504:
22500:
22497:
22496:
22495:
22492:
22490:
22487:
22485:
22482:
22480:
22477:
22475:
22474:Neurotheology
22472:
22470:
22467:
22465:
22462:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22452:
22450:
22447:
22445:
22442:
22441:
22439:
22437:
22431:
22425:
22422:
22420:
22417:
22415:
22412:
22410:
22407:
22405:
22402:
22400:
22397:
22395:
22392:
22390:
22387:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22377:
22376:
22374:
22372:
22368:
22360:
22357:
22355:
22352:
22350:
22347:
22346:
22345:
22342:
22340:
22337:
22335:
22332:
22330:
22327:
22325:
22322:
22320:
22317:
22315:
22312:
22310:
22307:
22303:
22300:
22298:
22295:
22293:
22290:
22288:
22285:
22284:
22283:
22280:
22276:
22273:
22271:
22268:
22266:
22263:
22262:
22261:
22258:
22256:
22253:
22251:
22248:
22246:
22243:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22231:
22228:
22226:
22223:
22221:
22218:
22216:
22213:
22209:
22206:
22204:
22201:
22199:
22196:
22195:
22194:
22191:
22189:
22186:
22184:
22181:
22179:
22176:
22174:
22171:
22169:
22168:Folk religion
22166:
22164:
22161:
22159:
22156:
22154:
22151:
22149:
22146:
22144:
22141:
22139:
22136:
22134:
22131:
22129:
22126:
22124:
22120:
22117:
22115:
22112:
22110:
22107:
22105:
22102:
22100:
22096:
22093:
22092:
22090:
22086:
22082:
22075:
22071:
22061:
22058:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22048:
22046:
22043:
22041:
22038:
22036:
22033:
22031:
22028:
22024:
22021:
22019:
22016:
22014:
22011:
22010:
22009:
22006:
22002:
21999:
21997:
21994:
21992:
21991:Imperial cult
21989:
21987:
21984:
21982:
21979:
21978:
21977:
21974:
21972:
21969:
21965:
21962:
21960:
21957:
21955:
21952:
21951:
21950:
21947:
21943:
21940:
21938:
21935:
21934:
21933:
21930:
21926:
21923:
21921:
21918:
21916:
21913:
21911:
21908:
21907:
21906:
21903:
21901:
21898:
21894:
21891:
21890:
21889:
21886:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21873:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21864:
21860:
21857:
21856:
21855:
21852:
21850:
21847:
21845:
21842:
21840:
21837:
21835:
21832:
21830:
21827:
21825:
21822:
21820:
21817:
21813:
21810:
21808:
21805:
21803:
21800:
21798:
21795:
21793:
21790:
21789:
21788:
21785:
21781:
21778:
21776:
21773:
21771:
21768:
21766:
21763:
21762:
21761:
21758:
21756:
21753:
21749:
21746:
21745:
21744:
21741:
21739:
21736:
21734:
21731:
21727:
21724:
21723:
21722:
21719:
21717:
21714:
21712:
21709:
21705:
21702:
21700:
21697:
21696:
21695:
21692:
21690:
21687:
21683:
21680:
21678:
21675:
21673:
21670:
21669:
21668:
21665:
21663:
21660:
21658:
21655:
21653:
21650:
21646:
21643:
21642:
21641:
21638:
21637:
21634:
21630:
21625:
21621:
21601:
21598:
21597:
21596:
21593:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21581:
21578:
21576:
21573:
21571:
21568:
21566:
21563:
21561:
21560:Discordianism
21558:
21556:
21555:Anthroposophy
21553:
21552:
21550:
21546:
21538:
21537:
21533:
21532:
21531:
21528:
21526:
21523:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21503:Mari religion
21501:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21485:
21484:
21481:
21479:
21476:
21474:
21471:
21469:
21466:
21464:
21461:
21459:
21456:
21454:
21451:
21449:
21446:
21444:
21441:
21437:
21434:
21433:
21432:
21429:
21425:
21422:
21420:
21417:
21416:
21415:
21412:
21408:
21405:
21403:
21400:
21399:
21398:
21395:
21393:
21390:
21386:
21383:
21382:
21380:
21379:
21377:
21375:
21369:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21353:
21350:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21340:Neo-Theosophy
21338:
21337:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21323:
21321:
21318:
21316:
21313:
21309:
21306:
21305:
21304:
21301:
21299:
21296:
21294:
21291:
21289:
21286:
21284:
21281:
21279:
21278:New Acropolis
21276:
21274:
21271:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21254:
21251:
21250:
21248:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21231:
21221:
21218:
21216:
21213:
21211:
21208:
21206:
21203:
21202:
21200:
21196:
21184:
21181:
21179:
21176:
21174:
21171:
21169:
21166:
21164:
21161:
21159:
21156:
21154:
21151:
21149:
21146:
21144:
21141:
21139:
21136:
21134:
21131:
21129:
21126:
21124:
21121:
21119:
21116:
21112:
21109:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21098:
21097:
21094:
21093:
21092:
21090:
21086:
21085:
21080:
21077:
21076:
21075:
21072:
21070:
21067:
21065:
21062:
21060:
21057:
21055:
21052:
21050:
21047:
21045:
21042:
21040:
21037:
21035:
21032:
21030:
21027:
21025:
21022:
21020:
21017:
21015:
21012:
21010:
21007:
21005:
21002:
21000:
20997:
20995:
20992:
20990:
20987:
20983:
20980:
20978:
20975:
20974:
20973:
20970:
20968:
20965:
20963:
20960:
20958:
20955:
20954:
20952:
20950:
20944:
20936:
20933:
20932:
20931:
20928:
20927:
20925:
20923:North African
20921:
20918:
20916:
20910:
20904:
20901:
20899:
20896:
20894:
20891:
20889:
20886:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20871:
20869:
20866:
20864:
20861:
20859:
20856:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20845:
20843:
20841:
20837:
20831:
20828:
20826:
20823:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20812:
20810:
20808:
20804:
20800:
20794:
20791:
20789:
20786:
20784:
20781:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20768:
20767:
20764:
20762:
20759:
20757:
20754:
20752:
20749:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20735:
20732:
20730:
20727:
20725:
20722:
20720:
20717:
20716:
20715:
20712:
20710:
20707:
20705:
20702:
20698:
20695:
20694:
20693:
20690:
20688:
20687:Kwakwakaʼwakw
20685:
20683:
20680:
20676:
20673:
20671:
20668:
20666:
20663:
20661:
20658:
20656:
20653:
20652:
20651:
20648:
20646:
20643:
20641:
20638:
20636:
20633:
20631:
20627:
20624:
20622:
20619:
20617:
20614:
20612:
20609:
20607:
20604:
20600:
20597:
20595:
20592:
20590:
20587:
20586:
20585:
20582:
20580:
20577:
20575:
20572:
20568:
20565:
20564:
20563:
20560:
20558:
20555:
20554:
20552:
20550:
20544:
20538:
20535:
20533:
20530:
20526:
20523:
20521:
20518:
20517:
20516:
20513:
20509:
20506:
20505:
20504:
20501:
20499:
20496:
20494:
20491:
20489:
20486:
20482:
20479:
20477:
20474:
20473:
20471:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20458:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20448:
20446:
20444:
20440:
20434:
20431:
20430:
20428:
20426:
20425:Austroasiatic
20422:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20405:
20404:
20401:
20397:
20396:Vattisen Yaly
20394:
20392:
20389:
20387:
20384:
20383:
20382:
20378:
20375:
20374:
20372:
20370:
20366:
20363:
20361:
20357:
20341:
20338:
20336:
20333:
20332:
20331:
20328:
20326:
20323:
20321:
20318:
20316:
20315:Kirat Mundhum
20313:
20311:
20308:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20295:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20280:
20278:
20274:
20268:
20267:
20263:
20261:
20258:
20254:
20251:
20250:
20249:
20246:
20242:
20239:
20237:
20234:
20232:
20228:
20224:
20221:
20220:
20219:
20216:
20214:
20211:
20210:
20208:
20206:
20202:
20196:
20195:
20191:
20189:
20186:
20184:
20181:
20179:
20176:
20174:
20171:
20169:
20166:
20164:
20161:
20157:
20154:
20152:
20149:
20147:
20144:
20142:
20139:
20137:
20134:
20132:
20129:
20127:
20124:
20122:
20119:
20118:
20117:
20114:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20066:
20065:
20062:
20061:
20059:
20057:
20053:
20050:
20048:
20044:
20034:
20031:
20029:
20026:
20024:
20021:
20019:
20016:
20014:
20011:
20010:
20008:
20006:
20002:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19988:
19986:
19983:
19982:
19980:
19978:
19974:
19968:
19965:
19963:
19960:
19958:
19955:
19951:
19950:
19946:
19945:
19944:
19941:
19940:
19938:
19936:
19932:
19924:
19921:
19919:
19916:
19915:
19914:
19911:
19907:
19904:
19902:
19899:
19898:
19897:
19894:
19892:
19889:
19887:
19884:
19882:
19879:
19877:
19874:
19873:
19871:
19869:
19865:
19862:
19860:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19847:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19819:
19817:
19813:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19799:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19789:
19788:
19786:
19784:
19780:
19774:
19771:
19769:
19766:
19764:
19761:
19760:
19758:
19756:
19752:
19749:
19747:
19743:
19733:
19730:
19728:
19725:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19699:
19697:
19693:
19687:
19686:
19682:
19680:
19677:
19675:
19674:Milah Abraham
19672:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19657:
19655:
19652:
19648:
19645:
19644:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19631:
19628:
19626:
19623:
19621:
19618:
19616:
19613:
19612:
19611:
19608:
19602:
19599:
19597:
19594:
19593:
19592:
19589:
19587:
19584:
19582:
19579:
19577:
19574:
19573:
19572:
19569:
19568:
19566:
19564:
19560:
19554:
19553:
19549:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19510:
19507:
19505:
19501:
19498:
19497:
19496:
19493:
19491:
19488:
19486:
19483:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19471:
19468:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19447:
19444:
19443:
19442:
19439:
19437:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19424:
19420:
19417:
19415:
19412:
19410:
19407:
19406:
19405:
19402:
19398:
19395:
19393:
19390:
19388:
19385:
19384:
19383:
19380:
19378:
19375:
19373:
19370:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19358:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19348:
19346:
19343:
19342:
19341:
19338:
19336:
19333:
19332:
19331:
19330:Protestantism
19328:
19324:
19321:
19319:
19315:
19312:
19311:
19310:
19307:
19303:
19300:
19298:
19295:
19294:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19281:
19278:
19277:
19276:
19273:
19269:
19266:
19264:
19261:
19260:
19259:
19256:
19255:
19253:
19251:
19247:
19241:
19240:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19195:
19192:
19191:
19190:
19187:
19183:
19180:
19179:
19178:
19175:
19174:
19173:
19170:
19169:
19167:
19165:
19161:
19158:
19156:
19152:
19149:
19147:
19143:
19139:
19135:
19130:
19126:
19122:
19115:
19110:
19108:
19103:
19101:
19096:
19095:
19092:
19080:
19077:
19075:
19074:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19063:
19060:
19058:
19055:
19053:
19050:
19048:
19045:
19044:
19042:
19038:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19008:
19006:
19002:
18996:
18993:
18991:
18988:
18986:
18983:
18981:
18978:
18976:
18973:
18971:
18968:
18966:
18963:
18961:
18958:
18956:
18953:
18951:
18948:
18946:
18943:
18941:
18938:
18936:
18933:
18931:
18928:
18926:
18923:
18922:
18920:
18916:
18911:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18875:
18874:
18871:
18867:
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18853:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18825:
18822:
18821:
18820:
18817:
18816:
18814:
18812:
18808:
18804:
18799:
18790:
18785:
18783:
18778:
18776:
18771:
18770:
18767:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18729:
18728:
18725:
18723:
18720:
18718:
18717:Mount Penglai
18715:
18711:
18708:
18707:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18697:
18695:
18693:Sacred places
18691:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18677:
18674:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18658:
18655:
18654:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18643:
18640:
18636:
18633:
18631:
18628:
18627:
18626:
18623:
18621:
18618:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18608:
18607:
18605:
18603:
18599:
18593:
18592:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18581:
18580:Zhang Sanfeng
18578:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18553:
18551:
18548:
18546:
18543:
18541:
18538:
18536:
18533:
18531:
18528:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18470:Zhang Daoling
18468:
18466:
18463:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18442:
18440:
18436:
18430:
18429:
18428:Other deities
18425:
18423:
18420:
18416:
18413:
18412:
18411:
18408:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18368:Ziwei Emperor
18366:
18364:
18361:
18360:
18359:
18356:
18352:
18351:Daode Tianzun
18349:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18339:
18338:
18337:
18334:
18332:
18331:Hongjun Laozu
18329:
18328:
18326:
18324:
18320:
18314:
18313:
18309:
18307:
18306:
18302:
18300:
18299:
18298:Qingjing Jing
18295:
18293:
18292:
18288:
18286:
18285:
18281:
18279:
18278:
18274:
18272:
18271:
18267:
18265:
18264:
18260:
18258:
18257:
18253:
18251:
18250:
18246:
18244:
18243:
18239:
18238:
18236:
18232:
18223:
18222:
18218:
18217:
18216:
18213:
18211:(immortality)
18210:
18209:
18205:
18203:
18200:
18195:
18194:
18190:
18187:
18184:
18181:
18180:
18176:
18175:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18161:
18160:
18156:
18155:
18153:
18152:
18148:
18145:
18144:
18140:
18137:
18136:
18132:
18131:
18129:
18125:
18120:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18101:Five Precepts
18099:
18097:
18096:
18092:
18087:
18086:
18082:
18081:
18079:
18078:
18077:
18072:
18069:
18068:
18067:
18062:
18059:
18058:
18057:
18052:
18050:
18048:
18044:
18038:
18037:
18027:
18026:
18022:
18019:
18018:
18014:
18012:(five phases)
18011:
18010:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17996:
17995:
17991:
17988:
17985:
17982:
17981:
17977:
17976:
17974:
17973:
17972:
17967:
17964:
17963:
17959:
17958:
17956:
17954:
17950:
17947:
17945:
17941:
17937:
17930:
17925:
17923:
17918:
17916:
17911:
17910:
17907:
17901:
17894:
17888:
17884:
17880:
17877:
17874:
17872:
17868:
17865:
17863:
17860:
17858:
17854:
17851:
17847:
17846:
17841:
17837:
17835:
17831:
17830:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17816:
17806:
17802:
17796:
17793:. Hay House.
17792:
17791:
17786:
17785:Wilde, Stuart
17782:
17778:
17772:
17768:
17767:
17762:
17758:
17754:
17748:
17743:
17742:
17735:
17731:
17725:
17721:
17717:
17713:
17709:
17703:
17699:
17695:
17694:
17689:
17685:
17684:
17673:
17667:
17663:
17659:
17654:
17650:
17648:0-300-01695-6
17644:
17640:
17635:
17631:
17629:0-7391-0922-7
17625:
17621:
17616:
17612:
17606:
17602:
17597:
17593:
17587:
17583:
17578:
17575:
17571:
17568:
17565:
17561:
17555:
17551:
17546:
17542:
17537:
17533:
17531:0-8108-3369-7
17527:
17523:
17518:
17514:
17512:1-56924-390-5
17508:
17504:
17499:
17495:
17489:
17485:
17480:
17476:
17470:
17466:
17461:
17457:
17451:
17447:
17442:
17438:
17432:
17428:
17423:
17419:
17417:0-415-25648-8
17413:
17410:. Routledge.
17409:
17404:
17400:
17398:0-7391-0784-4
17394:
17390:
17385:
17381:
17379:0-942196-01-5
17375:
17371:
17370:The Great Tao
17366:
17362:
17360:1-4020-2823-7
17356:
17352:
17347:
17343:
17337:
17333:
17328:
17324:
17322:1-58394-139-8
17318:
17314:
17309:
17308:
17296:
17290:
17286:
17281:
17277:
17272:
17268:
17264:
17260:
17256:
17252:
17248:
17243:
17239:
17233:
17230:. Shambhala.
17229:
17224:
17217:
17213:
17209:
17205:
17201:
17194:
17189:
17185:
17180:
17176:
17170:
17165:
17164:
17157:
17153:
17151:0-8021-5085-3
17147:
17142:
17141:
17134:
17130:
17124:
17120:
17119:
17114:
17110:
17098:
17094:
17088:
17084:
17083:
17077:
17065:
17061:
17055:
17051:
17050:
17044:
17040:
17035:
17031:
17029:0-8147-9805-5
17025:
17021:
17016:
17012:
17007:
17003:
16998:
16994:
16992:0-631-23216-8
16988:
16984:
16979:
16975:
16970:
16966:
16964:0-8047-2839-9
16960:
16956:
16951:
16947:
16941:
16937:
16932:
16928:
16926:0-271-01195-5
16922:
16917:
16916:
16909:
16905:
16899:
16895:
16891:
16887:
16883:
16881:0-385-42564-3
16877:
16874:. Doubleday.
16873:
16872:
16866:
16862:
16858:
16852:
16848:
16842:
16838:
16837:
16831:
16827:
16825:0-8248-0075-3
16821:
16817:
16812:
16808:
16802:
16798:
16793:
16789:
16787:1-85168-315-1
16783:
16779:
16774:
16770:
16768:0-87023-308-4
16764:
16760:
16759:
16753:
16749:
16747:0-8066-2253-9
16743:
16738:
16737:
16730:
16726:
16724:0-631-20674-4
16720:
16716:
16711:
16707:
16705:0-231-10984-9
16701:
16697:
16693:
16689:
16685:
16681:
16679:0-520-22784-0
16675:
16671:
16667:
16663:
16659:
16655:
16653:0-7914-1601-1
16649:
16645:
16640:
16636:
16630:
16626:
16621:
16618:. Bloomsbury.
16617:
16612:
16609:. Bloomsbury.
16608:
16603:
16599:
16597:0-7914-3599-7
16593:
16589:
16584:
16580:
16574:
16570:
16569:
16563:
16559:
16558:
16557:FengTao Kejie
16551:
16547:
16545:9780415439985
16541:
16537:
16532:
16528:
16522:
16518:
16513:
16509:
16507:1-4010-8316-1
16503:
16499:
16494:
16490:
16484:
16480:
16476:
16472:
16468:
16466:0-8047-2353-2
16462:
16458:
16453:
16449:
16447:0-19-513419-2
16443:
16439:
16434:
16430:
16428:0-8126-9087-7
16424:
16419:
16418:
16411:
16399:
16395:
16389:
16385:
16384:
16378:
16374:
16368:
16364:
16363:
16357:
16353:
16351:1-86064-148-2
16347:
16343:
16338:
16334:
16332:0-631-20125-4
16328:
16323:
16322:
16315:
16303:
16299:
16293:
16289:
16288:
16282:
16278:
16273:
16269:
16267:0-941532-89-5
16263:
16259:
16254:
16250:
16248:0-8135-3207-8
16244:
16240:
16235:
16231:
16229:0-8248-1744-3
16225:
16221:
16216:
16204:
16200:
16194:
16190:
16189:
16183:
16180:. SUNY Press.
16179:
16174:
16162:
16158:
16152:
16148:
16147:
16142:
16138:
16134:
16128:
16124:
16119:
16115:
16111:
16107:
16103:
16100:(2): 87–119.
16099:
16095:
16090:
16086:
16084:0-691-01964-9
16080:
16077:. Princeton.
16075:
16074:
16067:
16063:
16059:
16055:
16051:
16047:
16043:
16039:
16034:
16022:
16018:
16012:
16008:
16007:
16001:
15997:
15996:
15991:
15987:
15983:
15977:
15973:
15972:
15966:
15965:
15944:
15940:
15936:
15930:
15914:
15910:
15906:
15900:
15892:
15886:
15882:
15878:
15872:
15870:
15853:
15849:
15845:
15841:
15835:
15831:
15827:
15823:
15819:
15818:
15810:
15808:
15806:
15797:
15793:
15789:
15785:
15781:
15777:
15776:
15768:
15760:
15756:
15752:
15748:
15744:
15740:
15736:
15732:
15725:
15717:
15713:
15709:
15707:1-55521-812-1
15703:
15699:
15692:
15684:
15680:
15676:
15674:0-7858-0905-8
15670:
15666:
15662:
15656:
15654:
15645:
15638:
15630:
15626:
15622:
15620:0-19-541521-3
15616:
15612:
15608:
15601:
15594:
15589:
15587:
15585:
15577:
15572:
15565:
15560:
15553:
15548:
15546:
15544:
15536:
15531:
15529:
15527:
15518:
15512:
15508:
15504:
15500:
15496:
15495:
15487:
15481:, p. 30.
15480:
15475:
15468:
15463:
15456:
15451:
15449:
15441:
15436:
15429:
15424:
15417:
15412:
15405:
15400:
15398:
15390:
15385:
15378:
15373:
15366:
15361:
15359:
15351:
15346:
15339:
15334:
15332:
15330:
15322:
15317:
15310:
15305:
15298:
15293:
15286:
15281:
15279:
15271:
15266:
15259:
15254:
15247:
15242:
15235:
15230:
15223:
15218:
15211:
15206:
15199:
15194:
15188:, p. 99.
15187:
15182:
15180:
15172:
15167:
15159:
15153:
15149:
15145:
15141:
15135:
15133:
15125:
15120:
15118:
15111:, p. 93.
15110:
15105:
15098:
15093:
15086:
15081:
15074:
15069:
15062:
15057:
15050:
15045:
15038:
15033:
15026:
15021:
15015:, p. 25.
15014:
15009:
15001:
14997:
14993:
14986:
14978:
14974:
14970:
14968:0-19-541521-3
14964:
14960:
14956:
14949:
14941:
14937:
14933:
14927:
14923:
14919:
14912:
14910:
14902:
14897:
14890:
14886:
14883:
14878:
14871:
14866:
14859:
14854:
14847:
14842:
14835:
14830:
14823:
14818:
14811:
14806:
14800:, p. 46.
14799:
14794:
14787:
14782:
14775:
14774:Fisher (1997)
14770:
14762:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14744:
14737:
14730:
14729:Graham (1989)
14725:
14718:
14717:Hansen (2000)
14713:
14697:
14693:
14686:
14679:
14674:
14667:
14663:
14657:
14646:
14639:
14633:
14614:
14607:
14601:
14593:
14589:
14583:
14567:
14563:
14559:
14553:
14551:
14543:
14537:
14535:
14533:
14526:, p. 81.
14525:
14520:
14518:
14510:
14505:
14497:
14493:
14486:
14478:
14472:
14468:
14464:
14456:
14454:
14445:
14439:
14435:
14431:
14423:
14415:
14409:
14405:
14401:
14393:
14387:, p. 21.
14386:
14381:
14374:
14369:
14353:
14349:
14345:
14339:
14337:
14335:
14333:
14331:
14324:, p. 119
14323:
14318:
14312:, p. 116
14311:
14306:
14300:, p. 74.
14299:
14294:
14287:
14285:
14281:
14267:
14261:
14257:
14256:
14251:
14244:
14242:
14233:
14226:
14219:
14214:
14208:, p. 132
14207:
14202:
14195:
14190:
14183:
14179:
14174:
14167:
14162:
14155:
14150:
14143:
14138:
14122:
14118:
14112:
14106:, p. 37.
14105:
14100:
14098:
14096:
14089:, p. 36.
14088:
14083:
14077:, p. 20.
14076:
14071:
14065:, p. 35.
14064:
14059:
14053:, p. 19.
14052:
14047:
14040:
14035:
14028:
14023:
14017:, p. 26.
14016:
14011:
14004:
14000:
13997:
13996:
13989:
13982:
13978:
13975:
13974:
13967:
13960:
13956:
13953:
13952:
13945:
13938:
13933:
13917:
13913:
13909:
13902:
13900:
13898:
13890:
13885:
13869:
13865:
13859:
13852:
13847:
13841:, p. 90.
13840:
13835:
13833:
13825:
13820:
13813:
13808:
13802:, p. 59.
13801:
13796:
13794:
13786:
13781:
13779:
13777:
13770:, p. 54.
13769:
13764:
13757:
13752:
13745:
13740:
13733:
13731:
13727:
13720:
13716:
13702:
13698:
13694:
13693:
13688:
13682:
13675:
13670:
13663:
13658:
13652:, p. 26.
13651:
13650:Eliade (1984)
13646:
13630:
13626:
13622:
13616:
13610:, p. 32.
13609:
13604:
13602:
13594:
13589:
13582:
13581:Miller (2003)
13577:
13570:
13565:
13549:
13545:
13541:
13534:
13532:
13530:
13521:
13517:
13513:
13511:0-19-541521-3
13507:
13503:
13499:
13492:
13486:, p. 31.
13485:
13480:
13473:
13468:
13466:
13458:
13453:
13451:
13443:
13438:
13431:
13426:
13424:
13416:
13412:
13407:
13400:
13396:
13391:
13384:
13379:
13372:
13367:
13360:
13355:
13353:
13351:
13343:
13338:
13336:
13328:
13323:
13321:
13313:
13308:
13301:
13296:
13294:
13285:
13279:
13275:
13271:
13264:
13262:
13260:
13258:
13256:
13254:
13252:
13244:
13239:
13232:
13227:
13220:
13215:
13208:
13203:
13196:
13191:
13184:
13179:
13177:
13175:
13173:
13171:
13163:
13158:
13151:
13146:
13139:
13134:
13127:
13122:
13120:
13112:
13107:
13105:
13097:
13092:
13090:
13082:
13077:
13070:
13065:
13058:
13053:
13051:
13049:
13041:
13036:
13030:, p. 86.
13029:
13024:
13017:
13012:
13005:
13000:
12993:
12988:
12982:, p. 74.
12981:
12976:
12961:
12960:www.bbc.co.uk
12957:
12951:
12944:
12939:
12937:
12929:
12924:
12916:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12898:
12894:
12890:
12883:
12876:
12871:
12864:
12859:
12852:
12847:
12841:, p. 63.
12840:
12835:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12817:0-19-541521-3
12813:
12809:
12805:
12798:
12796:
12794:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12778:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12760:
12755:
12749:
12743:
12736:
12731:
12724:
12719:
12713:, p. 825
12712:
12707:
12701:, p. 90.
12700:
12695:
12689:, p. 88.
12688:
12683:
12676:
12671:
12669:
12661:
12656:
12649:
12644:
12642:
12635:, p. 94.
12634:
12629:
12623:, p. 85.
12622:
12617:
12611:, p. 83.
12610:
12605:
12599:, p. 82.
12598:
12593:
12587:, p. 81.
12586:
12581:
12575:, p. 22.
12574:
12569:
12563:, p. 87.
12562:
12557:
12550:
12545:
12539:, p. 80.
12538:
12533:
12531:
12523:
12518:
12511:
12506:
12499:
12494:
12487:
12482:
12475:
12470:
12455:
12454:
12449:
12442:
12427:
12423:
12417:
12411:, p. 80.
12410:
12405:
12399:, p. 23.
12398:
12393:
12391:
12383:
12378:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12350:
12346:
12339:
12337:
12328:
12322:
12318:
12314:
12307:
12292:
12291:
12286:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12266:
12262:
12258:
12252:
12248:
12244:
12237:
12235:
12233:
12231:
12214:
12210:
12209:
12204:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12192:
12190:
12188:
12186:
12177:
12171:
12167:
12163:
12159:
12158:Minford, John
12153:
12151:
12142:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12121:
12113:
12111:0-7894-4711-8
12107:
12103:
12099:
12095:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12054:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12036:0-19-541521-3
12032:
12028:
12024:
12017:
12009:
12005:
12001:
11999:0-19-541521-3
11995:
11991:
11987:
11980:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11944:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11925:0-19-541521-3
11921:
11917:
11913:
11906:
11904:
11896:
11891:
11877:
11871:
11867:
11863:
11859:
11855:
11848:
11842:, p. 99.
11841:
11836:
11829:
11824:
11818:, p. 225
11817:
11812:
11804:
11798:
11794:
11790:
11786:
11785:Wendy Doniger
11782:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11764:
11748:
11744:
11740:
11733:
11731:
11729:
11720:
11714:
11710:
11703:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11660:
11658:
11656:
11647:
11641:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11628:Wendy Doniger
11625:
11621:
11617:
11613:
11607:
11600:
11595:
11580:
11576:
11569:
11562:
11557:
11549:
11543:
11539:
11532:
11530:
11522:
11517:
11509:
11505:
11501:
11499:0-19-541521-3
11495:
11491:
11487:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11472:
11470:
11468:
11466:
11458:
11452:
11445:
11440:
11438:
11431:, p. 53.
11430:
11425:
11419:, p. 51.
11418:
11413:
11411:
11404:, p. 50.
11403:
11398:
11396:
11388:
11383:
11376:
11371:
11363:
11361:0-415-94180-6
11357:
11353:
11349:
11342:
11335:
11330:
11328:
11320:
11315:
11308:
11303:
11296:
11291:
11284:
11279:
11270:
11263:
11258:
11252:, p. 35.
11251:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11234:
11229:
11223:, p. 60.
11222:
11217:
11211:, p. 85.
11210:
11205:
11199:, p. 170
11198:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11182:, p. 70.
11181:
11176:
11169:
11164:
11158:, p. 37.
11157:
11152:
11146:, p. 40.
11145:
11140:
11134:, p. 39.
11133:
11128:
11121:
11116:
11110:, p. 30.
11109:
11104:
11098:, p. 56.
11097:
11093:
11092:Fowler (2005)
11088:
11082:, p. 56.
11081:
11076:
11074:
11067:, p. 97.
11066:
11061:
11055:, p. 21.
11054:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11037:
11036:Fowler (2005)
11032:
11030:
11022:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11007:
11005:
10997:
10992:
10990:
10988:
10986:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10965:
10958:
10953:
10946:
10945:Sharot (2001)
10941:
10933:
10929:
10925:
10921:
10917:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10880:
10873:
10869:
10865:
10862:
10856:
10841:
10835:
10829:, p. 83.
10828:
10823:
10816:
10811:
10804:
10798:
10791:
10786:
10780:, p. 98.
10779:
10774:
10768:, p. 95.
10767:
10762:
10755:
10750:
10744:, p. 20.
10743:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10732:
10730:
10728:
10719:
10713:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10678:
10664:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10635:
10628:
10623:
10616:
10611:
10604:
10599:
10592:
10587:
10580:
10575:
10568:
10563:
10556:
10551:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10533:
10527:
10520:
10514:
10506:
10502:
10495:
10487:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10468:Dean, Kenneth
10463:
10455:
10451:
10450:
10445:
10441:
10435:
10433:
10431:
10416:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10387:
10380:
10375:
10368:
10363:
10361:
10359:
10351:
10346:
10339:
10334:
10327:
10322:
10306:
10299:
10293:
10286:
10281:
10274:
10269:
10262:
10256:
10249:
10248:
10244:
10241:
10234:
10226:
10220:
10216:
10209:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10158:
10153:
10146:
10139:
10134:
10127:
10121:
10114:
10109:
10102:
10097:
10095:
10088:, p. 220
10087:
10082:
10075:
10070:
10063:
10058:
10052:, p. 112
10051:
10046:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10021:
10016:
10009:
10004:
9997:
9992:
9990:
9982:
9977:
9970:
9964:
9962:
9960:
9952:
9947:
9940:
9935:
9928:
9923:
9915:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9896:Wood, Michael
9891:
9889:
9887:
9879:
9874:
9867:
9862:
9855:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9839:, p. 17.
9838:
9833:
9824:
9818:, p. 29.
9817:
9812:
9805:
9800:
9798:
9796:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9750:
9748:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9734:
9729:
9727:
9720:, p. 213
9719:
9714:
9708:, p. 75.
9707:
9702:
9700:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9668:
9662:, p. 185
9661:
9656:
9649:
9644:
9642:
9635:, p. 94.
9634:
9629:
9623:, p. 91.
9622:
9617:
9611:, p. 74.
9610:
9605:
9603:
9596:, p. 184
9595:
9590:
9584:, p. 90.
9583:
9578:
9576:
9569:, p. 87.
9568:
9563:
9556:
9551:
9549:
9541:
9536:
9529:
9524:
9518:, p. 69.
9517:
9512:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9492:
9485:
9480:
9474:, p. 115
9473:
9468:
9462:, p. 67.
9461:
9456:
9449:
9444:
9437:
9433:
9430:
9424:
9417:
9412:
9406:, p. 50.
9405:
9400:
9393:
9388:
9386:
9378:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9361:, p. 83.
9360:
9355:
9349:, p. 54.
9348:
9343:
9337:, p. 82.
9336:
9331:
9323:
9317:
9312:
9304:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9285:Stark, Rodney
9280:
9273:
9268:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9248:
9240:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9216:
9208:
9206:0-87226-922-1
9202:
9198:
9194:
9187:
9185:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9162:
9158:
9157:Watzman, Haim
9154:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9117:0-7858-0905-8
9113:
9109:
9105:
9099:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9081:0-7858-0905-8
9077:
9073:
9069:
9063:
9057:, p. 42.
9056:
9055:Nadeau (2012)
9051:
9049:
9040:
9036:
9029:
9023:, p. 39.
9022:
9017:
9010:
9005:
9003:
8995:
8994:Hucker (1995)
8991:
8986:
8979:
8974:
8972:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8920:
8904:
8900:
8896:
8890:
8882:
8880:0-415-94180-6
8876:
8872:
8868:
8861:
8859:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8821:
8815:, p. 62.
8814:
8809:
8803:, p. 25.
8802:
8797:
8795:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8768:
8761:
8753:
8749:
8745:
8743:1-55521-812-1
8739:
8735:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8722:
8715:, p. 61.
8714:
8709:
8702:
8697:
8690:
8685:
8678:
8673:
8667:, p. 24.
8666:
8661:
8659:
8651:
8646:
8639:
8634:
8632:
8624:
8619:
8613:, p. 103
8612:
8607:
8605:
8596:
8590:
8586:
8579:
8577:
8569:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8552:
8547:
8540:
8535:
8528:
8523:
8516:
8513:, p. 3;
8512:
8507:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8477:
8461:
8457:
8451:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8404:
8397:
8396:Graham (1989)
8392:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8361:Chad Hansen.
8357:
8355:
8348:, p. 44.
8347:
8342:
8335:
8330:
8323:
8318:
8311:
8306:
8299:
8294:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8264:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8242:
8236:, p. 65.
8235:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8219:, p. 39.
8218:
8213:
8211:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8182:
8180:
8172:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8153:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8142:
8134:
8129:
8122:
8117:
8101:
8097:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8078:
8074:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7959:
7958:Qingjing Jing
7956:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7805:
7800:
7797:
7792:
7789:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7671:Karmic Taoism
7668:
7664:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7648:
7643:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7623:vegetarianism
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7576:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7553:
7549:
7544:
7541:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7497:
7494:
7490:
7485:
7483:
7478:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7419:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7375:five elements
7372:
7368:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7269:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7086:
7085:Neo-Confucian
7081:
7077:
7076:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7050:Chan Buddhism
7046:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7025:The entry of
7023:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6993:
6988:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6942:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6858:
6853:
6843:
6841:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6774:
6772:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6735:
6733:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6716:
6710:
6703:
6698:
6691:
6687:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6671:Daojiao fushi
6667:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6650:Luoshu Square
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6613:In the later
6611:
6608:
6606:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6582:Shang dynasty
6579:
6574:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6531:
6526:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6488:
6482:
6473:
6471:
6466:
6464:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6436:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6345:
6338:
6330:
6326:
6325:Longmen xinfa
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6205:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6152:
6151:Qīngjìng Jīng
6148:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6110:), a work on
6103:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6022:Lingshu ziwen
6019:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5994:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5980:
5979:Liexian Zhuan
5976:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:Lüshi Chunqiu
5847:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5755:Daoist deity
5753:
5744:
5741:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5661:Tao Te Ching
5657:
5655:
5654:Jixia academy
5651:
5646:
5641:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5612:
5610:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5439:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5365:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5307:vegetarianism
5304:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5233:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5136:five precepts
5133:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:dragon dances
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5069:Zhang Daoling
5067:
5063:
5059:
5050:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4982:Laojun jinglu
4979:
4968:
4966:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4882:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4833:
4811:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4749:
4748:Xian (Taoism)
4743:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4623:terms as the
4622:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4553:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4415:Confucianists
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4357:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:reincarnation
4317:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4146:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3983:psychosomatic
3980:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:found in the
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3639:panentheistic
3636:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3598:Bronze script
3595:
3590:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3474:Western world
3470:
3468:
3467:Western China
3464:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3256:Zhang Sanfeng
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3166:Baxian Temple
3162:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:Wang Yangming
3078:
3074:
3073:Neo-Confucian
3070:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:Six Dynasties
2740:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:Zhang Daoling
2622:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2559:Zhang Daoling
2556:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2413:Lüshi Chunqiu
2409:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2336:Shang dynasty
2332:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:, as well as
2266:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2008:, and in the
2007:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1787:tradition of
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1563:
1556:
1526:
1522:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:Taoist temple
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Mount Penglai
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:Sacred places
1394:
1393:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1257:Zhang Sanfeng
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Zhang Daoling
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:Ziwei Emperor
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:Daode Tianzun
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
992:
990:
989:Hongjun Laozu
987:
986:
983:
978:
977:
970:
969:
965:
963:
962:
958:
956:
955:
954:Qingjing Jing
951:
949:
948:
944:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
893:
892:
888:
887:
881:
880:
873:
870:
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
850:
849:
844:
841:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
823:
822:
818:
816:
815:
811:
810:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
795:Five Precepts
793:
791:
788:
787:
781:
780:
773:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:
743:
742:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:
726:
723:
722:
718:
716:
715:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
692:
688:
686:(five phases)
685:
684:
680:
678:
675:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
661:
659:
658:
654:
652:
651:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
630:
629:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
609:
605:
604:
601:
598:
597:
593:
589:
588:
580:
571:
566:
564:
560:
555:
551:
543:
541:
537:
534:Japanese name
532:
520:
518:
514:
509:
505:
497:
495:
491:
483:
481:
477:
472:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
444:
439:
424:
422:
418:
415:
411:
403:
401:
397:
394:
390:
382:
380:
376:
368:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
346:
341:
339:
335:
327:
325:
321:
313:
311:
307:
304:
300:
292:
290:
286:
283:
279:
273:
268:
266:
262:
254:
252:
248:
240:
238:
234:
224:
222:
218:
210:
208:
204:
190:
188:
184:
176:
174:
170:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
123:
118:
116:
112:
107:
102:
90:
85:
81:
76:
73:
65:
62:
54:
51:December 2023
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
27635:Epistemology
27622:
27562:
27555:
27548:
27544:Yin and yang
27536:
27527:Human nature
27519:
27515:Filial piety
27507:
27495:
27488:
27481:
27474:
27462:
27455:
27443:
27432:Confucianism
27426:
27419:
27412:
27405:
27398:
27391:
27362:Zhou Guoping
27357:Zhang Shenfu
27342:Yin Haiguang
27337:Yang Changji
27282:Liu Xiaofeng
27267:Liang Qichao
27152:Carsun Chang
27140:20th century
27126:Zhuang Cunyu
27056:Hong Liangji
27016:Chen Menglei
27011:Chen Hongmou
26993:Zhan Ruoshui
26953:Liu Zongzhou
26923:Hong Zicheng
26918:Huang Zongxi
26824:Fan Zhongyan
26802:Ten Kingdoms
26788:Linji Yixuan
26783:Liu Zongyuan
26372:Gongsun Long
26334:Eastern Zhou
26325:Philosophers
26303:
26299:Mixed School
26284:
26277:
26272:
26221:Han learning
26216:Confucianism
26142:
26128:
25799:
25790:Postcritique
25780:Kyoto School
25739:Posthumanism
25719:Hermeneutics
25574: /
25515:Contemporary
25491:Newtonianism
25454:Cartesianism
25413:Reductionism
25249:Conservatism
25244:Collectivism
25182:
24910:Sarvāstivadā
24888:Anekantavada
24813:Neoplatonism
24781:Epicureanism
24714:Pythagoreans
24677:
24653:Confucianism
24619:Contemporary
24609:Early modern
24513:Anti-realism
24467:Universalism
24424:Subjectivism
24220:Epistemology
23459:Turkmenistan
23419:Saudi Arabia
23164:South Africa
23154:Sierra Leone
22959:Burkina Faso
22868:Names of God
22815:Unaffiliated
22770:Antireligion
22631:Universalism
22579:Assimilation
22444:Anthropology
22319:Supernatural
22314:Spirituality
22282:Sacred space
22270:Purification
22143:Denomination
22097: /
21905:Paleo-Balkan
21871:Mesopotamian
21711:Cook Islands
21682:Old Prussian
21595:UFO religion
21534:
21530:Zalmoxianism
21458:Neoshamanism
21315:Spiritualism
21198:Other ethnic
21087:
20913:Traditional
20873:Bongthingism
20771:Acoma Pueblo
20714:Mesoamerican
20443:Austronesian
20264:
20260:Neo-Buddhism
20192:
20188:Neo-Hinduism
20109:Swaminarayan
19947:
19912:
19896:Salvationist
19881:Confucianism
19732:Samaritanism
19702:Ali-Illahism
19683:
19550:
19544:Unitarianism
19485:Old Catholic
19292:Nestorianism
19250:Christianity
19237:
19203:Conservative
19071:
18925:Baháʼí Faith
18873:Christianity
18845:
18841:Confucianism
18722:Mount Kunlun
18590:
18555:Zhang Boduan
18540:Tao Hongjing
18460:Heshang Gong
18427:
18422:Guan Shengdi
18363:Jade Emperor
18310:
18303:
18296:
18289:
18284:Sanhuangjing
18282:
18275:
18268:
18261:
18254:
18247:
18242:Tao Te Ching
18240:
18224:(talismancy)
18219:
18206:
18191:
18177:
18157:
18149:
18141:
18133:
18106:Ten Precepts
18093:
18083:
18074:
18073:
18064:
18063:
18054:
18053:
18023:
18015:
18007:
17992:
17987:Yin and yang
17978:
17969:
17968:
17960:
17935:
17867:Taoist Texts
17843:
17828:
17789:
17764:
17740:
17719:
17692:
17661:
17638:
17619:
17600:
17581:
17549:
17540:
17521:
17502:
17483:
17464:
17445:
17426:
17407:
17388:
17369:
17353:. Springer.
17350:
17331:
17312:
17284:
17278:. Zondervan.
17275:
17267:the original
17254:
17250:
17227:
17203:
17199:
17183:
17162:
17139:
17117:
17101:. Retrieved
17081:
17068:. Retrieved
17048:
17038:
17019:
17010:
17001:
16982:
16973:
16954:
16935:
16914:
16893:
16870:
16835:
16815:
16796:
16777:
16757:
16735:
16714:
16691:
16665:
16643:
16624:
16615:
16606:
16587:
16567:
16556:
16554:
16535:
16516:
16497:
16478:
16456:
16437:
16416:
16402:. Retrieved
16382:
16361:
16341:
16320:
16306:. Retrieved
16286:
16276:
16257:
16238:
16219:
16207:. Retrieved
16187:
16177:
16165:. Retrieved
16145:
16141:Ching, Julia
16122:
16097:
16093:
16072:
16048:(1): 55–74.
16045:
16042:Dictionaries
16041:
16037:
16025:. Retrieved
16005:
15994:
15986:the original
15970:
15947:. Retrieved
15929:
15917:. Retrieved
15899:
15880:
15856:. Retrieved
15816:
15779:
15773:
15767:
15734:
15730:
15724:
15697:
15691:
15664:
15643:
15637:
15606:
15600:
15571:
15559:
15493:
15486:
15474:
15462:
15435:
15423:
15411:
15384:
15372:
15345:
15316:
15304:
15292:
15265:
15253:
15241:
15229:
15217:
15205:
15193:
15166:
15146:. New York:
15143:
15140:Bowker, John
15104:
15092:
15085:Chung (2001)
15080:
15068:
15056:
15044:
15032:
15020:
15008:
15000:the original
14995:
14985:
14954:
14948:
14917:
14901:Moore (1967)
14896:
14877:
14865:
14853:
14841:
14829:
14817:
14805:
14793:
14781:
14769:
14742:
14736:
14724:
14712:
14700:. Retrieved
14685:
14678:Chang (1968)
14673:
14656:
14645:the original
14632:
14620:. Retrieved
14600:
14592:the original
14582:
14570:. Retrieved
14561:
14504:
14494:. New York:
14491:
14485:
14462:
14429:
14422:
14399:
14392:
14380:
14368:
14356:. Retrieved
14347:
14317:
14305:
14293:
14283:
14279:
14276:
14269:. Retrieved
14254:
14231:
14225:
14213:
14201:
14196:, p. 44
14189:
14184:, p. 46
14173:
14168:, p. 36
14161:
14149:
14137:
14125:. Retrieved
14121:the original
14111:
14082:
14070:
14058:
14046:
14034:
14022:
14010:
13994:
13988:
13972:
13970:Wing, R. L.
13966:
13950:
13944:
13932:
13920:. Retrieved
13884:
13872:. Retrieved
13867:
13858:
13846:
13819:
13814:, p. 73
13807:
13763:
13751:
13739:
13729:
13725:
13718:
13714:
13712:
13707:18 September
13705:. Retrieved
13690:
13681:
13669:
13662:Watts (1975)
13657:
13645:
13633:. Retrieved
13624:
13615:
13588:
13583:, p. ix
13576:
13564:
13552:. Retrieved
13497:
13491:
13479:
13437:
13417:, p. 73
13406:
13390:
13378:
13366:
13307:
13269:
13238:
13226:
13214:
13202:
13190:
13157:
13145:
13133:
13076:
13064:
13035:
13023:
13011:
12999:
12987:
12975:
12963:. Retrieved
12959:
12950:
12923:
12896:
12892:
12882:
12877:, p. 92
12870:
12865:, p. 50
12863:Segal (2006)
12858:
12853:, p. 41
12846:
12834:
12803:
12754:
12742:
12730:
12718:
12706:
12694:
12682:
12662:, p. 9.
12655:
12628:
12616:
12604:
12592:
12580:
12568:
12556:
12544:
12517:
12505:
12493:
12481:
12469:
12457:. Retrieved
12451:
12441:
12429:. Retrieved
12416:
12404:
12377:
12365:. Retrieved
12352:
12348:
12312:
12306:
12294:. Retrieved
12288:
12242:
12217:. Retrieved
12206:
12166:Viking Press
12164:. New York:
12161:
12126:
12120:
12097:
12071:. Retrieved
12062:
12053:
12022:
12016:
11985:
11979:
11967:. Retrieved
11911:
11890:
11879:, retrieved
11857:
11847:
11835:
11823:
11816:Waley (1958)
11811:
11788:
11763:
11751:. Retrieved
11708:
11702:
11672:(1/3): 108.
11669:
11665:
11631:
11606:
11594:
11582:. Retrieved
11578:
11568:
11556:
11537:
11516:
11485:
11456:
11451:
11424:
11382:
11370:
11350:. New York:
11347:
11341:
11314:
11302:
11290:
11278:
11269:
11257:
11228:
11216:
11204:
11175:
11163:
11151:
11139:
11127:
11115:
11103:
11087:
11060:
11012:
10969:
10964:
10959:, p. 32
10952:
10940:
10885:
10879:
10871:
10861:"Neo-Taoism"
10859:Chan, Alan,
10855:
10843:. Retrieved
10834:
10822:
10810:
10805:, p. 20
10797:
10785:
10773:
10761:
10756:, p. 2.
10749:
10712:cite journal
10687:
10677:
10666:, retrieved
10644:
10634:
10622:
10610:
10598:
10586:
10574:
10562:
10550:
10542:
10526:
10518:
10513:
10500:
10494:
10471:
10462:
10452:. New York:
10448:
10418:, retrieved
10396:
10386:
10374:
10345:
10333:
10321:
10305:the original
10292:
10280:
10268:
10260:
10255:
10238:
10233:
10214:
10208:
10161:
10155:
10145:
10133:
10125:
10120:
10108:
10081:
10069:
10057:
10045:
10027:
10015:
10010:, p. 19
10003:
9976:
9968:
9946:
9934:
9922:
9899:
9873:
9861:
9832:
9823:
9811:
9784:– via
9763:
9759:
9713:
9686:. Retrieved
9677:
9667:
9655:
9628:
9616:
9589:
9562:
9535:
9523:
9511:
9491:
9479:
9467:
9455:
9450:, p. 78
9448:Robinet 1997
9443:
9429:"Neo-Taoism"
9427:Chan, Alan.
9423:
9411:
9399:
9394:, p. 1.
9374:
9371:Legge, James
9366:
9354:
9342:
9330:
9311:
9288:
9279:
9267:
9247:
9224:
9215:
9195:. New York:
9192:
9148:
9107:
9098:
9071:
9062:
9028:
9016:
9011:, p. 36
8985:
8959:, retrieved
8929:
8919:
8907:. Retrieved
8889:
8869:. New York:
8866:
8826:
8820:
8808:
8781:. Retrieved
8770:
8760:
8733:
8708:
8696:
8684:
8679:, p. 8.
8672:
8645:
8618:
8584:
8570:, p. 4.
8553:, p. 2.
8546:
8541:, p. 2.
8534:
8522:
8517:, p. xi
8506:
8495:, retrieved
8486:
8476:
8464:. Retrieved
8450:
8417:
8413:
8403:
8391:
8379:. Retrieved
8366:
8341:
8329:
8317:
8305:
8293:
8281:. Retrieved
8277:the original
8272:
8263:
8250:
8241:
8201:the original
8196:
8192:
8128:
8123:, p. 2.
8121:Creel (1982)
8116:
8104:. Retrieved
8084:
8077:
7910:Taoist music
7876:Ten precepts
7829:
7822:
7816:
7809:
7801:
7796:Tang dynasty
7793:
7788:Tao Te Ching
7787:
7785:
7780:
7738:
7729:
7714:
7706:Confucianism
7702:Jade Emperor
7699:
7691:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7665:
7661:
7646:
7639:mythological
7635:
7615:Genghis Khan
7604:
7596:Zhongli Quan
7577:
7551:
7547:
7545:
7537:
7522:
7486:
7479:
7447:Jade Emperor
7440:
7436:
7432:
7424:
7399:
7364:
7356:Yin and yang
7344:
7308:
7285:
7266:
7257:
7254:
7239:
7195:personal God
7175:
7164:
7160:lathe biosas
7158:
7152:
7142:
7135:Epicureanism
7132:
7119:Confucianism
7089:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7053:
7047:
7024:
7007:
7003:
7000:Confucianism
6997:
6980:Song dynasty
6970:portraying "
6968:litang style
6967:
6945:
6939:
6937:
6931:
6922:
6916:
6894:Muqi Fachang
6879:
6876:(1464–1538).
6837:
6814:
6785:
6775:
6768:
6756:
6736:
6729:
6713:
6668:
6661:
6631:
6626:
6618:
6615:Qing dynasty
6612:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6575:
6571:
6555:
6551:Song dynasty
6543:
6537:
6535:
6514:Kuala Lumpur
6497:
6491:
6490:depicting a
6486:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6441:
6424:
6405:
6391:
6379:
6376:Ming dynasty
6359:
6355:
6347:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6317:Tianxian jie
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6289:
6277:
6266:
6260:
6240:
6234:
6224:
6220:
6208:Zhang Boduan
6203:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6166:Tao Te Ching
6165:
6161:
6149:
6135:
6121:
6099:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6073:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6002:
5991:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5954:
5948:
5936:
5928:
5922:
5919:Tao Te Ching
5918:
5912:
5907:
5894:
5885:Confucianist
5867:
5861:
5856:
5848:
5840:
5834:
5820:
5814:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5739:
5737:
5712:
5707:
5704:
5693:
5689:commentary.
5678:Heshang Gong
5676:
5673:Tao Te Ching
5672:
5670:
5660:
5658:
5650:state of Chu
5645:Tao Te Ching
5644:
5642:
5619:
5616:Tao Te Ching
5615:
5613:
5609:Tao Te Ching
5608:
5606:
5602:Tao Te Ching
5601:
5597:
5588:Tao Te Ching
5581:Tao Te Ching
5580:
5573:
5570:Tao Te Ching
5569:
5567:
5563:Tao Te Ching
5562:
5560:
5549:A part of a
5528:
5497:
5493:Taiping Jing
5491:
5489:
5477:
5450:
5398:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5370:
5343:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5324:yin and yang
5317:
5315:
5310:
5299:
5272:
5237:
5197:
5188:
5174:divination,
5170:divination,
5161:
5153:
5149:
5129:
5121:Tang dynasty
5118:
5082:
5055:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4978:Tao Te Ching
4977:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4946:
4937:misanthropes
4933:Tao Te Ching
4932:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4910:Guangchengzi
4893:
4876:
4869:
4858:Jade Emperor
4854:
4801:
4785:polytheistic
4777:monotheistic
4774:
4768:concepts of
4755:
4719:Jade Emperor
4700:
4688:
4680:Tao Te Ching
4679:
4661:
4649:
4647:
4634:yin and yang
4632:
4630:
4618:
4616:
4609:
4598:
4582:
4547:
4539:filial piety
4536:
4528:
4521:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4439:
4426:
4422:
4402:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4363:
4361:
4356:Song dynasty
4347:
4325:
4313:
4305:Arthur Waley
4298:
4292:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4244:
4238:
4231:Three Jewels
4230:
4226:
4224:
4219:human nature
4211:
4191:
4181:
4174:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4144:
4114:
4111:
4104:
4078:
4071:
4059:
4057:
4026:
3991:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3965:
3963:
3955:
3948:
3939:
3935:Tao Te Ching
3934:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3879:
3870:
3864:
3850:
3848:
3836:Tao Te Ching
3835:
3831:
3819:
3815:
3812:overthinking
3808:
3802:
3798:
3784:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3707:
3705:
3702:De (Chinese)
3692:philosophy.
3666:metaphysical
3663:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3631:
3626:Tao Te Ching
3625:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3561:
3558:Tao Te Ching
3557:
3551:
3542:sinicization
3539:
3503:John Blofeld
3491:Tao Te Ching
3490:
3482:Tao Te Ching
3481:
3471:
3456:
3441:
3369:Mount Longhu
3355:
3350:
3313:Qigong fever
3310:
3301:
3295:
3248:Yang Chengfu
3241:
3234:
3227:
3196:
3188:Yang Chengfu
3179:, 1910–1911.
3147:
3127:
3119:Qing dynasty
3116:
3108:filial piety
3105:
3085:Zhan Ruoshui
3065:Ming dynasty
3062:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3026:Genghis Khan
3014:Yuan dynasty
2988:by the sage
2978:12th century
2975:
2969:
2955:
2948:Song dynasty
2945:
2927:
2911:Tao Te Ching
2910:
2904:
2899:
2896:Du Guangting
2893:
2880:
2877:Tang dynasty
2874:
2850:
2839:
2824:
2819:
2815:Xisheng jing
2813:
2795:
2791:universalism
2775:Song dynasty
2764:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2717:(223?–300),
2696:
2672:
2652:
2641:
2631:called the "
2614:
2612:commentary.
2606:Heshang Gong
2602:Tao Te Ching
2601:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2564:
2536:Han dynasty
2522:
2510:Tao Te Ching
2509:
2506:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2455:
2445:
2426:
2422:Tao Te Ching
2420:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2394:yin and yang
2383:
2368:Confucianism
2340:Zhou dynasty
2333:
2329:
2317:
2314:
2306:Tao Te Ching
2305:
2301:Tao Te Ching
2299:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2281:medieval era
2258:
2255:
2242:
2220:
2191:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2068:Tao Te Ching
2067:
2048:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2024:Tao Te Ching
2023:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1975:
1965:
1944:
1932:
1930:
1912:
1908:Hanyu Pinyin
1900:
1890:Zhou dynasty
1843:
1797:
1793:Tang dynasty
1770:
1755:Confucianism
1717:Tao Te Ching
1697:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1644:
1634:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1425:Mount Kunlun
1269:
1229:Zhang Boduan
1211:Tao Hongjing
1123:Heshang Gong
1021:Jade Emperor
966:
959:
952:
945:
940:Sanhuangjing
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
898:Tao Te Ching
896:
889:
864:
846:
835:
828:
819:
812:
800:Ten Precepts
770:
766:
756:
744:
727:
719:
712:
709:(non-action)
704:
696:
689:
681:
670:Yin and yang
662:
655:
648:
599:
569:
429:ˤuʔs.kˤraw-s
355:Southern Min
289:Romanization
173:Hanyu Pinyin
135:Hanyu Pinyin
109:Chinese name
72:
57:
48:
33:
27606:Role ethics
27591:Metaphysics
27367:Zhou Zuoren
27327:Xiong Shili
27312:Tang Chun-i
27307:Sun Yat-sen
27302:Qiu Renzong
27297:Mou Zongsan
27247:Kang Youwei
27192:Feng Youlan
27157:P. C. Chang
27147:Cai Yuanpei
27131:Zeng Guofan
27116:Yu Zhengxie
27046:Gong Zizhen
27041:Feng Guifen
27031:Fang Lanfen
26963:Qian Dehong
26763:Zhang Zhihe
26699:Xiahou Xuan
26639:Bao Jingyan
26482:Zhuang Zhou
25785:Objectivism
25724:Neo-Marxism
25686:Continental
25596:Meta-ethics
25576:Coherentism
25481:Hegelianism
25418:Rationalism
25378:Natural law
25358:Materialism
25284:Historicism
25254:Determinism
25145:Navya-Nyāya
24920:Sautrāntika
24915:Pudgalavada
24851:Vaisheshika
24704:Presocratic
24604:Renaissance
24543:Physicalism
24528:Materialism
24434:Normativity
24419:Objectivism
24404:Emergentism
24394:Behaviorism
24343:Metaphysics
24309:Determinism
24248:Rationalism
23910:New Zealand
23847:Saint Lucia
23797:El Salvador
23702:Switzerland
23637:Netherlands
23409:Philippines
23337:South Korea
23332:North Korea
23222:Afghanistan
23169:South Sudan
23059:Ivory Coast
22843:Deification
22790:Objectivism
22765:Agnosticism
22723:Persecution
22713:Video games
22678:Populations
22589:Proselytism
22557:Monasticism
22548:Clericalism
22538:Agriculture
22529:and society
22494:Soteriology
22454:Comparative
22424:Transtheism
22409:Panentheism
22193:Monasticism
21986:Gallo-Roman
21888:Micronesian
21854:Manichaeism
21802:Hermeticism
21770:Continental
21765:Anglo-Saxon
21645:Paleolithic
21640:Prehistoric
21590:Scientology
21453:Italo-Roman
21308:Radha Soami
21288:New Thought
21128:Espiritismo
21069:Waaqeffanna
21009:Fon and Ewe
20947:Sub-Saharan
20830:Satsana Phi
20626:Ghost Dance
20584:Californian
20562:Anishinaabe
20493:Karo Pemena
20472:Indonesian
20146:Lingayatism
20094:Mahanubhava
20064:Vaishnavism
19995:Jeungsanism
19918:Folk Taoism
19901:Xiantiandao
19755:Zoroastrian
19414:Charismatic
19409:Pentecostal
19372:Anglicanism
19323:Waldensians
19258:Catholicism
18965:Manichaeism
18752:White Cloud
18673:Dragon Gate
18530:Kou Qianzhi
18525:Bao Jingyan
18450:Zhuang Zhou
18270:Taipingjing
18088:(plainness)
18070:(nonaction)
18060:(integrity)
18028:(reversion)
17975:(ultimate)
17953:Metaphysics
17829:In Our Time
17769:. Penguin.
17688:Dyer, Wayne
17085:. Penguin.
16668:. Chicago:
16475:Idema, Wilt
15593:Wong (2011)
15576:Wong (2011)
15564:Wong (2011)
15552:Wong (2011)
15535:Wong (2011)
15467:Wong (2011)
15455:Wong (2011)
15440:Wong (2011)
15428:Wong (2011)
15416:Wong (2011)
15404:Wong (2011)
15389:Wong (2011)
15377:Wong (2011)
15365:Wong (2011)
15350:Wong (2011)
15338:Wong (2011)
15321:Wong (2011)
15309:Wong (2011)
15297:Wong (2011)
15285:Wong (2011)
15270:Wong (2011)
15258:Wong (2011)
15246:Wong (2011)
15234:Wong (2011)
15222:Wong (2011)
15210:Wong (2011)
15198:Wong (2011)
15186:Wong (2011)
15171:Wong (2011)
15124:Kohn (2008)
15109:Chan (2005)
15075:, p. .
15027:, p. .
14358:20 February
14322:Kohn (2004)
14310:Kohn (2004)
14271:26 February
13540:"Scripture"
13472:Kohn (2008)
13430:Kohn (2008)
13395:Kohn (2000)
13371:Kohn (2008)
13300:Kohn (2008)
13274:Alpha Books
13162:Kohn (2008)
13138:Kohn (2008)
13126:Kohn (2008)
13096:Wong (2011)
13069:Kohn (2008)
13057:Wong (2011)
12723:Kohn (2008)
12711:Kohn (2000)
12675:Kohn (2008)
12650:, p. 8
12621:Kohn (2008)
12609:Kohn (2008)
12597:Kohn (2008)
12585:Kohn (2008)
12573:Kohn (2008)
12551:, p. 7
12537:Kohn (2008)
12474:Kohn (2008)
12397:Kohn (2008)
12219:21 February
12063:NOWnews今日新聞
11854:"Copyright"
11840:Kohn (2008)
11828:Kohn (2008)
11561:Chan (1963)
11429:Kohn (2008)
11417:Kohn (2008)
11402:Kohn (2008)
11262:Chan (1963)
11156:Kohn (2008)
11144:Kohn (2008)
11132:Kohn (2008)
11120:Kohn (2008)
11108:Kohn (2008)
11053:Kohn (2008)
11010:Dr Zai, J.
10803:Kohn (2000)
10790:Chan (1963)
10742:Kohn (2008)
10615:Kohn (2008)
10603:Kohn (2008)
10379:Kohn (2008)
10338:Kohn (2008)
10326:Kohn (2008)
10113:Kohn (2008)
10101:Kohn (2008)
9951:Kohn (2008)
9939:Kohn (2008)
9927:Kohn (2000)
9854:Kohn (2008)
9804:Kohn (2008)
9733:Kohn (2008)
9706:Kohn (2008)
9688:10 February
9609:Kohn (2008)
9555:Kohn (2008)
9540:Kohn (2008)
9516:Kohn (2008)
9496:Kohn (2008)
9460:Kohn (2008)
9318:, p. 6
9039:Kohn (2000)
8527:Mair (2001)
8515:Kohn (2000)
8346:Kohn (2000)
8298:Carr (1990)
8234:Kohn (2008)
8173:, p. 6
8152:Kohn (2008)
7905:Taoist diet
7804:Han dynasty
7743:, spirits,
7611:Dragon Gate
7573:Wudang quan
7565:Xiantiandao
7557:Dragon Gate
7493:Xiantiandao
7491:and in the
7482:Zhengyi Dao
7463:Lu Tung-pin
7300:sandwriting
7250:Zhengyi Dao
7246:Dragon Gate
7111:Manichaeism
7054:naturalness
6739:aristocrats
6437:scriptures.
6427:("mystery"
6378:. The Ming
6309:Zhongji jie
6301:Chuzhen jie
6241:Zhong he ji
6193:Wùzhēn piān
6086:scriptures.
5985:hagiography
5967:Taipingjing
5943:Han dynasty
5763:) from the
5721:Zhuang Zhou
5458: 1615
5422:Zhan zhuang
5400:Zuowang lun
5342:The 36,000
5140:intoxicants
5093:lion dances
4995:Nonaction (
4988:; DZ 786).
4824:); wuling (
4684:creator God
4668:nontheistic
4664:cosmogonies
4513:soteriology
4370:immortality
4121:politicians
4045:subtle body
3844:primitivism
3834:and in the
3795:spontaneity
3758:Zhuang Zhou
3554:Mantak Chia
3507:Gia-fu Feng
3495:James Legge
3373:Mount Qiyun
3288:, Shantou,
3228:During the
3207:colonialism
3190:practicing
3169: [
3052:practices,
3039:Zhengyi Dao
3031:Wuzhen pian
3006:monasticism
2923:Wudang quan
2709:(226–249),
2681:tradition.
2596:Taipingjing
2567:Han dynasty
2545: [
2489:Zhuang Zhou
2481:Zhuang Zhou
2442:prehistoric
2400:), and the
2398:five phases
2232: 1464
2081:Sinologists
2064:Zhuang Zhou
2041:Feng Youlan
2034:and Taoist
2016:Zhuang Zhou
2006:Zuo Qiuming
1876:Terminology
1835:Han dynasty
1682:naturalness
1368:Zhengyi Dao
1332:Dragon Gate
1201:Kou Qianzhi
1196:Bao Jingyan
1110:Zhuang Zhou
919:Taipingjing
474:Korean name
414:Old Chinese
27702:Categories
27692:Philosophy
27645:Legitimacy
27347:Yu Dunkang
27317:Tang Yijie
27292:Mao Zedong
27277:Lin Yutang
27242:Jin Yuelin
27237:Jiang Qing
27212:He Guanghu
27182:Chu Anping
27167:Chen Duxiu
27096:Wang Fuzhi
27086:Tan Sitong
27081:Pan Pingge
27076:Liu Yiming
26958:Luo Rufang
26879:Zhou Dunyi
26864:Wang Chuyi
26854:Wang Anshi
26834:Lu Jiuyuan
26714:Yan Zhitui
26704:Xie Daoyun
26606:Yang Xiong
26591:Wang Chong
26566:Kong Anguo
26427:Shen Buhai
26422:Shang Yang
26377:Guan Zhong
26347:Chunyu Kun
26268:Naturalism
26084:Amerindian
25991:Australian
25930:Vietnamese
25910:Indonesian
25459:Kantianism
25408:Positivism
25398:Pragmatism
25373:Naturalism
25353:Liberalism
25331:Subjective
25269:Empiricism
25173:Avicennism
25118:Bhedabheda
25002:East Asian
24925:Madhyamaka
24905:Abhidharma
24771:Pyrrhonism
24538:Nominalism
24533:Naturalism
24462:Skepticism
24452:Relativism
24442:Absolutism
24371:Naturalism
24281:Deontology
24253:Skepticism
24238:Naturalism
24228:Empiricism
24192:Aesthetics
24096:Philosophy
23900:Micronesia
23777:Costa Rica
23672:San Marino
23632:Montenegro
23612:Luxembourg
23469:Uzbekistan
23444:Tajikistan
23349:Kyrgyzstan
23322:Kazakhstan
23272:East Timor
23242:Bangladesh
23232:Azerbaijan
23149:Seychelles
23114:Mozambique
23099:Mauritania
23084:Madagascar
22974:Cape Verde
22756:irreligion
22751:Secularism
22658:Minorities
22626:Toleration
22621:Syncretism
22606:Fanaticism
22596:Disability
22584:Missionary
22574:Conversion
22562:Ordination
22484:Psychology
22479:Philosophy
22419:Polytheism
22399:Monotheism
22394:Henotheism
22235:Orthopraxy
22225:Ordination
22188:Meditation
22183:Indigenous
22148:Entheogens
22133:Conversion
21959:Pueblo III
21876:Babylonian
21866:Melanesian
21792:Gnosticism
21677:Lithuanian
21570:Fourth Way
21424:Circassian
21402:Dievturība
21325:Tensegrity
21258:Falun Gong
20903:Sanamahism
20883:Donyi-Polo
20515:Polynesian
20461:Kaharingan
20386:Burkhanism
20325:Ravidassia
20303:Śvetāmbara
20089:Pushtimarg
20069:Krishnaism
20005:Vietnamese
19990:Cheondoism
19923:Yao Taoism
19859:East Asian
19625:Isma'ilism
19581:Maturidism
19360:Mennonites
19355:Hutterites
19340:Anabaptism
19233:Humanistic
18900:Falun Gong
18878:Protestant
18742:Louguantai
18535:Lu Xiujing
18515:Wei Huacun
18465:Wei Boyang
18168:Meditation
17944:Philosophy
17070:18 October
16404:18 October
15820:. London:
15731:T'oung Pao
14622:20 October
13908:"Zhuangzi"
12899:(1): 143.
12359:: 89, 97.
11666:T'oung Pao
8497:27 January
8466:27 January
8065:References
7857:Yao Taoism
7843:See also:
7731:Polytheist
7592:Lu Dongbin
7347:divination
7306:writing).
7304:planchette
7296:Divination
7281:mediumship
7273:rainmaking
7248:sect, and
7199:Lin Yutang
7031:syncretism
6956:See also:
6852:Taoist art
6810:ordination
6786:Baiyunguan
6782:Mao Zedong
6704:in Beijing
6578:Big Dipper
6446:("divine"
6181:Yinfu jing
6101:Zuowanglun
6068:Lu Dongbin
6060:Wei Huacun
6033:Cāntóng qì
6020:) and the
5791:8 trigrams
5666:wei wu-wei
5638: 226
5480:alchemical
5468:See also:
5412:Livia Kohn
5359:Meditation
5291:Xingyiquan
5287:Baguazhang
5268:breathwork
5256:moderation
5244:Sun Simiao
5190:Mediumship
5164:divination
5109:palanquins
5089:hell money
5062:sacrifices
4954:hermitages
4746:See also:
4611:Livia Kohn
4579:Zhou Dunyi
4492:school of
4472:shapeshift
4438:and their
4350:Lü Dongbin
4280:moderation
4260:compassion
4167:simplicity
4033:hun and po
4021:Neijing Tu
4009:See also:
3690:Madhyamaka
3621:Livia Kohn
3499:Alan Watts
3436:California
3365:Wudangshan
3345:Livia Kohn
3302:xin daojia
3252:Sun Lutang
3144:Liu Yiming
3093:Lü Dongbin
3063:Under the
3010:asceticism
2937:Lu Dongbin
2933:Livia Kohn
2891:Buddhism.
2869:Wudangshan
2756:Livia Kohn
2713:(d. 249),
2454:) and the
2376:Shen Buhai
2356:Livia Kohn
2344:divination
2298:, and the
2165:liturgical
2085:Livia Kohn
2032:philosophy
1925:See also:
1903:Wade-Giles
1757:, various
1747:Naturalism
1709: – c.
1707: 450
1691:, and the
1688:simplicity
1651:meditation
1641:Wade–Giles
1440:Louguantai
1383:Yao Taoism
1206:Lu Xiujing
1186:Wei Huacun
1181:Sun Hanhua
1128:Wei Boyang
872:Priesthood
805:Meditation
724:(immortal)
701:(reversal)
330:dou6 gaau3
221:Wade–Giles
27624:Shan shui
27557:Zhengming
27332:Xu Fuguan
27257:Li Shicen
27232:Ray Huang
27217:Hu Qiaomu
27187:Fang Keli
27177:Ch'ien Mu
27162:Chen Daqi
27091:Tang Zhen
27036:Fang Quan
26948:Liu Bowen
26938:Lai Zhide
26928:Jiao Hong
26913:Chen Jiru
26874:Zhang Zai
26839:Shao Yong
26814:Cheng Hao
26758:Wang Tong
26659:Guo Xiang
26581:Liu Xiang
26561:Jing Fang
26472:Yuan Xian
26452:Ximen Bao
26407:Lie Yukou
26362:Duanmu Ci
26352:Confucius
26238:Huang–Lao
25963:Pakistani
25925:Taiwanese
25872:Ethiopian
25845:By region
25831:By region
25646:Scientism
25641:Systemics
25501:Spinozism
25428:Socialism
25363:Modernism
25326:Objective
25234:Anarchism
25168:Averroism
25057:Christian
25009:Neotaoism
24980:Zurvanism
24970:Mithraism
24965:Mazdakism
24736:Cyrenaics
24663:Logicians
24296:Free will
24258:Solipsism
24205:Formalism
24018:Venezuela
23963:Argentina
23880:Australia
23832:Nicaragua
23807:Guatemala
23607:Lithuania
23429:Sri Lanka
23424:Singapore
23404:Palestine
23292:Indonesia
23282:Hong Kong
23104:Mauritius
22825:Overviews
22780:Criticism
22728:Terrorism
22703:Theocracy
22648:Happiness
22616:Pluralism
22601:Education
22527:Religion
22499:Salvation
22489:Sociology
22434:Religious
22414:Pantheism
22404:Nontheism
22297:Mountains
22275:Sacrifice
22230:Orthodoxy
22220:Mythology
22215:Mysticism
22104:Behaviour
22013:Canaanite
21996:Mithraism
21964:Pueblo IV
21954:Pueblo II
21859:Mazdakism
21834:Hungarian
21807:Mysteries
21716:Dravidian
21498:Hungarian
21414:Caucasian
21385:Godianism
21345:Agni Yoga
21335:Theosophy
21298:Rastafari
21273:Modekngei
21253:Brahmoism
21246:Syncretic
21238:movements
21236:religious
21148:Quimbanda
21096:Candomblé
21089:Diasporic
20868:Bathouism
20858:Benzhuism
20783:Tsimshian
20734:Purépecha
20655:Longhouse
20630:Sun Dance
20579:Blackfoot
20498:Malaysian
20488:Kapitayan
20298:Digambara
20283:Ayyavazhi
20248:Vajrayana
20213:Theravada
20126:Ganapatya
20099:Ramanandi
20028:Hoahaoism
19906:Yiguandao
19801:Yarsanism
19796:Shabakism
19783:Yazdânism
19773:Zurvanism
19768:Mazdaznan
19727:Rastafari
19722:Mandaeism
19596:Wahhabism
19576:Ash'arism
19539:Tolstoyan
19529:Spiritual
19519:Mormonism
19490:Judaizers
19463:Quakerism
19441:Methodist
19431:Irvingism
19382:Calvinism
19335:Adventism
19318:Moravians
19155:Abrahamic
19021:Northeast
19011:Hong Kong
19004:By region
18945:Dongbaism
18930:Benzhuism
18664:Chongxuan
18647:Shangqing
18610:Huang–Lao
18570:Qiu Chuji
18560:Sun Bu'er
18550:Chen Tuan
18510:Guo Xiang
18480:Zhang Jue
18455:Lie Yukou
18291:Huahujing
18263:Huainanzi
18182:(essence)
18151:Yangsheng
18003:Feng shui
17989:(duality)
17885:from the
17698:Hay House
17212:2192-9289
16308:5 October
16209:21 August
16167:21 August
16062:201790095
16027:21 August
15905:"Sanguan"
15848:224902752
15822:Routledge
15788:0085-5774
15751:0082-5433
15499:Routledge
14940:123079516
14922:Doubleday
12448:"Zhenren"
12422:"zhenren"
12265:123079516
12247:Doubleday
11686:0082-5433
11352:Routledge
10932:242842933
10924:0169-8834
10704:1001-5302
10545:, 8.2, 6.
10200:145738732
10184:0190-3578
9782:2077-1444
9766:(8): 13.
9760:Religions
9293:HarperOne
9175:910498369
8956:2627-6011
8895:"Huangdi"
8871:Routledge
8638:Wu (2014)
8442:251688453
8434:0013-1857
8381:1 October
8070:Citations
7786:When the
7619:Sun Bu'er
7607:Qiu Chuji
7533:Yangsheng
7477:, etc.).
7391:hexagrams
7387:feng shui
7352:fang-shih
7339:feng shui
7311:Shangqing
7221:Chart of
7213:Varieties
7209:concept.
7139:Lucretius
7091:Christian
7072:(and the
7043:Tao Sheng
6941:Huainanzi
6927:anarchism
6919:Huang–Lao
6840:São Paulo
6833:Singapore
6829:Hong Kong
6753:Adherents
6590:pole star
6567:phoenixes
6418:Shangqing
6388:Tripiṭaka
6251:anthology
5950:Huahujing
5869:Huainanzi
5831:Confucian
5816:Han Feizi
5787:hexagrams
5733:Sima Qian
5729:Guo Xiang
5725:Guo Xiang
5555:Mawangdui
5516:yangsheng
5462:Wanli era
5416:Vipaśyanā
5387:Apophatic
5295:Liuhebafa
5283:Taijiquan
5252:yangsheng
5180:geomantic
5176:feng shui
4941:nihilists
4885:Practices
4781:animistic
4762:apophatic
4734:Xi Wangmu
4691:microcosm
4656:meridians
4643:yangsheng
4556:Cosmology
4498:shen xien
4215:doctrines
4064:longevity
4060:Zhuangzi,
4037:meridians
3999:yangsheng
3903:The term
3840:anarchism
3738:Confucian
3686:Chóngxuán
3682:Guo Xiang
3568:Teachings
3511:Bruce Lee
3401:Hong Kong
3393:Mount Lao
3389:Mount Mao
3381:Mount Tai
3329:Falungong
3325:Zhonggong
3290:Guangdong
3275:Hong Kong
3237:immortals
3215:Tao Tsang
3203:modernist
3077:orthodoxy
3024:met with
3022:Qiu Chuji
2970:Qiu Chuji
2767:Ge Chaofu
2748:Shangqing
2719:Guo Xiang
2715:Xiang Xiu
2675:Confucian
2590:Huainanzi
2584:Huang–Lao
2277:Confucian
2246:apophatic
2195:dàojiàotú
2192:The term
2141:Adherents
2120:included
2096:) and of
1931:The word
1850:Hong Kong
1839:theocracy
1663:feng shui
1655:astrology
1292:Huang–Lao
1244:Qiu Chuji
1234:Sun Bu'er
1224:Chen Tuan
1176:Guo Xiang
1143:Zhang Jue
1115:Lie Yukou
947:Huahujing
912:Huainanzi
784:Practices
735:True form
228:Tao-chiao
27618:Ink wash
27596:Politics
27586:Theology
27445:Ming yun
27421:Jing zuo
27380:Concepts
27262:Li Zehou
27227:Hua Gang
27197:Gan Yang
27106:Yan Yuan
27101:Wei Yuan
27071:Lin Zexu
27051:Gu Yanwu
27026:Fang Bao
27021:Dai Zhen
26983:Wu Cheng
26973:Wang Gen
26844:Shen Kuo
26819:Cheng Yi
26778:Liu Yuxi
26684:Sengzhao
26644:Fan Zhen
26546:Huan Tan
26526:Ban Zhao
26477:Zhang Yi
26467:Yang Zhu
26432:Shen Dao
26342:Bu Shang
26243:Legalism
26211:Buddhism
26149:Category
26104:Yugoslav
26094:Romanian
26001:Scottish
25986:American
25915:Japanese
25895:Buddhist
25877:Africana
25867:Egyptian
25709:Feminist
25631:Rawlsian
25626:Quietism
25524:Analytic
25476:Krausism
25383:Nihilism
25348:Kokugaku
25311:Absolute
25306:Idealism
25294:Humanism
25082:Occamism
25049:European
24994:Medieval
24940:Yogacara
24900:Buddhist
24893:Syādvāda
24776:Stoicism
24741:Cynicism
24729:Sophists
24724:Atomists
24719:Eleatics
24658:Legalism
24599:Medieval
24523:Idealism
24477:Ontology
24457:Nihilism
24361:Idealism
24119:Branches
24108:Branches
24044:Category
24008:Suriname
23998:Paraguay
23983:Colombia
23890:Kiribati
23817:Honduras
23787:Dominica
23762:Barbados
23727:Scotland
23687:Slovenia
23682:Slovakia
23657:Portugal
23527:Bulgaria
23449:Thailand
23399:Pakistan
23379:Mongolia
23374:Maldives
23369:Malaysia
23257:Cambodia
23204:Zimbabwe
23179:Tanzania
23029:Ethiopia
23024:Eswatini
23004:Djibouti
22969:Cameroon
22954:Botswana
22898:Timeline
22893:Scholars
22853:Founders
22718:Violence
22673:Politics
22543:Business
22506:Theology
22250:Prophecy
22240:Paganism
22128:Covenant
22095:Apostasy
22030:Scythian
21971:Rapa Nui
21925:Thracian
21920:Illyrian
21910:Albanian
21881:Sumerian
21824:Harappan
21760:Germanic
21755:Georgian
21748:Selk'nam
21733:Etruscan
21721:Egyptian
21699:Druidism
21662:Armenian
21585:Satanism
21565:Eckankar
21488:Estonian
21473:Romanian
21463:Ossetian
21443:Germanic
21392:Armenian
21381:African
21374:paganism
21303:Sant Mat
21293:Rajneesh
21268:Meivazhi
21263:Japanese
21220:Siberian
21153:Santería
21123:Convince
20989:Bushongo
20893:Kiratism
20820:Hmongism
20697:Wocekiye
20682:Jivaroan
20650:Iroquois
20645:Ho-Chunk
20606:Cherokee
20549:American
20520:Hawaiian
20433:Sarnaism
20403:Tungusic
20391:Tengrism
20381:Mongolic
20310:Sarnaism
20241:Nichiren
20218:Mahayana
20205:Buddhism
20183:Sant Mat
20173:Sauraism
20168:Smartism
20163:Shaktism
20156:Balinese
20141:Kaumaram
20136:Kapalika
20131:Kashmiri
20116:Shaivism
20056:Hinduism
20023:Caodaism
19967:Ryukyuan
19962:Tenrikyo
19957:Shugendō
19935:Japanese
19806:Yazidism
19791:Ishikism
19669:Quranism
19642:Khawarij
19591:Salafism
19586:Atharism
19475:Esoteric
19446:Holiness
19436:Lutheran
19397:Reformed
19377:Baptists
19350:Brethren
19314:Hussites
19302:Assyrian
19218:Haymanot
19172:Orthodox
19121:Religion
18950:Hinduism
18888:Orthodox
18851:Buddhism
18669:Quanzhen
18657:Jingming
18585:Zhu Quan
18485:Zhang Lu
18277:Xiang'er
18249:Zhuangzi
18196:(spirit)
18188:(breath)
18127:Practice
17879:Archived
17787:(1995).
17763:(1983).
17718:(2009).
17690:(2007).
17570:Archived
17216:Archived
17115:(2005).
17103:22 March
17097:Archived
17064:Archived
16892:(2007).
16690:(2001).
16398:Archived
16302:Archived
16203:Archived
16161:Archived
16114:73530576
16021:Archived
15943:Archived
15919:30 April
15913:Archived
15879:(1986).
15852:Archived
15796:23889810
15716:27192394
15683:39243466
15663:(1998).
15629:46661540
15142:(2021).
14977:46661540
14885:Archived
14696:Archived
14613:Archived
14566:Archived
14465:. Köln:
14432:. Köln:
14402:. Köln:
14352:Archived
13999:Archived
13977:Archived
13955:Archived
13922:29 April
13916:Archived
13874:27 April
13701:Archived
13699:. 2018.
13629:Archived
13548:Archived
13520:46661540
12965:27 April
12915:54444540
12826:46661540
12459:23 April
12431:23 April
12361:Archived
12296:30 April
12213:Archived
12160:(2018).
12067:Archived
12045:46661540
12008:46661540
11969:30 April
11963:Archived
11955:"Taoism"
11934:46661540
11881:27 April
11753:23 April
11747:Archived
11584:27 April
11575:"Taoism"
11508:46661540
11017:Archived
10864:Archived
10845:27 April
10668:27 April
10535:Archived
10420:27 April
10243:Archived
9898:(2020).
9682:Archived
9432:Archived
9287:(2007).
9256:Archived
9223:(2005).
9147:(2015).
9126:39243466
9106:(1998).
9090:39243466
9070:(1998).
8961:27 April
8926:"Taoism"
8903:Archived
8849:54439373
8777:Archived
8752:27192394
8491:archived
8483:"Daoism"
8460:Archived
8375:Archived
8363:"Taoism"
8255:Archived
8100:Archived
7898:Practice
7834:See also
7644:such as
7627:sobriety
7600:Shandong
7569:Wuliupai
7475:Amitabha
7377:and the
7277:exorcism
7207:Hinduism
7184:such as
7171:Yang Chu
7149:yin-yang
7123:Buddhism
7087:school.
7080:humanist
7039:Sengzhao
7027:Buddhism
7012:Zhuangzi
6946:Zhuangzi
6932:Zhuangzi
6923:Zhuangzi
6874:Zhang Lu
6802:Quanzhen
6724:Shandong
6518:Malaysia
6170:Mahayana
5959:Buddhism
5923:Zhuangzi
5889:Legalist
5839:and the
5836:Analects
5740:Zhuangzi
5708:Zhuangzi
5694:Zhuangzi
5687:Xiang'er
5685:and the
5574:Zhuangzi
5572:and the
5557:tomb 3rd
5496:and the
5391:Zhuangzi
5373:jinggong
5328:cinnabar
5194:exorcism
5056:Ancient
4960:(dong).
4958:grottoes
4956:(an) or
4862:Yü-Huang
4793:pantheon
4758:theology
4709:Theology
4541:and how
4502:qingjing
4490:Quanzhen
4407:yin-yang
4300:humility
4203:nativist
4188:Buddhist
4145:Zhuangzi
3970:numinous
3897:Zhuangzi
3832:Zhuangzi
3820:Zhuangzi
3799:Zhuangzi
3743:morality
3672:thinker
3651:immanent
3635:monistic
3347:writes:
3286:Chaoyang
2986:Shandong
2900:Taotsang
2889:Mahayana
2679:Legalist
2656:cinnabar
2629:Shandong
2610:Xiang'er
2593:and the
2573:(modern
2514:ancestor
2500:, early
2498:diviners
2438:exorcism
2428:Zhuangzi
2410:and the
2396:and the
2372:Legalist
2338:and the
2295:Zhuangzi
2275:", and "
2273:Legalist
2225:Zhang Lu
2175:(1986).
2154:/taoshih
2147:sinology
2130:religion
2102:zongjiao
2072:Zhuangzi
2036:religion
2020:Zhuangzi
2001:Zuǒzhuàn
1785:Mahayana
1777:Buddhism
1759:Legalist
1725:Zhuangzi
1340:Wuliupai
1262:Zhu Quan
1148:Zhang Lu
982:Theology
926:Xiang'er
905:Zhuangzi
809:Alchemy
633:Concepts
592:a series
590:Part of
453:Đạo giáo
406:dáw kæ̀w
324:Jyutping
316:Douhgaau
243:Dào-jiào
187:Bopomofo
27666:Portals
27630:Society
27407:Jian'ai
27222:Hu Shih
27207:Gu Zhun
27066:Ma Qixi
26968:Wang Ji
26933:Jiao Yu
26849:Su Song
26829:Hu Hong
26719:Zhi Dun
26709:Xun Can
26694:Wang Bi
26689:Wang Su
26679:Ji Kang
26674:Huiyuan
26664:Fu Xuan
26654:Ge Hong
26601:Xun Yue
26596:Wang Fu
26586:Ma Rong
26556:Jia Kui
26497:Zou Yan
26457:Xu Xing
26442:Sun Tzu
26412:Mencius
26387:Hui Shi
26382:Han Fei
26357:Deng Xi
26294:Yangism
26286:Xuanxue
26253:Marxism
26199:Schools
26099:Russian
26068:Spanish
26063:Slovene
26053:Maltese
26048:Italian
26028:Finland
25996:British
25978:Western
25968:Turkish
25953:Islamic
25948:Iranian
25900:Chinese
25887:Eastern
25854:African
25801:more...
25486:Marxism
25316:British
25259:Dualism
25155:Islamic
25113:Advaita
25103:Vedanta
25077:Scotism
25072:Thomism
25014:Tiantai
24957:Persian
24945:Tibetan
24935:Śūnyatā
24876:Cārvāka
24866:Ājīvika
24861:Mīmāṃsā
24841:Samkhya
24756:Academy
24709:Ionians
24683:Yangism
24640:Chinese
24631:Ancient
24594:Western
24589:Ancient
24548:Realism
24505:Reality
24495:Process
24376:Realism
24356:Dualism
24351:Atomism
24233:Fideism
24013:Uruguay
23988:Ecuador
23968:Bolivia
23945:Vanuatu
23872:Oceania
23822:Jamaica
23802:Grenada
23757:Bahamas
23717:England
23707:Ukraine
23662:Romania
23622:Moldova
23582:Ireland
23577:Iceland
23572:Hungary
23562:Germany
23552:Finland
23547:Estonia
23542:Denmark
23537:Czechia
23532:Croatia
23517:Belgium
23512:Belarus
23507:Austria
23502:Andorra
23497:Albania
23474:Vietnam
23384:Myanmar
23359:Lebanon
23277:Georgia
23237:Bahrain
23227:Armenia
23189:Tunisia
23159:Somalia
23144:Senegal
23129:Nigeria
23119:Namibia
23109:Morocco
23074:Liberia
23069:Lesotho
23019:Eritrea
22989:Comoros
22964:Burundi
22939:Algeria
22883:Outline
22848:Deities
22775:Atheism
22693:Science
22611:Freedom
22469:History
22436:studies
22389:Dualism
22379:Animism
22344:Worship
22324:Symbols
22265:Liturgy
22178:Goddess
22138:Deities
22119:Laicism
22109:Beliefs
22088:Aspects
22060:Zapotec
22055:Vainakh
22023:Yahwism
22008:Semitic
21937:Iranian
21839:Hurrian
21829:Hittite
21819:Guanche
21812:Orphism
21743:Fuegian
21738:Finnish
21726:Atenism
21672:Latvian
21657:Arabian
21600:Raëlism
21580:Jediism
21575:Goddess
21548:De novo
21436:Druidry
21330:Thelema
21283:New Age
21168:Umbanda
21059:Tumbuka
21044:Odinala
21029:Lugbara
20949:African
20915:African
20863:Bimoism
20853:Burmese
20709:Mapuche
20675:Wyandot
20635:Guarani
20616:Choctaw
20611:Chilote
20557:Abenaki
20508:Tagalog
20481:Kejawèn
20330:Sikhism
20293:Jainism
20253:Tibetan
20236:Amidism
20104:Warkari
20018:Đạo Mẫu
19868:Chinese
19850:Eastern
19827:Roshani
19746:Iranian
19654:Alevism
19647:Ibadism
19620:Zaydism
19297:Ancient
19268:Eastern
19228:Renewal
19213:Karaite
19194:Zionist
19182:Hasidic
19164:Judaism
19146:Western
19040:Related
18990:Sikhism
18955:Judaism
18935:Bimoism
18737:Hanford
18727:Temples
18652:Lingbao
18642:Xuanxue
18635:Zhengyi
18615:Taiping
18602:Schools
18591:Fangshi
18520:Ge Hong
18500:Wang Bi
18490:Ge Xuan
18405:Chang'e
18323:Deities
18312:Daozang
18305:Baopuzi
18095:Zhenren
18017:Bianhua
17869:at the
17832:at the
17660:(ed.).
16861:3134541
15759:4528195
14702:16 July
14562:Patheos
14467:Taschen
14434:Taschen
14404:Taschen
14252:(ed.).
13687:"Laozi"
13625:Patheos
11787:(ed.).
11694:4528195
11630:(ed.).
10192:3136462
8283:17 June
8193:武当山道教协会
8024:Onmyōji
8019:Onmyōdō
7953:Taozang
7922:Deities
7725:emperor
7652:deities
7471:Guanyin
7335:luopans
7313:), the
7288:amulets
7268:Magical
7203:Vietnam
7141:' poem
7115:Judaism
7075:I Ching
7066:Wang Bi
7037:, like
7020:rituals
6825:Vietnam
6806:Zhengyi
6798:Longmen
6794:Beijing
6732:hermits
6726:, China
6715:Taoguan
6681:Society
6656:), the
6563:dragons
6539:taijitu
6493:taijitu
6435:Lingbao
6380:Daozang
6360:Daozang
6344:Daozang
6323:), and
6112:zuòwàng
6084:Lingbao
6062:of the
5999:Ge Hong
5995:neipian
5993:Baopuzi
5823:Han Fei
5683:Wang Bi
5632:Wang Bi
5598:Wang Bi
5520:I Ching
5499:Baopuzi
5433:Alchemy
5395:zuowang
5281:) like
5266:), and
5260:seasons
5168:I Ching
5144:alcohol
5042:Sichuan
5038:Chengdu
5028:Rituals
4832:animism
4810:deities
4756:Taoist
4695:zang-fu
4639:Wu Xing
4620:I Ching
4584:Taijitu
4532:ganying
4517:hermits
4509:zhenren
4488:In the
4483:zhenren
4458:Taoist
4432:dragons
4419:Heavens
4365:zhenren
4283:), and
4125:writers
4108:dantien
4035:), and
4029:dantien
3926:I Ching
3786:tzu-jan
3674:Wang Bi
3670:Xuanxue
3478:Tai chi
3448:Tai chi
3422:, 2017.
3317:Tantric
3244:Tai Chi
3223:Beijing
3192:Tai chi
3130:Longmen
2976:In the
2957:Daozang
2952:Huizong
2885:Lingbao
2881:daojiao
2841:Daozang
2798:Louguan
2752:Lingbao
2732:Baopuzi
2727:Ge Hong
2723:Pei Wei
2707:Wang Bi
2703:Xuanxue
2668:realgar
2664:mercury
2648:Cao Cao
2600:on the
2575:Sichuan
2565:By the
2494:geology
2477:hermits
2465:fangshi
2457:fangshi
2407:I Ching
2388:), the
2380:Han Fei
2325:virtues
2251:fangshi
2206:History
2118:daojiao
2114:daojiao
2098:daojiao
2094:sixiang
2060:Lao Dan
1986:Han-era
1946:dàojiào
1888:in the
1765:I Ching
1733:Daozang
1623:Chinese
1302:Xuanxue
1285:Schools
1271:Fangshi
1191:Ge Hong
1163:Wang Bi
1153:Ge Xuan
1085:Li Hong
1080:Guan Yu
1063:Chang'e
968:Daozang
961:Baopuzi
891:I Ching
729:Zhenren
691:Bianhua
623:History
618:Outline
461:Chữ Hán
362:Hokkien
295:Doh goh
257:Dàujyàu
213:Dawjiaw
179:Dàojiào
139:Dàojiào
115:Chinese
27708:Taoism
27601:Ethics
27574:Topics
27509:Wu wei
27287:Lu Xun
27111:Yu Yue
27061:Ji Yun
26943:Li Zhi
26884:Zhu Xi
26869:Ye Shi
26768:Han Yu
26753:Jizang
26669:He Yan
26649:Fan Ye
26576:Lu Jia
26571:Liu An
26551:Jia Yi
26541:Dou Wu
26487:Zichan
26437:Su Qin
26397:Li Kui
26279:Daoxue
26273:Taoism
26248:Mohism
26058:Polish
26038:German
26033:French
26018:Danish
26008:Canada
25958:Jewish
25920:Korean
25905:Indian
25447:People
25368:Monism
25321:German
25289:Holism
25222:Modern
25200:Jewish
25123:Dvaita
25096:Indian
25019:Huayan
24871:Ajñana
24828:Indian
24693:Greco-
24678:Taoism
24668:Mohism
24614:Modern
24581:By era
24570:By era
24485:Action
24366:Monism
24286:Virtue
24268:Ethics
24054:Portal
23993:Guyana
23973:Brazil
23940:Tuvalu
23837:Panama
23827:Mexico
23772:Canada
23767:Belize
23697:Sweden
23677:Serbia
23667:Russia
23652:Poland
23647:Norway
23627:Monaco
23597:Latvia
23592:Kosovo
23567:Greece
23557:France
23489:Europe
23454:Turkey
23439:Taiwan
23344:Kuwait
23317:Jordan
23307:Israel
23267:Cyprus
23252:Brunei
23247:Bhutan
23199:Zambia
23194:Uganda
23134:Rwanda
23089:Malawi
23049:Guinea
23039:Gambia
22944:Angola
22931:Africa
22740:Wealth
22688:Schism
22643:Growth
22567:Priest
22552:Clergy
22371:Theism
22354:Nature
22349:Astral
22292:Groves
22260:Ritual
22245:Prayer
22203:Novice
22153:Ethnic
22078:Topics
22050:Urartu
22045:Tongan
22040:Somali
22035:Slavic
21915:Dacian
21694:Celtic
21689:Basque
21667:Baltic
21518:Udmurt
21483:Uralic
21478:Slavic
21431:Celtic
21419:Abkhaz
21407:Romuva
21397:Baltic
21372:Modern
21215:Papuan
21178:Voodoo
21133:Kumina
21074:Yoruba
21064:Urhobo
21034:Maasai
21019:Lotuko
20967:Baluba
20957:Akamba
20930:Berber
20888:Heraka
20878:Dongba
20766:Pueblo
20761:Pawnee
20751:Navajo
20741:Muisca
20704:Lenape
20692:Lakota
20670:Seneca
20660:Mohawk
20594:Ohlone
20574:Apache
20567:Ojibwe
20547:Native
20413:Manchu
20408:Evenki
20369:Altaic
20360:Ethnic
20335:Khalsa
20288:Kalash
20178:Śrauta
20047:Indian
19977:Korean
19943:Shinto
19913:Taoism
19886:Luoism
19712:Baháʼí
19707:Bábism
19659:Ahmadi
19637:Sufism
19630:Alawis
19280:Church
19208:Reform
19189:Modern
19177:Haredi
18846:Taoism
18495:He Yan
18475:Gan Ji
18438:People
18159:Daoyin
18143:Waidan
18135:Neidan
18066:Wu wei
18047:Ethics
18009:Wuxing
17936:Taoism
17824:Taoism
17797:
17773:
17749:
17726:
17704:
17668:
17645:
17626:
17607:
17588:
17556:
17528:
17509:
17490:
17471:
17452:
17433:
17414:
17395:
17376:
17357:
17338:
17319:
17291:
17234:
17210:
17171:
17148:
17125:
17089:
17056:
17026:
16989:
16961:
16942:
16923:
16900:
16878:
16859:
16843:
16822:
16803:
16784:
16765:
16744:
16721:
16702:
16676:
16650:
16631:
16594:
16575:
16542:
16523:
16504:
16485:
16463:
16444:
16425:
16390:
16369:
16348:
16329:
16294:
16264:
16245:
16226:
16195:
16153:
16129:
16112:
16081:
16060:
16038:Taoism
16013:
15978:
15887:
15858:15 May
15846:
15836:
15794:
15786:
15757:
15749:
15714:
15704:
15681:
15671:
15627:
15617:
15513:
15154:
14975:
14965:
14938:
14928:
14757:
14572:16 May
14473:
14440:
14410:
14262:
14127:16 May
13635:16 May
13554:22 May
13518:
13508:
13280:
12913:
12824:
12814:
12367:3 June
12323:
12285:"Xian"
12263:
12253:
12203:"xian"
12172:
12137:
12108:
12043:
12033:
12006:
11996:
11932:
11922:
11872:
11799:
11715:
11692:
11684:
11642:
11544:
11506:
11496:
11457:Taoism
11358:
10976:
10930:
10922:
10912:
10894:Boston
10890:Leiden
10702:
10659:
10482:
10411:
10312:
10221:
10198:
10190:
10182:
10168:: 87.
9910:
9780:
9299:
9235:
9203:
9173:
9163:
9124:
9114:
9088:
9078:
9037:". In
8954:
8944:
8909:22 May
8877:
8847:
8837:
8783:20 May
8750:
8740:
8591:
8440:
8432:
8188:道教神仙分类
8106:21 May
8092:
8052:Europe
7891:Zhizha
7769:ghosts
7761:heaven
7721:heaven
7642:beings
7575:sect.
7563:, the
7529:neidan
7525:qigong
7465:, and
7453:, the
7449:, the
7445:, the
7427:ritual
7360:Yijing
7354:, the
7333:Three
7154:wu wei
7121:, and
7016:Mohist
6902:Ni Zan
6898:Shitao
6882:Wu Wei
6823:, and
6780:under
6743:gentry
6720:Weihai
6675:Daopao
6648:, the
6634:cranes
6627:wuxing
6619:wuxing
6607:dragon
6558:dragon
6463:Taoist
6420:texts.
6370:, and
6285:太乙金華宗旨
6274:lives.
6271:ethics
6137:Huàshū
5896:Guanzi
5891:ideas.
5887:, and
5881:Taoist
5842:Mengzi
5783:Yijing
5778:Yijing
5765:Yijing
5757:Zhenwu
5551:Taoist
5508:waidan
5504:neidan
5474:Neidan
5293:, and
5279:neijia
5275:qigong
5264:daoyin
5199:tongji
5107:, and
5105:gongfu
4902:Taipei
4879:theism
4601:cyclic
4568:, and
4468:nature
4436:clouds
4289:不敢爲天下先
4240:sānbǎo
4176:wu wei
4135:Ethics
4127:, and
4089:neidan
4085:qigong
4053:neidan
3995:daoyin
3905:wu wei
3887:Wu wei
3880:Wu wei
3866:pǔ, pú
3734:virtue
3562:Yijing
3533:, and
3529:, the
3509:, and
3465:, and
3452:qigong
3397:Taiwan
3391:, and
3209:, and
3101:Xuanwu
3008:, and
2994:ghosts
2980:, the
2941:neidan
2711:He Yan
2666:, and
2516:and a
2385:wu wei
2364:Mohism
2304:. The
2292:, the
2269:Mohist
2260:Yijing
2234:–1538)
2177:Taoshi
2152:daoshi
2122:daojia
2110:Daojia
2090:daojia
2049:daojia
1977:dàoxué
1967:dàojiā
1933:Taoism
1862:Taiwan
1821:daoshi
1751:Mohism
1665:, and
1659:qigong
1643::
1633::
1631:pinyin
1525:Daoism
1521:Taoism
1158:He Yan
1138:Gan Ji
1098:People
830:Bugang
821:Waidan
814:Neidan
706:Wu wei
683:Wuxing
600:Taoism
570:Dō kyō
523:do gyo
480:Hangul
385:Tō-kàu
379:Tâi-lô
371:Tō-kàu
196:
78:Taoism
27680:China
27581:Logic
27564:Ziran
27202:Gu Su
26988:Xu Ai
26773:Li Ao
26748:Fu Yi
26462:Xunzi
26447:Wu Qi
26402:Li Si
26392:Laozi
26367:Gaozi
26089:Aztec
26043:Greek
26023:Dutch
26013:Czech
25862:Bantu
25299:Anti-
24846:Nyaya
24836:Hindu
24696:Roman
24490:Event
24132:Logic
23978:Chile
23935:Tonga
23925:Samoa
23915:Palau
23905:Nauru
23812:Haiti
23732:Wales
23692:Spain
23617:Malta
23587:Italy
23479:Yemen
23434:Syria
23414:Qatar
23389:Nepal
23364:Macau
23327:Korea
23312:Japan
23287:India
23262:China
23174:Sudan
23124:Niger
23079:Libya
23064:Kenya
23044:Ghana
23034:Gabon
23009:Egypt
22949:Benin
22858:Index
22829:lists
22698:State
22516:Women
22384:Deism
22359:Place
22339:Water
22334:Truth
22302:Trees
22158:Faith
22123:Laity
22018:Punic
21976:Roman
21942:Vedic
21900:Olmec
21787:Greek
21780:Norse
21704:Irish
21525:Wicca
21320:Subud
21210:Inuit
21183:Winti
21173:Vodou
21138:Obeah
21118:Comfa
21101:Bantu
21054:Serer
21039:Mbuti
20999:Dogon
20994:Dinka
20977:Kongo
20972:Bantu
20898:Qiang
20729:Olmec
20719:Aztec
20640:Haida
20589:Miwok
20525:Māori
20456:Dayak
20377:Turko
20340:Sects
20276:Other
20231:Thiền
19815:Other
19717:Druze
19695:Other
19571:Sunni
19563:Islam
19345:Amish
19263:Latin
19031:Tibet
19016:Macau
18895:Islam
18679:Wuliu
18445:Laozi
18378:Houtu
18256:Liezi
18234:Texts
18076:Ziran
17994:Bagua
17971:Taiji
17965:(way)
17219:(PDF)
17206:(3).
17196:(PDF)
16110:S2CID
16058:S2CID
15949:4 May
15844:S2CID
15792:JSTOR
15755:JSTOR
14648:(PDF)
14641:(PDF)
14616:(PDF)
14609:(PDF)
13730:Laozi
13726:Laozi
13719:Laozi
13715:Laozi
12911:S2CID
12355:(7).
12073:9 May
11739:"ren"
11690:JSTOR
10928:S2CID
10308:(PDF)
10301:(PDF)
10196:S2CID
10188:JSTOR
10164:(2).
8438:S2CID
8195:[
8008:Japan
7971:China
7946:Texts
7773:Laozi
7749:devas
7517:Wuhan
7395:omens
7371:Taiji
7227:Japan
7166:ziran
7107:Islam
7070:Laozi
6890:Mi Fu
6870:Liezi
6821:Japan
6817:Korea
6788:, or
6586:Taiji
6545:bagua
6499:Bagua
6384:texts
6227:) of
6168:with
6129:黃帝陰符經
5938:Wenzi
5930:Neiye
5914:Liezi
5761:bagua
5624:Laozi
5620:Laozi
5596:1770
5541:Texts
5407:ways.
5184:omens
5142:like
4997:wúwéi
4866:Yü-Di
4676:taiji
4625:taiji
4593:taiji
4399:saved
4316:karma
4198:China
4163:ziran
4073:Neiye
3966:Neiye
3918:wuwei
3916:that
3816:ziran
3803:ziran
3780:zìrán
3771:Ziran
3766:Ziran
3749:Ziran
3420:Hubei
3177:Xi'an
3173:]
2549:]
2310:Laozi
2289:Neiye
2187:Faism
2004:) by
1915:/daʊ/
1854:Macau
1739:Shang
1625:word
1611:China
1599:
1558:
1105:Laozi
1036:Houtu
933:Liezi
884:Texts
714:Ziran
677:Bagua
664:Taiji
540:Kanji
494:Hanja
27550:Yong
27497:Tian
27476:Shen
27457:Qing
27414:Jing
27003:Qing
26902:Ming
26897:Yuan
26806:Song
26737:Tang
26492:Zisi
26417:Mozi
25190:Sufi
25024:Chan
24883:Jain
24856:Yoga
24386:Mind
24326:Hard
24314:Hard
24003:Peru
23885:Fiji
23782:Cuba
23394:Oman
23354:Laos
23302:Iraq
23297:Iran
23214:Asia
23184:Togo
23094:Mali
22984:Chad
22827:and
22754:and
22329:Text
22309:Soul
22198:Monk
22163:Fire
21844:Inca
21652:Ainu
21536:list
21513:Sámi
21143:Palo
21111:Ketu
21106:Jejé
21024:Lozi
21004:Efik
20982:Zulu
20962:Akan
20815:Ahom
20807:Miao
20805:and
20793:Zuni
20776:Hopi
20724:Maya
20621:Crow
20599:Pomo
20266:list
20223:Chan
20194:list
20151:Nath
19949:list
19685:list
19610:Shia
19552:list
19239:list
18732:Cebu
18221:Fulu
18208:Xian
18202:Diet
18193:Shen
18179:Jing
17980:Wuji
17795:ISBN
17771:ISBN
17747:ISBN
17724:ISBN
17702:ISBN
17666:ISBN
17643:ISBN
17624:ISBN
17605:ISBN
17586:ISBN
17554:ISBN
17526:ISBN
17507:ISBN
17488:ISBN
17469:ISBN
17450:ISBN
17431:ISBN
17412:ISBN
17393:ISBN
17374:ISBN
17355:ISBN
17336:ISBN
17317:ISBN
17289:ISBN
17232:ISBN
17208:ISSN
17169:ISBN
17146:ISBN
17123:ISBN
17105:2023
17087:ISBN
17072:2015
17054:ISBN
17024:ISBN
16987:ISBN
16959:ISBN
16940:ISBN
16921:ISBN
16898:ISBN
16876:ISBN
16857:SSRN
16841:ISBN
16820:ISBN
16801:ISBN
16782:ISBN
16763:ISBN
16742:ISBN
16719:ISBN
16700:ISBN
16674:ISBN
16648:ISBN
16629:ISBN
16592:ISBN
16573:ISBN
16540:ISBN
16521:ISBN
16502:ISBN
16483:ISBN
16461:ISBN
16442:ISBN
16423:ISBN
16406:2015
16388:ISBN
16367:ISBN
16346:ISBN
16327:ISBN
16310:2020
16292:ISBN
16262:ISBN
16243:ISBN
16224:ISBN
16211:2017
16193:ISBN
16169:2017
16151:ISBN
16127:ISBN
16079:ISBN
16040:?".
16029:2017
16011:ISBN
15976:ISBN
15951:2023
15921:2023
15885:ISBN
15860:2023
15834:ISBN
15784:ISSN
15747:ISSN
15712:OCLC
15702:ISBN
15679:OCLC
15669:ISBN
15625:OCLC
15615:ISBN
15511:ISBN
15152:ISBN
14973:OCLC
14963:ISBN
14936:OCLC
14926:ISBN
14755:ISBN
14704:2014
14624:2014
14574:2011
14471:ISBN
14438:ISBN
14408:ISBN
14360:2023
14284:yang
14282:and
14273:2024
14260:ISBN
14129:2011
13924:2023
13876:2024
13722:B.C.
13709:2011
13637:2011
13556:2023
13516:OCLC
13506:ISBN
13278:ISBN
12967:2024
12822:OCLC
12812:ISBN
12461:2023
12433:2023
12369:2023
12321:ISBN
12298:2023
12261:OCLC
12251:ISBN
12221:2023
12170:ISBN
12135:ISBN
12106:ISBN
12075:2023
12041:OCLC
12031:ISBN
12004:OCLC
11994:ISBN
11971:2023
11930:OCLC
11920:ISBN
11883:2024
11870:ISBN
11797:ISBN
11755:2023
11713:ISBN
11682:ISSN
11640:ISBN
11586:2024
11542:ISBN
11504:OCLC
11494:ISBN
11356:ISBN
10974:ISBN
10920:ISSN
10910:ISBN
10892:and
10847:2024
10718:link
10700:ISSN
10670:2024
10657:ISBN
10480:ISBN
10422:2024
10409:ISBN
10219:ISBN
10180:ISSN
10037:help
9908:ISBN
9786:MDPI
9778:ISSN
9690:2023
9322:help
9316:Kohn
9297:ISBN
9233:ISBN
9201:ISBN
9171:OCLC
9161:ISBN
9122:OCLC
9112:ISBN
9086:OCLC
9076:ISBN
8963:2024
8952:ISSN
8942:ISBN
8911:2023
8875:ISBN
8845:OCLC
8835:ISBN
8785:2023
8748:OCLC
8738:ISBN
8589:ISBN
8499:2022
8468:2022
8430:ISSN
8383:2008
8285:2020
8108:2019
8090:ISBN
7823:The
7817:shen
7781:xian
7745:gods
7740:xian
7708:and
7647:xian
7594:and
7578:The
7552:yang
7550:and
7405:and
7369:and
7367:Wuji
7292:fulu
7290:and
7041:and
7006:and
6990:The
6831:and
6700:The
6663:shou
6654:fulu
6605:lung
6536:The
6468:The
6443:Shen
6440:The
6425:Xuan
6423:The
6407:Zhen
6404:The
6392:dong
6372:Song
6368:Tang
6219:The
6012:The
5990:The
5964:The
5921:and
5813:The
5808:Mozi
5803:Mozi
5800:The
5738:The
5705:The
5659:The
5485:xian
5472:and
5353:wine
5351:and
5349:meat
5344:shen
5319:shen
5311:bigu
5192:and
5130:The
5095:and
4924:and
4922:jing
4871:xian
4849:人鬼之神
4843:人體之神
4837:地府神靈
4783:and
4750:and
4721:and
4672:wuji
4589:Wuji
4479:xian
4460:xian
4453:xian
4449:tiān
4428:xian
4423:xian
4403:xian
4394:Tian
4375:xian
4318:and
4274:jiǎn
4265:jian
4101:shén
4099:and
4093:jing
4087:and
4019:The
3978:ming
3964:The
3951:self
3655:xing
3615:(or
3600:for
3576:and
3560:and
3450:and
3430:The
3399:and
3250:and
3117:The
3112:bigu
3083:and
2998:gods
2996:and
2750:and
2742:The
2697:The
2660:lead
2434:xian
2425:and
2378:and
2352:Tian
2070:and
2062:and
2043:and
1852:and
1813:Xian
1806:xian
1769:and
1743:Zhou
1741:and
866:Fulu
848:Bigu
843:Diet
769:and
758:Shen
746:Jing
721:Xian
657:Wuji
198:ㄐㄧㄠˋ
27521:Xin
27464:Ren
27387:Tao
26732:Sui
26624:Jin
26515:Han
26510:Qin
25464:Neo
25029:Zen
22733:War
22208:Nun
22173:God
21234:New
21079:Ifá
21049:San
20848:Bon
20803:Tai
20788:Ute
20227:Zen
19891:Nuo
18940:Bon
18684:Yao
18215:Art
18025:Fan
17962:Tao
17834:BBC
17826:on
17259:doi
16102:doi
16050:doi
15939:BBC
15826:doi
15739:doi
15503:doi
14747:doi
14662:doi
14280:yin
12901:doi
11862:doi
11674:doi
10902:doi
10692:doi
10649:doi
10401:doi
10170:doi
9768:doi
8934:doi
8422:doi
7825:Tao
7737:",
7727:".
7548:yin
7321:).
7004:Tao
6872:by
6792:of
6718:in
6364:Jin
6315:),
6307:),
6246:中和集
6213:張伯端
6199:悟真篇
6157:清靜經
6107:坐忘論
6055:黃庭經
5487:).
5453:),
5428:it.
5313:).
5103:),
4999:無為)
4939:or
4864:or
4770:God
4481:or
4411:Tao
4303:).
4263:),
4229:or
4165:),
4001:).
3909:Wei
3872:p'u
3846:).
3726:Teh
3724:or
3617:Dao
3613:Tao
3602:tao
3589:Tao
3583:Tao
3323:),
3221:in
2925:).
2822:).
2739:).
2571:Shu
2470:Chu
2271:, "
2223:by
2200:道教徒
2171:in
1860:in
1789:Zen
1646:tao
1636:dào
1615:Tao
1523:or
860:Art
837:Chu
767:Hun
698:Fan
644:Tao
365:POJ
338:IPA
265:IPA
194:ㄉㄠˋ
101:Tao
27704::
27538:Yi
27490:Ti
27483:Si
27451:Qi
27427:Li
27400:Fa
27393:De
22550:/
22121:/
21014:Ik
20825:Mo
18975:Mo
18186:Qi
18085:Pu
18056:De
17855:–
17842:.
17700:.
17696:.
17253:.
17249:.
17214:.
17204:II
17202:.
17198:.
17095:.
17062:.
16698:.
16694:.
16672:.
16396:.
16300:.
16201:.
16159:.
16108:.
16098:33
16096:.
16056:.
16046:12
16044:.
16019:.
15937:.
15907:.
15868:^
15850:.
15842:.
15832:.
15804:^
15790:.
15780:38
15778:.
15753:.
15745:.
15735:66
15733:.
15710:.
15677:.
15652:^
15623:.
15583:^
15542:^
15525:^
15509:.
15497:.
15447:^
15396:^
15357:^
15328:^
15277:^
15178:^
15148:DK
15131:^
15116:^
14994:.
14971:.
14934:.
14908:^
14753:.
14564:.
14560:.
14549:^
14531:^
14516:^
14452:^
14350:.
14346:.
14329:^
14275:.
14240:^
14094:^
13914:.
13910:.
13896:^
13866:.
13831:^
13792:^
13775:^
13711:.
13695:.
13689:.
13627:.
13623:.
13600:^
13546:.
13542:.
13528:^
13514:.
13464:^
13449:^
13422:^
13349:^
13334:^
13319:^
13292:^
13250:^
13169:^
13118:^
13103:^
13088:^
13047:^
12958:.
12935:^
12909:.
12895:.
12891:.
12820:.
12766:^
12667:^
12640:^
12529:^
12450:.
12424:.
12389:^
12353:10
12351:.
12347:.
12335:^
12287:.
12273:^
12259:.
12229:^
12211:.
12205:.
12184:^
12149:^
12102:DK
12083:^
12061:.
12039:.
12002:.
11957:.
11942:^
11928:.
11902:^
11868:,
11856:,
11791:.
11779:;
11745:.
11741:.
11727:^
11688:.
11680:.
11670:66
11668:.
11654:^
11634:.
11622:;
11577:.
11528:^
11502:.
11464:^
11436:^
11409:^
11394:^
11326:^
11240:^
11187:^
11072:^
11043:^
11028:^
11003:^
10984:^
10926:.
10918:.
10908:.
10896::
10870:,
10726:^
10714:}}
10710:{{
10690:.
10686:.
10655:,
10643:,
10541:,
10442:;
10429:^
10407:,
10395:,
10357:^
10194:.
10186:.
10178:.
10162:49
10160:.
10154:.
10093:^
9988:^
9958:^
9885:^
9844:^
9794:^
9776:.
9764:13
9762:.
9758:.
9740:^
9725:^
9698:^
9680:.
9676:.
9640:^
9601:^
9574:^
9547:^
9384:^
9183:^
9169:.
9134:^
9120:.
9084:.
9047:^
9001:^
8970:^
8950:,
8940:,
8928:,
8901:.
8897:.
8857:^
8843:.
8793:^
8769:.
8746:.
8720:^
8657:^
8630:^
8603:^
8575:^
8558:^
8458:.
8436:.
8428:.
8418:55
8416:.
8412:.
8373:.
8365:.
8353:^
8271:.
8249:.
8224:^
8209:^
8178:^
8159:^
8140:^
8098:.
7881:Pu
7767:,
7747:,
7633:.
7625:,
7527:,
7515:,
7473:,
7397:.
7362:.
7283:.
7229:,
7225:,
7117:,
7113:,
7109:,
7101:.
7008:De
6900:,
6896:,
6892:,
6888:,
6884:,
6819:,
6722:,
6596:.
6553:.
6516:,
6484:A
6455:茅山
6366:,
6354:,
6351:道藏
6331:).
6288:;
6243:,
6202:,
6160:,
6143:化書
6052:,
5883:,
5874:c.
5717:莊子
5715:,
5635:c.
5576:.
5531:qi
5518:,
5464:).
5455:c.
5379:.
5355:.
5337:qi
5333:qi
5289:,
5285:,
5270:.
5186:.
5127:.
5040:,
4965:qi
4926:qi
4900:,
4896:,
4830:,
4827:物靈
4821:地祇
4815:天神
4805:神仙
4705:.
4651:qi
4595:).
4566:Qi
4564:,
4444:.
4441:qi
4384:qi
4291:;
4271:;
4254:cí
4251:;
4245:ci
4237:;
4235:三寶
4193:yi
4169:,
4159:pu
4123:,
4097:qi
4041:qi
3913:wu
3869:;
3863:;
3852:pu
3828:qi
3801:,
3783:;
3777:;
3775:自然
3730:De
3722:Te
3717:dé
3714:;
3708:De
3696:De
3678:wú
3537:.
3525:,
3521:,
3505:,
3501:,
3497:,
3461:,
3418:,
3407:.
3387:,
3383:,
3379:,
3375:,
3371:,
3367:,
3308:.
3175:,
3171:zh
3135:龍門
3060:.
3004:,
2662:,
2658:,
2581:)
2547:zh
2520:.
2496:,
2487:.
2447:wu
2416:.
2370:,
2366:,
2346:,
2263:,
2229:c.
2182:法師
2158:道士
2053:c.
1998:;
1996:左傳
1974:;
1972:道學
1964:;
1962:道家
1943:;
1941:道教
1872:.
1841:.
1753:,
1749:,
1704:c.
1685:,
1679:,
1661:,
1657:,
1653:,
1639:;
1593:əm
1581:aʊ
1568:,
1552:əm
1540:aʊ
771:po
752:Qi
650:De
594:on
546:道教
500:道敎
486:도교
467:道教
282:Wu
122:道教
27668::
26184:e
26177:t
26170:v
24088:e
24081:t
24074:v
21091::
20628:/
20379:-
20229:/
20225:/
19502:/
19316:/
19113:e
19106:t
19099:v
18788:e
18781:t
18774:v
18675:)
18671:(
17928:e
17921:t
17914:v
17848:.
17803:.
17779:.
17755:.
17732:.
17710:.
17674:.
17651:.
17632:.
17613:.
17594:.
17562:.
17534:.
17515:.
17496:.
17477:.
17458:.
17439:.
17420:.
17401:.
17382:.
17363:.
17344:.
17325:.
17297:.
17261::
17255:1
17240:.
17177:.
17154:.
17131:.
17107:.
17074:.
17032:.
16995:.
16967:.
16948:.
16929:.
16906:.
16884:.
16863:.
16849:.
16828:.
16809:.
16790:.
16771:.
16750:.
16727:.
16708:.
16682:.
16656:.
16637:.
16600:.
16581:.
16548:.
16529:.
16510:.
16491:.
16469:.
16450:.
16431:.
16408:.
16375:.
16354:.
16335:.
16312:.
16270:.
16251:.
16232:.
16213:.
16171:.
16135:.
16116:.
16104::
16087:.
16064:.
16052::
16031:.
15953:.
15923:.
15893:.
15862:.
15828::
15798:.
15761:.
15741::
15718:.
15685:.
15631:.
15519:.
15505::
15160:.
15099:.
14979:.
14942:.
14836:.
14763:.
14749::
14706:.
14680:.
14664::
14626:.
14576:.
14479:.
14446:.
14416:.
14362:.
14131:.
13926:.
13878:.
13639:.
13558:.
13522:.
13286:.
12969:.
12917:.
12903::
12897:4
12828:.
12463:.
12435:.
12371:.
12329:.
12300:.
12267:.
12223:.
12178:.
12143:.
12114:.
12077:.
12047:.
12010:.
11973:.
11936:.
11864::
11805:.
11757:.
11721:.
11696:.
11676::
11648:.
11588:.
11563:.
11550:.
11510:.
11364:.
10934:.
10904::
10849:.
10720:)
10706:.
10694::
10651::
10488:.
10403::
10227:.
10202:.
10172::
10039:)
9916:.
9788:.
9770::
9692:.
9324:)
9305:.
9241:.
9209:.
9177:.
9128:.
9092:.
8936::
8913:.
8883:.
8851:.
8787:.
8754:.
8597:.
8470:.
8444:.
8424::
8385:.
8287:.
8110:.
7555:(
7519:.
7341:.
7302:(
6982:.
6520:.
6449:神
6430:玄
6413:眞
6397:洞
6394:(
6327:(
6319:(
6311:(
6303:(
6282:(
6265:(
6257:.
6239:(
6223:(
6210:(
6196:(
6184:(
6176:.
6154:(
6140:(
6126:(
6104:(
6092:(
6078:(
6070:.
6048:(
6036:(
6024:(
6016:(
5970:(
5961:.
5953:(
5945:.
5925:.
5872:(
5845:.
5829:(
5819:(
5711:(
5460:(
5449:(
5234:.
5178:(
5044:.
4984:(
4860:(
4725:.
4530:(
4372:(
4358:.
4287:(
4269:儉
4267:(
4249:慈
4247:(
4233:(
4039:(
3859:樸
3855:(
3773:(
3712:德
3710:(
3606:道
3292:.
2959:.
2818:(
2735:(
2677:-
2450:(
2430:,
2227:(
2198:(
2156:(
1994:(
1702:(
1629:(
1627:道
1596:/
1590:z
1587:ɪ
1584:.
1578:t
1575:ˈ
1572:/
1555:/
1549:z
1546:ɪ
1543:.
1537:d
1534:ˈ
1531:/
1527:(
1509:e
1502:t
1495:v
1334:)
851:)
845:(
427:*
96:道
64:)
58:(
53:)
49:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
