Sex-selective abortion

2838:, where selective female abortions were commonplace as male children were preferred. Historically, much of Korea's values and traditions were based on Confucianism that dictated the patriarchal system, motivating the heavy preference for sons. Additionally, even though the abortion ban existed, the combination of son preference and availability of sex-selective technology led to an increasing number of sex-selective abortions and boys born. As a result, South Korea experienced drastically high sex ratios around mid-1980s to early 1990s. However, in recent years, with the changes in family policies and modernization, attitudes towards son preference have changed, normalizing the sex ratio and lowering the number of sex-selective abortions. With that being said, there has been no explicit data on the number of induced sex selective abortions reportedly performed due to the abortion ban and controversy surrounding the topic. Therefore, scholars have been continuously analyzing and generating connections among sex-selection, abortion policies, gender discrimination, and other cultural factors. 2643: 2358: 2229:

mothers having babies after the first, this ratio consistently decreased with each additional baby from 106 towards 103. The age of the mother affected the ratio: the overall ratio was 105 for mothers aged 25 to 35 at the time of birth; while mothers who were below the age of 15 or above 40 had babies with a sex ratio ranging between 94 and 111, and a total sex ratio of 104. This United States study also noted that American mothers of Hawaiian, Filipino, Chinese, Cuban and Japanese ethnicity had the highest sex ratio, with years as high as 114 and average sex ratio of 107 over the 62-year study period. Outside of United States, European nations with extensive birth records, such as Finland, report similar variations in birth sex ratios over a 250-year period, that is from 1751 to 1997 AD.

2999:. Scholars claim this suggests that sex-selective abortions are common in southeast Europe. As of 2017, according to CIA estimates, Albania's birth sex ratio is 109. According to Eurostat and birth record data over 2008–11, the birth sex ratios of Albania and Montenegro for that period were 112 and 110 respectively. In recent years, Montenegrin health authorities have expressed concern with regard to the significant imbalance between the number of male and female births. However the data from CIA in 2017 cites the birth ratio for Montenegro within the normal range, at 106. In recent years, the birth registration data for Macedonia and Kosovo indicate unbalanced birth sex ratios, including a birth rate in 2010 of 112 for Kosovo As 2017, CIA cited both Macedonia and Kosovo at 108. 2694: 3510:). Second, changing the sex composition of children should be advantageous to the parents and the family. A variety of socioeconomic factors can account for this sex preference such as inherence rules, patronymic transmission, dowry systems, social preference of family composition. Third, sex-selective abortion should be necessary because of low or decreasing fertility. Given the existence of the social benefits associated with sons, the need for having sons while maintaining a limited number of children is intensified by low fertility. Low fertility can be a result of social norms of family size, rising marginal costs of an additional child, or birth control policies. 3528: 3019:, if they were only allowed to have one child, 40% of respondents said they would prefer a boy, while only 28% preferred a girl. When told about prenatal-sex selection techniques such as sperm sorting and in-vitro-fertilization embryo selection, 40% of Americans surveyed thought that picking embryos by sex was an acceptable manifestation of reproductive rights. These selection techniques are available at about half of American fertility clinics, as of 2006. However, other studies show a larger preference for females. According to the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 80% of American couples who wanted to get gender selection wanted girls over boys. 3998: 3089: 2193:

from this range for natural reasons such as early marriage and fertility, teenage mothers, average maternal age at birth, paternal age, age gap between father and mother, late births, ethnicity, social and economic stress, warfare, environmental and hormonal effects. This school of scholars support their alternate hypothesis with historical data when modern sex-selection technologies were unavailable, as well as birth sex ratio in sub-regions, and various ethnic groups of developed economies. They suggest that direct abortion data should be collected and studied, instead of drawing conclusions indirectly from human sex ratio at birth.

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scholars, or due to natural causes. The claims that unbalanced sex ratios are necessary due to sex selection have been questioned by some researchers. Some researchers argue that an unbalanced sex ratio should not be automatically held as evidence of prenatal sex-selection; Michel Garenne reports that many African nations have, over decades, witnessed birth sex ratios below 100, that is more girls are born than boys. Angola, Botswana and Namibia have reported birth sex ratios between 94 and 99, which is quite different than the presumed "normal" sex ratio, meaning that significantly more girls have been born in such societies.

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nutrition play at least a small role in the high sex ratios seen in some parts of the world. For example, Alderman and Gerter (1997) found that unequal access to healthcare is a primary cause of female death in developing nations, especially in Southeast Asia. Moreover, in India, lack of equal access to healthcare has led to increased disease and higher rates of female mortality in every age group until the late thirties (Sen 1990). This is particularly noteworthy because, in regions of the world where women receive equal resources, women tend to outlive men (Sen 1990). Women outlive men in all but 2 countries.

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women would face later in life. Since families have the option of selecting for the fetal sex they desire, if they choose not to abort a female fetus, she is more likely to be valued later in life. In this way, sex-selective abortion may be a more humane alternative to infanticide, abandonment, or neglect. Goodkind (1999) poses an essential philosophical question, "if a ban were enacted against prenatal sex testing (or the use of abortion for sex-selective purposes), how many excess postnatal deaths would a society be willing to tolerate in lieu of whatever sex-selective abortions were avoided?"

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government have been modified to protect the "political, economic, cultural, and social" rights of women. Finally, the Chinese government has enacted policies and interventions to help reduce the sex ratio at birth. In 2005, sex-selective abortion was made illegal in China. This came in response to the ever-increasing sex ratio and a desire to try to detract from it and reach a more normal ratio. The sex ratio among firstborn children in urban areas from 2000 to 2005 did not rise at all, so there is hope that this movement is taking hold across the nation.

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sex-selective abortion are typically highly reflective of one's own personal beliefs about abortion in general. Warren (1985:104) argues that there is a difference between acting within one's rights and acting upon the most morally sound choice, implying that sex-selective abortion might be within rights but not morally sound. Warren also notes that, if we are to ever reverse the trend of sex-selective abortion and high sex ratios, we must work to change the patriarchy-based society which breeds the strong son preference.

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due to the belief that, while sons are always part of the family, daughters are only temporary, going to a new family when they marry. Additionally, if a woman's firstborn child is a son, her position in society moves up, while the same is not true of a firstborn daughter. Families in China are aware of the critical lack of female children and its implication on marriage prospects in the future; many parents are beginning to work extra when their sons are young so that they will be able to pay for a bride for them.

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India. Similarly, child sex ratio greater than 115 boys per 100 girls is found in regions where the predominant majority is Hindu, Muslim, Sikh or Christian; furthermore "normal" child sex ratio of 104 to 106 boys per 100 girls are also found in regions where the predominant majority is Hindu, Muslim, Sikh or Christian. These data contradict any hypotheses that may suggest that sex selection is an archaic practice which takes place among uneducated, poor sections or particular religion of the Indian society.

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aging population that is causing the workforce to become increasingly smaller. It is estimated that this new law will lead to two million more births per year and could cause a baby boom in China. In 2015, China officially relaxed its one child law. Unfortunately, many of China's social problems are based on overpopulation. So, it is unclear if this new law will actually lead to women being more valued in Chinese society as the number of citizens increases.

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poorest families, but rises dramatically in the slightly less poor families. Klasen and Wink's 2003 study suggests that this is "related to greater female economic independence and fewer cultural strictures among the poorest sections of the population". In other words, the poorest families are typically less bound by cultural expectations and norms, and women tend to have more freedom to become family breadwinners out of necessity.

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ensure that their child is male (especially if their first child is female), but will not do the same to ensure their child is female. Likely, fear of the harsh monetary punishments of the One-Child Policy make ensuring a son's birth a smart investment. Therefore, son's cultural and economic importance to families and the large expenses associated with multiple children are primary factors leading to China's disparate sex ratio.

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families tend to have more problems with resource allocation, with daughters often receiving fewer resources than sons. Blake (1989) is credited for noting the relationship between family size and childhood "quality." Therefore, if families with daughters continue to be predominantly large, it is likely that the social gap between genders will widen due to traditional cultural discrimination and lack of resource availability.

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discriminatory practices. He found that there were 11 percent fewer women than there "should" have been, if China had the natural sex ratio. This figure, when combined with statistics from around the world, led to a finding of over 100 million missing women. In other words, by the early 1990s, the number of missing women was "larger than the combined casualties of all famines in the twentieth century" (Sen 1990).

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society when they have a male child, but not when they have a female child. Oftentimes, bearing of a son leads to greater legitimacy and agency for the mother. In some regions of the world where son preference is especially strong, sonless women are treated as outcasts. In this way, sex-selective abortion is a way for women to select for male fetuses, helping secure greater family status.

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shame associated with abortion. MacPherson claims this media campaign was not effective because some perceived this as an attack on their character, leading to many becoming closed off, rather than opening a dialogue about the issue. This emphasis on morality, claims MacPherson, increased fear and shame associated with all abortions, leading to an increase in unsafe abortions in India.

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trying to avoid penalties when girls were born, and local government concealing the lack of enforcement from the central government. This implied that the sex disparity of the Chinese newborns was likely exaggerated significantly in previous analyses. Though the degree of data discrepancy, the challenge in relation to sex-ratio imbalance in China is still disputed among scholars.

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regional numbers according to 2011 census—Haryana's ratio was 120, Punjab's ratio was 118, Jammu & Kashmir was 116, and Gujarat's ratio was 111. The 2011 Census found eastern states of India had birth sex ratios between 103 and 104, lower than normal. In contrast to decadal nationwide census data, small non-random sample surveys report higher child sex ratios in India.

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determination techniques, except for in diagnosing hereditary diseases. Individuals or clinics that violated the ban on prenatal determination at the request of the mother were subject to financial penalties, and the ban was repeatedly affirmed in the 1980s, early 1990s, and early 2000s. However, many people have personal connections to medical practitioners and strong

2082:. Based on the third National Family and Health Survey, results showed that if both partners, mother and father, or just the father, preferred male children, sex-selective abortion was more common. In cases where only the mother prefers sons, this is likely to result in sex-selective neglect in which the child is not likely to survive past infancy. 3812:, high male sex ratios and declining birth rates over several decades have led to cross-cultural marriage between local men and foreign women from countries such as mainland China, Vietnam and the Philippines. However, sex-selective abortion is not the only cause of this phenomenon; it is also related to migration and declining fertility. 3773:, which limited many families to one child, unless specified by provincial regulations. It was instituted as an attempt to boost the Chinese economy. Under it, families who break rules regarding the number of children they are allowed are given various punishments (primarily monetary), dependent upon the province in which they live. 3489:

other factor(s) may be at play. More detailed analysis of African demographics, in 2002, suggests that Africa too has wide variation in birth sex ratios (from 1.01 in Bantu populations of East Africa to 1.08 in Nigeria and Ethiopia). Thus economic disadvantage remains a possible unresolved hypothesis for Africa as well.

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social conditions, followed by the birth of more women and sex ratios moving back to natural levels. This claim is supported by the work of demographer Nathan Keifitz. Keifitz (1983) wrote that as women become fewer, their relative position in society will increase. However, to date, no data has supported this claim.

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ambiguity among some clinics that offer prenatal care services, and the role of a few medical practitioners in disregarding the law. At the start of passing this act, women were still able to travel across borders to continue having sex-selective abortions. This was until the national PNDT was passed in 1996.

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states that "For many years, anti-choice lawmakers have tried to ban abortion using every possible reason and excuse –including, now, on the grounds of purported concern about race or sex selection." There is concern that such bans may put women who seek sex-selective abortions in danger because they

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feminists is the difficulty of reconciling a pro-choice position with moral objections one might have to sex selective abortion (especially since it has been used primarily on female fetuses), much less the advocacy of a law banning sex-selective abortion." As a result, arguments both for and against

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As stated above, the sex ratios of a province are largely determined by the type of restriction placed upon the family, pointing to the conclusion that much of the imbalance in sex ratio in China can be attributed to the policy. Research by Junhong (2001) found that many parents are willing to pay to

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more than female and that, consequently, parents should prefer males when resources are plentiful and females when resources are scarce. This has been applied to resource differences between individuals in a society and also to resource differences between societies. Empirical evidence is mixed, with

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Edhi Foundation has found 355 such dead infants from the garbage dumps across the country in 2017; 99 percent of them were identified girls. And Karachi has topped in this notorious ranking with 180 cases in 2017. As many as 72 dead girls have been buried in the first four months of this year by Edhi

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In 2017, two Pakistani organisations discovered large cases of infanticide in Pakistani cities. This was led by the Edhi Foundation and Chhipa Welfare Foundation. The infanticide was mainly almost all were female infants. The reason given by the local authorities were poverty and local customs, where

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India passed its first abortion-related law, the so-called Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971, making abortion legal in most states, but specified legally acceptable reasons for abortion such as medical risk to mother and rape. The law also established physicians who can legally provide the

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The Indian census data suggests there is a positive correlation between abnormal sex ratio and better socio-economic status and literacy. Urban India has higher child sex ratio than rural India according to 1991, 2001 and 2011 Census data, implying higher prevalence of sex selective abortion in urban

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practices. The finding questioned the earlier assumptions that rural Chinese villagers aborted their daughters on a massive scale and concluded that as many as 10 to 15 million missing women hadn't received proper birth registration since 1982. The reason for underreporting was attributed to families

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Bias is due to the unreported births in hospitals which makes a slight difference on the data they report vs the census. If parents obtain sex testing before birth, and abortion was made and it was based on female fetus, it is more likely for the abortion to happen in the hospital for safety purposes

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Female Selective abortions in Asia are predominantly practiced in areas such as Taiwan, China, and India. The Sex ratio at birth in Asia based on worldwide data is 104 and 107 males per 100 females, which was the accepted norm before sex selective abortion was available. Unfortunately, census results

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Some scholars believe that when sex ratios are high, women actually become valued more because of their relative shortage. Park and Cho (1995) suggest that as women become more scarce, they may have "increased value for conjugal and reproductive functions" (75). Eventually, this could lead to better

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and instead promoting its use. However, the contraceptives were not widely available, both because of lack of supply and because of cultural taboo against discussing sex. Efforts were slowed following the famine of 1959–61 but were resumed shortly thereafter with virtually the same results. Then, in

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Some demographers question whether sex-selective abortion or infanticide claims are accurate, because underreporting of female births may also explain high sex ratios. Natural reasons may also explain some of the abnormal sex ratios. In contrast to these possible causes of abnormal sex ratio, Klasen

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Disparate, gendered access to resources appears to be strongly linked to socioeconomic status. Specifically, poorer families are sometimes forced to ration food, with daughters typically receiving less priority than sons. However, Klasen's 2001 study revealed that this practice is less common in the

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the sex ratio in Armenia is seen to be a function of birth order. The article claimed that among first born children, there are 138 boys for every 100 girls. Overall, the birth sex ratio in Armenia exceeded 115 in some years, far higher than India's which was cited at 108. While these high birth sex

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Hardy, Gu, and Xie suggest sex-selective abortion is more prevalent in rural China because son preference is much stronger there. Urban areas of China, on average, are moving toward greater equality for both sexes, while rural China tends to follow more traditional views of gender. This is partially

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China, the most populous country in the world, has a serious problem with an unbalanced sex ratio population. A 2010 BBC article stated that the sex birth ratio was 119 boys born per 100 girls, which rose to 130 boys per 100 girls in some rural areas. The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences estimated

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at 83. There were ratios of 102 and below in several countries, most of them African countries or Black/African majority population Caribbean countries: Angola, Aruba, Barbados, Bermuda, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Republic of

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noted that in London over a 35-year period in the 17th century (1628–62), the birth sex ratio was 1.07; while Korea's historical records suggest a birth sex ratio of 1.13, based on 5 million births, in 1920s over a 10-year period. Other historical records from Asia too support James' hypothesis. For

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James cautions that available scientific evidence stands against the above assumptions and conclusions. He reports that there is an excess of males at birth in almost all human populations, and the natural sex ratio at birth is usually between 102 and 108. However the ratio may deviate significantly

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and scholarships only available to girls, where payments to a girl and her parents are linked to each stage of her life, such as when she is born, completion of her childhood immunization, her joining school at grade 1, her completing school grades 6, 9 and 12, her marriage past age 21. Some states

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In 2013, China announced plans to formally change the One-Child policy, making it less stringent. The National People's Congress has changed the policy to allow couples to have two children, so long as one of the partners is an only child. This change was not sparked by sex ratios, but rather by an

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In modern East Asia, a large part of the pattern of preferences leading to this practice can be condensed simply as a desire to have a male heir. Monica Das Gupta (2005) observes, from 1989 birth data for China, there was no evidence of selective abortion of female fetuses among firstborn children.

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or withholding of postnatal health care for girls in certain households. Furthermore, in some cultures sons are expected to take care of their parents in their old age. These factors are complicated by the effect of diseases on child sex ratio, where communicable and noncommunicable diseases affect

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The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common in areas where cultural norms value male children over female children for a variety of social and economic reasons. A son is often preferred as an "asset" since he can earn and support the family; a daughter is a "liability" since she will be

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Increased sex ratios can be caused by disparities in aspects of life other than vital resources. According to Sen (1990), differences in wages and job advancement also have a dramatic effect on sex ratios. This is why high sex ratios are sometimes seen in nations with little sex-selective abortion.

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and India's National Human Rights Commission, in 2009, asked the Government of India to assess the impact of the law. The Public Health Foundation of India, an activist NGO in its 2010 report, claimed a lack of awareness about the Act in parts of India, inactive role of the Appropriate Authorities,

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in 1994. This law was further amended into the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and sex selective abortion. The impact of the law and its enforcement is unclear. However, research

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In a 2005 study, Zhu, Lu, and Hesketh found that the highest sex ratio was for those ages 1–4, and two provinces, Tibet and Xinjiang, had sex ratios within normal limits. Two other provinces had a ratio over 140, four had ratios between 130 and 139, and seven had ratios between 120 and 129, each of

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When sex ratio began being studied in China in 1960, it was still within the normal range. However, it climbed to 111.9 by 1990 and to 118 by 2010 per its official census. Researchers believe that the causes of this sex ratio imbalance are increased female infant mortality, underreporting of female

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of the world, having unbalanced gender ratios. Studies and reports focusing on sex-selective abortion are predominantly statistical; they assume that birth-sex ratio—the overall ratio of boys and girls at birth—for a regional population is an indicator of sex-selective abortion. This assumption has

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In India, according to a 2007 study by MacPherson, Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) was highly publicized by NGOs and the government. Many of the ads used depicted abortion as violent, creating fear of abortion itself within the population. The ads focused on the religious and moral

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There are many controversies surrounding sex-selective abortion. Just like the practice of sex-selective abortion has been criticized, the solutions proposed or enacted by governments have also been criticized. Eklund & Purewal argued that the response to a patriarchal practice (sex selection)

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As Park and Cho (1995) note, families in areas with high sex ratios that have mostly sons tend to be smaller than those with mostly daughters (because the families with mostly sons appear to have used sex-selective techniques to achieve their "ideal" composition). Particularly in poor areas, large

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Economic disadvantage alone may not always lead to increased sex ratio, claimed Sen in 1990. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, one of the most economically disadvantaged regions of the world, there is an excess of women. So, if economic disadvantage is uncorrelated with sex ratio in Africa, some

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was in the 105 to 108 range. After the collapse, the birth sex ratios sharply climbed and have remained high for the last 20 years. Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan have seen strongly imbalanced birth sex ratios in the first decade of the 21st century. In Georgia, the birth sex ratio for the years

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Abnormal sex ratios at birth, possibly explained by growing incidence of sex-selective abortion, have also been noted in some other countries outside South and East Asia. According to CIA, the most imbalanced birth sex ratios in Europe (2017) are in Liechtenstein, Armenia, Albania, Azerbaijan, San

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The launch of ultrasonography technology in India too occurred in 1979, but its expansion was slower than China. Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in the 1980s, its use expanded in India's urban regions in the 1990s, and became widespread in the

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if it had the same ratio of women to men as Europe and the United States. According to Sen, the high birth sex ratio over decades implies a female shortfall of 11% in Asia, or over 100 million women as missing from the 3 billion combined population of South Asia, West Asia, North Africa and China.

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UNICEF and UNFPA have partnered with the Chinese government and grassroots-level women's groups such as All China Women's Federation to promote gender equality in policy and practice, as well engage various social campaigns to help lower birth sex ratio and to reduce excess female child mortality

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Goodkind (1999) argues that sex-selective abortion should not be banned purely because of its discriminatory nature. Instead, he argues, we must consider the overall lifetime possibilities of discrimination. In fact, it is possible that sex-selective abortion takes away much of the discrimination

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The child sex ratio in India shows a regional pattern. India's 2011 census found that all eastern and southern states of India had a child sex ratio between 103 and 107, typically considered as the "natural ratio." The highest sex ratios were observed in India's northern and northwestern states –

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For India, the United Nations FPA claims a birth sex ratio of 111 over 2008–10 period, while The World Bank and India's official 2011 Census reports a birth sex ratio of 108. These variations and data reliability is important as a rise from 108 to 109 for India, or 117 to 118 for China, each with

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In a 2005 study, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported sex ratio at birth in the United States from 1940 over 62 years. This statistical evidence suggested the following: For mothers having their first baby, the total sex ratio at birth was 106 overall, with some years at 107. For

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James' hypothesis is supported by historical birth sex ratio data before technologies for ultrasonographic sex-screening were discovered and commercialized in the 1960s and 1970s, as well by reverse abnormal sex ratios currently observed in Africa. Michel Garenne reports that many African nations

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Recent studies have expanded the understanding of this issue by quantifying trends in conditional sex ratios (CSRs) among Asian diaspora populations in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US, showing that sex selection practices have persisted among diaspora communities from 1999 to 2019. Research

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The law on sex-selective abortion is unresolved in the United Kingdom. In order for an abortion to be legal, doctors need to show that continuing the pregnancy could threaten the physical or mental health of the mother. In a recent case, two doctors were caught on camera offering a sex-selective

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Many scholars have noted the difficulty in reconciling the discriminatory nature of sex-selective abortion with the right of women to have control over their own bodies. This conflict manifests itself primarily when discussing laws about sex-selective abortion. Weiss (1995:205) writes: "The most

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Lopez and Ruzikah (1983) found that, when given the same resources, women tend to outlive men at all stages of life after infancy. However, globally, resources are not always allocated equitably. Thus, some scholars argue that disparities in access to resources such as healthcare, education, and

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based on surveys in 61 major countries calculates the sex ratios that would result if parents had the number of sons and daughters they want. In 35 countries, claims Bongaarts, the desired birth sex ratio in respective countries would be more than 110 boys for every 100 girls if parents in these

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A study of the 2000 United States Census suggests possible male bias in families of Chinese, Korean and Indian immigrants, which was getting increasingly stronger in families where the first one or two children were female. In those families where the first two children were girls, the birth-sex

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These illegal births have led to underreporting of female infants. Zeng et al., using a reverse survival method, estimate that underreporting keeps about 2.26% male births and 5.94% female births off the books. Adjusting for unreported illegal births, they conclude that the corrected Chinese sex

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In the United States, the sex ratios at birth over the period 1970–2002 were 105 for the white non-Hispanic population, 104 for Mexican Americans, 103 for African Americans and Native Americans, and 107 for mothers of Chinese or Filipino ethnicity. In the aggregated results of 56 Demographic and

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The government of India, in a 2011 report, has begun better educating all stakeholders about its MTP and PCPNDT laws. In its communication campaigns, it is clearing up public misconceptions by emphasizing that sex determination is illegal, but abortion is legal for certain medical conditions in

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It has been suggested by Belanger (2002) that sex-selective abortion may have positive effects on the mother choosing to abort the female fetus. This is related to the historical duty of mothers to produce a son in order to carry on the family name. As previously mentioned, women gain status in

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According to the 2012 report of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities on sex imbalances at birth, there are three preconditions for sex-selective abortion. First, the practice should be feasible with the availability of abortion methods and prenatal sex-screening technologies (e.g.,

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Estimates of implied missing girls, considering the "normal" birth sex ratio to be the 103–107 range, vary considerably between researchers and underlying assumptions for expected post-birth mortality rates for men and women. For example, a 2005 study estimated that over 90 million females were

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For Pakistan, the United Nations Population Fund, in its 2012 report estimates the Pakistan birth sex ratio to be 110. In the urban regions, particularly its densely populated region of Punjab, report a sex ratio above 112 (less than 900 females per 1000 males). Hudson and Den Boer estimate the

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The Indian government and various advocacy groups have continued the debate and discussion about ways to prevent sex selection. The immorality of prenatal sex selection has been questioned, with some arguments in favor of prenatal discrimination as more humane than postnatal discrimination by a

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The idea of "missing women" was first suggested by Amartya Sen, one of the first scholars to study high sex ratios and their causes globally, in 1990. In order to illustrate the gravity of the situation, he calculated the number of women that were not alive because of sex-selective abortion or

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and refers to the durable goods, cash, and real or movable property that the bride's family gives to the bridegroom, his parents, or his relatives as a condition of the marriage. Dowry consists of a payment in cash or some kind of gifts given to the bridegroom's family along with the bride and

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became a cornerstone of the family, and thus, societal stability. Starting from the Han period, Confucians began to teach that a virtuous woman was supposed to follow the males in her family: the father before her marriage, the husband after she marries, and her sons in widowhood. In the later

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India's 2001 census revealed a national 0–6 age child sex ratio of 108, which increased to 109 according to 2011 census (927 girls per 1000 boys and 919 girls per 1000 boys respectively, compared to expected normal ratio of 943 girls per 1000 boys). The national average masks the variations in

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There is controversy about the notion of the exact natural sex ratio at birth. In a study around 2002, the natural sex ratio at birth was estimated to be close to 1.06 males/female. There is controversy whether sex ratios outside the 103-107 range are due to sex-selection, as suggested by some

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into the past four decades of sex-selective abortions in China highlights the significant role these practices have played in shaping the country's demographic profile, despite challenges in estimating exact numbers due to underreporting and the controversial level of sex ratio at birth (SRB).

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China's government has increasingly recognized its role in a reduction of the national sex ratio. As a result, since 2005, it has sponsored a "boys and girls are equal campaign." For example, in 2000, the Chinese government began the "Care for Girls" Initiative. Furthermore, several levels of

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Although there is significant evidence of the prevalence of sex-selective abortions in many nations (especially India and China), there is also evidence to suggest that some of the variation in global sex ratios is due to disparate access to resources. As MacPherson (2007) notes, there can be

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The birth sex ratio in China, according to a 2012 news report, has decreased to 117 males born for every 100 females. The sex ratio peaked in 2004 at around 121, and had declined to around 112 in 2017. The ratio was forecast to drop below 112 by 2020 and 107 by 2030, according to the National

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China launched its first ultrasonography machine in 1979. Chinese health care clinics began introducing ultrasound technologies that could be used to determine prenatal sex in 1982. By 1991, Chinese companies were producing 5,000 ultrasonography machines per year. Almost every rural and urban

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The two most studied nations with high sex ratio and sex-selective abortion are China and India. The CIA estimates a birth sex ratio of 112 for both in recent years. However, The World Bank claims the birth sex ratio for China in 2009 was 120 boys for every 100 girls; while United Nations FPA

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compared the birth sex ratio in Europe (106) and the United States (105) with those in Asia (107+) and argued that the high sex ratios in East Asia, West Asia and South Asia may be due to excessive female mortality. Sen pointed to research that had shown that if men and women receive similar

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Rutherford and Roy, in their 2003 paper, suggest that techniques for determining sex prenatally that were pioneered in the 1970s, gained popularity in India. These techniques, claim Rutherford and Roy, became broadly available in 17 of 29 Indian states by the early 2000s. Such prenatal sex

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One school of scholars suggest that any birth sex ratio of boys to girls that is outside of the normal 105–107 range, necessarily implies sex-selective abortion. These scholars claim that both the sex ratio at birth and the population sex ratio are remarkably constant in human populations.

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The natural human sex ratio at birth was estimated, in a 2002 study, to be close to 106 boys to 100 girls. Human sex ratio at birth that is significantly different from 106 is often assumed to be correlated to the prevalence and scale of sex-selective abortion. Countries considered to have

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became widely available in urban and rural China that sex was able to be determined scientifically. In 1986, the Ministry of Health posted the Notice on Forbidding Prenatal Sex Determination, but it was not widely followed. Three years later, the Ministry of Health outlawed the use of sex

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the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kazakhstan, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, Zambia.

2138:—the relative number of males to females in a given age group. Studies and reports that discuss sex-selective abortion are based on the assumption that birth sex ratio—the overall ratio of boys and girls at birth for a regional population, is an indicator of sex-selective abortion. 2556:

births and sex-selective abortion. According to Zeng et al. (1993), the most prominent cause is probably sex-selective abortion, but this is difficult to prove that in a country with little reliable birth data because of the hiding of "illegal" (under the One-Child Policy) births.

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should not be another patriarchal practice (restricting women's reproductive rights), as such a situation creates a cycle: women's social status is lowered, which in turn leads to more sex-selective abortions. The association of public discourse on sex-selective abortion with the

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is deeply patriarchal. Pre-modern Chinese society was predominantly patriarchal and patrilineal from at least the 11th century BC onwards. There has long been a son preference in China, leading to high rates of female infanticide, as well as a strong tradition of restricting the

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perspective; in India, although the abortion law is relatively liberal, most efforts are put into preventing sex-selective abortion, rather than adequate access to safe abortion, as a result nearly 78% of all abortions in India take place outside of health facilities, with such

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are offering higher pension benefits to parents who raise one or two girls. Different states of India have been experimenting with various innovations in their girl-driven welfare policies. For example, the state of Delhi adopted a pro-girl policy initiative (locally called

3022:

However, it is notable that minority groups that immigrate into the United States bring their cultural views and mindsets into the country with them. A study carried out at a Massachusetts infertility clinic shows that the majority of couples using these techniques, such as

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boys are preferred to girls. However, the large discovery in Karachi shows that many of the female infants were killed because of the local Islamic clerics, who ordered out of wedlock babies should be disregarded. As, babies born out of wedlock in Islam is considered a sin.

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is the property that parents of a female transfer at her marriage. Dowry is an ancient practice, that has been common in many cultures around the world, and which is today prevalent especially in South Asia. The custom of dowry is most common in cultures that are strongly

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to be 106, while the Switzerland's Federal Statistical Office that tracks actual live births of boys and girls every year, reports the latest birth sex ratio for Switzerland as 107. Other variations are more significant; for example, CIA projects the birth sex ratio for

3125:

alone, and suggested that sex-selective abortion plays a role in this deficit. For early 1990s, Sen estimated 107 million missing women, Coale estimated 60 million as missing, while Klasen estimated 89 million missing women in China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal,

3602:, one-fourth of the population preserved only half the daughters, while other 3/4th of the population had balanced sex ratio. There were 118 males per 100 females. This is comparable to the contemporary sex ratio in the area, now divided between India and Pakistan. 3760:

Following the 1949 creation of the People's Republic of China, the issue of population control came into the national spotlight. In the early years of the Republic, leaders believed that telling citizens to reduce their fertility was enough, repealing laws banning

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family that does not want a female child. Others question whether the morality of sex selective abortion is any different over morality of abortion when there is no risk to the mother nor to the fetus, and abortion is used as a means to end an unwanted pregnancy.

2813:"We have been dealing with such cases for years and there are a few such incidents which shook our souls as much. It left us wondering whether our society is heading back to primitive age," Anwar Kazmi, a senior manager in Edhi Foundation Karachi, told The News. 2142:

significant practices of sex-selective abortion are those with birth sex ratios of 108 and above (selective abortion of females), and 102 and below (selective abortion of males). This assumption is controversial, and the subject of continuing scientific studies.

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but can also reveal the sex of the child and are performed early in the pregnancy. However, they are often more expensive and more dangerous than blood sampling or ultrasonography, so they are seen less frequently than other sex determination techniques.

3134:. Guilmoto, in his 2010 report, uses recent data (except for Pakistan), and estimates a much lower number of missing girls, but notes that the higher sex ratios in numerous countries have created a gender gap – shortage of girls – in the 0–19 age group. 2443:

Prenatal sex determination is restricted in many countries, and so is the communication of the sex of the fetus to the pregnant woman or her family, in order to prevent sex selective abortion. In India, prenatal sex determination is regulated under the

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in China, and efforts from the governments of several Asian countries, including India and South Korea, from the 1970s onward to limit the number of children a family could have, which have intensified the desire to quickly have a son. An article by

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The male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data from 1941 through to 2011. The data suggests the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in

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of fetal sexes can be correctly determined, according to a 2001 study. Accuracy for males is approximately 50% and for females almost 100%. When performed after week 13 of pregnancy, ultrasonography gives an accurate result in almost 100% of cases.

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Ministry of Health. 1989. "Urgent notice on strictly forbidding the use of medical technology to perform prenatal sex determination," reprinted in Peng Peiyun (ed.), 1997, Family Planning Encyclopedia of China. Beijing: China Population Press, pp.

9999: 4010:

The practice of prenatal sex selection has been condemned internationally. It is often seen as a result of discriminatory social views which consider females inferior to males. In 1994 over 180 states signed the Programme of Action of the

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Hardee, Karen, Gu Baochang, and Xie Zhenming. 2000. "Holding up more than half the sky:Fertility control and women's empowerment in China,"paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, March 23–25, Los

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has reported a sex ratio at birth between 1.07 and 1.11 every year, across 4 million births, over the 20-year period from 1991 to 2011, with the highest birth sex ratios in the 2000s. Sex-selective abortion is reported to be common in

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Ministry of Health and State Family Planning Commission.1986. "Notice on strictly forbidding prenatal sex determination," reprinted in Peng Peiyun(ed.), 1997, Family Planning Encyclopedia of China. Beijing: China Population Press, p.

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of India has targeted education and media advertisements to reach clinics and medical professionals to increase awareness. The Indian Medical Association has undertaken efforts to prevent prenatal sex selection by giving its members

7858: 6167: 3571:, which stipulate that female seclusion and confinement to the home is necessary. Such practices are prevalent among some Muslim and Hindu communities in South Asia. When females interact with men, or are believed to do so, the " 2365:

and would have been reported. With no comparative data with hospitals vs nonhospital births the length of biased would be unable to determine opposed to those countries where most hospital births occur and are actually reported.

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stated that: "To starve to death is a small matter, but to lose one's chastity is a great matter." The "cult of chastity" accordingly, condemned many widows to poverty and loneliness by placing a social stigma on remarriage.

2321:'s sex ratio is far worse than that of those countries, but little has been discussed about it, and virtually no suggestions have been made that it may practice sex selection, although it is a very conservative country where 3989:

may seek unsafe abortions, and that these bans do not address the root cause of sex-selective abortion, including the pregnant women's fear that they or their future daughters will suffer abuse, violence and stigmatization.

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Arnold, Kishor, and Roy, in their 2002 paper, too hypothesize that modern fetal sex screening techniques have skewed child sex ratios in India. Ganatra et al., in their 2000 paper, use a small survey sample to estimate that

3732:, a low-status group. They "had a female-biased sex ratio at birth, were more likely to abort a fetus after having had one or more daughters, nursed their daughters longer, and sent their daughters to school for longer." 3473:

significant differences in gender violence and access to food, healthcare, immunizations between male and female children. This leads to high infant and childhood mortality among girls, which causes changes in sex ratio.

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Other recent policy initiatives adopted by numerous states of India, claims Guilmoto, attempt to address the assumed economic disadvantage of girls by offering support to girls and their parents. These policies provide

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example, Jiang et al. claim that the birth sex ratio in China was 116–121 over a 100-year period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; in the 120–123 range in the early 20th century; falling to 112 in the 1930s.

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India. The government is also supporting implementation of programs and initiatives that seek to reduce gender discrimination, including media campaign to address the underlying social causes of sex selection.

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and data collection, which can complicate the issue. With regard to the prevalence of sex selection, the media and international attention has focused mainly on a few countries, such as China, India and the

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Because of this movement toward sex preference and selection, many bans on sex-selective abortion have been proposed at the state and federal level. In 2010 and 2011, sex-selective abortions were banned in

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This has led to particular concern due to a critical shortage of wives. In some rural areas, there is already a shortage of women, which is tied to migration into urban areas (Park and Cho 1995). In

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includes cash, jewelry, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils and other household items that help the newlyweds set up their home. Disputes regarding dowry sometimes lead to

10006: 7079: 10042: 6206: 9906: 3756:, China, keeping track of the town's female population, listing recent births by name and noting that several thousand yuan of fines for unauthorized births remain unpaid from the previous year. 2869:

had a sex ratio at birth of 1.12 male/female. A 2001 study on births in the late 1990s concluded that "sex selection or sex-selective abortion might be practiced among Hong Kong Chinese women".

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From January 2017 to April 2018, Edhi Center foundation and Chhipa Welfare organisation have found 345 such new born babies dumped in garbage in Karachi only and 99 percent of them were girls.

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abortion but the Director of Public Prosecution deemed it not in the public interest to proceed with the prosecution. Following this incidence, MPs voted 181 to 1 for a Bill put forward by

10331: 13383: 3668:

Wedding gifts for the son of the Imam of Delhi, India, with soldiers and 2000 guests. Large dowries are expected among several populations in South Asia, especially in India and Pakistan.

986: 7877: 6178: 2101:

been questioned by some scholars. Researchers have shown that in India there are approximately 50,000 to 100,000 female abortions each year, significantly affecting the human sex ratio.

9789: 7276: 10309: 10196: 9677: 7635: 8142: 6135: 10278: 7303: 4694: 3848:. Moreover, Ullman and Fidell (1989) suggested that pornography and sex-related crimes of violence (i.e., rape and molestation) would also increase with an increasing sex ratio. 6073: 10417: 9759: 3598:

of girls or to abandon them. The modern practice of sex-selective abortion is therefore a continuation of other historical practices. During the 19th century, in the Northwest

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The estimates for birth sex ratios, and thus derived sex-selective abortion, are a subject of dispute as well. For example, United States' CIA projects the birth sex ratio for

4425:"Gene-culture coevolution and sex ratios: the effects of infanticide, sex-selective abortion, sex selection, and sex-biased parental investment on the evolution of sex ratios" 2544:, which, within the country's deeply patriarchal culture, resulted in an unbalanced birth sex ratio. The one child policy was enforced throughout the years, including through 9870: 8643:

United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA). Sex imbalances at birth: current trends, consequences and policy implications. United Nations: Bangkok, Thailand; 2012.

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MacPherson estimates that 100,000 sex-selective abortions every year continue to be performed in India. For a contrasting perspective, in the United States with a population

3687:

Kirti Singh states that dowry is widely considered to be both a cause and a consequence of son preference, and this may lead to girls being unwanted, sex selective abortion,

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respectively, out of 23 million world-wide, according to a 2019 study. Given that the total number of recorded abortions is much lower than that, some dispute those numbers.

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married off to another family, and so will not contribute financially to her parents. Sex selective female abortion is a continuation, in a different form, of a practice of

7391: 5825: 2748: 8458: 7216: 3617:. Although the legal and social standing of women have greatly improved in the 20th century, son preference remains still strong, and the situation was aggravated by the 9308: 2175:

Other scholars question whether birth sex ratio outside 103–107 can be due to natural reasons. William James and others suggest that conventional assumptions have been:

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and sex work (both forced and self-elected), as many men will be willing to do more to obtain a sexual partner (Junhong 2001). Already, there are reports of women from

4304: 3015:

While the vast majority of parents in the United States do not practice sex-selective abortion, there is certainly a trend toward male preference. According to a 2011

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Foundation alone in the metropolitan city. The given data is just tip of the iceberg as Edhi foundation maintains the data of those cities where it provides services.

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to be 105, United Nations FPA office claims the birth sex ratio for Pakistan to be 110, while the government of Pakistan claims its average birth sex ratio is 111.

13872: 10222: 6968: 3027:

came from a Chinese or Asian background. This is thought to branch from the social importance of giving birth to male children in China and other Asian countries.

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With increasing availability of sex screening technologies in India through the 1980s in urban India, and claims of its misuse, the Government of India passed the

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based on Union government data indicates foeticide of at least 9 million females in the years 2000–2019. The research found that 86.7% of these foeticides were by

2514: 1487: 8424: 8369: 2097: 8272:

Verropoulou G, Tsimbos C (May 2010). "Differentials in sex ratio at birth among natives and immigrants in Greece: an analysis employing nationwide micro-data".

2225:

Health Surveys in African countries, the birth sex ratio was found to be 103, though there is also considerable country-to-country, and year-to-year variation.

12933: 12340: 5511:

National Vital Statistics Reports: From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System

4012: 528: 2623:

reported that the missing women might be largely a result of administrative under-reporting and that delayed registration of females, instead of abortion and

7194: 5581: 7356: 6937: 5978: 5918: 5744: 2409:, either transvaginally or transabdominally, checks for various markers of fetal sex. It can be performed at or after week 12 of pregnancy. At this point, 7942: 7071: 6660:

Yi Z, Ping T, Baochang G, Yi X, Bohua L, Yongpiing L (1993). "Causes and implications of the recent increase in the reported sex ratio at birthin China".

5953: 2523:

A roadside slogan calls motorists to crack down on medically unnecessary antenatal sex identification and sex-selective pregnancy termination practices. (

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Guttentag and Secord (1983) hypothesized that when the proportion of males throughout the world is greater, there is likely to be more violence and war.

2642: 2159:

nutritional and medical attention and good health care then females have better survival rates, and it is the male which is the genetically fragile sex.

739: 10031: 6214: 10598: 9393: 6081: 10165: 9424: 7426:(Report). Vol. 21. Mumbai, India Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: International Institute for Population Sciences, East-West Center Program on Population. 6696: 6051: 4388: 14267: 13650: 6884: 2960:

claims suggests that the practice of sex-selective abortion in the Caucasus has been similar to those in East Asia and South Asia in recent decades.

2322: 1898: 1261: 10143: 6620: 2933:

has been named a "male-dominated region", and as families have become smaller in recent years, the pressures to have sons has increased. Before the

2752:

shows that there was about a 0.7%-1% increase in female births after the PNDT Act was passed in 1994. Unfortunately, this data was not significant.

13087: 10395: 7048: 5183: 2030: 690: 10369: 6228: 5896: 5421: 10520: 10327: 10074: 9820: 9615: 7161: 6914: 4016: 3724:

higher support in better studies, according to Cronk in a 2007 review. One example: in a 1997 study of a group with a preference for females was

3550:

The reason for intensifying sex-selection abortion in China and India can be seen through history and cultural background. Generally, before the

9090: 8103: 4365: 13008: 11581: 10067: 3952:

th of India, over 189,000 abortions were performed in 2011, or a yearly rate of 17.5 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44. The average for the

2772:

In November 2007, MacPherson estimated that 100,000 abortions every year continue to be performed in India solely because the fetus is female.

603: 10313: 9781: 7283: 10188: 9240: 7592:

Goodkind D (1996). "On substituting sex preference strategies in East Asia: Does pre-natal sex selection reduce post natal discrimination?".

9842: 9646: 8562: 8399: 7627: 6012: 2686:(116). The western states of Maharashtra and Rajasthan 2011 census found a child sex ratio of 113, Gujarat at 112 and Uttar Pradesh at 111. 13655: 10681: 6853: 6104: 2744:

procedure and the facilities where abortions can be performed, but did not anticipate sex selective abortion based on technology advances.

2560:

ratio at birth for 1989 was 111 rather than 115. These national averages over time, mask the regional sex ratio data. For example, in 2005

2130:

at birth can vary for natural reasons as well as from sex-selective abortion. In many nations abortion is legal (see above map, dark blue).

1266: 10286: 9138: 8134: 3594:

in another fashion shortly after her husband's death. Such societies, in placing almost no value on females, encouraged parents to commit

2209:

have reported birth sex ratios between 94 and 99, which is quite different from the presumed 104 to 106 as natural human birth sex ratio.

13625: 13229: 12771: 12365: 1236: 832: 358: 6434:"The Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions" 2583:

Traditional Chinese techniques have been used to determine sex for hundreds of years, primarily with unknown accuracy. It was not until

2151:

Significant deviations in birth sex ratios from the normal range can only be explained by manipulation, that is sex-selective abortion.

12918: 12278: 9023:

Wu X (2009). "周代男女角色定位及其对现代社会的影响" [Role orientation of men and women in the Zhou Dynasty and their effects on modern society].

7445:

Sudha S, Irudaya RS (July 1999). "Female demographic disadvantage in India 1981-1991: sex selective abortions and female infanticide".

4779:"Systematic assessment of the sex ratio at birth for all countries and estimation of national imbalances and regional reference levels" 4705: 513: 10253: 6433: 3766:

1964, the Family Planning Office was established to enforce stricter guidelines regarding fertility and it was moderately successful.

10421: 9755: 5526: 4237:

Goodkind D (1999). "Should Prenatal Sex Selection be Restricted?: Ethical Questions and Their Implications for Research and Policy".

4027:

Many nations have attempted to address sex-selective abortion rates through a combination of media campaigns and policy initiatives.

3558:. Labor is still important in developing nations as China and India, but when it comes to family lineage, it is of great importance. 10542: 10279:"Arizona Revised Statutes, 13-3603.02. Abortion; sex and race selection; injunctive and civil relief; failure to report; definition" 2357: 12853: 12741: 12484: 12310: 12001: 11779: 10965: 9881: 9349:

Park CB, Cho NH (1995). "Consequences of son preference in a low- fertility society:Imbalance of the sex ratio at birth in Korea".

7720: 7103:"Missing Girls or Hidden Girls? A Comment on Shi and Kennedy's "Delayed Registration and Identifying the 'Missing Girls' in China"" 4473: 440: 328: 8056:"Falling sex ratios and emerging evidence of sex-selective abortion in Nepal: evidence from nationally representative survey data" 4669: 2850:. The United Nations Population Fund, in its 2012 report, claims the birth sex ratio of Vietnam at 111 with its densely populated 7311: 6568: 4562:

Nandi A (October 2, 2015). "The Unintended Effects of a Ban on Sex-Selective Abortion on Infant Mortality: Evidence from India".

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too, but its incidence has declined in recent years. As of 2015, South Korea's sex ratio at birth was 1.07 male/female. In 2015,

2714: 9286: 8450: 7402: 2968:

ratios suggest sex-selective abortion, there is no direct evidence of observed large-scale sex-selective abortions in Caucasus.

2540:

that more than 24 million Chinese men of marrying age could find themselves without spouses by 2020. In 1979, China enacted the

14368: 13092: 12863: 12691: 12676: 12671: 12517: 11744: 8519: 7515:

Ganatra BR (2000). "Abortion research in India: What we know, and what we need to know". In Ramasubban R, Jejeebhoy SJ (eds.).

4518:"Evidence that mammalian sex ratios at birth are partially controlled by parental hormone levels around the time of conception" 4056: 1999: 695: 450: 278: 263: 258: 88: 14396: 12923: 12656: 10740: 10104: 9983: 9513: 9488: 9463: 9053: 9007: 8982: 7751: 7703: 7698:

N Purewal (2010), "Son Preference, Sex Selection, Gender and Culture in South Asia", Oxford International Publishers / Berg,

6811: 6545: 6512: 5177: 4198: 2827: 2761: 2666:(14% of the population) with 6.6%. The research also indicated an overall decline in preference for sons in the time period. 518: 243: 11769: 8811: 6723:"China's excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy: analysis of data from 2005 national intercensus survey" 5445:"Non-medical sex-selective abortion in China: ethical and public policy issues in the context of 40 million missing females" 4311: 2971:

According to latest CIA data, the 2017 sex ratio in the region is 112 for Armenia, 109 for Azerbaijan, and 107 for Georgia.

13431: 12746: 12568: 11968: 11729: 11236: 10800: 5208:

Graffelman J, Hoekstra RF (June 2000). "A statistical analysis of the effect of warfare on the human secondary sex ratio".

3578:

Historically, in many South Asian populations, women were allocated a very low status, evidenced through practices such as

2023: 1042: 333: 147: 5856: 14077: 13747: 13660: 13551: 13219: 13039: 12681: 12666: 12370: 11749: 11349: 10875: 10795: 10447: 10232: 8744:"Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China's population policies" 8481: 8316: 7871: 7325: 6598: 2683: 1700: 1356: 1271: 1162: 822: 640: 268: 253: 11734: 7782:

Chun H, Das Gupta M (March 2009). "Gender discrimination in sex selective abortions and its transition in South Korea".

5555: 4062:

On the state level, laws against sex-selective abortions have been passed in a number of U.S. states; the law passed in

13645: 13119: 12440: 11520: 11289: 10880: 10825: 10735: 10638: 8952: 6310: 3914:

How Western family planners helped curb the birth of girls in developing countries, the effects of which are felt today

1256: 722: 7248: 4607:"Trends in female-selective abortion among Asian diasporas in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia" 2108:

According to demographic scholarship, the expected birth-sex ratio range is 103 to 107 males to 100 females at birth.

13293: 13124: 12620: 12598: 12262: 11560: 8413: 4284: 3629: 3024: 2884:. High sex ratios at birth are most notable amongst richer, more educated sections of the population in urban areas. 2535:

Roadside sign in Danshan Township, which reads "It is forbidden to discriminate against, abuse or abandon baby girls"

896: 727: 199: 177: 9116: 5577: 4001:

2693: 14030: 13867: 13767: 13224: 13114: 12016: 11596: 2706: 1653: 1482: 1376: 827: 717: 17: 7184: 3012:

As in other countries, sex-selective abortion is difficult to track in the United States because of lack of data.

13620: 13131: 12893: 12696: 12411: 12345: 11616: 11555: 10885: 7367: 2934: 2016: 1231: 734: 488: 283: 6029: 5986: 3080:

countries had a child matching their preferred gender (higher than India's, which The Economist claims is 108).

12756: 12360: 11810: 11479: 7935: 5961: 5926: 5748: 5163:

Meslé F, Vallin J, Badurashvili I (2007). "A sharp increase in sex ratio at birth in the Caucasus. Why? How?".

4084: 3716: 2781: 2753: 343: 12898: 8255: 2403:

that can be found within it. When performed after week seven of pregnancy, this method is about 98% accurate.

493: 14299: 14015: 12736: 11141: 10730: 10570: 9385: 6337:"Sonographic early fetal gender assignment: a longitudinal study in pregnancies after in vitro fertilization" 5119:"Studies in the human sex ratio. 5. A genetic explanation of the wartime increase in the secondary sex ratio" 3312: 2059: 2050:

of female fetuses is most common where male children are valued over female children, especially in parts of

1930: 1638: 323: 10606: 10247:"HB 2443: An Act amending Title 13, Chapter 36, Arizona Revised Statutes, by adding section 13-3603.02; ..." 8347: 3820:

Some scholars argue that as the proportion of women to men decreases globally, there will be an increase in

13578: 13526: 12507: 12477: 11895: 11606: 10840: 10671: 9702:

Mohapatra S (August 2015). "False Framings: The Co-opting of Sex-Selection by the Anti-Abortion Movement".

9416: 8658:"A framework for analyzing sex-selective abortion: the example of changing sex ratios in Southern Caucasus" 6704: 6059: 1189: 1137: 78: 10475: 10157: 6876: 3752:

has contributed to the imbalanced sex ratios. Image shows a community bulletin board in Nonguang Village,

14417: 14210: 14062: 13481: 13082: 13028: 12385: 12375: 12288: 12194: 11409: 11404: 11206: 11201: 10765: 7040: 6938:"It's a myth that China has 30 million "missing girls" because of the one-child policy, a new study says" 6628: 4055:

has debated legislation that would outlaw the practice. The legislation ultimately failed to pass in the

3890:

also complicates the situation. Furthermore, access to safe abortion is seen by some as important from a

3532: 2802:

resulting deficit to be about 6 million missing girls in Pakistan than what would normally be expected.

2510: 1841: 1685: 1092: 685: 623: 5611: 5164: 4019:'s Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men condemned the practice of prenatal sex selection. 4015:, agreeing to "eliminate all forms of discrimination against the girl child". In 2011 the resolution of 2722:

determination techniques, claim Sudha and Rajan in a 1999 report, where available, favored male births.

14319: 13104: 12791: 12522: 12257: 11724: 11304: 10725: 10391: 8900:

Gilmartin S (1997). "The Sati, the Bride, and the Widow: Sacrificial Woman in the Nineteenth Century".

6803: 6236: 5888: 5409: 3514:

and Wink suggest India and China's high sex ratios are primarily the result of sex-selective abortion.

1950: 707: 378: 93: 10528: 9812: 9604: 7153: 6906: 6252:"Noninvasive fetal sex determination using cell-free fetal DNA: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 13672: 13486: 13388: 13273: 12940: 12908: 12578: 12512: 12167: 11991: 11890: 11369: 10704: 9082: 7422:

Retherford RD, Roy TK (2003). Factors affecting sex-selective abortion in India and 17 major states.

5172:. Paris: Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography. pp. 73–88. 4478: 4329: 4169: 4118: 3499: 2893:

Marino, Kosovo and Macedonia; with Liechtenstein having the most imbalanced sex ratio in the world.

2710: 2637: 2424: 2406: 2046:

is the practice of terminating a pregnancy based upon the predicted sex of the infant. The selective

1283: 1097: 991: 876: 535: 503: 157: 83: 10078: 8111: 7185:"Foeticide: More 'Missing' Girls Among Hindus Than Muslims in Last Two Decades, Official Data Shows" 4079:

and 11 other MPs aiming to end confusion about the legality of this practice. Organisations such as

3997: 2457:

hospital and family planning clinics in China had a good quality sex discernment equipment by 2001.

14422: 13932: 13820: 13667: 13436: 13373: 13201: 13156: 13018: 12903: 12885: 12821: 12751: 12635: 12172: 11961: 11917: 11216: 11045: 11040: 10945: 10750: 10000:"Race- and Sex-Selection Abortion Bans: A False Solution to the Real Problems of Racism and Sexism" 6335:

Mazza V, Falcinelli C, Paganelli S, Contu G, Mantuano SM, Battafarano SD, et al. (June 2001).

4330:"Sex-selective Abortions and Infant Mortality in India: The Role of Parents' Stated Son Preference" 3984:

to restrict women's access to safe and legal abortion and to harass doctors who perform abortions:

3920:), which were fully supported, even pushed by the West, that contributed to unbalanced sex ratios. 3527: 3088: 2383:

2374: 2329:, has been exaggerated. In 2017, Georgia' sex ratio at birth was 107, according to CIA statistics. 2241: 2188:

therefore any variation of sex ratio at birth is due to sex selection between conception and birth.

1547: 1435: 1278: 1047: 976: 804: 759: 613: 498: 478: 408: 338: 214: 9853: 9246: 8865:

Mahalingam R (2007). "Culture, ecology, and beliefs about gender in son preference caste groups".

8166:"The mystery of missing female children in the Caucasus: an analysis of sex ratios by birth order" 5777:"The consequences of son preference and sex-selective abortion in China and other Asian countries" 5636:

Garenne M (December 2002). "Sex ratios at birth in African populations: a review of survey data".

4855:

Junhong C (2001). "Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex-Selective Abortion in Rural Central China".

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Additionally, high female education rates are correlated with lower sex ratios (World Bank 2011).

14386: 14215: 14195: 14057: 14047: 14005: 13635: 13476: 13338: 13308: 13303: 13246: 13181: 13166: 13099: 13072: 13057: 12470: 12114: 11800: 11601: 11525: 11495: 11469: 11176: 11171: 11086: 10760: 10661: 7811:"Fertility behaviors in South Korea and their association with ultrasound prenatal sex screening" 5682:

Miller BD (December 2001). "Female-selective abortion in Asia: patterns, policies, and debates".

5517:(20). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics: 1–17. 5090:

James WH (December 1987). "The human sex ratio. Part 2: A hypothesis and a program of research".

3417: 3186: 2502: 2197:

have, over decades, witnessed birth sex ratios below 100, that is more girls are born than boys.

2085:

Sex-selective abortion was first documented in 1975, and became commonplace by the late 1980s in

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representing the third largest cause of maternal death in India. Another controversy in that of

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testing, involves taking a blood sample from the mother and isolating the small amount of fetal

886: 14442: 14314: 14287: 14277: 13757: 13600: 13471: 13368: 13318: 13288: 13268: 13196: 13176: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13052: 13023: 12996: 12972: 12967: 12563: 12553: 12283: 12241: 12236: 12119: 11996: 11805: 11510: 11439: 11399: 11379: 11359: 11166: 11136: 11106: 11096: 11015: 10985: 10960: 10745: 10709: 10631: 9149: 9083:"Daughter/Wife/Mother or Sage/Immortal/Bodhisattva? Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions" 7668:"Images and icons: harnessing the power of the media to reduce sex-selective abortion in India" 5338:

Garenne M (January 2004). "Sex ratios at birth in populations of Eastern and Southern Africa".

4887:"Research pointers: Unexplained differences in sex ratios at birth in Europe and North America" 4193: 4052: 3977: 3887: 3634: 3555: 3554:, male babies were preferred because they provided manual labor and continuation of the family 3354: 3270: 3249: 2506: 2436: 1945: 1918: 1908: 1366: 1211: 1082: 971: 921: 891: 871: 799: 779: 754: 749: 744: 655: 618: 591: 567: 562: 142: 132: 6478: 3628:

have been argued to contribute to the low status of women. The gender roles prescribed in the

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males and females differently. In parts of India and Pakistan, there are social norms such as

2325:. At the same time, there have been accusations that the situation in some countries, such as 14282: 14242: 14175: 14072: 14020: 13947: 13702: 13466: 13378: 13353: 13348: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13263: 13211: 13171: 13077: 13047: 12950: 12573: 12350: 12214: 12053: 11902: 11885: 11877: 11862: 11820: 11759: 11702: 11647: 11576: 11545: 11530: 11374: 11221: 10860: 10785: 9043: 8970: 4188: 4178: 3695: 3659: 3438: 2988: 2293: 2163: 2096:—the relative number of males to females in a given age group, with China and India, the two 1913: 1873: 1806: 1695: 1643: 1562: 1313: 1077: 981: 956: 951: 936: 931: 926: 866: 814: 774: 680: 650: 545: 152: 11764: 3938:

th of India, over 1.2 million abortions every year were performed between 1990 and 2007. In

2531: 14153: 13687: 13561: 13278: 13236: 13186: 13161: 12982: 12945: 12686: 12548: 12380: 12335: 12303: 12298: 12224: 12199: 12155: 11912: 11825: 11815: 11692: 11682: 11667: 11591: 11535: 11454: 11449: 11424: 11294: 11191: 11121: 11070: 11050: 10980: 10955: 10940: 10850: 9204:

Cronk L (December 2007). "Boy or girl: gender preferences from a Darwinian point of view".

8874: 6444: 4947: 4790: 4436: 4040: 3917: 3740: 3720: 3396: 3044: 2620: 2549: 1784: 1298: 1172: 881: 839: 789: 764: 577: 540: 273: 127: 10246: 9000:

Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on the Treatment and Maltreatment of Children

5503: 3633:

dynasties, more emphasis was placed on the virtue of chastity. The Song dynasty Confucian

8: 14437: 14329: 14190: 13825: 13727: 13707: 13496: 13404: 13363: 13343: 13313: 13206: 13001: 12816: 12451: 12229: 12060: 12011: 11954: 11774: 11739: 11697: 11672: 11652: 11631: 11474: 11429: 11389: 11344: 11339: 11329: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11299: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11241: 11186: 11101: 11091: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11010: 11005: 10950: 10925: 10870: 10855: 10820: 10666: 10553: 4393: 4203: 3900: 3610: 3503: 3459: 3228: 3207: 2651: 2396: 2236:

In 2017, according to CIA estimates, the countries with the highest birth sex ratio were

1960: 1821: 1440: 1338: 1318: 1107: 1015: 966: 946: 916: 809: 596: 403: 8878: 8838:

Gupta MD (September 2005). "Explaining Asia's "missing women": a new look at the data".

4951: 4794: 4440: 2592:

still dominates culture, leading to the widespread use of sex determination techniques.

14102: 14097: 14087: 14035: 14025: 14000: 13942: 13900: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13712: 13013: 12355: 12293: 12081: 12070: 12048: 12043: 12032: 11907: 11677: 11657: 11626: 11550: 11540: 11505: 11500: 11464: 11444: 11434: 11419: 11414: 11394: 11364: 11334: 11324: 11256: 11231: 11226: 11156: 11131: 11116: 11111: 11065: 11060: 11020: 10995: 10930: 10917: 10845: 10805: 10790: 10502: 9956: 9940: 9936: 9737: 9669: 9583: 9567: 9366: 8925: 8917: 8886: 8781: 8765: 8724: 8707:

Johansson S, Nygren O (1991). "The missing girls of China: a new demographic account".

8684: 8657: 8614: 8589: 8297: 8187: 8080: 8055: 7993: 7968: 7835: 7810: 7731: 7609: 7574: 7539: 7470: 7221: 7122: 6755: 6742: 6722: 6677: 6504: 6410: 6385: 6366: 6276: 6251: 5826:"Liechtenstein Has the Most Skewed Ratio of Baby Boys and Girls in the World Right Now" 5801: 5776: 5699: 5661: 5390: 5347: 5308: 5283: 5135: 5118: 5023: 4970: 4935: 4813: 4778: 4751: 4726: 4657: 4633: 4606: 4587: 4357: 4254: 3688: 3563: 2599: 2354:

large populations, represent a possible sex-selective abortion of about 100,000 girls.

2309: 1725: 1720: 1710: 1658: 1648: 1623: 1557: 1515: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1323: 608: 9647:"The bio-politics of population control and sex-selective abortion in China and India" 9562: 9545: 9217: 8029: 6564: 5284:"Environmental chemicals and changes in sex ratio: analysis over 250 years in finland" 4911: 4886: 14447: 14427: 14361: 14272: 14200: 14185: 13984: 13927: 13732: 13640: 13531: 13451: 13298: 12603: 12330: 12204: 12097: 12006: 11935: 11795: 11662: 11621: 11611: 11459: 11384: 11354: 11246: 11211: 11196: 11161: 11146: 11126: 11000: 10990: 10975: 10935: 10900: 10624: 10361: 9979: 9948: 9729: 9673: 9575: 9509: 9484: 9459: 9278: 9221: 9049: 9003: 8978: 8948: 8929: 8851: 8773: 8689: 8619: 8289: 8229: 8195: 8085: 8033: 7998: 7917: 7867: 7840: 7699: 7501: 7462: 7126: 7021: 6817: 6807: 6760: 6541: 6537: 6508: 6474: 6415: 6358: 6353: 6336: 6281: 5806: 5707: 5653: 5518: 5466: 5382: 5313: 5261: 5217: 5173: 5140: 5099: 5072: 5027: 4975: 4916: 4868: 4818: 4756: 4638: 4591: 4579: 4539: 4454: 4349: 4280: 4144: 3939: 3909: 3821: 3375: 3333: 3298: 3291: 2946: 2786: 2326: 1992: 1903: 1831: 1816: 1599: 1542: 1343: 1251: 1142: 1062: 901: 182: 9960: 9741: 9587: 8785: 8511: 8301: 7474: 6370: 5665: 5394: 5365:

Campbell RB (August 2001). "John Graunt, John Arbuthnott, and the human sex ratio".

5063:

James WH (October 1987). "The human sex ratio. Part 1: A review of the literature".

4361: 2603:

Birth sex ratios have dramatically changed in China since the implementation of the

2446:

Pre-conception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act

14324: 14309: 14237: 14158: 14128: 13959: 13795: 13501: 13067: 13062: 12913: 12811: 12406: 12401: 12187: 12182: 12065: 12021: 11830: 11687: 11586: 11515: 11181: 11151: 11055: 10970: 10835: 9932: 9719: 9711: 9661: 9557: 9451: 9358: 9213: 9176:

Dowry Deaths and Access to Justice in Kali's Yug: Empowerment, Law and Dowry Deaths

8909: 8882: 8847: 8755: 8716: 8679: 8669: 8609: 8601: 8281: 8225: 8177: 8075: 8067: 8025: 8016:

Wong SF, Ho LC (August 2001). "Sex selection in practice among Hong Kong Chinese".

7988: 7980: 7907: 7830: 7822: 7791: 7679: 7601: 7566: 7497: 7454: 7427: 7189: 7114: 7011: 6800:

Reproductive realities in modern China : birth control and abortion, 1911-2021

6750: 6734: 6669: 6533: 6500: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6348: 6271: 6263: 6127: 6119: 5861: 5796: 5788: 5691: 5645: 5456: 5374: 5303: 5295: 5251: 5130: 5015: 4965: 4955: 4906: 4898: 4864: 4808: 4798: 4746: 4738: 4661: 4628: 4618: 4571: 4529: 4444: 4341: 4246: 3904: 3896: 3770: 3753: 3745: 3618: 3064: 2877: 2604: 2541: 2317:, ignoring other countries with a significant sex imbalance at birth. For example, 2253: 1955: 1940: 1868: 1789: 1759: 1574: 1410: 1112: 670: 665: 508: 398: 10112: 6644:

Theses collection of 2001 national family planning and reproductive health survey.

4665: 4345: 14432: 14339: 14247: 14143: 14092: 13952: 13937: 13917: 13882: 13595: 13506: 13441: 13241: 13191: 12977: 12836: 12416: 12177: 11867: 10895: 10815: 10780: 10676: 9455: 8799: 8216:

Bongaarts J (June 2013). "The Implementation of Preferences for Male Offspring".

6305: 6074:"Abandoned, Aborted, or Left for Dead: These Are the Vanishing Girls of Pakistan" 4575: 4139: 4126:), which initial data suggests may be lowering the birth sex ratio in the state. 3845: 3605: 3579: 3551: 3517: 2980: 2851: 2584: 2545: 2519: 2135: 2127: 2117: 2093: 2075: 1970: 1878: 1774: 1715: 1567: 1552: 1532: 1497: 1206: 1117: 1052: 844: 794: 572: 423: 32: 8071: 7826: 6528:

Basu A, Das Gupta M (2001). "Family Systems and the Preferred Sex of Children".

5256: 5239: 5019: 2485:

The total numbers of "missing women" are about 11.9 million and 10.6 million in

14334: 14292: 14262: 14252: 14170: 14163: 14148: 14138: 13974: 13910: 13852: 13847: 13832: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13491: 13426: 12955: 12928: 12781: 12493: 12421: 10890: 8605: 7912: 7895: 7795: 7326:"Trends in Sex Ratio at Birth and Estimates of Girls Missing at Birth in India" 6590: 6469:

Akbulut-Yuksel M, Rosenblum D (January 2012). "The Indian Ultrasound Paradox".

6168:"Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications" 5695: 5166:

Watering the Neighbour's Garden: The Growing Demographic Female Deficit in Asia

4940:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4783:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3953: 3699: 3664: 3642:

However, there was a strong preference for a boy if the first born was a girl.

3531:

Burying Babies in China (p.40, March 1865, XXII). There is a long tradition of

3076: 2881: 2589: 2432: 1965: 1923: 1893: 1883: 1801: 1794: 1779: 1769: 1589: 1525: 1467: 1462: 1447: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1102: 1037: 550: 523: 368: 52: 10453: 9191:

Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences

8913: 8285: 7684: 7667: 7336: 7118: 7016: 6999: 6821: 5551: 4902: 4742: 3992: 2901: 14411: 14346: 13969: 13905: 13890: 13752: 13717: 13697: 13568: 13511: 13446: 12858: 12761: 12160: 12109: 11835: 10810: 10755: 10365: 9665: 7860:

Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications

7025: 6300: 4583: 4353: 4208: 3891: 3795: 3762: 3725: 3681: 3613:

of women, particularly upper-class women, manifested through the practice of

3507: 3048: 2952: 2679: 2428: 2318: 2237: 2145: 2079: 1977: 1584: 1520: 1505: 1361: 1328: 1308: 1179: 1122: 1057: 445: 348: 10449:

Rising sex ratio at birth in China: responses and effects of social policies

7458: 4960: 4803: 2832:

Sex-selective abortion gained popularity in the mid-1980s to early 1990s in

2431:, which involve testing of the chorionic villus (found in the placenta) and 14180: 14067: 13895: 13862: 13842: 13772: 13762: 13742: 13722: 13358: 13256: 13251: 12987: 12962: 12826: 12766: 12731: 12701: 12209: 11845: 11840: 11754: 11716: 10775: 10688: 9952: 9733: 9579: 9260: 9225: 8777: 8693: 8623: 8293: 8199: 8089: 8037: 8002: 7921: 7844: 7466: 7256: 6764: 6419: 6362: 6285: 6267: 5810: 5711: 5657: 5522: 5470: 5386: 5317: 5265: 5221: 5144: 4979: 4920: 4822: 4760: 4642: 4543: 4449: 4424: 4250: 4149: 3972:, are controversial, because it is not clear how they can be enforced, and 3625: 3614: 3572: 3544: 2872:

Recently, a rise in the sex ratio at birth has been noted in some parts of

2470: 1811: 1690: 1510: 1477: 1457: 1381: 1371: 1351: 1333: 961: 859: 854: 582: 557: 413: 353: 318: 288: 10136:"MP continues push for sex-selection abortions vote after motion rejected" 9923:

Weiss G (February 1995). "Sex-selective abortion: a relational approach".

7984: 7304:"Census of India 2011: Child sex ratio drops to lowest since Independence" 6123: 5649: 5378: 5103: 5076: 4458: 2979:

An imbalanced birth sex ratio has been present in the 21st century in the

14082: 14042: 14010: 13877: 13837: 13677: 13590: 13541: 13516: 13416: 13109: 12848: 12831: 12786: 12706: 12092: 11850: 9112: 8164:

Michael M, King L, Guo L, McKee M, Richardson E, Stuckler D (June 2013).

7392:"Implementation of the PCPNDT Act in India – Perspectives and Challenges" 5461: 5444: 5299: 4389:"China's New Birth Rule Can't Restore Missing Women and Fix a Population" 4183: 4164: 4087:

have been lobbying for the decriminalisation of sex-selective abortions.

4036: 3968:

Laws against sex-selective abortion, especially those that exist in some

3833: 3805: 3704: 3677: 3599: 3595: 3403: 3172: 3153: 3118: 3098: 3016: 2922: 2862: 2834: 2793:

has a tradition of sex selection. Similarly with India, the tradition of

2624: 2524: 2474: 2338: 2285: 2212: 2155: 2086: 1705: 1665: 1633: 1492: 1452: 1288: 1201: 1152: 1127: 1027: 712: 435: 418: 373: 293: 9239:

Henneberger S (2007). "History of the Policy.". In Henneberger S (ed.).

8921: 8674: 8191: 7936:"Sex-ratio imbalance in Asia: Trends, consequences and policy responses" 6746: 5792: 5351: 4623: 4534: 4517: 2379: 14356: 14351: 14232: 14227: 14123: 14107: 13964: 13857: 13815: 13777: 13585: 13573: 13546: 13536: 13456: 12875: 12870: 12841: 12776: 12625: 11977: 10506: 9944: 9715: 9571: 9370: 8769: 8728: 8104:"Gender inequality in Nepal: How can we tackle sex-selective abortion?" 7613: 7578: 7543: 7488:

Arnold F, Kishor S, Roy TK (2002). "Sex-Selective Abortions in India".

7217:"Sex ratio worsens in small families, improves with 3 or more children" 6969:"Researchers may have 'found' many of China's 30 million missing girls" 6681: 4258: 4159: 4076: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3340: 3256: 3235: 3102: 3060: 2996: 2938: 2281: 2277: 2055: 1987: 1982: 1863: 1858: 1754: 1730: 1579: 1472: 1430: 1386: 1196: 1184: 1157: 1147: 1067: 462: 457: 428: 363: 204: 9724: 8552:"Sex imbalances at birth Trends, consequences and policy implications" 7431: 6907:"Report: Sex ratio to balance out by 2030 - China - Chinadaily.com.cn" 6846:"China sees decrease in male-to-female birth ratio gap - China.org.cn" 6738: 6131: 6037: 5703: 2937:

in the early 1990s, the birth sex ratio in Caucasus countries such as

2185:

therefore equal number of male and female zygotes are formed, and that

14257: 14205: 13922: 13521: 12651: 12147: 5770: 5768: 5766: 3680:

and that expect women to reside with or near their husband's family (

3539: 3424: 3127: 3056: 2918: 2866: 2577: 2265: 2051: 1888: 1836: 1537: 1132: 238: 9362: 8760: 8743: 8720: 8370:"Sex Selection in America: Why It Persists and How We Can Change It" 8182: 8165: 7605: 7570: 6673: 5857:"The country with the highest gender disparity at birth isn't China" 4695:"Report of the International Workshop on Skewed Sex Ratios at Birth" 3923: 14222: 14052: 13979: 13630: 13556: 13461: 13421: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12721: 12716: 12661: 12219: 12142: 12103: 11855: 10830: 10770: 10647: 10227: 8423:(198). Parliamentary Office for Science and Technology. July 2003. 7000:"Delayed Registration and Identifying the "Missing Girls" in China" 4936:"Abnormal sex ratios in human populations: causes and consequences" 4154: 3382: 3114: 3052: 3036: 2930: 2906: 2846:

Other countries with large populations but high sex ratios include

2790: 2702: 2343: 2314: 2296:(108). Also in 2017 the lowest ratio (i.e. more girls born) was in 2202: 2071: 2067: 2047: 1853: 1675: 1594: 1241: 1167: 1072: 1032: 393: 388: 383: 308: 303: 248: 10581: 9756:"Reduce Stigma to Make Women Comfortable Accessing Safe Abortions" 8967:

On attested Rajput practice of sati during wars, see, for example

7072:"China's 'missing women' theory likely overblown, researchers say" 6530:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

6497:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

6386:"Instruments for chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis" 5763: 5006:

Klausen S, Wink C (2003). "Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate".

4066:

in 2011 prohibits both sex-selective and race-selective abortion.

4043:

pass a resolution condemning sex-selective pregnancy termination.

3650: 2552:, but gradually loosened until it was formally abolished in 2015. 2308:

In addition, in many developing countries there are problems with

2179:

there are equal numbers of X and Y chromosomes in mammalian sperms

12726: 12630: 12610: 12583: 12558: 12462: 10354:"UK: Sex-Selective Abortions Voted Illegal By Parliament Members" 9850:

US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2012

4884: 4063: 3981: 3829: 3825: 3729: 3591: 3445: 3214: 3193: 3040: 2984: 2942: 2847: 2675: 2663: 2569: 2565: 2469:

Sex selective abortion based on son preference is significant in

2273: 2269: 2261: 2249: 2206: 313: 209: 189: 162: 137: 60: 10223:"Arizona Race And Sex-Selective Abortion Ban Draws ACLU Lawsuit" 9546:"Sex selective abortions: short-term and long-term perspectives" 7041:"Study finds millions of China's 'missing girls' actually exist" 2769:(save the daughter) badges during its meetings and conferences. 2164:'missing women' from extra women who would have survived in Asia 2122: 13682: 12711: 12615: 12593: 12588: 12538: 12124: 10543:"UNFPA First Agency to Campaign against Sex Selection in China" 8135:"Azerbaijan pressured over sex-selective abortions | News" 7557:

Gangoli G (1998). "Reproduction, abortion and women's health".

5504:"Trend analysis of the sex ratio at birth in the United States" 5048:

Sen A (July 2017). "More than 100 million women are missing.".

3916:" claimed that it was such population policies (which included 3841: 3809: 3568: 3122: 2992: 2910: 2857: 2655: 2289: 2198: 2089:

and China and around the same time or slightly later in India.

1293: 298: 194: 172: 167: 117: 7721:"Missing Women and Bare Branches: Gender Balance and Conflict" 3518:

Socioeconomic reasons for son preference and daughter aversion

2233:

from 2000 are still being reviewed and currently unavailable.

13692: 12543: 11946: 10038: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9446:

Ullman JB, Fidell LS (1989). "Gender Selection and Society".

8402:. Associated Press. September 21, 2006 – via Msnbc.com. 6334: 6250:

Devaney SA, Palomaki GE, Scott JA, Bianchi DW (August 2011).

5603: 3985: 3837: 3749: 3672: 3583: 3361: 3319: 3277: 3131: 3110: 3106: 2873: 2794: 2659: 2573: 2561: 2490: 2486: 2297: 2257: 2245: 2170: 2063: 1303: 122: 8947:(1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 19–21. 8170:

International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health

5281: 3815: 14304: 14133: 10616: 10328:"Burnham's MP Tessa Munt backs sex-selection abortion bill" 9605:"Race and Sex Selection Abortion Bans Are Harmful to Women" 8578:

World Bank, Engendering Development, The World Bank, (2001)

7154:"Have China's Missing Girls Actually Been There All Along?" 6874: 6383: 6249: 4658:

Sex-selective Abortions Over the Past Four Decades in China

4605:

Meh C, Jha P (September 2022). Franco E, Gerland P (eds.).

4310:. France: CEPED, Université Paris-Descartes. Archived from 4080: 3993:

Laws, campaigns and policies against sex-selective abortion

3587: 2914: 1935: 1764: 9633: 8348:"Americans Prefer Boys to Girls, Just as They Did in 1941" 7628:"Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 – Introduction" 5410:"Variation in the Sex Ratio at Birth in the United States" 4885:

Grech V, Savona-Ventura C, Vassallo-Agius P (April 2002).

3092:

Number of 'Missing Women' in the world, Our World in Data.

2612:

which is significantly higher than the natural sex ratio.

2146:

High or low human sex ratio implies sex-selective abortion

9899:"Facts and figures about abortion in the European Region" 7896:"Human sex ratio at amniocentesis and at birth in Taiwan" 5966:

Note: Sex ratio of 1.26 is same as 126 boys per 100 girls

3467: 2736:

of reported abortions followed a sex determination test.

2400: 6875:

Somaia P, Islamiah Zahroh R, Bohren M (March 11, 2020).

6441:

Center for Enquiry Into Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT)

6030:"Sex ratio at birth – National and Regional Census Data" 3960:

obvious challenge sex-selective abortion represents for

2515:

List of Chinese administrative divisions by gender ratio

8656:

Hohmann SA, Lefèvre CA, Garenne ML (October 20, 2014).

8367: 6468: 6443:. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Archived from 5282:

Vartiainen T, Kartovaara L, Tuomisto J (October 1999).

5237: 5162: 12341:

International Conference on Population and Development

9041: 6384:

Young C, von Dadelszen P, Alfirevic Z (January 2013).

4279:(Ninth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 200. 4013:

International Conference on Population and Development

2387: 10452:. International Population Conference. Archived from 8975:

Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader

8655: 8400:"Half fertility clinics allow parents to pick gender" 8317:"Abortions of Girls Cause Male Surplus in Montenegro" 4776: 3543:

Infanticide committed by throwing an infant into the

3492: 2616:

Population Development Outline by the State Council.

10216: 10214: 9880:. UK Government. May 2012. p. 3. Archived from 9309:"China's one-child policy to change in the new year" 7752:"Karachi becoming a killing field for newborn girls" 5488:. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic. pp. 22–26. 4327: 3851: 3654:

A social awareness campaign in India against dowries

3067:

have also tried to pass acts banning the procedure.

10189:"House Rejects Bill to Ban Sex-Selective Abortions" 9529:Keifitz N (1983). "Foreword". In Bennett NG (ed.). 9139:"Laws and son preference in India: a reality check" 8163: 6621:"China's sex ratio declines for two straight years" 5238:Jacobsen R, Møller H, Mouritsen A (December 1999). 4274: 2435:, respectively. Both techniques typically test for 2219: 9386:"Korean Men Use Brokers to Find Brides in Vietnam" 8482:"U.S. Births Hint at Bias for Boys in Some Asians" 8271: 8252:Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men 8211: 8209: 7894:Lee IW, Lai YC, Kuo PL, Chang CM (December 2012). 7746: 7744: 7291:Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India 7249:"India at Glance – Population Census 2011 – Final" 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6105:"The Consequences of the 'Missing Girls' of China" 5745:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 5207: 2350:estimates China's 2011 birth sex ratio to be 118. 2182:X and Y stand equal chance of achieving conception 14268:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 10310:"MPs vote to make sex selection abortion illegal" 10211: 9843:"Abortions—Number and Rate by Race: 1990 to 2007" 9782:"The Politics of Population Control | India" 6559: 6557: 6102: 4777:Chao F, Gerland P, Cook AR, Alkema L (May 2019). 4422: 3924:Sex-selective abortion in the context of abortion 1899:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 14409: 9408: 9167: 8651: 8649: 8132: 8049: 8047: 7900:Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 7728:Environmental Change and Security Program Report 7151: 6659: 6490: 6488: 5889:"Georgia: Data Glitch Distorts Abortion Picture" 2391:Ultrasonography image showing the fetus is a boy 13928:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 10493:"China Makes Sex-Selective Abortions a Crime". 9503: 8977:. 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September 18, 2014. 10334:from the original on September 10, 2017 10133: 9528: 9506:Too many women?: the sex ratio question 9427:from the original on September 28, 2019 9348: 9045:Women and the Family in Chinese History 8662:International Journal of Women's Health 8545: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8479: 8345: 8314: 8054:Frost MD, Puri M, Hinde PR (May 2013). 7556: 7514: 7296: 6711: 5983:Federal Statistical Office, Switzerland 5854: 5823: 5718: 5635: 5497: 5495: 5483: 5337: 5189:from the original on September 17, 2018 4854: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4471: 4293: 4275:Gettis A, Getis J, Fellmann JD (2004). 2715:Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870 2646:A map of India's child sex ratio, 2011. 14: 14410: 10307: 9973: 9823:from the original on February 25, 2020 9792:from the original on December 24, 2018 9383: 9074: 9035: 8997: 8968: 8942: 8742:Merli MG, Raftery AE (February 2000). 8630: 8430:from the original on December 25, 2021 8380:from the original on November 13, 2013 8327:from the original on November 15, 2017 8015: 7758:from the original on February 17, 2022 7481: 7263: 7229:from the original on December 25, 2018 7197:from the original on September 6, 2022 7082:from the original on December 15, 2019 7069: 7038: 6966: 6935: 6917:from the original on February 15, 2022 6887:from the original on February 15, 2022 6856:from the original on February 18, 2019 6721:Zhu WX, Lu L, Hesketh T (April 2009). 6601:from the original on November 21, 2016 6229:"India Census 2011 Provisional Report" 5958:The World Factbook, CIA, US Government 5948: 5946: 5944: 5681: 5614:from the original on November 14, 2016 5558:from the original on November 13, 2018 5554:. United Nations Population Division. 5407: 5340:Southern African Journal of Demography 5272: 5228: 4604: 4368:from the original on September 3, 2023 3836:systematically trafficked to mainland 3522: 3468:Disparate gendered access to resources 12466: 11950: 10620: 10418:"Statement on sex-selective abortion" 10392:"Statement on sex-selective abortion" 10102: 10048:from the original on October 11, 2011 9922: 9645:Eklund L, Purewal N (February 2017). 9478: 9396:from the original on November 4, 2017 9319:from the original on October 23, 2019 9203: 9087:ASIANetwork Exchange, vol. 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Legislators in 2935:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2423:The most invasive measures are 2323:women could not vote until 1984 1488:MSM blood donation restrictions 1232:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 13886:(as religious or racial quota) 12361:United Nations Population Fund 11976: 10550:United Nations Population Fund 9384:Onishi N (February 22, 2007). 9113:"Dowry | marriage custom" 8559:United Nations Population Fund 7809:Lee J, Smith JP (April 2018). 7719:Hudson VM, Den Boer A (2005). 7070:Zhuang P (November 30, 2016). 6967:Denyer S (November 30, 2016). 6936:Steger I (November 29, 2016). 6538:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02151-3 6402:10.1002/14651858.CD000114.pub2 6299:Michelle R (August 10, 2011). 6112:The World Bank Economic Review 5052:. 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Archived from 4516:James WH (July 2008). 4450:10.1006/tpbi.1994.1027 4317:on September 23, 2015. 4251:10.1080/00324720308069 4194:Missing women of China 4053:United States Congress 4002: 3978:anti-abortion movement 3903:campaigns such as the 3888:anti-abortion movement 3757: 3669: 3655: 3547: 3536: 3093: 2926: 2876:, most notably in the 2819: 2798: 2718: 2699: 2647: 2608: 2536: 2528: 2507:Missing women of China 2392: 2384: 2361: 2131: 2044:Sex-selective abortion 1946:Social identity threat 1919:Reverse discrimination 1909:Racial color blindness 1367:Violence against women 1348:Sex-selective abortion 37: 14283:Religious intolerance 14243:Political correctness 14073:Intersex human rights 14021:Cultural assimilation 13703:Religious persecution 13467:Disability hate crime 13252:Jewish / Antisemitism 12351:Population Connection 12215:Mere addition paradox 12054:Physiological density 11863:Self-induced abortion 10861:Self-induced abortion 10786:Genetics and abortion 10682:Philosophical aspects 10599:"Delhi Laadli Scheme" 10424:on September 10, 2017 9508:. Sage Publications. 9315:. December 29, 2013. 8114:on September 15, 2019 7985:10.1503/cmaj.109-4097 7883:on December 30, 2013. 7866:. UNFPA. p. 20. 7408:on October 23, 2015. 7289:on December 3, 2013. 7225:. February 15, 2016. 6911:www.chinadaily.com.cn 6798:Rodriguez SM (2023). 6707:on September 1, 2023. 6631:on February 22, 2015. 6184:on December 30, 2013. 6062:on December 30, 2013. 5989:on November 18, 2008. 5650:10.1353/hub.2003.0003 5379:10.1353/hub.2001.0048 4660:(Report). In Review. 4189:Missing women of Asia 4179:Genetics and abortion 4000: 3743: 3696:dowry system in India 3667: 3660:Dowry system in India 3658:Further information: 3653: 3542: 3530: 3149:0–19 age group (2010) 3091: 2904: 2842:Other Asian countries 2826:Further information: 2808: 2789: 2705: 2696: 2645: 2636:Further information: 2602: 2550:forced sterilizations 2534: 2522: 2501:Further information: 2437:chromosomal disorders 2390: 2382: 2360: 2125: 2070:), as well as in the 1914:Religious intolerance 1874:Political correctness 1696:Intersex human rights 1644:Cultural assimilation 1314:Religious persecution 1078:Disability hate crime 855:Jewish / Antisemitism 35: 13688:Political repression 12697:Anti-left handedness 12687:Anti-intellectualism 12381:World Population Day 12336:Church of Euthanasia 12225:Non-identity problem 12200:Political demography 12156:Human overpopulation 11826:Menstrual extraction 11775:Parental involvement 11237:United Arab Emirates 10851:Prenatal development 10316:on November 4, 2014. 9909:on August 14, 2014. 9878:Department of Health 9450:. pp. 179–187. 9448:Gender in Transition 9285:. January 23, 2017. 9249:on February 5, 2010. 7737:on November 3, 2018. 7634:. October 20, 2013. 7342:on October 21, 2012. 6597:. October 29, 2015. 6567:. January 11, 2010. 6499:. pp. 686–688. 6471:IZA Discussion Paper 6239:on February 8, 2014. 6000:Guilmoto CZ (2011). 5919:"The World Factbook" 5830:Smithsonian Magazine 5300:10.1289/ehp.99107813 4303:Guilmoto CZ (2012). 3918:forced sterilization 3721:reproductive success 2621:University of Kansas 1299:Political repression 284:Anti-left handedness 274:Anti-intellectualism 14191:Historical eugenics 13728:Segregation academy 13708:Religious terrorism 13497:Enemy of the people 13405:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 12924:Jehovah's Witnesses 12817:Perpetual foreigner 12230:Reproductive rights 12061:Population dynamics 12012:Population momentum 11836:Abortifacient drugs 11556:Trinidad and Tobago 10871:Sidewalk counseling 10856:Reproductive rights 10821:Minors and abortion 10578:Government of India 10146:on August 25, 2014. 8879:2007EHumB..28..319M 8675:10.2147/IJWH.S66333 7259:on January 8, 2014. 7107:The China Quarterly 7004:The China Quarterly 6233:Government of India 6124:10.1093/wber/lhp012 5929:on October 16, 2013 5793:10.1503/cmaj.101368 5751:on October 16, 2013 4952:2006PNAS..10313271H 4946:(36): 13271–13275. 4897:(7344): 1010–1011. 4795:2019PNAS..116.9303C 4737:(7276): 1609–1612. 4624:10.7554/eLife.79853 4535:10.1677/JOE-07-0446 4441:1994TPBio..46..249K 4394:Scientific American 4204:Selective reduction 3901:population planning 3698:is a major part of 3624:Interpretations of 3611:freedom of movement 3523:Cultural preference 3504:cell-free fetal DNA 3460:Religiously diverse 3439:Religiously diverse 3418:Religiously diverse 3355:Mostly Christianity 3334:Religiously diverse 3313:Mostly Christianity 3292:Religiously diverse 3229:Mostly Christianity 3208:Religiously diverse 3166:Religious situation 2713:at the time of the 2684:Jammu & Kashmir 2652:Pew Research Center 2397:cell free fetal DNA 1822:Historical eugenics 1339:Segregation academy 1319:Religious terrorism 1108:Enemy of the people 1016:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 519:Jehovah's Witnesses 404:Perpetual foreigner 14418:Female infanticide 14103:Social integration 14098:Self-determination 14088:Racial integration 14036:Diversity training 14026:Cultural pluralism 14001:Affirmative action 13901:Racial segregation 13811:Crime of apartheid 13713:Religious violence 13216:Indigenous people 12621:Sexual orientation 12356:Population Matters 12071:Population pyramid 12049:Population density 12044:Population decline 11730:Constitutional law 11521:Dominican Republic 10846:Post-abortion care 10806:Limit of viability 10791:Late-term abortion 10372:on January 5, 2015 10084:on October 3, 2011 9974:Warren MA (1985). 9887:on March 28, 2017. 9758:. August 7, 2018. 9716:10.1111/jlme.12242 9390:The New York Times 9212:(Suppl 2): 23–32. 9178:. pp. 36, 38. 8998:Hughes NS (1987). 8810:: 40. March 1865. 8486:The New York Times 8261:on April 21, 2017. 7222:The Times of India 6625:news.xinhuanet.com 6175:United Nations FPA 5964:on June 13, 2007. 5462:10.1093/bmb/ldr015 5244:Human Reproduction 5050:Gender and Justice 5008:Feminist Economics 4727:"The fragile male" 4702:United Nations FPA 4239:Population Studies 4003: 3942:with a population 3758: 3689:female infanticide 3670: 3656: 3564:female infanticide 3548: 3537: 3094: 2927: 2905:Topography of the 2799: 2719: 2700: 2648: 2609: 2537: 2529: 2393: 2385: 2362: 2310:birth registration 2132: 1726:Social integration 1721:Self-determination 1711:Racial integration 1659:Diversity training 1649:Cultural pluralism 1624:Affirmative action 1516:Racial segregation 1426:Crime of apartheid 1324:Religious violence 819:Indigenous people 200:Sexual orientation 38: 14405: 14404: 14273:Racism by country 14201:Intersectionality 14186:Heteronormativity 13985:Voter suppression 13733:Sexual harassment 13532:Forced conversion 13452:Cultural genocide 13115:African Americans 12934:post–Cold War era 12919:Eastern Orthodoxy 12682:Anti-drug addicts 12677:Anti-homelessness 12604:Scientific racism 12460: 12459: 12331:7 Billion Actions 12205:Population ethics 12098:Carrying capacity 12007:Population growth 11944: 11943: 11796:Vacuum aspiration 11711: 11710: 10521:"Gender Equality" 10501:(25): 203. 2005. 10482:. August 7, 2004. 10109:The Langley Times 10012:on March 12, 2018 9985:978-0-8476-7330-8 9515:978-0-8039-1918-1 9490:978-0-520-06296-2 9465:978-1-4684-5633-2 9265:All Girls Allowed 9155:on March 13, 2014 9115:. June 30, 2023. 9055:978-0-415-28822-4 9009:978-1-55608-028-9 8984:978-0-7007-0284-8 8969:Leslie J (1993). 8943:Sharma A (1988). 8516:Our World in Data 7704:978-1-84520-468-6 7565:(11–12): 83–105. 7314:on July 18, 2012. 7158:New Security Beat 6813:978-1-009-02733-5 6739:10.1136/bmj.b1211 6733:(7700): 920–923. 6547:978-0-08-043076-8 6514:978-0-08-097087-5 6080:. June 19, 2012. 5787:(12): 1374–1377. 5408:Ciocco A (1938). 5250:(12): 3120–3125. 5179:978-2-910053-29-1 4789:(19): 9303–9311. 4711:on June 11, 2014. 4216: 4215: 4145:Child abandonment 3940:England and Wales 3465: 3464: 2041: 2040: 1904:Racism by country 1832:Intersectionality 1817:Heteronormativity 1600:Voter suppression 1344:Sexual harassment 1143:Forced conversion 1063:Cultural genocide 718:African Americans 529:post–Cold War era 514:Eastern Orthodoxy 269:Anti-drug addicts 264:Anti-homelessness 183:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 14455: 14395: 14394: 14385: 14384: 14325:Social privilege 14310:Social exclusion 14238:Police brutality 14159:Multiculturalism 14129:Amatonormativity 13960:Social exclusion 13796:Age of candidacy 13596:Homeless dumping 13502:Ethnic cleansing 12487: 12480: 12473: 12464: 12463: 12450: 12449: 12438: 12437: 12407:Green Revolution 12188:Two-child policy 12183:One-child policy 12106: 12066:Population model 12022:World population 11971: 11964: 11957: 11948: 11947: 11934: 11933: 11831:Medical abortion 11765:Informed consent 11755:Fetal protection 11607:Papua New Guinea 11597:Marshall Islands 10914: 10913: 10836:One-child policy 10641: 10634: 10627: 10618: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10609:on July 8, 2014. 10595: 10589: 10588: 10587:on June 1, 2014. 10586: 10575: 10567: 10561: 10560: 10559:on June 4, 2012. 10558: 10547: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10531:on June 1, 2014. 10517: 10511: 10510: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10456:on March 4, 2016 10443: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10368:. Archived from 10358:Gender Selection 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10312:. Archived from 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10289:on March 4, 2016 10285:. Archived from 10275: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10258: 10251: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10235:on May 30, 2013. 10231:. Archived from 10218: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10164:. May 31, 2012. 10154: 10148: 10147: 10142:. Archived from 10131: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10111:. Archived from 10100: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10083: 10077:. Archived from 10072: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10047: 10036: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10011: 10005:. Archived from 10004: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9971: 9965: 9964: 9920: 9914: 9913: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9875: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9852:. Archived from 9847: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9727: 9699: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9682: 9651: 9642: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9620: 9609: 9601: 9592: 9591: 9565: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9479:Blake J (1989). 9476: 9470: 9469: 9443: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9432: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9346: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9245:. Archived from 9236: 9230: 9229: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9154: 9148:. 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Archived from 8100: 8094: 8093: 8083: 8051: 8042: 8041: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7996: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7915: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7876:. Archived from 7865: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7838: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7779: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7725: 7716: 7707: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7663: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7559:Social Scientist 7554: 7548: 7547: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7396: 7388: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7361: 7353: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7330: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7310:. Archived from 7300: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7282:. Archived from 7281: 7272: 7261: 7260: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7113:(231): 797–803. 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7019: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6850:www.china.org.cn 6842: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6758: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6703:. Archived from 6701:The Guardian, UK 6692: 6686: 6685: 6657: 6648: 6647: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6552: 6551: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6492: 6483: 6482: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6450:on March 3, 2016 6449: 6438: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6413: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6356: 6332: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6203: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6172: 6164: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6140: 6109: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6040:on May 13, 2017. 6026: 6020: 6019: 6018:on June 4, 2012. 6017: 6006: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5950: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5925:. Archived from 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5862:Business Insider 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5804: 5772: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5747:. 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3905:one child policy 3897:unsafe abortions 3846:forced marriages 3785:Societal effects 3771:One-Child Policy 3754:Sichuan province 3746:one child policy 3736:One-child policy 3619:one child policy 3575:" is tarnished. 3351:Southeast Europe 3204:Southeast Europe 3137: 3136: 3075:A 2013 study by 2975:Southeast Europe 2878:Kathmandu Valley 2735: 2734: 2730: 2605:One-Child Policy 2546:forced abortions 2542:one-child policy 2418: 2417: 2413: 2333:Data reliability 2254:Falkland Islands 2033: 2026: 2019: 1956:Social privilege 1941:Social exclusion 1869:Police brutality 1790:Multiculturalism 1760:Amatonormativity 1575:Social exclusion 1411:Age of candidacy 1207:Homeless dumping 1113:Ethnic cleansing 63: 40: 39: 21: 18:Female foeticide 14463: 14462: 14458: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14452: 14423:Abortion debate 14408: 14407: 14406: 14401: 14373: 14248:Polyculturalism 14144:Civil liberties 14112: 14093:Reappropriation 13994:Countermeasures 13989: 13918:Racial steering 13884:Numerus clausus 13788: 13782: 13507:Ethnic conflict 13442:Corrective rape 13393: 13033: 12880: 12772:HIV/AIDS stigma 12640: 12589:Mental disorder 12527: 12496: 12491: 12461: 12456: 12426: 12390: 12324: 12322: 12315: 12267: 12246: 12195:Overconsumption 12178:Family planning 12135: 12129: 12102: 12086: 12083: 12075: 12037: 12034: 12026: 11980: 11975: 11945: 11940: 11922: 11872: 11868:Unsafe abortion 11784: 11780:Spousal consent 11740:Laws by country 11707: 11636: 11617:Solomon Islands 11565: 11484: 11410:North Macedonia 11251: 11202:Northern Cyprus 11075: 10905: 10896:Unsafe abortion 10781:Forced abortion 10714: 10693: 10677:Abortion debate 10650: 10645: 10615: 10614: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10564: 10556: 10545: 10541: 10540: 10536: 10519: 10518: 10514: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10474: 10473: 10469: 10459: 10457: 10446:Song J (2009). 10444: 10437: 10427: 10425: 10416: 10415: 10411: 10401: 10399: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10375: 10373: 10352: 10351: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10326: 10325: 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9183: 9172: 9168: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9146:india.unfpa.org 9141: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9111: 9110: 9106: 9096: 9094: 9079: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9056: 9040: 9036: 9021: 9017: 9010: 8996: 8992: 8985: 8966: 8962: 8955: 8941: 8937: 8898: 8894: 8863: 8859: 8836: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8761:10.2307/2648100 8740: 8736: 8721:10.2307/1972351 8705: 8701: 8654: 8647: 8642: 8631: 8594:Cell Metabolism 8586: 8582: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8554: 8548: 8535: 8525: 8523: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8495: 8493: 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8455:Savior Siblings 8447: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8416: 8414:"Sex Selection" 8412: 8411: 8407: 8398: 8397: 8393: 8383: 8381: 8366: 8359: 8344: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8313: 8309: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8214: 8207: 8183:10.1363/3909713 8162: 8158: 8148: 8146: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8052: 8045: 8014: 8010: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7892: 7888: 7880: 7874: 7873:978-974680-3380 7863: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7807: 7803: 7780: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7750: 7749: 7742: 7734: 7723: 7717: 7710: 7697: 7693: 7664: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7626: 7625: 7621: 7606:10.2307/2137689 7590: 7586: 7571:10.2307/3517661 7555: 7551: 7528: 7524: 7513: 7509: 7486: 7482: 7443: 7439: 7420: 7416: 7405: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7378: 7370: 7364:Census of India 7359: 7355: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7286: 7279: 7273: 7264: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7181: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7037: 7033: 6996: 6992: 6982: 6980: 6973:Washington Post 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6844: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6814: 6806:. p. 191. 6796: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6719: 6712: 6693: 6689: 6674:10.2307/2938438 6658: 6651: 6640: 6636: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6574: 6572: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6493: 6486: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6447: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6396:(1): CD000114. 6382: 6378: 6333: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6306:BBC News Online 6297: 6293: 6248: 6244: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6205: 6204: 6189: 6181: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6034:Pakistan Census 6028: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5952: 5951: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5870: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5822: 5818: 5773: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5719: 5680: 5673: 5634: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5482: 5478: 5443:Nie JB (2011). 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5406: 5402: 5363: 5359: 5336: 5325: 5294:(10): 813–815. 5280: 5273: 5236: 5229: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5169: 5161: 5152: 5115: 5111: 5088: 5084: 5061: 5057: 5046: 5035: 5004: 4987: 4932: 4928: 4883: 4876: 4853: 4830: 4775: 4768: 4723: 4716: 4708: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4654: 4650: 4603: 4599: 4560: 4551: 4514: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4470: 4466: 4421: 4414: 4404: 4402: 4385: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4273: 4266: 4235: 4226: 4221: 4140:Abortion debate 4132: 4085:Abortion Rights 4025: 4008: 3995: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3883: 3866: 3854: 3818: 3798: 3792: 3787: 3738: 3713: 3662: 3648: 3606:Chinese culture 3552:information era 3525: 3520: 3495: 3470: 3376:Mostly Hinduism 3156: 3148: 3086: 3073: 3071:Other countries 3010: 3005: 2981:Western Balkans 2977: 2899: 2890: 2854:region at 116. 2852:Red River Delta 2844: 2830: 2824: 2784: 2778: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2640: 2634: 2585:ultrasonography 2517: 2499: 2483: 2467: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2377: 2371: 2335: 2222: 2173: 2148: 2136:human sex ratio 2128:human sex ratio 2120: 2118:Human sex ratio 2114: 2094:human sex ratio 2076:Western Balkans 2037: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2004: 1879:Polyculturalism 1775:Civil liberties 1747: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1716:Reappropriation 1616: 1615:Countermeasures 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1533:Racial steering 1499:Numerus clausus 1403: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1118:Ethnic conflict 1053:Corrective rape 1008: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 996: 643: 632: 631: 630: 629: 628: 481: 471: 470: 469: 468: 467: 359:HIV/AIDS stigma 231: 223: 222: 221: 220: 219: 168:Mental disorder 110: 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 71: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14461: 14451: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14389: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14371: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14343: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14293:Reverse racism 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14263:Prisoner abuse 14260: 14255: 14253:Power distance 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14219: 14218: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14171:Ethnic penalty 14168: 14167: 14166: 14164:Neurodiversity 14161: 14151: 14149:Dehumanization 14146: 14141: 14139:Cisnormativity 14136: 14131: 14126: 14120: 14118: 14117:Related topics 14114: 14113: 14111: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14039: 14038: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13997: 13995: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13975:State religion 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13956: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13914: 13913: 13911:Nuremberg Laws 13908: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13853:Ghetto benches 13850: 13848:Gerrymandering 13845: 13840: 13835: 13833:Gender pay gap 13830: 13829: 13828: 13823: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13792: 13790: 13787:Discriminatory 13784: 13783: 13781: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13616:Lavender scare 13613: 13611:Kill Haole Day 13608: 13606:Indian rolling 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13582: 13581: 13571: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13492:Eliminationism 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13427:Cancel culture 13424: 13419: 13414: 13413: 13412: 13401: 13399: 13398:Manifestations 13395: 13394: 13392: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13294:Middle Eastern 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13233: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13128: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13096: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13044: 13042: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13031: 13029:Zoroastrianism 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13005: 13004: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12991: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12956:Untouchability 12953: 12943: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12890: 12888: 12882: 12881: 12879: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12782:Leprosy stigma 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12648: 12646: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12535: 12533: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12504: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12494:Discrimination 12490: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12467: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12454: 12444: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12424: 12422:Sustainability 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12398: 12396: 12395:Related topics 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12327: 12325: 12320: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12286: 12284:Largest cities 12281: 12275: 12273: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12265: 12260: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12153: 12145: 12139: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12104:I = P × A × T 12100: 12095: 12089: 12087: 12080: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12057: 12056: 12046: 12040: 12038: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12025: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11988: 11986: 11982: 11981: 11974: 11973: 11966: 11959: 11951: 11942: 11941: 11939: 11938: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11888: 11882: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11811:Intact D&X 11808: 11803: 11798: 11792: 11790: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11721: 11719: 11713: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11480:United Kingdom 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11305:Czech Republic 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11261: 11259: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11083: 11081: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10922: 10920: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10901:Women's rights 10898: 10893: 10891:Toxic abortion 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10701: 10699: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10691: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10658: 10656: 10652: 10651: 10644: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10621: 10613: 10612: 10590: 10562: 10534: 10512: 10485: 10467: 10435: 10409: 10383: 10345: 10319: 10300: 10270: 10238: 10210: 10193:New York Times 10179: 10149: 10140:Postmedia News 10126: 10095: 10059: 10023: 9991: 9984: 9966: 9931:(1): 202–217. 9915: 9911:Summary Note 4 9890: 9862: 9834: 9817:Foreign Policy 9803: 9773: 9747: 9710:(2): 270–274. 9694: 9632: 9593: 9536: 9521: 9514: 9496: 9489: 9471: 9464: 9438: 9407: 9376: 9330: 9300: 9270: 9252: 9231: 9196: 9181: 9166: 9130: 9104: 9073: 9054: 9034: 9027:(in Chinese). 9015: 9008: 8990: 8983: 8960: 8954:978-8120804647 8953: 8935: 8908:(1): 141–158. 8892: 8873:(5): 319–329. 8857: 8846:(3): 529–535. 8825: 8791: 8754:(1): 109–126. 8734: 8699: 8645: 8629: 8580: 8571: 8533: 8503: 8472: 8441: 8405: 8391: 8357: 8338: 8307: 8280:(3): 425–430. 8264: 8235: 8224:(2): 185–208. 8205: 8156: 8125: 8095: 8066:(5): e002612. 8043: 8024:(3): 393–397. 8008: 7979:(3): 286–288. 7959: 7927: 7906:(4): 572–575. 7886: 7872: 7850: 7801: 7769: 7740: 7708: 7691: 7678:(3): 413–423. 7649: 7619: 7600:(1): 111–125. 7584: 7549: 7522: 7507: 7496:(4): 759–785. 7480: 7453:(3): 585–618. 7437: 7414: 7376: 7345: 7317: 7295: 7262: 7240: 7208: 7175: 7144: 7101:Cai Y (2017). 7093: 7062: 7031: 6990: 6959: 6928: 6898: 6867: 6837: 6827: 6812: 6790: 6780: 6770: 6710: 6687: 6668:(2): 283–302. 6649: 6634: 6612: 6582: 6553: 6546: 6520: 6513: 6484: 6461: 6425: 6376: 6347:(6): 513–516. 6324: 6291: 6262:(6): 627–636. 6242: 6220: 6187: 6152: 6118:(3): 399–425. 6095: 6065: 6043: 6021: 5992: 5970: 5940: 5910: 5880: 5847: 5816: 5762: 5717: 5690:(4): 1083–95. 5671: 5644:(6): 889–900. 5625: 5595: 5569: 5543: 5491: 5476: 5435: 5400: 5373:(4): 605–610. 5357: 5323: 5271: 5227: 5216:(3): 433–445. 5200: 5178: 5150: 5109: 5098:(6): 873–900. 5082: 5071:(5): 721–752. 5055: 5033: 4985: 4926: 4874: 4828: 4766: 4714: 4683: 4648: 4597: 4570:(4): 466–482. 4549: 4497: 4464: 4435:(3): 249–278. 4412: 4379: 4320: 4292: 4285: 4264: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4131: 4128: 4106: 4105: 4093: 4092: 4072: 4071: 4070:United Kingdom 4049: 4048: 4033: 4032: 4024: 4021: 4007: 4004: 3994: 3991: 3954:European Union 3925: 3922: 3882: 3879: 3865: 3862: 3853: 3850: 3844:and sold into 3817: 3814: 3794:Main article: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3737: 3734: 3712: 3709: 3700:Indian culture 3647: 3644: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3494: 3491: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3456:Southeast Asia 3454: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3435:Southeast Asia 3433: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3150: 3143: 3085: 3082: 3077:John Bongaarts 3072: 3069: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2976: 2973: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2843: 2840: 2823: 2820: 2780:Main article: 2777: 2774: 2650:A research by 2633: 2630: 2590:son preference 2498: 2495: 2482: 2479: 2466: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2433:amniotic fluid 2373:Main article: 2370: 2367: 2334: 2331: 2221: 2218: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2172: 2169: 2162:Sen estimated 2147: 2144: 2116:Main article: 2113: 2110: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2021: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1924:Reverse racism 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894:Prisoner abuse 1891: 1886: 1884:Power distance 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1802:Ethnic penalty 1799: 1798: 1797: 1795:Neurodiversity 1792: 1782: 1780:Dehumanization 1777: 1772: 1770:Cisnormativity 1767: 1762: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1746:Related topics 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1590:State religion 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1526:Nuremberg Laws 1523: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468:Ghetto benches 1465: 1463:Gerrymandering 1460: 1455: 1450: 1448:Gender pay gap 1445: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1227:Lavender scare 1224: 1222:Kill Haole Day 1219: 1217:Indian rolling 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1103:Eliminationism 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038:Cancel culture 1035: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1007:Manifestations 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 897:Middle Eastern 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 863: 862: 852: 847: 842: 837: 836: 835: 830: 825: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 731: 730: 725: 720: 710: 705: 700: 699: 698: 693: 688: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 647: 646: 645: 644: 638: 637: 634: 633: 627: 626: 624:Zoroastrianism 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 600: 599: 589: 588: 587: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 555: 554: 553: 551:Untouchability 548: 538: 533: 532: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 501: 496: 491: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 460: 455: 454: 453: 448: 443: 433: 432: 431: 426: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 369:Leprosy stigma 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 234: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 218: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 186: 185: 180: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 114: 113: 112: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103: 97: 96: 91: 86: 81: 75: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 64: 56: 55: 53:Discrimination 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14460: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14443:Sex selection 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14398: 14390: 14388: 14380: 14379: 14376: 14370: 14367: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14347:Social stigma 14345: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14290: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14156: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14037: 14034: 14033: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13998: 13996: 13992: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13970:State atheism 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13935: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13906:Jim Crow laws 13904: 13903: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13891:One-drop rule 13889: 13887: 13885: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13806:Blood quantum 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13753:Victimisation 13751: 13749: 13748:Trans bashing 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13718:Religious war 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13698:Racialization 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13569:Glass ceiling 13567: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13512:Ethnic hatred 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13447:Counter-jihad 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13407: 13406: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13230:United States 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13094: 13093:United States 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13036: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13014:Protestantism 13012: 13010: 13007: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12995: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12929:LDS or Mormon 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12887: 12883: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12859:Transmisogyny 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12850: 12847: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12762:Gerontophobia 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12692:Anti-intersex 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12667:Anti-albinism 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12643: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12596: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12530: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12508:Institutional 12506: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12488: 12483: 12481: 12476: 12474: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12453: 12445: 12443: 12442: 12433: 12432: 12429: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12402:Bennett's law 12400: 12399: 12397: 12393: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12323:organizations 12318: 12312: 12309: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12291: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12274: 12270: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12132: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12110:Kaya identity 12108: 12105: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12078: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12029: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11972: 11967: 11965: 11960: 11958: 11953: 11952: 11949: 11937: 11929: 11928: 11925: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11760:Six-week bans 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11714: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641:South America 11639: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11561:United States 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11489:North America 11487: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11370:Liechtenstein 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11254: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10908: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10811:Malthusianism 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10756:Birth control 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10690: 10687: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10635: 10630: 10628: 10623: 10622: 10619: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10594: 10583: 10579: 10572: 10566: 10555: 10551: 10544: 10538: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10489: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10442: 10440: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10397: 10393: 10387: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10315: 10311: 10304: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10255: 10248: 10242: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10217: 10215: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10183: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10130: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10099: 10080: 10076: 10069: 10063: 10044: 10040: 10033: 10027: 10008: 10001: 9995: 9987: 9981: 9977: 9970: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9894: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9866: 9855: 9851: 9844: 9838: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9807: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9698: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9600: 9598: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9532: 9525: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9500: 9492: 9486: 9482: 9475: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9411: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9200: 9192: 9185: 9177: 9170: 9151: 9147: 9140: 9134: 9118: 9114: 9108: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9077: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9019: 9011: 9005: 9001: 8994: 8986: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8956: 8950: 8946: 8939: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8738: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8650: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8625: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8575: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8445: 8426: 8422: 8415: 8409: 8401: 8395: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8362: 8353: 8349: 8342: 8326: 8322: 8321:BalkanInsight 8318: 8311: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8210: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8176:(2): 97–102. 8175: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7944: 7937: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7745: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7686: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7179: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7010:: 1018–1038. 7009: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6921:September 12, 6916: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6891:September 12, 6886: 6882: 6878: 6871: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6794: 6784: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6715: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6656: 6654: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6516: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6329: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6211:The Economist 6208: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5676: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638:Human Biology 5632: 5630: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5547: 5536:September 11, 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5496: 5487: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5414:Human Biology 5411: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367:Human Biology 5361: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5210:Human Biology 5204: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5167: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5092:Human Biology 5086: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065:Human Biology 5059: 5051: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4771: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4719: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4417: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4286:0-07-252183-X 4282: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4224: 4210: 4209:Sex selection 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4124:Laadli scheme 4120: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4006:International 3999: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3941: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3892:public health 3889: 3881:Controversies 3878: 3874: 3870: 3861: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3796:Missing women 3790:Missing women 3782: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3763:contraception 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3682:patrilocality 3679: 3674: 3666: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3600:British India 3597: 3593: 3590:or committed 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3508:amniocentesis 3505: 3501: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3081: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049:West Virginia 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3013: 3008:United States 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965:The Economist 2961: 2959: 2958:The Economist 2955: 2954: 2953:The Economist 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2836: 2829: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2723: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2639: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:amniocentesis 2426: 2421: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2389: 2381: 2376: 2366: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Liechtenstein 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238:Liechtenstein 2234: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2080:North America 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1978:Social stigma 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1612: 1611: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1585:State atheism 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1521:Jim Crow laws 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1506:One-drop rule 1504: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1421:Blood quantum 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1362:Victimisation 1360: 1358: 1357:Trans bashing 1355: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:Religious war 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309:Racialization 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1180:Glass ceiling 1178: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123:Ethnic hatred 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1058:Counter-jihad 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1004: 1003: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 861: 858: 857: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 834: 833:United States 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 697: 696:United States 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 642: 636: 635: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 609:Protestantism 607: 605: 602: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 537: 534: 530: 527: 525: 524:LDS or Mormon 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 480: 475: 474: 464: 461: 459: 456: 452: 449: 447: 446:Transmisogyny 444: 442: 439: 438: 437: 434: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 349:Gerontophobia 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 279:Anti-intersex 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 254:Anti-albinism 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 227: 226: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 106: 105: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 79:Institutional 77: 76: 67: 66: 62: 58: 57: 54: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 34: 30: 19: 14181:Gender-blind 14068:Human rights 13896:Racial quota 13883: 13863:Jewish quota 13843:Gerontocracy 13838:Gender roles 13816:Disabilities 13801:Blood purity 13773:Wife selling 13763:White flight 13743:Slut-shaming 13737: 13723:Scapegoating 13641:Murder music 13314:Palestinians 13257:Anti-Zionism 13125:South Africa 13110:Black people 13088:South Africa 12909:Christianity 12899:Baháʼí Faith 12827:Sectarianism 12767:Heterosexism 12732:Ephebiphobia 12702:Anti-Masonry 12569:Hair texture 12439: 12251:Publications 12210:Antinatalism 12148: 12125:World3 model 11985:Major topics 11891:Christianity 11846:Mifepristone 11841:Methotrexate 11821:Instillation 11745:Buffer zones 11217:Saudi Arabia 11046:South Africa 11041:Sierra Leone 10946:Burkina Faso 10865: 10816:Men's rights 10776:Fetal rights 10689:Abortion law 10607:the original 10602: 10593: 10582:the original 10577: 10565: 10554:the original 10549: 10537: 10529:the original 10524: 10515: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10479: 10470: 10458:. Retrieved 10454:the original 10448: 10428:December 12, 10426:. Retrieved 10422:the original 10412: 10400:. Retrieved 10386: 10374:. Retrieved 10370:the original 10357: 10348: 10336:. Retrieved 10322: 10314:the original 10303: 10291:. Retrieved 10287:the original 10282: 10273: 10261:. Retrieved 10241: 10233:the original 10226: 10201:. Retrieved 10192: 10182: 10170:. Retrieved 10161: 10152: 10144:the original 10139: 10129: 10117:. Retrieved 10113:the original 10108: 10098: 10086:. Retrieved 10079:the original 10062: 10050:. Retrieved 10026: 10014:. Retrieved 10007:the original 9994: 9975: 9969: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9910: 9907:the original 9902: 9893: 9882:the original 9877: 9865: 9854:the original 9849: 9837: 9825:. Retrieved 9816: 9806: 9796:December 25, 9794:. Retrieved 9785: 9776: 9766:December 25, 9764:. Retrieved 9750: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9685:. Retrieved 9660:(1): 34–55. 9657: 9653: 9623:. Retrieved 9611: 9553: 9549: 9539: 9530: 9524: 9505: 9499: 9480: 9474: 9447: 9441: 9429:. Retrieved 9420: 9410: 9400:February 23, 9398:. Retrieved 9389: 9379: 9357:(1): 59–84. 9354: 9350: 9321:. Retrieved 9312: 9303: 9291:. Retrieved 9282: 9273: 9264: 9255: 9247:the original 9241: 9234: 9209: 9205: 9199: 9190: 9184: 9175: 9169: 9157:. Retrieved 9150:the original 9145: 9133: 9121:. Retrieved 9107: 9095:. Retrieved 9086: 9076: 9066:December 18, 9064:. Retrieved 9044: 9037: 9028: 9024: 9018: 8999: 8993: 8974: 8963: 8944: 8938: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8843: 8839: 8816:. Retrieved 8807: 8803: 8794: 8751: 8747: 8737: 8715:(1): 35–51. 8712: 8708: 8702: 8665: 8661: 8597: 8593: 8583: 8574: 8563:the original 8558: 8524:. Retrieved 8515: 8506: 8494:. Retrieved 8485: 8475: 8463:. Retrieved 8454: 8444: 8434:September 6, 8432:. Retrieved 8420: 8408: 8394: 8382:. Retrieved 8374:The Atlantic 8373: 8351: 8341: 8329:. Retrieved 8320: 8310: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8256:the original 8251: 8238: 8221: 8217: 8173: 8169: 8159: 8147:. Retrieved 8138: 8128: 8116:. Retrieved 8112:the original 8107: 8098: 8063: 8059: 8021: 8017: 8011: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7950:. Retrieved 7930: 7903: 7899: 7889: 7878:the original 7859: 7853: 7818: 7814: 7804: 7790:(2): 89–97. 7787: 7783: 7760:. Retrieved 7732:the original 7727: 7694: 7675: 7671: 7642:December 26, 7640:. Retrieved 7631: 7622: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7538:(3): 61–64. 7535: 7531: 7525: 7516: 7510: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7423: 7417: 7409: 7403:the original 7398: 7368:the original 7363: 7337:the original 7332: 7320: 7312:the original 7307: 7298: 7290: 7284:the original 7257:the original 7252: 7243: 7231:. Retrieved 7220: 7211: 7201:September 6, 7199:. Retrieved 7188: 7178: 7166:. Retrieved 7157: 7147: 7135:. Retrieved 7110: 7106: 7096: 7084:. Retrieved 7075: 7065: 7053:. Retrieved 7044: 7034: 7007: 7003: 6993: 6981:. Retrieved 6972: 6962: 6950:. Retrieved 6941: 6931: 6919:. Retrieved 6910: 6901: 6889:. Retrieved 6880: 6870: 6858:. Retrieved 6849: 6840: 6830: 6799: 6793: 6783: 6773: 6730: 6726: 6705:the original 6700: 6690: 6665: 6661: 6643: 6637: 6629:the original 6624: 6615: 6603:. Retrieved 6594: 6585: 6575:December 15, 6573:. Retrieved 6529: 6523: 6496: 6470: 6464: 6452:. Retrieved 6445:the original 6440: 6428: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6344: 6340: 6315:. Retrieved 6304: 6294: 6259: 6255: 6245: 6237:the original 6232: 6223: 6215:the original 6210: 6179:the original 6174: 6143:. Retrieved 6115: 6111: 6098: 6086:. Retrieved 6078:The Atlantic 6077: 6068: 6060:the original 6055: 6046: 6038:the original 6033: 6024: 6013:the original 6008: 6002:"Sex Ratios" 5995: 5987:the original 5982: 5973: 5965: 5962:the original 5957: 5931:. Retrieved 5927:the original 5922: 5913: 5903:December 24, 5901:. Retrieved 5892: 5883: 5873:December 24, 5871:. Retrieved 5860: 5850: 5840:December 24, 5838:. Retrieved 5829: 5819: 5784: 5780: 5753:. Retrieved 5749:the original 5687: 5683: 5641: 5637: 5618:December 28, 5616:. Retrieved 5607: 5598: 5588:December 28, 5586:. Retrieved 5572: 5560:. Retrieved 5546: 5534:. Retrieved 5514: 5510: 5485: 5479: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5426:. Retrieved 5420:(1): 36–64. 5417: 5413: 5403: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5346:(1): 91–96. 5343: 5339: 5291: 5287: 5247: 5243: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5193:December 28, 5191:. Retrieved 5165: 5129:(1): 68–70. 5126: 5122: 5112: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5049: 5011: 5007: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4894: 4890: 4860: 4856: 4786: 4782: 4734: 4730: 4706:the original 4701: 4674:. Retrieved 4651: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4567: 4563: 4525: 4521: 4488:. Retrieved 4477: 4467: 4432: 4428: 4405:September 7, 4403:. Retrieved 4392: 4382: 4370:. Retrieved 4340:(1): 47–56. 4337: 4333: 4323: 4312:the original 4276: 4245:(1): 49–61. 4242: 4238: 4150:Fetal rights 4123: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4094: 4073: 4061: 4050: 4034: 4026: 4009: 3967: 3958: 3927: 3913: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3759: 3714: 3705:dowry deaths 3693: 3686: 3671: 3640: 3626:Confucianism 3623: 3615:foot binding 3604: 3577: 3573:family honor 3560: 3549: 3545:Ganges river 3512: 3496: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3397:Mostly Islam 3271:Mostly Islam 3250:Mostly Islam 3187:Mostly Islam 3165: 3160: 3145: 3140: 3095: 3074: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3014: 3011: 2978: 2970: 2964: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2928: 2891: 2871: 2856: 2845: 2833: 2831: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2724: 2720: 2688: 2672: 2668: 2649: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2594: 2582: 2558: 2554: 2538: 2484: 2471:North Africa 2468: 2459: 2455: 2452:Availability 2442: 2422: 2405: 2394: 2363: 2352: 2348: 2336: 2307: 2303: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2211: 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12093:Biocapacity 11918:Scientology 11896:Catholicism 11851:Misoprostol 11816:Hysterotomy 11602:New Zealand 11526:El Salvador 11470:Switzerland 11405:Netherlands 11207:Philippines 11177:South Korea 11172:North Korea 11087:Afghanistan 10662:Definitions 10655:Main topics 10480:China Daily 10402:December 9, 10088:November 1, 10052:November 1, 9323:October 23, 9159:January 12, 9031:(3): 86–92. 8818:December 1, 8668:: 889–897. 8526:December 5, 8465:October 23, 8384:November 3, 8118:November 2, 7952:October 23, 6860:October 23, 5954:"Sex Ratio" 5608:Measure DHS 4528:(1): 3–15. 4184:Infanticide 4165:Gender role 4037:Mark Warawa 3970:U.S. states 3834:North Korea 3822:trafficking 3806:South Korea 3678:patrilineal 3596:infanticide 3404:South Korea 3173:Afghanistan 3119:South Korea 3099:Afghanistan 3017:Gallup poll 2863:South Korea 2835:South Korea 2822:South Korea 2797:plays role. 2767:Beti Bachao 2625:infanticide 2525:Daye, Hubei 2475:Middle East 2339:Switzerland 2286:Isle of Man 2213:John Graunt 2156:Amartya Sen 2087:South Korea 1706:Nonviolence 1701:LGBT rights 1666:Empowerment 1634:Anti-racism 1548:Segregation 1493:No kid zone 1289:Persecution 1202:Hate speech 1153:Gay bashing 1128:Ethnic joke 1083:Dog whistle 1028:Blood libel 708:Azerbaijani 604:Neopaganism 597:Persecution 563:Persecution 546:Persecution 509:Catholicism 436:Transphobia 419:Supremacism 374:Lesbophobia 294:Aporophobia 259:Anti-autism 94:Taste-based 89:Statistical 14438:Gendercide 14412:Categories 14357:Stereotype 14352:Speciesism 14233:Oppression 14228:Oikophobia 14124:Allophilia 14108:Toleration 13965:Sodomy law 13858:Internment 13778:Witch-hunt 13656:Blackhawks 13586:Hate group 13574:Hate crime 13547:Gendercide 13537:Freak show 13527:Excellence 13487:Employment 13457:Defamation 13389:Vietnamese 13384:Venezuelan 13274:Lithuanian 12941:Falun Gong 12876:Xenophobia 12871:Vegaphobia 12854:Non-binary 12812:Pedophobia 12777:Homophobia 12599:Skin color 12559:Disability 12532:Attributes 12513:Structural 12321:Events and 12136:population 12082:Population 12033:Population 11978:Population 11582:Micronesia 11511:Costa Rica 11440:San Marino 11400:Montenegro 11380:Luxembourg 11360:Kazakhstan 11167:Kazakhstan 11137:East Timor 11107:Bangladesh 11097:Azerbaijan 11016:Madagascar 10986:The Gambia 10961:Cape Verde 10910:By country 10376:January 5, 10338:January 5, 10162:CNN Online 10119:October 6, 9786:al Jazeera 9725:1805/25403 8748:Demography 8149:October 5, 8139:al Jazeera 7432:10125/3488 6822:1366057905 6132:10986/4508 5893:Eurasianet 4863:(2): 260. 4617:: e79853. 4219:References 4160:Gendercide 4077:Tessa Munt 4041:Parliament 4023:By country 3974:pro-choice 3962:pro-choice 3910:Al Jazeera 3393:South Asia 3372:South Asia 3341:Montenegro 3330:South Asia 3324:12,618,000 3282:25,112,000 3267:South Asia 3257:Bangladesh 3236:Azerbaijan 3183:South Asia 3146:Gender gap 3103:Bangladesh 3061:New Jersey 2997:Montenegro 2939:Azerbaijan 2709:, who was 2682:(118) and 2427:(CVS) and 2292:(108) and 2282:San Marino 2278:Azerbaijan 2056:South Asia 1988:Stereotype 1983:Speciesism 1864:Oppression 1859:Oikophobia 1755:Allophilia 1731:Toleration 1580:Sodomy law 1473:Internment 1387:Witch-hunt 1267:Blackhawks 1197:Hate group 1185:Hate crime 1158:Gendercide 1148:Freak show 1138:Excellence 1098:Employment 1068:Defamation 992:Vietnamese 987:Venezuelan 877:Lithuanian 536:Falun Gong 463:Xenophobia 458:Vegaphobia 441:Non-binary 399:Pedophobia 364:Homophobia 178:Skin color 138:Disability 109:Attributes 84:Structural 14330:Christian 14258:Prejudice 14206:Masculism 14154:Diversity 13948:religious 13923:Redlining 13522:Ethnocide 13482:Education 13374:Ukrainian 13309:Pakistani 13299:Mongolian 13220:Australia 13202:Hungarian 13157:Colombian 13137:Bulgarian 13019:Rastafari 12973:Ahmadiyya 12886:Religious 12864:Trans men 12822:Pregnancy 12757:Gayphobia 12752:Fatphobia 12657:Acephobia 12652:Arophobia 12636:Viewpoint 12417:Migration 12294:6 billion 11703:Venezuela 11648:Argentina 11577:Australia 11546:Nicaragua 11531:Guatemala 11375:Lithuania 11222:Singapore 10881:Socialism 10698:Movements 10460:March 14, 10366:2204-3888 9687:March 10, 9674:152171783 9431:August 7, 8930:162954709 7821:: 10–16. 7706:, page 38 7632:Med India 7168:April 29, 7137:April 29, 7127:158924618 7086:April 29, 7055:April 29, 7026:0305-7410 6983:April 29, 6952:April 29, 6145:March 10, 6088:March 11, 5028:154492092 4592:154284754 4584:1360-0818 4372:March 16, 4354:0022-0388 3425:Singapore 3414:East Asia 3288:East Asia 3128:West Asia 3057:Minnesota 2989:Macedonia 2867:Hong Kong 2578:Guangdong 2294:Macedonia 2266:Hong Kong 2052:East Asia 1961:Christian 1889:Prejudice 1837:Masculism 1785:Diversity 1563:religious 1538:Redlining 1133:Ethnocide 1093:Education 977:Ukrainian 912:Pakistani 902:Mongolian 823:Australia 805:Hungarian 760:Colombian 740:Bulgarian 614:Rastafari 568:Ahmadiyya 479:Religious 451:Trans men 409:Pregnancy 344:Gayphobia 339:Fatphobia 244:Acephobia 239:Arophobia 215:Viewpoint 14448:Eugenics 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10254:Archived 10228:HuffPost 10197:Archived 10166:Archived 10043:Archived 10016:June 10, 9961:27987147 9953:11865874 9821:Archived 9790:Archived 9760:Archived 9742:33140798 9734:26242948 9678:Archived 9625:June 10, 9616:Archived 9588:12574519 9580:12369329 9425:Archived 9394:Archived 9317:Archived 9293:June 20, 9287:Archived 9283:BBC News 9226:18088517 9123:March 1, 9117:Archived 9091:Archived 9060:Archived 8922:25058378 8812:Archived 8786:41085573 8778:10748993 8694:25349481 8624:27304504 8520:Archived 8512:"Search" 8490:Archived 8459:Archived 8425:Archived 8421:Postnote 8378:Archived 8325:Archived 8302:22202092 8294:20361419 8200:23895886 8192:41959961 8143:Archived 8090:23674444 8060:BMJ Open 8038:11439822 8003:22271910 7943:Archived 7922:23276560 7845:29349269 7756:Archived 7636:Archived 7475:33446683 7467:20162850 7227:Archived 7195:Archived 7190:The Wire 7162:Archived 7131:Archived 7080:Archived 7049:Archived 6977:Archived 6946:Archived 6915:Archived 6885:Archived 6854:Archived 6835:Angeles. 6788:959–960. 6765:19359290 6747:20512658 6605:June 20, 6599:Archived 6595:BBC News 6569:Archived 6473:(6273). 6420:23440775 6371:37709826 6363:11422974 6317:June 20, 6311:Archived 6286:21828326 6136:Archived 6082:Archived 5897:Archived 5867:Archived 5834:Archived 5811:21402684 5712:12769123 5666:12297795 5658:12617497 5612:Archived 5582:Archived 5562:June 29, 5556:Archived 5527:Archived 5523:15974501 5471:21596712 5455:: 7–20. 5422:Archived 5395:41810038 5387:11512687 5352:20853265 5318:10504147 5266:10601107 5222:10885189 5184:Archived 5145:13520702 4980:16938885 4921:11976243 4823:30988199 4761:11124200 4676:March 5, 4670:Archived 4643:36165452 4544:18577567 4490:June 27, 4484:Archived 4399:Archived 4366:Archived 4362:42247421 4155:Feticide 4130:See also 3912:titled " 3635:Cheng Yi 3383:Pakistan 3309:Caucasus 3246:Caucasus 3225:Caucasus 3115:Pakistan 3065:New York 3053:Michigan 3037:Oklahoma 3003:Americas 2931:Caucasus 2921:and the 2907:Caucasus 2897:Caucasus 2791:Pakistan 2776:Pakistan 2473:and the 2344:Pakistan 2315:Caucasus 2203:Botswana 2072:Caucasus 2068:Pakistan 2048:abortion 2000:The talk 1936:Snobbery 1854:Net bias 1676:Feminism 1595:Ugly law 1436:Catholic 1402:Policies 1247:Mortgage 1242:Lynching 1173:examples 1168:Genocide 1088:Economic 1073:Democide 1033:Bullying 942:Romanian 907:Nigerian 850:Japanese 785:Georgian 770:Filipino 703:Assyrian 676:Armenian 666:American 661:Albanian 641:national 619:Yazidism 541:Hinduism 499:Buddhism 394:Nepotism 389:Misogyny 384:Misandry 309:Clannism 304:Biphobia 249:Adultism 158:Language 45:a series 43:Part of 14397:Commons 14176:Figleaf 13601:Housing 13369:Turkish 13319:Pashtun 13289:Mexican 13269:Kurdish 13242:Italian 13192:Haitian 13177:Finnish 13152:Chinese 13147:Chechen 13142:Catalan 13132:Bengali 13053:African 13038:Ethnic/ 12997:Judaism 12988:Sunnism 12978:Shi'ism 12894:Atheism 12727:Elitism 12626:Species 12564:Genetic 12554:Dialect 12441:Commons 12084:ecology 12035:biology 11913:Judaism 11789:Methods 11698:Uruguay 11673:Ecuador 11653:Bolivia 11632:Vanuatu 11570:Oceania 11496:Bahamas 11475:Ukraine 11430:Romania 11390:Moldova 11350:Ireland 11345:Iceland 11340:Hungary 11330:Germany 11320:Finland 11315:Estonia 11310:Denmark 11300:Croatia 11285:Belgium 11280:Belarus 11275:Austria 11270:Andorra 11265:Albania 11242:Vietnam 11187:Lebanon 11142:Georgia 11102:Bahrain 11092:Armenia 11036:Senegal 11031:Nigeria 11026:Namibia 11011:Liberia 11006:Lesotho 10951:Burundi 10926:Algeria 10672:Methods 10667:History 10507:3776292 10293:May 31, 10263:May 31, 10203:May 31, 10172:May 31, 9945:3810465 9925:Hypatia 9827:May 22, 9572:3775793 9371:2137413 9097:May 18, 8875:Bibcode 8770:2648100 8729:1972351 8685:4208631 8615:4932837 8496:May 23, 8331:June 7, 8081:3657664 7994:3281151 7836:5769124 7614:2137689 7579:3517661 7544:4371751 7233:May 14, 6881:Pursuit 6756:2667570 6682:2938438 6479:1989245 6454:June 7, 6411:7050982 6277:4526182 5933:May 17, 5802:3168620 5755:May 17, 5428:May 11, 5309:1566625 5136:1931860 5104:3327803 5077:3319883 4971:1569153 4948:Bibcode 4814:6511063 4791:Bibcode 4752:1119278 4634:9514843 4459:7846643 4437:Bibcode 4259:2584811 4100:rates. 4064:Arizona 3982:pretext 3947:⁄ 3933:⁄ 3830:Myanmar 3826:Vietnam 3730:Hungary 3592:suicide 3556:lineage 3450:139,000 3446:Vietnam 3408:336,000 3387:206,000 3366:125,000 3299:Georgia 3261:416,000 3240:111,000 3215:Armenia 3194:Albania 3177:265,000 3157:females 3141:Country 3045:Georgia 3041:Arizona 2985:Albania 2947:Georgia 2943:Armenia 2923:Caspian 2848:Vietnam 2731:⁄ 2678:(120), 2676:Haryana 2664:Muslims 2570:Shaanxi 2566:Jiangxi 2527:, 2008) 2461:2000s. 2414:⁄ 2327:Georgia 2288:(108), 2284:(109), 2280:(109), 2276:(109), 2274:Albania 2272:(110), 2270:Vietnam 2268:(110), 2264:(110), 2262:Grenada 2260:(112), 2256:(112), 2252:(112), 2250:Armenia 2248:(114), 2244:(116), 2240:(125), 2207:Namibia 1807:Figleaf 1212:Housing 972:Turkish 922:Pashtun 892:Mexican 872:Kurdish 845:Italian 795:Haitian 780:Finnish 755:Chinese 750:Chechen 745:Catalan 735:Bengali 656:African 639:Ethnic/ 592:Judaism 583:Sunnism 573:Shi'ism 489:Atheism 314:Elitism 205:Species 143:Genetic 133:Dialect 14433:Sexism 14362:threat 14216:autism 13953:sexual 13943:racial 13826:Jewish 13683:Pogrom 13661:Chiefs 13651:Braves 13379:Uyghur 13354:Somali 13349:Slavic 13334:Romani 13329:Quebec 13324:Polish 13264:Korean 13225:Canada 13212:Indian 13197:Hazara 13172:Fulani 13083:France 13048:Afghan 12983:Sufism 12712:Audism 12645:Social 12574:Height 12151:genics 11678:Guyana 11658:Brazil 11627:Tuvalu 11551:Panama 11541:Mexico 11506:Canada 11501:Belize 11465:Sweden 11445:Serbia 11435:Russia 11420:Poland 11415:Norway 11395:Monaco 11365:Latvia 11335:Greece 11325:France 11257:Europe 11232:Turkey 11227:Taiwan 11157:Israel 11132:Cyprus 11117:Brunei 11112:Bhutan 11066:Zambia 11061:Uganda 11021:Malawi 10996:Guinea 10931:Angola 10918:Africa 10719:Issues 10525:UNICEF 10505: 10364: 9982: 9959: 9951: 9943: 9740: 9732: 9672: 9586: 9578: 9570: 9512: 9487: 9462: 9369: 9224: 9052: 9006: 8981: 8951: 8928: 8920: 8784: 8776: 8768: 8727: 8692: 8682: 8622: 8612: 8352:Gallup 8300: 8292: 8198: 8190: 8088: 8078: 8036: 8001: 7991: 7920: 7870: 7843: 7833: 7762:May 8, 7702: 7612: 7577: 7542: 7473: 7465: 7125: 7024: 6942:Quartz 6820: 6810: 6763: 6753: 6745: 6680: 6544: 6511: 6477: 6418: 6408: 6369: 6361: 6284: 6274: 5809: 5799: 5710: 5704:684130 5702: 5664: 5656: 5521: 5469: 5393: 5385: 5350: 5316: 5306: 5264: 5220: 5176: 5143: 5133: 5102: 5075: 5026: 4978: 4968: 4919: 4912:102777 4909: 4821: 4811: 4759: 4749: 4641: 4631: 4590: 4582: 4542: 4457: 4360: 4352: 4283: 4257: 4031:Canada 3842:Taiwan 3832:, and 3810:Taiwan 3726:Romani 3569:purdah 3429:21,000 3303:24,000 3219:35,000 3198:21,000 3161:Region 3123:Taiwan 3063:, and 2993:Kosovo 2911:Europe 2888:Europe 2858:Taiwan 2698:India. 2680:Punjab 2656:Hindus 2513:, and 2448:1994. 2290:Kosovo 2199:Angola 1993:threat 1847:autism 1568:sexual 1558:racial 1441:Jewish 1294:Pogrom 1272:Chiefs 1262:Braves 982:Uyghur 957:Somali 952:Slavic 937:Romani 932:Quebec 927:Polish 867:Korean 828:Canada 815:Indian 800:Hazara 775:Fulani 686:France 651:Afghan 578:Sufism 299:Audism 230:Social 153:Height 14340:white 13693:Purge 13359:Tatar 13284:Māori 13279:Malay 13237:Irish 13187:Greek 13162:Croat 13120:China 13078:Asian 12963:Islam 12837:White 12584:Looks 12549:Class 12544:Caste 12501:Forms 12272:Lists 11908:Islam 11663:Chile 11622:Tonga 11612:Samoa 11460:Spain 11385:Malta 11355:Italy 11247:Yemen 11212:Qatar 11197:Nepal 11162:Japan 11147:India 11127:China 11001:Kenya 10991:Ghana 10976:Egypt 10936:Benin 10585:(PDF) 10574:(PDF) 10557:(PDF) 10546:(PDF) 10503:JSTOR 10257:(PDF) 10250:(PDF) 10082:(PDF) 10071:(PDF) 10046:(PDF) 10039:UNFPA 10035:(PDF) 10010:(PDF) 10003:(PDF) 9957:S2CID 9941:JSTOR 9885:(PDF) 9874:(PDF) 9857:(PDF) 9846:(PDF) 9738:S2CID 9681:(PDF) 9670:S2CID 9650:(PDF) 9619:(PDF) 9608:(PDF) 9584:S2CID 9568:JSTOR 9367:JSTOR 9153:(PDF) 9142:(PDF) 8926:S2CID 8918:JSTOR 8782:S2CID 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