Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

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position; he now supported their elevation. The PDPA Politburo voted in favour of giving membership to the military officers; the victors (the Khalqists) portrayed the Parchamites as opportunists (they implied that the Parchamites had ridden the revolutionary wave, but not actually participated in the revolution). To make matters worse for the Parchamites, the term Parcham was, according to Taraki, a word synonymous with factionalism. On 27 June, three months after the revolution, Amin managed to outmaneuver the Parchamites at a Central Committee meeting. The meeting decided that the Khalqists had the exclusive right to formulate and decide policy, which left the Parchamites impotent. Karmal was exiled. Later, a coup planned by the Parchamites and led by Karmal was discovered by the Khalqist leadership, prompting a swift reaction; a purge of Parchamites began. Parchamite ambassadors were recalled, but few returned; for instance, Karmal and

2248:. At the same time, he told the Afghan people that he had negotiated with the Soviet Union to give economic, military and political assistance. Even if Karmal indeed wanted all this, it would be impossible to put it into practice in the presence of the Soviet Union. Most Afghans mistrusted the government at this time. Many still remembered that Karmal had said he would protect private capital in 1978, a promise later proven to be a lie. When a political solution failed, the Afghan government and the Soviet military decided to solve the conflict militarily. The change from a political to a military solution came gradually. It began in January 1981: Karmal doubled wages for military personnel, issued several promotions, and one general and thirteen colonels were decorated. The draft age was lowered, the obligatory length of military duty was extended, and the age for reservists was increased to thirty-five years of age. In June, 2352:... I hope to God that we haven't made a mistake with Najibullah." As time would prove, Najibullah's aims were the opposite of the Soviet Union's; Najibullah was opposed to a Soviet withdrawal, the Soviet Union wanted a withdrawal. This was understandable, since it was thought that the Afghan military was on the brink of dissolution. Najibullah thought his only means of survival was to retain the Soviet presence. In July 1986 six Soviet regiments, up to 15,000 troops, were withdrawn from Afghanistan. The aim of this early withdrawal was, according to Gorbachev, to show the world that the Soviet leadership was serious about leaving Afghanistan. The Soviets told the United States Government that they were planning to withdraw, but the United States Government didn't believe it. When Gorbachev met with 2895:. It was shown to the public for the first time in an official rally in Kabul. The red flag introduced under Taraki was replaced in 1980, shortly after the Soviet intervention, to the more traditional colours black, red and green. The PDPA flag, which was red with a yellow seal, was retained to emphasise the difference between the party and state to the Afghan people. The red star, the book and communist symbols in general, were removed from the flag in 1987 under Najibullah. The new emblem, which replaced Daoud's eagle emblem, was introduced together with the flag in 1978. When Karmal introduced a new emblem in 1980, he said "it is from the pulpit that thousands of the faithful are led to the right path." The book depicted in the emblem (and the flag) was generally considered to be 2634:

constitution, to the President and House of Representatives. There seems to have been a deliberate power-sharing between the two bodies; few Presidium members were ministers. It was the PDPA (perhaps with the involvement of the Soviets) which appointed and decided the membership of the Council of Ministers. An Afghan dissident who had previously worked in the office of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers reported that all topics up for discussion in the Council of Ministers had to be approved by the Soviets. Under Karmal, the Khalqist's were purged and replaced by the Parcham majority in the Council of Ministers. Of the 24 members of the Council of Ministers under Karmal's chairmanship, only four were Khalqists.

2323: 2744:, the Parcham faction had been the Soviets' favored faction. Following the Parchamites' seizure of power with Soviet assistance, party discipline was breaking down because of the Khalq–Parcham feud. After the PDPA government had ordered the replacement of seven Khalqist officers with Parchamites, the seven officers sent the intended replacements back. While the Parchamite government gave up trying to take over the armed forces, it did announce the execution of 13 officials who had worked for Amin. These executions led to three failed Khalqist coups in June, July and October 1980. The Western press, during the anti-Parchamite purge of 1979, referred to the Parcham faction as "moderate socialist intellectuals". 2723:

present in the PDPA, and they still formed a majority within the armed forces; the Khalq faction still managed to create a sense of cohesion. While still believing in Marxism–Leninism, many of them were infuriated at the Soviet intervention, and the Soviets' pro-Parchamite policies. Taraki, in a speech, said "We will defend our non-aligned policy and independence with all valour. We will not give even an inch of soil to anyone and we will not be dictated in our foreign policy will we accept anybody's orders in this regard." While it was not clear, who Taraki was pointing at, the Soviet Union was the only country which Afghanistan neighbored which had the strength to occupy the country.

3866: 2649: 2728: 112: 210: 2315: 3341: 3415:

of armored divisions in contrast were maintained, and stood at 4,000. During the Soviet war, the Afghan army used light weapons, and used neglected equipment. During the counter-insurgency, heavy equipment, tanks and artillery were most of the time, but not always, used and fired by Soviet soldiers. A problem faced the Afghan government, and the Soviet military—the degeneration of training for new military recruits; new recruits were being rushed into service, because the Afghan government and the Soviet military feared a total collapse of the government. Western analysts expected the Afghan Army to lose the

2875: 2863: 2851: 758: 725: 119: 2279:. These measures were introduced due to the collapse of the army; before the invasion the army could field 100,000 troops, after the invasion only 25,000. Desertion was pandemic, and the recruitment campaigns for young people often led them to flee to the opposition. To better organise the military, seven military zones were established, each with its own Defence Council. The Defence Council was established at the national, provincial and district level to devolve powers to the local PDPA. It is estimated that the Afghan government spent as much as 40 percent of government revenue on defence. 3710:

intervention, the Soviets grounded the Air Force. Afghans were not allowed in security zones at Afghan airports by the Soviets. Afghans were generally not allowed to fly the airplanes of the Afghan Air Force, but the Soviets could. Afghan helicopters were assigned to tasks considered non-sensitive by the Soviets, and the majority of Air Force personnel were not told about missions beforehand, because the Soviets were afraid that they would contact the enemy. In Afghan helicopter flights a Soviet adviser was always present, and commanded the Afghan pilot who flew the helicopter.

1213: 3411:. This policy was partially successful, and each year the government managed to induce 10,000 to 18,000 into the army. A general amnesty was announced in 1980 to army draft deserters from previous administrations. In 1982, students who served in the military, and graduated 10th grade in high school, would pass 11th and 12th grade and be given a scholarship. People who were conscripted after the 12th grade, could, after military service, attend whichever higher education facility they wanted. To stop army desertions, soldiers were quickly promoted to higher ranks. 144: 139: 3375:. As a result of the rebellion, the 26th Airborne Battalion was transformed into the 37th Commando Brigade. The Commando Brigades were, in contrast, considered reliable and were used as mobile strike forces until they sustained excessive casualties. After sustaining these casualties, the Commando Brigades were turned into battalions. The airborne capabilities of the Afghan commando brigades would cease in 1988, during the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the 666th Commando Brigade would be entirely decimated during the Battle of Khost in 1991. 3789: 2839: 3318:. An estimated 40 to 45 percent of these officers were educated in the Soviet Union, and of them, between 5 and 10 percent were members of the PDPA or communists. By the time of the Soviet intervention, the officer corps had decreased to 1,100 members. This decrease can be explained by the number of purges centered on the armed forces. The purge of the military began immediately after the PDPA took power. According to Mohammad Ayub Osmani, an officer who defected to the enemy, of the 282 Afghan officers who attended the 8659: 2799:

organisation was held that month. The first pre-front institution to be established was a tribal jirga in May 1981 by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. This jirga later became a member of the front. The National Fatherland Front (NFF) held its founding congress in June 1981, after being postponed on several occasions. The founding congress, which was planned to last four days, lasted only one. Within one month of its founding, 27 senior members had been assassinated by the

2392: 10549: 8645: 2119: 2680:, the key decision-making bodies of state and party. After the Soviet intervention, the powers of the PDPA decreased because of the government's increased unpopularity amongst the masses. Soviet advisers took over nearly all aspects of Afghan administration; according to critics, the Afghans became the advisors and the Soviet became the advised. The Soviet intervention had forced Karmal upon the party and state. While trying to portray the new government as a 10561: 8780: 2108: 8795: 2311:. The discussions, if fruitful, would have led to the establishment of a coalition government and be the end of the PDPA's monopoly on power. The programme failed, but the government was able to recruit disillusioned mujahideen fighters as government militias. The National Reconciliation did lead an increasing number of urban dwellers to support his rule, and to the stabilisation of the Afghan defence forces. 668: 10571: 1074:

degree of popular dissatisfaction with the reform he began to curtail the policy. Afghanistan's long history of resistance to any type of strong centralized governmental control further undermined his authority. Consequently, much of the land reform did not get implemented nationwide. In the months following the coup, Taraki and other party leaders initiated other policies that challenged both traditional

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plan, the economy, which had grown less than 2 percent annually until 1985, would grow 25 percent under the plan. Industry would grow 28 percent, agriculture 14–16 percent, domestic trade by 150 percent and foreign trade by 15 percent. None of these predictions were successful, and economic growth continued at 2%. The 1990 constitution gave attention to the

2803:. Due to this, the organisation took time to establish itself; its first Provincial Committee was established in November, and its first jirga in December. It was not until 1983 that the NFF became an active, and important organisation. The aim of the NFF was to establish a pro-PDPA organisation for those who did not support the PDPA ideologically. 2348:, was accused of acting like a Governor General by Gorbachev, and he was recalled from Afghanistan in July 1986. But while Gorbachev called for the end of Soviet management of Afghanistan, he could not resist doing some managing himself. At a Soviet Politburo meeting, Gorbachev said, "It's difficult to build a new building out of old material 885:. The Fundamental Principles, a constitution, was introduced by the government in April 1980, and several non-PDPA members were allowed into government as part of its policy of broadening its support base. However, Karmal's policies failed to bring peace to the war-ravaged country, and in 1986, he was succeeded as PDPA General Secretary by 2622:, the government left 50 of the 234 seats in the House of Representatives, as well as a small number of seats in the Senate, vacant in the hope that the guerrillas would end their armed struggle and participate in the government. The only armed opposition party to make peace with the government was Hizbollah, a small 2379:, supported this position. This stance, if implemented, would be a betrayal of the Geneva Accords just signed. Najibullah was against any type of Soviet withdrawal. A few Soviet troops remained after the Soviet withdrawal; for instance, parachutists who protected the Soviet embassy staff, military advisors and 2420:; the government forces, to the surprise of many, repulsed the attack and won the battle. This trend would not continue, and by the summer of 1990, the Afghan government forces were on the defensive again. By the beginning of 1991, the government controlled only 10 percent of Afghanistan, the eleven-year 3414:

The army consisted of 14 divisions, of these 11 were infantry and another three were armored, which were part of three military corps. While an infantry division was supposed to be composed of 4,000 to 8,000 men, between 1980 and 1983 a division normally mustered between 2,000 and 2,500. The strength

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on 1 January 1979, which attempted to limit the amount of land a family could own. Those whose landholdings exceeded the limit saw their property requisitioned by the government without compensation. The Afghan leadership believed the reform would meet with popular approval among the rural population

2501:

Afghanistan was considered by the Soviet Union as a state with a socialist orientation. The Soviets, in mid-1979, initially proclaimed Afghanistan as not merely a progressive ally, but a fully fledged member of the socialist community of nations. In contrast, later Soviet rhetoric invariably referred

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clothes, killing of PDPA reformers in rural areas, and general harassment of women social workers. Despite improvements, a large percentage of the population remained illiterate. Beginning with the Soviet intervention in 1979, successive wars virtually destroyed the nation's education system. Most

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During communist rule, the PDPA government reformed the education system; education was stressed for both sexes, and widespread literacy programmes were set up. By 1988, women made up 40 percent of the doctors and 60 percent of the teachers at Kabul University; 440,000 female students were enrolled

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and the Soviet Union continued, as did bilateral trade. He also encouraged the development of the private sector in industry. The Five-Year Economic and Social Development Plan, which was introduced in January 1986, continued until March 1991, one year before the government's fall. According to the

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Contrary to government expectations the reform was neither popular nor productive. Agricultural harvests plummeted and the reform itself led to rising discontent amongst Afghans. When Taraki realized the degree of popular dissatisfaction with the reform he quickly abandoned the policy. However, the

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as a democratic revolution signifying "a victory of the honourable working people of Afghanistan" and the "manifestation of the real will and interests of workers, peasants and toilers." While the idea of moving Afghanistan toward socialism was proclaimed, completing the task was seen as an arduous

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deteriorated under Amin; due to desertions the number of military personnel in the Afghan Army decreased from 100,000, in the immediate aftermath of the Saur Revolution, to somewhere between 50,000 and 70,000. Another problem was that the KGB had penetrated the PDPA, the military and the government

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as Council of Ministers deputy chairman. The appointment of Karmal, Amin and Watanjar as Council of Ministers deputy chairmen proved unstable, and it led to three different governments being established within the government; the Khalq faction was answerable to Amin, the Parchamites were answerable

864:

After the Khalq–Parcham struggle, another power struggle arose between Taraki and Amin within the Khalq faction, in which Amin gained the upper hand and later had Taraki killed on his orders. Due to earlier reforms, Amin's rule proved unpopular within both Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. A Soviet

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force. The Ministry of Tribes and Frontiers controlled, until 1983 under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defence, the frontier troops and the tribal militia. According to the Afghan government, the Sarandoy mustered an estimated 115,000 males at its peak. Those who worked in the Sarandoy were

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Its first leader was Salah Mohammad Zeary, a prominent politician within the PDPA. Zeary's selection had wider implications: the PDPA dominated all NFF activities. Officially, the NFF had amassed 700,000 members after its founding, which later increased to one million. The majority of its members

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faction was the more militant of the two. It was more revolutionary and believed in a purer form of Marxism–Leninism than did the Parcham. Following the Soviet intervention, the Khalqi leadership of Taraki and Amin had been all but driven out. Several low and middle level functionaries were still

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that Amin's policies had destroyed the military and the government's capability to handle the crisis by use of mass repression. The plan, according to Andropov, was to assemble a small force to intervene and remove Amin from power and replace him with Karmal. The Soviet Union declared its plan to

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in different educational institutions and 80,000 more in literacy programs. In addition to introducing mass literacy campaigns for women and men, the PDPA agenda included: massive land reform program; the abolition of bride price; and raising the marriage age to 16 for girls and to 18 for boys.

2211:

broadcast Karmal's pre-recorded speech, which stated "Today the torture machine of Amin has been smashed, his accomplices – the primitive executioners, usurpers and murderers of tens of thousand of our fellow countrymen – fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, sons and daughters, children and old

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Amin remained trustful of the Soviet Union until the very end, despite the deterioration of official relations with the Soviet Union. When the Afghan intelligence service handed Amin a report that the Soviet Union would invade the country and topple him, Amin claimed the report was a product of

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was introduced, leading to the requisitioning of land by the government without compensation; it disrupted lines of credit and led to some crop buyers boycotting beneficiaries of the reform, causing agricultural harvests to plummet and rising discontent amongst Afghans. When Taraki realized the

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Karmal had first mentioned the possibility of establishing a "broad national front" in March 1980, but given the situation the country was in, the campaign for the establishment of such an organisation began only in January 1981. A "spontaneous" demonstration in support of establishing such an

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was the Afghan cabinet, and its chairman was the head of government. It was the most important government body in PDPA Afghanistan, and it ran the governmental ministries. The Council of Ministers was responsible to the Presidium of the Revolutionary Council, and after the adoption of the 1987

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even though it was a contravention of the Geneva Accords. At the beginning most observers expected the Najibullah government to collapse immediately, and to be replaced with an Islamic fundamentalist government. Following the Soviet withdrawal the morale of the Afghan Military was said to have

1103:

centered on Taraki, soon became disgusted with the shape it took and with Taraki, who had begun to believe in his own brilliance. Taraki began dismissing Amin's suggestions, fostering in Amin a deep sense of resentment. As their relationship turned increasingly sour, a power struggle developed

1061:

The first conflict between the Khalqists and Parchamites arose when the Khalqists wanted to give PDPA Central Committee membership to military officers who participated in the Saur Revolution. Amin, who previously opposed the appointment of military officers to the PDPA leadership, altered his

2440:

in January 1992. Correctly fearing that a Mujahedeen victory could lead to the new government backing Islamists against the former Soviet Central Asian republics, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan provided food aid to the Najibullah government. The end of weapon exports however led to a

2243:

When he came to power, Karmal promised an end to executions, the establishment of democratic institutions and free elections, the creation of a constitution, the legalisation of parties other than the PDPA, and respect for individual and personal property. Prisoners incarcerated under the two

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established the Homeland Higher Defence Council. Taraki was elected its chairman, while Amin became its deputy. Amin's appointment, and the acquisition of the premiership (as Chairman of the Council of Ministers), was not a step further up the ladder as one might assume; due to constitutional

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Most soldiers were recruited for a three-year term, later extended to four-year terms in 1984. Each year, the Afghan army lost an estimated 15,000 soldiers, 10,000 from desertion and 5,000 from casualties sustained in battle. Everyone between 19 and 39 was eligible for conscription, the only

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in Moscow, an estimated 126 were executed by the authorities. Most of the officer corps, during the Soviet war and the ensuing civil war, were new recruits. The majority of officers were Khalqists, but after the Parchamites' ascension to power, Khalqists held no position of significance. The

3201:. The reform was declared complete in mid-1979 and the government proclaimed that 665,000 hectares (approximately 1,632,500 acres) had been redistributed. The government also declared that only 40,000 families, or 4 percent of the population, had been negatively affected by the land reform. 2199:. His view can be explained by the fact that the Soviet Union, after several months, decided to send troops into Afghanistan. Contrary to normal Western beliefs, Amin was informed of the Soviet decision to send troops into Afghanistan. Amin was killed by Soviet forces on 27 December 1979. 3709:

held all the senior positions. Many in the Air Force were given education and training in the Soviet Union. The Air Force had throughout its history always been smaller than the Army. The Afghan Air Force was considered the most loyal element of the Communist regime. Following the Soviet

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The 26th Airborne Battalion was created from the 242nd and 455th Commando Battalions after the Saur Revolution. They were deemed politically unreliable, and on 5 August 1979, they (along with soldiers from the 444th Commando Brigade) initiated a rebellion against the PDPA government, the

4061:

The total varies, it depends if the source include militias who collaborated, but were not under the direct control of the central government. For instance, in 1991 the total militia force numbered 170,000, but the armed forces under direct control of the central government numbered

2448:(UN), his government was replaced by an interim government. In mid-April Najibullah accepted a UN plan to hand power to a seven-man council. A few days later, on 14 April, Najibullah was forced to resign by 4 of his generals, because of the loss of Bagram airbase and the town of 4339:

No sector of Afghan society has been spared the consequences of the Soviet occupation and the ruthless effort to impose upon the Afghan people a Communist totalitarian system-an effort that began in 1978 with the initial Communist coup overthrowing the Daoud

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However, the mullahs and tribal chiefs in the interiors viewed compulsory education, especially for women, as going against the grain of tradition, as anti-religious, and as a challenge to male authority. This resulted in an increase in shootings of women in

2815:

and the trade unions, all of which were controlled by the PDPA. The membership numbers were in any case inflated. In 1984 the NFF had 67,000 members, and in 1986 its membership peaked at 112,209. In 1985 Zeary stepped down as NFF leader, and was succeeded by

3402:

civilians to service. Even so, some people carried fake papers so they could evade conscription. A side effect of the lack of recruits was that veterans were forced into longer service, or re-recruited. Of the 60 people who graduated from

3367:. Even so, there were several elite units under the command of the Afghan army, such as the 37th, 38th, 444th, 466th, 666th, 84th, 85th Commando Brigades. Additionally, there could have also been a possible 344th Commando Brigade in 1980. 4274:

During their first few months in power, the Communists remade Afghanistan into a Soviet-style totalitarian state, collectivizing land holdings and abolishing Islamic law entirely. The new government tolerated no opposition to these

199: 3419:, but contrary to their expectations, managed to repel the Mujahideen and Pakistani forces (who had the intention of establishing an interim government in Nangarhar Province) and maintain control of the city. On April 1990, the 2692:

In the party's history, only two congresses were held; the founding congress in 1965 and the Second Congress in June 1990, which transformed the PDPA into the Watan Party, which has survived to this today in the shape of the

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and well-established traditional power structures in rural areas. Taraki introduced women to political life and legislated an end to forced marriage. The strength of the anti-reform backlash would ultimately lead to the

3692: 2509:, a commission working on a new constitution was established. There were 65 members of this commission, and they came from all walks of life. Due to his death, his constitution was never finished. In April 1980, under 2306:

in its new phase." An estimated 40,000 rebels were contacted by the government. At the end of 1986, Najibullah called for a six-month ceasefire and talks between the various opposition forces, as part of his policy of

4315:...the Communists violently seized power in Kabul and, with the help of growing numbers of Soviet "advisers," began forcibly to impose upon the people of Afghanistan a foreign ideology and a totalitarian system. 3281: 2776:. When Karmal ascended to power, the Settamites relationship with the government improved, mostly due to Karmal's former good relationship with Badakhshi, who was killed by government forces in 1979. In 1983, 2688:

coalition, most members (the majority of whom were Khalqists), saw through the lies. At the time of the Parchamite takeover of the state and party, an estimated 80 percent of military officers were Khalqists.

3904:. An estimated 6 million people have fled the country, most to neighbouring Pakistan and Iran, making it the largest producer of refugees in the world. Many of these refugees would later be the basis for the 3352:

The strength of the Afghan Army was greatly weakened during the early stages of PDPA rule. One of the main reasons for the small size was that the Soviet military were afraid the Afghan army would defect

3232:(GDP) in 1981; 56 percent of the labour force worked in agriculture in 1982. Industry accounted for 21 percent of GDP in 1982, and employed 10 percent of the labour force. All industrial enterprises were 2367:, and the Soviet Union and the United States signed as guarantors; the treaty specifically stated that the Soviet military had to withdraw from Afghanistan by 15 February 1989. During a Politburo meeting 3327:, one-fifth of military personnel were party members, which meant that, if the military stood at 47,000, 9,000 were members of the PDPA. This number was, according to J. Bruce Amtstutz, an exaggeration. 2820:, who was not a member of the PDPA. The ascension of Hatef proved more successful, and in 1985–86 the NFF succeeded in recruiting several "good Muslims". The NFF was renamed the National Front in 1987. 3398:

and the Soviet Union, and one-child families or low earners. Unfortunately for the government, most people tried to evade conscription. So the government was forced to send army or police gangs to

2772:. Ideologically Settam-e-Melli was very close to the Khalqist faction, but Settam-e-Melli opposed what they saw as the Khalq faction's "Pashtun chauvinism." Settam-e-Melli followed the ideology of 8696: 3216:(GNP) fell substantially during Karmal's rule because of the conflict; trade and transport were disrupted along with the loss of labor and capital. In 1981 the Afghan GDP stood at 154.3 billion 2286:. He continued to have influence in the upper echelons of the party and state until he was forced to resign from his post of Revolutionary Council Chairman in November 1986, being succeeded by 197: 10411: 2456:

became acting head of state following Najibullah's resignation. Najibullah, not long before Kabul's fall, appealed to the UN for amnesty, which he was granted. But Najibullah was hindered by

904:

in 1988–1989, the government faced increasing resistance. 1990 proved to be a year of change in Afghan politics as another constitution was introduced that stated Afghanistan's nature as an

11168: 8686: 1042: 1049:, the leader of the Parcham faction, as Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Council and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Amin as Council of Ministers deputy chairman and 3407:

in 1982, (few male Afghans attended Kabul University between 1980 and 1983), 15 of them fled to Pakistan or began working for the mujahideen. The army's approach to conscription was

339: 198: 2740:

faction was the more moderate of the two and was steadfastly pro-Soviet. This position would hurt its popularity when it came to power following the Soviet intervention. Before the

2282:

Karmal was forced to resign from his post as PDPA General Secretary in May 1986, due to increasing pressure from the Soviet leadership, and was succeeded by Najibullah, the former

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continued to be ruled through its Presidium, the majority of Presidium members were from the PDPA Politburo. The Karmal government was "a new evolutionary phase of the great

2371:

said "We will leave the country in a deplorable situation", and talked further about economic collapse, and the need to keep at least 10,000 to 15,000 troops in Afghanistan.

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in order to consolidate control over Afghanistan. The war resulted in a large number of civilian casualties as well as the creation of millions of refugees who fled into

6968: 3244:; the surplus decreased and became a deficit by 1982, which reached minus $ US70.3 million. The only economic activity that grew substantially during Karmal's rule was 1155:. Between 17,000 and 25,000 people were arrested during Taraki's and Amin's rules combined. Amin was not liked by the Afghan people. During his rule, opposition to the 7323: 2559:, and Article 73 stated that the head of state had to be born into a Muslim Afghan family. In 1990, the 1987 constitution was amended to state that Afghanistan was an 2412:

stated in a report, that the new government would be ambivalent, or even worse hostile, towards the United States. Almost immediately after the Soviet withdrawal, the

857:. The Khalqists emerged victorious and the bulk of the Parchamites were subsequently purged from the PDPA, while the most prominent Parcham leaders were exiled to the 190: 2551:

but did not have support of opposition parties. Islamic principles were embedded in the 1987 constitution. For instance, Article 2 of the constitution stated that

2911:, the central Islamic text. The last emblem was introduced in 1987 by the Najibullah government. This emblem was, in contrast to the previous ones, influenced by 10800: 2244:

previous governments would be freed in a general amnesty. He even promised that a coalition government was going to be established that was not going to espouse

825:, the organizer of the Saur Revolution, introduced several contentious reforms during their rule, such as land and marriage reforms and an enforced policy of de- 8440: 2529:. Religion was to be respected, the exception being when religion threatened the security of society. The Fundamental Principles were, in many ways, similar to 11490: 10805: 3948: 3420: 3364: 3277: 2357: 1160: 9107: 8888: 2570:

The 1987 constitution liberalized the political landscape in areas under government control. Political parties could be established as long as they opposed

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leader of Afghanistan, Soviet advisers still did most of the work after Najibullah took power. As Gorbachev remarked "We're still doing everything ourselves

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The PDPA constitution was written during the party's First Congress in 1965. The constitution regulated all party activities and modelled itself after the

231: 3323:

Parchamites, who were the minority, held the positions of power. Of the 1,100 large officer corps, only an estimated 200 were party members. According to

2178:, wanted to end the impression that the Soviet government supported Amin's leadership and policies. Andropov fought hard for Soviet intervention, telling 912:, which continues to exist. On the military front, the government proved capable of defeating the armed opposition in open battle, as demonstrated in the 11485: 9751: 2618:, which won 45 seats, and from various newly recognized left-wing parties, which had won a total of 24 seats. Although the election was boycotted by the 2602:, a democratically elected parliament. The government announced its willingness to share power, and form a coalition government. The new parliament was 3236:. The service sector, the smallest of the three, accounted for 10 percent of GDP in 1981, and employed an estimated one-third of the labour force. The 2413: 7394:"A History of Women in Afghanistan: Lessons Learnt for the Future or Yesterdays and Tomorrow: Women in Afghanistan (page 6: The Second Era of Change)" 11420: 8759: 3205:

land reform was gradually implemented under the later Karmal administration, although the proportion of land area affected by the reform is unclear.

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also had their own paramilitary forces and elite units. KhAD ran a program of creating tribal militias. Notable militias include that of General

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bureaucracy. While his position in Afghanistan was becoming more perilous by the day, his enemies who were exiled in the Soviet Union and the

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road. Thus, Afghanistan's foreign minister commented that Afghanistan was a democratic but not yet socialist republic, while a member of the

111: 11043: 10607: 9293: 8691: 8450: 3870: 2697:. The Second Congress renamed the party and tried to revitalise it by admitting to past mistakes and evolving ideologically. The policy of 8744: 8446: 11495: 11415: 11256: 10936: 8711: 6283: 4684: 3924: 2643: 2433: 1248: 1010: 791: 4391: 2436:

government in Kabul. The last Soviet aid came in October, with all Russian aid being cut by the new President of the Russian Federation

869:; Karmal became the leader of Afghanistan in his place. The Karmal era, which lasted from 1979 to 1986, was marked by the height of the 8558: 3802: 3319: 2513:, the Fundamental Principles of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan were made law. The constitution was devoid of any references to 2082: 5518: 4679: 2298:

In September 1986 the National Compromise Commission (NCC) was established on the orders of Najibullah. The NCC's goal was to contact

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On 19 October 1978 the PDPA government introduced a new flag, a red flag with a yellow seal, and it was similar to the flags of the

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republics. The new flag stirred popular resentment, as many Afghans saw it as proof of the PDPA government's attempt to introduce

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further proved their ability to fight without direct Soviet assistance when they successfully assaulted a fortified complex in

3295:'s chain of command began with the Supreme Commander, who also held the posts of PDPA General Secretary and head of state. The 980: 795: 11286: 9467: 9162: 9049: 8593: 8402: 8383: 8356: 8337: 8311: 8288: 8265: 8215: 8192: 8166: 8120: 8097: 8070: 8047: 8024: 8001: 7978: 7955: 7909: 7886: 7844: 7818: 7795: 7772: 7749: 7730: 7707: 7681: 7658: 7632: 7605: 7582: 7527: 7504: 7078: 7051: 6863: 6803: 6776: 6700: 6663: 6636: 6493: 4413: 4355: 4259: 4229: 4191: 3901: 2698: 2461: 2308: 2188: 2060: 1867: 1080: 893: 586: 5980: 1837: 917: 11515: 11163: 11138: 10685: 9021: 8503: 7119: 3304: 2567:

were removed. Article 1 of the amended constitution said that Afghanistan was an "independent, unitary and Islamic state."

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battalions, one for each of the army corps. The 203rd Special Purpose Battalion was tied to the 1st Central Army Corps in

11460: 10433: 10000: 9568: 8754: 3942: 2673: 2611: 2534: 2425: 2237: 1030: 497: 10943: 8910: 5013: 4523: 2240:, congratulated Karmal on his "election" as leader, before any Afghan state or party organ had elected him to anything. 11331: 10958: 10364: 9563: 9472: 9142: 8898: 8681: 8620: 8604: 8242: 8143: 7932: 7546: 7246: 7170: 6836: 6723: 2630: 2087: 2077: 2070: 1038: 901: 897: 614: 5407: 4167:

The leaders of the DRA emphasized the similarity between Islam and socialism and retained Islam as the state religion.

2764:. The Settam-e-Melli was a part of the insurgency against the PDPA government. In 1979, a Settam-e-Melli group killed 2533:'s 1977 constitution. While official ideology was de-emphasized, the PDPA did not lose its monopoly on power, and the 2424:

had ended in a mujahideen victory and the morale of the Afghan military slumped. In 1991 a coup led by members of the

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inability to equip the estimated 170 thousand strong militias Najibullah set up through his reconciliation policies.

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had a very close relationship at the beginning, the relationship soon deteriorated. Amin, who had helped to create a

948: 538: 7371:"Racist Scapegoating of Muslim Women – Down with Quebec's Niqab Ban!, Spartacist Canada, p.23, Summer 2010, No. 165" 5093: 5045: 5029: 4539: 3394:

exceptions were certain party members, or party members in certain tasks, Afghans who studied abroad, mostly in the

2432:

failed resulting in the removal of many Soviet politicians and military officers that favored continuing aid to the

11465: 11193: 11004: 10600: 9756: 9716: 9578: 9427: 9286: 9132: 9013: 8949: 8626: 6313: 6149:... stirred popular resentment that the Afghan communists were attempting to foist Soviet atheism on the country.". 4603: 4571: 3953: 3212:, most of the country's infrastructure was destroyed, and normal patterns of economic activity were disrupted. The 2599: 2345: 2322: 2025: 925: 6332: 5964: 5788: 5447: 5391: 5335: 5283: 5245: 5229: 5210: 5194: 5178: 5162: 5141: 3769:

helicopters were used by the Air Force. Other Soviet equipment and weapons were used by the government. The Czech

11198: 9831: 9610: 9553: 9505: 9477: 9362: 9357: 9220: 9103: 8954: 8893: 7211: 7179: 7138: 6909: 6537: 6502: 6389: 6364: 6348: 6059: 6008: 5948: 5632: 5495: 5375: 5061: 4954: 4938: 4906: 4890: 4874: 4472: 2541:." The Fundamental Principles was not implemented in practice, and it was replaced by the 1987 constitution in a 2469: 2383:

and reconnaissance troops still operated in the "outlying provinces", especially along the Afghan–Soviet border.

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Sharia Incorporated: A Comparative Overview of the Legal Systems of Twelve Muslim Countries in Past and Present

8016: 7787: 6893: 6734: 5740: 5077: 3324: 1229: 1129:. This assassination attempt prompted Amin to conspire against Taraki, and when Taraki returned from a trip to 10913: 6232: 6184: 6152: 6096: 5900: 5772: 5431: 3818:

paid 162 dollars a month, a wage which was higher than that of Deputy Minister of National Defence before the

2444:

In March 1992, Najibullah offered his government's immediate resignation, and following an agreement with the

924:

in 1991, the Najibullah government collapsed in April 1992. The collapse of Najibullah's government triggered

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reforms, Amin's new offices were more or less powerless. There was a failed assassination attempt led by the

1034: 834: 521: 450: 6248: 6216: 6168: 5573: 4922: 4488: 2614:. The PDPA won 46 seats in the House of Representatives and controlled the government with support from the 1797: 11435: 11274: 10973: 10963: 10732: 9783: 9778: 9741: 9605: 9457: 9210: 9074: 9064: 8903: 8706: 7673: 7349: 6985: 5884: 5852: 5836: 5804: 5724: 5594: 5479: 4771: 3865: 3698: 3688: 3436: 2793: 2648: 2615: 2055: 1877: 1847: 747: 20: 7255: 6461: 6410: 4346:

Roy, Olivier (2018). "3: The Sovietization of Afghanistan". In Hauner, Milan; L. Canfield, Robert (eds.).

4182:

Roy, Olivier (2018). "3: The Sovietization of Afghanistan". In Hauner, Milan; L. Canfield, Robert (eds.).

2701:

was given a major ideologically role, since the party now looked for a peaceful solution to the conflict;

11319: 11225: 10999: 10593: 9960: 9907: 9761: 9597: 9548: 9279: 9258: 9195: 8969: 7836: 2727: 2409: 2233: 2162:

Meantime in the Soviet Union, the Special Commission of the Politburo on Afghanistan, which consisted of

1462: 1288: 11371: 11085: 10968: 10767: 10344: 10110: 9766: 9500: 8828: 8588: 8476: 8303: 8280: 8207: 8158: 8089: 7993: 5548: 4462: 3416: 3225: 2264: 1727: 1220: 1114: 909: 2344:... That's all our people know how to do. They've tied Najibullah hand and foot." Fikryat Tabeev, the 11520: 11430: 11336: 11208: 10524: 10208: 9327: 8764: 8375: 7434: 4680:"The Sickle and the Minaret: Communist Successor Parties in Yemen and Afghanistan after the Cold War" 3785:

MiG-17s remained grounded by the end of the 1980s with the more modern MiG-21s taking on the mantle.

3265: 2808: 1238: 3435:, were able to clear mujahideen entrenchments with constant assaults and heavy bombardment from the 3307:, Chief of Army Operations, Air and Air Defence Commander and ended with the Chief of Intelligence. 11279: 11203: 10836: 10737: 9887: 9856: 9677: 9536: 8496: 8039: 7810: 7691: 7624: 5423: 3860: 3224:

decreased from 7,370 in 1978 to 6,852 in 1981. The most dominant form of economic activity was the

2502:

to the Saur Revolution as a democratic turn, but stopped short of recognizing a socialist society.

2314: 1757: 1026: 407: 5562: 4794:

https://newleftreview.org/issues/I119/articles/fred-halliday-the-war-and-revolution-in-afghanistan

11143: 10648: 10093: 9922: 9836: 9699: 9583: 9412: 9382: 9190: 9116: 8920: 8564: 7650: 7519: 7473: 7066: 7035: 3718: 3714: 2299: 2253: 1177: 1173: 1122: 1118: 1054: 657: 9069: 8181:

The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers

865:

intervention supported by the Afghan government had begun in December 1979, and on 27 December,

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Boots on the Ground: The Fight to Liberate Afghanistan from Al-Qaeda and the Taliban, 2001–2002

4964: 4948: 3311: 3229: 3213: 2694: 2287: 2035: 1787: 1767: 1318: 1201: 1075: 9059: 8395:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt: Implications for Private Law

7597: 7221: 7205: 7189: 7148: 7106: 7070: 7043: 7039: 6942: 6926: 6903: 6887: 6828: 6795: 6715: 6692: 6547: 6531: 6515: 6404: 6383: 6358: 6287: 6258: 6242: 6194: 6178: 6162: 6138: 6106: 6090: 6074: 6037: 6021: 5990: 5974: 5926: 5878: 5830: 5798: 5782: 5766: 5718: 5626: 5607: 5535: 5505: 5473: 5457: 5417: 5401: 5293: 5255: 5239: 5223: 5204: 5188: 5172: 5156: 5135: 5119: 5103: 4884: 4868: 4852: 4781: 4650: 4549: 4533: 4517: 4482: 11445: 10871: 10742: 10468: 10016: 9917: 9902: 9826: 9821: 9672: 9447: 9240: 9152: 9111: 8925: 8821: 8609: 8547: 7265: 6995: 6855: 6768: 6744: 6655: 6628: 6471: 6420: 6342: 6226: 6210: 6122: 6053: 5958: 5942: 5910: 5894: 5862: 5846: 5814: 5750: 5734: 5642: 5588: 5489: 5441: 5385: 5087: 5071: 5055: 5039: 5023: 5007: 4932: 4916: 4900: 4629: 4613: 4597: 4581: 4565: 4498: 3340: 3209: 2661: 2587: 2364: 1368: 1148: 1137: 870: 803: 330: 327: 149: 3900:

Afghan refugees are Afghan nationals who have fled their country as a result of the ongoing

1212: 11390: 11123: 11033: 10856: 10784: 10752: 10702: 10697: 10496: 10354: 10198: 10152: 10105: 9969: 9897: 9689: 9516: 9402: 9088: 8784: 8599: 7742:

Aiding Afghanistan: The Background and Prospects for Reconstruction in a Fragmented Society

5358: 4693: 4150: 3831: 3372: 2665: 2460:

from escaping; instead, Najibullah sought haven in the local UN headquarters in Kabul. The

1152: 838: 308: 11366: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2494:

predicted that "Afghanistan will not see socialism in my lifetime" in an interview with a

1172:, the Parchamite leader, met several leading Eastern Bloc figures during this period, and 183: 118: 8: 11153: 10861: 10712: 10665: 10653: 10349: 10314: 10304: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10218: 10203: 10172: 10167: 9892: 9205: 9184: 9178: 8552: 8542: 8489: 8135: 8112: 7878: 7431: 7427: 7239:

Wings over the Hindu Kush: Air Forces, Aircraft and Air Warfare of Afghanistan, 1989-2001

7163:

Wings over the Hindu Kush: Air Forces, Aircraft and Air Warfare of Afghanistan, 1989-2001

6317: 3839: 3432: 3296: 3292: 3241: 3237: 2888: 2548: 2530: 2464:

did not end with Najibullah's ouster, and continued until the final fall of Kabul to the

2457: 2368: 2356:

during his visit the United States, Reagan called, bizarrely, for the dissolution of the

2276: 2184: 2065: 2045: 1105: 1096: 1063: 1022: 990: 886: 866: 818: 814: 482: 470: 438: 426: 396: 359: 124: 3777:

bombers remained in very limited service, with their roles mostly being replaced by the

1058:

to Karmal and the military officers (who were Parchamites) were answerable to Watanjar.

11148: 10727: 10717: 10553: 10531: 10213: 10188: 10098: 9974: 9522: 9387: 9215: 9098: 8650: 8082: 7947: 7642: 7567: 7027: 5327: 4330: 4306: 4298: 4178:

Sources describing the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan as a Marxist-Leninist state:

4104: 3770: 2753: 2372: 2249: 2123: 1602: 1472: 1417: 1338: 1181: 1126: 318: 314: 7294: 11055: 10821: 10722: 10334: 10157: 9372: 9200: 8582: 8481: 8419: 8398: 8379: 8368: 8352: 8333: 8307: 8284: 8261: 8238: 8211: 8188: 8162: 8139: 8116: 8093: 8066: 8043: 8020: 7997: 7974: 7970: 7951: 7928: 7905: 7901: 7882: 7859: 7840: 7814: 7791: 7768: 7745: 7726: 7703: 7677: 7654: 7628: 7617: 7601: 7578: 7542: 7523: 7500: 7242: 7166: 7074: 7047: 6972: 6859: 6832: 6799: 6772: 6764: 6719: 6696: 6659: 6632: 6624: 6489: 6438: 4437: 4409: 4370: 4351: 4265: 4255: 4225: 4206: 4187: 4129: 3835: 3360: 2817: 2526: 2468:

in August 2021. Kabul would suffer destruction following Najibullah's resignation as

2453: 2429: 2404: 2050: 1532: 1502: 1278: 874: 11301: 4833: 4310: 143: 138: 19:

This article is about the state that existed from 1978 to 1992. For other uses, see

10846: 10475: 10447: 10329: 10193: 9397: 9337: 8878: 8664: 8062: 8059:

Law in Afghanistan: a Study of the Constitutions, Matrimonial law and the Judiciary

7828: 7764: 7309: 5319: 4290: 4096: 3408: 3404: 3264:. Article 20 covered the establishment of private firms, and Article 25 encouraged 3233: 2560: 1985: 1622: 1552: 1258: 1156: 1100: 1002: 905: 3390:

and the 230th Special Purpose Battalion was tied to the 3rd Army Corps in Gardez.

3359:

to the enemy if total personnel increased. There were several sympathisers of the

3255:

Najibullah continued Karmal's economic policies. The augmenting of links with the

2183:

intervene in Afghanistan on 12 December 1979, and the Soviet leadership initiated

10888: 10440: 10380: 10359: 10142: 10081: 10028: 9342: 9093: 9054: 8915: 8614: 8536: 8413: 7924: 5360:

An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992

4321:

Kirkpatrick, Jeane J (1981). "Afghanistan: Implications for Peace and Security".

4294: 4123: 4022: 3980: 3895: 3882: 3819: 3788: 3440: 3428: 2777: 2761: 2741: 2579: 2538: 2506: 2486: 2303: 2217: 2179: 2175: 2171: 1817: 1542: 1378: 1328: 1298: 1092: 1014: 998: 916:. However, with an aggressive armed opposition and internal difficulties such as 822: 810: 787: 563: 372: 311: 220: 48: 8227: 7807:

Islam in the World Today: a Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society

7437:(August 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the 7120:"Lessons of the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan - Middle East Policy Council" 4429: 4250:

Tucker, Ernest (2019). "21: Middle East at the End of the Cold War, 1979–1993".

2705:

was still emphasised. The party also decided to support and further develop the

1159:

increased, and the government lost control of the countryside. The state of the

11261: 10826: 10510: 10461: 10339: 10319: 10309: 9882: 9811: 9377: 9235: 9230: 8732: 8631: 8570: 4100: 3774: 3734: 3379: 3261: 3221: 3217: 2757: 2706: 2702: 2556: 2495: 2445: 2421: 2380: 2229: 2167: 1747: 1672: 1662: 1582: 1562: 1492: 1398: 1348: 685: 282: 8470: 6583: 6560: 5323: 5268: 11409: 11341: 11095: 10851: 10762: 10641: 10162: 10147: 10086: 9615: 9367: 9332: 9245: 9079: 8184: 7438: 7291:"Russian Guerilla SOF: KASKAD - Putin's Foreign Legion of Hybrid Warfighters" 4441: 4367:

War at the top of the World: The struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir, and Tibet

4037: 3995: 3918: 3746: 3742: 2892: 2838: 2510: 2437: 2353: 2261: 2163: 1995: 1950: 1737: 1717: 1697: 1592: 1522: 1358: 1308: 1169: 1046: 854: 384: 324: 305: 62: 7451: 3813:, or officially, the "Defenders of the Revolution", which was a militarized 11346: 11235: 11215: 10757: 10055: 9352: 8959: 8856: 8844: 8321: 8176: 7722: 7574: 7493:

Eastern Cauldron: Islam, Afghanistan and Palestine in the Mirror of Marxism

6791: 6688: 3778: 3766: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3395: 3256: 2607: 2376: 1970: 1707: 1652: 1482: 1165: 858: 826: 799: 224: 9263: 8455: 896:

with the opposition: a new Afghan constitution was introduced in 1987 and

11075: 11060: 10707: 9912: 9482: 9347: 9302: 9008: 8722: 7833:

Détente and Confrontation: American–Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan

7699: 7496: 7393: 3921:", a political term used to describe Soviet influence during the Cold War 3823: 3814: 3722: 3693:

List of Aircraft used by the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Air Force

3399: 3345: 3198: 3193: 3084: 2897: 2765: 2749: 2575: 2571: 2391: 2327: 2208: 2196: 1990: 1917: 1452: 1407: 1070: 532: 515: 8370:

The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan

7310:

Building Afghanistan's Security Forces in Wartime: The Soviet Experience

4430:"In Afghanistan, Soviets find replacing Islam with communism isn't easy" 4334: 4302: 4108: 4084: 3386:, the 213th Special Purpose Battalion was tied to the 2nd Army Corps in 2207:

Karmal ascended to power following Amin's assassination. On 27 December

10585: 9640: 9635: 9271: 8465: 8254:

The Soviet Military Experience: A History of the Soviet Army, 1917–1991

8234: 6488:. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press. pp. 12–14. 5331: 5307: 2800: 2619: 2543: 2417: 2400: 2005: 1980: 1975: 1632: 1572: 1427: 841:. Soon after taking power, a power struggle began between the hardline 600: 1140:. When Taraki was ousted, Amin promised "from now on there will be no 1136:

During his 104 days in power, Amin became committed to establishing a

10616: 10517: 10454: 9650: 8998: 8861: 8329: 8257: 6851: 6651: 3315: 2919:

were removed from the emblem (and the flag). The emblem depicted the

2902: 2603: 2591: 2564: 2518: 2514: 2252:

lost his seat in the PDPA Politburo, and in his place were appointed

2245: 1945: 1642: 1388: 1141: 830: 9985: 7324:"The Ghost of Najibullah: Hezb-e Watan announces (another) relaunch" 2748:

Throughout PDPA history there were also other factions, such as the

10777: 10032: 9927: 9660: 9645: 9620: 8013:

Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982

7350:"Afghanistan: Women in Afghanistan: Pawns in men's power struggles" 4085:"Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979" 3810: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3387: 3355: 2657: 2623: 2606:, and consisted of a Senate (Sena) and a House of Representatives ( 2449: 1965: 964: 960: 940: 878: 688: 550: 8349:

Breeding Ground: Afghanistan and the Origins of Islamist Terrorism

5519:"Fundamental Principles of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan" 4822:

Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan

4269: 2610:). The president was to be indirectly elected to a 7-year term. A 873:, in which Soviet and Afghan government forces fought against the 11090: 9711: 9630: 9044: 9003: 8717: 3936: 3905: 3706: 3424: 2928: 2737: 2685: 2595: 2583: 2465: 2363:

On 14 April the Afghan and Pakistani governments signed the 1988

2336: 1960: 1512: 1006: 929: 849: 821:

as the head of state and government on 30 April 1978. Taraki and

295: 290: 3943:

Fundamental Principals of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

10866: 10658: 9665: 9655: 9625: 8813: 7856:

Storm‑333: KGB and Spetsnaz seize Kabul, Soviet–Afghan War 1979

4661: 4659: 4281:

Kamrany, Nake M (1982). "Afghanistan Under Soviet Occupation".

3249: 3245: 2924: 2920: 2773: 2598:. The Revolutionary Council was abolished, and replaced by the 2000: 1955: 1151:, the PDPA executed between 1,000 and 27,000 people, mostly at 1130: 260: 7944:

Pakistan and the Emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan

7008: 7006: 7004: 4985: 4348:

Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation

4184:

Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: Collision and Transformation

2807:

were already members of affiliated organisations, such as the

2293: 11080: 11050: 9721: 8727: 7462: 6562:

Battle of Jalalabad - Operation Jalalabad - Pak-Afg war, 1989

4203:

Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal

3930: 3822:. However, the militia was less disciplined than the regular 3806: 3782: 3762: 3702: 3383: 2912: 2907: 2719: 2681: 2552: 2522: 1268: 1018: 956: 843: 833:. Amin also added on the reforms introduced by Khan, such as 278: 247: 8326:

Regional Surveys of the World: Far East and Australasia 2003

4975: 4973: 4656: 3240:, which had improved in the pre-communist administration of 2226:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

11065: 10989: 10931: 9682: 7001: 4246:

Sources describing the DRA regime as a totalitarian state:

3827: 2637: 2485:

The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan described the

2283: 2272: 1104:

between them for control of the Afghan Army. Following the

968: 882: 265: 5696: 5672: 5215: 5213: 5148: 5146: 5144: 8441:

Soviet Air Power: Tactics and Weapons Used in Afghanistan

8415:

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the Global Economy

7452:"More than seven million refugees displaced in 2012 - UN" 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6879: 6877: 6507: 6505: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6264: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6013: 6011: 5996: 4970: 4836: 4759: 4254:(Second ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. p. 303. 2678:

Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

2492:

Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

1086: 8132:

Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference

7387: 7385: 7383: 5684: 5618: 5616: 4749: 4747: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4509: 4507: 4365:

S.Margolis, Eric (2001). "2: The Bravest Men on Earth".

3886:

teachers fled during the wars to neighboring countries.

2626:

party not to be confused with the bigger party in Iran.

1133:, he was ousted, and later suffocated on Amin's orders. 985: 7271: 5660: 5648: 9264:

Articles related to Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

8511: 8036:

A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan

7539:

Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation

6825:

Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation

6712:

Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation

5580: 5578: 5576: 4205:. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 59. 4125:

Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation

3949:

Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

3278:

Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

2660:

party model; the party was based on the principles of

934:

their eventual takeover of most of Afghanistan by 1996

8084:

The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the Third World

7761:

Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present

7380: 4744: 4732: 4720: 3773:

jet trainers were the only non-Soviet equipment. The

2318:

Najibullah giving a decoration to a Soviet serviceman

8640: 7569:

Afghanistan's Two-party Communism: Parcham and Khalq

6788:

Afghanistan's Two-party Communism: Parcham and Khalq

6685:

Afghanistan's Two-party Communism: Parcham and Khalq

4708: 4030: 3988: 3282:

Equipment used by the Afghan Military during the DRA

2416:

was fought between Afghan government forces and the

900:(which were boycotted by the mujahideen). After the 813:, which ousted the regime of the unelected autocrat 7898:

War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992

7026: 5599: 5597: 4200: 8367: 8226: 8081: 7616: 7566: 6822: 6709: 4045: 4003: 3959:List of Vice Presidents of Afghanistan (1978-1992) 3945:, The Constitution of the DRA as of April 20, 1980 3796: 3697:As with the army, the majority of officers in the 2668:was the party's official ideology. In theory, the 1041:and retained his post as General Secretary of the 7667: 5308:"The Third World and the Dissolution of the USSR" 4529: 2672:ruled Afghanistan by electing the members to the 1013:(PDPA), who died under mysterious circumstances. 847:faction led by Taraki and Amin, and the moderate 802:for most of its existence, especially during the 11407: 8010: 7647:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989 7032:Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–1989 6957:Афганистан: От войны 80-х до прогноза новых войн 5986: 5019: 5003: 4805: 3826:and were sometimes described as ruthless thugs. 8456:Library of Congress Country Study — Afghanistan 8365: 7784:Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad 7668:Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). 7060: 6954: 6785: 6682: 6049: 5938: 5051: 5035: 4128:. DIANE Publishing. pp. 52, 59, 190, 343. 867:Amin was assassinated by Soviet military forces 8760:Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan 6433: 6431: 6429: 4677: 920:by the Khalq faction in 1990 coupled with the 11491:States and territories disestablished in 1992 10601: 10001: 9287: 8829: 8497: 7990:Afghanistan: a Cultural and Political History 7591: 7470:The Taliban Phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994–1997 7063:The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight 4824:, New York, Vintage Departures, (2001), p.115 4545: 3057:Domestic revenue: excluding gas (in percent) 2521:, and instead laid emphasis on independence, 2143: 8466:Online Afghan Calendar with Historical dates 8451:Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 8346: 8320: 7444: 6338: 5638: 5381: 5067: 4912: 4896: 4201:Cordovez, Deigo; S. Harrison, Selig (1995). 4155:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 3871:Democratic Youth Organization of Afghanistan 3689:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Air Force 3286: 171: 76: 40: 8297: 8224: 8204:Soviet policy towards South Asia since 1970 7739: 7641: 7391: 7012: 6758: 6618: 6426: 5954: 5453: 5413: 5397: 5289: 5270:Afghanistan - Rebels Without A Cause (1989) 5251: 5235: 5219: 5200: 5184: 5168: 5152: 4991: 4979: 4685:Middle East Review of International Affairs 4625: 4609: 4593: 4577: 4561: 4320: 4165:– via Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 3939:, the Islamic Socialist faction of the PDPA 3303:, the Deputy Minister of National Defence, 2823: 2294:Najibullah and Soviet withdrawal: 1986–1989 1025:, the leader of the Khalqists, was elected 798:. It relied heavily on assistance from the 11486:States and territories established in 1978 10608: 10594: 10008: 9994: 9294: 9280: 8836: 8822: 8504: 8490: 8033: 7758: 5970: 5426: 4403: 4364: 3713:Among the fixed-wing aircraft in use were 3320:Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy 3228:. Agriculture accounted for 63 percent of 2150: 2136: 1001:(April Revolution) following the death of 208: 173: 86: 54: 7987: 7918: 7895: 7555: 7536: 7217: 7201: 7185: 7144: 7112: 7102: 6922: 6883: 6740: 6543: 6527: 6511: 6400: 6379: 6354: 6270: 6086: 6070: 6033: 6017: 6002: 5702: 5690: 5678: 5666: 5654: 5622: 5437: 5299: 5131: 5115: 5099: 4848: 4665: 4646: 4513: 4220:Girardet, Edward (2011). "Introduction". 2831:The flags of Afghanistan during PDPA rule 2780:, a Settam-e-Melli member, was appointed 997:from 1973 to 1978, was ousted during the 786:in 1987, was the Afghan state during the 11421:Former political entities in Afghanistan 10615: 9301: 8980:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 8347:Tripathi, Deepak; Falk, Richard (2010). 8109:Revolutionary Afghanistan: A Reappraisal 7872: 7853: 7827: 7398:Journal of International Women's Studies 7277: 5922: 4960: 4944: 4219: 3925:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 3864: 3787: 3339: 3314:corps in 1978, between 600 and 800 were 2941: 2726: 2647: 2644:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 2638:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 2390: 2321: 2313: 2202: 1011:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 908:, and the PDPA was transformed into the 792:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 10525:Pictures from Afghanistan (documentary) 10077:Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen 9493: 9428:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war 8411: 8392: 8201: 8011:Kakar, Hassan; Kakar, Mohammed (1997). 7941: 7781: 7614: 7232: 7230: 6899: 6206: 6118: 5794: 5778: 5584: 4494: 4369:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 15. 4350:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 51. 4280: 4252:The Middle East in Modern World History 4186:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 49. 4121: 3834:'s Helmand and Paktia militia, General 3378:In 1980, the DRA also introduced three 2770:United States Ambassador to Afghanistan 2612:parliamentary election was held in 1988 2256:, a former tank commander and the then 939:Geographically, it was bordered by the 16:State in Central Asia from 1978 to 1992 11408: 9084:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 8366:Weiner, Myron; Banuazizi, Ali (1994). 8300:The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan 8274: 8175: 8129: 8056: 7564: 7513: 7490: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7328:Afghanistan Analysts Network – English 7307: 7236: 7160: 6238: 6222: 6190: 6158: 6134: 6102: 5906: 5890: 5874: 5858: 5842: 5826: 5810: 5762: 5746: 5730: 5714: 5531: 5501: 5485: 5469: 5356: 5305: 4880: 4864: 4765: 4753: 4738: 4726: 4478: 4249: 4224:. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 4. 3208:During the civil war, and the ensuing 1087:Amin and the Soviet intervention: 1979 1066:stayed in their respective countries. 898:democratic elections were held in 1988 11501:1992 disestablishments in Afghanistan 10589: 10412:Military equipment used by Mujahideen 10015: 9989: 9275: 9262: 9050:1949 East German State Railway strike 9022:World Federation of Democratic Youth 8817: 8485: 8443:by Lieutenant Colonel Denny R. Nelson 8298:Saikal, Amin; Maley, William (1989). 8251: 8079: 7805:Ende, Werner; Steinbach, Udo (2010). 7690: 6991: 6948: 6938: 6483: 6449:from the original on 30 November 2022 4796:The War and Revolution in Afghanistan 4714: 4671: 3220:, a drop from 159,7 billion in 1978. 2946: 2330:. 20 October 1986, Kushka, Turkmenia. 986:Saur Revolution and Taraki: 1978–1979 10570: 8921:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 8152: 8106: 7964: 7804: 7716: 7594:Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities 7516:Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan 7261: 7227: 6467: 6416: 6254: 6174: 5603: 5338:from the original on 9 November 2021 4928: 4777: 4082: 4041: 3999: 1108:, the Revolutionary Council and the 87: 55: 11511:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present) 8794: 7619:Afghanistan–Washington's Secret War 7416: 7316: 7154: 6845: 6645: 4345: 4181: 4148: 4026: 3984: 3933:, the Stalinist faction of the PDPA 2756:, who later became a Khalqist, and 2480: 2426:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2334:While Najibullah may have been the 1069:During Taraki's rule, an unpopular 809:The PDPA came to power through the 77: 41: 13: 11496:1978 establishments in Afghanistan 11416:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 10365:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 10061:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 9143:Sovietization of the Baltic states 8514:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 7592:Asthana, N.C.; Nirmal, A. (2009). 7241:. Helion and Company. p. 10. 5363:(MA thesis). Ohio State University 4455: 4408:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 10. 4406:War in Afghanistan: Second Edition 4005:Jumhūri-ye Dimukrātī-ye Afġānistān 3990:Dǝ Afġānistān Dimukratī Jumhūriyat 3443:regiments that lasted until June. 3427:. The Afghan Army, spearheaded by 2386: 1021:, was the coup's chief architect. 981:History of Afghanistan (1978–1992) 902:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 776:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 33:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 14: 11532: 9014:World Federation of Trade Unions 8434: 7165:. Helion and Company. p. 9. 6981:– via под ред. Захаровой Л. 6848:The Far East and Australasia 2003 6648:The Far East and Australasia 2003 6286:. Afghanistan.com. Archived from 5549:"Afghanistan's 1987 Constitution" 4122:Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994). 4083:Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986). 3197:while weakening the power of the 2787: 1184:wanted to exact revenge on Amin. 11451:Former countries in Central Asia 10569: 10560: 10559: 10547: 9231:January 1991 events in Lithuania 8889:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 8843: 8793: 8779: 8778: 8657: 8643: 8057:Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (1985). 7696:The Rise & Fall of Communism 7363: 7342: 7308:Oliker, Olga (13 October 2011). 7301: 7283: 7018: 6814: 6750: 6674: 6610: 6601: 6576: 6553: 6477: 6314:Illinois Institute of Technology 6302: 6276: 4095:(3). Sage Publishing: 343, 344. 4055: 3192:Taraki's Government initiated a 3165:Domestic borrowing (in percent) 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2600:National Assembly of Afghanistan 2470:many factions fought for control 2395:The Emblem of the Homeland Party 2346:Soviet ambassador to Afghanistan 2117: 2107: 2106: 1211: 1168:were agitating for his removal. 756: 723: 667: 666: 195: 142: 137: 117: 110: 9832:Opium production in Afghanistan 8955:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 7483: 5555: 5541: 5511: 5350: 5261: 4827: 4814: 4799: 4787: 4422: 3849: 3797:Paramilitary and Militia forces 2326:Soviet soldiers returning from 2189:first phase of the intervention 922:dissolution of the Soviet Union 892:Najibullah pursued a policy of 11456:Former countries in South Asia 11114:Azerbaijan People's Government 10417:Afghanistan War Memorial, Kyiv 8418:. Cambridge University Press. 8017:University of California Press 7788:University of California Press 7596:. Pointer Publishers. p. 6310:"Country Profile: Afghanistan" 6145:the introduction of a new flag 4397: 4392:Freedom in the World 1990–1991 4385: 4240: 4172: 4142: 4115: 4076: 4013: 3971: 1: 11426:Modern history of Afghanistan 9236:January 1991 events in Latvia 9226:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 8975:Socialist Republic of Romania 8950:People's Republic of Bulgaria 8942:People's Republic of Albania 8911:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 8692:Democratic Youth Organisation 8548:Soviet control and deployment 8229:Afghanistan: A Modern History 7902:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers 7558:Afghanistan: Past and Present 5357:Gibson, Joshua James (2015). 4678:Ishiyama, John (March 2005). 4530:Brecher & Wilkenfeld 1997 4069: 3927:, the Ruling party of the DRA 3838:Kandahar Militia and General 2976:Total (millions of Afghanis) 2813:Democratic Youth Organisation 2670:Central Committee of the PDPA 2563:, and the last references to 2290:, who was not a PDPA member. 42:د افغانستان ډموکراتيک جمهوريت 9752:Current provincial governors 9606:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 9221:Collapse of the Soviet Union 9211:Fall of communism in Albania 8225:Rasanayagam, Angelo (2005). 7765:C. Hurst & Co Publishers 7744:. Vol. 25. NIAS Press. 7674:University of Michigan Press 7556:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994b). 7537:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994a). 7293:. 4 May 2016. Archived from 6827:. DIANE Publishing. p. 6714:. DIANE Publishing. p. 5987:H. Kakar & M. Kakar 1997 5020:H. Kakar & M. Kakar 1997 5004:H. Kakar & M. Kakar 1997 4295:10.1525/curh.1982.81.475.219 4046: 4004: 3954:Afghan Civil War (1989-1992) 3854: 3803:Ministry of Interior Affairs 3682: 3445: 3301:Minister of National Defense 3139:Rentier income (in percent) 2938: 2794:National Front (Afghanistan) 928:that led to the rise of the 21:Afghanistan (disambiguation) 7: 11516:20th century in Afghanistan 11154:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 9196:End of communism in Hungary 8965:Hungarian People's Republic 8034:Kalinovsky, Artemy (2011). 7967:Russia's War in Afghanistan 7896:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000). 7875:Afghanistan: The Soviet War 7837:Brookings Institution Press 7759:Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005). 7740:Christensen, Asger (1995). 7428:Afghanistan country profile 7330:(in Pashto). 21 August 2017 6823:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994). 6761:Russia's War in Afghanistan 6710:Amtstutz, J. Bruce (1994). 6621:Russia's War in Afghanistan 6439:"«Пожарная команда» Кабула" 6050:Weiner & Banuazizi 1994 5939:Weiner & Banuazizi 1994 5052:Weiner & Banuazizi 1994 5036:Weiner & Banuazizi 1994 4222:Afghanistan: The Soviet war 4031: 3989: 3911: 3889: 3809:stronghold, controlled the 3330: 3271: 2712: 2475: 2410:Central Intelligence Agency 2403:, continued to support the 2083:Hindu and Buddhist heritage 1893:Transitional Administration 1463:Principality of Chaghaniyan 1051:Minister of Foreign Affairs 829:alongside the promotion of 184: 10: 11537: 11461:Former socialist republics 10345:Battle of Arghandab (1987) 9913:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life) 9852:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline 8960:German Democratic Republic 8447:Video on Afghan-Soviet War 8304:Cambridge University Press 8281:Greenwood Publishing Group 8277:The History of Afghanistan 8208:Cambridge University Press 8159:Amsterdam University Press 8153:Otto, Jan Michiel (2010). 8090:Cambridge University Press 7994:Princeton University Press 7988:Jefferson, Thomas (2010). 7392:Ahmed-Ghosh, Huma (2003). 4101:10.1177/0095327X8601200301 4089:Armed Forces & Society 3985:دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت 3893: 3858: 3836:Ismatullah Muslim Achakzai 3686: 3275: 2934: 2791: 2641: 2302:"in order to complete the 2284:Minister of State Security 2258:Minister of Communications 1939:Related historical regions 978: 974: 232:Soviet military occupation 56:جمهوری دموکراتیک افغانستان 18: 11388: 11249: 11181: 11106: 11013: 10982: 10896: 10885: 10814: 10793: 10624: 10541: 10532:Bitter Lake (documentary) 10425: 10394: 10373: 10297: 10231: 10181: 10135: 10128: 10069: 10048: 10041: 10023: 9940: 9878: 9869: 9807: 9798: 9707: 9698: 9596: 9544: 9535: 9328:Indus Valley civilisation 9313: 9269: 9171: 9148:Information dissemination 9125: 9075:1956 Hungarian Revolution 9065:1953 East German uprising 9033: 8991: 8934: 8871: 8851: 8773: 8712:People's Democratic Party 8674: 8638: 8577:Afghan Airlines shootdown 8521: 8376:Syracuse University Press 8275:Runion, Meredith (2007). 7873:Girardet, Edward (1985). 7858:. UK: Osprey Publishing. 7615:Bonosky, Phillip (2001). 7435:Federal Research Division 5324:10.1080/01436599208420305 4546:Asthana & Nirmal 2009 4434:Christian Science Monitor 4157:. Oxford University Press 3676: 3287:Command and officer corps 3113:Foreign aid (in percent) 3053: 3028:Development (in percent) 2972: 1239:Indus Valley civilisation 702: 694: 681: 656: 646: 641: 637: 624: 611: 596: 583: 573: 560: 556: 546: 529: 512: 492: 488: 476: 466:• 1978–1979 (first) 464: 460: 448: 444: 432: 422:• 1978–1979 (first) 420: 416: 406: 402: 390: 378: 366: 352: 348: 338: 301: 289: 274: 253: 240: 216: 207: 191:Be ardent, be more ardent 172: 166: 106: 101: 30: 11441:Communism in Afghanistan 10386:Kabul students' uprising 9549:Administrative divisions 9133:Emigration and defection 8970:Polish People's Republic 8393:Yassari, Nadjma (2005). 8040:Harvard University Press 7942:Hussain, Rizwan (2005). 7919:Gladstone, Cary (2001). 7811:Cornell University Press 7625:International Publishers 7565:Arnold, Anthony (1983). 7491:Achcar, Gilbert (2004). 7061:Johnson, Robert (2011). 6955:Никитенко Е. Г. (2004). 6786:Arnold, Anthony (1983). 6683:Arnold, Anthony (1983). 4913:Tripathi & Falk 2010 4897:Tripathi & Falk 2010 4032:Dǝ Afġānistān Jumhūriyat 4000:جمهوری دمکراتی افغانستان 3964: 3861:Education in Afghanistan 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2824:Symbols: flag and emblem 2408:actually increased. The 1758:Principality of Qandahar 1125:, Sherjan Mazdoryar and 1029:of the Presidium of the 478:• 1990–1992 (last) 434:• 1987–1992 (last) 185:Garam shah lā garam shah 11466:Soviet satellite states 11164:North Korea (1947–1948) 11159:North Korea (1946–1947) 10094:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin 9413:Second Anglo-Afghan War 9383:Third Battle of Panipat 9191:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9117:1981 protests in Kosovo 9055:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 8594:National Reconciliation 8472:Red Army in Afghanistan 8412:Lavigne, Marie (1992). 8202:Raciopi, Linda (1994). 8107:Male, Beverley (1982). 7854:Galeotti, Mark (2021). 7782:Edwards, David (2002). 7651:Oxford University Press 7514:Adamec, Ludwig (2011). 7474:Oxford University Press 7067:Oxford University Press 7036:Oxford University Press 5454:Saikal & Maley 1989 4834:Kabul's prison of death 4463:"THE AFGHAN COMMUNISTS" 3335: 3268:in the private sector. 2699:national reconciliation 2676:, Secretariat, and the 2309:National Reconciliation 2300:counter-revolutionaries 2254:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar 2191:) on 27 December 1979. 1178:Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy 1174:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar 1123:Sayed Mohammad Gulabzoy 1055:Mohammad Aslam Watanjar 995:Republic of Afghanistan 993:, the President of the 894:National Reconciliation 784:Republic of Afghanistan 254:Official languages 69:Republic of Afghanistan 10886:Current and historical 10554:Afghanistan portal 10407:War in popular culture 10402:Soviet aircraft losses 10325:Battle of Maravar Pass 9483:Second Islamic Emirate 9423:Kingdom of Afghanistan 9418:Third Anglo-Afghan War 9408:First Anglo-Afghan War 9393:Emirate of Afghanistan 9343:Yabghus of Tokharistan 8605:Parliamentary election 8351:. Potomac Books, Inc. 7237:Müller, Lukas (2020). 7161:Müller, Lukas (2020). 3873: 3793: 3655:Around 515,000 (1990) 3349: 3305:Chief of General Staff 3230:gross domestic product 3214:gross national product 3002:Ordinary (in percent) 2732: 2695:Democratic Watan Party 2653: 2396: 2331: 2319: 2288:Haji Mohammad Chamkani 2124:Afghanistan portal 2061:List of heads of state 1319:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 1043:PDPA Central Committee 861:and the Soviet Union. 839:equal rights for women 817:; he was succeeded by 9463:First Islamic Emirate 9241:Breakup of Yugoslavia 8755:Revolutionary Council 8553:Assassination of Amin 8252:Reese, Roger (2002). 8130:Misdaq, Nabi (2006). 8080:Kanet, Roger (1987). 7921:Afghanistan Revisited 7357:Amnesty International 5312:Third World Quarterly 5306:Webber, Mark (1992). 4151:"Socialism and Islam" 4047:Jumhūrī-ye Afġānistān 3868: 3859:Further information: 3791: 3431:, the militia led by 3343: 2730: 2674:Revolutionary Council 2662:democratic centralism 2651: 2588:racial discrimination 2535:Revolutionary Council 2394: 2325: 2317: 2203:Karmal era: 1979–1986 1369:Indo-Parthian kingdom 1349:Indo-Scythian kingdom 1138:collective leadership 1117:, which consisted of 1031:Revolutionary Council 918:a failed coup attempt 498:Revolutionary Council 331:presidential republic 11481:1990s in Afghanistan 11476:1980s in Afghanistan 11471:1970s in Afghanistan 11391:History of socialism 10497:The Living Daylights 10483:Charlie Wilson's War 10355:Battle for Hill 3234 10199:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam 10153:Konstantin Chernenko 10106:Hezb-e Islami Khalis 9569:Environmental issues 9517:Graveyard of empires 9506:Arabs in Afghanistan 9089:1970 Polish protests 9070:1956 Poznań protests 8935:Soviet-allied states 8682:Council of Ministers 8627:Civil War: 1989–1992 8600:Battle for Hill 3234 8136:Taylor & Francis 8113:Taylor & Francis 7965:Isby, David (1986). 7879:Taylor & Francis 7541:. DIANE Publishing. 6971:. pp. 130–134. 6759:Isby, David (1986). 6619:Isby, David (1986). 6484:Urban, Mark (1988). 6445:. 30 November 2022. 3832:Abdul Jabar Qahraman 3749:transport aircraft. 3373:Bala Hissar uprising 3310:Of the 8,000 strong 3054:Sources of Finances 2931:, an Islamic creed. 2889:Soviet Central Asian 2631:Council of Ministers 2498:journalist in 1981. 2238:Council of Ministers 1153:Pul-e-Charkhi prison 1039:Council of Ministers 1009:politician from the 648:• 1990 estimate 607:29/30 November 1987 11436:Totalitarian states 11327:Estonia (1918–1919) 11221:Hungary (1949–1989) 10350:Operation Magistral 10315:Panjshir offensives 10305:Operation Storm-333 10298:Military operations 10219:Burhanuddin Rabbani 10204:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar 10173:Abdul Rashid Dostum 10168:Mohammad Najibullah 9523:Wars in Afghanistan 9443:Democratic Republic 9206:Romanian revolution 9179:Revolutions of 1989 9060:1953 Plzeň uprising 8750:Heads of government 8589:Battle of Arghandab 7717:Camp, Dick (2012). 7643:Braithwaite, Rodric 7560:. DIANE Publishing. 7476:, (1999), pp. 25–26 7468:Matinuddin, Kamal, 7432:Library of Congress 7028:Braithwaite, Rodric 5521:. 24 February 1980. 4994:, pp. 103–104. 4820:Kaplan, Robert D., 4692:(1). Archived from 4668:, pp. 315–316. 4404:Mark Urban (1990). 4027:د افغانستان جمهوریت 3840:Abdul Rashid Dostum 3450: 3433:Abdul Rashid Dostum 3417:Battle of Jalalabad 3365:Afghan Armed Forces 3299:continued with the 3297:order of precedence 3242:Mohammed Daoud Khan 3238:balance of payments 3226:agricultural sector 2915:. The Red Star and 2782:Minister of Justice 2549:Muhammad Najibullah 2531:Mohammad Daoud Khan 2458:Abdul Rashid Dostum 2414:Battle of Jalalabad 2369:Eduard Shevardnadze 2277:Mohammad Najibullah 2269:Minister of Defence 2216:...". On 1 January 2185:Operation Storm-333 1828:Democratic Republic 1161:Afghan Armed Forces 1149:Soviet intervention 1147:...". Prior to the 1106:1979 Herat uprising 1064:Mohammad Najibullah 1023:Nur Muhammad Taraki 991:Mohammad Daoud Khan 914:Battle of Jalalabad 887:Mohammad Najibullah 835:universal education 819:Nur Muhammad Taraki 815:Mohammed Daoud Khan 587:Soviet intervention 539:House of the People 483:Fazal Haq Khaliqyar 471:Nur Muhammad Taraki 439:Mohammad Najibullah 427:Nur Muhammad Taraki 397:Mohammad Najibullah 360:Nur Muhammad Taraki 78:د افغانستان جمهوريت 11292:Byelorussia (1919) 10504:The Magic Mountain 10214:Abdul Rahim Wardak 10189:Ahmad Shah Massoud 10099:Maktab al-Khidamat 9842:Telecommunications 9812:Afghani (currency) 9727:Leadership Council 9511:European influence 9388:Dost Mohammad Khan 9323:Pre-Islamic period 9216:Singing Revolution 9099:June 1976 protests 8884:Soviet occupations 8651:Afghanistan portal 8565:Salang Tunnel fire 7948:Ashgate Publishing 6486:War in Afghanistan 6320:on 6 November 2001 6290:on 5 February 2012 4839:, 27 February 2006 4768:, p. 123–124. 4111:– via JSTOR. 3874: 3794: 3446: 3350: 3266:foreign investment 2760:formed and led by 2754:Dastagir Panjsheri 2733: 2654: 2652:Emblem of the PDPA 2462:war in Afghanistan 2397: 2373:Vladimir Kryuchkov 2332: 2320: 2250:Assadullah Sarwari 2031:Political violence 1838:Tanai coup attempt 1473:Rashidun Caliphate 1418:Hephthalite Empire 1339:Indo-Greek kingdom 1182:Assadullah Sarwari 1142:one-man government 1127:Assadullah Sarwari 575:• Proclaimed 451:Head of Government 319:totalitarian state 315:socialist republic 11506:Soviet–Afghan War 11403: 11402: 11397: 11396: 11384: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11177: 11176: 10919:Congo-Brazzaville 10815:Regional variants 10583: 10582: 10374:Civilian protests 10335:Battles of Zhawar 10227: 10226: 10158:Mikhail Gorbachev 10124: 10123: 10017:Soviet–Afghan War 9983: 9982: 9936: 9935: 9865: 9864: 9794: 9793: 9757:Foreign relations 9592: 9591: 9531: 9530: 9433:Saqqawist Emirate 9373:Siege of Kandahar 9256: 9255: 9201:Velvet Revolution 9163:Telephone tapping 9137:list of defectors 8926:Tito–Stalin split 8811: 8810: 8687:Central Committee 8621:Soviet withdrawal 8583:Battles of Zhawar 8404:978-3-16-148787-3 8385:978-0-8156-2608-4 8358:978-1-59797-530-8 8339:978-1-85743-133-9 8313:978-0-521-37588-7 8290:978-0-313-33798-7 8267:978-0-203-01185-0 8217:978-0-521-41457-9 8194:978-1-58648-763-8 8168:978-90-8728-057-4 8122:978-0-7099-1716-8 8099:978-0-521-34459-3 8072:978-90-04-07128-5 8049:978-0-674-05866-8 8026:978-0-520-20893-3 8003:978-0-691-14568-6 7980:978-0-85045-691-2 7971:Osprey Publishing 7957:978-0-7546-4434-7 7911:978-1-85065-396-7 7888:978-0-7099-3802-6 7846:978-0-8157-3041-5 7829:Garthoff, Raymond 7820:978-0-8014-4571-2 7797:978-0-520-22861-0 7774:978-1-85065-703-3 7751:978-87-87062-44-2 7732:978-0-7603-4111-7 7709:978-0-224-07879-5 7683:978-0-472-10806-0 7670:A Study of Crisis 7660:978-0-19-983265-1 7634:978-0-7178-0732-1 7607:978-81-7132-598-6 7584:978-0-8179-7792-4 7529:978-0-8108-7815-0 7506:978-0-7453-2203-2 7080:978-0-19-979856-8 7053:978-0-19-983265-1 6865:978-1-85743-133-9 6805:978-0-8179-7792-4 6778:978-0-85045-691-2 6765:Osprey Publishing 6702:978-0-8179-7792-4 6665:978-1-85743-133-9 6638:978-0-85045-691-2 6625:Osprey Publishing 6565:, 13 October 2021 6495:978-0-333-43263-1 6339:Staff writer 2002 5705:, pp. 65–66. 5681:, pp. 60–61. 5639:Staff writer 2002 5382:Staff writer 2002 5068:Staff writer 2002 4806:Valentino (2005) 4436:. 6 August 1985. 4415:978-0-312-04255-4 4357:978-0-367-01216-8 4261:978-1-138-49190-8 4231:978-0-415-68480-4 4193:978-0-367-01216-8 4149:Hussain, Rizwan. 3733:fighter-bombers, 3680: 3679: 3348:from 1978 to 1979 3210:Soviet–Afghan War 3190: 3189: 2818:Abdul Rahim Hatef 2527:liberal democracy 2454:Abdul Rahim Hatef 2405:Afghan mujahideen 2222:General Secretary 2160: 2159: 2051:Afghan (ethnonym) 2026:Political history 1930: 1929: 1778:Saqqawist Emirate 1728:Sadozai Sultanate 1681: 1680: 1467:7th–8th centuries 1436: 1435: 1289:Macedonian Empire 1279:Achaemenid Empire 1249:Oxus civilization 967:to the south and 926:another civil war 875:Afghan mujahideen 871:Soviet–Afghan War 804:Soviet–Afghan War 772: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 740: 739: 615:Soviet withdrawal 504:National Assembly 392:• 1986–1992 380:• 1979–1986 354:• 1978–1979 340:General Secretary 200: 174:گرم شه, لا گرم شه 11528: 11521:Former countries 11431:Communist states 11247: 11246: 11104: 11103: 10894: 10893: 10889:socialist states 10768:African-American 10610: 10603: 10596: 10587: 10586: 10573: 10572: 10563: 10562: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10448:Afghan Breakdown 10330:Badaber uprising 10194:Abdul Ali Mazari 10133: 10132: 10116:Ittehad i-Islami 10046: 10045: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9987: 9986: 9963: 9956: 9949: 9876: 9875: 9805: 9804: 9705: 9704: 9542: 9541: 9491: 9490: 9478:Islamic Republic 9438:Daoud's Republic 9403:Afghan–Sikh Wars 9398:Battle of Jamrud 9358:Islamic conquest 9338:Greater Khorasan 9296: 9289: 9282: 9273: 9272: 9260: 9259: 9045:Goryani Movement 9025: 9017: 8983: 8945: 8879:Yalta Conference 8838: 8831: 8824: 8815: 8814: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8787: 8782: 8781: 8667: 8665:Communism portal 8662: 8661: 8660: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8515: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8483: 8482: 8473: 8461:Soviet Documents 8429: 8408: 8397:. Mohr Siebeck. 8389: 8373: 8362: 8343: 8317: 8294: 8271: 8248: 8232: 8221: 8198: 8172: 8149: 8126: 8103: 8087: 8076: 8063:BRILL Publishers 8053: 8030: 8007: 7984: 7961: 7938: 7915: 7892: 7869: 7850: 7824: 7801: 7778: 7755: 7736: 7713: 7687: 7664: 7638: 7622: 7611: 7588: 7572: 7561: 7552: 7533: 7510: 7477: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7448: 7442: 7425: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7389: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7354: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7297:on 4 March 2021. 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7234: 7225: 7215: 7209: 7199: 7193: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7158: 7152: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7116: 7110: 7100: 7087: 7084: 7057: 7022: 7016: 7013:Braithwaite 2011 7010: 6999: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6962: 6952: 6946: 6936: 6930: 6920: 6907: 6897: 6891: 6881: 6872: 6869: 6842: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6782: 6754: 6748: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6706: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6642: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6557: 6551: 6541: 6535: 6525: 6519: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6481: 6475: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6435: 6424: 6414: 6408: 6398: 6387: 6377: 6362: 6352: 6346: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6316:. Archived from 6306: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6252: 6246: 6236: 6230: 6220: 6214: 6204: 6198: 6188: 6182: 6172: 6166: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6132: 6126: 6116: 6110: 6100: 6094: 6084: 6078: 6068: 6057: 6047: 6041: 6031: 6025: 6015: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5984: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5955:Christensen 1995 5952: 5946: 5936: 5930: 5920: 5914: 5904: 5898: 5888: 5882: 5872: 5866: 5856: 5850: 5840: 5834: 5824: 5818: 5808: 5802: 5792: 5786: 5776: 5770: 5760: 5754: 5744: 5738: 5728: 5722: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5636: 5630: 5620: 5611: 5601: 5592: 5582: 5571: 5570: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5551:. 26 March 2018. 5545: 5539: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5509: 5499: 5493: 5483: 5477: 5467: 5461: 5451: 5445: 5435: 5429: 5421: 5414:Braithwaite 2011 5411: 5405: 5398:Braithwaite 2011 5395: 5389: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5303: 5297: 5290:Braithwaite 2011 5287: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5265: 5259: 5252:Braithwaite 2011 5249: 5243: 5236:Braithwaite 2011 5233: 5227: 5220:Braithwaite 2011 5217: 5208: 5201:Braithwaite 2011 5198: 5192: 5185:Braithwaite 2011 5182: 5176: 5169:Braithwaite 2011 5166: 5160: 5153:Braithwaite 2011 5150: 5139: 5129: 5123: 5113: 5107: 5097: 5091: 5081: 5075: 5065: 5059: 5049: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5017: 5011: 5001: 4995: 4992:Braithwaite 2011 4989: 4983: 4980:Braithwaite 2011 4977: 4968: 4958: 4952: 4942: 4936: 4926: 4920: 4910: 4904: 4894: 4888: 4878: 4872: 4862: 4856: 4846: 4840: 4831: 4825: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4654: 4644: 4633: 4626:Rasanayagam 2005 4623: 4617: 4610:Rasanayagam 2005 4607: 4601: 4594:Rasanayagam 2005 4591: 4585: 4578:Rasanayagam 2005 4575: 4569: 4562:Rasanayagam 2005 4559: 4553: 4543: 4537: 4527: 4521: 4511: 4502: 4492: 4486: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4361: 4342: 4317: 4289:(475): 219–222. 4277: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4216: 4197: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4080: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4042:جمهوری افغانستان 4034: 4028: 4017: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3992: 3986: 3975: 3699:Afghan Air Force 3451: 3437:Afghan Air Force 3421:DRA Armed Forces 3409:carrot-and-stick 3405:Kabul University 3234:government-owned 2942:Economic growth 2939: 2877: 2865: 2853: 2841: 2731:Flag of the PDPA 2709:in Afghanistan. 2666:Marxism–Leninism 2561:Islamic republic 2481:Political system 2399:Pakistan, under 2351: 2343: 2215: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2110: 2109: 2093:Muslim conquests 2078:Hinduism history 2041:Economic history 1925: 1903:Islamic Republic 1694: 1693: 1623:Chagatai Khanate 1449: 1448: 1389:Kidarite kingdom 1259:Gandhara kingdom 1235: 1234: 1215: 1205: 1187: 1186: 1157:communist regime 1146: 1101:personality cult 1081:Afghan Civil War 1045:. Under him was 1003:Mir Akbar Khyber 955:) to the north, 906:Islamic republic 760: 759: 752: 749:Islamic State of 744: 743: 735: 727: 726: 720: 719: 704: 703: 677: 676: 670: 669: 663: 620:15 February 1989 592:27 December 1979 569:27–28 April 1978 508: 453: 362: 309:Marxist–Leninist 243:and largest city 212: 202: 201: 187: 181: 177: 176: 175: 158: 146: 141: 121: 114: 96: 95: 94: 90: 89: 88:جمهوری افغانستان 84: 80: 79: 74: 67: 66: 58: 57: 52: 44: 43: 38: 28: 27: 11536: 11535: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11406: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11376: 11357:Slovakia (1919) 11257:Alsace-Lorraine 11245: 11173: 11102: 11009: 10978: 10887: 10881: 10810: 10789: 10620: 10614: 10584: 10579: 10548: 10546: 10537: 10490:The Kite Runner 10441:The 9th Company 10426:Films about war 10421: 10390: 10381:3 Hoot uprising 10369: 10360:Operation Arrow 10293: 10223: 10177: 10143:Leonid Brezhnev 10120: 10082:Jamiat-e Islami 10065: 10037: 10029:Afghan conflict 10019: 10014: 9984: 9979: 9966: 9959: 9952: 9945: 9932: 9861: 9790: 9694: 9588: 9527: 9489: 9473:War (2001–2021) 9363:Mongol invasion 9309: 9300: 9265: 9257: 9252: 9167: 9121: 9108:Soviet reaction 9094:Croatian Spring 9038: 9036: 9029: 9023: 9015: 8987: 8981: 8943: 8930: 8916:Berlin Blockade 8867: 8866: 8847: 8842: 8812: 8807: 8800: 8785: 8769: 8765:Women's Council 8670: 8663: 8658: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8642: 8636: 8615:Operation Arrow 8537:Saur Revolution 8517: 8513: 8510: 8471: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8405: 8386: 8359: 8340: 8314: 8291: 8268: 8245: 8218: 8195: 8169: 8146: 8123: 8100: 8073: 8050: 8027: 8004: 7981: 7958: 7935: 7925:Nova Publishers 7912: 7889: 7866: 7847: 7821: 7798: 7775: 7752: 7733: 7710: 7684: 7661: 7635: 7608: 7585: 7549: 7530: 7520:Scarecrow Press 7507: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7467: 7463: 7458:. 19 June 2013. 7450: 7449: 7445: 7426: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7390: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7333: 7331: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7306: 7302: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7235: 7228: 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5837: 5825: 5821: 5809: 5805: 5793: 5789: 5777: 5773: 5761: 5757: 5745: 5741: 5729: 5725: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5637: 5633: 5621: 5614: 5602: 5595: 5583: 5574: 5569:. 14 June 2002. 5561: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5530: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5500: 5496: 5484: 5480: 5468: 5464: 5452: 5448: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5412: 5408: 5396: 5392: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5304: 5300: 5288: 5284: 5275: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5250: 5246: 5234: 5230: 5218: 5211: 5199: 5195: 5183: 5179: 5167: 5163: 5151: 5142: 5130: 5126: 5114: 5110: 5098: 5094: 5084:Kalinovsky 2011 5082: 5078: 5066: 5062: 5050: 5046: 5034: 5030: 5018: 5014: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4971: 4959: 4955: 4943: 4939: 4927: 4923: 4911: 4907: 4895: 4891: 4879: 4875: 4863: 4859: 4847: 4843: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4808:Final solutions 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4752: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4696:on 11 June 2011 4676: 4672: 4664: 4657: 4645: 4636: 4624: 4620: 4608: 4604: 4592: 4588: 4576: 4572: 4560: 4556: 4544: 4540: 4528: 4524: 4512: 4505: 4493: 4489: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4358: 4283:Current History 4262: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4213: 4194: 4177: 4173: 4160: 4158: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4018: 4014: 4010: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3914: 3902:Afghan conflict 3898: 3896:Afghan refugees 3892: 3863: 3857: 3852: 3844:Junbish Militia 3820:Saur Revolution 3799: 3695: 3687:Main articles: 3685: 3486:50,000–100,000 3441:heavy artillery 3338: 3333: 3289: 3284: 3276:Main articles: 3274: 3218:Afghan afghanis 2937: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2870: 2869: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2833: 2832: 2826: 2809:Women's Council 2796: 2790: 2778:Bashir Baghlani 2762:Tahir Badakhshi 2742:Saur Revolution 2715: 2646: 2640: 2580:neo-colonialism 2539:Saur Revolution 2507:Hafizullah Amin 2487:Saur Revolution 2483: 2478: 2389: 2387:Fall: 1989–1992 2358:Afghan Military 2349: 2341: 2304:Saur Revolution 2296: 2218:Leonid Brezhnev 2213: 2205: 2180:Leonid Brezhnev 2176:Boris Ponomarev 2172:Dmitriy Ustinov 2156: 2118: 2116: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2020: 2012: 2011: 2010: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1918:Islamic Emirate 1858:Islamic Emirate 1818:Saur Revolution 1691: 1683: 1682: 1613:Mongol Invasion 1587:before 879–1215 1446: 1438: 1437: 1379:Sasanian Empire 1363:135 BC – 248 AD 1329:Parthian Empire 1299:Seleucid Empire 1232: 1203: 1196: 1144: 1089: 1015:Hafizullah Amin 999:Saur Revolution 988: 983: 977: 963:) to the east, 853:faction led by 823:Hafizullah Amin 811:Saur Revolution 782:), renamed the 757: 750: 748: 733: 731: 724: 674: 673: 672: 661: 649: 630: 617: 604: 589: 576: 566: 564:Saur Revolution 541: 535: 524: 522:House of Elders 518: 506: 502: 500: 496: 479: 467: 449: 435: 423: 393: 381: 373:Hafizullah Amin 369: 358: 355: 333: 323: 321: 270: 244: 221:Satellite state 203: 196: 188: 182: 179: 162: 161: 160: 156: 154: 152: 150: 147: 134: 133: 130: 128: 126: 122: 115: 97: 92: 85: 82: 75: 72: 71: 70: 68: 60: 53: 46: 39: 36: 35: 34: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11534: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11394: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11337:Hungary (1919) 11334: 11329: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11251: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11204:Czech Republic 11199:Czechoslovakia 11196: 11191: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11139:Inner Mongolia 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11119:East Turkestan 11116: 11110: 11108: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11028: 11023: 11017: 11015: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10986: 10984: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10900: 10898: 10891: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10801:United Kingdom 10797: 10795: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10760: 10758:United Kingdom 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10694: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10668: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10651: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10634: 10628: 10626: 10622: 10621: 10613: 10612: 10605: 10598: 10590: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10567: 10557: 10542: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10511:Peshavar Waltz 10507: 10500: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10465: 10462:All Costs Paid 10458: 10451: 10444: 10437: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10398: 10396: 10395:Related topics 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10340:Battle of Jaji 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10320:Siege of Urgun 10317: 10312: 10310:Siege of Khost 10307: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10235: 10233: 10232:Events by year 10229: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10139: 10137: 10130: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10043: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10013: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9972: 9965: 9964: 9957: 9950: 9942: 9941: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9879: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9817:Communications 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9737:Prime Minister 9734: 9732:Supreme Leader 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9686: 9685: 9683:Persian (Dari) 9675: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9602: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9574:Extreme points 9571: 9566: 9561: 9559:Climate change 9556: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9378:Durrani Empire 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9299: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9276: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9181: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9129: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9041: 9039: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9019: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8995: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8881: 8875: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8853: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8841: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8818: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8790: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8745:Heads of state 8742: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8733:Settam-e-Melli 8730: 8725: 8720: 8709: 8707:National Front 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8654: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8634: 8632:Siege of Khost 8629: 8623: 8617: 8612: 8610:Geneva Accords 8607: 8602: 8596: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8571:Siege of Urgun 8567: 8561: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543:Herat uprising 8539: 8533: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8509: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8444: 8436: 8435:External links 8433: 8431: 8430: 8424: 8409: 8403: 8390: 8384: 8363: 8357: 8344: 8338: 8318: 8312: 8295: 8289: 8272: 8266: 8249: 8244:978-1850438571 8243: 8222: 8216: 8199: 8193: 8173: 8167: 8150: 8145:978-0415702058 8144: 8127: 8121: 8104: 8098: 8077: 8071: 8054: 8048: 8031: 8025: 8008: 8002: 7985: 7979: 7962: 7956: 7939: 7934:978-1590334218 7933: 7916: 7910: 7893: 7887: 7870: 7864: 7851: 7845: 7825: 7819: 7802: 7796: 7779: 7773: 7756: 7750: 7737: 7731: 7723:Zenith Imprint 7714: 7708: 7688: 7682: 7665: 7659: 7639: 7633: 7612: 7606: 7589: 7583: 7562: 7553: 7548:978-0788111112 7547: 7534: 7528: 7511: 7505: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7461: 7443: 7415: 7379: 7362: 7341: 7315: 7300: 7282: 7270: 7254: 7248:978-1913118662 7247: 7226: 7218:Amtstutz 1994a 7210: 7202:Amtstutz 1994a 7194: 7186:Amtstutz 1994a 7178: 7172:978-1913118662 7171: 7153: 7145:Amtstutz 1994a 7137: 7126:. 9 March 2011 7111: 7103:Jefferson 2010 7088: 7086: 7085: 7079: 7058: 7052: 7017: 7015:, p. 298. 7000: 6984: 6977: 6947: 6931: 6923:Amtstutz 1994a 6908: 6892: 6884:Amtstutz 1994a 6873: 6871: 6870: 6864: 6843: 6838:978-0788111112 6837: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6783: 6777: 6749: 6741:Amtstutz 1994a 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725:978-0788111112 6724: 6707: 6701: 6673: 6671: 6670: 6664: 6643: 6637: 6609: 6607:Marshall, p. 7 6600: 6575: 6552: 6544:Amtstutz 1994a 6536: 6528:Amtstutz 1994a 6520: 6512:Amtstutz 1994a 6501: 6494: 6476: 6460: 6425: 6409: 6401:Amtstutz 1994a 6388: 6380:Amtstutz 1994a 6363: 6355:Amtstutz 1994a 6347: 6331: 6301: 6275: 6273:, p. 316. 6271:Amtstutz 1994a 6263: 6247: 6231: 6215: 6199: 6183: 6167: 6151: 6127: 6111: 6095: 6087:Giustozzi 2000 6079: 6071:Giustozzi 2000 6058: 6042: 6034:Giustozzi 2000 6026: 6018:Giustozzi 2000 6007: 6005:, p. 120. 6003:Amtstutz 1994a 5995: 5979: 5963: 5947: 5931: 5915: 5899: 5883: 5867: 5851: 5835: 5819: 5803: 5787: 5771: 5755: 5739: 5723: 5707: 5703:Amtstutz 1994a 5695: 5693:, p. 288. 5691:Amtstutz 1994a 5683: 5679:Amtstutz 1994a 5671: 5667:Amtstutz 1994a 5659: 5655:Amtstutz 1994a 5647: 5631: 5623:Giustozzi 2000 5612: 5593: 5572: 5554: 5540: 5524: 5510: 5494: 5478: 5462: 5446: 5438:Amtstutz 1994a 5430: 5422: 5406: 5390: 5374: 5349: 5318:(4): 691–713. 5298: 5282: 5260: 5244: 5228: 5209: 5193: 5177: 5161: 5140: 5132:Amtstutz 1994b 5124: 5116:Amtstutz 1994b 5108: 5100:Amtstutz 1994b 5092: 5076: 5060: 5044: 5028: 5012: 4996: 4984: 4969: 4953: 4937: 4921: 4905: 4889: 4873: 4857: 4849:Amtstutz 1994a 4841: 4826: 4813: 4798: 4786: 4770: 4758: 4756:, p. 125. 4743: 4741:, p. 123. 4731: 4729:, p. 122. 4719: 4717:, p. 356. 4707: 4670: 4666:Amtstutz 1994a 4655: 4647:Amtstutz 1994a 4634: 4618: 4602: 4586: 4570: 4554: 4538: 4522: 4514:Gladstone 2001 4503: 4487: 4471: 4454: 4421: 4414: 4396: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4362: 4356: 4343: 4318: 4278: 4260: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4217: 4211: 4198: 4192: 4171: 4141: 4134: 4114: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4035: 4019: 4012: 4009: 4008: 3993: 3977: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3913: 3910: 3894:Main article: 3891: 3888: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3798: 3795: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3604:30,000–40,000 3601: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3572:35,000–40,000 3569: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3558:35,000–40,000 3555: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3543:35,000–40,000 3540: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3529:25,000–40,000 3526: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3515:25,000–35,000 3512: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3501:20,000–25,000 3498: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3429:Junbish-i-Mili 3380:special forces 3344:Emblem of the 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3288: 3285: 3273: 3270: 3262:private sector 3222:GNP per capita 3188: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2933: 2905:, and not the 2879: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2792:Main article: 2789: 2788:National Front 2786: 2758:Settam-e-Melli 2746: 2745: 2725: 2724: 2714: 2711: 2707:market economy 2703:class struggle 2642:Main article: 2639: 2636: 2616:National Front 2557:state religion 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2446:United Nations 2434:Homeland Party 2422:Siege of Khost 2388: 2385: 2381:special forces 2365:Geneva Accords 2295: 2292: 2230:Alexei Kosygin 2204: 2201: 2168:Andrei Gromyko 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2114: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2088:Jewish history 2085: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019:Related topics 2018: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1748:Durrani Empire 1744: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1493:Tibetan Empire 1489: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1373:20 BC – 50? AD 1371: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1208: 1207: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1110:PDPA Politburo 1088: 1085: 987: 984: 979:Main article: 976: 973: 788:one-party rule 770: 769: 766: 765: 762: 761: 754: 741: 738: 737: 728: 716: 715: 710: 700: 699: 696: 692: 691: 683: 679: 678: 664: 654: 653: 650: 647: 644: 643: 639: 638: 635: 634: 631: 625: 622: 621: 618: 612: 609: 608: 605: 597: 594: 593: 590: 584: 581: 580: 577: 574: 571: 570: 567: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 548: 547:Historical era 544: 543: 536: 530: 527: 526: 519: 513: 510: 509: 494: 490: 489: 486: 485: 480: 477: 474: 473: 468: 465: 462: 461: 458: 457: 454: 446: 445: 442: 441: 436: 433: 430: 429: 424: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 404: 403: 400: 399: 394: 391: 388: 387: 382: 379: 376: 375: 370: 367: 364: 363: 356: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 336: 335: 328:dominant-party 303: 299: 298: 293: 287: 286: 276: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 257: 255: 251: 250: 245: 242: 238: 237: 236: 235: 218: 214: 213: 205: 204: 194: 164: 163: 155:Bottom: Emblem 148: 136: 135: 123: 116: 109: 108: 107: 104: 103: 99: 98: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11533: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11392: 11387: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11307:Crimea (1919) 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11169:South Vietnam 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11097: 11096:North Vietnam 11094: 11093: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11012: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10981: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10807: 10806:United States 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10763:United States 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10642:New Australia 10640: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10618: 10611: 10606: 10604: 10599: 10597: 10592: 10591: 10588: 10576: 10568: 10566: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10544: 10543: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10515: 10513: 10512: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10445: 10443: 10442: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10434:List of films 10431: 10430: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10230: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10163:Babrak Karmal 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10148:Yuri Andropov 10146: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10127: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10111:Hezb-e Wahdat 10109: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10087:Shura-e Nazar 10085: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10011: 10006: 10004: 9999: 9997: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9951: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9785: 9784:Chief Justice 9782: 9781: 9780: 9779:Supreme Court 9777: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9742:Deputy Leader 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9468:2001 invasion 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9458:Islamic State 9456: 9455: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9368:Hotak dynasty 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9333:Maurya Empire 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9290: 9285: 9283: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9268: 9261: 9247: 9246:Yugoslav Wars 9244: 9243: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9080:Prague Spring 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9032: 9026: 9020: 9018: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8992:Organizations 8990: 8984: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8894:Baltic states 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8870: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8834: 8832: 8827: 8825: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8804: 8803: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8666: 8655: 8652: 8641: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8560: 8559:PIA hijacking 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8507: 8502: 8500: 8495: 8493: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8427: 8425:9780521414173 8421: 8417: 8416: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8371: 8364: 8360: 8354: 8350: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8322:Staff writers 8319: 8315: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8231: 8230: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8185:PublicAffairs 8182: 8178: 8177:Tomsen, Peter 8174: 8170: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8085: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7894: 7890: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7867: 7865:9781472841872 7861: 7857: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7692:Brown, Archie 7689: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7488: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7440: 7439:public domain 7436: 7433: 7429: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7372: 7366: 7358: 7351: 7345: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7311: 7304: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7280:, p. 19. 7279: 7278:Galeotti 2021 7274: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7082: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6980: 6978:5-271-07363-7 6974: 6970: 6966: 6958: 6951: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6604: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6564: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6533: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6506: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6012: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5923:Girardet 1985 5919: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5669:, p. 59. 5668: 5663: 5657:, p. 58. 5656: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5383: 5378: 5362: 5361: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4982:, p. 99. 4981: 4976: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4961:Garthoff 1994 4957: 4950: 4946: 4945:Garthoff 1994 4941: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4790: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4711: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4464: 4458: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4394:Freedom House 4393: 4388: 4378: 4376:0-415-92712-9 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323:World Affairs 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4212:0-19-506294-9 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4168: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4137: 4135:9780788111112 4131: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4075: 4058: 4048: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3919:Soviet Empire 3916: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3887: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3347: 3342: 3328: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3087:(in percent) 3086: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2945: 2940: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2893:state atheism 2890: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2645: 2635: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511:Babrak Karmal 2508: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2438:Boris Yeltsin 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2354:Ronald Reagan 2347: 2339: 2338: 2329: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265:Mohammad Rafi 2263: 2262:Major General 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2232:, the Soviet 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164:Yuri Andropov 2153: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2056:List of years 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1996:Paropamisadae 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1878:Islamic State 1876: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1848:Islamic State 1846: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1739: 1738:Afsharid Iran 1736: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1718:Hotak dynasty 1716: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1442: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1359:Kushan Empire 1357: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1333:247 BC–224 AD 1332: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1309:Maurya Empire 1307: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1269:Median Empire 1267: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:Babrak Karmal 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1076:Afghan values 1072: 1067: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047:Babrak Karmal 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 982: 972: 971:to the west. 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 862: 860: 856: 855:Babrak Karmal 852: 851: 846: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 755: 753: 746: 745: 742: 736: 729: 722: 721: 718: 717: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 701: 697: 693: 690: 687: 684: 680: 665: 659: 655: 651: 645: 640: 636: 633:28 April 1992 632: 629: 628:Fall of Kabul 623: 619: 616: 610: 606: 603: 602: 595: 591: 588: 582: 579:30 April 1978 578: 572: 568: 565: 559: 555: 552: 549: 545: 540: 537: 534: 528: 523: 520: 517: 511: 505: 499: 495: 491: 487: 484: 481: 475: 472: 469: 463: 459: 455: 452: 447: 443: 440: 437: 431: 428: 425: 419: 415: 411: 409: 408:Head of State 405: 401: 398: 395: 389: 386: 385:Babrak Karmal 383: 377: 374: 371: 365: 361: 357: 351: 347: 343: 341: 337: 332: 329: 326: 320: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 300: 297: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 256: 252: 249: 246: 239: 233: 229: 228: 227:(until 1991) 226: 222: 219: 215: 211: 206: 192: 186: 169: 165: 159: 145: 140: 132: 120: 113: 105: 100: 64: 50: 29: 26: 22: 11446:Eastern Bloc 11267:Baranya–Baja 11236:Soviet Union 11216:East Germany 11020: 10914:Burkina Faso 10545: 10530: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10502: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10474: 10467: 10460: 10453: 10446: 10439: 10432: 10060: 10056:Soviet Union 10042:Belligerents 10027:Part of the 9961:Bibliography 9762:Human rights 9717:Constitution 9598:Demographics 9442: 9353:Hindu Shahis 9183: 8857:Soviet Union 8845:Eastern Bloc 8792: 8777: 8697:Constitution 8528: 8512: 8414: 8394: 8369: 8348: 8325: 8299: 8276: 8253: 8228: 8203: 8180: 8154: 8131: 8108: 8083: 8058: 8035: 8012: 7989: 7966: 7943: 7920: 7897: 7874: 7855: 7832: 7806: 7783: 7760: 7741: 7718: 7695: 7669: 7646: 7618: 7593: 7575:Hoover Press 7568: 7557: 7538: 7515: 7492: 7484:Bibliography 7469: 7464: 7455: 7446: 7406:. 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BC 1323:256–125 BC 1313:305–180 BC 1303:312–150 BC 1293:330–312 BC 1283:550–330 BC 1273:728–550 BC 1007:Parchamite 953:Uzbek SSRs 652:15,900,000 642:Population 601:loya jirga 302:Government 291:Demonym(s) 11320:1939–1940 11275:1918–1919 11044:1982–1992 11039:1979–1992 11034:1975–1979 11030:Cambodia 11005:Nicaragua 10937:1987–1991 10932:1974–1987 10928:Ethiopia 10867:Tanzanian 10748:Sri Lanka 10691:Hong Kong 10674:Communist 10637:Australia 10632:Argentina 10617:Socialism 10518:Rambo III 10476:Cargo 200 10469:The Beast 10455:Afghantsi 10209:Abdul Haq 9888:Education 9857:Transport 9678:Languages 9651:Qizilbash 9579:Volcanoes 9537:Geography 9185:Die Wende 9158:Economies 8999:Cominform 8982:(to 1948) 8944:(to 1961) 8872:Formation 8862:Communism 8740:Politburo 8569:1983–84: 8449:from the 8330:Routledge 8258:Routledge 7408:15 August 7404:(6): 1–14 7312:(Report). 7262:Isby 1986 6961:10000 экз 6852:Routledge 6652:Routledge 6468:Isby 1986 6417:Isby 1986 6284:"Economy" 6255:Ende 2010 6175:Male 1982 5604:Otto 2010 4929:Camp 2012 4778:Male 1982 4442:0882-7729 3855:Education 3703:Khalqists 3683:Air Force 3457:Air Force 3083:Sales of 2903:Karl Marx 2880:1987–1992 2868:1980–1987 2856:1978–1980 2604:bicameral 2592:apartheid 2565:communism 2519:communism 2515:socialism 2430:Gorbachev 2275:Chairman 2246:socialism 1946:Arachosia 1912:2004–2021 1897:2001–2004 1862:1996–2001 1852:1992–1996 1832:1978–1992 1812:1973–1978 1792:1926–1973 1772:1823–1926 1762:1818–1855 1752:1747–1823 1742:1738–1747 1732:1716–1732 1722:1709–1738 1712:1510–1709 1702:1501–1738 1677:1520–1591 1667:1370–1507 1657:1245–1381 1647:1256–1335 1643:Ilkhanate 1637:1224–1266 1627:1226–1245 1617:1219–1226 1607:1215–1231 1597:1037–1194 1553:Saffarids 1343:180–90 BC 831:socialism 312:one-party 275:Religion 125:Top: Flag 102:1978–1992 11372:Würzburg 11347:Naissaar 11311:Finland 11271:Bavaria 11209:Slovakia 11194:Bulgaria 11124:Far East 11071:Mongolia 10983:Americas 10847:European 10778:Chavismo 10743:Pakistan 10565:Category 10136:Alliance 10049:Alliance 10033:Cold War 10031:and the 9970:Category 9928:War rugs 9923:Religion 9908:Olympics 9837:Taxation 9700:Politics 9661:Turkmens 9646:Pashtuns 9621:Farsiwan 9584:Wildlife 9501:Timeline 9494:By topic 9307:articles 9153:Politics 8786:Category 8675:Politics 8530:Timeline 8324:(2002). 8179:(2011). 7831:(1994). 7694:(2009). 7645:(2011). 7456:BBC News 7030:(2011). 6965:Балашиха 6447:Archived 5336:Archived 4700:19 April 4447:15 March 4335:20671902 4311:73677693 4303:45317401 4275:changes. 4109:45304853 4062:160,000. 3912:See also 3890:Refugees 3811:Sarandoy 3807:Khalqist 3669:160,000 3652:200,000 3640:400,000 3637:100,000 3632:150,000 3624:300,000 3471:110,000 3388:Kandahar 3356:en masse 3331:Branches 3293:military 3272:Military 2997:129,900 2927:and the 2713:Factions 2658:Leninist 2555:was the 2476:Politics 2450:Charikar 2234:Chairman 2112:Category 1986:Khorasan 1966:Gandhara 1907:politics 1808:Republic 1708:Safavids 1663:Timurids 1577:963–1187 1563:Samanids 1543:Tahirids 1533:Abbasids 1503:Umayyads 1445:Medieval 1221:Timeline 1193:a series 1191:Part of 1119:Watanjar 1035:Chairman 1027:Chairman 1019:Khalqist 965:Pakistan 961:Xinjiang 941:Pakistan 879:Pakistan 682:Currency 551:Cold War 317:under a 283:official 180:(Pashto) 83:(Pashto) 11342:Ireland 11332:Galicia 11231:Romania 11189:Albania 11144:Jiangxi 11091:Vietnam 10995:Grenada 10969:Somalia 10852:Israeli 10842:Chinese 10837:Burmese 10832:British 10822:African 10794:History 10785:Vietnam 10753:Tunisia 10703:Finland 10698:Estonia 10129:Leaders 9947:Outline 9883:Cuisine 9871:Culture 9847:Tourism 9800:Economy 9747:Cabinet 9712:Taliban 9631:Hazaras 9554:Borders 9315:History 9004:COMECON 8904:Romania 8899:Hungary 8718:Parcham 8522:History 8477:YouTube 7334:23 July 7206:184–185 6969:Астрель 6888:180–181 6532:183–184 6091:143–144 6038:142–143 5991:305–306 5799:161–162 5506:107–108 5418:302–303 5332:3992384 5276:16 July 5104:151–152 4885:160–161 4811:p. 219. 4483:110–111 3937:Parcham 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