895:
2408:
4631:
5154:
2306:
2223:
1824:/ may be realized as a trill sound , in some environments, mostly word-final position; otherwise, they contrast between vowels wherein a trill occurs as a result of gemination (doubling) of , especially in loanwords of Arabic origin. Only occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position, it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words.
2320:
4619:
320:
52:
2130:
speakers) tend to realize the vowel in proximity to, or identically to, , unless the following syllable contains a high-back vowel. Speakers in western
Afghanistan (such as in the Herat or Farah province) and some rural regions in the Kabul province (not the city) most commonly realize the vowel as .
1390:
and others. A distinctive character of this group is its conservative nature compared to, for example, the
Tehrani dialect. This can be seen in its Phonology (e.g. it's preservation of "Majhul" vowels), Morhphonology and Syntax, and it's Lexicon. A further distinction may be made between varieties in
1111:
The phonology of Dari
Persian as spoken in Kabul, compared with Classical Persian, is overall more conservative than the accent of Iran's standard register. In this regard Dari Persian is more similar to Tajiki Persian. The principal differences between standard Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian as
2121:
in nearly all dialects of Dari. There are no environmental factors related to the appearance of or and native Dari speakers do not perceive them as different phonemes (that is to say, the
English words bet and bit would be nearly indistinguishable to a native Dari speaker). However, speakers in
860:
rule. Dari
Persian spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Khorasan after the Arab conquests and during Islamic-Arab rule. The replacement of the Pahlavi script with the Arabic script in order to write the Persian language was done by the Tahirids in 9th century Khorasan. Dari Persian
1345:
Takhar and the MOE only discussed vocabulary differences between the dialect groups and did not extensively discuss phonological differences between these groups. However there was a noticeable difference in the romanizations of the
Western dialects and the South-Eastern dialects. Chiefly that the
2765:
Persian in
Afghanistan is generally called fārsi by Persian-speakers and pārsi in Pashto. The standard written Persian of Afghanistan has officially been called Dari since 1964; apart from a few basics of vocabulary, however (and more Indo-Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso-Arabic script),
1059:
conquerors brought the language into South Asia. The basis in general for the introduction of
Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties. The sizable Persian component of the Anglo-Indian loan words in
2280:
as an additional language of administration. The local name for the
Persian variety spoken in Afghanistan was officially changed from Farsi to Dari, meaning "court language", in 1964. Zaher said there would be, as there are now, two official languages, Pashto and Farsi, though the latter would
2766:
there is little difference between formal written
Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran. The term "Dari" is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan, but is best restricted to formal spoken registers (poetry, speeches, newscasts, and other broadcast announcements).
1337:
In a paper jointly published by Takhar University and the Ministry of Education in 2018, researchers studying varieties of Persian from Iran to Tajikistan, Identified 3 dialect groups (or macro dialects) present within Afghanistan. In an article about various languages spoken in Afghanistan,
455:
official term for the Persian language; it is known as Afghan Persian or Eastern Persian in many Western sources. The decision to rename the local variety of Persian in 1964 was more political than linguistic to support an Afghan state narrative. Dari Persian is most closely related to
937:, those living in Tajik and Hazara dominated areas also use Dari Persian as their main or secondary language. Thus, non-native persian speaking groups including Pashtuns, Uzbeks and Turkmen have attributed to the increased volume of persian speakers within Afghanistan. The
1084:) have often been employed to coin words for political and cultural concepts, items, or ideas that were historically unknown outside the South Asian region, as is the case with the aforementioned "borrowings". Dari Persian has a rich and colorful tradition of
2292:
This debate pits those who look at language as a shared heritage that includes thinkers, writers, and poets of the Farsi language against those who believe that Dari has older roots and provides a distinct identity that cannot be confused with Iran's
886:. Persian was a prestigious high-ranking language and was further rooted into Central Asia by the Samanids. Persian also phased out Sogdian. The role of lingua franca that Sogdian originally played was succeeded by Persian after the arrival of Islam.
681:. In general, Iranian languages are known from three periods, usually referred to as Old, Middle, and New (Modern) periods. These correspond to three eras in Iranian history, the old era being the period from some time before, during, and after the
1196:
of early Classical Persian "ay" (as "i" in English "size") and "aw" (as "ow" in Engl. "cow"), which are pronounced (as in English "day") and (as in Engl. "low") in Iranian Persian. Dari, on the other hand, is more like ancient Persian, e.g.
881:
started speaking Dari after relinquishing their original language (most likely Bactrian) around this time, due to the fact that the Arab-Islamic army which invaded Central Asia also included some Persians who governed the region like the
1350:) was romanized with an "i" for South-Eastern dialects but as an "e" for western dialects. This is presumably due to a difference in quality, however the paper itself did not explain why the vowels were transliterated differently.
1391:
and near Kabul and varieties in and near Afghan Turkistan. With dialects near Kabul exhibiting some influences from languages in southern Afghanistan and South Asia and dialects in Afghan Turkistan exhibiting more influence from
1421:
has broadcast its Dari programs in Kabuli Dari, which ensured the homogenization between the Kabuli version of the language and other dialects of Dari Persian spoken throughout Afghanistan. Since 2003, the media, especially the
2936:
2623:
468:; the languages are mutually intelligible. Dari Persian is the official language for approximately 35 million people in Afghanistan and it serves as the common language for inter-ethnic communication in the country.
685:
period (that is, to 300 BC), the Middle Era being the next period, namely, the Sassanid period and part of the post-Sassanid period, and the New era being the period afterward down to the present day.
856:
Persian replaced the Central Asian languages of the Eastern Iranics. Ferghana, Samarkand, and Bukhara were starting to be linguistically Darified in originally Khorezmian and Soghdian areas during
5074:
2284:
The term continues to divide opinion in Afghanistan today. While Dari has been the official name for decades, "Farsi" is still the preferred name to many Persian speakers of Afghanistan.
1506:
Afghanistan's Ministry of Education does not make a distinction between varieties of the Sistan region and the varieties in the Western group. However Encyclopaedia Iranica considers the
4281:"Geratskij dialekt jazyka dari. Moskva, Izd. firma Vostočnaja literatura RAN, 1999, 238 p., bibliogr., pas d'index. (Jazyki narodov Azii i Afriki). [Le dialecte dari de Hérat]"
642:, he says, "it is the language of the cities of Madā'en; it is spoken by those who are at the king's court. is connected with presence at court. Among the languages of the people of
3149:"Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in Iran, History of Farsi Language, Learn Farsi, Farsi Translation"
2940:
2631:
464:
and the two share many phonological and lexical similarities. Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and
2372:
Sistani is subsumed as part of the Western varieties by Afghanistans Ministry of Education and Takhar University, but considered a distinct dialect by the Encyclopaedia Iranica.
4600:
Harold F. Schiffman Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors (Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages) BRILL, Leiden, 1.ed, 2011
1100:
There are phonological, lexical, and morphological differences between Afghan Persian and Iranian Persian. For example Afghan Farsi has more vowels than Iranian Farsi.
1484:, Daikundi, Laal Sari Jangal in Ghor province, 'uruzgan khas', in a wide area in the west of Kabul which is mainly recognized as Dashti Barchi, and some regions near
1450:. Varieties in this group share many features with the dialects of Persian spoken in Eastern Iran, and one may make many comparisons between the speech of Herat and
4395:
565:
Since 1964, it has been the official name in Afghanistan for the Persian spoken there. In Afghanistan, Dari refers to a modern dialect form of Persian that is the
569:
used in administration, government, radio, television, and print media. Because of a preponderance of Dari native speakers, who normally refer to the language as
718:"the Zebani Deri (Zeban i Deri or Zaban i Dari = the language of Deri), or the language of the court, and the Zebani Farsi, the dialect of Persia at large (...)"
984:
where all ethnic groups are settled. Dari Persian-speaking communities also exist in southwestern and eastern Pashtun-dominated areas such as in the cities of
3592:
2503:
5716:
5112:
2566:
1492:
and distinctive vocabulary. However it has been shown that Hazaragi is more accurately a sub-dialect of Dari rather than its own variety of Persian.
3655:
494:
Dari Persian served as the preferred literary and administrative language among non-native speakers, such as the Turco-Mongol peoples including the
5957:
1242:
in standard Iranian, is still pronounced with the classical bilabial pronunciation in Afghanistan; is found in Afghan Persian as an allophone of
1406:
varieties, certain Eastern Dialects have developed a system of retroflex consonants under pressure from Pashto. They are not widespread, however.
3332:
3182:
1325:
dialect shares vocabulary and phonology with both Afghan and Iranian Persian. Likewise, the dialect of Persian in Eastern Iran, for instance in
2695:
2752:
3824:
3708:
2126:
and other nearby provinces in southern and eastern Afghanistan tend to realize the vowel as . Speakers of Dari in central Afghanistan (i.e.
1399:. Despite the Afghanistan Ministry of Education referring to this group as "South-Eastern" some of the varieties included are in the north.
4445:
Higher Persian grammar for the use of the Calcutta University, showing differences between Afgan and modern Persian; with notes on rhetoric
3681:
2970:
2872:
2786:
2902:
5352:
5079:
5048:
2458:الله حکیمی, مطیع (2018). "گونههای زبان فارسی دری" (journal) (in Persian). Takhar University & The Afghanistan Ministry of Education.
3406:
5038:
4707:
3553:
1423:
4227:. In V. A. Efimov (ed.), Sredneiranskie i novoiranskie Jazyki: Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Firma Vostočnaya Literatura RAN. pp. 344–414.
1136:
respectively in Iranian Persian, whereas in Afghan Persian, they are still kept separate. For instance, the identically written words
1754:
956:
Dari Persian dominates the northern, western, and central areas of Afghanistan, and is the common language spoken in cities such as
3963:
3857:
3126:
3100:
2664:
1342:
identified a nearly identical categorization but considered varieties spoken in the Sistan region to constitute a distinct group.
5064:
1321:. However, the dialect of Dari spoken in Western Afghanistan stands in between the Afghan and Iranian Persian. For instance, the
1225:
in Afghan Persian. Moreover, is simplified to in normal Iranian speech, thereby merging with the lowered Classical short vowel
5105:
3880:
5977:
4493:
3834:
3625:
3586:
3547:
3520:
3493:
3466:
3439:
3400:
3373:
2910:
2728:
2479:
2281:
henceforth be named Dari. Within their respective linguistic boundaries, Dari Persian and Pashto are the media of education.
1935:
4670:
5069:
4464:
Le Persan Parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du Kâboli Accompagné d'un Recueil de Quatrains Populaires de la Région de Kâbol
4355:
2592:
1867:
1796:
1780:
337:
299:
4387:
5043:
4605:
3274:
2885:
Persian (2) is the most spoken languages in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ...
2048:
1944:
243:
3801:
3695:
Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ...
1189:
tend to be lowered in Iranian Persian to and , unlike in Dari where they might have both high and lowered allophones.
5967:
5098:
4425:
3061:
2834:
2535:
1358:
The South Eastern group (also referred to the Southern and Eastern group) constitutes varieties spoken in and around
3772:
1710:
1642:
472:
3615:
3576:
2240:
2117:
Dari does not distinguish and in any position, these are distinct phonemes in English but are in un-conditional
5345:
2062:
1958:
1691:
289:
902:
Dari Persian is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. In practice though, it serves as the de facto
4700:
4623:
3867:
2495:
2085:
613:
144:
5385:
1715:
1647:
4537:
4512:
3937:
3910:
3152:
5390:
4732:
2071:
1967:
1856:
1698:
1239:
918:
2558:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2178:
2164:
2159:
1850:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1293:
1247:
1243:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1102:
However, there are no significant differences in the written forms, other than regional idiomatic phrases.
5972:
4740:
2028:
1912:
1738:
238:
5962:
5338:
3985:
3641:
3241:
A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary
3043:
2101:
1981:
1789:
1618:
600:
3749:
3340:
3178:
5788:
5625:
5400:
5017:
4801:
4693:
2108:
1988:
1865:
1854:
1840:
1832:
1724:
1703:
1253:
1251:
910:
484:
139:
4471:
The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kaboli Dari (Persian) Compared to the Literary Language
4209:
4087:
2407:
5121:
4058:
2809:
2687:
2353:
2037:
1921:
1668:
1630:
4239:
3744:
3245:
5853:
5380:
4991:
4856:
4634:
3722:
1746:
1656:
1623:
894:
452:
124:
4645:
4434:
3677:
3669:
2868:
2860:
2778:
2544:
5375:
4791:
4748:
2962:
2914:
2744:
1729:
1547:
1281:) in some dialects of Iranian Persian (presumably under the influence of Turkic languages like
1272:
543:
129:
3483:
3456:
3429:
1292:
and in word-final positions are distinguished in Dari, whereas is a word-final allophone of
5934:
5228:
4964:
4811:
4196:
3390:
3363:
1834:
1772:
1635:
1589:
1582:
1339:
440:
20:
4240:"Noun Structures in the Persian-Dari Dialect of the People of Farah Province in Afghanistan"
4125:
Towards Proto-Persian: An Optimality Theoretic Historical Reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation
3537:
3510:
5771:
5711:
5505:
5319:
4724:
1661:
1088:
that deeply reflect Afghan culture and relationships, as demonstrated through the works of
1017:
969:
941:
states that about 80% of the Afghan population speaks Dari Persian. About 2.5 million
866:
4553:
1305:
The dialects of Dari spoken in Northern, Central, and Eastern Afghanistan, for example in
739:
8:
5927:
5469:
5422:
5254:
5181:
4979:
4443:
1685:
1612:
1489:
1314:
1048:
946:
780:
4563:
3239:
5842:
5819:
5809:
5556:
5442:
5159:
5012:
4901:
3959:
3313:
3122:
3096:
2992:
2656:
2311:
1842:
1542:
1443:
1262:
989:
658:
387:
279:
5834:
5814:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5640:
5609:
5567:
5498:
5447:
5417:
5361:
5187:
4918:
4796:
4601:
4489:
4302:
4261:
4153:
3863:
3830:
3713:
3621:
3582:
3543:
3516:
3489:
3462:
3435:
3396:
3369:
2724:
2660:
2475:
2261:
2123:
1569:
1554:
1418:
1375:
973:
874:
862:
566:
519:
134:
4187:
4178:
295:
5863:
5848:
5824:
5759:
5699:
5694:
5679:
5673:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5603:
5511:
5452:
5437:
5303:
5288:
5268:
5197:
5176:
5022:
4974:
4885:
4841:
4819:
4716:
4584:
4559:
4334:
4297:
4292:
4280:
4251:
4182:
3305:
2963:"South Asia :: Afghanistan – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"
2837:. United States: Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL). 30 June 2002. Archived from
2348:
2333:
2325:
2273:
2131:
Additionally, in some varieties of Dari, the phoneme appears as an allophone of .
1564:
1537:
1532:
1511:
1463:
1286:
1072:
come from the Afghan Persian pronunciation; in Iranian Persian they are pronounced
1033:
1029:
870:
794:
usually means "bliss", "delight", "sweetness"; in language, literature and poetry,
678:
643:
605:
444:
431:
419:
397:
351:
327:
214:
149:
80:
4466:, Centre national de la recherche scientifique or Librairie C. Klincksieck, Paris.
3205:
630:
was the language spoken by priests, scholars, and the like; it is the language of
5804:
5776:
5766:
5724:
5667:
5662:
5531:
5526:
5474:
5409:
5275:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5218:
4996:
4969:
4934:
4880:
4875:
4851:
4824:
4674:
4651:
4429:
2718:
2539:
2469:
2338:
2277:
2265:
1929:
1576:
1559:
1507:
1501:
1383:
950:
942:
750:
form of poetry. Iqbal loved both styles of literature and poetry, when he wrote:
731:
511:
499:
475:, Dari Persian is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan; the other is
116:
106:
5923:
5881:
5868:
5583:
5572:
5521:
5464:
5458:
5432:
5427:
5298:
5261:
5202:
5192:
4986:
4834:
4764:
4667:
2343:
2118:
1607:
1476:, these varieties are spoken in the majority of central Afghanistan including:
1414:
1410:
1396:
1392:
1310:
1282:
961:
938:
743:
674:
635:
527:
507:
503:
480:
457:
207:
101:
67:
62:
4589:
4572:
4347:
4038:
3617:
History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.
2588:
1016:
Dari Persian has contributed to the majority of Persian borrowings in several
653:
Dari Persian spoken in Afghanistan is not to be confused with the language of
5951:
5829:
5783:
5704:
5594:
5577:
4948:
4911:
4906:
4861:
4846:
4640:
4485:
4422:
4306:
4265:
4256:
3057:
2532:
2269:
2010:
1894:
1044:
1040:
1036:
and others, as it was the administrative, official, cultural language of the
922:
903:
735:
661:
or Gabri, which is a language of the Central Iranian subgroup spoken in some
631:
495:
488:
3266:
579:, "Persian"), it is also known as "Afghan Persian" in some Western sources.
5090:
4657:
4482:
Afghan folktales from Herat: Persian Texts in Transcription and Translation
4238:
Wahedi, Mohammad Haroon; Najm, Sharaafuddin; Sediqi, Aqlima (6 July 2022).
3797:
2471:
Afghan Folktales from Herat: Persian Texts in Transcription and Translation
1676:
1154:
for 'milk' in Afghan Persian, similar to Tajiki Persian. The long vowel in
1064:
therefore reflects the Dari Persian pronunciation. For instance, the words
730:. In the fifteenth century it appeared in Herat under the Persian-speaking
617:
555:
4630:
3539:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
3512:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2838:
2395:
1488:. As a group, the Hazaragi varieties are distinguished by the presence of
263:
5874:
5293:
4772:
4756:
3038:
2268:(1206–1526), even as those governments were dominated by Pashtun people.
2142:
2005:
1889:
1413:
has become the standard model of Dari Persian in Afghanistan, as has the
1052:
997:
697:
662:
515:
479:. Dari Persian is the most widely spoken language in Afghanistan and the
448:
333:
231:
91:
4679:
4462:
Farhadi, A. G. R.('Abd-ul-Ghafur Farhadi)(Abd-ul-ghafûr Farhâdi) (1955)
1510:
to constitute their own distinctive group, with notable influences from
5549:
5075:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
3718:
3317:
3296:
Jafri, Sardar (January–February 2000). "Hafiz Shirazi (1312-1387-89)".
2400:
2285:
2154:
2147:
2022:
2015:
1906:
1899:
1387:
1056:
1037:
850:
682:
622:
559:
461:
2260:
Successive governments of Afghanistan have promoted New Persian as an
5731:
5283:
4866:
2243:
and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
2185:
2171:
2095:
1975:
1952:
1193:
883:
531:
272:
256:
5330:
4474:
3309:
5684:
4685:
3613:
2319:
2127:
2056:
1469:
1468:
The third group recognized by Afghanistan Ministry of Education is
1434:
The Western group includes various varieties spoken in and around:
1001:
930:
861:
spread and led to the extinction of Eastern Iranian languages like
551:
307:
4940:
4662:
4457:
3238:
John Richardson (1810). Sir Charles Wilkins, David Hopkins (ed.).
926:
498:, for centuries before the rise of modern nationalism. Also, like
5904:
5536:
5491:
4529:
4504:
3933:
3906:
3388:
3361:
3148:
3086:, pp. 116–17; Hamza Esfahānī, pp. 67–68; Yāqūt, Boldān IV, p. 846
2559:"Tajikam Portal - Secret documents Reveal Afghan Language Policy"
2079:
1473:
1451:
1439:
1426:, have carried out their Dari programs using the Kabuli variety.
1371:
1326:
1095:
1085:
1065:
977:
857:
491:
of the country and is understood by up to 78% of the population.
303:
3881:"Five people from Afghanistan who shaped Middle Eastern history"
1142:'lion' and 'milk' are pronounced the same in Iranian Persian as
1080:. Persian lexemes and certain morphological elements (e.g., the
5689:
5543:
5516:
5140:
4618:
2233:
2212:
1481:
1477:
1379:
1363:
1347:
1069:
1005:
993:
985:
934:
914:
878:
853:
of Persia") is a metaphor for the Persian language and poetry.
723:
547:
476:
4388:"Dari or Farsi? Afghanistan's Long-Simmering Language Dispute"
4127:. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Georgetown University.
3859:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
3662:
3574:
898:
Majority Dari Persian speaking regions of Afghanistan in green
4558:(in Dari). · Ơ ʹ]] ʹ ð ʹ đ ® ʹ ® £ ʹ ® ł · ʹ ʹ ł 1365. 1979.
4088:"Variation in Persian Vowel Systems - University of Maryland"
3656:"Language of the "Mountain Tribe": A Closer Look at Hazaragi"
3485:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
3458:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
3176:
3029:, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1485:
1435:
1367:
1359:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1025:
981:
965:
957:
953:, also speak Dari Persian as one of their primary languages.
802:
647:
360:
3207:
Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Medorum Religionis Historia
3016:
Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language"
1395:. All South-Eastern varieties exhibited some influence from
1170:
in Iranian Persian, in contrast, these words are pronounced
1447:
1289:) is absent in Dari, where the two are still kept separate.
1089:
1061:
1021:
727:
654:
465:
366:
4023:
Charles M. Kieffer (2003). "HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect".
4011:
Origins of the New and Middle Persian phonological systems
2720:
Afghanistan in Ink: Literature Between Diaspora and Nation
2630:. Central Intelligence Agency. 8 July 2010. Archived from
1817:
A glottal stop /ʔ/ only appears in words of Arabic origin.
582:
There are different opinions about the origin of the word
306:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2288:, an Afghan analyst and ambassador, says of the dispute:
1329:, is quite similar to the Herati dialect of Afghanistan.
738:
who used the Indian verse methods or rhyme methods, like
714:
has two meanings. It may mean the language of the court:
604:), meaning "court", as it was the formal language of the
378:
3614:
Sigfried J. de Laet; Joachim Herrmann (1 January 1996).
2907:
UCLA International Institute: Center for World Languages
2853:
4555:
Afghanistan primary school text books for Dari language
51:
3389:
Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (8 October 2013).
3382:
3362:
Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (8 October 2013).
909:
Dari Persian is spoken by approximately 25-80% of the
510:, the official religious and literary language of the
3823:
Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (1 March 2012).
1417:
in relation to the Persian in Iran. Since the 1940s,
16:
Variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan
5149:
4376:
see too Harold F. Schiffman Language 2012, pp. 39–40
3355:
2301:
375:
363:
357:
3826:
South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny
1229:(see above). This does not occur in Afghan Persian.
840:
Through this Persian Candy which is going to Bengal
372:
354:
4154:"Vowel Harmony in Hazaragi Persian in Afghanistan"
4022:
3330:
3172:
3170:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
424:
412:
56:
4577:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4348:"Airgram Farsi to Dari 1964 Embassy Kabul to USA"
3568:
2589:"Airgram Farsi to Dari 1964 Embassy Kabul to USA"
5949:
4237:
4016:
3990:Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region
3607:
3333:"The Impact of Khawaja Hafiz on Iqbal's Thought"
1178:respectively by Persian speakers in Afghanistan.
722:It may also indicate a form of poetry used from
3237:
3167:
3082:Ebn al-Nadim, ed. Tajaddod, p. 15; Khjwārazmī,
2716:
2414:
3721:: Languages of the World. 2005. Archived from
3481:
3454:
3427:
2651:
2649:
1096:Differences between Iranian and Afghan Persian
5346:
5106:
4701:
4454:Concise English – Afghan Dari Dictionary
4423:Darī – The New Persian Literary Language
4319:
4052:
4050:
4048:
3822:
3779:, Central Intelligence Agency, 29 August 2024
3737:
3488:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–.
3461:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–.
3434:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–.
2533:Darī – The New Persian Literary Language
1276:
1266:
1246:before voiced consonants and as variation of
1233:
1212:
1198:
1161:
1155:
1137:
574:
5120:
4244:International Journal of Linguistics Studies
3790:
2810:"LibGuides: Dari Language: Language History"
2688:"LibGuides: Dari Language: Language History"
2213:Political views and disputes on the language
1332:
889:
646:and the east, the language of the people of
5049:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
4570:
4337:, "The Afghans", Blackwell Publishing, 2002
3798:"Dari language, alphabet and pronunciation"
3535:
3508:
3448:
3421:
3244:. Printed for F. and C. Rivingson. p.
3203:
2657:"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs"
2646:
1106:
801:Referring to the 14th-century Persian poet
688:The first person in Europe to use the term
5353:
5339:
5113:
5099:
5039:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
4708:
4694:
4479:
4045:
3960:"Ethnologue report for language code: prs"
3907:"Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs"
3701:
3502:
3392:Tajikistan: A Political and Social History
3365:Tajikistan: A Political and Social History
2457:
1232:The pronunciation of the labial consonant
906:among the various ethnolinguistic groups.
406:
391:
50:
41:
4658:Dari language, alphabet and pronunciation
4588:
4320:Mitchell, Rebecca; Naser, Djamal (2017).
4296:
4255:
4186:
4108:Fiorello, Christopher. "Dari Phonology".
3578:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index
3575:Josef W. Meri; Jere L. Bacharach (2006).
2808:Library, International and Area Studies.
2686:Library, International and Area Studies.
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
1424:private radio and television broadcasters
835:All the parrots of India will crack sugar
4507:Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs
4441:
3339:. Government of Pakistan. Archived from
3197:
2717:Green, Nile; Arbabzadah, Nushin (2013).
2222:
2026:
1181:The Classical Persian high short vowels
917:, who comprise approximately 27% of the
893:
877:speakers remaining, as the ancestors of
677:which was spoken during the rule of the
586:. The majority of scholars believe that
5958:Eastern Persian dialects in Afghanistan
5065:List of English words of Persian origin
4278:
3581:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 829–.
2897:
2895:
2893:
2204:When occurring as lax, the open vowels
921:, are the native speakers, followed by
825:zīn qand-i Pārsī ki ba Bangāla mē-ravad
815:Šakkar-šakan šavand hama tūtīyān-i Hind
546:since the 10th century, widely used in
514:(224–651 AD), itself a continuation of
338:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
300:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5950:
4358:from the original on 27 September 2019
4222:
4137:
4056:
2667:from the original on 18 September 2012
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2595:from the original on 27 September 2019
2518:
798:also means "euphonious" or "melodic".
430:
418:
396:
79:
5360:
5334:
5094:
4689:
4540:from the original on 31 December 2014
4515:from the original on 31 December 2014
4398:from the original on 26 November 2017
4081:
4079:
3940:from the original on 31 December 2014
3913:from the original on 31 December 2014
3295:
3064:from the original on 24 November 2020
2911:University of California, Los Angeles
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2391:
2389:
1317:, have distinct features compared to
1011:
4715:
4122:
4107:
3966:from the original on 7 December 2010
3228:John Richardson, London, 1777 pg. 15
3125:. Ethnologue.org. 19 February 1999.
3099:. Ethnologue.org. 19 February 1999.
2973:from the original on 26 January 2021
2890:
2264:of government since the time of the
2216:
1300:
734:. The Persian-language poets of the
702:Historia religionis veterum Persarum
506:, Dari Persian is a continuation of
407:
392:
42:
5070:List of French loanwords in Persian
4564:10.2458/azu_acku_pk6874_qaaf42_1365
4057:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
3595:from the original on 6 October 2022
3556:from the original on 6 October 2022
3409:from the original on 6 October 2022
3177:UCLA, Language Materials Projects.
2827:
2807:
2789:from the original on 4 January 2021
2685:
2607:
1839:before bilabial stops and as velar
1277:
1267:
1234:
1213:
1199:
1162:
1156:
1138:
612:is given in a notice attributed to
608:. The original meaning of the word
575:
522:(550–330 BC). In historical usage,
13:
5933:Languages between parentheses are
5044:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
4448:. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.
4414:
4385:
4324:. München: LINCOM. pp. 20–27.
4085:
4076:
3684:from the original on 29 April 2011
3482:Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012).
3455:Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012).
3155:from the original on 8 August 2017
3032:
2875:from the original on 29 April 2011
2755:from the original on 29 April 2011
2698:from the original on 5 August 2021
2442:
2386:
2232:appears to contradict the article
770:tarz-e goftār-e Darī šīrīn tar ast
244:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
180:
14:
5989:
4611:
4442:Phillott, Douglas Craven (1919).
3428:Ira M. Lapidus (22 August 2002).
3277:from the original on 29 July 2013
3185:from the original on 29 June 2018
2939:. 15 October 2013. Archived from
2835:"The Afghans – Language Use"
2569:from the original on 23 June 2020
2506:from the original on 9 March 2018
2276:(1826–1973) first introduced the
2107:
2100:
2084:
2070:
2061:
2047:
2036:
2027:
1987:
1980:
1966:
1957:
1943:
1934:
1920:
1911:
1795:
1788:
1779:
1753:
1737:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1588:
1581:
820:زین قند پارسی که به بنگاله میرود
760:Garče Hendī dar uzūbat šakkar ast
5907:(unknown further classification)
5152:
4629:
4617:
4279:Hachard, Vincent (15 May 2003).
4142:. Omaha: University of Nebraska.
4138:Neghat, Muhammad Nassim (1993).
4013:(Cracow 1985), pp. 112–114, 117.
3804:from the original on 11 May 2012
3129:from the original on 7 July 2010
3123:""Dari, Zoroastrian" Ethnologue"
3103:from the original on 7 July 2010
3047:, Brill Publications, CD version
2779:"South Asia :: Afghanistan"
2406:
2318:
2304:
2221:
1353:
1112:based on the Kabul dialect are:
473:2004 Constitution of Afghanistan
350:
318:
4379:
4370:
4340:
4328:
4313:
4272:
4231:
4216:
4188:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_2912
4171:
4146:
4131:
4116:
4101:
4031:
4003:
3978:
3952:
3925:
3898:
3873:
3850:
3816:
3765:
3648:
3634:
3529:
3475:
3324:
3289:
3259:
3231:
3222:
3141:
3115:
3089:
3076:
3050:
3019:
3010:
2985:
2955:
2929:
2801:
2785:. Central Intelligence Agency.
2771:
2737:
2710:
2679:
1864:/w/ is almost always voiced as
787:Rhyme method in Dari is sweeter
483:of approximately 25–55% of the
36:Afghan Persian, Eastern Persian
5937:of the language on their left.
5080:Persian language in South Asia
4298:10.4000/abstractairanica.34191
4095:Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet
3431:A History of Islamic Societies
3058:"DARĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2581:
2551:
2488:
2462:
2366:
1051:for centuries. Often based in
1:
4039:"HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect"
3934:"Afghan Proverbs Illustrated"
3395:. ANU E Press. pp. 30–.
3368:. ANU E Press. pp. 27–.
3210:. E Typographeo Clarendoniano
3027:The Cambridge History of Iran
2993:"Mughal world and literature"
2379:
1522:
1403:
487:. Dari Persian serves as the
185:
5978:Persian language in Pakistan
4637:travel guide from Wikivoyage
4575:. Illustrations of the IPA.
4469:Farhadi, Rawan A. G. (1975)
4392:Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty
3536:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
3509:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
2434:"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages".
2035:
1919:
1910:
1827:As in many other languages,
1517:
1240:voiced labiodental fricative
980:, and the Afghan capital of
542:Dari is a name given to the
537:
425:
413:
195:
190:
57:
7:
4536:. Charleston: CreateSpace.
4532:Afghan Proverbs Illustrated
4511:. Charleston: CreateSpace.
3936:. Charleston: CreateSpace.
3909:. Charleston: CreateSpace.
3542:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 6–.
3515:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 5–.
3331:Abbadullah Farooqi (2013).
2814:guides.library.illinois.edu
2692:guides.library.illinois.edu
2297:
1998:(Rural Kabuli) Dari Vowels
1882:(Urban Kabuli) Dari Vowels
1814:/ are phonetically dental .
1457:
869:with only a tiny amount of
775:This can be translated as:
746:, became familiar with the
634:." This language refers to
590:refers to the Persian word
432:[fʌːɾˈsiːjɛd̪ɐˈɾiː]
420:[fʌːɾˈsiːjɪd̪ɐˈɾiː]
10:
5994:
4992:Romanized Persian alphabet
4480:Ioannesyan, Youli (2009).
3709:"Languages of Afghanistan"
3670:"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages"
3044:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
2861:"Afghanistan v. Languages"
1499:
1495:
1461:
1429:
1250:in some cases, along with
1166:"strength" is realized as
810:شکرشکن شوند همه طوطیان هند
779:Even though in euphonious
765:طرز گفتار دری شیرین تر است
755:گرچه هندی در عذوبت شکر است
668:
18:
5914:
5897:
5797:
5633:
5624:
5483:
5408:
5399:
5368:
5312:
5211:
5169:
5147:
5128:
5057:
5031:
5018:Middle Persian literature
5005:
4957:
4927:
4894:
4810:
4802:Western Iranian languages
4784:
4723:
4590:10.1017/S0025100315000390
3097:""Parsi-Dari" Ethnologue"
2099:
2069:
2021:
1979:
1876:
1861:before voiced consonants.
1333:Varieties of Dari Persian
1238:, which is realized as a
911:population of Afghanistan
890:Geographical distribution
819:
809:
764:
754:
599:
286:
270:
254:
249:
237:
227:Official language in
225:
220:
204:
173:
113:
97:
87:
75:
49:
40:
35:
30:
5968:Languages of Afghanistan
5122:Languages of Afghanistan
4673:30 December 2017 at the
4428:24 November 2020 at the
4257:10.32996/ijls.2022.2.2.6
4123:Rees, Daniel A. (2008).
2538:24 November 2020 at the
2359:
2354:Languages of Afghanistan
2122:Urban regions of Kabul,
1831:is realized as bilabial
1346:vowel diacritic "pesh" (
1107:Phonological differences
104:: 10 million (2017)
4663:Dari language resources
4573:"Dari (Afghan Persian)"
4140:Dari-English Dictionary
3750:Encyclopædia Britannica
3620:UNESCO. pp. 468–.
2474:. Cambria Press. 2009.
1872:, as in Middle Persian.
1261:The convergence of the
1211:in Afghan Persian, and
4812:Dialects and varieties
4792:Indo-Iranian languages
4527:Zellem, Edward. 2012.
4502:Zellem, Edward. 2015.
4473:, Peace Corps, Kabul,
4223:Efimov, V. A. (2008).
4204:Cite journal requires
3931:Zellem, Edward. 2012.
3904:Zellem, Edward. 2012.
2548:, Online Edition 2006.
2295:
2239:Please discuss at the
1273:voiced velar fricative
1217:'Persian New Year' is
1092:and other literature.
933:(48%) generally speak
929:(4%). Moreover, while
899:
843:
828:
773:
626:). According to him, "
530:court language of the
518:, the language of the
451:. Dari Persian is the
326:This article contains
288:This article contains
4965:Old Persian cuneiform
4768:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
4025:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3856:Sigfried J. de Laet.
3025:in Frye, R. N.,
2749:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2723:. Hurst. p. 13.
2500:afghanistandl.nyu.edu
2436:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2290:
1340:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1192:The treatment of the
1146:, but differently as
897:
832:
830:English translation:
807:
752:
562:) and Persian texts.
21:Dari (disambiguation)
5928:historical languages
5320:Afghan Sign Language
4646:Encyclopædia Iranica
4626:at Wikimedia Commons
4571:Baker, Adam (2016).
4456:, Ferozsons, Kabul,
4435:Encyclopædia Iranica
3678:Encyclopædia Iranica
3273:(in Persian). 2013.
3204:Thomas Hyde (1760).
2997:www.laits.utexas.edu
2937:"The World Factbook"
2869:Encyclopædia Iranica
2545:Encyclopædia Iranica
1490:retroflex consonants
1203:'no' is realized as
1018:Indo-Aryan languages
949:, part of the wider
544:New Persian language
145:Southwestern Iranian
19:For other uses, see
4980:Persian calligraphy
4733:Proto-Indo-European
4452:Sakaria, S. (1967)
3658:. 12 December 2011.
3181:. Iranchamber.com.
2663:. 18 January 2010.
2136:
1999:
1883:
1847:before velar stops.
1296:in Iranian Persian.
1049:Indian subcontinent
947:Afghans in Pakistan
700:in his chief work,
453:Afghan government's
109:: 21 million (2022)
63:Perso-Arabic script
5973:Languages of India
5212:Minority languages
5170:Regional languages
5160:Afghanistan portal
5129:Official languages
5013:Persian literature
4760:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
4741:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3962:. Ethnologue.com.
3777:The World Factbook
3725:on 30 January 2009
3179:"Persian Language"
2943:on 15 October 2013
2783:The World Factbook
2634:on 15 October 2013
2628:The World Factbook
2312:Afghanistan portal
2134:
1997:
1881:
1263:voiced uvular stop
1043:and served as the
1012:Cultural influence
900:
471:As defined in the
5963:Languages of Iran
5945:
5944:
5893:
5892:
5620:
5619:
5362:Iranian languages
5328:
5327:
5184:(language family)
5088:
5087:
4943:
4895:Language features
4797:Iranian languages
4785:Language families
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4680:Dari encyclopedia
4622:Media related to
4495:978-1-60497-652-6
4488:. pp. 1–22.
4322:A Grammar of Dari
4285:Abstracta Iranica
4110:SIL International
4063:iranicaonline.org
3836:978-1-4411-5127-8
3829:. A&C Black.
3714:SIL International
3627:978-92-3-102812-0
3588:978-0-415-96692-4
3549:978-1-84511-283-7
3522:978-1-84511-283-7
3495:978-0-521-51441-5
3468:978-0-521-51441-5
3441:978-0-521-77933-3
3402:978-1-925021-16-5
3375:978-1-925021-16-5
2730:978-1-84904-204-8
2661:SIL International
2481:978-1-60497-652-6
2404:(27th ed., 2024)
2262:official language
2258:
2257:
2201:
2200:
2115:
2114:
1995:
1994:
1807:
1806:
1419:Radio Afghanistan
1301:Dialect continuum
650:is predominant."
567:standard language
398:[d̪ɐˈɾiː]
334:rendering support
314:
313:
296:rendering support
292:phonetic symbols.
239:Regulated by
81:[d̪ɐˈɾiː]
5985:
5789:Zoroastrian Dari
5631:
5630:
5406:
5405:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5091:
5023:Tajik literature
4975:Persian alphabet
4939:
4820:Standard Persian
4775:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4717:Persian language
4710:
4703:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4633:
4621:
4594:
4592:
4567:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4499:
4449:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4344:
4338:
4335:Willem Vogelsang
4332:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4259:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4059:"Kābolī Persian"
4054:
4043:
4042:
4041:. 20 March 2012.
4035:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4014:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3877:
3871:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3800:. Omniglot.com.
3794:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3343:on 22 March 2013
3328:
3322:
3321:
3298:Social Scientist
3293:
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3151:. Farsinet.com.
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3054:
3048:
3039:Frye, R. N.
3036:
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3014:
3008:
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3005:
3003:
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2933:
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2924:
2922:
2913:. Archived from
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2349:Hazaragi dialect
2334:Persian language
2328:
2326:Languages portal
2323:
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2274:Barakzai dynasty
2253:
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2217:
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2197:
2192:
2180:
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2137:
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2111:
2104:
2088:
2074:
2065:
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2040:
2031:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1970:
1961:
1947:
1938:
1924:
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1884:
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1838:
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1823:
1813:
1799:
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1783:
1757:
1741:
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1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
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1679:
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1659:
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1645:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1592:
1585:
1527:
1526:
1472:. Spoken by the
1464:Hazaragi dialect
1402:As seen in many
1295:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
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1228:
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1123:
1103:
821:
811:
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679:Sassanid dynasty
673:Dari comes from
603:
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512:Sassanian Empire
445:Persian language
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282:
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215:Persian alphabet
210:
119:
83:
60:
54:
45:
44:
28:
27:
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5027:
5001:
4997:Persian Braille
4970:Pahlavi scripts
4953:
4935:Persian grammar
4923:
4890:
4852:Kuwaiti Persian
4806:
4780:
4719:
4714:
4675:Wayback Machine
4614:
4597:
4552:
4543:
4541:
4528:
4518:
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4503:
4496:
4438:Online Edition.
4430:Wayback Machine
4417:
4415:Further reading
4412:
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4384:
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4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4352:www.datadust.de
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4086:Miller, Corey.
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3745:"Dari language"
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3329:
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3310:10.2307/3518055
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3095:
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3084:Mafātīh al-olum
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2339:Iranian Persian
2324:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2278:Pashto language
2266:Delhi Sultanate
2254:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2226:
2215:
2208:are raised to .
1879:
1611:
1549:
1541:
1525:
1520:
1508:Sistani dialect
1504:
1502:Sistani dialect
1498:
1466:
1460:
1432:
1415:Tehrani dialect
1356:
1335:
1319:Iranian Persian
1303:
1221:in Iranian but
1207:in Iranian but
1150:for 'lion' and
1116:The merging of
1109:
1101:
1098:
1060:English and in
1047:throughout the
1014:
951:Afghan diaspora
943:Afghans in Iran
892:
805:, Iqbal wrote:
732:Timurid dynasty
671:
614:Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ
540:
500:Iranian Persian
481:native language
437:Eastern Persian
371:
353:
349:
343:
342:
341:
332:Without proper
323:
319:
294:Without proper
278:
262:
255:
228:
221:Official status
211:
206:
200:
169:
140:Western Iranian
120:
117:Language family
115:
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71:
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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5890:
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5886:
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5882:Middle Persian
5878:
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5866:
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5856:
5846:
5839:
5838:
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5827:
5822:
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5812:
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5587:
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5553:
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5524:
5514:
5509:
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5430:
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5414:
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5403:
5397:
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5394:
5393:
5388:
5386:Middle Iranian
5383:
5378:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
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5313:Sign languages
5310:
5309:
5307:
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5103:
5095:
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5059:
5055:
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5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4987:Tajik alphabet
4984:
4983:
4982:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4958:Writing system
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4770:
4765:Middle Persian
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4729:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4677:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4638:
4627:
4613:
4612:External links
4610:
4609:
4608:
4606:978-9004201453
4596:
4595:
4583:(2): 229–234.
4568:
4550:
4525:
4509:, 3rd edition"
4500:
4494:
4477:
4467:
4460:
4450:
4439:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4386:Bezhan, Frud.
4378:
4369:
4339:
4327:
4312:
4271:
4230:
4215:
4206:|journal=
4170:
4145:
4130:
4115:
4100:
4075:
4044:
4030:
4015:
4002:
3977:
3951:
3924:
3897:
3872:
3862:UNESCO, 1994.
3849:
3835:
3815:
3789:
3764:
3736:
3700:
3674:Ch. M. Kieffer
3661:
3647:
3633:
3626:
3606:
3587:
3567:
3548:
3528:
3521:
3501:
3494:
3474:
3467:
3447:
3440:
3420:
3401:
3381:
3374:
3354:
3323:
3304:(1/2): 12–31.
3288:
3258:
3230:
3221:
3196:
3166:
3140:
3114:
3088:
3075:
3049:
3031:
3018:
3009:
2984:
2954:
2928:
2917:on 5 June 2011
2889:
2865:Ch. M. Kieffer
2852:
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2378:
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2364:
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2329:
2315:
2299:
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2256:
2255:
2229:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2119:free variation
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2092:
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2089:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2066:
2059:
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2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1955:
1949:
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1939:
1932:
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1918:
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1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1848:
1825:
1820:A flap sound /
1818:
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1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1793:
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1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1500:Main article:
1497:
1494:
1462:Main article:
1459:
1456:
1431:
1428:
1411:Kabuli dialect
1355:
1352:
1334:
1331:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1259:
1230:
1190:
1179:
1108:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1013:
1010:
962:Mazar-i-Sharif
939:World Factbook
891:
888:
744:Muhammad Iqbal
720:
719:
696:may have been
675:Middle Persian
670:
667:
636:Middle Persian
539:
536:
528:Middle Persian
526:refers to the
508:Middle Persian
504:Tajiki Persian
458:Tajiki Persian
336:, you may see
324:
317:
316:
315:
312:
311:
298:, you may see
284:
283:
276:
268:
267:
260:
252:
251:
250:Language codes
247:
246:
241:
235:
234:
229:
226:
223:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:Writing system
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
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188:
183:
177:
175:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
165:
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162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
123:
121:
114:
111:
110:
99:
95:
94:
89:
88:Native to
85:
84:
77:
73:
72:
55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5990:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5854:Caucasian Tat
5852:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5376:Proto-Iranian
5374:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5150:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:Organizations
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4949:Tajik grammar
4947:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4862:Judeo-Persian
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4774:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4752:(c. 1500 BCE)
4750:
4749:Proto-Iranian
4747:
4744:(c. 2000 BCE)
4742:
4739:
4736:(c. 3000 BCE)
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:Dari alphabet
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:at Britannica
4653:
4652:Dari language
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4624:Dari language
4620:
4616:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4526:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4486:Cambria Press
4483:
4478:
4476:
4475:OCLC 24699677
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4373:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4198:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4104:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4080:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4034:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4009:A. Pisowicz,
4006:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3778:
3774:
3773:"Afghanistan"
3768:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3697:
3696:
3683:
3680:, online ed.
3679:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3225:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3013:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2874:
2871:, online ed.
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2841:on 4 May 2011
2840:
2836:
2830:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2767:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:"Afghanistan"
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Tajik Persian
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:Sher Ali Khan
2267:
2263:
2252:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2230:This section
2228:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1853:is voiced to
1849:
1844:
1836:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:Hazara people
1471:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:South-Eastern
1351:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1241:
1231:
1195:
1191:
1180:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:Central Asian
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:lingua franca
1042:
1041:Mughal Empire
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
904:lingua franca
896:
887:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
854:
852:
848:
842:
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
826:
822:
817:
816:
812:
806:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
788:
784:
782:
776:
772:
771:
767:
762:
761:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Mughal Empire
733:
729:
725:
717:
716:
715:
713:
709:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
666:
665:communities.
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
489:lingua franca
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
460:as spoken in
459:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
427:
426:Fārsī-ye Darī
421:
415:
414:Fārsī-yi Darī
404:
399:
389:
383:
347:
339:
335:
331:
329:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
291:
285:
281:
277:
275:
274:
269:
265:
261:
258:
253:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
233:
230:
224:
219:
216:
213:
209:
203:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:South-Eastern
179:
178:
176:
172:
156:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:Indo-European
122:
118:
112:
108:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
76:Pronunciation
74:
69:
64:
59:
53:
48:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5919:
5880:
5873:
5858:
5841:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5672:
5650:
5602:
5593:
5582:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5457:
5229:Kamkata-vari
5135:
5058:Other topics
4868:
4829:
4644:
4580:
4576:
4554:
4542:. Retrieved
4531:
4517:. Retrieved
4506:
4481:
4470:
4463:
4453:
4444:
4433:
4421:Lazard, G. "
4400:. Retrieved
4391:
4381:
4372:
4362:27 September
4360:. Retrieved
4351:
4342:
4330:
4321:
4315:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4250:(2): 41–45.
4247:
4243:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4197:cite journal
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4158:ResearchGate
4157:
4148:
4139:
4133:
4124:
4118:
4109:
4103:
4094:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:
4033:
4024:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3927:
3915:. Retrieved
3900:
3890:12 September
3888:. Retrieved
3884:
3875:
3858:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3825:
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3792:
3783:12 September
3781:, retrieved
3776:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3748:
3739:
3729:16 September
3727:. Retrieved
3723:the original
3712:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3686:. Retrieved
3673:
3664:
3650:
3636:
3616:
3609:
3597:. Retrieved
3577:
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3538:
3531:
3511:
3504:
3484:
3477:
3457:
3450:
3430:
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3391:
3384:
3364:
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3341:the original
3336:
3326:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3270:
3261:
3249:. Retrieved
3240:
3233:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3206:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3157:. Retrieved
3143:
3131:. Retrieved
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3091:
3083:
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3052:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2996:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2966:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2941:the original
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2915:the original
2906:
2884:
2877:. Retrieved
2864:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2813:
2803:
2791:. Retrieved
2782:
2773:
2764:
2757:. Retrieved
2748:
2739:
2719:
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2691:
2681:
2669:. Retrieved
2636:. Retrieved
2632:the original
2627:
2599:27 September
2597:. Retrieved
2583:
2573:27 September
2571:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2543:
2531:Lazard, G. "
2508:. Retrieved
2499:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2435:
2399:
2368:
2291:
2283:
2259:
2246:
2231:
2116:
1505:
1467:
1433:
1408:
1401:
1357:
1344:
1336:
1304:
1160:"quick" and
1117:
1110:
1099:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1015:
955:
908:
901:
855:
847:qand-e Pārsī
846:
844:
839:
838:
834:
833:
829:
824:
823:
818:
814:
813:
808:
800:
795:
791:
790:
786:
778:
777:
774:
769:
768:
763:
759:
758:
753:
747:
721:
711:
707:
706:
701:
693:
689:
687:
672:
652:
639:
627:
621:
618:Ibn al-Nadim
609:
595:
591:
587:
583:
581:
570:
564:
556:Al-Muqaddasi
541:
523:
493:
470:
436:
403:Dari Persian
402:
345:
344:
328:Persian text
325:
287:
271:
154:
130:Indo-Iranian
25:
5875:Old Persian
5712:Mazanderani
5506:Khwarezmian
5391:New Iranian
5381:Old Iranian
4867:Judeo-Tat (
4773:New Persian
4757:Old Persian
4682:on Miraheze
4484:. Amherst:
4458:OCLC 600815
4402:25 November
3688:10 December
2967:www.cia.gov
2921:10 December
2879:10 December
2563:tajikam.com
2135:Diphthongs
1773:Approximant
1480:, parts of
1053:Afghanistan
998:Lashkar Gah
867:Khwarezmian
698:Thomas Hyde
663:Zoroastrian
552:Al-Estakhri
520:Achaemenids
516:Old Persian
449:Afghanistan
302:instead of
232:Afghanistan
92:Afghanistan
5952:Categories
5550:Sarghulami
5470:Yazghulami
5423:Ishkashimi
5255:Ishkashimi
5006:Literature
4902:Vocabulary
4776:(from 800)
4544:9 November
4519:9 November
3944:9 November
3917:9 November
3868:9231028138
3757:7 December
3719:Ethnologue
3599:16 October
3560:10 October
3068:18 January
3041:, "Darī",
2947:28 January
2845:24 October
2496:"11 books"
2401:Ethnologue
2380:References
2286:Omar Samad
1523:Consonants
1388:Badakhshan
1315:Badakhshan
1271:) and the
1194:diphthongs
1074:do-piyāzeh
1038:Persianate
1020:, such as
919:population
873:descended
851:Rock candy
683:Achaemenid
623:Al-Fehrest
616:(cited by
560:Ibn Hawqal
485:population
462:Tajikistan
447:spoken in
5935:varieties
5922:indicate
5843:Pahlavani
5835:Bakhtiari
5820:Kuhmareyi
5810:Bashkardi
5732:Old Azeri
5443:Sanglechi
5182:Nuristani
4919:Phonology
4307:0240-8910
4266:2754-2599
4163:11 August
4068:11 August
3970:26 August
3808:26 August
3413:28 August
3189:26 August
3159:26 August
3133:19 August
3107:19 August
2793:22 August
2671:19 August
2638:19 August
2241:talk page
1953:Mid vowel
1930:Near-high
1686:Fricative
1613:Affricate
1518:Phonology
1223:/nawroːz/
1219:/nowruːz/
1078:pey-jāmeh
1055:, Turkic
925:(9%) and
884:Sassanids
638:. As for
606:Sassanids
550:(compare
538:Etymology
532:Sassanids
408:فارسی دری
273:Glottolog
257:ISO 639-3
68:Nastaʿlīq
5864:Hazaragi
5815:Garmsiri
5755:Sangsari
5750:Lasgerdi
5739:Parthian
5717:Tabaroid
5685:Kurmanji
5641:Ashtiani
5610:Yaghnobi
5568:Ossetian
5557:Scythian
5532:Southern
5527:Northern
5499:Bactrian
5448:Sarikoli
5418:Bartangi
4842:Hazaragi
4671:Archived
4538:Archived
4513:Archived
4426:Archived
4396:Archived
4356:Archived
4179:"HAZĀRA"
3964:Archived
3938:Archived
3911:Archived
3842:23 April
3802:Archived
3682:Archived
3593:Archived
3554:Archived
3407:Archived
3275:Archived
3183:Archived
3153:Archived
3127:Archived
3101:Archived
3062:Archived
2971:Archived
2873:Archived
2787:Archived
2759:9 August
2753:Archived
2745:"Kāboli"
2702:5 August
2696:Archived
2665:Archived
2593:Archived
2567:Archived
2536:Archived
2504:Archived
2298:See also
2249:May 2017
2128:Hazaragi
2057:High-mid
1550:alveolar
1543:Alveolar
1470:Hazaragi
1458:Hazaragi
1404:Hazaragi
1376:Samangan
1209:/naχajr/
1205:/naχejr/
1086:proverbs
1002:Kandahar
974:Panjshir
970:Fayzabad
931:Pashtuns
875:Yaghnobi
863:Bactrian
785: –
783:is sugar
704:(1700).
644:Khorasan
308:Help:IPA
280:dari1249
186:Hazaragi
174:Dialects
98:Speakers
5924:extinct
5920:Italics
5905:Badeshi
5849:Persian
5825:Kumzari
5767:Taleshi
5760:Sorkhei
5745:Semnani
5700:Kordali
5680:Kurdish
5674:Gorgani
5652:Daylami
5646:Balochi
5626:Western
5604:Sogdian
5563:Alanian
5537:Wanetsi
5522:Central
5512:Parachi
5492:Avestan
5453:Shughni
5438:Roshani
5401:Eastern
5369:History
5304:Zemiaki
5294:Waigali
5289:Tregami
5269:Shughni
5198:Turkmen
5188:Pashayi
5177:Balochi
4928:Grammar
4886:Dehwari
4881:Sistani
4876:Bukhori
4825:Iranian
4725:History
3995:21 June
3347:12 July
3318:3518055
3281:12 July
3271:Ganjoor
3267:"تمهید"
3214:12 July
3002:21 June
2819:27 June
2510:8 March
2438:. 1983.
2272:of the
2124:Panjšir
2080:Low-mid
2011:Central
1895:Central
1810:Stops /
1570:Glottal
1555:Palatal
1512:Balochi
1496:Sistani
1452:Mashhad
1440:Badghis
1430:Western
1372:Baghlan
1327:Mashhad
1287:Turkmen
1126:/oː,uː/
1122:/eː,iː/
1120:vowels
1066:dopiaza
1034:Bengali
1030:Punjabi
978:Bamiyan
923:Hazaras
871:Sogdian
858:Samanid
669:History
657:called
496:Mughals
443:of the
441:variety
439:is the
388:endonym
304:Unicode
196:Sistani
191:Western
150:Persian
135:Iranian
5898:Others
5805:Achomi
5777:Tatoid
5725:Median
5695:Xwarin
5690:Sorani
5668:Gorani
5663:Gilaki
5584:Jassic
5544:Ormuri
5517:Pashto
5484:Others
5475:Yidgha
5284:Prasun
5276:Yidgha
5249:Pamiri
5244:Moghol
5239:Kyrgyz
5234:Khowar
5224:Brahui
5219:Ashkun
5193:Tajiki
5141:Pashto
4869:Juhuri
4830:Afghan
4604:
4492:
4305:
4264:
4225:Xazara
3986:"Dari"
3866:
3833:
3752:Online
3642:"Dari"
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3251:6 July
2977:2 July
2903:"Dari"
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2542:", in
2478:
2293:claim.
2234:Pashto
1877:Vowels
1565:Uvular
1538:Dental
1533:Labial
1482:Ghazni
1478:Bamyan
1384:Takhar
1380:Kunduz
1364:Parwan
1348:Kasrah
1323:Herati
1313:, and
1176:/zoːr/
1172:/zuːd/
1152:/ʃiːr/
1148:/ʃeːr/
1144:/ʃiːr/
1118:majhul
1070:pyjama
1006:Gardez
1004:, and
994:Zaranj
986:Ghazni
935:Pashto
927:Aymāqs
915:Tajiks
879:Tajiks
796:uzubat
792:Uzūbat
724:Rudaki
596:darbār
548:Arabic
477:Pashto
435:), or
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5869:Tajik
5798:South
5634:North
5573:Digor
5465:Wakhi
5459:Vanji
5433:Munji
5428:Khufi
5410:Pamir
5299:Wakhi
5262:Munji
5203:Uzbek
4941:Ezāfe
4912:Verbs
4907:Nouns
4847:Aimaq
4835:Tajik
4432:" in
4091:(PDF)
3870:p 734
3337:Iqbal
3314:JSTOR
2360:Notes
2206:/a,ɑ/
2143:Front
2006:Front
1890:Front
1870:]
1866:[
1859:]
1855:[
1845:]
1841:[
1837:]
1833:[
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1560:Velar
1548:Post-
1486:Herat
1444:Farah
1436:Herat
1397:Uzbek
1393:Tajik
1368:Balkh
1360:Kabul
1311:Mazar
1307:Kabul
1283:Azeri
1256:]
1252:[
1214:نوروز
1128:into
1082:ezāfe
1026:Hindi
990:Farah
982:Kabul
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958:Balkh
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803:Hafez
781:Hindi
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740:Bedil
648:Balkh
628:Pārsī
601:دربار
576:فارسی
571:Farsi
5859:Dari
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5772:Tati
5705:Laki
5658:Fars
5595:Saka
5578:Iron
5136:Dari
4641:Dari
4635:Dari
4602:ISBN
4546:2012
4521:2012
4490:ISBN
4404:2017
4364:2019
4303:ISSN
4262:ISSN
4210:help
4165:2023
4070:2023
3997:2024
3972:2012
3946:2012
3919:2012
3892:2024
3864:ISBN
3844:2015
3831:ISBN
3810:2012
3785:2024
3759:2010
3731:2010
3690:2010
3622:ISBN
3601:2020
3583:ISBN
3562:2016
3544:ISBN
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3490:ISBN
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3436:ISBN
3415:2016
3397:ISBN
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3283:2013
3253:2011
3216:2013
3191:2012
3161:2012
3135:2013
3109:2013
3070:2012
3004:2024
2979:2021
2949:2020
2923:2010
2881:2010
2847:2010
2821:2024
2795:2020
2761:2021
2725:ISBN
2704:2021
2673:2013
2640:2013
2601:2019
2575:2019
2512:2018
2476:ISBN
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2155:High
2148:Back
2023:High
2016:Back
1907:High
1900:Back
1608:Stop
1448:Ghor
1446:and
1409:The
1285:and
1200:نخیر
1185:and
1174:and
1168:/uː/
1134:/uː/
1132:and
1130:/iː/
1124:and
1090:Rumi
1076:and
1068:and
1062:Urdu
1022:Urdu
945:and
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728:Jami
712:Deri
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694:Dari
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690:Deri
659:Dari
655:Iran
640:Dari
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610:dari
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4293:doi
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2186:Low
2172:Mid
2096:Low
1976:Low
1851:/f/
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1157:زود
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