1046:
1055:, "The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two. Although we cannot formally test whether the Sintashta derives directly from an eastward migration of Corded Ware peoples or if they share common ancestry with an earlier steppe population, the presence of European Neolithic farmer ancestry in both the Corded Ware and the Sintashta, combined with the absence of Neolithic farmer ancestry in the earlier Yamnaya, would suggest the former being more probable. The enigmatic Sintashta culture near the Urals bears genetic resemblance to Corded Ware and was therefore likely to be an eastward migration into Asia. As this culture spread towards Altai it evolved into the Andronovo culture".
1070:
1268:"How exactly the emergence and expansion of the Corded Ware are linked to the emergence and expansion of the Yamnaya horizon remains unclear. However, the Y chromosome record of both groups indicates that Corded Ware cannot be derived directly from the Yamnaya or late eastern farming groups sampled thus far, and is therefore likely to constitute a parallel development in the forest steppe and temperate forest zones of Eastern Europe. Even in Central Europe, the formation of the earliest regional Corded Ware identities was the result of local and regional social practices that resulted in the typical Corded Ware rite of passage."
1339:
972:
954:
1348:, p. 402, "Eight radiocarbon dates have been obtained from five Sintashta culture graves containing the impressions of spoked wheels, including three at Sintashta (SM cemetery, gr. 5, 19, 28), one at Krivoe Ozero (k. 9, gr. 1), and one at Kammeny Ambar 5 (k. 2, gr. 8). Three of these (3760 ± 120 BP, 3740 ± 50 BP, and 3700 ± 60 BP), with probability distributions that fall predominantly before 2000 BCE, suggest that the earliest chariots probably appeared in the steppes before 2000 BCE (table 15.1 ).".
263:
25:
688:'Dardic' is a geographic cover term for those Northwest Indo-Aryan languages which developed new characteristics different from the IA languages of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Although the Dardic and Nuristani (previously 'Kafiri') languages were formerly grouped together, Morgenstierne (1965) has established that the Dardic languages are Indo-Aryan, and that the Nuristani languages constitute a separate subgroup of Indo-Iranian.
251:
1058:
562:, the successor of Sintasha culture, was an Indo-Iranian culture. Currently, only two sub-cultures are considered as part of Andronovo culture: Alakul and FĂ«dorovo cultures. The Andronovo culture is considered as an "Indo-Iranic dialect continuum", with a later split between Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages. However, according to Hiebert, an expansion of the
936:"Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census):
1067:, Supplementary material: "Sintashta and Andronovo populations had an affinity to more western populations from central and northern Europe like the Corded Ware and associated cultures. the Srubnaya/Sintashta/Andronovo group resembled Late Neolithic/Bronze Age populations from mainland Europe.".
566:(BMAC) into Iran and the margin of the Indus Valley is "the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia", despite the absence of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe in the Near East, or south of the region between
1034:
1234:
Pamjav H, Feher T, Nemeth E, Padar Z (2012). "Brief communication: new Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1". American
Journal of Physical Anthropology. 149 (4): 611â615. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22167. PMID 23115110.
1106:
1103:(European farmer-related) ancestry" (p.40) "Additional work has documented genetic similarity of people of the Corded Ware Complex to those of both the Sintashta and Srubnaya archaeological cultures of the western Steppe" (p.243).
1657:
1237:
However, with the discovery of the Z280 and Z93 substitutions within Phase 1 1000 Genomes
Project data and subsequent genotyping of these SNPs in âŒ200 samples, a schism between European and Asian R1a chromosomes has
1043:, p. 259, "There is growing consensus among both archaeologists and linguists that the SintashtaâPetrovka culture (2100â1900 BCE) in the Southern Trans-Urals was inhabited by the speakers of Proto-Indo-Iranian".
1357:
Holm, Hans J. J. G. (2019): The
Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. Budapest: ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPĂTVĂNY.
1125:
Kristiansen, Kristian; Allentoft, Morten E.; Frei, Karin M.; Iversen, Rune; Johannsen, Niels N.; Kroonen, Guus; Pospieszny, Ćukasz; Price, T. Douglas; Rasmussen, Simon; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Sikora, Martin (2017).
1185:
Malmström, Helena; GĂŒnther, Torsten; Svensson, Emma M.; Juras, Anna; Fraser, Magdalena; Munters, Arielle R.; Pospieszny, Ćukasz; TĂ”rv, Mari; Lindström, Jonathan; Götherström, Anders; StorĂ„, Jan (9 October 2019).
582:
acknowledges the difficulties of making a case for expansions from
Andronovo to northern India, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures "only gets the
543:
zone into the territory of late
Neolithic European cultures. However, the exact genetic relationship between the Yamnaya culture, Corded Ware culture and Sinthasta culture remains unclear.
1956:
992:
is the self designation of the peoples of
Ancient India and Ancient Iran who spoke Aryan languages, in contrast to the 'non-Aryan' peoples of those 'Aryan' countries."
1940:
5044:
1701:
2227:
615:) model that has the Indo-Iranians taking over cultural traits of BMAC, but preserving their language and religion while moving into Iran and India.
550:
have been found in
Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the
1406:"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone"
1115:, p. 13: "he CWC expanded to the east to form the archaeological complexes of Sintashta, Srubnaya, Andronovo, and the BA cultures of Kazakhstan.".
772:
The usage of 'Aryan languages' is not to be equated with Indo-Aryan languages, rather Indo-Iranic languages of which Indo-Aryan is a subgrouping.
2844:
1322:
Horses, Chariots and Indo-Europeans â Foundations and
Methods of Chariotry Research from the Viewpoint of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics
5297:
4680:
1980:
Eur-Aryan roots: With their
English derivatives and the corresponding words in the cognate languages compared and systematically arranged
563:
1749:
535:-speakers are generally associated with the Sintashta culture, which is thought to represent an eastward migration of peoples from the
89:
61:
42:
635:, was previously posited, but recent scholarship in general places Dardic languages as archaic members of the Indo-Aryan branch
68:
2220:
2176:
2071:
2044:
1759:
1669:
1599:
1363:
1261:
795:
765:
738:
711:
681:
1188:"The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon"
2010:
KĂŒmmel, Martin
Joachim (2018). "The morphology of Indo-Iranian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
1948:
Dr. Russell Gray, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
648:
show without any shade of doubt that Andronovo tribes penetrated to a minimum extent into Bactria and Margianian oases".
75:
2837:
1806:
1590:
826:
5290:
4373:
2000:
1845:
1778:
1330:
405:
respectively. Furthermore, there are large diaspora communities of Indo-Iranian speakers in northwestern Europe (the
108:
5413:
2213:
57:
5408:
4673:
2240:
524:
Historically, the Indo-Iranian speakers, both Iranians and Indo-Aryans, originally referred to themselves as the
3243:
46:
4713:
4025:
3060:
2830:
5283:
4718:
3996:
3816:
3662:
2979:
2662:
2432:
2035:
KĂŒmmel, Martin Joachim (2020). "Substrata of Indo-Iranic and related questions". In Garnier, Romain (ed.).
286:
language family. They include over 300 languages, spoken by around 1.5 billion speakers, predominantly in
1128:"Re-theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the Corded Ware Culture in Europe"
4559:
4527:
4383:
2743:
2690:
1284:
532:
182:
4666:
4093:
2084:(2018). "The phonology of Proto-Indo-Iranian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).
785:
2290:
5116:
4953:
4728:
4532:
4233:
4207:
3646:
3530:
2750:
2520:
1387:
849:
540:
539:, which, in turn, is believed to represent the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the
971:
953:
82:
4428:
3189:
2782:
2676:
2463:
2438:
5181:
4708:
2720:
2683:
2669:
2468:
2457:
2236:
318:
283:
165:
35:
2143:
2118:
4703:
4505:
3781:
3575:
3392:
2927:
2773:
2757:
2533:
2404:
2350:
1279:
755:
5320:
5262:
4306:
4119:
3605:
3570:
3565:
3404:
3387:
2907:
2766:
2713:
2704:
2697:
2409:
2399:
2380:
2374:
1745:
1251:
5099:
5039:
4833:
4594:
4569:
4438:
4408:
4265:
4045:
4035:
3845:
3424:
2853:
2736:
2727:
2492:
2037:
Loanwords and substrata: Proceedings of the colloquium held in Limoges (5th-7th June, 2018)
1870:
1705:
1552:
817:
426:
402:
194:
2039:. Innsbruck: Institut fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft der UniversitĂ€t Innsbruck. pp. 237â277.
1611:"The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene"
8:
5306:
5255:
4797:
4750:
4641:
4448:
4169:
4154:
4086:
4060:
4050:
3975:
3692:
3482:
3409:
3382:
3134:
2964:
2545:
2502:
2250:
1988:
1798:
1658:"Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Wagon Terminology and the Date of the Indo-Iranian Split"
536:
478:
446:
204:
1874:
1556:
1438:
1405:
5170:
5147:
5137:
4884:
4770:
4453:
4366:
4331:
4103:
3621:
3356:
3046:
2974:
2969:
2448:
2105:
2081:
2023:
1978:
1891:
1856:
1837:
1728:
1687:
1639:
1610:
1576:
1301:
1212:
1187:
1167:
394:
1917:
1833:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
1662:
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
1253:
The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited: Integrating Archaeology, Genetics, and Linguistics
910:
241:
5330:
5162:
5142:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
4968:
4937:
4895:
4826:
4775:
4745:
4689:
4646:
4460:
4129:
4098:
4076:
4040:
3882:
3840:
3745:
3687:
3452:
3374:
3369:
3278:
3199:
3179:
3101:
3026:
2943:
2876:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2607:
2582:
2577:
2525:
2497:
2328:
2172:
2109:
2067:
2040:
2027:
1996:
1896:
1841:
1802:
1774:
1755:
1733:
1692:
1665:
1644:
1595:
1568:
1443:
1425:
1359:
1326:
1305:
1257:
1217:
1159:
791:
761:
734:
707:
677:
559:
445:
are 320. The Indo-Iranian language with the largest number of native speakers is the
378:
370:
342:
334:
314:
199:
4490:
4476:
1171:
890:
5381:
5376:
5335:
5191:
5176:
5152:
5087:
5027:
5022:
5007:
5001:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4931:
4839:
4780:
4765:
4564:
4554:
4500:
4433:
4336:
4311:
4301:
4280:
4275:
4250:
4189:
4081:
4055:
4018:
4013:
3967:
3913:
3866:
3825:
3776:
3721:
3682:
3631:
3550:
3520:
3467:
3457:
3315:
3310:
3302:
3288:
3238:
3194:
3106:
2912:
2861:
2560:
2512:
2423:
2391:
2359:
2335:
2264:
2155:
2130:
2097:
2089:
2059:
2015:
1965:
1886:
1878:
1861:
1723:
1715:
1634:
1624:
1580:
1560:
1539:
1433:
1417:
1394:"...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."
1293:
1207:
1199:
1149:
1139:
632:
386:
362:
209:
2119:"Contacts religieux et culturels des Indo-Iraniens avec la civilisation de l'Oxus"
5364:
5340:
5325:
5132:
5104:
5094:
5052:
4995:
4990:
4859:
4854:
4802:
4737:
4609:
4443:
4398:
4285:
4255:
4212:
4164:
4124:
4030:
3980:
3951:
3929:
3861:
3771:
3731:
3697:
3641:
3636:
3595:
3580:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3535:
3525:
3497:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3414:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3283:
3204:
3129:
3085:
3041:
3036:
3021:
3016:
2959:
2922:
2917:
2621:
2593:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2278:
2271:
2205:
2192:
1831:
1792:
1548:
1320:
728:
701:
571:
555:
482:
354:
338:
322:
306:
266:
Chart classifying Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European language family
160:
5251:
5209:
5196:
4911:
4900:
4849:
4792:
4786:
4760:
4755:
4619:
4361:
4270:
4202:
4197:
4179:
4159:
3946:
3939:
3908:
3802:
3750:
3590:
3585:
3540:
3515:
3507:
3462:
3432:
3399:
3250:
3159:
3124:
3116:
3080:
3031:
2897:
2798:
2653:
2587:
1921:
1827:
1534:
470:
406:
2093:
2063:
2019:
1297:
5402:
5157:
5111:
5032:
4922:
4905:
4604:
4260:
4174:
4149:
3934:
3273:
3174:
2368:
1823:
1788:
1429:
1163:
941:
584:
579:
501:
410:
346:
2159:
2134:
1719:
959:
4599:
3364:
2148:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
2123:
Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
1900:
1751:
The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate
1737:
1648:
1572:
1447:
1388:"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age"
1221:
1203:
812:
669:
509:
430:
422:
295:
145:
1969:
227:
5370:
5202:
3677:
3492:
2995:
2807:
2054:
KĂŒmmel, Martin Joachim (2022). "Indo-Iranian". In Olander, Thomas (ed.).
1609:
Chintalapati, Manjusha; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya (18 July 2022).
1144:
1127:
326:
262:
1941:"Contact and change in the diversification of the Indo-Iranic languages"
1882:
1629:
1564:
1421:
397:), with branches stretching as far out as Oceania and the Caribbean for
4877:
3786:
3755:
3726:
2822:
964:
946:
895:
435:
398:
287:
141:
5275:
2101:
1280:"Eurasian Steppe Chariots and Social Complexity During the Bronze Age"
1250:
Kristiansen, Kristian; Kroonen, Guus; Willerslev, Eske (11 May 2023).
1154:
250:
5347:
5059:
4576:
4485:
4465:
3154:
3149:
2881:
915:
575:
567:
551:
481:(where the Indic branch is spoken, also called Indo-Aryan) up to the
441:
418:
382:
291:
235:
221:
149:
4658:
2196:
1660:. In Willerslev, Eske; Kroonen, Guus; Kristiansen, Kristian (eds.).
24:
5012:
4614:
4356:
3707:
3169:
3164:
3144:
2902:
1710:
645:
644:
Sarianidi states that "direct archaeological data from Bactria and
592:
513:
390:
366:
330:
310:
282:) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the
153:
1983:. Vol. 1. London: Keegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company.
1910:
The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization
1685:
1076:
5232:
4864:
4819:
4548:
4419:
3892:
3626:
3139:
2486:
1769:
Fussman, G.; Kellens, J.; Francfort, H. P.; Tremblay, X. (2005).
547:
474:
2086:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
2012:
Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
469:
refers to the spectrum of Indo-European languages spoken in the
5017:
4871:
4844:
3887:
3736:
3711:
3268:
3260:
3184:
3075:
3000:
2614:
1532:
1124:
1052:
414:
350:
302:
1688:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
558:. There is almost a general consensus among scholars that the
512:, owing to the perceived negative connotation associated with
3702:
3600:
2600:
2056:
The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective
1615:
1608:
1184:
1112:
1079:, Supplementary Materials: "We observed a main cluster of 41
1012:
1010:
588:
525:
493:
450:
374:
1857:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians"
1249:
5186:
4403:
3716:
2058:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 246â268.
1664:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257â262.
672:(2007). "Dardic". In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (eds.).
454:
358:
1007:
4495:
1686:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (6 September 2019).
1495:, p. 220); Francfort (1989), Fouilles de Shortugai.
1459:
1457:
1022:
1192:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
720:
2088:. Vol. 3. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1875â1888.
2014:. Vol. 3. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1888â1924.
995:
1964:. Mouton Grammar Library. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
1510:
1469:
1454:
504:. But in modern-day, Western scholars avoid the term
2193:
Swadesh lists of Indo-Iranian basic vocabulary words
1277:
726:
587:
to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the
1702:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
850:"The Pozition of Zazaki the West Iranian Languages"
301:The areas with Indo-Iranian languages stretch from
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2235:
1533:Allentoft, Morten E.; et al. (11 June 2015).
1498:
871:
662:
500:is the ethnocultural self-designation of ancient
5400:
16:Branch of the Indo-European language oathsfamily
2144:"La langue des Scythes et le nom des Arimaspes"
1243:
727:Puglielli, Annarita; Frascarelli, Mara (2011).
1768:
1492:
1488:
1256:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70â71.
783:
433:). The number of distinct languages listed in
5291:
4674:
2838:
2221:
2166:
1594:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1083:individuals that was genetically similar to
1987:
1822:
1535:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
1278:Chechushkov, I.V.; Epimakhov, A.V. (2018).
1113:Chintalapati, Patterson & Moorjani 2022
1016:
753:
693:
600:
5298:
5284:
4681:
4667:
2845:
2831:
2812:
2228:
2214:
1993:A comparative study of Santali and Bengali
1771:Äryas, aryens et iraniens en Asie centrale
930:
255:Distribution of the Indo-Iranian languages
1890:
1854:
1727:
1709:
1638:
1628:
1437:
1380:
1211:
1153:
1143:
1064:
784:Chatoev, Vladimir; Kʻosyan, Aram (1999).
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2852:
2080:
1655:
1318:
1040:
810:
730:Linguistic Analysis: From Data to Theory
699:
261:
5305:
2141:
2116:
1916:
1907:
1787:
1587:
1463:
1374:
1345:
1028:
1001:
985:
564:BactriaâMargiana Archaeological Complex
492:, referring to the languages spoken by
5401:
2053:
2034:
2009:
1954:
1744:
1516:
1504:
1475:
1325:. Archaeolingua AlapĂtvĂĄny, Budapest.
1095:in being well modeled as a mixture of
877:
790:. YEGEA Publishing House. p. 61.
668:
595:or Indo-Aryans". He has developed the
5279:
4688:
4662:
2826:
2811:
2209:
2167:Sims-Williams, Nicholas, ed. (2002).
1794:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1403:
485:(where the Iranic branch is spoken).
1976:
1855:Mathieson, Iain (23 November 2015).
1368:
979:
847:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
757:Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide
439:are 312, while those recognised in
13:
5261:Languages between parentheses are
2169:Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples
1995:. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co.
1933:
1928:. Vol. 2. Iranica Foundation.
1591:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
829:from the original on 29 April 2011
760:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 221.
14:
5425:
2186:
1404:BjĂžrn, Rasmus G. (January 2022).
5235:(unknown further classification)
4551:(unknown further classification)
2489:(unknown further classification)
1390:, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7),
970:
952:
554:and played an important role in
249:
23:
1481:
1397:
1351:
1312:
1271:
1228:
1178:
1118:
903:
883:
703:Pre-PÄáčinian Linguistic Studies
638:
425:, and the Persian Gulf Region (
34:needs additional citations for
5265:of the language on their left.
2142:Pinault, Georges-Jean (2008).
2117:Pinault, Georges-Jean (2005).
1386:Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021).
911:"Glottolog 4.7 â Indo-Iranian"
841:
804:
777:
754:GvozdanoviÄ, Jadranka (1999).
747:
625:
1:
1491:, p. 268); Fussman, in (
655:
631:A fourth independent branch,
488:This branch is also known as
1773:. Paris: CollĂšge de France.
1656:Lubotsky, Alexander (2023).
460:
7:
2171:. Oxford University Press.
1754:, Oxford University Press,
1410:Evolutionary Human Sciences
1285:Journal of World Prehistory
10:
5430:
1588:Anthony, David W. (2007).
1526:
676:. Routledge. p. 905.
343:Kurmanji Dialect continuum
5357:
5313:
5242:
5225:
5125:
4961:
4952:
4811:
4736:
4727:
4696:
4628:
4585:
4541:
4518:
4474:
4417:
4391:
4382:
4349:
4324:
4294:
4243:
4232:
4225:
4188:
4142:
4112:
4069:
4006:
3995:
3960:
3922:
3901:
3875:
3854:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3795:
3764:
3670:
3661:
3614:
3506:
3423:
3355:
3348:
3301:
3259:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3115:
3094:
3068:
3059:
3009:
2988:
2952:
2936:
2890:
2869:
2860:
2820:
2792:
2652:
2570:
2543:
2511:
2477:
2447:
2422:
2390:
2358:
2349:
2288:
2259:
2248:
2094:10.1515/9783110542431-031
2064:10.1017/9781108758666.014
2020:10.1515/9783110542431-032
1912:, Oxford University Press
1298:10.1007/s10963-018-9124-0
811:Asatrian, Garnik (1995).
519:
248:
234:
220:
188:
178:
161:Linguistic classification
159:
135:
130:
125:
4429:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
1319:Raulwing, Peter (2000).
787:Nationalities of Armenia
706:. Northern Book Centre.
700:Mahulkar, D. D. (1990).
674:The Indo-Aryan languages
618:
496:peoples, where the term
58:"Indo-Iranian languages"
5414:Indo-European languages
2237:Indo-European languages
2160:10.3406/crai.2008.92104
2135:10.3406/crai.2005.22848
1720:10.1126/science.aat7487
1017:Mallory & Mair 2008
5409:Indo-Iranian languages
4637:Indo-Iranian languages
2814:Indo-Iranian languages
1955:Matras, Yaron (2012).
1908:Parpola, Asko (2015),
1204:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528
1077:Narasimhan et al. 2019
467:Indo-Iranian languages
272:Indo-Iranian languages
267:
4307:Maharashtrian Konkani
2197:Swadesh-list appendix
1977:Baly, Joseph (1897).
1970:10.1515/9783110291421
1053:Allentoft et al. 2015
848:Paul, Ludwig (1998).
733:. Walter de Gruyter.
541:PonticâCaspian steppe
276:Indo-Iranic languages
265:
5256:historical languages
4595:Andaman Creole Hindi
4026:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3846:Caribbean Hindustani
2854:Indo-Aryan languages
1989:Chakrabarti, Byomkes
1926:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
1799:Taylor & Francis
1145:10.15184/aqy.2017.17
818:Encyclopedia Iranica
477:, spanning from the
427:United Arab Emirates
403:Caribbean Hindustani
278:or collectively the
43:improve this article
5307:Nuristani languages
4642:Nuristani languages
4374:Mitanni superstrate
2980:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
2663:Proto-Indo-European
2195:(from Wiktionary's
2082:Lubotsky, Alexander
1958:A grammar of Domari
1883:10.1038/nature16152
1875:2015Natur.528..499M
1838:Thames & Hudson
1630:10.7554/eLife.77625
1565:10.1038/nature14507
1557:2015Natur.522..167A
1493:Fussman et al. 2005
1489:Fussman et al. 2005
1422:10.1017/ehs.2022.16
546:The earliest known
537:Corded Ware culture
479:Indian subcontinent
447:Hindustani language
131:Indo-Iranic (Aryan)
4528:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4409:Early Ardhamagadhi
2744:Proto-Indo-Iranian
2691:Proto-Balto-Slavic
2433:Continental Celtic
1198:(1912): 20191528.
1031:, pp. 408â411
610:the culture bullet
533:Proto-Indo-Iranian
409:), North America (
268:
183:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5396:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5273:
5272:
5221:
5220:
4948:
4947:
4690:Iranian languages
4656:
4655:
4647:Iranian languages
4514:
4513:
4434:Dramatic Prakrits
4345:
4344:
4320:
4319:
4221:
4220:
4138:
4137:
4094:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
3991:
3990:
3811:
3810:
3657:
3656:
3647:list of languages
3344:
3343:
3297:
3296:
3213:
3212:
3055:
3054:
2805:
2804:
2799:extinct languages
2418:
2417:
2345:
2344:
2178:978-0-19-726285-6
2073:978-1-108-75866-6
2046:978-3-85124-751-0
1869:(7583): 499â503.
1761:978-0-19-513777-4
1671:978-1-009-26175-3
1601:978-0-691-05887-0
1364:978-615-5766-30-5
1263:978-1-009-26174-6
968:(21st ed., 2018)
950:(21st ed., 2018)
859:. Open Publishing
797:978-99930-808-0-0
767:978-3-11-016113-7
740:978-3-11-022250-0
713:978-81-85119-88-5
683:978-0-415-77294-5
560:Andronovo culture
335:Kurdish languages
260:
259:
214:
119:
118:
111:
93:
5421:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5117:Zoroastrian Dari
4959:
4958:
4734:
4733:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4533:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4389:
4388:
4312:Canarese Konkani
4241:
4240:
4230:
4229:
4004:
4003:
3831:
3830:
3822:
3821:
3668:
3667:
3353:
3352:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3066:
3065:
2867:
2866:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2809:
2808:
2751:Proto-Indo-Aryan
2356:
2355:
2257:
2256:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2182:
2163:
2138:
2113:
2077:
2050:
2031:
2006:
1984:
1973:
1963:
1951:
1945:
1929:
1918:Schmitt, RĂŒdiger
1913:
1904:
1894:
1851:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1784:
1764:
1741:
1731:
1713:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1605:
1584:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1401:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1377:, pp. 20â21
1372:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1247:
1241:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1157:
1147:
1138:(356): 334â347.
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1005:
999:
993:
983:
977:
975:
974:
957:
956:
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
907:
901:
900:
887:
881:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
854:
845:
839:
838:
836:
834:
808:
802:
801:
781:
775:
774:
751:
745:
744:
724:
718:
717:
697:
691:
690:
666:
649:
642:
636:
629:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
381:), and south to
253:
244:
230:
212:
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5353:
5309:
5304:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5238:
5217:
5121:
4944:
4807:
4723:
4692:
4687:
4657:
4652:
4651:
4624:
4587:
4581:
4537:
4520:
4510:
4470:
4413:
4399:Ashokan Prakrit
4378:
4341:
4316:
4290:
4235:
4217:
4184:
4134:
4108:
4065:
3998:
3987:
3956:
3918:
3897:
3871:
3850:
3807:
3791:
3760:
3732:Hyderabadi Urdu
3653:
3610:
3502:
3419:
3340:
3293:
3284:Pahari-Pothwari
3255:
3209:
3190:Pahari Kinnauri
3111:
3090:
3051:
3017:Indus Kohistani
3010:Hazara Division
3005:
2984:
2948:
2932:
2886:
2856:
2851:
2816:
2806:
2801:
2788:
2783:Proto-Tocharian
2677:Proto-Anatolian
2654:Proto-languages
2648:
2566:
2539:
2521:Latino-Faliscan
2507:
2473:
2443:
2414:
2386:
2341:
2284:
2244:
2234:
2203:
2189:
2179:
2074:
2047:
2003:
1961:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:Further reading
1848:
1828:Mair, Victor H.
1813:
1811:
1809:
1781:
1762:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1602:
1549:Nature Research
1529:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1487:Francfort, in (
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1455:
1402:
1398:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1313:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1229:
1183:
1179:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1000:
996:
984:
980:
969:
951:
935:
931:
921:
919:
909:
908:
904:
889:
888:
884:
876:
872:
862:
860:
852:
846:
842:
832:
830:
809:
805:
798:
782:
778:
768:
752:
748:
741:
725:
721:
714:
698:
694:
684:
667:
663:
658:
653:
652:
643:
639:
630:
626:
621:
612:
609:
606:
603:
556:ancient warfare
522:
490:Aryan languages
483:Iranian Plateau
463:
365:), eastward to
280:Aryan languages
274:(also known as
256:
240:
226:
137:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5427:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5368:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:Middle Persian
5206:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5005:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4903:
4881:
4874:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4714:Middle Iranian
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4686:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4663:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4238:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4010:
4008:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3714:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Lisan ud-Dawat
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2740:
2737:Proto-Hellenic
2733:
2732:
2731:
2721:Proto-Germanic
2717:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2687:
2684:Proto-Armenian
2680:
2673:
2670:Proto-Albanian
2666:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:North Germanic
2461:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2439:Insular Celtic
2436:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2369:Dnieper Baltic
2364:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2246:
2245:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2187:External links
2185:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2164:
2154:(1): 105â138.
2139:
2129:(1): 213â257.
2114:
2078:
2072:
2051:
2045:
2032:
2007:
2001:
1985:
1974:
1952:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1914:
1905:
1852:
1846:
1824:Mallory, J. P.
1820:
1808:978-1884964985
1807:
1789:Mallory, J. P.
1785:
1779:
1766:
1760:
1742:
1711:10.1101/292581
1683:
1670:
1653:
1623:(11): e77625.
1606:
1600:
1585:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:, p. 216.
1509:
1497:
1480:
1478:, p. 206.
1468:
1453:
1396:
1379:
1367:
1350:
1338:
1331:
1311:
1292:(4): 435â483.
1270:
1262:
1242:
1227:
1177:
1117:
1105:
1069:
1065:Mathieson 2015
1057:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1019:, p. 261.
1006:
1004:, p. 408.
994:
978:
929:
902:
891:"Indo-Iranian"
882:
870:
840:
803:
796:
776:
766:
746:
739:
719:
712:
692:
682:
660:
659:
657:
654:
651:
650:
637:
623:
622:
620:
617:
521:
518:
471:Southern Asian
462:
459:
407:United Kingdom
258:
257:
254:
246:
245:
238:
232:
231:
224:
218:
217:
216:
215:
213:(unclassified)
207:
202:
197:
190:
186:
185:
180:
179:Proto-language
176:
175:
174:
173:
163:
157:
156:
139:
133:
132:
128:
127:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5426:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:(Kalasha-ala)
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5182:Caucasian Tat
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Proto-Iranian
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:Haflong Hindi
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4560:ChinaliâLahul
4558:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4507:
4506:Khasa Prakrit
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Chhattisgarhi
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Rathwi Bareli
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Mahasu Pahari
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2774:Proto-Romance
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2758:Proto-Iranian
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2469:West Germanic
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:East Germanic
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:(in French).
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:(in French).
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2002:81-7074-128-9
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1847:9780500283721
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:2-86803-072-6
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1746:Bryant, Edwin
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1466:, p. 76.
1465:
1460:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1389:
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1332:9789638046260
1328:
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1098:
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1086:
1082:
1078:
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1066:
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1049:
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1041:Lubotsky 2023
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670:Bashir, Elena
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647:
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594:
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586:
581:
580:J. P. Mallory
577:
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569:
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561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:Indo-Iranians
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
456:
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411:United States
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294:and parts of
293:
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284:Indo-European
281:
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166:Indo-European
164:
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99:December 2019
91:
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74:
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60: â
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
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32:This article
30:
26:
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20:
5321:Kamkata-vari
5247:
5208:
5201:
5169:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5000:
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4921:
4910:
4890:
4883:
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4825:
4818:
4785:
4636:
4600:Bombay Hindi
4542:Unclassified
4439:Ardhamagadhi
4266:Berar Deccan
4120:Chittagonian
4113:Chittagonian
3606:Vaagri Booli
3571:Pauri Bareli
3566:Palya Bareli
3531:DhodiaâKukna
3405:Parkari Koli
3218:Northwestern
2908:Kundal Shahi
2813:
2794:
2781:
2772:
2767:Proto-Italic
2765:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2726:
2719:
2714:Proto-Celtic
2712:
2705:Proto-Slavic
2703:
2698:Proto-Baltic
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2534:Osco-Umbrian
2532:
2479:Indo-Iranian
2478:
2456:
2431:
2405:South Slavic
2379:
2367:
2351:Balto-Slavic
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2289:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2249:
2202:
2168:
2151:
2147:
2126:
2122:
2085:
2055:
2036:
2011:
1992:
1979:
1957:
1947:
1925:
1909:
1866:
1860:
1832:
1812:. Retrieved
1793:
1770:
1750:
1704:: eaat7487.
1697:
1691:
1675:. Retrieved
1661:
1620:
1614:
1589:
1544:
1538:
1512:
1500:
1483:
1471:
1464:Parpola 2015
1413:
1409:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1375:Mallory 1997
1370:
1353:
1346:Anthony 2007
1341:
1321:
1314:
1289:
1283:
1273:
1252:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1195:
1191:
1180:
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1131:
1120:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1029:Anthony 2007
1024:
1002:Anthony 2007
997:
989:
988:: "The name
986:Schmitt 1987
981:
963:
945:
937:
932:
920:. Retrieved
914:
905:
894:
885:
873:
861:. Retrieved
857:Iran Chamber
856:
843:
831:. Retrieved
822:
816:
806:
786:
779:
771:
756:
749:
729:
722:
702:
695:
687:
673:
664:
640:
627:
596:
585:Indo-Iranian
545:
528:
523:
510:World War II
505:
497:
489:
487:
466:
464:
440:
434:
431:Saudi Arabia
423:South Africa
329:and eastern
300:
296:Central Asia
279:
275:
271:
269:
189:Subdivisions
171:Indo-Iranian
170:
138:distribution
126:Indo-Iranian
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
5203:Old Persian
5040:Mazanderani
4834:Khwarezmian
4719:New Iranian
4709:Old Iranian
4588:and creoles
4570:Lahul Lohar
4449:Maharashtri
4046:Mal Paharia
4036:Kharia Thar
3678:Braj Bhasha
2728:Proto-Norse
2555:Tocharian A
2410:West Slavic
2400:East Slavic
2381:West Baltic
2375:East Baltic
1814:15 February
1677:16 November
1551:: 167â172.
1517:Bryant 2001
1505:Bryant 2001
1476:Bryant 2001
878:Matras 2012
597:Kulturkugel
327:Mesopotamia
325:), down to
5403:Categories
4878:Sarghulami
4798:Yazghulami
4751:Ishkashimi
4491:ApabhraáčĆa
4477:ApabhraáčĆa
4454:Shauraseni
4170:Bodo Parja
4155:Sambalpuri
4087:Goalpariya
4061:Tanchangya
4051:Noakhailla
3976:Bote-Darai
3787:Fiji Hindi
3756:Sadhukkadi
3727:Judeo-Urdu
3693:Hindustani
3483:Shekhawati
3425:Rajasthani
3410:Saurashtra
3135:Bhadarwahi
2965:Gawar-Bati
2493:Indo-Aryan
2102:1887/63480
1155:1887/70150
1101:Anatolia_N
965:Ethnologue
947:Ethnologue
938:Ethnologue
922:1 February
896:Ethnologue
863:4 December
656:References
473:region of
436:Ethnologue
399:Fiji Hindi
389:) and the
309:) and the
288:South Asia
195:Indo-Aryan
136:Geographic
69:newspapers
5348:Wasi-wari
5331:Kata-vari
5263:varieties
5250:indicate
5171:Pahlavani
5163:Bakhtiari
5148:Kuhmareyi
5138:Bashkardi
5060:Old Azeri
4771:Sanglechi
4577:Sheikhgal
4521:languages
4486:Abahattha
4466:Paishachi
4367:Classical
4332:Maldivian
4104:Surjapuri
4070:Kamarupic
3972:Kuswaric
3834:Bhojpuric
3622:Khandeshi
3155:Chambeali
3150:Bilaspuri
3047:Mankiyali
2975:Shumashti
2970:Nangalami
2882:Kishtwari
2797:indicate
2546:Tocharian
2503:Nuristani
2251:Anatolian
2110:165490459
2028:135347276
1430:2513-843X
1306:254743380
1164:0003-598X
1132:Antiquity
1093:Andronovo
1089:Potapovka
1081:Sintashta
916:Glottolog
576:Karakorum
568:Kopet Dag
552:Old World
465:The term
461:Etymology
442:Glottolog
419:Australia
395:Maldivian
383:Sri Lanka
292:West Asia
236:Glottolog
222:ISO 639-5
205:Nuristani
150:West Asia
5367:(Ashkun)
5358:Southern
5350:(Prasun)
5336:Shekhani
5314:Northern
5192:Hazaragi
5143:Garmsiri
5083:Sangsari
5078:Lasgerdi
5067:Parthian
5045:Tabaroid
5013:Kurmanji
4969:Ashtiani
4938:Yaghnobi
4896:Ossetian
4885:Scythian
4860:Southern
4855:Northern
4827:Bactrian
4776:Sarikoli
4746:Bartangi
4633:See also
4615:Nefamese
4610:Nagamese
4501:Kamarupi
4461:GÄndhÄrÄ«
4418:Middle (
4357:Sanskrit
4295:Konkanic
4244:Marathic
4234:Marathiâ
4226:Southern
4130:Rohingya
4099:Rangpuri
4077:Assamese
4041:Kurmukar
4019:dialects
3999:Kamarupa
3883:Maithili
3876:Maithili
3841:Bhojpuri
3746:Kannauji
3708:Hinglish
3688:Haryanvi
3453:Dhundari
3393:Wadiyara
3375:Jandavra
3370:Gujarati
3357:Gujarati
3279:Khetrani
3244:dialects
3200:Sirmauri
3180:Jaunsari
3170:Mandeali
3165:Pangwali
3145:Bhateali
3102:Garhwali
3061:Northern
3027:Chilisso
2903:Brokskat
2877:Kashmiri
2870:Kashmiri
2643:Thracian
2636:Phrygian
2629:Paeonian
2608:Illyrian
2583:Armenian
2578:Albanian
2449:Germanic
2329:Pisidian
1991:(1994).
1922:"Aryans"
1920:(1987).
1901:26595274
1830:(2008).
1791:(1997).
1748:(2001),
1738:31488661
1700:(6457).
1649:35635751
1573:26062507
1547:(7555).
1448:37599704
1439:10432883
1222:31594508
1172:15536709
1085:Srubnaya
827:Archived
646:Margiana
593:Persians
548:chariots
514:Aryanism
391:Maldives
379:Assamese
371:Sarikoli
367:Xinjiang
331:Anatolia
315:Ossetian
311:Caucasus
242:indo1320
154:Caucasus
152:and the
5382:Zemiaki
5377:Tregami
5371:Waigali
5341:Mumviri
5326:Kamviri
5252:extinct
5248:Italics
5233:Badeshi
5177:Persian
5153:Kumzari
5095:Taleshi
5088:Sorkhei
5073:Semnani
5028:Kordali
5008:Kurdish
5002:Gorgani
4980:Daylami
4974:Balochi
4954:Western
4932:Sogdian
4891:Alanian
4865:Wanetsi
4850:Central
4840:Parachi
4820:Avestan
4781:Shughni
4766:Roshani
4729:Eastern
4697:History
4586:Pidgins
4565:Chinali
4555:Bazigar
4549:Badeshi
4444:Magadhi
4420:Prakrit
4337:Sinhala
4325:Insular
4302:Konkani
4281:Katkari
4276:Phudagi
4256:Varhadi
4251:Marathi
4236:Konkani
4208:Bhunjia
4082:Kamrupi
4056:Sylheti
4014:Bengali
4007:Bengali
3968:Kumhali
3935:Kochila
3923:Tharuic
3914:Kurmali
3902:Sadanic
3893:Bajjika
3867:Khortha
3817:Eastern
3777:Bagheli
3765:Eastern
3722:Deccani
3698:Kauravi
3683:Bundeli
3671:Western
3663:Central
3632:Dawoodi
3627:Lambadi
3551:Bhilori
3521:Bhilali
3468:Marwari
3458:Harauti
3388:Parkari
3349:Western
3316:Kholosi
3311:Jadgali
3289:Saraiki
3239:Punjabi
3232:Eastern
3225:Punjabi
3195:Hinduri
3140:Churahi
3117:Western
3107:Kumaoni
3095:Central
3069:Eastern
2996:Kalasha
2989:Chitral
2944:Pashayi
2937:Pashayi
2913:Kalkoti
2795:Italics
2615:Moesian
2601:Getaean
2561:Kuchean
2526:Romance
2498:Iranian
2487:Badeshi
2336:Sidetic
2265:Hittite
1892:4918750
1871:Bibcode
1729:6822619
1706:bioRxiv
1693:Science
1640:9293011
1581:4399103
1553:Bibcode
1527:Sources
1416:: e23.
1238:emerged
1213:6790770
1097:Yamnaya
899:. 2023.
833:11 June
813:"DIMLÄȘ"
604:
475:Eurasia
387:Sinhala
363:Persian
349:), the
210:Badeshi
200:Iranian
146:Central
83:scholar
5365:Askunu
5226:Others
5133:Achomi
5105:Tatoid
5053:Median
5023:Xwarin
5018:Sorani
4996:Gorani
4991:Gilaki
4912:Jassic
4872:Ormuri
4845:Pashto
4812:Others
4803:Yidgha
4519:Proto-
4475:Late (
4384:Middle
4286:Kadodi
4213:Nahari
4190:Halbic
4165:Bhatri
4125:Chakma
4031:Hajong
3997:Gaudaâ
3981:Danwar
3961:Others
3952:Musasa
3888:Angika
3862:Magahi
3855:Magahi
3826:Bihari
3796:Others
3772:Awadhi
3737:Rekhta
3712:Urdish
3642:Romani
3637:Domari
3615:Others
3596:Vasavi
3581:Pardhi
3561:Magari
3556:Mawchi
3546:Bauria
3536:Dhanki
3526:Chodri
3498:Nimadi
3488:Dhatki
3478:Mewari
3473:Mewati
3448:Gujari
3443:Loarki
3438:Goaria
3415:Vaghri
3336:Sindhi
3331:Memoni
3326:Luwati
3321:Kutchi
3303:Sindhi
3269:Hindko
3261:Lahnda
3205:Sarazi
3185:Kullui
3130:Kangri
3086:Nepali
3076:Doteli
3042:Tirahi
3037:Kalami
3022:Bateri
3001:Khowar
2960:Dameli
2923:Palula
2918:Ushoji
2862:Dardic
2622:Mysian
2594:Dacian
2571:Others
2513:Italic
2424:Celtic
2392:Slavic
2360:Baltic
2322:Milyan
2315:Lycian
2308:Luwian
2301:Carian
2279:Palaic
2272:Lydian
2175:
2108:
2070:
2043:
2026:
1999:
1899:
1889:
1862:Nature
1844:
1805:
1777:
1758:
1736:
1726:
1708:
1668:
1647:
1637:
1598:
1579:
1571:
1540:Nature
1446:
1436:
1428:
1362:
1329:
1304:
1260:
1220:
1210:
1170:
1162:
1091:, and
794:
764:
737:
710:
680:
633:Dardic
526:Aryans
520:Origin
508:since
415:Canada
373:) and
357:) and
355:Domari
351:Levant
339:Gorani
323:Talysh
307:Romani
303:Europe
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
5197:Tajik
5126:South
4962:North
4901:Digor
4793:Wakhi
4787:Vanji
4761:Munji
4756:Khufi
4738:Pamir
4620:Vedda
4392:Early
4362:Vedic
4271:Varli
4203:Kamar
4198:Halbi
4180:Kupia
4160:Desia
3947:Majhi
3940:Buksa
3930:Tharu
3909:Sadri
3803:Parya
3751:Sansi
3703:Hindi
3601:Wagdi
3591:Kalto
3586:Gamit
3541:Dubli
3516:Bhili
3463:Malvi
3433:Bagri
3383:Kachi
3379:Koli
3251:Sansi
3160:Gaddi
3125:Dogri
3081:Jumli
3032:Gowro
2953:Kunar
2898:Shina
2891:Shina
2588:Greek
2291:Luwic
2106:S2CID
2024:S2CID
1962:(PDF)
1944:(PDF)
1616:eLife
1577:S2CID
1302:S2CID
1168:S2CID
990:Aryan
942:Hindi
853:(PDF)
619:Notes
589:Medes
572:Pamir
506:Aryan
498:Aryan
494:Aryan
451:Hindi
375:Assam
142:South
90:JSTOR
76:books
5187:Dari
5158:Luri
5112:Zaza
5100:Tati
5033:Laki
4986:Fars
4923:Saka
4906:Iron
4404:PÄli
4261:Andh
4175:Reli
4150:Odia
4143:Odia
3717:Urdu
3508:Bhil
3274:Inku
2928:Sawi
2241:list
2173:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2041:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1897:PMID
1842:ISBN
1816:2015
1803:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1734:PMID
1679:2023
1666:ISBN
1645:PMID
1596:ISBN
1569:PMID
1444:PMID
1426:ISSN
1392:p.3:
1360:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1218:PMID
1160:ISSN
960:Urdu
940:21.
924:2023
865:2023
835:2021
792:ISBN
762:ISBN
735:ISBN
708:ISBN
678:ISBN
601:lit.
570:and
531:The
455:Urdu
401:and
359:Iran
347:Zaza
321:and
270:The
62:news
5254:or
4496:Elu
4350:Old
3365:Aer
2156:doi
2152:152
2131:doi
2127:149
2098:hdl
2090:doi
2060:doi
2016:doi
1966:doi
1887:PMC
1879:doi
1867:528
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1698:365
1635:PMC
1625:doi
1561:doi
1545:522
1434:PMC
1418:doi
1294:doi
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1200:doi
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