Socialist state - Knowledge

5764:. Marx described the Paris Commune as the prototype for a revolutionary government of the future, "the form at last discovered" for the emancipation of the proletariat. Engels noted that "all officials, high or low, were paid only the wages received by other workers. In this way, an effective barrier to place-hunting and careerism was set up". Commenting on the nature of the state, Engels continued: "From the outset, the Commune was compelled to recognize that the working class, once come to power, could not manage with the old state machine". In order not to be overthrown once having conquered power, Engels argues that the working class "must, on the one hand, do away with all the old repressive machinery previously used against it itself, and, on the other, safeguard itself against its own deputies and officials, by declaring them all, without exception, subject to recall at any moment". Engels argued such a state would be a temporary affair and suggested a new generation brought up in "new and free social conditions" will be able to "throw the entire lumber of the state on the scrap-heap". 7133:. "The scholars in camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In the post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favor the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be totally abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty." 5745:

would be concerned with directing processes of production in a socialist society, essentially ceasing to be a state. Although Marx never referred to a socialist state, he argued that the working class would have to take control of the state apparatus and machinery of government in order to transition out of capitalism and to socialism. The dictatorship of the proletariat would represent this transitional state and would involve working class interests dominating government policy in the same manner that capitalist class interests dominate government policy under capitalism (the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie). Engels argued that as socialism developed, the state would change in form and function. Under socialism, it is not a "government of people, but the administration of things", thereby ceasing to be a state by the traditional definition. With the fall of the

6692:(1 January 1987): "Liberty, justice, respect for the dignity of the human person, political and social pluralism, the recognition of the distinct identity of the indigenous peoples and those of African descent within the framework of a unitary and indivisible state, the recognition of different forms of property, free international cooperation and respect for the free self-determination of peoples, Christian values, socialist ideals, and practices based on solidarity, and the values and ideals of the Nicaraguan culture and identity, are the principles of the Nicaraguan nation. The socialist ideals promote the common good over individual egoism, seeking to create an ever more inclusive, just and fair society, promoting an economic democracy which redistributes national wealth and eliminates exploitation among human beings". 6244:—were characterized by the gradual absence of money, the market, and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage, a system of rationing would be used to allocate goods to people, while in communism this could be abandoned in favour of full free access. This view distinguished Bordiga from Marxist–Leninists, who tended, and still tend, to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories surviving into socialism. But Bordiga would have none of this. For him, no society in which money, buying and selling, and the rest survived could be regarded as either socialist or communist—these exchange categories would die out before the socialist rather than the communist stage was reached. Stalin made the claim that the 2515:, the political perspective that the working class needs to use state power and government policy to establish a socialised economic system. The term can vary in its use from meaning a political system to adopting terms of a welfare state. This may either mean a system where the means of production, distribution, and exchange are nationalised or under state ownership, or simply a system in which social values or workers' interests have economic priority. However, the concept of a socialist state is mainly advocated by Marxist–Leninists and most socialist states have been established by political parties adhering to Marxism–Leninism or some national variation thereof such as 5944: 8584:(4): 116–122. "Trotsky argues that the Soviet Union was, at that time, a "deformed workers' state" or degenerated workers' state, and not a socialist republic or state, because the "bureaucracy wrested the power from the hands of mass organizations," thereby necessitating only political revolution rather than a completely new social revolution, for workers' political control (i.e. state democracy) to be reclaimed. He argued that it remained, at base, a workers' state because the capitalists and landlords had been expropriated". Retrieved 27 December 2019. 5908:" as strong centralized control progressively reduces as local communities gain more empowerment. As he put it succinctly, "o long as the state exists, there is no freedom. When there will be freedom, there will be no state". In this way, Lenin was thereby proposing a classically dynamic view of progressive social structure which, during his own short period of governance, emerged as a defensive and preliminary bureaucratic centralist stage. He regarded this structural paradox as the necessary preparation for and antithesis of the desired 5921: 5756:

division of labor originates from the days of absolute monarchy, serving nascent middle class society as a mighty weapon in its struggle against feudalism". In other words, "the centralized state power inherited by the bourgeoisie from the absolute monarchy necessarily assumes, in the course of the intensifying struggles between capital and labor, 'more and more the character of the national power of capital over labour, of a public organized for social enslavement, of an engine of class despotism'".

6627:(28 November 1996): "Gathered in the national movement and later within the National Front of Liberation, the Algerian people have made great sacrifices to assume their collective destiny in the framework of recovered freedom and cultural identity and to build authentic people's democratic constitutional institutions. The National Front of Liberation crowned the sacrifices of the best sons of Algeria during the people's war of liberation with independence and built a modern and full sovereign State". 6402: 5429: 1514: 6289:, Lenin did not call the Soviet Union a socialist state, nor did he claim that it had achieved socialism. He adopted state capitalist policies, defending them from left-wing criticism, but arguing that they were necessary for the future development of socialism and not socialist in themselves. On seeing the Soviet Union's growing coercive power, Lenin was quoted as saying that Russia had reverted to "a bourgeois tsarist machine barely varnished with socialism". 6416: 5441: 3853: 2348: 6326:, also reject the concept of a socialist state for being antithetical to socialism, but they believe that socialism can only be established through revolution and dissolving the existence of the state. Within the socialist movement, there is criticism towards the use of the term socialist states in relation to countries such as China and previously of Soviet Union and Eastern and Central European states before what some term the "collapse of 4055: 68: 9255:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. "State capitalism would be a step forward as compared with the present state of affairs in our Soviet Republic. If in approximately six months' time state capitalism became established in our Republic, this would be a great success and a sure guarantee that within a year socialism will have gained a permanently firm hold and will have become invincible in this country." 3839: 6430: 5453: 3867: 1526: 1497: 9209:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. "No one, I think, in studying the question of the economic system of Russia, has denied its transitional character. Nor, I think, has any Communist denied that the term Soviet Socialist Republic implies the determination of the Soviet power to achieve the transition to socialism, and not that the existing economic system is recognised as a socialist order." 2979: 7107:, sometimes referred to as democratic socialism—an economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations." 5643:(although they do not use this term to refer to themselves), despite the fact that these countries never claimed to have achieved communism in their countries—rather, they claim to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism and the development towards communism thereafter in their countries. Terms used by communist states include 6640:(4 November 1972): "Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process, a socialist society free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedoms, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens". 8951:

According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories, such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent. Rather, it would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the

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From the Preamble: "On 2 July 1976, the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam decided to change the country's name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; the country entered a period of transition to socialism, strove for national construction, and unyieldingly defended its frontiers while fulfilling

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A variety of non-state, libertarian communist and socialist positions reject the concept of a socialist state altogether, believing that the modern state is a byproduct of capitalism and cannot be used for the establishment of a socialist system. They reason that a socialist state is antithetical to

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In depicting the most general phases of the development of the proletariat, we traced the more or less veiled civil war, raging within existing society, up to the point where that war breaks out into open revolution, and where the violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie lays the foundation for the sway

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By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages was

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In 1816, he declares that politics is the science of production, and foretells the complete absorption of politics by economics. The knowledge that economic conditions are the basis of political institutions appears here only in embryo. Yet what is here already very plainly expressed is the idea of

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From Article 5: "The Communist Party of Cuba, a follower of Martí's ideas and of Marxism–Leninism, and the organized vanguard of the Cuban nation, is the highest leading force of society and of the state, which organizes and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of socialism

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Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance

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and has been described as being "more Leninist than Lenin", did not distinguish between the two in the same way Marxist–Leninists do. Both Lenin and Bordiga did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from communism, but rather, just as how communism looks as it emerges out of capitalism

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It should not be forgotten, however, that in the period of the Second International, some of the reformist currents of Marxism, as well as some of the extreme left-wing ones, not to speak of the anarchist groups, had already criticised the view that State ownership and central planning is the best

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The National Health service and the Welfare State have come to be used as interchangeable terms, and in the mouths of some people, as terms of reproach. Why this is so it is not difficult to understand, if you view everything from the angle of a strictly individualistic competitive society. A free

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Article 13: Political parties and other organizations whose programmes are based upon totalitarian methods and the modes of activity of nazism, fascism and communism, as well as those whose programmes or activities sanction racial or national hatred, the application of violence for the purpose of

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The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist

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Anti-authoritarian communists and socialists such as anarchists, other democratic and libertarian socialists, as well as revolutionary syndicalists and left communists claim that the so-called socialist states actually presided over state capitalist economies and cannot be called socialist. Those

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theorized the nature of the state would change during the transition to socialism. Both Saint-Simon and Engels described a transformation of the state from an entity primarily concerned with political rule over people (via coercion and law creation) to a scientific "administration of things" that

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in their names include the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, while a number of countries make references to socialism in their constitutions, but not in their names. These include India and Portugal. In addition, countries such as Belarus, Colombia,

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But there are still others (concepts and institutions) which by virtue of their nature cannot stand transplantation and always carry the flavor of a particular institutional framework. It is extremely dangerous, in fact it amounts to a distortion of historical description, to use them beyond the

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stated: "The Constituent Assembly affirms the Portuguese people's decision to defend their national independence, safeguard the fundamental rights of citizens, establish the basic principles of democracy, secure the primacy of the rule of law in a democratic state, and open the way to socialist

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that "the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purposes. The centralized state power, with its ubiquitous organs of standing army, police, bureaucracy, clergy, and judicature—organs wrought after the plan of a systematic and hierarchic

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Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always

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and democratic participation in the management of the economy. Because these authoritarian political measures were inconsistent with the organizational precepts of socialism, Trotsky characterized the Soviet Union as a deformed workers' state that would not be able to effectively transition to

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Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers. t ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the

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A number of countries make references to socialism in their constitutions that are not single-party states embracing Marxism–Leninism and planned economies. In most cases, these are constitutional references to the building of a socialist society and political principles that have little to no

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consolidated their power and sought to control and direct the social and economic affairs of the state and broader Russian society to safeguard against counterrevolutionary insurrection, foreign invasion, and to promote socialist consciousness among the Russian population while simultaneously

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states that the Portuguese state has, as one of its goals, opening "the way to socialist society". Another broad example is that of Slovenia, which defines itself as a "state governed by the rule of law and a social state". Algeria, the Congo, India, and Sri Lanka have directly used the term

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conception, these battles eventually reach a point where a revolutionary movement arises. A revolutionary movement is required in the view of Marxists to sweep away the capitalist state and the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, which must be abolished and replaced with a dictatorship of the

6338:. This leads them to consider state socialism a form of state capitalism (an economy based on centralized management, capital accumulation and wage labor, but with the state owning the means of production) which Engels stated would be the final form of capitalism rather than socialism. 6529:

Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at

6705:(7 September 1978): "o constitute Sri Lanka into a democratic socialist republic whilst ratifying the immutable republican principles of representative democracy, and assuring to all peoples freedom, equality, justice, fundamental human rights and the independence of the judiciary". 9521:

A new phrase, state-capitalism, has been widely used in mC20, with precedents from eC20, to describe forms of state ownership in which the original conditions of the definition – centralized ownership of the means of production, leading to a system of wage-labour – have not really

7346:. Quote: "A close reading of the text reveals ... that the speech does not re-interpret Marxism-Leninism ... In fact, it neither deviates from the Marxism-Leninism of its day nor does it exceed levels of patriotism that were then considered acceptable throughout the East Bloc." 6884:

social world or culture whose denizens they are. Now ownership or property – also, so I believe, taxation – are such denizens of the world of commercial society, exactly as knights and fiefs are denizens of the feudal world. But so is the state (a denizen of commercial society).

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socialists who oppose any system of state control whatsoever believe in a more decentralized approach which puts the means of production directly into the hands of the workers rather than indirectly through state bureaucracies which they claim represent a new elite or

6653:(20 February 1980): "Convinced that the organisation of the State and society on socialist principles is the only means of ensuring social and economic justice for all of the people of Guyana; and, therefore, being motivated and guided by the principles of socialism". 5703:

to the emergence of capitalism as a dominant mode of production, with its organizational precepts and functions designed specifically to manage and regulate the affairs of a capitalist economy. Because this involves governance and laws passed in the interest of the

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need for money and prices (at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism), socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.

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tradition conceive of the state as representing the interests of the ruling class, partially out of material necessity for the smooth operation of the modes of production it presides over. Marxists trace the formation of the contemporary form of the

6058:. Those socialists believe there is no need for a state in a socialist system because there would be no class to suppress and no need for an institution based on coercion and therefore, regard the state being a remnant of capitalism. They hold that 3968:

dominated the economy, some political commentators claimed that during the post-war period, when socialist parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist states and the same is now applied to the

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One of the most influential modern visions of a transitional state representing proletarian interests was based on the Paris Commune, in which the workers and working poor took control of the city of Paris in 1871 in reaction to the

5855:. Adapted to the conditions of semi-feudal Russia, Lenin's concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat involved a revolutionary vanguard party acting as representatives of the proletariat and its interests. According to Lenin's 5603:

that adhere to Marxism–Leninism, or some national variation thereof, refer to themselves as socialist states or workers' and peasants' states. They involve the direction of economic development toward the building up of the

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with Marxism–Leninism, and in the country's 1992 constitution, all references to Marxism–Leninism and communism were removed from state and party materials. Scholars are divided over the classification of the modern-day

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road to socialism. But with the victory of Leninism in Russia, all dissent was silenced, and socialism became identified with 'democratic centralism', 'central planning', and State ownership of the means of production.

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introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 , the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution.

7055:. Retrieved 14 June 2020. "If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy." 5728:

and thus, class distinctions on the basis of private property ownership are eliminated, the modern state would have no function and would gradually "wither away" or be transformed into a new form of governance.

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is to "guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism (and the progress toward a communist society)". The 2019 constitution retains the aim to work towards the construction of socialism.

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Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. " Reality tells us that state capitalism would be a step forward. If in a small space of time we could achieve state capitalism in Russia, that would be a

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article: "State Socialism? — I don't agree with it; in fact, I think the two words contradict one another, and that it is the business of Socialism to destroy the State and put Free Society in its place".

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Even in the statist 1960s–70s, SOEs in France and the UK did not account for more than 15–20% of capital formation; in the 1980s the developed-nation average was around 8%, and it dropped below 5% in the

5859:, the goal of the revolution and vanguard party is not the introduction of socialism (it could only be established on a worldwide scale), but to bring production and the state under the control of the 6267:

by Lenin. This view is consistent with, and helped to inform early concepts of, socialism in which the law of value no longer directs economic activity, namely, that monetary relations in the form of

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in their country's full name, although this does not necessarily reflect the structure and development paths of these countries' political and economic systems. Currently, these countries include

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and static centralization of political power, Trotsky condemned the Soviet government's policies for lacking widespread democratic participation on the part of the population and for suppressing

5780:, took the view that both socialism and a socialist state will gradually evolve out of political reforms won in the organized socialist political parties and unions. These views are considered a 3919:

of large industries was relatively widespread and it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European countries as democratic socialist states seeking to move their countries toward a

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Marxists also view state socialism as an oxymoron, arguing that while an association for managing production and economic affairs would exist in socialism, it would no longer be a state in the

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because the economic interests of the proletariat would have to guide state affairs and policy during a transitional state. Alluding further to the establishment of a socialist economy where

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deny that it is socialism, calling it state capitalism. Other Trotskyists agree that these states could not be described as socialist, but deny that they were state capitalist. They support

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can vary widely and sometimes the constitutional references to socialism are left over from a previous period in the country's history. In the case of many Middle Eastern states, the term

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The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised.

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The Preamble of the Constitution of India reads: "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic ". See

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and finally, Lenin's death, war measures that were deemed to be temporary, such as forced requisition of food and the lack of democratic control, became permanent and a tool to boost

277: 6666:(26 November 1949): "We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens". 6612:, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism. 3943:, disputed the claim that Britain was a socialist state. For Crosland and others who supported his views, Britain was a socialist state. According to Bevan, Britain had a socialist 2685:

on 26 December 1991. The political systems of these Marxist–Leninist socialist states revolved around the central role of the party which holds ultimate authority. Internally, the

4795: 4636: 6702: 6624: 7077:. Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; Fehèr, Ferenc; Heller, Agnès; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus. pp. 96–110. Retrieved 17 April 2020. 7777: 4790: 4785: 4780: 5788:

instead take the view that the working class grows stronger through its battle for reforms (such as in Marx's time, the ten-hours bill). In 1848, Marx and Engels wrote:

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thinkers had little to say about the organization of the state in a socialist society, presuming the modern state to be specific to the capitalist mode of production,

4012:(PAP) during its first few decades in power were of a pragmatic kind as characterized by its rejection of nationalization. Despite this, the PAP still claimed to be a 7638: 5616:. This may or may not include the existence of a socialist economy, depending on the specific terminology adopted and level of development in specific countries. The 5784:

of Marxist thought. Bernstein stated: "The socialist movement is everything to me while what people commonly call the goal of Socialism is nothing". Following Marx,

2938:, leaving a more ambiguous meaning. In the constitutions of Croatia, Hungary, and Poland, direct condemnation is made to the respective past socialist regimes. The 2902:

in their official constitution and name. Croatia, Hungary, and Poland directly denounce "Communism" in their founding documents in reference to their past regimes.

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which is organizing the country's economic, political, and social development toward the realization of socialism. Economically, this involves the development of a

6676: 2697: 2531:. A state, whether socialist or not, is opposed the most by anarchists, who reject the idea that the state can be used to establish a socialist society due to its 7381: 2578:

is not specifically structured to pursue the development of socialism. Socialist states in the Marxist–Leninist sense are sovereign states under the control of a

9930: 2814:, and others considering it to still be a form of Marxism–Leninism, combined with nationalism and idolization, deification, and mystification of the Kim family. 6117:

of the means of production as a way to establish socialism. Lenin himself acknowledged state capitalism as part of the transition from capitalism to socialism.

4016:, pointing out its regulation of the private sector, state intervention in the economy, and social policies as evidence of this. The Singaporean prime minister 9935: 6637: 5483: 6679:(20 September 2015): "Nepal is an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive democratic, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state". 4131: 7327:. Quote: "The DPRK claims that juche is Kim Il Sung’s creative application of Marxist-Leninist principle to the modern political realities in North Korea." 7406: 9220: 7600: 5403: 3057: 2678: 2376: 7728:

Cobham, David (November 1984). "The Nationalisation of the Banks in Mitterand's France: Rationalisations and Reasons". Journal of Public Policy. 4 (4).

6650: 3898: 9586:. "Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism". Bertrams. "The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems". 3777: 3772: 2744: 7746: 5224: 10288: 2642: 10481: 10396: 5802:

proletariat, to begin constructing a socialist society. In this view, only through revolution can a socialist state be established as written in

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as a whole, and because government officials either come from the bourgeoisie or are dependent upon their interests, Marx characterized the

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This article is about countries constitutionally committed to socialism. For countries governed by Marxist–Leninist communist parties, see

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into its name during this period. It had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.

10386: 10066: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 2732:. China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as "nationalistic state capitalism" and the Eastern Bloc (Eastern Europe and the 1556: 7371:. Quote: "Even though Marx's predictions have fallen wide of the mark, Marxism-Leninism remains a cornerstone of North Korean ideology." 8655: 6807: 6285: 5987:

socialism. Ostensibly socialist states where democracy is lacking, yet the economy is largely in the hands of the state, are termed by

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Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand; Mansfeldová, Zdenka (2001). "Chapter 5: Czech Republic". In Blondel, Jean; Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.).

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obtaining power or to influence the State policy, or provide for the secrecy of their own structure or membership, shall be forbidden.

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in France and the United Kingdom during the height of nationalization in the 1960s and 1970s never accounted for more than 15–20% of

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in Russia, it is now associated with Communist Party ruled states. A number of the short-lived communist states which formed during

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which rested on a largely nationalized industry run according to a production plan and claimed that the former Stalinist states of

5565: 5119: 2748: 1807: 9803: 9640:. From "A Petty-Bourgeois Opposition in the Socialist Workers Party" (1939). Marxists Internet Archive. In Trotsky, Leon (1942). 7360: 7026: 6763: 5599:

that is organizing the economic, social, and political affairs of said state toward the construction of socialism. States run by

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the future conversion of political rule over men into an administration of things and a direction of processes of production.

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workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself. Thus, the ten-hours' bill in England was carried.

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to refer to this development and instead called it a communist society that has not yet reached its higher-stage. The term

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In the Western world, particularly in mass media, journalism, and politics, these states and countries are often called

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would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism. Unlike Stalin, who first claimed to have achieved socialism with the

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Other historic reformist or gradualist movements within socialism, as opposed to revolutionary approaches, include

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Morgan, W. John (2001). "Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed.

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NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria

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labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.

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definition of a socialist state is a state representing the interests of the working class which presides over a

5577: 5282: 5134: 5107: 5092: 4955: 4222: 2713: 2682: 2247: 1549: 1505: 8522: 7236: 6981:"Lenin's Conception of Socialism: Learning from the early experiences of the world's first socialist revolution" 5516:

is a type of socialist state with a republican constitution. Although the term initially became associated with

10350: 10248: 10200: 10033: 9961: 9115: 7700: 7402: 7368: 5149: 4997: 4987: 4910: 4872: 4648: 2054: 2009: 10043: 8459: 5595:

is widely used by Marxist–Leninist parties, theorists, and governments to mean a state under the control of a

10360: 10258: 10038: 8921: 8885: 8421: 6359: 6086: 5992: 5686: 5561: 5129: 5017: 4915: 4089: 4069: 4038: 3319: 2838: 2740: 2725: 2721: 1880: 1471: 394: 340: 315: 183: 158: 9265: 7337: 3369: 2539:. The concept of a socialist state is also considered unnecessary or counterproductive and rejected by some 10404: 10103: 10093: 9862: 6233: 6133: 6109:, as well as anarchists and other libertarian socialists—criticized the idea of using the state to conduct 5557: 5315: 5194: 5144: 4837: 4770: 4168: 4143: 3734: 3187: 2442: 1428: 1398: 1373: 454: 258: 115: 9657: 8751:

The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents from Ancient Times to the Present

5875:

These ideas were adopted by Lenin in 1917 just prior to the October Revolution in Russia and published in

1275: 10449: 10355: 10129: 9723: 6737: 6715: 6383: 6280: 6021: 5983: 5943: 5905: 5663: 5502: 5219: 5012: 4691: 4358: 4237: 3986: 2988: 2778: 2653:(USSR). The Soviet Union proclaimed itself a socialist state and proclaimed its commitment to building a 2074: 1589: 677: 357: 287: 203: 173: 10501: 5881:. With the failure of the worldwide revolution, or at least European revolution, envisaged by Lenin and 320: 10215: 10098: 9897: 9566: 6371: 5996: 5508: 5346: 5254: 5239: 5209: 5022: 4748: 2854: 2760: 1895: 1542: 1330: 1215: 757: 8807: 10549: 10466: 10338: 9540: 8848:

Hudis, Peter; Vidal, Matt, Smith, Tony; Rotta, Tomás; Prew, Paul, eds. (September 2018 – June 2019).

8320: 7296: 6363: 4965: 3749: 2962: 2705: 2570:, where the state is not constitutionally bound to the construction of socialism. In such cases, the 1423: 1095: 238: 218: 9459: 8573: 6128:

said that their socialism was a form of political opportunism which preserved rather than destroyed

4538: 2794:, with some considering it to be a departure from Marxist–Leninist principles, given the primacy of 10409: 10333: 9966: 9867: 9553: 8802: 8536: 6732: 5898: 5877: 5533: 5189: 4960: 4658: 4260: 4188: 4009: 3337: 3137: 3120: 2947: 2894: 2799: 2795: 1645: 1305: 362: 253: 35: 9225: 8916: 8890: 6980: 6588: 6579: 4084: 3956:

health service is pure Socialism and as such, it is opposed to the hedonism of capitalist society.

10273: 9778: 9604: 9499: 8677: 8550: 8517: 8416: 7661: 6141: 5897:, as well as the notion that socialism can be created and exist in a single state with theory of 5804: 5785: 5751: 5625: 5184: 5179: 5174: 4847: 4673: 4626: 4121: 3944: 3940: 3744: 3214: 2886: 2866: 2834: 2704:

announced the completion of socialist construction and declared the optimistic goal of achieving

2602: 2575: 2303: 1870: 1530: 1481: 1363: 589: 579: 419: 374: 6378:

have at times included African, Asian, and Middle Eastern socialist states when they have had a

5512:

are used by scholars, particularly when focusing on the political systems of these countries. A

10539: 10491: 10486: 10426: 9877: 9820: 9766: 9761: 9252: 9238: 9206: 8634: 7860:

Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan

7476: 7144: 7014: 6783: 6753: 6303: 6241: 6063: 5549: 5214: 4433: 4348: 4203: 3990: 2552: 2318: 1885: 1368: 712: 474: 310: 208: 198: 9293: 8871: 7585: 6090: 4378: 3978: 1235: 10001: 9872: 9619: 9306: 8258: 8133: 7320: 6153: 5852: 5781: 5234: 4857: 4493: 4111: 4101: 3669: 3234: 3172: 3045: 3000: 2786: 2717: 2690: 2670: 2313: 2176: 1773: 1225: 987: 762: 742: 707: 619: 549: 524: 9674: 8647: 8349: 6799: 6374:

based on the same relations of production as the Soviet Union. Some Trotskyists such as the

4403: 3309: 10520: 10253: 10163: 9986: 9914: 9882: 9832: 9827: 9637: 9108:

Chinese Marxism in Flux, 1978–1984: Essays on Epistemology, Ideology, and Political Economy

9042:

Fu, Hualing; Gillespie, John; Nicholason, Penelope; Partlett, William Edmund, eds. (2018).

7971:. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. Anthem Press. p. 148. 6609: 6476: 6474: 6173: 6055: 6039: 6013: 5737: 5657: 5633: 5608:

to underpin the establishment of a socialist economy and usually include that at least the

5513: 5497: 4928: 4852: 4822: 4553: 4193: 4054: 4046: 3961: 3739: 3429: 3299: 3115: 3062: 2995: 2858: 2826: 2752: 2674: 2587: 2468: 2435: 1295: 1195: 1130: 667: 594: 449: 193: 143: 100: 83: 78: 10496: 5521: 4518: 4020:

also stated that he has been influenced by the democratic socialist British Labour Party.

3389: 8: 10283: 9991: 9842: 9795: 9783: 9490: 6323: 6051: 5988: 5761: 5351: 5341: 4877: 4862: 4603: 4563: 4270: 4153: 3394: 3261: 3152: 3067: 3025: 2544: 2528: 2445:

and progressing toward a communist society. These countries never describe themselves as

2237: 2146: 2103: 1890: 1655: 1476: 1443: 1403: 1388: 672: 584: 574: 544: 439: 325: 292: 138: 120: 110: 67: 6471: 4528: 3985:

and attempted to nationalize all French banks, but this attempt faced opposition of the

3931:

claimed that capitalism had been abolished in Britain, although others such as Welshman

3529: 3459: 1250: 10544: 10278: 9857: 9847: 9088: 7729: 6306:, developing its own unique political and economic institutions for a highly organized 6272: 6264: 6149: 6098: 6043: 5957: 5864: 5545: 4882: 4842: 4718: 4443: 4096: 3965: 3912: 3822: 3811: 3604: 3599: 3584: 3564: 3224: 3110: 3077: 2922: 2441:, despite these countries being officially socialist states in the process of building 1875: 1660: 1635: 1466: 1408: 1240: 1165: 937: 917: 902: 752: 657: 514: 494: 479: 429: 409: 387: 228: 163: 51: 7338:"The Watershed Speech that Wasn't: Re-evaluating Kim Il Sung's 'Juche Speech" of 1955" 7174:

Political Systems of the Socialist States: An Introduction to Marxist-Leninist Regimes

7022: 6759: 4418: 3509: 2755:

since its founding until mid-1950s, by which point the supreme leader of North Korea,

1027: 10185: 9951: 9852: 9587: 9503: 9465: 9435: 9429: 9405: 9399: 9378: 9186: 9161: 9136: 9111: 9047: 9019: 8994: 8991:

History of Socialism: An Historical Comparative Study of Socialism, Communism, Utopia

8969: 8940: 8859: 8825: 8822:

From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation

8556: 8438: 8262: 8251: 8212: 8185: 8158: 8113: 8086: 8059: 8032: 8005: 7972: 7945: 7918: 7891: 7864: 7837: 7810: 7666: 7364: 7300: 7271: 7177: 7150: 7126: 7096: 6958: 6948: 6918: 6908: 6872: 6846: 6836: 6592: 6550: 6518: 6515:

From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation

6486: 6387: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6237: 6169: 6157: 6110: 6102: 6078: 5909: 5886: 5847:

pioneered the idea of a revolutionary state based on his theory of the revolutionary

5840: 5733: 5725: 5629: 5605: 5600: 4832: 4738: 4523: 4468: 4388: 4368: 4285: 4198: 4138: 4116: 3998: 3924: 3920: 3674: 3524: 3314: 3304: 3072: 3010: 3005: 2939: 2926: 2850: 2829:, although it gives direct power to the governing ruling party, the Marxist–Leninist 2807: 2701: 2654: 2591: 2563: 2540: 2535:

and arguably coercive nature, considering a socialist state or state socialism as an

2452: 2438: 2308: 2029: 1860: 1812: 1640: 1573: 1358: 1270: 1175: 1037: 967: 872: 857: 624: 564: 519: 504: 464: 399: 178: 168: 105: 10431: 8308:. Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels: Welke (in German). Vol. 21. Berlin: Dietz Verlag. 8293:. Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels: Welke (in German). Vol. 20. Berlin: Dietz Verlag. 7123:

Political Thought and China's Transformation: Ideas Shaping Reform in Post-Mao China

6028:, criticize the concept of establishing a socialist state instead of abolishing the 4343: 9976: 9498:. Oxford paperbacks (revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9485: 9080: 8867: 8304:

Engels, Friedrich (1962). Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus bein ZK der SED (ed.).

8289:

Engels, Friedrich (1962). Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus bein ZK der SED (ed.).

7997: 7863:. Routledge advances in Central Asian studies. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 53. 6605: 6498:

of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.

6453: 6448: 6435: 6407: 6082: 6047: 5860: 5818: 5798: 5777: 5741: 5721: 5709: 5621: 5457: 5433: 5388: 4812: 4593: 4573: 4428: 4423: 4408: 4079: 4074: 3994: 3970: 3928: 3871: 3843: 3659: 3649: 3639: 3619: 3489: 3444: 3414: 3384: 3379: 3349: 3256: 3244: 3132: 3040: 2970: 2918: 2862: 2743:

was founded on 1 October 1949, and proclaims itself to be a socialist state in its

2583: 2571: 2555:

and other socialist political thinkers who view the modern state as a byproduct of

2548: 2459: 2141: 2064: 2034: 1908: 1650: 1630: 1518: 1501: 1220: 1200: 1120: 1115: 1057: 1017: 1007: 972: 892: 867: 837: 822: 817: 792: 737: 722: 629: 604: 534: 489: 459: 347: 335: 263: 248: 188: 153: 9425: 9370: 8738:

American Capitalism: Social Thought and Political Economy in the Twentieth Century

7268:

A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present

4001:, further dropping to 8% in the 1980s and below 5% in the 1990s after the rise of 3484: 2601:

Academics, political commentators, and other scholars tend to distinguish between

1300: 962: 692: 8724: 8659: 8540:. p. 70. cf. "Chapter V, The economic basis for the withering away of the state". 8206: 8179: 8152: 8107: 8080: 8053: 8026: 7966: 7939: 7912: 7885: 7858: 7831: 7804: 7431: 7410: 7104: 7030: 6811: 6767: 6458: 6421: 6161: 6121: 6114: 6034: 5934: 5700: 5640: 5613: 5445: 5413: 5393: 4755: 4453: 4413: 4398: 4393: 4210: 4173: 4148: 4029: 4013: 3936: 3916: 3857: 3609: 3479: 3424: 3364: 3249: 3182: 3100: 3095: 3030: 2890: 2729: 2686: 2595: 2567: 2512: 2422: 2410: 2352: 2325: 2181: 2171: 1968: 1865: 1433: 1378: 1185: 1145: 977: 947: 932: 882: 852: 787: 727: 687: 609: 599: 499: 243: 233: 31: 8691: 8648:"Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-oriented Market Economy" 7423: 6800:"Tasks of Working-Class Governments under the Socialist-oriented Market Economy" 6101:, many socialist groups—including reformists, orthodox Marxist currents such as 4513: 3514: 10391: 9956: 8496: 7543: 7517: 7491: 7462: 6367: 6319: 6268: 6125: 6067: 5926: 5848: 5844: 5596: 5541: 5408: 5361: 5310: 4548: 4533: 4483: 4448: 4363: 4353: 4328: 4183: 3664: 3624: 3614: 3594: 3554: 3544: 3499: 3464: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3229: 3202: 2914: 2811: 2803: 2614: 2613:

countries which have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as

2579: 2413: 2330: 2261: 2166: 1999: 1913: 1393: 1285: 1255: 1245: 1170: 1140: 1135: 1125: 1012: 992: 952: 922: 862: 802: 777: 717: 404: 213: 9583: 8966:

Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day

5636:, while the realization of a socialist economy is held as the long-term goal. 3569: 3534: 2716:

in Eastern and Central Europe which adhered to Marxism–Leninism, Soviet-style

1290: 10533: 10471: 10225: 9981: 9892: 9771: 8549:

Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc, eds. (15 August 2013).

8382: 8365: 6962: 6922: 6850: 6185: 6137: 5890: 5746: 4867: 4608: 4583: 4543: 4508: 4458: 4333: 4290: 4242: 4163: 4002: 3932: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3679: 3579: 3504: 3469: 3449: 3439: 3281: 3192: 3177: 2217: 2112: 2014: 2004: 1845: 1418: 1413: 1280: 1230: 1210: 1205: 1180: 1155: 1052: 957: 877: 797: 772: 697: 634: 469: 268: 38:. For constitutional references to socialism in multi-party democracies, see 8001: 7747:"Lessons from the Nationalization Nation: State-Owned Enterprises in France" 4488: 702: 27:

Sovereign state constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism

10476: 10365: 10345: 9887: 9653: 9455: 9404:. Translated by Cooke, Dorian. New York City: Harcourt, Brace & World. 7342: 6379: 6355: 6249: 6245: 6193: 6025: 5979: 5949: 5930: 5882: 5856: 5553: 5383: 5032: 4972: 4765: 4743: 4568: 4478: 4383: 4227: 4017: 3974: 3684: 3654: 3559: 3549: 3494: 3474: 3419: 3409: 3374: 3167: 3052: 2709: 2610: 2532: 2427: 2266: 2193: 2187: 2161: 2156: 2132: 2122: 2059: 1948: 1768: 1692: 1160: 1110: 1105: 1090: 1047: 1032: 1002: 927: 912: 887: 847: 807: 782: 747: 662: 9348: 8716: 7890:. Turcologica Series. Vol. 81. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21. 7833:

Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States

5920: 5904:

Lenin argued that as socialism is replaced by communism, the state would "

1150: 10205: 10190: 9837: 8692:"Theses on the Role of the Communist Party in the Proletarian Revolution" 6358:'s analysis of pre-restoration Soviet Union as a workers' state that had 6347: 6276: 6145: 6017: 5705: 5529: 5376: 5366: 5027: 5007: 4827: 4817: 4733: 4588: 4498: 4473: 4438: 4373: 4232: 3634: 3589: 3574: 3539: 3519: 3454: 3434: 3404: 3266: 3162: 2774: 2756: 2733: 2606: 2456: 2271: 2256: 2198: 2069: 1933: 1732: 1727: 1707: 1697: 1687: 1383: 1265: 1100: 1062: 1042: 982: 942: 907: 842: 832: 812: 767: 682: 652: 614: 509: 352: 282: 148: 9461:

The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and Where is it Going?

8937:

Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism

6415: 6390:

promoted capitalists from within the party and outside their countries.

6132:

because of the claim that the exchange of commodities would occur under

5440: 3852: 2347: 9715: 9691: 9092: 9068: 8771: 7733: 7382:"Juche is Third Position ideology built on Marx – Not Marxist-Leninism" 6943:

McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "What would an anarchist society look like?".

6351: 6299: 6106: 6038:

to contrast it with their own form of socialism, which involves either

5973: 5868: 5287: 5272: 4802: 4598: 4558: 4338: 3644: 3399: 3271: 3219: 3147: 3142: 2842: 2556: 2481: 2276: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2208: 2049: 1840: 1722: 1717: 1581: 1353: 1260: 997: 827: 529: 484: 8435:

The Immanent Utopia: From Marxism on the State to the State of Marxism

6903:

McKay, Iain, ed. (2012). "Why do anarchists oppose state socialism?".

9746: 9294:"The Collapse of Stalinism and the Class Nature of the Russian State" 9067:

Ramana, R. (June 1983). "Reviewed Work: China's Socialist Economy by

8398:"Withering Away of the State". In Kurian, George Thomas, ed. (2011). 8253:

Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917–1991

7637:(641). Socialist Party of Great Britain. January 1958. Archived from 6831:

McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?".

6335: 6327: 6209: 6205: 6189: 6094: 6029: 5894: 5822: 5773: 5691: 5525: 5371: 5356: 4503: 4305: 4265: 3982: 3817: 3805: 3629: 3324: 3207: 3197: 3127: 3105: 2846: 2818: 2520: 2501: 2497: 2447: 2431: 2417: 2079: 1973: 1963: 1958: 1943: 1938: 1928: 1802: 1763: 1752: 1747: 1737: 1702: 1670: 1614: 1609: 1348: 1190: 1022: 732: 569: 554: 444: 424: 414: 59: 9280: 9084: 6062:

is antithetical to true socialism, the goal of which is the eyes of

4008:

The socialist policies practiced by parties such as the Singaporean

9907: 8233:"The Problem of Transition: Development, Socialism and Lenin's NEP" 7223:

Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change

7146:

Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy, Volume 3

6213: 6181: 5953: 5834: 5617: 5560:

and North Korea also became a people's republic. During the 1960s,

5517: 5277: 4760: 4578: 4280: 4275: 3948: 3015: 2536: 2505: 2151: 1712: 1682: 1625: 7210:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

10220: 6177: 6059: 5695: 5169: 5114: 4463: 4310: 3276: 3035: 2605:

and democratic socialist states, with the first representing the

2524: 2477: 1953: 1790: 1780: 1080: 559: 539: 9431:

Fall of the New Class: A History of Communism's Self-Destruction

8181:

The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919

7917:. Vol. 8: Mongolia–Nepal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 413. 7446:"Cuba ditches aim of building communism from draft constitution" 6298:

socialism and that socialism will emerge spontaneously from the

6263:

to mean the lower-state of communism was popularized during the

6184:, but rather, a composite ideology which socialist leaders like 9996: 9788: 8184:. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. pp. 80, 88. 7237:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications" 4295: 3838: 2943: 2806:, and where social distinction and hierarchy are promoted over 2618: 2516: 2511:

The idea of a socialist state stems from the broader notion of

2485: 2117: 1085: 7071:"From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions" 6703:

Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

6585:

Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition

6429: 6164:

of the means of production is a form of state capitalism; the

5452: 3866: 1525: 1496: 10210: 10180: 9709:. "Chapter 5". Socialist Alternative. Retrieved 21 June 2020. 9041: 7764:

Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region

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had reached the lower stage of communism and argued that the

4940: 3951:

of Britain's capitalist society, making the following point:

2765: 2622: 2493: 2489: 897: 9569:. Ernest Mandel Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 9377:(paperback ed.). San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 9183:

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7293:

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6120:

Critical of the economy and government of socialist states,

2841:

states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between

2773:

was declared to be fully distinct by his son and successor,

2562:

A socialist state is to be distinguished from a multi-party

10195: 10119: 10061: 8055:

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6625:

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6545:

Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J. Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003).

5893:'s power, leading to the emergence of Marxism–Leninism and 4992: 4977: 4950: 4126: 330: 9675:"The Colonial Revolution and the Deformed Workers' States" 7911:

Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2004).

6604:

from communist, often with supporting definitions such as

6220:

This is coherent with Marx and Engels, who used the terms

5556:. In Asia, China became a people's republic following the 8525:. Marxists Internert Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2019. 7374: 7168: 7166: 6483:

The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990

5540:. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former 2885:

bearing on the structure and guidance of these country's

2873: 9664:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 9628:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 9609:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 9228:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020. 8925:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8906:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8810:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8680:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 8424:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 7991: 6677:

Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

6160:

also dismissed it as a type of state capitalism because

5588:

used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.

2921:

philosophy adopted by specific regimes, such as that of

2777:, and was adopted as the official state ideology in the 2769:. Originally regarded as a variant of Marxism–Leninism, 2698:

22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

9556:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 9543:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 8893:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 8764:

History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976–89

8464:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 6786:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 6740:. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 6002: 9567:"Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class" 8387:

The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought

7228: 7163: 5548:. Additional people's republics emerged following the 5496:

Because most existing socialist states operated along

2559:, which would have no function in a socialist system. 34:. For a list of self-proclaimed socialist states, see 9554:"The Theory of Bureaucratic Collectivism: A Critique" 7910: 7477:"Slovenia 1991 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute" 7384:. Free Media Productions – Editorials. 30 August 2009 6547:

Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy

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with the long-term goal of building up the country's

9279:

Committee for a Workers' International (June 1992).

7631:"The Managerial Society Part Three — Fabian Version" 7586:"Hungary 2011 (Rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute" 7363:

p.13. Washington, DC.: Brookings Institution Press.

6397: 6204:

Although most Marxist–Leninists distinguish between

2781:. Further developed throughout the 1980s and 1990s, 9464:(paperback ed.). Detroit: Labor Publications. 9351:. International Communist Current. 30 December 2004 9133:

Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology

8711: 8709: 7941:

Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania

7049:"Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium" 6638:

Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh

6572: 6570: 5572:in their official name, replacing it with the term 2637:, established in 1917. In 1922, it merged with the 2416:constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of 9489: 9375:The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System 8250: 6651:Constitution of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana 6578: 6217:before it has "developed on its own foundations". 5576:as a mark of their ongoing political development. 9694:. United Socialist Party. Retrieved 21 June 2020. 9620:"The USSR and Problems of the Transitional Epoch" 8824:. Open Court Publishing Company. pp. 44–45. 8138:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs 8051: 7806:How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy 7780:. Rotary Club of Wellington North. Archived from 7198:. New York City: St. Martin's Press. p. 238. 7065: 7063: 7061: 5978:Following Stalin's consolidation of power in the 5967: 5520:movements in the 19th century such as the German 10531: 8740:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 160–161. 8706: 8614: 8501:Selected Writings Of Eduard Bernstein, 1920–1921 8211:(2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 56. 8109:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country 8052:Frankowski, Stanisław; Stephan, Paul B. (1995). 6714:Article 3, Section 1 of the Constitution of the 6567: 6152:was more effective than a vanguard organized by 2929:. Examples of countries directly using the term 2643:Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic 9016:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism 8574:"The Workers' State, Thermidor and Bonapartism" 7463:"Preamble to the 1976 Constitution of Portugal" 7087: 7085: 7083: 7043: 7041: 7039: 6974: 6972: 6758:. Marxists Internet Archive. p. 293. Quoted by 5828: 2455:. Additionally, a number of countries that are 8456:"On the 20th Anniversary of the Paris Commune" 7856: 7694: 7692: 7361:Chapter 2: "The Power and Poverty of Ideology" 7058: 7010: 7008: 7006: 5680: 2934:France, Russia, and Spain use the varied term 2464:references to socialism in their constitutions 9731: 9496:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society 8617:An Outline on the History of Economic Thought 8615:Screpanti, Ernesto; Zamagni, Stefano (2005). 8476:"The Civil War in France (1891 Introduction)" 7968:Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943–1949 7435:and the progress toward a communist society". 6862: 6860: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6778: 6776: 6748: 6746: 6726: 6724: 5477: 5245:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 3892: 2880:Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions 2370: 1550: 40:Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions 9221:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder 9106:McCarthy, Greg (1985). Brugger, Bill (ed.). 8904:"Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR" 8410: 8408: 8154:North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival 7424:"Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992" 7355:Oh, Kongdan Oh and Hassig, Ralph C. (2000) 7225:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 24–25. 7080: 7036: 6969: 6794: 6792: 6544: 6032:state apparatus outright. They use the term 3977:. In the 1980s, the government of President 2635:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 9401:The Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class 9160:. Princeton University Press. p. 210. 8555:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 371. 8552:The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies 8112:. Cambridge University Press. p. 233. 7883: 7689: 7003: 6252:still operated within a socialist economy. 6236:. For Bordiga, both stages of socialist or 5628:with the goal of building up the country's 5552:victory in World War II, mainly within the 2950:, has been described as a socialist state. 2736:) as "bureaucratic-authoritarian systems." 2669:as a single-party state, ostensibly with a 9738: 9724: 9046:. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. 8672: 8670: 8668: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7103:. "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have 6866: 6857: 6817: 6773: 6743: 6721: 6701:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6662:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6649:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6636:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6623:Article Preamble, Section Preamble of the 6480: 6286:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 6228:interchangeably. Like Lenin, Bordiga used 5999:workers' states and not socialist states. 5484: 5470: 4644:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 3899: 3885: 2377: 2363: 1557: 1543: 9283:. Marxist.net. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 8939:. Stanford University Press. p. 20. 8605:(227). p. 153. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 8595:"The 'Eight Hours' and the Demonstration" 8405: 8151:Kihl, Young Whan; Kim, Hong Nack (2014). 7270:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 159. 7212:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 657–662. 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6789: 6690:Constitution of the Republic of Nicaragua 5200:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 3993:economy among its members. Nevertheless, 2946:, which operates under the principles of 2751:(North Korea) used to adhere to orthodox 1594:List of countries by system of government 9745: 9484: 9105: 9018:. Oxford University Press. p. 126. 8963: 8204: 8078: 8031:. Kluwer Law International. p. 27. 7964: 7601:"Rojava: a beacon of hope fighting Isis" 7541: 7515: 7489: 6576: 6540: 6538: 6508: 6506: 6292: 6007: 5767: 3960:Although, as in the rest of Europe, the 2905:In these cases, the intended meaning of 9454: 9434:(hardcover ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. 9155: 8988: 8934: 8872:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001 8717:"State capitalism" in the Soviet Union" 8665: 8523:"Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians" 8511: 8509: 8150: 7937: 7829: 7686:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 106. 7349: 7234: 7193: 7110: 6978: 6513:Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). 5624:economy structured upon state-directed 5225:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 3725:International Trade Union Confederation 2649:into a single federal union called the 14: 10532: 9270:. New York: Pioneer Publishers. p. 55. 9180: 9066: 8819: 8515:Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1848). 8473: 8321:"The Development of Utopian Socialism" 8318: 8303: 8288: 8248: 7802: 7698: 7325:Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs 7047:Barrett, William, ed. (1 April 1978). 6929: 6889: 6752:Lenin, Vladimir (February—July 1918). 6512: 6376:Committee for a Workers' International 6212:, Bordiga, who did consider himself a 6188:used to expediently determine what is 5306:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 4632:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 4301:Socialism with Chinese characteristics 3730:International Union of Socialist Youth 2874:Constitutional references to socialism 2639:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 9719: 9424: 9397: 9369: 9307:"The Fall of Stalinism: Ten Years On" 9130: 9013: 8766:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 8619:(2nd ed.). Oxford. p. 295. 8400:The Encyclopedia of Political Science 8257:. Cornell University Press. pp. 8105: 8024: 7573:Preamble to the Constitution of India 7357:North Korea Through the Looking Glass 7330: 7266:Seth, Michael J. (18 December 2019). 7142: 7093:Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials 7069:Heilbroner, Robert L. (Winter 1991). 6947:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: AK Press. 6942: 6907:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: AK Press. 6902: 6830: 6664:Constitution of the Republic of India 6535: 6503: 5675: 4808:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 4729:Industrialization in the Soviet Union 4664:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung 4132:Intensification of the class struggle 2749:Democratic People's Republic of Korea 2712:was a political and economic bloc of 2689:practiced a form of democracy called 1326:International socialist organizations 274:To each according to his contribution 9044:Socialist Law in Socialist East Asia 8646:Pena, David S. (21 September 2007). 8506: 8177: 8140:. United States Department of State. 7775: 7598: 7290: 7265: 6798:Pena, David S. (21 September 2007). 6310:. Libertarian communists, including 6192:and what is not communism among the 6003:Criticism within left-wing movements 5863:of workers' deputies. Following the 5500:principles of governance, the terms 5250:Sandinista National Liberation Front 4724:Collectivization in the Soviet Union 9638:"The ABC of Materialist Dialectics" 8689: 8474:Engels, Friedrich (18 March 1891). 7403:"VN Embassy – Constitution of 1992" 7321:"The Political Philosophy of Juche" 7313: 6869:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 6835:. Vol. I. Stirling: AK Press. 6587:. Oxford University Press. p. 6386:. Other socialists argued that the 5205:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 3755:Network of Social Democracy in Asia 2667:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2651:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2647:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 24: 9328:"Theories of Stalinism's Collapse" 9239:"Session of the All-Russia C.E.C." 9158:Stalin and the Soviet Science Wars 9110:. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 142–143. 8787:. University of California Press. 8381:"Withering away of the state". In 7996:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62. 7809:. Peterson Institute. p. 12. 6485:. Aldine Transaction. p. 21. 6020:socialists, including anarchists, 5404:State ideology of the Soviet Union 4637:The History of the Communist Party 3935:, Minister of Health in the first 2913:was often used in reference to an 2633:The first socialist state was the 2426:is often used synonymously in the 25: 10566: 9536:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 9251:Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921). 9237:Lenin, Vladimir (29 April 1918). 9205:Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921). 8437:. Transaction Publishers. p. 71. 8325:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 7778:"Optimism for the New Millennium" 7766:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. 7241:Fordham International Law Journal 7095:. Cengage Learning. pp. 125–127. 6979:Fleming, Richard Fleming (1989). 6871:. Harper Perennial. p. 169. 5851:and organizational principles of 5610:commanding heights of the economy 5337:Criticism of communist party rule 4669:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament 4107:Commanding heights of the economy 3947:which stood in opposition to the 3021:Internationalist–defencist schism 2430:, specifically when referring to 9697: 9684: 9667: 9647: 9631: 9612: 9597: 9572: 9559: 9546: 9527: 9478: 9448: 9418: 9391: 9363: 9341: 9320: 9299: 9286: 9273: 9258: 9245: 9231: 9212: 9199: 9174: 9149: 9124: 9099: 9060: 9035: 9007: 8982: 8957: 8928: 8909: 8896: 8877: 8851:The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx 8842: 8813: 8794: 8777: 8756: 8743: 8134:"The Chinese Revolution of 1949" 8058:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 23. 7176:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 6444:Legislatures in communist states 6428: 6414: 6400: 5942: 5919: 5912:which he forecast would follow. 5872:promoting economic development. 5451: 5439: 5427: 5230:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 4654:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 4639:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 4053: 3865: 3851: 3837: 2977: 2831:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 2823:Lao People's Democratic Republic 2817:Similarly, direct references to 2779:1972 constitution of North Korea 2346: 1524: 1512: 1495: 66: 10555:Dictatorship of the proletariat 9185:. Routledge. pp. 203–213. 8753:. Taylor & Francis. p. 245. 8730: 8683: 8640: 8627: 8608: 8587: 8566: 8543: 8528: 8503:. New Jersey: Humanities Press. 8490: 8467: 8448: 8427: 8392: 8375: 8359: 8343: 8312: 8297: 8282: 8242: 8225: 8198: 8171: 8144: 8126: 8099: 8072: 8045: 8018: 7985: 7958: 7931: 7904: 7877: 7850: 7823: 7796: 7776:Kerr, Roger (9 December 1999). 7769: 7756: 7739: 7722: 7701:"The State of the State Sector" 7676: 7653: 7623: 7592: 7578: 7565: 7535: 7509: 7483: 7469: 7455: 7438: 7417: 7396: 7284: 7259: 7215: 7202: 7187: 7136: 6708: 6695: 6682: 6166:dictatorship of the proletariat 5718:dictatorship of the proletariat 5714:dictatorship of the bourgeoisie 5694:and subsequent thinkers in the 4223:Theory of the productive forces 3058:Reformist–revolutionary dispute 2714:Soviet-aligned socialist states 2683:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2594:while simultaneously promoting 10244:Azerbaijan People's Government 9311:International Socialist Review 9305:Anthony Arnove (Winter 2000). 8593:William Morris (17 May 1890). 8389:(3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 8370:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8354:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8231:Atkins, C. J. (1 April 2009). 7599:Wall, Derek (25 August 2014). 6669: 6656: 6643: 6630: 6617: 5968:Trotskyist theory of the state 5732:Influenced by the pre-Marxist 4649:A Critique of Soviet Economics 4023: 2787:significant ideological breaks 2055:Intergovernmental organisation 2010:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 9658:"Evolution of Eastern Europe" 9541:"III: Historical Materialism" 9218:Lenin, Vladimir (June 1920). 8922:Critique of the Gotha Program 8886:Critique of the Gotha Program 8856:"Marx's Concept of Socialism" 8736:Lichtenstein, Nelson (2011). 8402:. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 8372:. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8356:. Retrieved 27 December 2019. 8306:Die Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 8291:Die Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 8208:Heads of State and Government 7884:Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2009). 7857:Tunçer-Kılavuz, Idil (2014). 7699:Batson, Andrew (March 2017). 6755:Lenin Collected Works Vol. 27 6464: 6341: 6283:and then confirmed it in the 6232:to mean what Marx called the 4090:Soviet-type economic planning 4070:Administrative-command system 3320:Socialism of the 21st century 2953: 2839:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2726:administrative-command system 2566:governed by a self-described 2434:socialist states governed by 2401:, sometimes referred to as a 159:Critique of political economy 9706:Imperialism and the Gulf War 9644:. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 9338:. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 9317:. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 9296:. Retrieved 4 November 2019. 8478:. Marxists Internert Archive 8433:Van Den Berg, Axel (2018) . 7336:Myers, Brian (January 2006) 7196:Khrushchev: A Political Life 7194:Tompson, William J. (1997). 6867:Schumpeter, Joseph (2008) . 6814:. Retrieved 8 February 2020. 6688:Article 5, Section 1 of the 6675:Article 4, Section 1 of the 6070:, who wrote as follows in a 5829:Leninist theory of the state 5749:, Marx cautiously argued in 5558:Chinese Communist Revolution 5195:Communist Party of Kampuchea 4838:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 4169:Proletarian internationalism 3735:Party of European Socialists 3188:Negative and positive rights 2865:states that the role of the 2609:and the latter representing 2586:economy with state-directed 2451:nor as having implemented a 1852:(socio-political ideologies) 1429:Socialist calculation debate 1399:List of socialist economists 1374:Economic calculation problem 259:Socialist mode of production 116:Socialist calculation debate 7: 10284:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 9281:"The Collapse of Stalinism" 8858:. Oxford University Press. 8715:Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. 7965:Stankova, Marietta (2014). 7745:Cohen, Paul (Winter 2010). 7659:Crosland, Anthony (2006) . 7414:its internationalist duty." 7221:Andrai, Charles F. (1994). 7149:. Routledge. p. 1461. 7143:Jones, R. J. Barry (2002). 6716:United Republic of Tanzania 6393: 6281:Soviet Constitution of 1936 6199: 6168:is a form of democracy and 5681:Marxist theory of the state 5612:are nationalized and under 5220:Indochinese Communist Party 4238:Wars of national liberation 3987:European Economic Community 2893:. The preamble to the 1976 2628: 1920:(socio-economic ideologies) 1590:List of forms of government 10: 10571: 9533:Engels, Friedrich (1880). 8993:. Routledge. p. 412. 8989:Laidler, Harry W. (2013). 8968:. Routledge. p. 765. 8454:Engels, Friedrich (1891). 8319:Engels, Friedrich (1880). 7994:Cabinets in Eastern Europe 7887:Mongolic Elements in Tuvan 7836:. Routledge. p. 296. 7753:. Retrieved 17 April 2020. 7452:. Retrieved 5 August 2020. 7319:Lee, Grace (Spring 2003)) 7172:Furtak, Robert K. (1986). 6577:Williams, Raymond (1983). 6517:. Open Court. p. 45. 6255:Marx did not use the term 6240:—with stages referring to 5971: 5839:Whereas Marx, Engels, and 5832: 5687:Marx's theory of the state 5684: 5347:Marxist schools of thought 5240:Party of Labour of Albania 5210:Communist Party of Vietnam 4027: 3937:post-war Labour government 2877: 2855:Communist Party of Vietnam 2741:People's Republic of China 29: 10518: 10379: 10311: 10236: 10143: 10112: 10026: 10015: 9944: 9923: 9754: 9681:. Retrieved 21 June 2020. 9326:Walter Daum (Fall 2002). 9131:Evans, Alfred B. (1993). 8935:Bockman, Johanna (2011). 8749:Ishay, Micheline (2007). 8694:. Communist International 8249:Nation, R. Craig (1992). 8239:. Retrieved 30 July 2009. 8205:Da Graça, John V (2000). 7762:Morley, James W. (1993). 7297:Stanford University Press 6549:. MIT Press. p. 14. 6364:bureaucratic dictatorship 5772:Socialists that embraced 3964:still operated fully and 3939:and the architect of the 3750:Young European Socialists 2706:communism in twenty years 2679:official guiding ideology 2665:. It was governed by the 2041:(geo-cultural ideologies) 1424:Socialism and LGBT rights 368:Socialist-oriented market 316:Socialist planned economy 219:Material balance planning 9625:The Transitional Program 9135:. ABC-CLIO. p. 48. 8803:The State and Revolution 8800:Lenin, Vladimir (1917). 8676:Bordiga, Amadeo (1952). 8658:5 September 2008 at the 8633:Lenin, Vladimir (1921). 8537:The State and Revolution 8534:Lenin, Vladimir (1917). 8458:. In Marx, Karl (1871). 8157:. Routledge. p. 8. 8079:Paquette, Laure (2001). 7944:. Springer. p. 21. 7665:. Constable. pp. 9, 89. 7444:Reuters (22 July 2018). 6810:5 September 2008 at the 6782:Lenin, Vladimir (1921). 6733:The State and Revolution 6730:Lenin, Vladimir (1917). 6384:deformed workers' states 6372:deformed workers' states 6370:and Eastern Europe were 5984:workers' self-management 5956:and a key figure in the 5899:socialism in one country 5878:The State and Revolution 5786:revolutionary socialists 5632:and promoting worldwide 5190:Communist Party of India 4189:Socialism in one country 4144:Marxist–Leninist atheism 3138:Environmental protection 2948:democratic confederalism 2925:and that of the various 2895:Constitution of Portugal 2825:are not included in its 363:Socialist market economy 288:Workers' self-management 254:Socialism in one country 101:Age of the Enlightenment 36:List of socialist states 10294:North Korea (1947–1948) 10289:North Korea (1946–1947) 9690:Jayasuriya, Siritunga. 9606:The Revolution Betrayed 9565:Mandel, Ernest (1979). 9398:Đilas, Milovan (1969). 9156:Pollock, Ethan (2006). 8902:Stalin, Joseph (1951). 8723:2 November 2018 at the 8518:The Communist Manifesto 8461:The Civil War in France 8417:The Civil War in France 8106:Lampe, John R. (2000). 8002:10.1057/9781403905215_6 7938:Gjevori, Elvin (2018). 7914:Peoples of Eastern Asia 7830:Minahan, James (2013). 7803:Åslund, Anders (2009). 7682:Bevan, Aneurin (1952). 7662:The Future of Socialism 7544:"Poland – Constitution" 7125:. Springer. pp. 60–69. 7091:Kendall, Diana (2011). 6481:Wilczynski, J. (2008). 6156:. The American Marxist 6142:Communist International 6091:domination by one class 5805:The Communist Manifesto 5752:The Civil War in France 5626:accumulation of capital 5568:ceased to use the term 5503:Marxist–Leninist regime 5399:State ideology of China 5325:under communist regimes 5323:Crimes against humanity 5283:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 5255:Workers' Party of Korea 5185:Communist Party of Cuba 5180:Chinese Communist Party 4848:Portuguese Colonial War 4674:The Governance of China 4627:Foundations of Leninism 4174:Protracted people's war 4122:Dialectical materialism 3945:National Health Service 3941:National Health Service 3745:Socialist International 3215:Revolutionary socialism 2887:machinery of government 2867:Communist Party of Cuba 2761:Workers' Party of Korea 2603:authoritarian socialist 2576:machinery of government 2304:Administrative division 2248:International relations 1364:Criticism of capitalism 375:Participatory economics 209:Labour-time calculation 10016:Current and historical 9618:Trotsky, Leon (1938). 9603:Trotsky, Leon (1936). 9578:Taaffe, Peter (1995). 9332:Proletarian Revolution 9264:Serge, Victor (1937). 9181:Mommen, André (2011). 8964:Reinalda, Bob (2009). 8820:Steele, David (1992). 8783:Piccone, Paul (1983). 8678:"Dialogue With Stalin" 8572:Trotsky, Leon (1935). 8350:"Henri de Saint-Simon" 8025:Hajdú, József (2011). 7492:"Croatia Constitution" 7291:Shin, Gi-wook (2006). 7235:Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). 6242:historical materialism 6064:libertarian socialists 5933:and the leader of the 5815: 5795: 5670:workers' and peasants' 5509:Marxist–Leninist state 5215:French Communist Party 5125:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4434:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 4349:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 3991:free-market capitalist 3989:because it demanded a 3958: 3927:politician and author 3310:Evolutionary socialism 2849:after the country was 2833:. The preamble to the 2553:libertarian socialists 1369:Criticism of socialism 321:Decentralized planning 224:Peer‑to‑peer economics 9642:In Defense of Marxism 9349:"4. State Capitalism" 9014:Smith, S. A. (2014). 8178:Webb, Adrian (2008). 8028:Labour Law in Hungary 7706:. Gavekal Dragonomics 7029:18 March 2004 at the 7015:Lenin Collected Works 6766:18 March 2004 at the 6293:Libertarian socialism 6234:lower-phase communism 6172:is undemocratic; and 6154:democratic centralism 6140:organisations by the 6008:Anarchism and Marxism 5853:democratic centralism 5810: 5790: 5768:Reform and revolution 5235:Nepal Communist Party 4858:Nicaraguan Revolution 4494:Mengistu Haile Mariam 4112:Democratic centralism 4102:Collective leadership 4010:People's Action Party 3953: 3235:Social market economy 3173:Left-wing nationalism 3001:Frankfurt Declaration 2691:democratic centralism 2671:democratic centralism 2314:Democratic transition 2177:Self-governing colony 1774:Military dictatorship 10521:History of socialism 9703:Walsh, Lynn (1991). 9662:Fourth International 9580:The Rise of Militant 9552:Cliff, Tony (1948). 9267:From Lenin to Stalin 8762:Todd, Allan (2012). 8085:. Nova. p. 55. 7542:Tschentscher, Axel. 7516:Tschentscher, Axel. 7490:Tschentscher, Axel. 6610:democratic socialist 6124:such as the Italian 6099:revolution in Russia 6089:, which is based on 6056:centralized planning 6040:collective ownership 5738:Henri de Saint-Simon 5634:socialist revolution 5580:also added the term 5458:Socialism portal 5434:Communism portal 4853:Black power movement 4823:Non-Aligned Movement 4194:Socialist patriotism 3925:British Labour Party 3872:Socialism portal 3844:Economics portal 3740:Progressive Alliance 3300:Democratic socialism 2996:Age of Enlightenment 2588:capital accumulation 1519:Communism portal 1502:Socialism portal 194:Industrial democracy 144:Collective ownership 10457:Estonia (1918–1919) 10351:Hungary (1949–1989) 9679:The Unbroken Thread 9673:Grant, Ted (1978). 8915:Marx, Karl (1875). 8883:Marx, Karl (1875). 8422:"The Paris Commune" 8414:Marx, Karl (1871). 7430:9 July 2011 at the 7409:9 July 2011 at the 6304:evolutionary manner 6052:means of production 6044:worker cooperatives 5989:orthodox Trotskyist 5813:of the proletariat. 5762:Franco-Prussian War 5658:people's republican 5652:people's democratic 5646:national-democratic 5446:Politics portal 5352:National Bolshevism 5342:Cult of personality 4878:Revolutions of 1989 4873:Naxalite insurgency 4863:Cultural Revolution 4749:Great Patriotic War 4604:Wojciech Jaruzelski 4564:Nur Muhammad Taraki 4271:Ho Chi Minh Thought 3979:François Mitterrand 3923:. In 1956, leading 3858:Politics portal 3605:Liebknecht (father) 3262:Structural violence 3153:Institutional abuse 3068:Revolutions of 1848 2724:in the form of the 2673:organization, with 2529:Ho Chi Minh Thought 2353:Politics portal 2238:Supranational union 2147:Dependent territory 2060:National government 1404:Market abolitionism 1389:Left-libertarianism 326:Inclusive Democracy 293:Workplace democracy 139:Calculation in kind 121:Socialist economics 111:Revolutions of 1848 10422:Byelorussia (1919) 9292:Ted Grant (1996). 7635:Socialist Standard 6350:following on from 6265:Russian Revolution 6150:organic centralism 6146:political vanguard 6087:Marxist definition 5958:October Revolution 5865:October Revolution 5676:Political theories 5664:socialist-oriented 5582:socialist republic 5574:socialist republic 5546:October Revolution 5538:people's republics 5536:called themselves 4883:Nepalese Civil War 4843:Great Leap Forward 4771:Chinese Revolution 4444:Kaysone Phomvihane 4159:People's democracy 4097:Collective farming 3966:private enterprise 3962:laws of capitalism 3913:post-war consensus 3823:Types of socialism 3812:The Internationale 3225:Social corporatism 3078:Welfare capitalism 2923:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2857:in 1976. The 1992 2827:founding documents 2474:socialist republic 2395:socialist republic 1409:Marxist philosophy 229:Production for use 199:Input–output model 164:Economic democracy 18:Socialist republic 10527: 10526: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10307: 10306: 10049:Congo-Brazzaville 9945:Regional variants 9656:(November 1951). 9486:Williams, Raymond 9253:"The Tax in Kind" 9207:"The Tax in Kind" 8946:978-0-8047-7566-3 8831:978-0-87548-449-5 8690:Bordiga, Amadeo. 8652:Political Affairs 8635:"The Tax in Kind" 8578:New International 8237:Political Affairs 8218:978-1-56159-269-2 8011:978-1-349-41148-1 7611:on 5 January 2016 7021:: 293. Quoted by 6954:978-1-902593-90-6 6914:978-1-902593-90-6 6878:978-0-06-156161-0 6842:978-1-902593-90-6 6804:Political Affairs 6784:"The Tax in Kind" 6598:978-0-19-520469-8 6308:stateless society 6238:communist society 6170:single-party rule 6158:Raya Dunayevskaya 6103:council communism 5952:, founder of the 5929:, founder of the 5887:Russian Civil War 5841:classical Marxist 5797:According to the 5776:, exemplified by 5734:utopian socialist 5726:private ownership 5630:productive forces 5606:productive forces 5601:communist parties 5570:people's republic 5522:Völkisch movement 5514:people's republic 5494: 5493: 4833:Sino-Soviet split 4739:Spanish Civil War 4659:Guerrilla Warfare 4621:Theoretical works 4539:Władysław Gomułka 4519:Nicolae Ceaușescu 4469:Nikos Zachariadis 4389:Nikita Khrushchev 4369:Palmiro Togliatti 4139:Labor aristocracy 4117:Dialectical logic 3999:capital formation 3921:socialist economy 3909: 3908: 3315:Liberal socialism 3305:Ethical socialism 3073:Utopian socialism 3011:Godesberg Program 3006:French Revolution 2940:autonomous region 2808:classless society 2745:1982 constitution 2722:economic planning 2702:Nikita Khrushchev 2663:1977 constitution 2661:and a subsequent 2659:1936 constitution 2655:socialist economy 2592:productive forces 2564:liberal democracy 2469:people's republic 2460:capitalist states 2453:communist society 2439:communist parties 2407:workers' republic 2399:socialist country 2387: 2386: 2338: 2337: 2309:Democracy indices 2284: 2283: 2087: 2086: 1896:Semi-presidential 1821: 1820: 1567: 1566: 1359:Communist society 1331:Socialist parties 590:Saint-Simonianism 179:Equal opportunity 169:Economic planning 106:French Revolution 16:(Redirected from 10562: 10550:Socialist states 10377: 10376: 10234: 10233: 10024: 10023: 10019:socialist states 9898:African-American 9740: 9733: 9726: 9717: 9716: 9710: 9701: 9695: 9688: 9682: 9671: 9665: 9651: 9645: 9635: 9629: 9616: 9610: 9601: 9595: 9576: 9570: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9544: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9518: 9516: 9493: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9345: 9339: 9324: 9318: 9303: 9297: 9290: 9284: 9277: 9271: 9262: 9256: 9249: 9243: 9235: 9229: 9216: 9210: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9103: 9097: 9096: 9073:Social Scientist 9064: 9058: 9057: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9011: 9005: 9004: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8932: 8926: 8913: 8907: 8900: 8894: 8881: 8875: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8817: 8811: 8798: 8792: 8781: 8775: 8760: 8754: 8747: 8741: 8734: 8728: 8713: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8687: 8681: 8674: 8663: 8644: 8638: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8612: 8606: 8591: 8585: 8570: 8564: 8547: 8541: 8532: 8526: 8513: 8504: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8471: 8465: 8452: 8446: 8431: 8425: 8412: 8403: 8396: 8390: 8379: 8373: 8363: 8357: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8316: 8310: 8309: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8256: 8246: 8240: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8022: 8016: 8015: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7773: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7743: 7737: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7684:In Place of Fear 7680: 7674: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7607:. Archived from 7596: 7590: 7589: 7582: 7576: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7528: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7473: 7467: 7459: 7453: 7442: 7436: 7421: 7415: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7378: 7372: 7353: 7347: 7334: 7328: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7232: 7226: 7219: 7213: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7191: 7185: 7170: 7161: 7160: 7140: 7134: 7119: 7108: 7089: 7078: 7067: 7056: 7045: 7034: 7012: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6976: 6967: 6966: 6945:An Anarchist FAQ 6940: 6927: 6926: 6905:An Anarchist FAQ 6900: 6887: 6886: 6864: 6855: 6854: 6833:An Anarchist FAQ 6828: 6815: 6796: 6787: 6780: 6771: 6750: 6741: 6728: 6719: 6712: 6706: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6647: 6641: 6634: 6628: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6582: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6510: 6501: 6500: 6478: 6454:Soviet (council) 6449:Soviet democracy 6438: 6436:Socialism portal 6433: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6410: 6408:Communism portal 6405: 6404: 6403: 6275:, interest, and 6174:Marxism–Leninism 6093:. Preceding the 6048:common ownership 6042:(in the form of 5946: 5923: 5819:Fabian socialist 5799:orthodox Marxist 5778:Eduard Bernstein 5742:Friedrich Engels 5722:social ownership 5710:capitalist state 5641:communist states 5622:state capitalist 5498:Marxist–Leninist 5486: 5479: 5472: 5456: 5455: 5444: 5443: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5389:State capitalism 4813:De-Stalinization 4594:Gennady Zyuganov 4574:Rohana Wijeweera 4429:Klement Gottwald 4424:Valko Chervenkov 4409:Lazar Kaganovich 4085:Central planning 4080:Anti-revisionism 4075:Anti-imperialism 4057: 4047:Marxism–Leninism 4034: 4033: 3995:public ownership 3981:aimed to expand 3971:Nordic countries 3929:Anthony Crosland 3901: 3894: 3887: 3870: 3869: 3856: 3855: 3842: 3841: 3610:Liebknecht (son) 3370:Batlle y Ordóñez 3257:Structural abuse 3158:Internationalism 3133:Environmentalism 2981: 2971:Social democracy 2958: 2957: 2863:Republic of Cuba 2763:(WPK), known as 2753:Marxism–Leninism 2675:Marxism–Leninism 2584:state capitalist 2572:political system 2436:Marxist–Leninist 2379: 2372: 2365: 2351: 2350: 2298: 2297: 2142:Associated state 2100: 2099: 2075:Internationalism 2065:World government 2042: 1921: 1853: 1834: 1833: 1808:Free association 1795: 1756: 1675: 1618: 1606: 1605: 1569: 1568: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1531:Organized Labour 1529: 1528: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1500: 1499: 1444:Workers' council 1081:Gracchi Brothers 605:Social democracy 348:Market socialism 336:Project Cybersyn 264:Soviet democracy 249:Social ownership 204:Internationalism 184:Free association 154:Common ownership 70: 47: 46: 21: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10506: 10487:Slovakia (1919) 10387:Alsace-Lorraine 10375: 10303: 10232: 10139: 10108: 10017: 10011: 9940: 9919: 9750: 9744: 9714: 9713: 9702: 9698: 9689: 9685: 9672: 9668: 9652: 9648: 9636: 9632: 9617: 9613: 9602: 9598: 9577: 9573: 9564: 9560: 9551: 9547: 9532: 9528: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9483: 9479: 9472: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9423: 9419: 9412: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9325: 9321: 9304: 9300: 9291: 9287: 9278: 9274: 9263: 9259: 9250: 9246: 9236: 9232: 9217: 9213: 9204: 9200: 9193: 9179: 9175: 9168: 9154: 9150: 9143: 9129: 9125: 9118: 9104: 9100: 9085:10.2307/3516910 9065: 9061: 9054: 9040: 9036: 9026: 9012: 9008: 9001: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8962: 8958: 8947: 8933: 8929: 8914: 8910: 8901: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8847: 8843: 8832: 8818: 8814: 8799: 8795: 8785:Italian Marxism 8782: 8778: 8761: 8757: 8748: 8744: 8735: 8731: 8725:Wayback Machine 8714: 8707: 8697: 8695: 8688: 8684: 8675: 8666: 8660:Wayback Machine 8645: 8641: 8632: 8628: 8613: 8609: 8592: 8588: 8571: 8567: 8548: 8544: 8533: 8529: 8514: 8507: 8497:Steger, Manfred 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8472: 8468: 8453: 8449: 8432: 8428: 8413: 8406: 8397: 8393: 8380: 8376: 8364: 8360: 8348: 8344: 8330: 8328: 8317: 8313: 8302: 8298: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8247: 8243: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8203: 8199: 8192: 8176: 8172: 8165: 8149: 8145: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8120: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8050: 8046: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8012: 7990: 7986: 7979: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7855: 7851: 7844: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7784:on 7 March 2006 7774: 7770: 7761: 7757: 7744: 7740: 7727: 7723: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7690: 7681: 7677: 7658: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7641:on 3 March 2016 7629: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7597: 7593: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7570: 7566: 7552: 7550: 7548:Servat.unibe.ch 7540: 7536: 7526: 7524: 7522:Servat.unibe.ch 7518:"Hungary Index" 7514: 7510: 7500: 7498: 7496:Servat.unibe.ch 7488: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7456: 7443: 7439: 7432:Wayback Machine 7422: 7418: 7411:Wayback Machine 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7354: 7350: 7335: 7331: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7233: 7229: 7220: 7216: 7207: 7203: 7192: 7188: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7141: 7137: 7121:Li, He (2015). 7120: 7111: 7105:mixed economies 7090: 7081: 7068: 7059: 7046: 7037: 7031:Wayback Machine 7013: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6977: 6970: 6955: 6941: 6930: 6915: 6901: 6890: 6879: 6865: 6858: 6843: 6829: 6818: 6812:Wayback Machine 6797: 6790: 6781: 6774: 6768:Wayback Machine 6751: 6744: 6729: 6722: 6713: 6709: 6700: 6696: 6687: 6683: 6674: 6670: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6644: 6635: 6631: 6622: 6618: 6606:social democrat 6599: 6575: 6568: 6557: 6543: 6536: 6525: 6511: 6504: 6493: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6459:Soviet republic 6434: 6427: 6422:Politics portal 6420: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6344: 6295: 6202: 6162:state ownership 6122:left communists 6115:nationalization 6035:state socialism 6010: 6005: 5976: 5970: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5947: 5939: 5938: 5935:Bolshevik party 5924: 5867:in Russia, the 5837: 5831: 5770: 5701:sovereign state 5689: 5683: 5678: 5614:state ownership 5593:socialist state 5490: 5450: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5419: 5418: 5414:Totalitarianism 5394:State socialism 5324: 5301: 5293: 5292: 5268: 5260: 5259: 5165: 5157: 5156: 4896: 4888: 4887: 4756:Greek Civil War 4687: 4679: 4678: 4638: 4622: 4614: 4613: 4554:Mathieu Kérékou 4454:Leonid Brezhnev 4419:Bolesław Bierut 4414:Georgi Dimitrov 4399:Josip Broz Tito 4394:Walter Ulbricht 4324: 4316: 4315: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4149:One-party state 4134:under socialism 4133: 4065: 4032: 4030:Communist state 4026: 4014:socialist party 3917:nationalization 3905: 3864: 3850: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3801: 3793: 3792: 3768: 3760: 3759: 3720: 3710: 3709: 3340: 3330: 3329: 3295: 3287: 3286: 3240:Socialist state 3183:Nationalization 3101:Critical theory 3096:Civil liberties 3091: 3083: 3082: 2991: 2956: 2891:economic system 2882: 2876: 2730:command economy 2687:communist party 2631: 2596:world communism 2568:socialist party 2513:state socialism 2423:communist state 2391:socialist state 2383: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2326:Democratisation 2319:Autocratization 2295: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2242: 2203: 2182:Tributary state 2172:Satellite state 2127: 2097: 2096:Power structure 2089: 2088: 2040: 2039: 2021: 1992: 1978: 1969:Totalitarianism 1919: 1918: 1900: 1851: 1850: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1793: 1785: 1750: 1742: 1673: 1665: 1612: 1603: 1602:Source of power 1580:Basic forms of 1574:Politics series 1563: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1494: 1487: 1486: 1457: 1449: 1448: 1439:Socialist state 1434:Socialist Party 1379:Economic system 1344: 1336: 1335: 1321: 1311: 1310: 1076: 1068: 1067: 648: 640: 639: 455:Democratic road 390: 380: 379: 306: 298: 297: 244:Social dividend 234:Sharing economy 134: 126: 125: 96: 88: 43: 32:Communist state 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10568: 10558: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10467:Hungary (1919) 10464: 10459: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10383: 10381: 10374: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10342: 10341: 10336: 10334:Czech Republic 10329:Czechoslovakia 10326: 10321: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10269:Inner Mongolia 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10249:East Turkestan 10246: 10240: 10238: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10028: 10021: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9931:United Kingdom 9927: 9925: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9890: 9888:United Kingdom 9885: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9798: 9793: 9792: 9791: 9781: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9764: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9751: 9743: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9720: 9712: 9711: 9696: 9683: 9666: 9646: 9630: 9611: 9596: 9592:978-0906582473 9571: 9558: 9545: 9526: 9508: 9477: 9470: 9447: 9440: 9426:Đilas, Milovan 9417: 9410: 9390: 9383: 9371:Đilas, Milovan 9362: 9340: 9319: 9298: 9285: 9272: 9257: 9244: 9230: 9211: 9198: 9191: 9173: 9166: 9148: 9141: 9123: 9116: 9098: 9059: 9052: 9034: 9024: 9006: 8999: 8981: 8974: 8956: 8945: 8927: 8908: 8895: 8876: 8864:978-0190695545 8841: 8830: 8812: 8793: 8776: 8755: 8742: 8729: 8705: 8682: 8664: 8639: 8626: 8607: 8586: 8565: 8542: 8527: 8505: 8489: 8466: 8447: 8426: 8404: 8391: 8383:Scruton, Roger 8374: 8358: 8342: 8327:. Marxists.org 8311: 8296: 8281: 8268:978-0801480072 8267: 8241: 8224: 8217: 8197: 8190: 8170: 8163: 8143: 8125: 8118: 8098: 8091: 8071: 8064: 8044: 8037: 8017: 8010: 7984: 7977: 7957: 7950: 7930: 7923: 7903: 7896: 7876: 7869: 7849: 7842: 7822: 7815: 7795: 7768: 7755: 7738: 7721: 7688: 7675: 7671:978-1845294854 7652: 7622: 7591: 7577: 7564: 7534: 7508: 7482: 7468: 7454: 7437: 7416: 7395: 7373: 7348: 7329: 7312: 7305: 7299:. p. 94. 7283: 7276: 7258: 7247:(4): 1289–1305 7227: 7214: 7201: 7186: 7182:978-0745000480 7162: 7155: 7135: 7109: 7079: 7057: 7035: 7002: 6968: 6953: 6928: 6913: 6888: 6877: 6856: 6841: 6816: 6788: 6772: 6742: 6720: 6707: 6694: 6681: 6668: 6655: 6642: 6629: 6616: 6597: 6566: 6556:978-0262182348 6555: 6534: 6524:978-0875484495 6523: 6502: 6492:978-0202362281 6491: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6425: 6411: 6395: 6392: 6388:neo-Ba'athists 6343: 6340: 6294: 6291: 6269:exchange-value 6201: 6198: 6126:Amadeo Bordiga 6068:William Morris 6054:without state 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5972:Main article: 5969: 5966: 5948: 5941: 5940: 5927:Vladimir Lenin 5925: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5910:workers' state 5849:vanguard party 5845:Vladimir Lenin 5833:Main article: 5830: 5827: 5769: 5766: 5685:Main article: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5597:vanguard party 5578:Czechoslovakia 5544:following the 5542:Russian Empire 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5448: 5436: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5409:Third-Worldism 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5369: 5364: 5362:Post-communism 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5311:Anti-communism 5308: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5267:Related topics 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4956:Czechoslovakia 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4549:Thomas Sankara 4546: 4541: 4536: 4534:Erich Honecker 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4484:Agostinho Neto 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4449:Khalid Bakdash 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4379:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4376: 4371: 4366: 4364:Maurice Thorez 4361: 4356: 4354:Ehmetjan Qasim 4351: 4346: 4344:Ernst Thälmann 4341: 4336: 4331: 4329:Vladimir Lenin 4325: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4191: 4186: 4184:Social fascism 4181: 4179:Self-criticism 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4050: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4025: 4022: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3861: 3847: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3783:United Kingdom 3780: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3237: 3232: 3230:Social justice 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3121:Representative 3118: 3113: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3033: 3031:Labor movement 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2955: 2952: 2927:Ba'ath parties 2915:Arab socialist 2875: 2872: 2812:egalitarianism 2804:class struggle 2796:family lineage 2677:remaining its 2630: 2627: 2580:vanguard party 2403:workers' state 2385: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2331:Hybrid regimes 2328: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2311: 2306: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2262:Regional power 2259: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2167:Puppet monarch 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2002: 2000:State religion 1994: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1871:Constitutional 1868: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1832: 1830:Power ideology 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1797: 1796: 1794:(rule by none) 1787: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1766: 1758: 1757: 1744: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1646:Representative 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1576: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1547: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1521: 1509: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1394:Libertarianism 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1343:Related topics 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 391: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 355: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 313: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 214:Labour voucher 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 135: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 97: 94: 93: 90: 89: 87: 86: 81: 75: 72: 71: 63: 62: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10567: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10540:Republicanism 10538: 10537: 10535: 10522: 10517: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10437:Crimea (1919) 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10299:South Vietnam 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10241: 10239: 10235: 10227: 10226:North Vietnam 10224: 10223: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9936:United States 9934: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9916: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9895: 9894: 9893:United States 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9773: 9772:New Australia 9770: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9748: 9741: 9736: 9734: 9729: 9727: 9722: 9721: 9718: 9708: 9707: 9700: 9693: 9687: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9654:Frank, Pierre 9650: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9615: 9608: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9568: 9562: 9555: 9549: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9511: 9509:9780195204698 9505: 9501: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9481: 9473: 9471:0-929087-48-8 9467: 9463: 9462: 9457: 9456:Trotsky, Leon 9451: 9443: 9441:0-679-43325-2 9437: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9421: 9413: 9411:0-15-693125-7 9407: 9403: 9402: 9394: 9386: 9384:0-15-665489-X 9380: 9376: 9372: 9366: 9350: 9344: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9295: 9289: 9282: 9276: 9269: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9248: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9223: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9202: 9194: 9192:9781136793455 9188: 9184: 9177: 9169: 9167:9780691124674 9163: 9159: 9152: 9144: 9142:9780275947637 9138: 9134: 9127: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9055: 9053:9781108424813 9049: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9027: 9025:9780191667527 9021: 9017: 9010: 9002: 9000:9781136231438 8996: 8992: 8985: 8977: 8975:9781134024056 8971: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8924: 8923: 8918: 8912: 8905: 8899: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8833: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8752: 8746: 8739: 8733: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8710: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8636: 8630: 8623: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8569: 8562: 8561:9780199585977 8558: 8554: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8512: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8493: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8444: 8443:9781412837330 8440: 8436: 8430: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8411: 8409: 8401: 8395: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8339: 8326: 8322: 8315: 8307: 8300: 8292: 8285: 8270: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8254: 8245: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8201: 8193: 8191:9781134065219 8187: 8183: 8182: 8174: 8166: 8164:9781317463764 8160: 8156: 8155: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8121: 8119:9780521774017 8115: 8111: 8110: 8102: 8094: 8092:9781560729693 8088: 8084: 8083: 8075: 8067: 8065:9780792332183 8061: 8057: 8056: 8048: 8040: 8038:9789041137920 8034: 8030: 8029: 8021: 8013: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7988: 7980: 7978:9781783082353 7974: 7970: 7969: 7961: 7953: 7951:9783319730714 7947: 7943: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7924:9780761475477 7920: 7916: 7915: 7907: 7899: 7897:9783447060950 7893: 7889: 7888: 7880: 7872: 7870:9781317805113 7866: 7862: 7861: 7853: 7845: 7843:9781135940102 7839: 7835: 7834: 7826: 7818: 7816:9780881325461 7812: 7808: 7807: 7799: 7783: 7779: 7772: 7765: 7759: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7718: 7702: 7695: 7693: 7685: 7679: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7663: 7656: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7587: 7581: 7574: 7568: 7561: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7472: 7464: 7458: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7399: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7308: 7306:9780804754088 7302: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7277:9781538129050 7273: 7269: 7262: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7218: 7211: 7205: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7156:9781136927393 7152: 7148: 7147: 7139: 7132: 7131:9781137427816 7128: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7101:9781111305505 7098: 7094: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6973: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6861: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6785: 6779: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6749: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6734: 6727: 6725: 6717: 6711: 6704: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6678: 6672: 6665: 6659: 6652: 6646: 6639: 6633: 6626: 6620: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6573: 6571: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6507: 6499: 6494: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6475: 6470: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6426: 6423: 6417: 6412: 6409: 6398: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6186:Joseph Stalin 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6148:organized by 6147: 6144:; and that a 6143: 6139: 6138:popular front 6136:; the use of 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5891:Joseph Stalin 5888: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5747:Paris Commune 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5534:its aftermath 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5435: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5330:Mass killings 5328: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5316:Mass killings 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5164:Organizations 5161: 5160: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4868:Prague Spring 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4609:Todor Zhivkov 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584:Harry Pollitt 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4544:Samora Machel 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4509:Hardial Bains 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4459:Deng Xiaoping 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4404:Mátyás Rákosi 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4334:Joseph Stalin 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Khrushchevism 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4243:Unified power 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4164:Popular front 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4004: 4003:neoliberalism 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933:Aneurin Bevan 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3788:United States 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3718:Organizations 3714: 3713: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3282:Welfare state 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3193:Progressivism 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3178:Mixed economy 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2218:Confederation 2216: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113:Unitary state 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2015:State atheism 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005:Secular state 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1909:Authoritarian 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1886:Parliamentary 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1674:(rule by few) 1672: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1462:Related lists 1460: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1419:Progressivism 1417: 1415: 1414:Nanosocialism 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319:Organizations 1315: 1314: 1307: 1306:Ocasio-Cortez 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1226:van der Lubbe 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 763:Chernyshevsky 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 647:Intellectuals 644: 643: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 580:Revolutionary 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 515:Laissez-faire 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 420:Authoritarian 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 392: 389: 384: 383: 376: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 349: 346: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 302: 301: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 275: 272: 270: 269:Strike action 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 174:Equal liberty 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 130: 129: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 92: 91: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 74: 73: 69: 65: 64: 61: 58: 57: 53: 49: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10397:Baranya–Baja 10366:Soviet Union 10346:East Germany 10044:Burkina Faso 10018: 9705: 9699: 9686: 9678: 9669: 9661: 9649: 9641: 9633: 9623: 9614: 9605: 9599: 9579: 9574: 9561: 9548: 9534: 9529: 9520: 9513:. Retrieved 9495: 9491:"Capitalism" 9480: 9460: 9450: 9430: 9420: 9400: 9393: 9374: 9365: 9353:. Retrieved 9343: 9335: 9331: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9301: 9288: 9275: 9266: 9260: 9247: 9233: 9219: 9214: 9201: 9182: 9176: 9157: 9151: 9132: 9126: 9107: 9101: 9079:(6): 68–74. 9076: 9072: 9062: 9043: 9037: 9029: 9015: 9009: 8990: 8984: 8965: 8959: 8950: 8936: 8930: 8920: 8911: 8898: 8884: 8879: 8850: 8844: 8835: 8821: 8815: 8808:"Chapther 5" 8801: 8796: 8784: 8779: 8763: 8758: 8750: 8745: 8737: 8732: 8696:. Retrieved 8685: 8651: 8642: 8629: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8568: 8551: 8545: 8535: 8530: 8516: 8500: 8492: 8480:. Retrieved 8469: 8460: 8450: 8434: 8429: 8415: 8399: 8394: 8386: 8377: 8369: 8361: 8353: 8345: 8336: 8329:. Retrieved 8324: 8314: 8305: 8299: 8290: 8284: 8272:. Retrieved 8252: 8244: 8236: 8227: 8207: 8200: 8180: 8173: 8153: 8146: 8137: 8128: 8108: 8101: 8081: 8074: 8054: 8047: 8027: 8020: 7993: 7987: 7967: 7960: 7940: 7933: 7913: 7906: 7886: 7879: 7859: 7852: 7832: 7825: 7805: 7798: 7786:. Retrieved 7782:the original 7771: 7763: 7758: 7750: 7741: 7724: 7715: 7708:. Retrieved 7683: 7678: 7660: 7655: 7643:. Retrieved 7639:the original 7634: 7625: 7613:. Retrieved 7609:the original 7605:Morning Star 7604: 7594: 7580: 7567: 7558: 7551:. Retrieved 7547: 7537: 7525:. Retrieved 7521: 7511: 7499:. Retrieved 7495: 7485: 7471: 7457: 7450:The Guardian 7449: 7440: 7419: 7398: 7386:. Retrieved 7376: 7356: 7351: 7343:Acta Koreana 7341: 7332: 7324: 7323:. v.3, n.1. 7315: 7292: 7286: 7267: 7261: 7249:. Retrieved 7244: 7240: 7230: 7222: 7217: 7209: 7204: 7195: 7189: 7173: 7145: 7138: 7122: 7092: 7074: 7052: 7018: 6993:. Retrieved 6988: 6984: 6944: 6904: 6882: 6868: 6832: 6803: 6754: 6731: 6710: 6697: 6684: 6671: 6658: 6645: 6632: 6619: 6602: 6584: 6560: 6546: 6528: 6514: 6496: 6482: 6380:nationalized 6356:Leon Trotsky 6345: 6332: 6316:councillists 6302:level in an 6296: 6284: 6260: 6256: 6254: 6250:law of value 6246:Soviet Union 6229: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6203: 6194:Eastern Bloc 6119: 6077: 6071: 6033: 6026:syndicalists 6011: 5991:theories as 5980:Soviet Union 5977: 5950:Leon Trotsky 5931:Soviet Union 5903: 5883:Leon Trotsky 5876: 5874: 5857:April Theses 5838: 5816: 5811: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5771: 5758: 5750: 5736:philosopher 5731: 5690: 5669: 5662: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5638: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5554:Eastern Bloc 5537: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5384:Second World 5098:Turkmenistan 5033:Soviet Union 4973:East Germany 4796:2002–present 4766:Eastern Bloc 4744:World War II 4692:Soviet Union 4569:Alfonso Cano 4524:Gustáv Husák 4514:Sanzō Nosaka 4479:Fidel Castro 4384:Earl Browder 4228:Third Period 4215: 4018:Lee Kuan Yew 4007: 3975:Nordic model 3959: 3954: 3910: 3863: 3849: 3835: 3239: 3168:Labor rights 3053:Nordic model 3026:Keynesianism 2936:social state 2935: 2930: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2899: 2883: 2859:constitution 2835:constitution 2816: 2791: 2782: 2770: 2764: 2738: 2710:Eastern Bloc 2695: 2632: 2611:Western Bloc 2600: 2561: 2533:hierarchical 2510: 2473: 2467: 2446: 2421: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2267:Middle power 2194:Vassal state 2188:Buffer state 2186: 2162:Puppet state 2157:Protectorate 2133:Client state 2123:Principality 1949:Distributism 1891:Presidential 1769:Dictatorship 1693:Gerontocracy 1615:rule by many 1588: 1572:Part of the 1438: 475:Evolutionary 395:21st-century 189:Freed market 44: 10380:Short-lived 10237:Short-lived 10206:South Yemen 10191:North Korea 10151:Afghanistan 9868:New Zealand 9863:Netherlands 8482:27 December 8366:"Socialism" 8274:19 December 7645:31 December 7615:25 December 7553:27 December 7527:27 December 7501:27 December 7426:. Cubanet. 7388:25 December 7340:, v.9, n.1 6995:27 December 6738:"Chapter 5" 6580:"Socialism" 6382:economy as 6360:degenerated 6348:Trotskyists 6330:" in 1989. 6277:wage labour 6196:countries. 6176:is neither 6018:libertarian 5993:degenerated 5906:wither away 5825:groupings. 5706:bourgeoisie 5530:World War I 5367:Red fascism 5028:South Yemen 5008:North Korea 4901:Afghanistan 4828:Vietnam War 4818:Warsaw Pact 4734:Great Purge 4719:Great Break 4589:Harpal Brar 4529:János Kádár 4499:Kim Il Sung 4474:Che Guevara 4439:Enver Hoxha 4374:Ho Chi Minh 4233:Vanguardism 4154:Partiinost' 4024:Terminology 3911:During the 3267:Trade union 3163:Land reform 3046:Revisionist 2919:nationalist 2800:nationalism 2775:Kim Jong Il 2757:Kim Il Sung 2734:Third World 2696:During the 2607:Soviet Bloc 2545:libertarian 2457:multi-party 2420:. The term 2272:Great power 2257:Small power 2199:Viceroyalty 2070:Nationalism 1934:Colonialism 1914:Libertarian 1876:Directorial 1753:rule by one 1733:Technocracy 1728:Stratocracy 1708:Meritocracy 1698:Kleptocracy 1688:Aristocracy 1506:WikiProject 1384:French Left 1176:Spiridonova 1075:Politicians 988:Castoriadis 668:Saint-Simon 620:Third World 615:Syndicalism 550:Nationalist 525:Libertarian 490:Free-market 353:Lange model 341:Soviet-type 311:Communalism 283:Vanguardism 239:Spontaneism 149:Cooperative 95:Development 10534:Categories 10492:Tarnobrzeg 10417:Bessarabia 10371:Yugoslavia 10094:Seychelles 10089:Mozambique 10084:Madagascar 10007:Vietnamese 10002:Venezuelan 9992:Nicaraguan 9987:Melanesian 9904:Venezuela 9816:Kuomintang 9809:since 1978 9779:Bangladesh 9755:By country 9749:by country 9692:"About Us" 9226:"Contents" 9117:0873323238 9069:Xue Muqiao 8772:B01B997S8W 8599:Commonweal 8331:12 January 7710:8 December 7369:0815764359 7053:Commentary 6465:References 6352:Tony Cliff 6342:Trotskyism 6312:anarchists 6300:grassroots 6130:capitalism 6107:Mensheviks 6105:, and the 6072:Commonweal 6022:mutualists 6014:democratic 5974:Trotskyism 5869:Bolsheviks 5724:displaces 5566:Yugoslavia 5288:Trotskyism 5273:Bolshevism 5140:Montenegro 5120:Yugoslavia 5108:Uzbekistan 5093:Tajikistan 5068:Kyrgyzstan 5063:Kazakhstan 5043:Azerbaijan 5003:Mozambique 4895:By country 4803:Korean War 4599:Xi Jinping 4559:Siad Barre 4489:Lúcio Lara 4339:Mao Zedong 4028:See also: 3525:Hilferding 3390:Betancourt 3380:Ben-Gurion 3272:Tripartism 3245:Capitalism 3220:Secularism 3148:Gradualism 3143:Fair trade 3116:Industrial 2954:Other uses 2878:See also: 2853:under the 2843:capitalism 2718:governance 2681:until the 2645:, and the 2557:capitalism 2551:Marxists, 2482:Bangladesh 2277:Superpower 2233:Superstate 2228:Federation 2223:Devolution 2209:Federalism 2050:City-state 1723:Plutocracy 1718:Particracy 1582:government 1477:Socialists 1472:By country 1354:Capitalism 1236:Mitterrand 1201:Gerhardsen 1146:Liebknecht 1131:Markievicz 1058:Varoufakis 1008:Fotopoulos 678:Saint-Just 673:Buonarroti 658:Campanella 595:Scientific 530:Marhaenism 485:Fourierism 470:Ecological 450:Democratic 10545:Socialism 10450:1939–1940 10405:1918–1919 10174:1982–1992 10169:1979–1992 10164:1975–1979 10160:Cambodia 10135:Nicaragua 10067:1987–1991 10062:1974–1987 10058:Ethiopia 9997:Tanzanian 9878:Sri Lanka 9821:Hong Kong 9804:Communist 9767:Australia 9762:Argentina 9747:Socialism 9584:"Preface" 9488:(1985) . 9458:(1991) . 9373:(1983) . 9242:victory." 7751:Dissident 7466:society." 7251:10 August 7075:Dissident 6963:182529204 6923:182529204 6851:182529204 6328:Stalinism 6261:socialism 6257:socialism 6230:socialism 6226:socialism 6222:communism 6210:socialism 6206:communism 6190:communism 6134:socialism 6095:Bolshevik 6079:Classical 6030:bourgeois 5895:Stalinism 5823:Menshevik 5774:reformism 5692:Karl Marx 5591:The term 5526:Narodniks 5372:Red Scare 5357:New class 5175:Comintern 5135:Macedonia 5078:Lithuania 4925:Cambodia 4791:1989–2002 4786:1976–1989 4781:1949–1976 4712:1982–1991 4707:1964–1982 4702:1953–1964 4697:1927–1953 4504:Chin Peng 4359:José Díaz 4306:Stalinism 4266:Guevarism 4261:Castroism 4216:Socialist 3983:dirigisme 3818:Socialism 3806:Communism 3767:By region 3705:Zhordania 3650:Plekhanov 3620:MacDonald 3615:Luxemburg 3500:Gaitskell 3460:Daszyński 3425:Callaghan 3385:Bernstein 3325:Third Way 3250:Socialism 3208:Socialism 3198:Reformism 3128:Dirigisme 3106:Democracy 3063:Socialism 2931:socialist 2911:socialism 2907:socialism 2900:socialist 2851:reunified 2847:socialism 2819:communism 2700:in 1961, 2541:classical 2521:Stalinism 2502:Sri Lanka 2498:Nicaragua 2448:communist 2443:socialism 2432:one-party 2418:socialism 2411:sovereign 2104:Unitarism 2080:Globalism 1986:Religious 1974:Tribalism 1964:Socialism 1959:Feudalism 1944:Despotism 1939:Communism 1929:Anarchism 1866:Communist 1813:Stateless 1803:Anarchism 1764:Despotism 1748:Autocracy 1738:Theocracy 1703:Kritarchy 1671:Oligarchy 1656:Socialist 1610:Democracy 1349:Anarchism 1271:Gorbachev 1121:Malatesta 1116:Bernstein 893:Pankhurst 873:Pannekoek 863:Luxemburg 818:Plekhanov 793:Carpenter 788:Kropotkin 585:Ricardian 575:Religious 570:Reformism 555:Nkrumaism 545:Municipal 445:Communism 440:Christian 425:Blanquism 415:Anarchism 358:Mutualism 60:Socialism 10502:Würzburg 10477:Naissaar 10441:Finland 10401:Bavaria 10339:Slovakia 10324:Bulgaria 10254:Far East 10201:Mongolia 10113:Americas 9977:European 9908:Chavismo 9873:Pakistan 9522:changed. 9515:30 April 9428:(1998). 8917:"Part I" 8891:"Part I" 8721:Archived 8698:25 March 8656:Archived 8499:(1996). 8385:(2007). 7428:Archived 7407:Archived 7027:Archived 7023:Aufheben 6808:Archived 6764:Archived 6760:Aufheben 6394:See also 6324:Marxists 6320:leftists 6214:Leninist 6200:Leninism 6182:Leninism 6111:planning 6083:orthodox 6066:such as 5997:deformed 5954:Red Army 5835:Leninism 5782:revision 5672:states. 5618:Leninist 5524:and the 5518:populist 5300:See also 5278:Leninism 5150:Slovenia 5048:Byelarus 4998:Mongolia 4978:Ethiopia 4966:Slovakia 4921:Bulgaria 4761:Cold War 4579:Gus Hall 4286:Kádárism 4281:Husakism 4276:Hoxhaism 4255:Variants 4204:Yugoslav 4064:Concepts 4039:a series 4037:Part of 3973:and the 3949:hedonism 3675:Stauning 3600:Lévesque 3585:Lassalle 3565:Kerensky 3555:Katayama 3545:Jumblatt 3510:González 3445:Crosland 3430:Cárdenas 3415:Branting 3345:Ambedkar 3294:Variants 3111:Economic 3090:Concepts 3041:Orthodox 3016:Humanism 2963:a series 2961:Part of 2629:Overview 2549:orthodox 2537:oxymoron 2506:Tanzania 2152:Dominion 1881:Legalist 1861:Absolute 1846:Republic 1841:Monarchy 1713:Noocracy 1683:Anocracy 1636:Economic 1626:Demarchy 1467:Category 1206:Erlander 1166:Kerensky 1136:Connolly 993:Thompson 978:Bookchin 968:Montseny 918:Vanzetti 883:Einstein 853:Landauer 758:Saltykov 753:Lassalle 713:Proudhon 495:Gandhian 480:Feminist 430:Buddhist 410:Agrarian 388:Variants 52:a series 50:Part of 10472:Ireland 10462:Galicia 10361:Romania 10319:Albania 10274:Jiangxi 10221:Vietnam 10125:Grenada 10099:Somalia 9982:Israeli 9972:Chinese 9967:Burmese 9962:British 9952:African 9924:History 9915:Vietnam 9883:Tunisia 9833:Finland 9828:Estonia 9355:25 June 9093:3516910 7734:3998375 6985:Forward 6368:Central 6362:into a 6178:Marxism 6060:statism 6050:of the 5861:soviets 5696:Marxist 5586:Albania 5562:Romania 5170:Comecon 5130:Croatia 5115:Vietnam 5103:Ukraine 5083:Moldova 5058:Georgia 5053:Estonia 5038:Armenia 5023:Somalia 5018:Romania 4988:Hungary 4983:Grenada 4961:Czechia 4934:1979–92 4929:1975–79 4906:Albania 4686:History 4464:Pol Pot 4311:Titoism 3800:Related 3778:Germany 3773:Austria 3695:Whitlam 3685:Den Uyl 3665:Sanders 3660:Russell 3625:Mandela 3560:Kautsky 3540:Jenkins 3515:Goulart 3470:Douglas 3365:Awolowo 3350:Allende 3277:Welfare 3036:Marxism 2989:History 2861:of the 2837:of the 2821:in the 2657:in its 2615:Britain 2525:Titoism 2478:Algeria 2409:, is a 2294:Related 1989:Secular 1954:Fascism 1791:Anarchy 1781:Tyranny 1641:Liberal 1301:Sánchez 1286:Sankara 1246:Mandela 1231:Kreisky 1221:Allende 1216:Senghor 1211:Douglas 1196:Durruti 1161:Trotsky 1053:Graeber 1033:Hampton 1003:Chomsky 948:Marcuse 933:Gramsci 923:Bordiga 913:Polanyi 868:Russell 858:Berkman 848:Goldman 838:Du Bois 808:Kautsky 803:Bellamy 768:Tolstoy 743:Wallace 728:Bakunin 718:Greeley 708:Blanqui 688:Fourier 635:Zionist 625:Utopian 565:Popular 560:Owenism 540:Marxism 520:Liberal 505:Islamic 465:Ethical 460:Digital 435:Chinese 400:African 84:Outline 79:History 10482:Saxony 10427:Bremen 10356:Poland 10312:Europe 10279:Kuwait 10259:Fujian 10074:Guinea 10034:Angola 10027:Africa 9843:Greece 9838:France 9800:China 9796:Canada 9789:Lulism 9784:Brazil 9590: 9506: 9468: 9438: 9408: 9381: 9189: 9164: 9139: 9114: 9091: 9050: 9022: 8997: 8972: 8943: 8862: 8828: 8789:p. 134 8770: 8559: 8441: 8265: 8215: 8188: 8161: 8116: 8089: 8062: 8035: 8008: 7975: 7948: 7921: 7894: 7867: 7840: 7813: 7788:10 May 7732: 7717:1990s. 7669: 7367: 7303: 7274: 7180: 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The 2720:, and 2708:. The 2641:, the 2619:France 2547:, and 2517:Maoism 2486:Guyana 2118:Empire 2030:Global 1661:Others 1651:Social 1631:Direct 1296:Marcos 1291:Chávez 1281:Corbyn 1256:Manley 1251:Dubček 1241:Nasser 1181:Makhno 1171:Attlee 1156:Martov 1141:Gandhi 1096:Babeuf 1086:Mazdak 1048:Hedges 1028:Öcalan 1013:Newton 973:Sartre 963:Guérin 958:Orwell 908:Korsch 903:Lukács 888:Keller 878:Rocker 823:Ferrer 778:Morris 773:Michel 748:Lavrov 738:Engels 723:Herzen 698:Leroux 630:Yellow 535:Market 510:Jewish 305:Models 10497:Užice 10432:Bihać 10392:Banat 10264:Gilan 10211:Syria 10181:China 10156:Burma 10130:Chile 10104:Sudan 10079:Libya 10054:Egypt 10039:Benin 9858:Italy 9848:India 9622:. In 9089:JSTOR 7730:JSTOR 7704:(PDF) 6346:Some 6336:class 6097:-led 6046:) or 6012:Many 5712:as a 4946:Congo 4941:China 4916:Benin 4776:China 4211:State 3655:Prodi 3645:Palme 3640:Nehru 3595:Lenin 3580:Lagos 3530:İnönü 3480:Ebert 3475:Drees 3440:Craxi 3435:Clark 3420:Brown 3405:Blanc 3400:Blair 3375:Bebel 2802:over 2792:Juche 2785:made 2783:Juche 2771:Juche 2766:Juche 2623:Italy 2494:Nepal 2490:India 2462:make 2414:state 2397:, or 2035:Local 1482:Songs 1456:Lists 1261:Palme 1111:Bebel 1101:Blanc 1063:Saito 1038:Žižek 1018:Wolff 953:James 938:Sacco 928:Serge 898:Volin 843:Gorky 833:Wells 828:Dewey 813:Wilde 798:Sorel 783:Jones 693:Cabet 663:Paine 610:State 600:Sewer 500:Guild 278:needs 133:Ideas 10445:1918 10410:1919 10216:Tuva 10196:Laos 10186:Iraq 10144:Asia 10120:Cuba 9957:Arab 9853:Iran 9588:ISBN 9517:2017 9504:ISBN 9466:ISBN 9436:ISBN 9406:ISBN 9379:ISBN 9357:2019 9187:ISBN 9162:ISBN 9137:ISBN 9112:ISBN 9048:ISBN 9020:ISBN 8995:ISBN 8970:ISBN 8941:ISBN 8860:ISBN 8826:ISBN 8768:ASIN 8700:2019 8557:ISBN 8484:2019 8439:ISBN 8333:2016 8276:2014 8263:ISBN 8261:–6. 8213:ISBN 8186:ISBN 8159:ISBN 8114:ISBN 8087:ISBN 8060:ISBN 8033:ISBN 8006:ISBN 7973:ISBN 7946:ISBN 7919:ISBN 7892:ISBN 7865:ISBN 7838:ISBN 7811:ISBN 7790:2006 7712:2018 7667:ISBN 7647:2015 7617:2015 7555:2019 7529:2019 7503:2019 7461:The 7390:2015 7365:ISBN 7301:ISBN 7272:ISBN 7253:2020 7178:ISBN 7151:ISBN 7127:ISBN 7097:ISBN 6997:2015 6959:OCLC 6949:ISBN 6919:OCLC 6909:ISBN 6873:ISBN 6847:OCLC 6837:ISBN 6593:ISBN 6551:ISBN 6530:all. 6519:ISBN 6487:ISBN 6224:and 6208:and 6180:nor 6113:and 6081:and 6016:and 5821:and 5668:and 5564:and 5532:and 5506:and 4993:Laos 4951:Cuba 4127:Foco 3690:Webb 3630:Marx 3575:Kirk 3465:Debs 3203:Left 2889:and 2845:and 2810:and 2798:and 2739:The 2728:and 2574:and 2504:and 2428:West 1276:Lula 1191:Nagy 1186:Tito 1151:Blum 1126:Debs 1106:Hong 1091:Roux 1043:West 998:Ward 983:Zinn 733:Marx 683:Owen 653:More 405:Arab 331:OGAS 9081:doi 9071:". 8868:doi 7998:doi 6991:(1) 6608:or 6589:289 5995:or 2942:of 2598:. 2527:or 2472:or 2405:or 1266:Che 1023:Ali 943:Day 703:Sue 10536:: 9677:. 9660:. 9582:. 9539:. 9519:. 9502:. 9500:52 9494:. 9336:65 9334:. 9330:. 9315:10 9313:. 9309:. 9224:. 9087:. 9077:11 9075:. 9028:. 8949:. 8919:. 8889:. 8866:. 8854:. 8834:. 8806:. 8719:. 8708:^ 8667:^ 8654:. 8650:. 8601:. 8597:. 8580:. 8576:. 8521:. 8508:^ 8420:. 8407:^ 8368:. 8352:. 8335:. 8323:. 8259:85 8235:. 8136:. 8004:. 7749:. 7714:. 7691:^ 7633:. 7603:. 7557:. 7546:. 7520:. 7494:. 7448:. 7405:. 7359:. 7295:. 7245:27 7243:. 7239:. 7165:^ 7112:^ 7082:^ 7073:. 7060:^ 7051:. 7038:^ 7025:. 7019:27 7017:. 7005:^ 6987:. 6983:. 6971:^ 6957:. 6931:^ 6917:. 6891:^ 6881:. 6859:^ 6845:. 6819:^ 6806:. 6802:. 6791:^ 6775:^ 6762:. 6745:^ 6736:. 6723:^ 6601:. 6591:. 6583:. 6569:^ 6559:. 6537:^ 6527:. 6505:^ 6495:. 6473:^ 6318:, 6314:, 6271:, 5901:. 5808:: 5740:, 5661:, 5655:, 5649:, 4041:on 4005:. 3915:, 2965:on 2693:. 2621:, 2617:, 2543:, 2523:, 2519:, 2508:. 2500:, 2496:, 2492:, 2488:, 2484:, 2480:, 2393:, 2389:A 54:on 9739:e 9732:t 9725:v 9594:. 9474:. 9444:. 9414:. 9387:. 9359:. 9195:. 9170:. 9145:. 9120:. 9095:. 9083:: 9056:. 9003:. 8978:. 8874:. 8870:: 8791:. 8774:. 8727:. 8702:. 8662:. 8637:. 8603:6 8582:2 8563:. 8486:. 8445:. 8278:. 8221:. 8194:. 8167:. 8122:. 8095:. 8068:. 8041:. 8014:. 8000:: 7981:. 7954:. 7927:. 7900:. 7873:. 7846:. 7819:. 7792:. 7736:. 7673:. 7649:. 7619:. 7588:. 7575:. 7531:. 7505:. 7479:. 7392:. 7309:. 7280:. 7255:. 7184:. 7159:. 7033:. 6999:. 6989:9 6965:. 6925:. 6853:. 6770:. 5960:. 5937:. 5666:, 5485:e 5478:t 5471:v 3900:e 3893:t 3886:v 3814:" 3810:" 2917:/ 2378:e 2371:t 2364:v 1755:) 1751:( 1617:) 1613:( 1558:e 1551:t 1544:v 1508:) 1504:( 276:/ 42:. 20:)

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