1310:(PPO), another nineteen had only one PPO in each district, and in the remaining twenty-one the party, while better organized, remained ineffective. Despite this, in the period 1982 to 1987 the PDPA did witness an organizational growth; witnessing a growth of PPOs form 443 to 1,331. However, the main problem facing the party was that it was not organized in the small villages scattering Afghanistan; out of an estimated 25,000 villages which existed in Afghanistan, the party was organized in an estimated 2,000. Another daunting problem was that the central party leadership had little contact with lower-level organizations in the provinces or, in general, with the people. In 1987, during Najibullah's rule, village-level party secretaries were appointed to the Central Committee in a bid to strengthen central-local contact. Concurrently, a threefold increase in visits by central party personnel to the provinces occurred, in another bid to strengthen the party's contact with the PDPA's lower-level and non-members alike.
1371:, the vast majority of members either had "graduates of junior colleges or colleges", with many of them either being students or working in the public sector. After the 1973 coup, the Khalqist began recruiting members amongst the Officers Corps, which was proven successful by the takeover of 1978. However, in the aftermath of the coup, membership decreased notably (probably because of the increasing authoritarian policies of the government). By 1979, only the most blatant opportunists would be willing to join the party; the party was at its nadir. After the Soviet intervention, the Soviets forced the PDPA to recruit more members; in 1981 the probationary period for a new member was reduced from one year to six months, and to join a person needed fewer party sponsors. The 1981–83 recruitment drive increased party membership; the majority of the new members worked either in state-owned enterprises, the military. The main problem was that most of these new recruits were "functional
1200:'s ascension to power 25 members were either executed or purged on his orders (76% of the members). He reinstated 14 members (including himself), who had been purged by either Taraki or Amin, appointed 15 newcomers and retained 7 Amin appointees. The Central Committee now contained 36 members. A year later, in June 1981, 10 new members were appointed to the Central Committee (the body now containing a record high 46 members), in a bid to increase the representation of Parchamites. Two years later, in 1983, six more members were appointed, with the Central Committee now containing 52 full members and 27 candidate members. Of these 52 members, only three had held offices continuously through Taraki's, Amin's and Karmal's rule; they were
1351:, and the military. However, at the 1st PDPA Conference, Karmal claimed that the party had 62,820 ordinary and probationary members; this number was exaggerated. The conference reported a growth of 21,700 members since August 1981. From then until a party meeting in 1983, leading party officials claimed the party had between 63,000 and 70,000 members. Half of the members in 1982, were in the armed forces (which was dominated by the Khalqists). In August 1982, Karmal alleged that the PDPA had 20,000 members within the military, and said that "the army party organization forms the greatest part of the PDPA". Earlier that year, in March, Soviet sources stated that the largest concentration of PDPA members were to be found in
42:
346:
745:
351:
3984:
764:, is claimed to have been assassinated by the government and its associates. While the government rejected any claims of having assassinated him, the PDPA members apparently feared that Mohammad Daoud Khan was planning to exterminate them all. Shortly after a massive protest against the government during the funeral ceremonies of Khaibar, most of the leaders of PDPA were arrested by the government. With a number of Afghan military officers supporting the Khalq faction of the PDPA wing,
772:
1011:
3970:
4105:
1249:
from the Amin period were either executed or disappeared, and Karmal turned the
Politburo into a Parcham-dominated body. In the immediate aftermath of the Saur Revolution, there was "almost an even balance" between the Khalqist and the Parchamites in the body, but Khalqist representation was continuously increased under they formed a majority under Amin. The Politburo had one female member throughout its existence;
4120:
1142:
and education of women, which violated traditional customs, religious laws, and the balance of power between Kabul and the rural localities. The radical reform program, class-struggle, anti-imperialistic rhetoric, the signing of a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union, increased presence of Soviet advisers in the country, and support of countries like
1112:
however their ultimate goal was a revolution, and they were aware that it could only be accomplished through violence. The secret party constitution of 1965 called for "expanding and strengthening Afghan-Soviet friendly relations". A party history in 1976 stated, "The party struggles against imperialism, particularly
1333:(in which the government was in complete control) faced a similar problem; the party organization laying dormant. To solve this problem, the PDPA sought to improve the cadres' education by enrolling them to educational institutions within the PDPA, public universities or giving them educational opportunities in the
428:. The PDPA's secret constitution, which was adopted by the party during its founding congress in January 1965 but never publicly released to party cadres, described itself as "the vanguard of the working class and all laborers in Afghanistan" and defined its party ideology as "the practical experience of
1296:
The PDPA Central
Committee had several specialized commissions which handled day-to-day affairs. For instance, the party had the International Relations Commission, responsible for PDPA's relations with other parties, the Organization Commission, responsible for personnel appointments nationwide, and
720:
Both parties were consistently pro-Soviet. There are allegations that they accepted financial and other forms of aid from the Soviet embassy and intelligence organs. However, the
Soviets were close to King Zahir Shah and his cousin Daoud Khan—the first Afghan President—and it could have damaged their
1346:
The PDPA had 5,000 to 7,000 members upon taking power. However, author Bruce
Amstutz believes that PDPA membership probably stood at around 6,000 when Karmal took power. A little over a year later, the membership was estimated to stand between 10,000 and 15,000. By 1984, the party had between 20,000
1248:
Throughout its existence, the body usually had between 7 and 9 members. During Taraki's rule, 10 members had held seats in the PDPA Politburo, this was reduced to seven by Amin (only four members from the Taraki period were retained under Amin), and it was increased back to nine by Karmal. 6 members
787:
The regime of
President Daoud came to a violent end in the early morning hours of 28 April 1978, when military units from the Kabul military base loyal to the Khalq faction of the party stormed the Presidential Palace in Kabul. The coup was also strategically planned for this date because it was the
1375:", which in reality led to an overall decline in the quality of party members. In April 1981, 25–30% of members were "workers, farmers, soldiers, and other toilers"; this increased to 38% (both ordinary and probationary members) in 1982 and in 1983, according to Karmal, 28.4% were ordinary members.
1337:
or the Soviet Union. The Social
Science Institute of the PDPA had a capacity of 2,500 students, and by the end of the 1980s it had given degrees to over 10,000 individuals. Despite all this, the main problem facing the party was the unsafe conditions facing party members serving in the countryside;
684:
Karmal sought, unsuccessfully, to persuade the PDPA Central
Committee to censure Taraki's excessive radicalism. The vote, however, was close, and Taraki in turn tried to neutralize Karmal by appointing new members to the committee who were his own supporters. After this incident, Karmal offered his
1141:
within a secular state. Once in power, however, it became clear that the PDPA was dominated by an urban intelligentsia and lacked any real social base in the overwhelmingly rural and
Islamic communities of Afghanistan. The party launched a programme ranging from land redistribution to emancipation
830:
Once in power, the PDP embarked upon a program of rapid modernization centered on separation of Mosque and State, eradication of illiteracy (which at the time stood at 90%), land reform, emancipation of women, and abolition of feudal practices. A Soviet-style national flag replaced the traditional
985:
After the Soviet Union had leveled most of the villages south and east of Kabul, creating a massive humanitarian disaster, the demise of the PDPA continued with the rise of the
Mujahideen guerrillas, who were trained in Pakistani camps with US support. Between 1982 and 1992, the number of people
716:
The Soviet Union set in Moscow played a major role in the reconciliation of the Khalq faction led by Taraki and the
Parcham faction led by Karmal. In March 1977, a formal agreement on unity was achieved, and in July the two factions held their first joint conclave in a decade. Since the parties
1111:
From its inception in 1965 until at least 1984, the PDPA labeled themselves "national democratic", not communist; however, in its view of international relations, the PDPA was clearly pro-Soviet oriented. The party also publicly asserted that their desired changes could be achieved peacefully,
1125:
orientation", "an avowedly pro-Soviet socialist movement", or reformist "with a socialist bent". The PDPA's party constitution leaked in 1978 explicitly mentioned Marxism-Leninism as the future of Afghanistan and by the end of 1978, Amin declared the Saur revolution as the "continuation of
857:
These new reforms were not well received by the majority of the Afghan population, particularly in rural areas; many Afghans saw them as un-Islamic and as a forced approach to Western culture in Afghan society. Most of the government's new policies clashed directly with the traditional
1245:(CPSU). As in the CPSU, the Politburo was the main executive and legislative body of the PDPA when the congress, conference nor the Central Committee were in session. All decisions of the Politburo were implemented by the Secretariat, a body concurrently in session with the Politburo.
1305:
From 1982 onward, the PDPA experienced an organizational expansion into the countryside. For instance, in 1982 there existed 144 district and sub-district party committees, by mid-1984 it had increased to 205. Out of Afghanistan's fifty-five border districts, fifteen of them lacked a
1191:
In the period April 1978 – September 1979 the Central Committee contained 38 individuals, of these, 12 were either purged, imprisoned or executed on the orders of Taraki after the Saur Revolution. With Taraki's ouster and execution in 1979, another member was removed. During
818:
The divided PDPA succeeded the Daoud regime with a new government under the leadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki of the Khalq faction. In Kabul, the initial cabinet appeared to be carefully constructed to alternate ranking positions between Khalqis and Parchamis. Taraki was
1116:
and its ally, Maoism, and is fighting alongside our brother parties, foremost among them the Leninist party of the Soviet Union." In a 1978 party pamphlet, the PDPA described itself as a "vanguard of the working class" and General Secretary Taraki as an "experienced
459:
dogma and toed a militant revolutionary line, the Parchamis wanted to establish a "common front" with other left-wing parties. In July 1977, Khalq and Parcham factions re-merged into the PDPA after Soviet mediation, with the objective of preparing a coup against
792:, with Major Aslam Watanjar commanding the tank units. With the help of the Afghan air force led by Colonel Abdul Qadir, the insurgent troops overcame the resistance of the Presidential Guard, assassinated Daoud, and killed most members of his family.
779:
On the eve of the coup, the Afghan police did not send Amin to immediate imprisonment, as it did with the three Politburo members and Taraki on 25 April 1978. His imprisonment was postponed for five hours, during which time he was under
515:. Initially, the PDPA was highly represented in the government cabinet, but many PDPA officials were later dismissed as relations between the party and President Daoud Khan worsened. In 1978 the PDPA, with help from members of the
4026:
700:. In 1973 the PDPA assisted Mohammed Daoud Khan with a seizure of power from Zahir Shah in a nearly bloodless military coup. After Daoud had seized power, he established Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan. After the coup, the
4943:
2122:
1362:
While the membership increase did make the PDPA look more powerful than it really was, the increase was concurrently followed with increased indiscipline amongst members (a majority joined because of sheer
448:". PDPA's public platform document published in April 1966 asserted that its political objectives involved the creation of a "democratic national government" as well as the long-term goal of establishing a
1253:. Unlike the Soviet practices the PDPA did not publish the list of Politburo members according to rank, but rather by alphabetical order. There is one exception however, and it was published in the book
673:
from the rural areas in the country. The Parchams supporters mostly came from urban citizens who supported social-economic reforms in the country. The Khalqs accused the Parchams of allegiance to King
3618:
4021:
685:
resignation, which was accepted by the Politburo. Although the split of the PDPA in 1967 into two groups was never publicly announced, Karmal brought with him less than half the members of the
590:, since secularist and anti-monarchist parties were illegal. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) was officially formed at the unity congress of the different factions of the
4746:
4011:
1317:, rather than the places they were responsible for. Of the 10,000 mid-level cadres in the mid-1980s, 5,000 of them resided in Kabul. For instance, in the period 1982–83 the governor of
1338:
for instance, when the Ghazni Provincial Committee convened for a meeting the participants had to wait for three months to get home (waiting for an armoured column and a helicopter).
2166:
3255:
1018:
The Soviet troop withdrawal in late 1989 changed the political structure that had enabled the PDPA to stay in power all those years. Inner collapse of the government started when
591:
955:
Additionally, some Afghan soldiers who had fought for the socialist government began to defect or leave the army. In May 1986, Karmal was replaced as party general secretary by
862:, making religion one of the only forces capable of unifying the tribally and ethnically divided population against the unpopular new government, and ushering in the advent of
2941:
1359:(with an estimated 1,000 members). In 1983, Karmal claimed that party membership had grown 35% to 90,000, the following year it had allegedly grown 33% to 120,000 members.
4064:
3032:"Interim Leader Agrees to a Rebel-Led Afghanistan : Asia: The acting president pleads for peace. He says new government must represent all factions of the guerrillas"
1236:
4780:
4160:
2091:
2114:
929:
According to photographic evidence, the PDPA established its own tea brand which would be handed out to government employees, contractors and factory workers under
3622:
1205:
1802:
939:
Moscow came to regard Karmal as a failure and blamed him for the problems. Years later, when Karmal's inability to consolidate his government had become obvious,
850:– were banned, and the minimum age of marriage was raised. The government stressed education for both women and men, and launched an ambitious literacy campaign.
1325:
withdrew their troops from the area during those months. Another problem, in Faryab province the PDPA was inactive and the majority of the locals believed that
1209:
5136:
2914:
4379:
3901:
2692:
2624:
2844:
1347:
and 40,000 members (this figure included both ordinary and probationary members), as a result of concerted membership drives in government institutions,
4478:
3791:
936:
The Khalq-Parcham rivalry remained in place. Clashes between members often resulted in fatalities, with rival gangs of each side firing at each other.
598:, elected Taraki as the first party Secretary General and Karmal as Deputy Secretary General, and chose a five-member Central Committee (also called a
892:
Despite accusations and predictions by conservative elements, a year and a half after the coup no restrictions had been placed on religious practice.
5226:
5201:
4084:
227:
5221:
4639:
1052:. All support for the government stopped. In April 1992, the PDPA regime in Afghanistan collapsed after the sudden change of allegiance of General
2474:
1037:. The coup failed and Tanai was forced to flee the country. Najibullah still hung on to the presidency, so in June 1990 he renamed the party the
951:
The main reason that there has been no national consolidation so far is that Comrade Karmal is hoping to continue sitting in Kabul with our help.
724:
Taraki and Karmal maintained close contact with the Soviet Embassy and its personnel in Kabul, and it appears that Soviet Military Intelligence (
535:
talks in 1987, the official name of the country reverted to the "Republic of Afghanistan" (as it was known before 1978). Under the leadership of
5211:
5196:
4759:
4223:
4153:
2321:
3486:
3009:
1509:
1137:, PDPA general secretary Taraki stated that the PDPA were nationalists and revolutionaries but not communists, and declared a commitment to
788:
day before Friday, the Muslim day of worship, and most military commanders and government workers were off duty. Tanks were utilized in the
5171:
4016:
1384:
215:
4069:
5206:
5146:
4736:
4384:
4307:
4287:
4228:
583:
3600:
3247:
2448:
2374:
2231:
2027:
1967:
5161:
3883:
2710:
2299:
1912:
5156:
5141:
4581:
4516:
4252:
4146:
824:
726:
2937:
2670:
1822:
5056:
4553:
4332:
4277:
4169:
366:
4992:
4974:
4353:
2602:
512:
20:
1077:
5151:
4471:
4267:
2815:
1803:
https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2015/PSA%202015%20-%20Paper%20-%20Darren%20Atkinson%20-%20Otago.pdf
996:, but continued to provide military assistance worth billions of dollars to the PDPA regime until the USSR's collapse in 1991.
2406:
1196:'s short rule, September–December 1979, the Central Committee had at most 33 members, 12 of which were appointed by him. Upon
5166:
5025:
4804:
4322:
3918:
3739:
3586:
3562:
3528:
3366:
3344:
3299:
3231:
3131:
3092:
2753:
2503:
2160:
1573:
980:
960:
532:
1878:
1034:
4978:
4292:
3828:
1848:
1402:
1027:
3190:
Killing Hope. U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. (Chapter 53: Afghanistan 1979–1992: America's Jihad)
2087:
5011:
4824:
4799:
4348:
4079:
2645:
2260:
2192:
2150:
1242:
944:
801:
697:
607:
5062:
4863:
4502:
4006:
3945:
3929:
3837:
3198:
1241:
The Politburo and Secretariat were elected by a plenum of the Central Committee, exactly as how it was done within the
993:
813:
797:
528:
488:
stage" of Marxist transformation. In its final years, the party gradually moved away from Marxism–Leninism and towards
403:
399:
180:
1872:"Islamists, Leftists – and a Void in the Center. Afghanistan's Political Parties and where they come from (1902–2006)"
784:. He gave instructions to the Khalqi military officers through his family before being sent to jail on 26 April 1978.
669:. These new divisions started because of ideological and economic reasons. Most of Khalqs supporters came from ethnic
4833:
4714:
4667:
4612:
4464:
4302:
4262:
4124:
3670:
3651:
3167:
3003:
2788:
2538:
2442:
2368:
2293:
2225:
2021:
1961:
1475:
1023:
693:
406:, albeit both before the party was fully legal. For most of its existence, the party was split between the hardline
4728:
4561:
4282:
3951:
1005:
309:
2910:
2567:
4914:
4708:
4327:
4317:
4312:
4195:
2875:
1049:
1982:
1927:
889:. Estimates for the number executed at the prison, between April 1978 and December 1979, are as high as 27,000.
5216:
4848:
4790:
4530:
4420:
4177:
3796:
3762:
3716:
3693:
3074:
721:
relations. There are no facts proving that the Soviets provided financial help to either Khalqis or Parchamis.
2848:
1398:
was formed, which made attempts to register the old name of the PDPA, but the party was refused registration.
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
4922:
4750:
4547:
4272:
4074:
2963:
2343:
2065:
820:
563:
and took over the country's government. The PDPA was subsequently dissolved, with some officials joining the
555:) and much of the party's symbols and policies were altered or removed. The republic lasted until 1992, when
500:
455:
The Khalq-Parcham organizational split erupted within the PDPA in 1967. While the Khalqists adhered to rigid
4936:
3108:
Magnus, Ralph (1988). "The PDPA Regime in Afghanistan". In Chelkowski, Peter J.; Pranger, Robert J. (eds.).
1329:, the president which the communists overthrew in 1978, was still ruling the country. Another case, that of
1088:, the first PDPA General Secretary in 1978, had worked and studied in India in 1932, had met members of the
508:
4953:
4839:
4604:
4031:
564:
485:
441:
304:
245:
41:
4904:
4854:
4619:
1352:
1100:, the second PDPA General Secretary, had seen his leftist beliefs strengthened during his studies in the
987:
345:
4456:
2470:
5047:
5019:
4968:
4895:
4522:
4440:
4358:
3913:
3754:
3482:
3031:
1501:
1395:
1307:
1080:). The thousands of Afghan academic students and military trainees in the USSR were compelled to study
5082:
4674:
4567:
4089:
2711:"The Sickle and the Minaret: Communist Successor Parties in Yemen and Afghanistan after the Cold War"
2396:
Yury V. Bosin (2009). "Afghanistan, 1978 Revolution and Islamic Civil War". In Immanuel Ness (ed.).
4928:
4910:
3821:
3601:"The Ghost of Najibullah: Hezb-e Watan announces (another) relaunch – Afghanistan Analysts Network"
3248:"The Ghost of Najibullah: Hezb-e Watan announces (another) relaunch – Afghanistan Analysts Network"
2780:
1150:
led to the international media and domestic opponents giving the label of "communist" to the PDPA.
1089:
618:
371:
2993:
922:
becoming the new Afghan leader and General Secretary of the PDPA, and marked the beginning of the
5097:
4699:
4658:
4445:
4240:
3889:
361:
263:
2434:
The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers
4996:
3854:
1348:
964:
617:. Eventually, the PDPA was able to get three of its members into parliament, in the first free
3082:
2432:
2358:
2215:
2011:
1951:
19:"Communist Party of Afghanistan" redirects here. For the communist party founded in 2004, see
4297:
4203:
3934:
3872:
3221:
3115:
2283:
976:
477:
425:
288:
2718:
2577:
1904:
1313:
A major problem throughout PDPA's rule was that the majority of mid-level cadres resided in
629:. Later on, Taraki established the first radical newspaper in Afghan history under the name
4598:
4245:
4109:
3924:
3801:
1992:
1937:
1118:
1113:
1081:
1042:
886:
859:
744:
469:
456:
429:
391:
258:
3779:
1060:
agreed on 22 April 1992 to a rebel-led state. The party was banned on May 6, 1992, by the
8:
4208:
3877:
3867:
3814:
3682:
Chinese Marxism in Flux, 1978–84: Essays on Epistemology, Ideology, and Political Economy
1814:
1505:
1368:
1326:
1279:
1261:
1153:
1085:
1053:
1019:
956:
907:
901:
708:
in January 1977. The new constitution alienated Daoud from many of his political allies.
674:
575:
536:
524:
504:
496:
461:
133:
111:
93:
1692:
885:
The new government launched a campaign of repression, which killed thousands, mostly at
869:
The first signs of a rebellion appeared on 20 July 1978 in the far eastern provinces of
4765:
3975:
3137:
1749:
1651:
1552:
1330:
1201:
1127:
692:
As a result of the internal strife within the party, the party's representation in the
489:
484:-dominated PDPA claimed that its government was facilitating what it described as the "
473:
273:
578:
started his political career as an Afghan journalist. On 1 January 1965, Taraki, with
4959:
3907:
3806:
3758:
3735:
3731:
3712:
3689:
3666:
3647:
3227:
3194:
3163:
3141:
3127:
3088:
3036:
2999:
2784:
2759:
2749:
2686:
2618:
2534:
2527:
2438:
2364:
2337:
2289:
2221:
2156:
2017:
1957:
1257:(published after the 6th Plenary Session of the 1st Central Committee in June 1981).
1057:
940:
923:
686:
556:
278:
2812:
789:
635:; the newspaper was eventually forced to stop publishing by the government in 1966.
4374:
4138:
3989:
3119:
3078:
2397:
1741:
1643:
1544:
1356:
1250:
1084:
and the international communist movement; some of them converted to that ideology.
761:
622:
283:
3641:
2605:. En.convdocs.org. 4 November 1978. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013
2499:
4435:
4257:
3939:
3861:
3188:
2819:
1871:
1424:
1318:
1267:
1193:
1134:
1097:
1061:
1030:
847:
793:
765:
739:
705:
613:
The PDPA was known in Afghan society at that time as having strong ties with the
520:
449:
222:
99:
1953:
Not Working: Latina Immigrants, Low-wage Jobs, and the Failure of Welfare Reform
1844:
4057:
3956:
3895:
1745:
1647:
1548:
874:
800:, and Qadir assumed the control of the country from 27 to 30 April 1978 as the
3123:
2641:
2256:
2188:
1905:"Is misery Afghanistan's destiny?: The story of Afghanistan's Saur Revolution"
653:
In 1967 the party divided into several political sects, the biggest being the
5130:
5033:
4773:
4415:
4403:
4213:
2763:
2706:
1437:
1273:
1197:
1105:
1101:
1056:
following President Najibullah's resignation. Post-Najibullah interim leader
919:
915:
626:
579:
350:
128:
105:
3109:
2742:
1255:
Handbook for Party Activists of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
1121:". These descriptions led Western authors to label PDPA as either of "clear
918:
and killed PDPA general secretary Hafizullah Amin. The death of Amin led to
771:
5102:
5005:
4722:
4575:
4235:
4218:
3665:. Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA: Hoover University Press.
2525:
Bradsher, Henry St. Amant; Zeckhauser, Richard F.; Leebaert, Derek (1983).
1334:
1073:
959:, and six months later he was relieved of the presidency. His successor as
781:
662:
614:
422:
823:, Babrak Karmal was senior Deputy Prime Minister, and Hafizullah Amin was
768:
stayed out of prison long enough to organize an uprising with the group.
398:
established on 1 January 1965. Four members of the party won seats in the
5107:
4986:
4887:
4486:
4047:
3708:
3685:
3223:
Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan
1364:
1147:
1010:
843:
749:
516:
395:
1753:
1729:
1655:
1631:
1556:
1532:
681:, was tolerated by the king and published from March 1968 to July 1969.
4632:
4408:
1372:
1322:
1108:(the third PDPA General Secretary) were Soviet agents since the 1950s.
851:
701:
210:
2871:
1297:
the Defense and Judicial Commission, responsible for military policy.
421:
The party adhered to Marxist–Leninist ideology and toed a staunch pro-
5092:
2324:. Robinsonlibrary.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013
2214:
Saikal, Amin; Farhadi, Ravan; Nourzhanov, Kirill (28 November 2006).
1093:
717:
division in 1967 both sides had held contact with Soviet government.
666:
631:
599:
445:
437:
253:
2673:. Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009
4589:
3705:
Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate
2967:
2778:
Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
1730:"Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979"
1632:"Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979"
1533:"Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979"
1076:
had strongly influenced Afghan politics, economy and military (see
911:
870:
863:
670:
436:
terminology, the party refrained from formally branding itself as "
2801:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
2061:
594:
on 1 January 1965. Twenty-seven men gathered at Taraki's house in
5087:
5039:
4870:
4397:
4185:
4042:
1122:
930:
757:
658:
648:
481:
433:
414:
854:
was abolished, and men were encouraged to cut off their beards.
3619:"Afghan Biographies – Olumi, Noorulhaq Noor ul Haq Olomi Ulumi"
1697:
1230:
835:
704:
approved Daoud's new constitution, establishing a presidential
603:
332:
49:
1784:
1321:
only visited the province during the winter months, since the
468:
rule from 1978 to 1979, PDPA portrayed itself as advancing a "
418:
factions, each of which claimed to represent the "true" PDPA.
4650:
4393:
4052:
1815:"Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: II. Historical Background"
1405:, which sought to unite former PDPA members, was registered.
1314:
1138:
1022:
withdrew his support for the government. Later in March 1990
839:
654:
644:
595:
560:
465:
408:
176:
3378:
3376:
1613:
1611:
5117:
An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism
5114:
Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state
4816:
4781:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
4742:
4691:
4537:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
1143:
967:. Karmal then moved (or, allegedly, was exiled) to Moscow.
519:, seized power from Daoud Khan in what became known as the
432:". While PDPA's internal documents incorporated explicitly
64:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
2524:
730:– GRU) assisted Khalq's recruitment of military officers.
3373:
2822:
1608:
1237:
Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
752:
in Kabul, the day after Saur revolution on 28 April 1978.
328:
3593:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3356:
3354:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3044:
1596:
3463:
3442:
3419:
3400:
3313:
3311:
3309:
2213:
1760:
480:
launched by Soviet military forces in December 1979, a
3836:
3643:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
2671:"Women in Afghanistan: Pawns in men's power struggles"
2518:
2217:
Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival
4487:
Current and former ruling parties of communist states
3569:
3535:
3501:
3351:
3323:
3270:
2115:"Man in the News; A Tough Ox For Afghans: Najibullah"
1772:
1674:
1662:
1286:
4944:
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe
4380:
Liberation Organization of the People of Afghanistan
4168:
3965:
3663:
Afghanistan's two-party communism: Parcham and Khalq
3388:
3306:
2583:
2500:"World: Analysis Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed"
2399:
International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
1709:
1584:
1045:
ideology that had been held previously by the PDPA.
990:(ISI) agency to join the insurgency topped 100,000.
3728:
War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992
1949:
1130:", leaving no doubts about the PDPA's orientation.
2741:
2526:
2042:
550:
3802:The Constitution of the People's Democratic Party
2564:Durham: Duke Press Policy Studies, 1983. p. 72-73
2207:
1950:Marchevsky, Alejandra; Theoharis, Jeanne (2006).
5128:
4640:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde
3751:The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism, 1976–1992
2834:The Economist (London), 11 September 1979, p.44.
2691:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2623:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1378:
586:. In the beginning the party ran under the name
3084:The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World
3073:
2966:. Broadleft.org. 1 October 2006. Archived from
2715:The Middle East Review of International Affairs
2636:
2634:
2322:"King Mohammed Zahir Shah and the Soviet Union"
2285:Afghanistan, the Soviet Invasion in Perspective
2152:Afghanistan, the Soviet invasion in perspective
567:, some joining militias, and others deserting.
4538:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
4085:Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan
2987:
2985:
2803:, New York, Vintage Departures, (2001), p. 115
2148:
1225:
1215:
756:In 1978 a prominent member of the PDPA on the
228:Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan
4472:
4154:
3822:
3153:
3151:
2837:
2705:
2395:
696:decreased from four to only two seats in the
16:Ruling party of Afghanistan from 1978 to 1992
3680:McCarthy, Greg (1985). Brugger, Bill (ed.).
3226:. Oxford University Press. pp. 19, 44.
2631:
1385:Democratic Youth Organization of Afghanistan
1300:
1231:General Secretary, Politburo and Secretariat
621:; these three parliamentarians were Karmal,
216:Democratic Youth Organisation of Afghanistan
55:
4385:National Revolutionary Party of Afghanistan
4308:Progressive Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4288:National Solidarity Movement of Afghanistan
4229:National Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan
4224:People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan
3087:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 386–388.
2982:
2112:
2016:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106.
775:The day after the Saur revolution in Kabul.
440:" in public, instead using labels such as "
4479:
4465:
4161:
4147:
3829:
3815:
3585:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3561:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3527:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3365:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3343:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3298:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3148:
2869:
2665:
2663:
2473:. Red-army-afghan-war.blogspot.com. 2011.
2424:
2363:Global Vision Publishing Ho. p. 109.
2356:
2350:
2275:
2257:"Daoud's Republic, July 1973 – April 1978"
2088:"The Splinter of Afghanistan's Communists"
2005:
2003:
2001:
1956:. New York University Press. p. 386.
970:
802:Head of the Military Revolutionary Council
544:
70:
40:
4253:Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan
3725:
3483:"Internal Refugees: Flight to the Cities"
3469:
3457:
3436:
3413:
2991:
2903:
2748:. Harvard University Press. p. 138.
1869:
1502:"Internal Refugees: Flight to the Cities"
5227:Defunct political parties in Afghanistan
5202:Political parties disestablished in 1992
5137:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4509:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4390:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4333:National Solidarity Party of Afghanistan
4278:National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
3702:
3679:
3160:Afghanistan: The Soviet Union's Last War
3157:
2405:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 13–15.
2251:
2249:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1009:
798:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA)
770:
743:
584:Democratic People's Party of Afghanistan
464:'s regime. During the initial period of
384:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
33:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4620:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
4354:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
3639:
3580:
3556:
3522:
3485:. Library of Congress Country Studies.
3360:
3338:
3293:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3061:
2900:. University of California Press, 1997.
2660:
2573:
1998:
1988:
1933:
1778:
1680:
1602:
1590:
1494:
1446:Hezb-e dimūkrātĩk-e khalq-e Afghānistān
1433:Da Afghanistān da khalq dimukrātīk gund
1355:(with an estimated 600 members) and at
834:Traditional practices that were deemed
606:by the International Department of the
472:" in Afghanistan. After the ouster and
21:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
5129:
4855:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
4268:National Congress Party of Afghanistan
3660:
3394:
3382:
3317:
3107:
2992:Vogelsang, Willem (28 November 2001).
2847:(in Russian). VPK News. Archived from
2589:
2494:
2492:
2430:
2281:
2090:. Newscentralasia.net. 19 April 2012.
2048:
2009:
1790:
1766:
1715:
1703:
1668:
1617:
1568:
1566:
727:Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye
5212:1992 disestablishments in Afghanistan
5197:Political parties established in 1965
4960:Seychelles People's Progressive Front
4554:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
4460:
4323:National Islamic Front of Afghanistan
4142:
3810:
3797:The future and legacy of PDPA members
3489:from the original on 12 December 2012
3219:
3111:Ideology and Power in the Middle East
2944:from the original on 24 December 2013
2863:
2739:
2733:
2699:
2412:from the original on 24 December 2013
2246:
2137:
2094:from the original on 21 December 2013
2068:from the original on 20 December 2013
1863:
1851:from the original on 29 December 2013
1512:from the original on 12 December 2012
1291:
981:National Reconciliation (Afghanistan)
698:Afghan parliamentary election in 1969
4979:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
4293:National United Party of Afghanistan
3258:from the original on 12 January 2018
3186:
3175:
2935:
2648:from the original on 3 November 2016
2506:from the original on 16 October 2009
2106:
1943:
1902:
1727:
1629:
1530:
1441:
1403:National United Party of Afghanistan
1186:
638:
545:
71:
5222:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
5172:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
5012:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4840:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution
4349:Afghanistan Liberation Organization
4119:
3748:
2744:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
2489:
2357:Agwan, A. R.; Singh, N. K. (2008).
2169:from the original on 3 October 2011
1825:from the original on 6 January 2019
1563:
1428:
1243:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1212:(often referred to as a Khalqist).
1078:Soviet–Afghan relations before 1979
608:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
539:in 1990, the party was renamed the
531:which would last until 1987. After
495:While a minority, the party helped
56:
13:
5207:1965 establishments in Afghanistan
5147:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
5063:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
5026:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
4805:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
3839:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
3773:
2878:from the original on 22 April 2009
2471:"Storming the Presidential Palace"
2263:from the original on 7 August 2011
2195:from the original on 7 August 2011
2125:from the original on 23 April 2009
1915:from the original on 16 March 2013
1884:from the original on 27 March 2009
1287:Supervisory and Control Commission
1028:Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces
866:participation in Afghan politics.
814:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
733:
529:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
400:1965 Afghan parliamentary election
14:
5238:
5162:Formerly ruling communist parties
4715:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
4303:Pashtoons Social Democratic Party
4263:National Coalition of Afghanistan
3785:
3640:Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994).
3162:, Frank Cass, London, p. 6,
3012:from the original on 30 June 2014
2917:from the original on 5 March 2008
2562:Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.
2451:from the original on 30 June 2014
2377:from the original on 30 June 2014
2302:from the original on 30 June 2014
2234:from the original on 30 June 2014
2030:from the original on 30 June 2014
1970:from the original on 30 June 2014
1728:Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986).
1630:Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986).
1531:Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986).
1476:"Миссия в Кабул. Секретный полет"
999:
994:The Soviet Union withdrew in 1989
711:
5157:Political history of Afghanistan
5142:Communist parties in Afghanistan
4825:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
4800:Hungarian Working People's Party
4729:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
4283:National Movement of Afghanistan
4170:Political parties in Afghanistan
4118:
4104:
4103:
3982:
3968:
3792:The PDPA and the Soviet invasion
2936:Coll, Steve (29 November 2012).
2529:Afghanistan and the Soviet Union
2477:from the original on 8 June 2013
1642:(3). Sage Publishing: 336, 337.
1543:(3). Sage Publishing: 336, 337.
1429:د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند
943:, then General Secretary of the
349:
344:
310:Union of Left-Democratic Parties
57:د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند
4328:Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
4313:Solidarity Party of Afghanistan
4196:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
3780:Party Platform and Constitution
3611:
3475:
3240:
3213:
3101:
3067:
3024:
2956:
2929:
2913:(in Persian). BBC News Persia.
2911:"Interviews with Babrak Karmal"
2890:
2828:
2806:
2793:
2770:
2595:
2554:
2463:
2389:
2314:
2181:
2113:John Kifner (2 December 1987).
2080:
2054:
1903:Khan, Lal (13 September 2010).
1896:
1837:
1807:
1796:
1721:
1686:
1367:). Before the 1973 coup led by
1163:
895:
4421:Progressive Youth Organization
4178:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
2717:. IDC Herzliya. Archived from
2437:. PublicAffairs. p. 119.
1623:
1524:
1468:
1415:
1104:in the late 1950s. Taraki and
807:
706:one-party system of government
592:Socialist Party of Afghanistan
1:
5152:Modern history of Afghanistan
4975:Supreme Revolutionary Council
4273:National Front of Afghanistan
4017:Democratic Youth Organisation
3873:Soviet control and deployment
3732:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
2220:. I. B. Tauris. p. 181.
1457:
1379:Democratic Youth Organization
1341:
1181:
880:
860:Afghan understanding of Islam
677:because their newspaper, the
501:Prime Minister of Afghanistan
5167:Parties of one-party systems
4915:Polish United Workers' Party
4605:Communist Party of Kampuchea
3605:www.afghanistan-analysts.org
3252:www.afghanistan-analysts.org
2603:"Women's Rights in the PDPA"
2288:. Hoover Press. p. 51.
2149:Anthony Arnold (June 1985).
2010:Runion, Meredith L. (2007).
1462:
1389:
1092:there, and had converted to
1006:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
588:People's Democratic Tendency
551:
7:
3726:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000).
1877:. Konrad Adenauer Siftung.
1740:(3). Sage Publishing: 339.
1442:حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان
1353:Kabul Polytechnic Institute
1226:Central Committee apparatus
1216:Central Auditing Commission
1168:
1160:in 2004 and again in 2017.
1135:April 1978 PDPA coup d'état
1067:
988:Inter-Services Intelligence
910:, the Soviet special force
796:renamed the country to the
619:elections in Afghan history
72:حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان
10:
5243:
5048:Communist Party of Vietnam
4751:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
4582:African Independence Party
4523:Party of Labour of Albania
4441:Lists of political parties
4359:Watan Party of Afghanistan
3755:Princeton University Press
3632:
2874:(in Russian). Specnaz.ru.
2064:(in Russian). Lib.rus.ec.
2062:"The Setami Milli Faction"
2013:The History of Afghanistan
1746:10.1177/0095327X8601200301
1734:Armed Forces & Society
1648:10.1177/0095327X8601200301
1636:Armed Forces & Society
1549:10.1177/0095327X8601200301
1537:Armed Forces & Society
1396:Watan Party of Afghanistan
1382:
1308:primary party organization
1234:
1220:
1033:tried to seize power in a
1003:
974:
899:
811:
737:
642:
570:
559:rebels seized the capital
474:killing of Hafizullah Amin
402:, reduced to two seats in
18:
5083:List of communist parties
5078:
5055:
5032:
5018:
5004:
4993:National Liberation Front
4985:
4967:
4952:
4935:
4921:
4903:
4885:
4862:
4847:
4832:
4814:
4789:
4772:
4758:
4735:
4721:
4707:
4689:
4675:Congolese Party of Labour
4666:
4648:
4631:
4611:
4597:
4588:
4574:
4568:Bulgarian Communist Party
4560:
4546:
4529:
4515:
4501:
4492:
4431:
4367:
4341:
4194:
4176:
4098:
4037:People's Democratic Party
3999:
3963:
3902:Afghan Airlines shootdown
3846:
3703:Fewsmith, Joseph (1997).
3220:Leake, Elisabeth (2022).
3124:10.1515/9780822381501-014
2533:. Duke University Press.
2342:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1845:"Babrak Karmal Biography"
1706:, pp. xii, 137, 148.
1301:Lower-level organizations
1014:Emblem of the Watan Party
602:). Taraki was invited to
357:
343:
338:
318:
297:
244:
233:
221:
209:
186:
172:
157:
142:
121:
86:
78:
63:
48:
39:
30:
4929:Romanian Communist Party
3661:Arnold, Anthony (1983).
3193:, Common Courage Press,
2964:"Homeland Party-Current"
2781:Cornell University Press
2282:Arnold, Anthony (1985).
1847:. Afghanland.com. 2000.
1793:, pp. 104–108, 133.
1408:
1128:Great October Revolution
1090:Communist Party of India
1041:. The party dropped the
986:recruited by Pakistan's
610:(CPSU) later that year.
146:1 January 1965
4896:Workers' Party of Korea
4700:Communist Party of Cuba
4659:Chinese Communist Party
4446:Politics of Afghanistan
4241:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
3919:National Reconciliation
3158:Galeotti, Mark (1995),
2813:Kabul's prison of death
2776:Benjamin A. Valentino.
1349:state-owned enterprises
971:National reconciliation
831:black, red, and green.
533:National Reconciliation
513:Republic of Afghanistan
362:Politics of Afghanistan
264:Revolutionary socialism
4997:Yemeni Socialist Party
3930:Parliamentary election
3187:Blum, William (2004),
2845:"Article on Storm-333"
2740:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
2502:. BBC. 26 April 1998.
2431:Tomsen, Peter (2011).
1206:Mohammed Ismail Danesh
1015:
965:Haji Mohammad Chamkani
953:
776:
753:
4937:São Tomé and Príncipe
4911:Polish Workers' Party
4298:New Afghanistan Party
4080:Revolutionary Council
3878:Assassination of Amin
3116:Duke University Press
2644:. Countrystudies.us.
2191:. Countrystudies.us.
1235:Further information:
1013:
949:
774:
747:
289:Left-wing nationalism
5192:1990s in Afghanistan
5187:1980s in Afghanistan
5182:1970s in Afghanistan
5177:1960s in Afghanistan
4246:Hezb-i Islami Khalis
4007:Council of Ministers
3952:Civil War: 1989–1992
3925:Battle for Hill 3234
3646:. DIANE Publishing.
3625:on 15 November 2013.
2998:. Wiley. p. 1.
2938:"Tanai Coup Attempt"
1620:, pp. xii, 149.
1578:publishing.cdlib.org
1210:Saleh Mohammad Zeary
1114:American imperialism
887:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
748:Outside the gate of
517:Afghan National Army
470:socialist revolution
298:National affiliation
161:6 May 1992
4209:Afghan Mellat Party
4075:Heads of government
3914:Battle of Arghandab
3385:, pp. 179–180.
3075:Andrew, Christopher
2851:on 21 February 2009
2818:5 June 2017 at the
2799:Kaplan, Robert D.,
2721:on 20 November 2011
2560:Bradsher, Henry S.
2259:. Country Studies.
1506:Library of Congress
1369:Mohammad Daoud Khan
1327:Mohammad Daoud Khan
1280:Mohammad Najibullah
1262:Nur Muhammad Taraki
1177:2nd Congress (1987)
1174:1st Congress (1967)
1086:Nur Muhammad Taraki
1054:Abdul Rashid Dostum
1020:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
957:Mohammad Najibullah
908:Operation Storm-333
906:In the 1979 Soviet
902:Operation Storm-333
760:side of the party,
675:Mohammed Zahir Shah
576:Nur Mohammad Taraki
537:Mohammad Najibullah
525:Nur Muhammad Taraki
505:Mohammad Zahir Shah
497:Mohammad Daoud Khan
486:national-democratic
442:national democratic
394:political party in
134:Nur Muhammad Taraki
112:Mohammad Najibullah
94:Nur Muhammad Taraki
87:General Secretaries
4766:New Jewel Movement
3976:Afghanistan portal
3890:Salang Tunnel fire
3254:. 21 August 2017.
2825:, 27 February 2006
2189:"Daoud's Republic"
2119:The New York Times
1756:– via JSTOR.
1658:– via JSTOR.
1559:– via JSTOR.
1480:Телеканал «Звезда»
1331:Nangrahar province
1292:Subordinate bodies
1202:Abdur Rashid Arian
1048:In 1991, the USSR
1016:
777:
754:
582:, established the
523:. The PDPA led by
511:and establish the
490:Afghan nationalism
274:Afghan nationalism
5217:Soviet–Afghan War
5124:
5123:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5068:
4879:
4878:
4683:
4682:
4627:
4626:
4454:
4453:
4318:Truth and Justice
4136:
4135:
4012:Central Committee
3946:Soviet withdrawal
3908:Battles of Zhawar
3749:Sun, Yat (1995).
3741:978-1-85065-396-7
3607:. 21 August 2017.
3233:978-0-19-884601-7
3133:978-0-8223-8150-1
3094:978-0-14-197798-0
3079:Mitrokhin, Vasili
3064:, pp. 31–36.
3037:Los Angeles Times
2940:. Newyorker.com.
2896:Kakar, Mohammad.
2755:978-0-674-01090-1
2162:978-0-8179-8212-6
1769:, pp. 52–56.
1605:, p. 32, 62.
1187:Central Committee
1058:Abdul Rahim Hatif
977:Soviet–Afghan War
941:Mikhail Gorbachev
924:Soviet-Afghan War
694:Afghan parliament
687:Central Committee
661:, as well as the
639:Khalq and Parcham
503:, overthrow King
380:
379:
367:Political parties
279:Islamic socialism
5234:
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4883:
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4457:
4375:Khuddamul Furqan
4204:Afghan Hezbollah
4163:
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3992:
3990:Communism portal
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3817:
3808:
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3768:
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3722:
3699:
3676:
3657:
3627:
3626:
3621:. Archived from
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3042:
3041:
3040:. 22 April 1992.
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2894:
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2887:
2885:
2883:
2870:A. Lyakhovskiy.
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2861:
2860:
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2856:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2783:, 2004. p. 219.
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2709:(2 March 2005).
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2155:. Hoover Press.
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1357:Kabul University
1251:Anahita Ratebzad
1119:Marxist–Leninist
1082:Marxism–Leninism
1072:Since 1919, the
1043:Marxist–Leninist
1024:Defense Minister
825:foreign minister
762:Mir Akbar Khyber
623:Anahita Ratebzad
554:
548:
547:
527:established the
457:Marxist–Leninist
430:Marxism–Leninism
392:Marxist–Leninist
353:
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327:
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284:Anti-imperialism
259:Marxism–Leninism
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4436:Portal:Politics
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4368:Defunct parties
4363:
4337:
4258:Jamiat-e Islami
4190:
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4090:Women's Council
3995:
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3969:
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3961:
3940:Operation Arrow
3862:Saur Revolution
3842:
3838:
3835:
3788:
3776:
3774:Further reading
3771:
3765:
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3118:. p. 278.
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1928:
1918:
1916:
1909:www.marxist.com
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
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1874:
1870:Thomas Ruttig.
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1319:Faryab province
1303:
1294:
1289:
1268:Hafizullah Amin
1239:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1194:Hafizullah Amin
1189:
1184:
1171:
1166:
1156:relaunched the
1098:Hafizullah Amin
1070:
1062:Jamiat-i Islami
1031:Shahnawaz Tanai
1008:
1002:
983:
975:Main articles:
973:
904:
898:
883:
848:forced marriage
816:
810:
794:Hafizullah Amin
766:Hafizullah Amin
742:
740:Saur Revolution
736:
734:Saur Revolution
714:
651:
643:Main articles:
641:
573:
521:Saur Revolution
450:socialist state
376:
325:
322:
314:
293:
235:
205:
164:
162:
149:
147:
138:
117:
100:Hafizullah Amin
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4709:Czechoslovakia
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4343:
4342:Banned parties
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4070:Heads of state
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4058:Settam-e-Melli
4055:
4050:
4045:
4034:
4032:National Front
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3979:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3957:Siege of Khost
3954:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3935:Geneva Accords
3932:
3927:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3896:Siege of Urgun
3892:
3886:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3868:Herat uprising
3864:
3858:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3786:External links
3784:
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3470:Giustozzi 2000
3462:
3458:Giustozzi 2000
3441:
3437:Giustozzi 2000
3418:
3414:Giustozzi 2000
3399:
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3200:978-1567512526
3199:
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3100:
3093:
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3004:
2981:
2970:on 14 May 2011
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2642:"Secular PDPA"
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1997:
1981:
1962:
1942:
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1895:
1862:
1836:
1806:
1795:
1783:
1781:, pp. 86.
1771:
1759:
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1708:
1696:
1685:
1673:
1671:, p. 149.
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1407:
1391:
1388:
1383:Main article:
1380:
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1066:
1039:Homeland Party
1004:Main article:
1001:
1000:Homeland Party
998:
972:
969:
900:Main article:
897:
894:
882:
879:
821:Prime Minister
812:Main article:
809:
806:
738:Main article:
735:
732:
713:
712:Reconciliation
710:
640:
637:
572:
569:
565:new government
541:Homeland Party
426:political line
378:
377:
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305:National Front
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15:
9:
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5064:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5034:North Vietnam
5031:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4774:Guinea-Bissau
4771:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4416:Shola-e Javid
4414:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:Sazman-i Nasr
4402:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Basej-e Milli
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4129:
4128:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3980:
3977:
3966:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3885:
3884:PIA hijacking
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3672:0-8179-7792-9
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3653:9780788111112
3649:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3583:, p. 83.
3582:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3564:
3559:, p. 82.
3558:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3530:
3525:, p. 81.
3524:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3472:, p. 39.
3471:
3466:
3460:, p. 38.
3459:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3439:, p. 37.
3438:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3416:, p. 36.
3415:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3397:, p. 71.
3396:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3363:, p. 67.
3362:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3341:, p. 65.
3340:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3320:, p. 62.
3319:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3296:, p. 64.
3295:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3216:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3169:0-7146-4567-2
3165:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3005:9780631198413
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2789:0-8014-3965-5
2786:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:John Ishiyama
2702:
2694:
2688:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2604:
2598:
2592:, p. 77.
2591:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2542:
2540:9780822304968
2536:
2531:
2530:
2521:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2444:9781586487812
2440:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2376:
2372:
2370:9788187746003
2366:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2323:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2295:9780817982126
2291:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2233:
2229:
2227:9781845113162
2223:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2029:
2025:
2023:9780313337987
2019:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1963:9780814757109
1959:
1955:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1718:, p. 38.
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1693:Article title
1689:
1683:, p. 34.
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1593:, p. 32.
1592:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1574:"Afghanistan"
1569:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1401:In 2003, the
1399:
1397:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1298:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:Babrak Karmal
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:Babrak Karmal
1195:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:Pro-Najibists
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1106:Babrak Karmal
1103:
1102:United States
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:military coup
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1007:
997:
995:
991:
989:
982:
978:
968:
966:
962:
961:head of state
958:
952:
948:
946:
942:
937:
934:
932:
927:
925:
921:
920:Babrak Karmal
917:
916:Tajbeg Palace
913:
909:
903:
893:
890:
888:
878:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
826:
822:
815:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
785:
783:
773:
769:
767:
763:
759:
751:
746:
741:
731:
729:
728:
722:
718:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
650:
646:
636:
634:
633:
628:
627:Nur Ahmed Nur
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:Babrak Karmal
577:
568:
566:
562:
558:
553:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
419:
417:
416:
412:and moderate
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
356:
352:
347:
342:
337:
334:
330:
321:
317:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
300:
296:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
232:
229:
226:
224:
220:
217:
214:
212:
208:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
160:
156:
145:
141:
135:
132:
130:
129:Babrak Karmal
127:
126:
124:
120:
113:
110:
107:
106:Babrak Karmal
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:
66:
62:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
29:
26:
22:
5103:Eastern Bloc
5046:
5038:
5006:Soviet Union
4894:
4886:
4869:
4823:
4815:
4723:East Germany
4698:
4690:
4673:
4657:
4649:
4576:Burkina Faso
4536:
4508:
4389:
4236:Hezbi Islami
4219:Hezbe Wahdat
4117:
4102:
4036:
4022:Constitution
3853:
3750:
3727:
3704:
3681:
3662:
3642:
3623:the original
3613:
3604:
3595:
3581:Amstutz 1984
3557:Amstutz 1984
3523:Amstutz 1984
3491:. Retrieved
3477:
3465:
3390:
3361:Amstutz 1984
3339:Amstutz 1984
3294:Amstutz 1984
3260:. Retrieved
3251:
3242:
3222:
3215:
3204:, retrieved
3189:
3159:
3110:
3103:
3083:
3069:
3062:Amstutz 1994
3035:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
2994:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:the original
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2905:
2897:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:the original
2839:
2830:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2777:
2772:
2743:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2719:the original
2714:
2701:
2675:. Retrieved
2650:. Retrieved
2607:. Retrieved
2597:
2585:
2574:Amstutz 1994
2569:
2561:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2528:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2479:. Retrieved
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2433:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2398:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2359:
2352:
2326:. Retrieved
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2284:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2236:. Retrieved
2216:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2151:
2127:. Retrieved
2118:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2056:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2012:
1989:Amstutz 1994
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1952:
1945:
1934:Amstutz 1994
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1908:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1798:
1786:
1779:Amstutz 1994
1774:
1762:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1688:
1681:Amstutz 1994
1676:
1664:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1603:Amstutz 1994
1598:
1591:Amstutz 1994
1586:
1577:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1482:(in Russian)
1479:
1470:
1445:
1432:
1417:
1400:
1393:
1361:
1345:
1335:Eastern Bloc
1312:
1304:
1295:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1190:
1164:Organization
1158:Hezb-e Watan
1157:
1152:
1132:
1110:
1074:Soviet Union
1071:
1064:Government.
1047:
1038:
1017:
992:
984:
954:
950:
938:
935:
928:
914:stormed the
905:
896:Parcham rule
891:
884:
868:
856:
833:
829:
817:
786:
782:house arrest
778:
755:
725:
723:
719:
715:
691:
683:
678:
663:Setami Milli
652:
630:
615:Soviet Union
612:
587:
574:
552:Hezb-e Watan
540:
494:
454:
420:
413:
407:
387:
383:
381:
268:
236:(late 1980s)
223:Women's wing
199:
193:
173:Headquarters
79:Abbreviation
25:
5108:Warsaw Pact
4987:South Yemen
4888:North Korea
4503:Afghanistan
4126:WikiProject
3950:1990–1992:
3709:M.E. Sharpe
3686:M.E. Sharpe
3395:Arnold 1983
3383:Arnold 1983
3318:Arnold 1983
2995:The Afghans
2974:22 December
2948:22 December
2898:Afghanistan
2872:"Baikal-79"
2652:22 December
2609:22 December
2590:Arnold 1983
2481:22 December
2416:22 December
2328:22 December
2199:22 December
2098:22 December
2072:22 December
2049:Arnold 1983
1855:22 December
1819:www.hrw.org
1791:Arnold 1983
1767:Arnold 1983
1716:Arnold 1983
1704:Arnold 1983
1669:Arnold 1983
1618:Arnold 1983
1365:opportunism
1282:, 1986–1992
1276:, 1979–1986
1264:, 1965–1979
1148:North Korea
844:bride price
808:New reforms
790:coup d'état
478:palace coup
396:Afghanistan
269:After 1987:
234:Membership
181:Afghanistan
114:(1986–1992)
108:(1979–1986)
96:(1965–1979)
5131:Categories
5057:Yugoslavia
4954:Seychelles
4864:Mozambique
4834:Madagascar
4633:Cape Verde
4409:Nasr Party
4041:Factions:
4027:Government
3764:0691029989
3718:1563243288
3695:0873323238
3262:12 January
2576:, p.
1991:, p.
1936:, p.
1829:12 January
1516:18 October
1458:References
1373:illiterate
1342:Membership
1323:mujahideen
1182:Conference
1133:After the
881:Repression
852:Sharia Law
838:– such as
702:Loya jirga
557:mujahideen
482:Parchamite
462:Daoud Khan
339:Party flag
211:Youth wing
165:1992-05-06
150:1965-01-01
5098:Comintern
5093:Cominform
4400:factions)
4065:Politburo
3894:1983–84:
3142:242204076
2764:685132509
1463:Citations
1394:In 1997,
1390:Receivers
1094:communism
1050:dissolved
667:Grohi Kar
632:The Khalq
600:Politburo
499:, former
446:socialist
438:communist
372:Elections
254:Communism
187:Newspaper
4849:Mongolia
4737:Ethiopia
4590:Cambodia
4562:Bulgaria
4111:Category
4000:Politics
3855:Timeline
3487:Archived
3256:Archived
3206:30 March
3081:(2006).
3016:15 March
3010:Archived
2942:Archived
2921:21 March
2915:Archived
2882:21 March
2876:Archived
2855:21 March
2816:Archived
2725:21 March
2687:cite web
2677:21 March
2646:Archived
2619:cite web
2546:15 March
2510:15 March
2504:Archived
2475:Archived
2455:15 March
2449:Archived
2407:Archived
2381:15 March
2375:Archived
2338:cite web
2306:15 March
2300:Archived
2267:20 March
2261:Archived
2238:15 March
2232:Archived
2193:Archived
2173:20 March
2167:Archived
2129:20 March
2123:Archived
2092:Archived
2066:Archived
2034:15 March
2028:Archived
1974:15 March
1968:Archived
1919:11 April
1913:Archived
1888:20 March
1879:Archived
1849:Archived
1823:Archived
1754:45304853
1656:45304853
1557:45304853
1510:Archived
1169:Congress
1068:Ideology
947:, said:
912:Spetsnaz
871:Nuristan
864:Islamist
671:Pashtuns
659:Parchams
657:and the
466:Khalqist
390:) was a
246:Ideology
122:Founders
5088:Comecon
5040:Vietnam
4969:Somalia
4923:Romania
4871:FRELIMO
4791:Hungary
4760:Grenada
4517:Albania
4398:Parcham
4186:Taliban
4043:Parcham
3847:History
3633:Sources
1221:Statute
1123:Marxist
933:rule.
931:Parcham
758:Parcham
679:Parcham
649:Parcham
571:History
546:حزب وطن
444:" and "
434:Marxist
415:Parcham
240:160,000
200:Parcham
163: (
148: (
143:Founded
4905:Poland
4531:Angola
4123:
4108:
3944:1989:
3923:1988:
3912:1987:
3906:1986:
3900:1985:
3888:1982:
3882:1981:
3866:1979:
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2360:A – E.
2292:
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2020:
1960:
1752:
1654:
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1486:8 July
1425:Pashto
1270:, 1979
836:feudal
655:Khalqs
604:Moscow
423:Soviet
333:yellow
326:
323:
319:Colors
202:(1969)
196:(1966)
158:Banned
102:(1979)
50:Pashto
4747:COPWE
4668:Congo
4651:China
4548:Benin
4394:Khalq
4053:Khalq
3138:S2CID
2410:(PDF)
2403:(PDF)
1882:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1750:JSTOR
1652:JSTOR
1553:JSTOR
1409:Notes
1315:Kabul
1139:Islam
875:Kunar
840:usury
645:Khalq
596:Kabul
561:Kabul
476:in a
409:Khalq
194:Khalq
177:Kabul
5020:Tuva
4817:Laos
4743:Derg
4692:Cuba
4396:and
3759:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3690:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3587:help
3563:help
3529:help
3495:2014
3367:help
3345:help
3300:help
3264:2018
3228:ISBN
3208:2018
3195:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3128:ISBN
3089:ISBN
3018:2014
3000:ISBN
2976:2013
2950:2013
2923:2009
2884:2009
2857:2009
2785:ISBN
2760:OCLC
2750:ISBN
2727:2009
2693:link
2679:2009
2654:2013
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2611:2013
2548:2014
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2483:2013
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2201:2013
2175:2009
2157:ISBN
2131:2009
2100:2013
2074:2013
2036:2014
2018:ISBN
1976:2014
1958:ISBN
1921:2013
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1857:2013
1831:2018
1518:2017
1488:2023
1438:Dari
1208:and
1146:and
1144:Cuba
1026:and
979:and
963:was
945:CPSU
873:and
846:and
665:and
647:and
509:1973
404:1969
388:PDPA
382:The
331:and
82:PDPA
67:name
65:Dari
52:name
4613:PRK
4048:Kar
3120:doi
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2578:226
1742:doi
1644:doi
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