6121:
5946:
6107:
6046:
5774:
6149:
3902:
2226:
6079:
5746:
2082:
5863:
6058:
6027:
5431:
2028:
1632:
4262:
3830:
5637:
4532:
5391:
5021:
2280:
1830:
5814:
4298:
1992:
5470:
2874:
5835:
4064:
4424:
1758:
2208:
5457:
2352:
5878:
1482:. Under such a system, executive power is shared by an elected head of state (a president) and a legislature-appointed head of government (a prime minister or premier). The amount of power each figure holds may vary, and a semi-presidential system may lean closer to one system over the other. The president typically retains authority over foreign policy in a semi-presidential system. A pure presidential system may also have mechanisms that resemble those of a parliamentary system as part of
3704:
4550:
5786:
5242:
3758:
3576:
3468:
5309:
4568:
5680:
5610:
4406:
2622:
6093:
5540:
5296:
4478:
4118:
3992:
3920:
1902:
5047:
4982:
4154:
3558:
3486:
2334:
2118:
1524:
813:
5693:
5558:
4136:
38:
9815:
9299:
9288:
5985:
5958:
5800:
5584:
5501:
5269:
5255:
4995:
4604:
4388:
4316:
4100:
3974:
3378:
3288:
3018:
2946:
2136:
2010:
1704:
1668:
5060:
4370:
3414:
3180:
3162:
1370:
potential candidates. This allows presidents the ability to select cabinet members based as much or more on their ability and competency to lead a particular department as on their loyalty to the president, as opposed to parliamentary cabinets, which might be filled by legislators chosen for no better reason than their perceived loyalty to the prime minister. Supporters of the presidential system note that parliamentary systems are prone to disruptive "
5177:
4190:
3667:
3648:
3504:
3144:
5713:
5335:
5112:
5086:
4904:
4640:
4010:
3306:
2766:
2694:
2586:
1596:
1722:
5444:
5361:
5229:
5099:
4730:
4046:
3722:
3360:
3216:
2676:
2424:
2262:
1956:
1884:
1848:
6012:
5597:
5418:
5151:
4969:
4712:
4352:
4334:
4226:
4028:
3794:
3630:
3234:
2406:
2100:
1974:
2460:
6135:
5760:
5623:
5405:
5190:
5125:
5034:
4930:
4514:
4442:
3540:
3342:
3108:
2892:
2820:
2730:
2712:
2370:
2298:
2154:
1938:
1920:
1812:
1740:
1686:
1614:
5932:
5849:
5527:
5322:
4658:
4622:
4586:
4082:
3938:
3848:
3432:
3396:
3090:
3072:
2514:
2388:
2244:
1650:
1560:
1542:
4776:
5283:
5008:
4460:
3956:
3054:
3000:
2928:
2838:
2640:
2190:
5896:
5651:
5514:
5348:
5216:
5164:
5138:
4891:
4694:
4496:
3884:
3686:
3594:
3324:
3198:
2982:
2604:
2568:
1794:
1578:
5910:
4208:
2658:
2496:
5999:
5726:
5571:
5483:
5203:
5073:
4956:
4917:
4676:
4280:
3812:
3522:
3450:
3270:
3126:
2964:
2550:
2316:
2064:
1776:
2532:
3612:
2442:
2172:
5972:
3740:
3252:
3036:
2802:
2784:
2046:
4244:
4943:
3776:
1866:
3866:
2478:
2856:
4172:
2910:
2748:
9827:
1297:, maintained that a single chief executive would provide for greater public accountability than a group and thereby protect against tyranny by making it plain who was responsible for executive actions. He also submitted that a singular chief executive was necessary to ensure promptness and consistency and guard against deadlock, which could be essential in times of national emergency.
1198:
democratic nature of presidential elections, the advantages of separation of powers, the efficiency of a unitary executive, and the stability provided by fixed-terms. Opponents of presidential systems cite the potential for gridlock, the difficulty of changing leadership, and concerns that a unitary executive can give way to a dictatorship.
4757:
Subnational governments may be structured as presidential systems. All of the state governments in the United States use the presidential system, even though this is not constitutionally required. In these cases instead of the title of
President the role has the title of Governor. On a local level, a
1448:
stated that an official should be elected based on "his unbiased opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience", and therefore should reflect on the arguments for and against certain policies and then do what he believes is best for his constituents and country as a whole, even if it means
1415:
The consistency of a presidency may be seen as beneficial during times of crisis. When in a time of crisis, countries may be better off being led by a president with a fixed term than rotating premierships. Some critics, however, argue that the presidential system is weaker because it does not allow
1395:
Fixed-terms in a presidential system may also be considered a check on the powers of the executive, contrasting parliamentary systems, which may allow the prime minister to call elections whenever they see fit or orchestrate their own vote of no confidence to trigger an election when they cannot get
1390:
The danger that zero-sum presidential elections pose is compounded by the rigidity of the president's fixed term in office. Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandate ... losers must wait four or five years without any access to executive power and
1328:
said of the
American system, "the executive is crippled by not getting the law it needs, and the legislature is spoiled by having to act without responsibility: the executive becomes unfit for its name, since it cannot execute what it decides on; the legislature is demoralized by liberty, by taking
1404:
Unlike in parliamentary systems, the legislature does not have the power to recall a president under the presidential system. However, presidential systems may have methods to remove presidents under extraordinary circumstances, such as a president committing a crime or becoming incapacitated. In
1237:
Separation of powers is sometimes held up as an advantage, in that each branch may scrutinize the actions of the other. This is in contrast with a parliamentary system, where the majority party in the legislature that also serves as the executive is unlikely to scrutinize its own actions. Writing
1304:
when the president and the legislature are in opposition. This rarely happens in a parliamentary system, as the prime minister is always a member of the party in power. This gridlock is common occurrence, as the electorate often expects more rapid results than are possible from new policies and
1461:
The separation of the executive and the legislature is the key difference between a presidential system and a parliamentary system. The presidential system elects a head of government independently of the legislature, while in contrast, the head of government in a parliamentary system answers
1411:
The inability to remove a president early is also the subject of criticism. Even if a president is "proved to be inefficient, even if he becomes unpopular, even if his policy is unacceptable to the majority of his countrymen, he and his methods must be endured until the moment comes for a new
1369:
Proponents of the presidential system also argue that stability extends to the cabinets chosen under the system. In most parliamentary systems, cabinets must be drawn from within the legislative branch. Under the presidential system, cabinet members can be selected from a much larger pool of
1197:
There are several characteristics that are unique to presidential systems or prominent in countries that use presidential systems. The defining aspect of presidential systems is the separation of powers that divides the executive and the legislature. Advocates of presidential systems cite the
1356:
Presidential systems are typically understood as having a head of government elected by citizens to serve one or more fixed-terms. Fixed-terms are praised for providing a level of stability that other systems lack. Although most parliamentary governments go long periods of time without a no
1254:
Another stated benefit of the separation of powers is the ability of the legislature to enforce limits on the powers of the executive. In a parliamentary system, if important legislation proposed by the incumbent prime minister and his cabinet is "voted down" by a majority of the members of
1386:, presidential systems have fallen into authoritarianism in nearly every country they've been attempted. The list of the world's 22 older democracies includes only two countries (Costa Rica and the United States) with presidential systems. Yale political scientist Juan Linz argues that:
1381:
Some political scientists dispute this concept of stability, arguing that presidential systems have difficulty sustaining democratic practices and that they have slipped into authoritarianism in many of the countries in which they have been implemented. According to political scientist
1267:
When an action is within the scope of a president's power, a presidential system can respond more rapidly to emerging situations than parliamentary ones. A prime minister, when taking action, needs to retain the support of the legislature, but a president is often less constrained. In
5381:
The following countries have presidential systems where the post of prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. The president is still both the head of state and government and the prime minister's role is mostly to assist the president.
1309:, argue that in such cases of gridlock, presidential systems do not offer voters the kind of accountability seen in parliamentary systems, and that this inherent political instability can cause democracies to fail, as seen in such cases as Brazil and
1216:
is elected to work alongside, but not as a part of, the legislature. There are several types of powers that are traditionally delegated to the president. Under a presidential system, the president may have the power to challenge legislation through a
1443:
criticizes the office of the
President of the United States as essentially undemocratic and characterizes presidentialism as worship of the president by citizens, which she believes undermines civic participation. British-Irish philosopher and MP
1462:
directly to the legislature. Presidential systems necessarily operate under the principle of structural separation of powers, while parliamentary systems do not; however, the degree of functional separation of powers exhibited in each varies โ
1347:
used in the United States. This aspect of presidential systems is sometimes touted as more democratic, as it provides a broader mandate for the president. Once elected, a president typically remains in office until the conclusion of a term.
1246:
said "don't think a
Watergate couldn't happen here, you just wouldn't hear about it." The extent of this effect is debated. Some commentators argue that the effect is mitigated when the president's party is in power, while others note that
4758:
presidential system might be organized with the office of Mayor acting as the president. Some countries without a presidential system at the national level use a form of this system at a subnational or local level. One example is
6902:
1396:
a legislative item passed. The presidential model is said to discourage this sort of opportunism, and instead forces the executive to operate within the confines of a term they cannot alter to suit their own needs.
1506:
and presidential power scores. The table below shows for individual countries the V-Dem presidentialism index, where higher values indicate higher concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.
1361:
have all experienced difficulties maintaining stability. When parliamentary systems have multiple parties, and governments are forced to rely on coalitions, as they often do in nations that use a system of
1474:
require it. Heads of government under the presidential system do not depend on the approval of the legislature as they do in a parliamentary system (with the exception of mechanisms such as impeachment).
1145:
from the
Netherlands in 1945. While it nominally used a presidential system, it was in effect a dictatorship where the president controlled all branches of government. A true presidential system was
1502:
Presidentialism metrics allow a quantitative comparison of the strength of presidential system characteristics for individual countries. Presidentialism metrics include the presidentialism index in
6449:
A presidential republic (1960โ1991, 2023-present), military dictatorship (1968โ1991,1991โ1992, 2012, 2020-present) single-party state (1960โ1968, 1974โ1991) semi-presidential republic (1991โ2023).
8756:
1155:
in the 1950s and 1960s brought with it significant expansion of the presidential system. During this time, several new presidential republics were formed in Africa. Cyprus, the
Maldives, and
81:
1320:
said "the president blames
Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington". Years before becoming president,
1420:
argues that the ideal ruler in times of calm is different from the ideal ruler in times of crisis, criticizing the presidential system for having no mechanism to make such a change.
9188:
1141:
in the formation of a presidential government. However, the early years of the South Korean presidency were marked by dictatorial control. At the same time, Indonesia declared
6520:
and the Rada's ability to dismiss the government by a vote of no confidence. Both of these provisions were restored upon the passage of a permanent constitution in 1996.
1343:
In a presidential system, the president is elected independently of the legislature. This may be done directly through a popular vote or indirectly such as through the
8749:
1159:
also adopted the presidential system following decolonization. Pakistan and
Bangladesh did so as well, but they changed their governmental systems shortly afterward.
1406:
1391:
patronage. The zero-sum game in presidential regimes raises the stakes of presidential elections and inevitably exacerbates their attendant tension and polarization.
1178:
in 1991, the presidential system was adopted by the new states that were created, though most of them adopted other governmental systems over the following decades.
121:
1162:
Several more countries adopted the presidential system in the final decades of the 20th century. A modified version of the presidential system was implemented in
928:. Likewise, the title is sometimes used by other systems. It originated from a time when such a person personally presided over the governing body, as with the
8675:
1110:
as its first president. Latin
American presidential systems have experienced varying levels of stability, with many experiencing periods of dictatorial rule.
8742:
1316:
It is easy for either the president or the legislature to escape blame by shifting it to the other. Describing the United States, former
Treasury Secretary
6324:
5823:
1436:. This is in contrast to most parliamentary governments where the head of state is separate from the head of government and plays a largely symbolic role.
7072:
Depauw, Sam; Martin, Shane (2008). "Legislative party discipline and cohesion in comparative perspective". In Giannetti, Daniela; Benoit, Kenneth (eds.).
4874:
7511:
1170:
serves as the head of state and is the absolute power in this country. In 1981, Palau achieved independence and adopted a presidential system. When the
1075:
advocated for a unitary executive figure that would become the role of the president. The United States became the first presidential republic when the
7370:
7610:
239:
1098:
after that of the United States, and the presidential system became the dominant political system in the Americas. Following several decades of
8922:
114:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
1118:
Following the pattern of other Spanish colonies, the Philippines established the first presidential system in Asia in 1898, but it fell under
9193:
9183:
6822:
6458:
A one-party presidential republic (1960โ1978), military dictatorship (1978โ1992, 2005โ2007, 2008โ2009) semi-presidential republic since 1992.
7249:
6051:
933:
7544:
5549:
9292:
9203:
1259:. The presidential system has no such mechanism, and the legislature has little incentive to appease the president beyond saving face.
841:
9335:
9258:
7723:
6067:
1294:
1052:
6600:
Sundquist, James L. (1997). "The U.S. Presidential System as a Model for the World". In Baaklini, Abdo I.; Desfosses, Helen (eds.).
8819:
8620:
1466:
such as the Netherlands, Sweden and Slovakia forbid members of the legislature from serving in the executive simultaneously, while
4840:
9552:
1142:
4812:
9198:
9139:
8809:
4752:
1186:
6488:
All South Korean constitutions since 1963 provided for a strong executive Presidency; in addition, the formally-authoritarian
7603:
7384:
7115:
1103:
1087:
1068:
929:
31:
17:
9233:
9218:
7020:
7016:"Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism"
5779:
4819:
4793:
1013:
6922:
9213:
9149:
936:, prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government. It may also be used by presidents in
232:
7951:
9268:
8917:
6990:
6549:
6198:
9248:
9243:
9223:
9048:
7335:
7268:
Riggs, Fred W. (1997). "Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism: Implications for Representativeness and Legitimacy".
7138:
6126:
5951:
5919:
4859:
4826:
1076:
709:
7563:
9831:
9302:
9238:
8770:
8207:
7596:
6497:
2231:
1212:
The presidential system is defined by the separation of the executive branch from other aspects of government. The
315:
9273:
6154:
6112:
5751:
1450:
1344:
1175:
4808:
9208:
8965:
8653:
8456:
6998:
6834:
6691:
6631:
6613:
4797:
1310:
1072:
834:
704:
482:
330:
225:
1036:. Additional executive officials such as constables and messengers were then appointed. At the same time, the
9879:
9612:
9466:
9328:
9119:
8587:
7518:
7404:
7376:
1146:
1126:. The presidential system was restored after the United States granted the Philippines independence in 1946.
719:
3907:
9228:
8784:
8709:
8642:
8461:
8187:
7131:
Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy, AP* Edition โ 2016 Presidential Election, 17th Edition
6417:
6357:
6349:
6307:
871:
468:
300:
271:
9884:
9695:
9253:
9134:
9015:
8895:
8714:
8609:
7718:
7015:
6852:
6218:
1363:
1181:
The presidential system continues to be adopted in the 21st century. Following its independence in 2011,
1119:
1025:
772:
124:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
9864:
9167:
9129:
8960:
8719:
8598:
6881:
6378:
6287:
6275:
6250:
6242:
6178:
1374:" where legislators are moved between portfolios, whereas in presidential system cabinets (such as the
1017:
305:
276:
111:
8734:
6500:, nominally counterbalanced by a vote of no confidence. Both of these provisions were retained by the
1366:, extremist parties can theoretically use the threat of leaving a coalition to further their agendas.
9720:
9672:
9262:
8686:
7878:
7667:
1134:
910:
827:
432:
9819:
9715:
9524:
9471:
9321:
9114:
8664:
8097:
7903:
7159:
6826:
6579:
Vile, M. J. (1967). The separation of powers. In: Greene, J. P., & Pole, J. R. (Eds.). (2008).
6493:
6476:
6421:
6222:
6202:
6182:
5436:
2033:
1479:
1123:
937:
887:
547:
437:
7311:"Conceptual homogenization of a heterogeneous field: Presidentialism in comparative perspective".
7247:
Sargentich, Thomas O. (1993). "The Presidential and Parliamentary Models of National Government".
9416:
9005:
8945:
8870:
8162:
7687:
7409:
6505:
6501:
6401:
6291:
5492:
4833:
4786:
1503:
477:
150:
61:
6942:
Adar, Sinem; Seufert, Gรผnter (2021). "Turkey's Presidential System after Two and a Half Years".
183:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
9874:
9451:
7956:
7893:
7888:
7545:"The Executive Authorities and the Legislature in the Political Structure of the Hong Kong SAR"
7195:
6767:
6433:
6405:
6320:
6303:
6254:
6032:
1835:
1358:
1167:
1029:
941:
906:
875:
714:
656:
602:
190:
140:
71:
9564:
9507:
9401:
9386:
9010:
8970:
8834:
8799:
8766:
8569:
8067:
7803:
7569:
6927:
6472:
6283:
6271:
6246:
3835:
1375:
1256:
534:
367:
1324:
famously wrote "how is the schoolmaster, the nation, to know which boy needs the whipping?"
9547:
9065:
9000:
8910:
8900:
8202:
7863:
7435:"Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes"
6730:
6393:
6214:
6194:
4537:
1207:
1033:
976:
914:
883:
644:
515:
505:
490:
417:
335:
50:
8:
9869:
9800:
9569:
9557:
9514:
9124:
9082:
9036:
8950:
8890:
8631:
8247:
8072:
7946:
7883:
6765:
Ker-Lindsay, James (2006). "Presidential Power and Authority in the Republic of Cyprus".
6489:
6279:
6174:
4429:
2825:
1483:
1338:
1301:
1283:
756:
666:
520:
372:
310:
6900:
Diehl, Katharina; van der Horst, Judith (2013). "The New Electoral Law in South Sudan".
1449:
short-term backlash. Thus defenders of presidential systems hold that sometimes what is
959:, with 17 of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics, the exceptions being
9765:
9104:
9092:
9087:
9043:
8993:
8850:
8829:
8824:
8358:
8177:
8102:
7873:
7662:
7652:
7460:
7293:
7285:
7188:
7037:
6784:
6747:
6710:
6667:
6516:
An interim constitution passed in 1995 removed the President's ability to dissolve the
6037:
5026:
3672:
3653:
2285:
1487:
1467:
1463:
1429:
1226:
1213:
1107:
1056:
996:
992:
972:
964:
960:
879:
867:
863:
794:
387:
92:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
917:, where the head of government comes to power by gaining the confidence of an elected
9859:
9667:
9647:
9592:
9144:
9099:
9075:
9058:
8955:
8940:
8905:
8855:
8523:
8486:
8417:
8368:
8242:
7971:
7682:
7464:
7380:
7331:
7297:
7134:
6994:
6830:
6788:
6714:
6671:
6609:
6545:
6361:
6353:
6345:
5868:
5462:
2519:
2357:
1317:
1270:
1239:
1133:
established presidential systems in two countries. After the United States ended the
1080:
789:
463:
325:
320:
281:
254:
160:
7041:
6751:
6566:
913:
the president except in extraordinary cases. A presidential system contrasts with a
30:"Presidential Republic" redirects here. For the period in the history of Chile, see
9727:
9574:
9542:
9519:
9355:
9109:
9070:
9031:
8533:
8388:
8077:
8057:
7991:
7961:
7936:
7898:
7677:
7491:
7450:
7442:
7277:
7168:
7057:
7029:
6861:
6776:
6739:
6700:
6659:
5937:
5923:
3709:
1287:
1248:
1099:
1041:
1024:, established a system that utilized an independent executive branch. Each year, a
968:
739:
495:
349:
136:
7570:
Presidential Control of High Courts in Latin America: A Long-term View (1904-2006)
1486:. The legislature may have oversight of some of the president's decisions through
9790:
9780:
9737:
9687:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9497:
9492:
9436:
9426:
9365:
9360:
9053:
8988:
8860:
8373:
8127:
8107:
8062:
7848:
6957:
6468:
6382:
5883:
4069:
3581:
1371:
1279:
1275:
1021:
949:
817:
799:
624:
609:
170:
55:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
1478:
The presidential system and the parliamentary system can also be blended into a
1225:
crimes, authority over foreign policy, authority to command the military as the
9775:
9744:
9732:
9700:
9642:
9607:
9602:
9534:
9396:
9391:
9344:
8865:
8804:
8794:
8789:
8543:
8538:
8422:
8192:
8117:
8021:
7986:
7637:
7366:
7281:
6865:
6629:
McCarthy, Daniel J. (1987). "James Wilson and the Creation of the Presidency".
6517:
6267:
5685:
4555:
2213:
1494:
may allow the legislature to remove the president under drastic circumstances.
1471:
1440:
1417:
1325:
1321:
1152:
1045:
980:
695:
614:
568:
510:
180:
7496:
7479:
7033:
6780:
6705:
6686:
9853:
9785:
9710:
9662:
9487:
9446:
9441:
9421:
9411:
8564:
8172:
8031:
7823:
7753:
7657:
7480:"Maximizing the Reliability of Cross-National Measures of Presidential Power"
6365:
6341:
6238:
6098:
5314:
4573:
2627:
1433:
1243:
1156:
1091:
1037:
897:. In a presidential system, the head of government is directly or indirectly
894:
619:
597:
572:
402:
101:
9770:
9705:
9657:
9652:
9584:
9461:
9456:
8574:
8383:
8288:
8152:
7981:
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7692:
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6504:
but repealed upon the transition to democracy and the establishment of the
6397:
6389:
6386:
6337:
6235:
5642:
5545:
5301:
4483:
4123:
3997:
3925:
1907:
1445:
1171:
1130:
1095:
988:
955:
The presidential system is the dominant form of government in the mainland
382:
7588:
7434:
7172:
6743:
6663:
1055:
in 1787. Drawing inspiration from the previous colonial governments, from
1051:
The first true presidential system was developed during the United States
9622:
9597:
9431:
9381:
8548:
8481:
8298:
8217:
8001:
7976:
7926:
7838:
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7793:
7773:
7768:
7758:
7743:
7738:
7446:
6084:
5698:
5563:
5475:
5247:
5052:
4267:
4159:
4141:
3763:
3563:
3491:
3473:
2879:
2339:
1529:
1491:
1182:
1138:
1064:
991:. By contrast, there are very few presidential republics in Europe, with
984:
918:
902:
686:
651:
554:
542:
407:
7372:
Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People
6650:
Sondrol, Paul (2005). "The Presidentialist Tradition in Latin America".
812:
9795:
9677:
9617:
9406:
8764:
8303:
8232:
8122:
8041:
8026:
8006:
7818:
7788:
7778:
7748:
7623:
7289:
5990:
5963:
5805:
5791:
5589:
5506:
5274:
5260:
5065:
5000:
4800: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4609:
4393:
4375:
4321:
4105:
3979:
3419:
3383:
3293:
3185:
3167:
3023:
2951:
2141:
2015:
1709:
1673:
1383:
1060:
776:
766:
761:
500:
362:
43:
7455:
6728:
Valenzuela, Arturo (2004). "Latin American Presidencies Interrupted".
1071:
developed what is now known as the presidential system. Most notably,
952:, whether popularly elected or not, are also often called presidents.
37:
8507:
8427:
8346:
8321:
8283:
8212:
8087:
7996:
7931:
7856:
7843:
7828:
7813:
7783:
7763:
7077:
6879:
Hale, Henry E. (2012). "Two Decades of Post-Soviet Regime Dynamics".
6605:
6602:
Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism
5718:
5340:
5182:
5117:
5091:
4909:
4645:
4195:
4015:
3509:
3311:
3149:
2771:
2699:
2591:
1637:
1601:
1306:
1229:, and authority over advisors and employees of the executive branch.
661:
559:
442:
397:
377:
132:
6958:"Turkey elections: How powerful will the next Turkish president be?"
4775:
1305:
switches to a different party at the next election. Critics such as
8471:
8227:
8082:
8016:
7941:
7908:
7808:
7697:
7619:
6017:
5602:
5449:
5423:
5396:
5366:
5234:
5156:
5104:
4974:
4735:
4717:
4357:
4339:
4231:
4051:
4033:
3799:
3727:
3635:
3365:
3239:
3221:
2681:
2429:
2411:
2267:
2105:
1979:
1961:
1889:
1853:
1727:
956:
945:
898:
784:
744:
427:
412:
392:
261:
216:
9313:
5666:
4881:
4765:
9760:
8814:
8513:
8278:
8237:
8182:
8157:
8011:
7833:
7733:
6850:
Shuster, Donald R. (1983). "Elections in the Republic of Palau".
6140:
5854:
5765:
5628:
5532:
5410:
5327:
5195:
5130:
5039:
4987:
4935:
4663:
4627:
4591:
4519:
4447:
4087:
3943:
3853:
3545:
3437:
3401:
3347:
3113:
3095:
3077:
2897:
2735:
2717:
2537:
2465:
2393:
2375:
2303:
2249:
2159:
2123:
1943:
1925:
1817:
1763:
1745:
1691:
1655:
1619:
1565:
1547:
699:
357:
208:
4875:
List of countries by system of government ยง Presidential systems
8518:
8353:
8308:
7647:
7642:
6063:
5901:
5819:
5656:
5519:
5376:
5353:
5288:
5221:
5169:
5143:
5013:
4948:
4896:
4762:, where the national government uses the parliamentary system.
4699:
4501:
4465:
4303:
4249:
3961:
3889:
3871:
3781:
3691:
3599:
3329:
3203:
3059:
3005:
2987:
2933:
2843:
2645:
2609:
2573:
2483:
2195:
1997:
1871:
1799:
1583:
1286:
were constrained by the need to maintain the confidence of the
1222:
1012:
The presidential system has its roots in the governance of the
749:
691:
589:
6819:
Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic
1439:
The president's status is sometimes the subject of criticism.
173:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
7575:
6003:
5915:
5731:
5576:
5488:
5208:
5078:
4961:
4922:
4759:
4681:
4285:
4213:
4177:
3817:
3527:
3455:
3275:
3131:
2969:
2915:
2861:
2753:
2663:
2555:
2501:
2321:
2087:
2069:
1781:
1293:
James Wilson, who advocated for a presidential system at the
1086:
During the 1810s and 1820s, Spanish colonies in the Americas
7055:
Schlesinger, Arthur (1974). "No Way to Curb the Executive".
9502:
5976:
5840:
5615:
4411:
3745:
3617:
3257:
3041:
2807:
2789:
2447:
2177:
2051:
1218:
1163:
944:, largely ceremonial in most cases, are called presidents.
6319:
De facto Presidential system in 1948โ1991 under a de jure
6241:
in 1990โ1991, Soviet age and after independence, it was a
1090:, and several new Spanish-speaking governments emerged in
1016:
of the 17th century in what is now the United States. The
199: Dependent territories and places without governments
153:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
8314:
6475:(1974โ1993, 1996โ1999, 1999, 2010โ2011, 2023-present), a
1032:, as well as several assistants, analogous to modern day
7572:, in Journal of Politics in Latin America, Hamburg 2009.
1083:
became the first president under a presidential system.
6923:"Turkey's new presidential system and a changing west"
6385:
in 1918โ1930, a presidential republic in 1930โ1933, a
1423:
1048:
served as an executive leader similar to a president.
1329:
decisions of which others will suffer the effects".
1251:
is not as strictly enforced in presidential systems.
1166:
following constitutional reform in 1989 in which the
193:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
7157:
Linz, Juan (1990). "The perils of presidentialism".
6325:
Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion
1428:
In many cases, the president is elected as both the
7313:Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance
7187:
6903:Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America
6899:
1451:wisest may not always be the most popular decision
1416:a transfer of power in the event of an emergency.
1262:
1185:adopted a presidential system. In 2018, after the
893:This head of government is in most cases also the
82:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
8825:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
6987:Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics
6496:established a presidential power to dissolve the
143:holds significant executive and legislative power
9851:
7128:
6471:presidential republic (1960โ1974, 1989โ1993), a
5737:
1399:
5667:Presidential system in administrative divisions
4882:Presidential republics without a prime minister
4766:States with a presidential system of government
909:to the legislature, and the legislature cannot
7432:
7190:Constitutional Reform and Effective Government
7074:Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments
6984:
6652:International Journal of Public Administration
1300:Conversely, a presidential system can produce
1007:
924:Not all presidential systems use the title of
9329:
8750:
8676:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
7604:
7433:Sigman, Rachel; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2017).
7405:"Why cult of presidency is bad for democracy"
7202:
6920:
6823:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
1040:underwent a brief period of republicanism as
835:
233:
7564:The Great Debate: Parliament versus Congress
7393:
7328:How Democratic Is the American Constitution?
7250:American University International Law Review
7129:George, Edwards; Warrenberg, Martin (2016).
7071:
5377:Presidential republics with a prime minister
5373:Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
7618:
7359:
7054:
6941:
6801:
6764:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6589:
6310:in 1975โ1991, and parliamentary since 1991.
5662:Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
214:
206:
9336:
9322:
8871:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
8757:
8743:
7611:
7597:
7477:
7246:
7220:
7218:
6727:
6684:
6479:republic (1993โ1996, 1999โ2010, 2011โ2023)
4746:
1497:
886:. This system was first introduced in the
842:
828:
240:
226:
7495:
7454:
7185:
7114:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYoo2019 (
6704:
6599:
5874:
4860:Learn how and when to remove this message
1332:
7568:Castagnola, Andrea/Pรฉrez-Liรฑรกn, Anรญbal:
7428:
7426:
7133:. Pearson Higher Education. p. 16.
7013:
6628:
6586:
6023:
1357:confidence vote, Italy, Israel, and the
1189:, Turkey adopted a presidential system.
36:
7215:
7194:. Brookings Institution Press. p.
7090:
6849:
6649:
6221:are elected directly by the people via
6201:are elected directly by the people via
6181:are elected directly by the people via
5705:Special administrative regions of China
1456:
1201:
14:
9852:
7399:
7365:
7270:International Political Science Review
6816:
6802:Heath-Brown, Nick (2015). "Maldives".
6581:A companion to the American Revolution
6540:"Varieties of public representation".
4753:State governments of the United States
1468:Westminster-type parliamentary systems
1232:
1187:2017 Turkish constitutional referendum
42:World's states coloured by systems of
9317:
8738:
7592:
7579:
7512:"CONSTITUIรรO DA REPรBLICA DE ANGOLA"
7423:
7267:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7152:
7150:
6980:
6978:
6921:Kiriลci, Kemal; Toygรผr, Ilke (2019).
1113:
1106:the presidential system in 1889 with
930:President of the Continental Congress
9826:
7542:
7484:British Journal of Political Science
7478:Doyle, David; Elgie, Robert (2016).
7325:
7156:
7021:British Journal of Political Science
6878:
6544:. Cambridge University Press. 2010.
4798:adding citations to reliable sources
4769:
1278:argued that British prime ministers
1020:, permitted to govern themselves in
9343:
8830:Speaker / President of the assembly
7350:
7224:
7109:
6564:
1424:Head of government as head of state
1255:parliament then it is considered a
24:
8918:International development minister
7233:
7147:
7122:
6991:The Johns Hopkins University Press
6975:
6687:"Presidentialism in Latin America"
6440:), and presidential again in 2021.
25:
9896:
9293:Government ministers by portfolio
9049:Ministry of Education and Culture
7557:
6944:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
6567:"Plymouth Colony Legal Structure"
5672:Dependencies of the United States
1378:), cabinet shuffles are unusual.
1077:Constitution of the United States
710:Biology and political orientation
32:Presidential Republic (1925โ1973)
9825:
9814:
9813:
9298:
9297:
9287:
9286:
6583:, Ch. 87. John Wiley & Sons.
6147:
6133:
6119:
6105:
6091:
6077:
6056:
6044:
6025:
6020:(1958โ1973,1978โ1985, 2001โ2002)
6010:
5997:
5983:
5970:
5956:
5944:
5930:
5908:
5894:
5876:
5861:
5847:
5833:
5812:
5798:
5784:
5772:
5758:
5744:
5724:
5711:
5691:
5678:
5649:
5635:
5621:
5608:
5595:
5582:
5569:
5556:
5538:
5525:
5512:
5499:
5481:
5468:
5455:
5442:
5429:
5416:
5403:
5389:
5359:
5346:
5333:
5320:
5307:
5294:
5281:
5267:
5253:
5240:
5227:
5214:
5201:
5188:
5175:
5162:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5110:
5097:
5084:
5071:
5058:
5045:
5032:
5019:
5006:
4993:
4980:
4967:
4954:
4941:
4928:
4915:
4902:
4889:
4873:This section is an excerpt from
4774:
4728:
4710:
4692:
4674:
4656:
4638:
4620:
4602:
4584:
4566:
4548:
4530:
4512:
4494:
4476:
4458:
4440:
4422:
4404:
4386:
4368:
4350:
4332:
4314:
4296:
4278:
4260:
4242:
4224:
4206:
4188:
4170:
4152:
4134:
4116:
4098:
4080:
4062:
4044:
4026:
4008:
3990:
3972:
3954:
3936:
3918:
3900:
3882:
3864:
3846:
3828:
3810:
3792:
3774:
3756:
3738:
3720:
3702:
3684:
3665:
3646:
3628:
3610:
3592:
3574:
3556:
3538:
3520:
3502:
3484:
3466:
3448:
3430:
3412:
3394:
3376:
3358:
3340:
3322:
3304:
3286:
3268:
3250:
3232:
3214:
3196:
3178:
3160:
3142:
3124:
3106:
3088:
3070:
3052:
3034:
3016:
2998:
2980:
2962:
2944:
2926:
2908:
2890:
2872:
2854:
2836:
2818:
2800:
2782:
2764:
2746:
2728:
2710:
2692:
2674:
2656:
2638:
2620:
2602:
2584:
2566:
2548:
2530:
2512:
2494:
2476:
2458:
2440:
2422:
2404:
2386:
2368:
2350:
2332:
2314:
2296:
2278:
2260:
2242:
2232:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2224:
2206:
2188:
2170:
2152:
2134:
2116:
2098:
2080:
2062:
2044:
2026:
2008:
1990:
1972:
1954:
1936:
1918:
1900:
1882:
1864:
1846:
1828:
1810:
1792:
1774:
1756:
1738:
1720:
1702:
1684:
1666:
1648:
1630:
1612:
1594:
1576:
1558:
1540:
1522:
1094:. These countries modeled their
1059:, and from philosophers such as
811:
8621:Social and political philosophy
7536:
7504:
7471:
7344:
7319:
7304:
7261:
7179:
7103:
7084:
7065:
7048:
7007:
6950:
6935:
6914:
6893:
6872:
6843:
6810:
6795:
6510:
6482:
6461:
6452:
6443:
6411:
6371:
6330:
6313:
6297:
6260:
6228:
6208:
6188:
6168:
5752:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
4785:needs additional citations for
1516:Presidentialism Index for 2021
1464:dualistic parliamentary systems
1405:some countries, presidents are
1263:Efficiencies and inefficiencies
213:systems of government, not the
8966:Ministry of trade and industry
8457:Political history of the world
7580:
7543:Chen, Albert Hung Yee (n.d.).
6758:
6721:
6692:Latin American Research Review
6678:
6643:
6632:Presidential Studies Quarterly
6622:
6573:
6558:
6533:
1351:
870:, typically with the title of
705:Theories of political behavior
331:Political history of the world
13:
1:
9613:Needle and syringe programmes
9467:Universal access to education
9120:Ministry of religious affairs
7377:University of Minnesota Press
6985:von Mettenheim, Kurt (1997).
6804:The Statesman's Yearbook 2016
6527:
6502:Fifth Republic's constitution
5738:Former presidential republics
1400:Limited mechanisms of removal
1079:came into force in 1789, and
720:Critique of political economy
163:: Monarch has unlimited power
122:Assembly-independent republic
8462:History of political thought
1135:Japanese occupation of Korea
301:Outline of political science
151:Semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
9696:Publicly funded health care
9135:Ministry of social security
9016:Ministry of water resources
8896:Ministry of foreign affairs
8765:Common types of government
7439:V-Dem Working Paper 2017:56
1364:proportional representation
1192:
1008:Development in the Americas
97: Presidential republic
74:with a ceremonial president
10:
9901:
9168:Minister without portfolio
9130:Ministry of social affairs
8961:Ministry of infrastructure
7375:. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
7282:10.1177/019251297018003003
6866:10.1177/003231878303500108
6685:Mainwaring, Scott (1990).
6379:semi-presidential republic
6288:semi-presidential republic
6276:semi-presidential republic
6251:semi-presidential republic
6243:semi-presidential republic
4872:
4750:
1336:
1205:
1002:
979:. It is also prevalent in
878:that is separate from the
306:Index of politics articles
112:Semi-presidential republic
29:
9809:
9753:
9721:National health insurance
9686:
9673:Supervised injection site
9583:
9533:
9480:
9374:
9351:
9282:
9219:Communications ministries
9176:
9160:
9024:
8979:
8931:
8879:
8843:
8777:
8705:
8698:
8557:
8499:
8447:
8440:
8408:
8401:
8341:
8334:
8269:
8260:
8143:
8136:
8050:
7919:
7706:
7668:National unity government
7630:
7586:
7497:10.1017/S0007123414000465
7351:Balfour. "Introduction".
7330:. Yale University Press.
7186:Sundquist, James (1992).
7091:Kennedy, John F. (1940).
7034:10.1017/S0007123400007225
7014:Tsebelis, George (1995).
6817:Buchta, Wilfried (2000).
6781:10.1080/13629390500490379
6706:10.1017/S0023879100023256
1490:, and mechanisms such as
1295:constitutional convention
1053:Constitutional Convention
999:being the only examples.
938:semi-presidential systems
64:with a ceremonial monarch
9716:Single-payer health care
9525:Universal basic services
9472:Universal basic services
9214:Climate change ministers
9115:Ministry of home affairs
8098:Environmental regulation
7904:Representative democracy
7353:The English Constitution
7326:Dahl, Robert A. (2001).
7227:The English Constitution
7225:Balfour. "The Cabinet".
7210:Congressional Government
7160:The Journal of Democracy
6827:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
6542:Political Representation
6340:and after independence,
6223:double simultaneous vote
6203:double simultaneous vote
6183:double simultaneous vote
6161:
5437:Central African Republic
4574:United States of America
2034:Central African Republic
1480:semi-presidential system
1274:, future U.S. president
9417:Public good (economics)
9303:Ministries by portfolio
9274:Public works ministries
9006:Ministry of electricity
8946:Ministry of the economy
8820:Office of the president
8163:Uncodified constitution
7688:Administrative division
7410:San Francisco Chronicle
6292:hereditary dictatorship
5493:Prime Cabinet Secretary
4747:Subnational governments
1504:V-Dem Democracy indices
1498:Presidentialism metrics
1407:subject to term limits.
942:parliamentary republics
860:single executive system
715:Political organisations
478:International relations
316:Politics by subdivision
62:Constitutional monarchy
9239:Environment ministries
9209:Agriculture ministries
9204:Presidents of assembly
9199:Deputy prime ministers
6768:Mediterranean Politics
6565:Fennell, Christopher.
6406:parliamentary republic
6321:parliamentary republic
6255:parliamentary republic
6006:(1960โ1974, 1989โ1993)
5871:(1995โ2004; 2005โ2011)
5794:(1990โ1991, 1992โ2016)
1836:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1393:
1359:French Fourth Republic
1333:Presidential elections
247:
215:
207:
205:this chart represents
191:Provisional government
72:Parliamentary republic
9565:Public infrastructure
9402:Public administration
9387:Free-culture movement
9234:Environment ministers
9140:Minister for Veterans
9011:Ministry of Petroleum
8971:Ministry of transport
8810:Deputy First Minister
8800:Deputy prime minister
8654:aspects of capitalism
8570:History of philosophy
8068:Unemployment benefits
7804:Military dictatorship
7173:10.1353/jod.2005.0026
6744:10.1353/jod.2004.0075
6664:10.1081/PAD-200055210
6473:military dictatorship
6284:presidential republic
6272:presidential republic
6247:presidential republic
4809:"Presidential system"
3908:Sao Tome and Principe
3836:Republic of the Congo
1388:
1376:United States Cabinet
1257:vote of no confidence
795:Political campaigning
535:Public administration
368:Collective leadership
221:degree of democracy.
51:Parliamentary systems
40:
18:Presidential republic
9880:Separation of powers
9229:Education ministries
9066:Information minister
9001:Environment minister
8911:Ministry of interior
8901:Immigration minister
8588:Political ideologies
7864:Parliamentary system
7447:10.2139/ssrn.3066654
7212:(1885), pp. 186โ187.
6731:Journal of Democracy
6569:. Histarch.uiuc.edu.
6394:parliamentary system
4794:improve this article
4538:United Arab Emirates
1457:Comparative politics
1242:, former British MP
1208:Separation of powers
1202:Separation of powers
1124:SpanishโAmerican War
1030:colonial legislature
940:. Heads of state of
915:parliamentary system
884:separation of powers
882:in systems that use
645:Separation of powers
516:Political psychology
491:Comparative politics
469:political scientists
456:Academic disciplines
336:Political philosophy
9801:Public viewing area
9570:Public water system
9558:Municipal broadband
9515:Public broadcasting
9125:Ministry of science
9083:Ministry of justice
9076:Ministry of housing
9037:Ministry of culture
8951:Ministry of finance
8891:Ministry of defence
8710:Forms of government
8643:Conservatism navbox
8248:Legislative council
8073:National healthcare
7947:Christian democracy
7869:Presidential system
7724:Countries by system
7403:(August 22, 2008).
6490:Yushin Constitution
6404:in 1945โ1949 and a
6402:military occupation
6286:in 1992โ2016 and a
6253:in 2013โ2018 and a
4430:Trinidad and Tobago
1484:checks and balances
1339:Fixed-term election
1284:Neville Chamberlain
1233:Checks and balances
1088:sought independence
1044:, during which the
934:early United States
856:presidential system
818:Politics portal
667:Election commission
638:Government branches
521:Political sociology
373:Confessional system
311:Politics by country
88:Presidential system
9885:Types of democracy
9766:Government auction
9452:Public procurement
9269:Interior ministers
9150:Minister for women
9105:Ministry of sports
9093:Ministry of labour
9088:Minister of labour
9059:Ministry of health
9044:Education minister
8994:Ministry of energy
8851:Secretary of state
8715:Types of democracy
8610:Political spectrum
8223:Legislative bodies
8178:Head of government
8103:Banking regulation
7663:Federal government
7653:Central government
6608:. pp. 53โ72.
6396:in 1933โ1945 as a
5027:Dominican Republic
2286:Dominican Republic
1488:advice and consent
1430:head of government
1227:Commander-in-chief
1214:head of government
1114:As a global system
1108:Deodoro da Fonseca
1057:English Common Law
1028:was chosen by the
880:legislative branch
868:head of government
864:form of government
501:Political analysis
433:Semi-parliamentary
248:
27:Form of government
9865:Political systems
9847:
9846:
9841:
9840:
9668:Public university
9648:Public open space
9593:Drinking fountain
9553:Telecommunication
9311:
9310:
9259:Health ministries
9254:Forest ministries
9249:Foreign ministers
9244:Finance ministers
9224:Defence ministers
9145:Ministry of women
9100:Regional minister
8982:natural resources
8956:Industry minister
8941:Commerce minister
8906:Interior minister
8882:foreign affairs /
8856:Minister of state
8732:
8731:
8728:
8727:
8720:Political parties
8599:Political culture
8524:International law
8495:
8494:
8487:U.S. Constitution
8436:
8435:
8418:Political science
8397:
8396:
8369:Political parties
8330:
8329:
8256:
8255:
7972:Constitutionalism
7683:County government
7386:978-0-8166-5677-6
7097:Wilfred Funk, Inc
7093:Why England Slept
6993:. pp. 2โ15.
6853:Political Science
6498:National Assembly
6477:semi-presidential
6422:Semi-presidential
6364:in 2011โ2019 and
6362:Semi-presidential
6356:in 2004โ2005 and
6354:semi-presidential
6346:semi-presidential
6290:in 2016. Under a
5820:Republic of China
5463:Equatorial Guinea
4870:
4869:
4862:
4844:
4744:
4743:
2358:Equatorial Guinea
1345:electoral college
1318:C. Douglas Dillon
1271:Why England Slept
1240:Watergate scandal
1081:George Washington
852:
851:
800:Political parties
740:Electoral systems
464:Political science
438:Semi-presidential
350:Political systems
326:Political history
321:Political economy
161:Absolute monarchy
16:(Redirected from
9892:
9829:
9828:
9817:
9816:
9728:Social insurance
9575:Waste management
9543:Electric utility
9520:Public transport
9437:Public ownership
9356:Municipalization
9338:
9331:
9324:
9315:
9314:
9301:
9300:
9290:
9289:
9110:Tourism minister
9071:Housing minister
9032:Culture minister
8759:
8752:
8745:
8736:
8735:
8703:
8702:
8691:
8687:World government
8685:
8680:
8674:
8669:
8663:
8658:
8652:
8647:
8641:
8636:
8630:
8625:
8619:
8614:
8608:
8603:
8597:
8592:
8586:
8534:World government
8445:
8444:
8406:
8405:
8389:Environmentalism
8339:
8338:
8267:
8266:
8141:
8140:
8078:Public education
8058:Social insurance
7992:Environmentalism
7962:Communitarianism
7937:Authoritarianism
7899:Direct Democracy
7678:Local government
7613:
7606:
7599:
7590:
7589:
7577:
7576:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7540:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7524:on 28 March 2012
7523:
7517:. Archived from
7516:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7458:
7430:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7397:
7391:
7390:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7244:
7231:
7230:
7222:
7213:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7193:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7154:
7145:
7144:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7112:, pp. 55โ57
7107:
7101:
7100:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7058:The New Republic
7052:
7046:
7045:
7011:
7005:
7004:
6982:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6882:Demokratizatsiya
6876:
6870:
6869:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6762:
6756:
6755:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6708:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6597:
6584:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6537:
6521:
6514:
6508:
6486:
6480:
6465:
6459:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6441:
6415:
6409:
6375:
6369:
6334:
6328:
6317:
6311:
6301:
6295:
6282:in 1991โ1992, a
6274:in 1990โ1991, a
6264:
6258:
6249:in 1998โ2013, a
6245:in 1991โ1998, a
6232:
6226:
6212:
6206:
6192:
6186:
6172:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6035:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4865:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4802:
4778:
4770:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4013:
4012:
4011:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3710:Papua New Guinea
3707:
3706:
3705:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1453:and vice versa.
1372:cabinet shuffles
1249:party discipline
1120:American control
1042:the Protectorate
1014:British colonies
950:one-party states
876:executive branch
844:
837:
830:
816:
815:
606:
551:
506:Political theory
496:Election science
486:
472:
250:
249:
242:
235:
228:
220:
212:
198:
188:
178:
168:
158:
148:
130:
119:
109:
96:
79:
69:
59:
21:
9900:
9899:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9890:
9889:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9843:
9842:
9837:
9805:
9791:Public security
9781:Public offering
9749:
9738:Social security
9688:Social services
9682:
9638:Public hospital
9633:Public computer
9628:Public bookcase
9579:
9529:
9498:Law enforcement
9493:Fire department
9476:
9427:Public interest
9370:
9366:Progressive tax
9361:Nationalization
9347:
9345:Public services
9342:
9312:
9307:
9278:
9194:Prime ministers
9189:Vice presidents
9172:
9156:
9054:Health minister
9020:
8989:Energy minister
8981:
8975:
8933:
8927:
8883:
8881:
8875:
8861:Deputy minister
8839:
8773:
8763:
8733:
8724:
8694:
8689:
8683:
8678:
8672:
8667:
8665:Western culture
8661:
8656:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8623:
8617:
8612:
8606:
8601:
8595:
8590:
8584:
8553:
8491:
8432:
8413:Fields of study
8393:
8374:Advocacy groups
8326:
8262:
8252:
8132:
8128:Street cleaning
8108:Food inspection
8063:Law enforcement
8046:
7915:
7849:Totalitarianism
7702:
7626:
7617:
7582:
7560:
7555:
7547:
7541:
7537:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7476:
7472:
7431:
7424:
7415:
7413:
7398:
7394:
7387:
7379:. p. 248.
7367:Nelson, Dana D.
7364:
7360:
7349:
7345:
7338:
7324:
7320:
7315:: 72โ152. 1994.
7310:
7309:
7305:
7266:
7262:
7245:
7234:
7223:
7216:
7207:
7203:
7184:
7180:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7127:
7123:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7089:
7085:
7070:
7066:
7053:
7049:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6983:
6976:
6967:
6965:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6940:
6936:
6919:
6915:
6898:
6894:
6877:
6873:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6815:
6811:
6800:
6796:
6763:
6759:
6726:
6722:
6683:
6679:
6648:
6644:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6598:
6587:
6578:
6574:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6515:
6511:
6494:Fourth Republic
6487:
6483:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6416:
6412:
6383:Weimar Republic
6376:
6372:
6335:
6331:
6318:
6314:
6302:
6298:
6265:
6261:
6233:
6229:
6213:
6209:
6193:
6189:
6173:
6169:
6164:
6148:
6146:
6134:
6132:
6120:
6118:
6106:
6104:
6092:
6090:
6078:
6076:
6057:
6055:
6045:
6043:
6026:
6024:
6011:
6009:
5998:
5996:
5984:
5982:
5971:
5969:
5957:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5931:
5929:
5909:
5907:
5895:
5893:
5877:
5875:
5862:
5860:
5848:
5846:
5834:
5832:
5813:
5811:
5799:
5797:
5785:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5759:
5757:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5725:
5723:
5712:
5710:
5692:
5690:
5679:
5677:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5650:
5648:
5636:
5634:
5622:
5620:
5609:
5607:
5596:
5594:
5583:
5581:
5570:
5568:
5557:
5555:
5539:
5537:
5526:
5524:
5513:
5511:
5500:
5498:
5482:
5480:
5469:
5467:
5456:
5454:
5443:
5441:
5430:
5428:
5417:
5415:
5404:
5402:
5390:
5388:
5379:
5371:
5360:
5358:
5347:
5345:
5334:
5332:
5321:
5319:
5308:
5306:
5295:
5293:
5282:
5280:
5268:
5266:
5254:
5252:
5241:
5239:
5228:
5226:
5215:
5213:
5202:
5200:
5189:
5187:
5176:
5174:
5163:
5161:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5135:
5124:
5122:
5111:
5109:
5098:
5096:
5085:
5083:
5072:
5070:
5059:
5057:
5046:
5044:
5033:
5031:
5020:
5018:
5007:
5005:
4994:
4992:
4981:
4979:
4968:
4966:
4955:
4953:
4942:
4940:
4929:
4927:
4916:
4914:
4903:
4901:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4866:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4803:
4801:
4791:
4779:
4768:
4755:
4749:
4729:
4727:
4711:
4709:
4693:
4691:
4675:
4673:
4657:
4655:
4639:
4637:
4621:
4619:
4603:
4601:
4585:
4583:
4567:
4565:
4549:
4547:
4531:
4529:
4513:
4511:
4495:
4493:
4477:
4475:
4459:
4457:
4441:
4439:
4423:
4421:
4405:
4403:
4387:
4385:
4369:
4367:
4351:
4349:
4333:
4331:
4315:
4313:
4297:
4295:
4279:
4277:
4261:
4259:
4243:
4241:
4225:
4223:
4207:
4205:
4189:
4187:
4171:
4169:
4153:
4151:
4135:
4133:
4117:
4115:
4099:
4097:
4081:
4079:
4070:Solomon Islands
4063:
4061:
4045:
4043:
4027:
4025:
4009:
4007:
3991:
3989:
3973:
3971:
3955:
3953:
3937:
3935:
3919:
3917:
3901:
3899:
3883:
3881:
3865:
3863:
3847:
3845:
3829:
3827:
3811:
3809:
3793:
3791:
3775:
3773:
3757:
3755:
3739:
3737:
3721:
3719:
3703:
3701:
3685:
3683:
3666:
3664:
3647:
3645:
3629:
3627:
3611:
3609:
3593:
3591:
3582:North Macedonia
3575:
3573:
3557:
3555:
3539:
3537:
3521:
3519:
3503:
3501:
3485:
3483:
3467:
3465:
3449:
3447:
3431:
3429:
3413:
3411:
3395:
3393:
3377:
3375:
3359:
3357:
3341:
3339:
3323:
3321:
3305:
3303:
3287:
3285:
3269:
3267:
3251:
3249:
3233:
3231:
3215:
3213:
3197:
3195:
3179:
3177:
3161:
3159:
3143:
3141:
3125:
3123:
3107:
3105:
3089:
3087:
3071:
3069:
3053:
3051:
3035:
3033:
3017:
3015:
2999:
2997:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2961:
2945:
2943:
2927:
2925:
2909:
2907:
2891:
2889:
2873:
2871:
2855:
2853:
2837:
2835:
2819:
2817:
2801:
2799:
2783:
2781:
2765:
2763:
2747:
2745:
2729:
2727:
2711:
2709:
2693:
2691:
2675:
2673:
2657:
2655:
2639:
2637:
2621:
2619:
2603:
2601:
2585:
2583:
2567:
2565:
2549:
2547:
2531:
2529:
2513:
2511:
2495:
2493:
2477:
2475:
2459:
2457:
2441:
2439:
2423:
2421:
2405:
2403:
2387:
2385:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2349:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2313:
2297:
2295:
2279:
2277:
2261:
2259:
2243:
2241:
2225:
2223:
2207:
2205:
2189:
2187:
2171:
2169:
2153:
2151:
2135:
2133:
2117:
2115:
2099:
2097:
2081:
2079:
2063:
2061:
2045:
2043:
2027:
2025:
2009:
2007:
1991:
1989:
1973:
1971:
1955:
1953:
1937:
1935:
1919:
1917:
1901:
1899:
1883:
1881:
1865:
1863:
1847:
1845:
1829:
1827:
1811:
1809:
1793:
1791:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1755:
1739:
1737:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1701:
1685:
1683:
1667:
1665:
1649:
1647:
1631:
1629:
1613:
1611:
1595:
1593:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1557:
1541:
1539:
1523:
1521:
1500:
1459:
1426:
1402:
1354:
1341:
1335:
1311:Allende's Chile
1280:Stanley Baldwin
1276:John F. Kennedy
1265:
1235:
1221:, the power to
1210:
1204:
1195:
1116:
1022:Plymouth Colony
1010:
1005:
848:
810:
805:
804:
735:
734:
725:
724:
682:
681:
672:
671:
640:
639:
630:
629:
625:Public interest
610:Domestic policy
600:
593:
592:
581:
580:
545:
538:
537:
526:
525:
487:
480:
473:
466:
458:
457:
448:
447:
353:
352:
341:
340:
296:
295:
286:
255:Politics series
246:
201:
200:
196:
194:
186:
184:
176:
174:
171:One-party state
166:
164:
156:
154:
146:
144:
128:
126:
125:
117:
115:
107:
99:
98:
94:
85:
84:
77:
75:
67:
65:
57:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9898:
9888:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9838:
9836:
9835:
9823:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9776:Public holiday
9773:
9768:
9763:
9757:
9755:
9751:
9750:
9748:
9747:
9745:Youth services
9742:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9733:Social pension
9725:
9724:
9723:
9713:
9708:
9703:
9701:Public housing
9698:
9692:
9690:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9665:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9643:Public library
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9608:Infrastructure
9605:
9603:Free education
9600:
9595:
9589:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9550:
9545:
9539:
9537:
9535:Public utility
9531:
9530:
9528:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9508:Savings system
9503:Postal service
9500:
9495:
9490:
9484:
9482:
9481:Basic services
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9397:Product sample
9394:
9392:Free newspaper
9389:
9384:
9378:
9376:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9341:
9340:
9333:
9326:
9318:
9309:
9308:
9306:
9305:
9295:
9283:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9180:
9178:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9085:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9068:
9063:
9062:
9061:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9028:
9026:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8985:
8983:
8980:Environment /
8977:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8937:
8935:
8934:infrastructure
8929:
8928:
8926:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8914:
8913:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8887:
8885:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8866:Undersecretary
8863:
8858:
8853:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8805:First minister
8802:
8797:
8795:Prime minister
8792:
8790:Vice president
8787:
8781:
8779:
8775:
8774:
8762:
8761:
8754:
8747:
8739:
8730:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8706:
8700:
8696:
8695:
8693:
8692:
8681:
8670:
8659:
8648:
8637:
8626:
8615:
8604:
8593:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8561:
8559:
8555:
8554:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8544:European Union
8541:
8539:United Nations
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8503:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8448:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8423:Urban planning
8420:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8342:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8270:
8264:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8193:Prime minister
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8144:
8138:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8118:Traffic lights
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8039:
8037:Theoreticians:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8022:Fundamentalism
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7987:Egalitarianism
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7923:
7921:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7866:
7861:
7852:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7616:
7615:
7608:
7601:
7593:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7574:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7558:External links
7556:
7554:
7553:
7535:
7503:
7490:(4): 731โ741.
7470:
7422:
7392:
7385:
7358:
7343:
7336:
7318:
7303:
7260:
7232:
7214:
7201:
7178:
7146:
7139:
7121:
7102:
7083:
7064:
7047:
7028:(3): 289โ325.
7006:
6999:
6974:
6949:
6934:
6913:
6892:
6871:
6842:
6835:
6829:. p. 22.
6809:
6794:
6757:
6720:
6677:
6658:(5): 517โ530.
6642:
6621:
6614:
6585:
6572:
6557:
6551:978-0521128650
6550:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6518:Verkhovna Rada
6509:
6506:Sixth Republic
6481:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6436:in 2010โ2021 (
6428:); 1993โ2021 (
6424:in 1993โ2010 (
6420:in 1990โ1993,
6410:
6370:
6352:in 1995โ2004,
6348:in 1991โ1995,
6344:in 1990โ1991,
6329:
6312:
6306:in 1972โ1975,
6296:
6268:Azerbaijan SSR
6259:
6227:
6207:
6187:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6144:
6130:
6116:
6102:
6088:
6074:
6041:
6021:
6007:
5994:
5980:
5967:
5941:
5927:
5905:
5891:
5872:
5858:
5844:
5830:
5809:
5795:
5780:Azerbaijan SSR
5769:
5755:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5721:
5702:
5701:
5688:
5686:American Samoa
5668:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5646:
5631:
5618:
5605:
5592:
5579:
5566:
5553:
5550:Chief minister
5535:
5522:
5509:
5496:
5478:
5465:
5452:
5439:
5426:
5413:
5400:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5356:
5343:
5330:
5317:
5304:
5291:
5278:
5263:
5250:
5237:
5224:
5211:
5198:
5185:
5172:
5159:
5146:
5133:
5120:
5107:
5094:
5081:
5068:
5055:
5042:
5029:
5016:
5003:
4990:
4977:
4964:
4951:
4938:
4925:
4912:
4899:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4782:
4780:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:United Kingdom
4544:
4543:
4540:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4436:
4435:
4432:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3012:
3011:
3008:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:Czech Republic
2202:
2201:
2198:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1499:
1496:
1472:United Kingdom
1458:
1455:
1441:Dana D. Nelson
1425:
1422:
1418:Walter Bagehot
1401:
1398:
1353:
1350:
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1326:Walter Bagehot
1322:Woodrow Wilson
1264:
1261:
1234:
1231:
1206:Main article:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1168:Supreme Leader
1153:Decolonization
1137:, it assisted
1115:
1112:
1102:, Brazil also
1046:Lord Protector
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
948:or leaders of
901:by a group of
850:
849:
847:
846:
839:
832:
824:
821:
820:
807:
806:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
780:
764:
759:
754:
753:
752:
742:
736:
732:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
689:
683:
680:Related topics
679:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
647:
641:
637:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
622:
617:
615:Foreign policy
612:
607:
594:
588:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
577:
576:
562:
557:
552:
539:
533:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
513:
511:Policy studies
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
476:
474:
462:
459:
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
348:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
297:
294:Primary topics
293:
292:
291:
288:
287:
285:
284:
279:
274:
268:
265:
264:
258:
257:
245:
244:
237:
230:
222:
195:
185:
181:Military junta
175:
165:
155:
145:
141:Supreme Leader
127:
116:
106:
102:Hybrid systems
93:
76:
66:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9897:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9875:Republicanism
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9834:
9833:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9812:
9811:
9808:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9786:Public sector
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9752:
9746:
9743:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9730:
9729:
9726:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9711:Job guarantee
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9685:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9669:
9666:
9664:
9663:Public toilet
9661:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9653:Public school
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9590:
9588:
9586:
9582:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9548:Oil & gas
9546:
9544:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9532:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9488:Civil service
9486:
9485:
9483:
9479:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9447:Public rights
9445:
9443:
9442:Public policy
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9422:Public health
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9412:Public domain
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9379:
9377:
9373:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9353:
9350:
9346:
9339:
9334:
9332:
9327:
9325:
9320:
9319:
9316:
9304:
9296:
9294:
9285:
9284:
9281:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9264:
9263:mental health
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9175:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9094:
9091:
9090:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9073:
9072:
9069:
9067:
9064:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9023:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8987:
8986:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8884:public safety
8878:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8782:
8780:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8760:
8755:
8753:
8748:
8746:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8701:
8697:
8688:
8682:
8677:
8671:
8666:
8660:
8655:
8649:
8644:
8638:
8633:
8627:
8622:
8616:
8611:
8605:
8600:
8594:
8589:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8565:Human history
8563:
8562:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8500:International
8498:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8439:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8400:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8333:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8259:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8173:Head of state
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8032:Progressivism
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7918:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7879:Collaborative
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7824:Republicanism
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7754:Confederation
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7709:
7705:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7658:Unitary state
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7614:
7609:
7607:
7602:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7585:
7578:
7571:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7546:
7539:
7520:
7513:
7507:
7498:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7429:
7427:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7402:
7401:Sirota, David
7396:
7388:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7354:
7347:
7339:
7337:0-300-09218-0
7333:
7329:
7322:
7314:
7307:
7299:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7257:(2): 579โ592.
7256:
7252:
7251:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7228:
7221:
7219:
7211:
7205:
7197:
7192:
7191:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7153:
7151:
7142:
7140:9780134586571
7136:
7132:
7125:
7117:
7111:
7106:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7060:
7059:
7051:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7010:
7002:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6981:
6979:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6945:
6938:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6917:
6910:(2): 215โ233.
6909:
6905:
6904:
6896:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6846:
6838:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6813:
6805:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6681:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6646:
6639:(4): 689โ696.
6638:
6634:
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6625:
6617:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6596:
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6495:
6491:
6485:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6455:
6446:
6439:
6435:
6434:Parliamentary
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6367:
6366:parliamentary
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6342:parliamentary
6339:
6333:
6326:
6322:
6316:
6309:
6305:
6304:Parliamentary
6300:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6239:parliamentary
6237:
6231:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6171:
6167:
6156:
6145:
6142:
6131:
6128:
6117:
6114:
6103:
6100:
6099:South Vietnam
6089:
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5709:
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5689:
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5580:
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5508:
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5490:
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5440:
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5383:
5374:
5368:
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5344:
5342:
5331:
5329:
5318:
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5315:United States
5305:
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5292:
5290:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5264:
5262:
5251:
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5238:
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5121:
5119:
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5082:
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5069:
5067:
5056:
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5017:
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4989:
4978:
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4965:
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4898:
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4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811: โ
4810:
4806:
4805:Find sources:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4783:This section
4781:
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4772:
4771:
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2628:Guinea-Bissau
2618:
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2042:
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2037:
2035:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1929:
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1911:
1909:
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1442:
1437:
1435:
1434:head of state
1431:
1421:
1419:
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1409:
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1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1379:
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1244:Woodrow Wyatt
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1199:
1190:
1188:
1184:
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1165:
1160:
1158:
1157:South Vietnam
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:constitutions
1093:
1092:Latin America
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:British Isles
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:and southern
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:head of state
891:
889:
888:United States
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
825:
823:
822:
819:
814:
809:
808:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
769:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
697:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
676:
675:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
642:
634:
633:
626:
623:
621:
620:Civil society
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
604:
599:
598:Public policy
596:
595:
591:
585:
584:
574:
570:
566:
565:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
549:
544:
541:
540:
536:
530:
529:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
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479:
475:
470:
465:
461:
460:
452:
451:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
418:Parliamentary
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
403:Hybrid regime
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
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359:
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355:
351:
345:
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329:
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317:
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309:
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266:
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229:
224:
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219:
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192:
182:
172:
162:
152:
142:
138:
134:
123:
113:
105:
103:
91:
89:
83:
73:
63:
54:
52:
46:
45:
39:
33:
19:
9830:
9818:
9771:Public float
9706:Job creation
9658:Public space
9585:Public works
9462:Public value
9457:Public trust
8690:}}
8684:{{
8679:}}
8673:{{
8668:}}
8662:{{
8657:}}
8651:{{
8646:}}
8640:{{
8635:}}
8629:{{
8624:}}
8618:{{
8613:}}
8607:{{
8602:}}
8596:{{
8591:}}
8585:{{
8579:
8575:Civilization
8528:
8506:
8476:
8466:
8451:
8412:
8384:Civil rights
8378:
8363:
8345:
8313:
8293:
8289:Town meeting
8273:
8222:
8197:
8167:
8153:Constitution
8147:
8112:
8092:
8036:
7982:Distributism
7967:Conservatism
7952:Collectivism
7920:Philosophies
7894:Cosmopolitan
7889:Conservative
7868:
7855:
7728:
7719:Govt systems
7713:
7693:Municipality
7672:
7538:
7526:. Retrieved
7519:the original
7506:
7487:
7483:
7473:
7438:
7414:. Retrieved
7408:
7395:
7371:
7361:
7352:
7346:
7327:
7321:
7312:
7306:
7273:
7269:
7263:
7254:
7248:
7226:
7209:
7204:
7189:
7181:
7164:
7158:
7130:
7124:
7105:
7092:
7086:
7073:
7067:
7056:
7050:
7025:
7019:
7009:
6986:
6966:. Retrieved
6964:. 2018-06-25
6961:
6952:
6943:
6937:
6926:
6916:
6907:
6901:
6895:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6818:
6812:
6803:
6797:
6772:
6766:
6760:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6696:
6690:
6680:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6636:
6630:
6624:
6601:
6580:
6575:
6560:
6541:
6535:
6512:
6484:
6469:single-party
6463:
6454:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6425:
6418:Presidential
6413:
6398:Nazi Germany
6390:dictatorship
6387:totalitarian
6373:
6358:presidential
6350:presidential
6338:Georgian SSR
6332:
6315:
6308:presidential
6299:
6280:independence
6262:
6236:Armenian SSR
6230:
6210:
6190:
6170:
6071:
5888:
5887:(1930โ1933)
5827:
5704:
5703:
5671:
5670:
5643:Transnistria
5633:
5546:Sierra Leone
5387:
5380:
5372:
5302:Turkmenistan
5265:
4856:
4847:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4804:
4792:Please help
4787:verification
4784:
4756:
4484:Turkmenistan
4124:South Africa
3998:Sierra Leone
3926:Saudi Arabia
1908:Burkina Faso
1501:
1477:
1470:such as the
1460:
1446:Edmund Burke
1438:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1368:
1355:
1342:
1315:
1299:
1292:
1269:
1266:
1253:
1236:
1211:
1196:
1180:
1172:Soviet Union
1161:
1151:
1143:independence
1131:World War II
1128:
1117:
1085:
1073:James Wilson
1050:
1011:
989:Central Asia
954:
925:
923:
892:
859:
855:
853:
548:street-level
423:Presidential
422:
383:Dictatorship
253:Part of the
202:
100:
87:
86:
49:
41:
9623:Public bank
9598:Free clinic
9432:Public land
9382:Common good
8932:Economics /
8549:World Court
8482:Magna Carta
8299:Legislation
8261:Governance
8218:Legislature
8093:Regulation:
8002:Familialism
7977:Corporatism
7957:Communalism
7927:Agrarianism
7839:Technocracy
7799:Meritocracy
7794:Kleptocracy
7774:Ergatocracy
7769:Electocracy
7759:Colonialism
7744:Bureaucracy
7739:Aristocracy
6889:(2): 71โ77.
6860:: 117โ132.
6738:(4): 5โ19.
6699:: 157โ179.
6368:since 2019.
6360:2005โ2011.
6270:, it was a
6219:legislature
6199:legislature
6179:legislature
6157:(1990โ1991)
6143:(1995โ1996)
6129:(1990โ1991)
6127:Turkmen SSR
6115:(1990โ1991)
6101:(1955โ1975)
6087:(1963โ1972)
6085:South Korea
5993:(1960โ1978)
5979:(1960โ1992)
5966:(1990โ1993)
5952:Kirghiz SSR
5940:(1960โ1963)
5904:(1973โ1974)
5857:(1938โ1940)
5843:(1902โ1959)
5808:(1975โ1991)
5768:(1998โ2013)
5754:(2004โ2021)
5699:Puerto Rico
5564:South Korea
5476:Ivory Coast
5248:Philippines
5066:Gambia, The
5053:El Salvador
4394:Timor-Leste
4268:Switzerland
4160:South Sudan
4142:South Korea
3764:Philippines
3675:(West Bank)
3564:North Korea
3492:New Zealand
3474:Netherlands
2880:Ivory Coast
2340:El Salvador
1530:Afghanistan
1492:impeachment
1412:election".
1352:Fixed-terms
1183:South Sudan
1147:established
1139:South Korea
1129:The end of
1122:due to the
1065:Montesquieu
985:West Africa
919:legislature
907:responsible
905:and is not
874:, leads an
866:in which a
687:Sovereignty
652:Legislature
555:Technocracy
543:Bureaucracy
408:Meritocracy
388:Directorial
9870:Presidents
9854:Categories
9796:Public use
9678:Urban park
9618:Public art
9407:Public bad
9184:Presidents
8880:Defence /
8778:Leadership
8771:ministries
8699:Categories
8632:liberalism
8580:Templates:
8477:Documents:
8452:Overviews:
8304:Regulation
8233:Parliament
8137:Components
8123:Sanitation
8113:Municipal:
8042:John Locke
8027:Liberalism
8007:Fanaticism
7819:Plutocracy
7789:Geniocracy
7779:Federalism
7749:Capitalism
7624:government
7581:Government
7456:2077/54296
7416:2009-09-20
7276:(3): 258.
7000:0801853133
6968:2022-03-01
6836:0944029361
6615:0765600528
6528:References
6323:under the
6294:since 1993
5991:Mauritania
5964:Kyrgyzstan
5806:Bangladesh
5792:Azerbaijan
5590:Tajikistan
5507:Kyrgyzstan
5275:Somaliland
5261:Seychelles
5001:Costa Rica
4850:April 2024
4820:newspapers
4751:See also:
4610:Uzbekistan
4376:The Gambia
4322:Tajikistan
4106:Somaliland
3980:Seychelles
3420:Mozambique
3384:Montenegro
3294:Mauritania
3186:Madagascar
3168:Luxembourg
3024:Kyrgyzstan
2952:Kazakhstan
2142:Costa Rica
2016:Cape Verde
1710:Bangladesh
1674:Azerbaijan
1384:Fred Riggs
1238:about the
1061:John Locke
777:Governance
767:Government
762:Federalism
363:City-state
135:republic (
133:Theocratic
44:government
8785:President
8767:ministers
8508:Diplomacy
8428:Sociology
8359:Campaigns
8347:Elections
8322:Precedent
8294:Outcomes:
8284:Committee
8263:processes
8213:Judiciary
8188:President
8148:Documents
8088:Espionage
8051:Functions
7997:Extremism
7932:Anarchism
7884:Consensus
7874:Cellular
7857:Democracy
7844:Theocracy
7829:Socialism
7814:Oligarchy
7784:Feudalism
7764:Communism
7631:Overviews
7465:158437511
7298:145450791
7167:: 51โ69.
7078:Routledge
6928:Brookings
6789:145444372
6775:: 21โ37.
6715:252947271
6672:153822718
6606:Routledge
6215:President
6195:President
6175:President
6155:Uzbek SSR
6113:Tajik SSR
6068:1991โ1992
5924:1957โ1986
5920:1859โ1957
5824:1948โ1991
5719:Hong Kong
5341:Venezuela
5183:Nicaragua
5118:Indonesia
5092:Guatemala
4910:Argentina
4646:Venezuela
4196:Sri Lanka
4016:Singapore
3673:Palestine
3654:Palestine
3510:Nicaragua
3312:Mauritius
3150:Lithuania
2772:Indonesia
2700:Hong Kong
2592:Guatemala
1638:Australia
1602:Argentina
1307:Juan Linz
1176:dissolved
1149:in 1998.
1069:delegates
946:Dictators
926:president
872:president
757:Unitarism
745:Elections
733:Subseries
662:Judiciary
657:Executive
560:Adhocracy
443:Theocracy
398:Feudalism
378:Democracy
9860:Republic
9820:Category
9754:See also
9375:Concepts
8835:Minister
8472:Suffrage
8402:Academic
8335:Politics
8274:Process:
8243:Assembly
8228:Congress
8208:Ministry
8083:Military
8017:Feminism
7942:Centrism
7909:Republic
7809:Monarchy
7729:Systems:
7698:Township
7620:Politics
7528:3 August
7369:(2008).
7208:Wilson,
7110:Yoo 2019
7042:18060081
6962:BBC News
6825:and the
6752:51825804
6430:de facto
6408:in 1949.
6392:under a
6257:in 2018.
6072:de facto
6018:Pakistan
5889:de facto
5828:de facto
5603:Tanzania
5450:Djibouti
5424:Cameroon
5397:Abkhazia
5367:Zimbabwe
5235:Paraguay
5157:Maldives
5105:Honduras
4975:Colombia
4736:Zimbabwe
4718:Zanzibar
4358:Thailand
4340:Tanzania
4232:Suriname
4052:Slovenia
4034:Slovakia
3800:Portugal
3728:Paraguay
3636:Pakistan
3366:Mongolia
3240:Maldives
3222:Malaysia
2682:Honduras
2430:Ethiopia
2412:Eswatini
2268:Djibouti
2106:Colombia
1980:Cameroon
1962:Cambodia
1890:Bulgaria
1854:Botswana
1728:Barbados
1432:and the
1302:gridlock
1193:Features
1100:monarchy
1034:cabinets
1026:governor
1018:Pilgrims
977:Suriname
957:Americas
903:citizens
785:Ideology
603:doctrine
564:Service
428:Republic
413:Monarchy
393:Federacy
282:Category
262:Politics
217:de facto
9832:Commons
9761:Commons
8815:Premier
8558:Related
8514:Embassy
8467:Reforms
8441:History
8379:Issues:
8364:Groups:
8279:Hearing
8238:Council
8203:Cabinet
8198:Bodies:
8183:Monarch
8158:Charter
8012:Fascism
7834:Statism
7734:Anarchy
7707:Systems
7673:Levels:
7290:1601343
6492:of the
6438:de jure
6426:de jure
6381:as the
6336:as the
6266:as the
6234:as the
6141:Ukraine
5938:Katanga
5884:Germany
5869:Georgia
5855:Estonia
5766:Armenia
5629:Tunisia
5533:Senegal
5411:Burundi
5328:Uruguay
5196:Nigeria
5131:Liberia
5040:Ecuador
4988:Comoros
4936:Bolivia
4834:scholar
4664:Vietnam
4628:Vanuatu
4592:Uruguay
4520:Ukraine
4448:Tunisia
4088:Somalia
3944:Senegal
3854:Romania
3546:Nigeria
3438:Namibia
3402:Morocco
3348:Moldova
3114:Liberia
3096:Lesotho
3078:Lebanon
2898:Jamaica
2826:Ireland
2736:Iceland
2718:Hungary
2538:Germany
2520:Georgia
2466:Finland
2394:Estonia
2376:Eritrea
2304:Ecuador
2250:Denmark
2160:Croatia
2124:Comoros
1944:Burundi
1926:Myanmar
1818:Bolivia
1764:Belgium
1746:Belarus
1692:Bahrain
1656:Austria
1620:Armenia
1566:Algeria
1548:Albania
1513:Country
1288:Commons
1104:adopted
1003:History
987:and in
981:Central
932:in the
911:dismiss
899:elected
862:, is a
790:Culture
700:Country
358:Anarchy
272:Outline
209:de jure
9291:
9025:Social
8923:Europe
8844:Titles
8529:World:
8519:Treaty
8354:Voting
8309:Zoning
8168:Roles:
7714:Lists:
7648:Empire
7643:Nation
7463:
7383:
7334:
7296:
7288:
7137:
7040:
6997:
6833:
6787:
6750:
6713:
6670:
6612:
6548:
6278:after
6152:
6138:
6124:
6110:
6096:
6082:
6064:Russia
6061:
6049:
6036:(1935โ
6033:Poland
6030:
6015:
5988:
5961:
5949:
5935:
5913:
5902:Greece
5899:
5881:
5866:
5852:
5838:
5817:
5803:
5789:
5777:
5763:
5749:
5729:
5716:
5696:
5683:
5657:Uganda
5654:
5640:
5626:
5613:
5600:
5587:
5574:
5561:
5543:
5530:
5520:Rwanda
5517:
5504:
5486:
5473:
5460:
5447:
5434:
5421:
5408:
5394:
5364:
5354:Zambia
5351:
5338:
5325:
5312:
5299:
5289:Turkey
5286:
5272:
5258:
5245:
5232:
5222:Panama
5219:
5206:
5193:
5180:
5170:Mexico
5167:
5154:
5144:Malawi
5141:
5128:
5115:
5102:
5089:
5076:
5063:
5050:
5037:
5024:
5014:Cyprus
5011:
4998:
4985:
4972:
4959:
4949:Brazil
4946:
4933:
4920:
4907:
4897:Angola
4894:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4740:0.592
4734:
4722:0.591
4716:
4704:0.277
4700:Zambia
4698:
4686:0.884
4680:
4668:0.726
4662:
4650:0.958
4644:
4632:0.102
4626:
4614:0.905
4608:
4596:0.045
4590:
4578:0.078
4572:
4560:0.062
4554:
4542:0.835
4536:
4524:0.597
4518:
4506:0.411
4502:Uganda
4500:
4488:0.907
4482:
4470:0.722
4466:Turkey
4464:
4452:0.113
4446:
4434:0.113
4428:
4416:0.804
4410:
4392:
4380:0.131
4374:
4362:0.419
4356:
4338:
4326:0.943
4320:
4304:Taiwan
4302:
4290:0.922
4284:
4272:0.013
4266:
4250:Sweden
4248:
4236:0.126
4230:
4218:0.692
4212:
4200:0.252
4194:
4182:0.031
4176:
4164:0.881
4158:
4146:0.076
4140:
4122:
4110:0.599
4104:
4092:0.756
4086:
4074:0.216
4068:
4056:0.159
4050:
4038:0.047
4032:
4020:0.298
4014:
4002:0.296
3996:
3984:0.055
3978:
3966:0.404
3962:Serbia
3960:
3948:0.236
3942:
3930:0.814
3924:
3912:0.213
3906:
3894:0.738
3890:Rwanda
3888:
3876:0.898
3872:Russia
3870:
3858:0.184
3852:
3840:0.779
3834:
3822:0.716
3816:
3804:0.056
3798:
3786:0.361
3782:Poland
3780:
3762:
3750:0.094
3744:
3732:0.258
3726:
3714:0.197
3708:
3696:0.297
3692:Panama
3690:
3678:0.585
3671:
3659:0.807
3656:(Gaza)
3652:
3640:0.286
3634:
3622:0.574
3616:
3604:0.015
3600:Norway
3598:
3580:
3568:0.986
3562:
3544:
3526:
3514:0.987
3508:
3496:0.016
3490:
3478:0.028
3472:
3460:0.213
3454:
3442:0.207
3436:
3424:0.442
3418:
3406:0.348
3400:
3388:0.246
3382:
3370:0.207
3364:
3352:0.122
3346:
3334:0.369
3330:Mexico
3328:
3316:0.194
3310:
3292:
3280:0.131
3274:
3262:0.623
3256:
3244:0.211
3238:
3226:0.354
3220:
3208:0.136
3204:Malawi
3202:
3190:0.677
3184:
3172:0.092
3166:
3154:0.025
3148:
3136:0.479
3130:
3118:0.296
3112:
3100:0.123
3094:
3082:0.539
3076:
3064:0.036
3060:Latvia
3058:
3040:
3028:0.614
3022:
3010:0.317
3006:Kuwait
3004:
2992:0.296
2988:Kosovo
2986:
2974:0.132
2968:
2956:0.807
2950:
2934:Jordan
2932:
2920:0.135
2914:
2902:0.084
2896:
2884:0.532
2878:
2866:0.089
2860:
2844:Israel
2842:
2824:
2812:0.484
2806:
2794:0.812
2788:
2776:0.206
2770:
2758:0.227
2752:
2740:0.051
2734:
2722:0.288
2716:
2704:0.569
2698:
2686:0.402
2680:
2668:0.706
2662:
2650:0.276
2646:Guyana
2644:
2632:0.413
2626:
2614:0.764
2610:Guinea
2608:
2596:0.351
2590:
2574:Greece
2572:
2554:
2542:0.033
2536:
2524:0.282
2518:
2506:0.752
2500:
2488:0.068
2484:France
2482:
2470:0.022
2464:
2452:0.525
2446:
2434:0.735
2428:
2416:0.707
2410:
2398:0.033
2392:
2380:0.977
2374:
2362:0.966
2356:
2344:0.855
2338:
2326:0.494
2320:
2308:0.397
2302:
2290:0.181
2284:
2272:0.751
2266:
2254:0.012
2248:
2236:0.689
2230:
2212:
2200:0.151
2196:Cyprus
2194:
2182:0.806
2176:
2164:0.107
2158:
2146:0.033
2140:
2128:0.833
2122:
2110:0.133
2104:
2092:0.891
2086:
2074:0.019
2068:
2056:0.929
2050:
2038:0.618
2032:
2020:0.098
2014:
1998:Canada
1996:
1984:0.873
1978:
1960:
1948:0.801
1942:
1930:0.879
1924:
1912:0.314
1906:
1888:
1876:0.136
1872:Brazil
1870:
1858:0.176
1852:
1840:0.327
1834:
1822:0.535
1816:
1804:0.117
1800:Bhutan
1798:
1786:0.419
1780:
1768:0.051
1762:
1744:
1732:0.091
1726:
1714:0.711
1708:
1696:0.917
1690:
1678:0.965
1672:
1660:0.047
1654:
1636:
1624:0.297
1618:
1606:0.203
1600:
1588:0.627
1584:Angola
1582:
1570:0.807
1564:
1546:
1534:0.934
1528:
1223:pardon
1067:, the
997:Turkey
993:Cyprus
973:Guyana
965:Belize
961:Canada
750:voting
692:Polity
590:Policy
569:Public
483:theory
197:
189:
187:
179:
177:
169:
167:
159:
157:
149:
147:
131:
129:
120:
118:
110:
108:
95:
80:
78:
70:
68:
60:
58:
9177:Lists
9161:Other
7638:State
7548:(PDF)
7522:(PDF)
7515:(PDF)
7461:S2CID
7294:S2CID
7286:JSTOR
7038:S2CID
6785:S2CID
6748:S2CID
6711:S2CID
6668:S2CID
6162:Notes
6052:RSFSR
6004:Niger
5916:Haiti
5732:Macau
5577:Syria
5548:(see
5491:(see
5489:Kenya
5209:Palau
5079:Ghana
4962:Chile
4923:Benin
4841:JSTOR
4827:books
4760:Japan
4682:Yemen
4398:0.29
4344:0.15
4308:0.15
4286:Syria
4254:0.02
4214:Sudan
4178:Spain
4128:0.13
3818:Qatar
3768:0.35
3586:0.46
3550:0.36
3532:0.32
3528:Niger
3456:Nepal
3298:0.74
3276:Malta
3132:Libya
3046:0.59
2970:Kenya
2938:0.25
2916:Japan
2862:Italy
2830:0.04
2754:India
2664:Haiti
2578:0.12
2560:0.13
2556:Ghana
2502:Gabon
2322:Egypt
2218:0.09
2088:China
2070:Chile
2002:0.08
1966:0.88
1894:0.16
1782:Benin
1750:0.98
1642:0.01
1552:0.22
858:, or
773:forms
696:State
573:Civil
277:Index
203:Note:
8769:and
7622:and
7530:2011
7381:ISBN
7332:ISBN
7135:ISBN
7116:help
6995:ISBN
6831:ISBN
6610:ISBN
6546:ISBN
6400:, a
6217:and
6197:and
6177:and
6038:1939
5977:Mali
5841:Cuba
5616:Togo
4813:news
4412:Togo
3746:Peru
3618:Oman
3258:Mali
3042:Laos
2848:0.1
2808:Iraq
2790:Iran
2448:Fiji
2178:Cuba
2052:Chad
1282:and
1219:veto
1174:was
1164:Iran
1063:and
995:and
975:and
969:Peru
137:Iran
8315:Law
7492:doi
7451:hdl
7443:doi
7278:doi
7169:doi
7030:doi
6862:doi
6777:doi
6740:doi
6701:doi
6660:doi
6432:),
4796:by
967:,
139:):
9856::
7488:46
7486:.
7482:.
7459:.
7449:.
7441:.
7437:.
7425:^
7407:.
7292:.
7284:.
7274:18
7272:.
7253:.
7235:^
7217:^
7196:11
7163:.
7149:^
7095:.
7076:.
7036:.
7026:25
7024:.
7018:.
6989:.
6977:^
6960:.
6925:.
6908:46
6906:.
6887:20
6885:.
6858:35
6856:.
6821:.
6783:.
6773:11
6771:.
6746:.
6736:15
6734:.
6709:.
6697:25
6695:.
6689:.
6666:.
6656:28
6654:.
6637:17
6635:.
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