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the conclusion that the existence of God is incapable of proof, cease to believe in it on the ground that he cannot know it to be true, he is an agnostic and also an atheist – an agnostic-atheist – an atheist because an agnostic... while, then, it is erroneous to identify agnosticism and atheism, it is equally erroneous so to separate them as if the one were exclusive of the other...
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723:, asserts that certainty about anything is impossible, so one can never know for sure whether or not a god exists. Hume, however, held that such unobservable metaphysical concepts should be rejected as "sophistry and illusion". The allocation of agnosticism to atheism is disputed; it can also be regarded as an independent, basic worldview.
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People are invariably surprised to hear me say I am both an atheist and an agnostic, as if this somehow weakens my certainty. I usually reply with a question like, "Well, are you a
Republican or an American?" The two words serve different concepts and are not mutually exclusive. Agnosticism addresses
825:
Properly considered, agnosticism is not a third alternative to theism and atheism because it is concerned with a different aspect of religious belief. Theism and atheism refer to the presence or absence of belief in a god; agnosticism refers to the impossibility of knowledge with regard to a god or
657:
If a man has failed to find any good reason for believing that there is a God, it is perfectly natural and rational that he should not believe that there is a God; and if so, he is an atheist... if he goes farther, and, after an investigation into the nature and reach of human knowledge, ending in
868:
knowledge; atheism addresses belief. The agnostic says, "I don't have a knowledge that God exists." The atheist says, "I don't have a belief that God exists." You can say both things at the same time. Some agnostics are atheistic and some are theistic.
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holds that the statement "God exists" does not express a proposition, but is nonsensical or cognitively meaningless. It has been argued both ways as to whether such individuals can be classified into some form of atheism or agnosticism. Philosophers
651:
The atheist may however be, and not unfrequently is, an agnostic. There is an agnostic atheism or atheistic agnosticism, and the combination of atheism with agnosticism which may be so named is not an uncommon
688:, or agnostic, atheism argues that people cannot know a God or determine the existence of a God. The foundation of epistemological atheism is agnosticism, which takes a variety of forms. In the philosophy of
1610:
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in the existence of any deity and are agnostic because they claim that the existence of a divine entity or entities is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.
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only accepts knowledge deduced with human rationality; this form of atheism holds that gods are not discernible as a matter of principle, and therefore cannot be known to exist.
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Let
Agnostic Theism stand for that kind of Agnosticism which admits a Divine existence; Agnostic Atheism for that kind of Agnosticism which thinks it does not.
700:. According to this form of agnosticism, this limitation in perspective prevents any objective inference from belief in a god to assertions of its existence.
670:
The
Agnostic is an Atheist. The Atheist is an Agnostic. The Agnostic says, "I do not know, but I do not believe there is any God." The Atheist says the same.
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supernatural being. The term "agnostic" does not, in itself, indicate whether or not one believes in a god. Agnosticism can be either theistic or atheistic.
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reject both categories, stating that both camps accept "God exists" as a proposition; they instead place noncognitivism in its own category.
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One of the earliest definitions of agnostic atheism is that of theologian and philosopher
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Lack of belief in the existence of any deity and that such is either unknowable or unknown
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Ledrew, S. (2012). "The evolution of atheism: Scientific and humanistic approaches".
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Society without God: What the Least
Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment
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991:. Dover. pp. 115–116. In a footnote, Ayer attributes this view to "Professor
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Godless: How an
Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists
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The Ascent of Faith: or, the
Grounds of Certainty in Science and Religion
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Other arguments for atheism that can be classified as epistemological or
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643:, in his Croall Lecture of 1887–1888 (published in 1903 under the title
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The
Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God
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Arguing for
Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion
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27:
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The
Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions.
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610:
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2049:
609:. Agnostic atheists are atheistic because they do not hold a
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1708:
885:
Pew
Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
1310:
A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell
1876:
Rafford, R. L. (1987). "Atheophobia—an introduction".
831:
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1975:
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1558:
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1751:(New ed.). London: Edward Arnold & Co.
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616:The agnostic atheist may be contrasted with the
2434:Brazilian Association of Atheists and Agnostics
1365:Bullivant, Stephen; Michael Ruse, eds. (2013).
1275:
1068:Grand Rapids: The Zondervan Corporation, 1982.
1540:Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism
1429:Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre
1426:
917:. William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 49–51.
2483:
2065:
1224:
881:"Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050"
774:. London: Hodder and Stroughton. p. 21.
571:
1728:Michael Martin; Ricki Monnier, eds. (2006).
1709:Michael Martin; Ricki Monnier, eds. (2003).
674:
1747:McTaggart, John; McTaggart, Ellis (1930) .
1608:
1195:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 1–.
914:Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88
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1209:
578:
564:
2029:
2010:
1943:(2013 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab
1685:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
1448:"The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists"
1407:
1103:1st ed. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1980.
1082:MSN Encarta, 2000. Microsoft Corporation.
1050:Learn how and when to remove this message
1888:
1651:
1477:An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism
1350:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
797:
767:
627:
1973:
1957:The Moral Case Against Religious Belief
1934:
1875:
1789:
1765:
1703:Atheism: A Philosophical Justification.
1658:. London: Geoffrey Bles. Archived from
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1524:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1473:
1445:
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1087:Atheism: A Philosophical Justification.
903:
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847:. New York: Ulysses Press. p. 96.
75:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
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1954:
1808:
1681:Atheism: A Philosophical Justification
1673:
1629:
1579:
1561:What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction
1534:
1494:
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1171:Agnosticism: A Very Short Introduction
1168:Robin Le Poidevin (October 28, 2010).
935:
837:
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1213:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
1189:Thomas H. Huxley (February 4, 2013).
940:. Yale University Press. p. 17.
907:
803:
1840:
1385:
1006:
965:Atheism, Agnosticism, Noncognitivism
898:
813:. Prometheus Books. pp. 10–11.
2034:. Santa Barbara, Calif. : Praeger.
1998:Atheism: A Guide for the Perplexed.
1941:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1637:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1446:Germani, Alan (15 September 2008).
1336:The Atheistic Platform: 12 Lectures
1279:Atheism – The Case Against God
1216:. Penguin Books, Limited. pp.
1150:, "The poverty of agnosticism", in
546:
13:
2497:
1978:A Short History of Western Atheism
1935:Russell, Paul (11 February 2013).
1338:. London: Freethought Publishing.
1133:. Forgotten Books. pp. 164–.
1002:
768:Harrison, Alexander James (1894).
633:Nonreligious population by country
14:
2746:
1924:New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
1732:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
1713:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
1412:. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
1117:Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1985.
2697:
2409:Freedom From Religion Foundation
1410:The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief
1347:At the Origins of Modern Atheism
1011:
545:
533:
522:
521:
1864:from the original on 2011-05-19
1829:from the original on 2011-05-19
1815:. New York: Arcade Publishing.
1462:from the original on 2011-04-28
1089:Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1992.
601:position that encompasses both
113:Discrimination against atheists
2399:Atheist Alliance International
2157:Separation of church and state
2079:
1850:. Cambridge University Press.
1495:Harris, Sam (2 October 2007).
1368:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
1225:Immanuel Kant (May 28, 2013).
1101:Atheism: The Case Against God.
978:
954:
929:
873:
761:
128:Separation of church and state
1:
2394:American Humanist Association
2030:Zuckerman, Phil, ed. (2010).
1582:History of the Human Sciences
1115:The Encyclopedia of Unbelief.
1034:and help improve the section.
810:Atheism: The Case Against God
754:
397:Atheism: The Case Against God
52:Negative and positive atheism
42:Implicit and explicit atheism
2343:Letter to a Christian Nation
1939:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
1427:Gaskin, J.C.A., ed. (1989).
7:
1895:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1228:The Critique of Pure Reason
10:
2751:
2204:Discrimination/Persecution
1889:Robinson, Richard (1964).
1652:Maritain, Jacques (1952).
1497:"The Problem with Atheism"
1246:Sören Kierkegaard (1985).
740:Theological noncognitivism
681:Theological noncognitivism
678:
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244:Theological noncognitivism
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989:Language, Truth and Logic
675:Epistemological arguments
2453:Disestablishmentarianism
2429:Recovering from Religion
2357:Why I Am Not a Christian
2011:Zuckerman, Phil (2010).
1920:Rosenberg, Alex (2011).
1794:. New York: Prometheus.
1775:. New York: Prometheus.
1730:The Improbability of God
1711:The Impossibility of God
1609:Le Poidevin, R. (1996).
1594:10.1177/0952695112441301
1565:. New York: Prometheus.
1474:Harbour, Daniel (2003).
1431:. •New York: Macmillan.
1276:George H. Smith (1979).
975:. Retrieved 2007-APR-07.
719:, based on the ideas of
2448:Countries by irreligion
2424:Rational Response Squad
2414:Humanists International
2315:The Demon-Haunted World
1996:Walters, Kerry (2010).
1974:Thrower, James (1971).
1809:Onfray, Michel (2007).
1792:Naturalism and Religion
1749:Some Dogmas of Religion
1557:Krueger, D. E. (1998).
1458:(3). Glen Allen Press.
1408:Tom Flynn, ed. (2007).
1344:Buckley, M. J. (1990).
1254:. Religion-online.org.
1250:Philosophical Fragments
1066:Challenge and Response.
199:Inconsistent revelation
193:Incompatible properties
108:Demographics of atheism
2730:Philosophy of religion
2725:Philosophy and atheism
2032:Atheism and secularity
1772:Philosophy and Atheism
1542:. Metropolitan Books.
1520:Howson, Colin (2011).
1452:The Objective Standard
1307:Berman, David (1990).
936:Jacoby, Susan (2013).
672:
660:
654:
636:
2364:Why I Am Not a Muslim
2214:Negative and positive
2209:Implicit and explicit
2107:Criticism of religion
2000:New York: Continuum.
1982:. London: Pemberton.
1959:. London: SCM Press.
1955:Sharpe, R.A. (1997).
1790:Nielsen, Kai (2001).
1615:. London: Routledge.
1480:. London: Duckworth.
1313:. London: Routledge.
1231:. Loki's Publishing.
1192:Man's Place in Nature
679:Further information:
668:
655:
649:
631:
595:atheistic agnosticism
171:Fate of the unlearned
149:Arguments for atheism
103:Criticism of religion
2645:Religious naturalism
2350:The System of Nature
2117:Organized secularism
1393:. Prometheus Books.
1156:, Black Swan, 2007 (
497:Criticism of atheism
488:Atheism and religion
439:The System of Nature
324:Christopher Hitchens
2371:Why I Am an Atheist
1892:An Atheist's Values
1655:The Range of Reason
1502:The Washington Post
1334:and others. (1884)
1210:David Hume (1779).
973:Secular Web Library
961:Drange, Theodore M.
664:Robert G. Ingersoll
354:Friedrich Nietzsche
214:Omnipotence paradox
22:Part of a series on
2404:Center for Inquiry
2308:Breaking the Spell
2132:Secular liberalism
1937:"Hume on Religion"
1878:Religious Humanism
1847:Arguing about Gods
1391:God and Philosophy
1328:Bradlaugh, Charles
1064:Howe, Frederic R.
938:The Great Agnostic
749:Theodore M. Drange
732:logical positivism
637:
404:Breaking the Spell
339:Michael Lou Martin
165:Evil God challenge
70:History of atheism
2685:
2684:
2560:Feminist theology
2465:
2464:
2389:American Atheists
2301:The Age of Reason
2041:978-0-313-35183-9
2022:978-0-8147-9723-5
2006:978-0-8264-2493-8
1930:978-0-393-08023-0
1822:978-1-55970-820-3
1812:Atheist Manifesto
1549:978-0-8050-7442-0
1530:978-0-521-18665-0
1522:Objecting to God.
1419:978-1-59102-391-3
1261:978-0-691-02036-5
1238:978-0-615-82576-2
1202:978-0-486-15134-2
1181:978-0-19-957526-8
1162:978-0-552-77429-1
1140:978-1-4400-6878-2
1099:Smith, George H.
1085:Martin, Michael.
1078:Martin, Michael.
1060:
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969:Internet Infidels
947:978-0-300-13725-5
696:is locked in the
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539:Philosophy portal
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265:Lists of atheists
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2336:God Is Not Great
2329:The God Delusion
2322:The End of Faith
2251:Agnostic atheism
2219:Existence of God
2127:Secular humanism
2102:Anti-clericalism
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329:Baron d'Holbach
294:Richard Dawkins
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229:Problem of evil
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2015:. NYU Press.
2014:
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1536:Jacoby, Susan
1533:
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1378:9780199644650
1374:
1371:. Oxford UP.
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2419:Humanists UK
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2250:
2174:Demographics
2097:Antireligion
2031:
2012:
1997:
1977:
1956:
1945:. Retrieved
1940:
1921:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1891:
1881:
1877:
1866:. Retrieved
1846:
1842:Oppy, Graham
1831:. Retrieved
1811:
1791:
1771:
1767:Nielsen, Kai
1748:
1729:
1710:
1702:
1696:. Retrieved
1680:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1654:
1634:
1611:
1585:
1581:
1560:
1539:
1521:
1511:. Retrieved
1507:the original
1500:
1475:
1464:. Retrieved
1455:
1451:
1428:
1409:
1390:
1387:Flew, Antony
1367:
1346:
1335:
1332:Annie Besant
1309:
1296:. Retrieved
1278:
1265:. Retrieved
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889:. Retrieved
887:. 2015-04-02
884:
875:
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843:
833:
824:
809:
799:
791:
770:
763:
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725:
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661:
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641:Robert Flint
638:
615:
594:
590:
589:
437:
430:
423:
416:
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402:
395:
369:Peter Singer
349:Jean Meslier
289:Albert Camus
2720:Agnosticism
2630:Panentheism
2610:New Thought
2555:Esotericism
2520:Agnosticism
2233:Agnosticism
2112:Freethought
1884:(1): 32–37.
1298:February 9,
1267:February 9,
1130:Agnosticism
1040:August 2023
993:H. H. Price
985:Ayer, A. J.
839:Barker, Dan
736:ignosticism
728:ontological
645:Agnosticism
607:agnosticism
551:WikiProject
474:Freethought
469:Agnosticism
284:Mario Bunge
224:Poor design
80:New Atheism
2735:Skepticism
2714:Categories
2655:Shramanism
2635:Polytheism
2615:Nondualism
2590:Monotheism
2570:Henotheism
2565:Gnosticism
2510:Abrahamism
2224:Antitheism
2147:Secularity
2142:Secularism
2089:Irreligion
2081:Irreligion
1947:2013-11-24
1913:2011-04-09
1868:2011-04-09
1833:2011-04-09
1698:2011-04-09
1666:2013-04-15
1513:2011-04-09
1466:2011-04-09
1024:" section
891:2020-04-27
755:References
745:A. J. Ayer
717:Skepticism
460:Irreligion
319:Sam Harris
123:Secularism
47:Naturalism
2650:Shamanism
2625:Pantheism
2595:Mysticism
2585:Monolatry
2575:Immanence
2282:Humanists
2277:Agnostics
2256:Apatheism
2199:Criticism
1602:145640287
1588:(3): 70.
963:(1998). "
863:24313839M
788:21834002M
690:immanence
344:Karl Marx
204:Nonbelief
177:Free will
145:Arguments
2704:Religion
2620:Pandeism
2545:Dharmism
2515:Acosmism
2272:Atheists
2179:Religion
1862:Archived
1844:(2006).
1827:Archived
1769:(1985).
1677:(1990).
1633:(1982).
1538:(2004).
1460:Archived
1389:(2005).
987:(1946).
923:7193167M
911:(1903).
841:(2008).
807:(1979).
711:and the
662:In 1885
527:Category
36:Concepts
2605:New Age
2550:Dualism
2535:Atheism
2525:Animism
2184:History
2167:Atheism
1080:Theism.
780:7234849
698:subject
624:History
603:atheism
597:– is a
515:Outline
92:Society
64:History
28:Atheism
2690:Portal
2665:Theism
2580:Monism
2265:People
2241:Strong
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2004:
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2660:Taoic
2540:Deism
2292:Books
2189:State
1598:S2CID
1283:(PDF)
593:– or
390:Books
2676:more
2246:Weak
2036:ISBN
2017:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1961:ISBN
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815:ISBN
776:OCLC
747:and
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