1154:, which is relies on “interdependence based on differentiated functions and specialization”, a society creates a web that allows a cohesive existence of heterogenous groups. Alfred built off of these principles believing that studying social structures like kinship ties would be evidence enough for understanding how social structures affect the maintenance of a society stating, “human beings are connected by a complex network of social relations. I use the term “social structure” to denote this network of actually existing relations”. (On Social Structure, 190) He also clarifies that “We may define it as a condition in which all parts of the system work together with a sufficient degree of harmony or internal consistency, i.e., without producing persistent conflicts which can neither be resolved nor regulated”. (On the Concept of Function in Social Science, 181). Nonetheless, Radcliffe-Brown vehemently denied being a functionalist, and carefully distinguished his concept of function from that of Malinowski, who openly advocated functionalism. While Malinowski's functionalism claimed that social practices could be directly explained by their ability to satisfy basic biological needs, Radcliffe-Brown rejected this as baseless. Instead, influenced by the process philosophy of
1102:, to study a moral science (psychology, philosophical subjects, and economics) instead of a natural science which he originally wanted to pick. During his time at Cambridge, professors Haddon and Rivers encouraged him to study anthropology and discover his interests in the field. Haddon led him towards the comparative method in specific societies in anthropology, classification and morphology, inductive generalization, and to sympathize with Durkheim's approaches. Rivers inspired Radcliffe in psychology to approach anthropology with many different qualities of mind.
2019:
1158:, he claimed that the fundamental units of anthropology were processes of human life and interaction. Because these are by definition characterized by constant flux, what calls for explanation is the occurrence of stability. Why Radcliffe-Brown asked, would some patterns of social practices repeat themselves and even seem to become fixed? He reasoned that this would at least require that other practices must not conflict with them too much; and that in some cases, it may be that practices grow to support each other, a notion he called '
1258:). This can only be done by the systematic use of the comparative method, and the only justification of that method is the expectation that it will provide us with results of this kind, or, as Boas stated it, will provide us with knowledge of the laws of social development. It will be only in an integrated and organised study in which historical studies and sociological studies are combined that we shall be able to reach a real understanding of the development of human society
44:
1234:'), and that therefore 'primitive' societies could be understood as earlier stages along that path; conversely, 'modern' societies contained vestiges of older forms. Another view was that social practices tend to develop only once, and that therefore commonalities and differences between societies could be explained by a historical reconstruction of the interaction between societies ('
1265:
anthropology was to study processes of interaction between people (social relations). Thus he argued for a principled ontological distinction between psychology and social anthropology, in the same way as one might try to make a principled distinction between physics and biology. Moreover, he claimed that existing social scientific disciplines, with the possible exception of
147:
987:"Like other young men with blood in their veins, I wanted to do something to reform the world – to get rid of poverty and war, and so on. So I read Godwin, Proudhon, Marx and innumerable others. Kropotkin, revolutionary, but still a scientist, pointed out how important for any attempt to improve society was a scientific understanding of it."
1162:', deriving from the biological term. Functional analysis, then, was just the attempt to explain stability by discovering how practices fit together to sustain that stability; the 'function' of practice was just its role in sustaining the overall social structure, insofar as there was a stable social structure (Radcliffe-Brown 1957).
1169:
cannot speak for the other writers to whom the label functionalist is applied by the authors, though I very much doubt if
Redfield or Linton accept this doctrine. As for myself I reject it entirely, regarding it as useless and worse. As a consistent opponent of Malinowski's functionalism I may be called an anti-functionalist.
1269:, were arbitrary; once our knowledge of society is sufficient, he argued, we will be able to form subdisciplines of anthropology centred around relatively isolated parts of the social structure. But without extensive scientific knowledge, it is impossible to know where these boundaries should be drawn.
1218:
Within his research, Radcliffe-Brown focused on so-called "primitive" societies. He believed kinship played a large role in these societies, and that patrilineages, clans, tribes and units all relate to kinship rules in society and are essential in political organization. Radcliffe-Brown claimed that
1168:
Malinowski has explained that he is the inventor of functionalism, to which he gave its name. His definition of it is clear; it is the theory or doctrine that every feature of culture of any people past or present is to be explained by reference to seven biological needs of individual human beings. I
1264:
To that end, Radcliffe-Brown argued for a 'natural science of society'. He claimed that there was an independent role for social anthropology here, separate from psychology, though not in conflict with it. This was because psychology was to be the study of individual mental processes, while social
1298:
According to
Radcliffe-Brown, the function of religion is to install a sense of dependence on fear and other emotional strain on the human body into a society. Therefore, a major function of religion is to affirm and strengthen sentiments necessary for a society to continue. This idea was developed
1199:
I am aware, of course, that the term "social structure" is used in a number of different senses, some of them very vague. This is unfortunately true of many other terms commonly used by anthropologists. The choice of terms and their definitions is a matter of scientific convenience, but one of the
1190:
to say we are studying social structures is not exactly the same thing as saying that we study social relations, which is how some sociologists define their subject. A particular social relation between two persons (unless they be Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden) exists only as part of a wide
1075:, as the author of the works attributed to Shakespeare. Fearing that Depression may lead to financial collapse Radcliffe-Brown departed in 1931 to fill a chair at the University of Chicago, leaving his successors to solicit Rockefeller grants and government funds to save the Sydney Department.
1200:
characteristics of a science as soon as it has passed the first formative period is the existence of technical terms which are used in the same precise meaning by all the students of that science. By this test, I regret to say, social anthropology reveals itself as not yet a formed science.''
1078:
After these various far-flung appointments, he returned to
England in 1937 to take up an appointment to the first chair in social anthropology at Oxford University in 1937. He held this post until his retirement in 1946. Survived by his daughter, he died in London in 1955 at the age of 74.
1129:
In 1906, one of Alfred's primary focuses in the field was kinship and familial relations of
Western Australians. Within these communities, he uncovered distinct social organizations that proved adaptation and fusion were essential in keeping the system functioning. The term “Structural
1319:
Many critics also believe that in
Radcliffe-Brown's theory of structural-functionalism, there is an error arising from the assumption that one's abstraction of a social situation reflects social reality in all details. Therefore, all analysis is done on the basis of imagination.
1146:. Structural Functionalism, which can be traced back to famous Sociologist Émile Durkheim, is the social theory that assumes societal institution (e.g. Government, school systems, family structures,etc.) play a role in its success. Through the two different group dynamics;
975:(B.A., 1905; M.A., 1909), graduating with first-class honours in the moral sciences tripos. At Trinity College, he was elected Anthony Wilkin student in 1906 and 1909. While still a student, he earned the nickname "Anarchy Brown" for his close interest in the writings of the
1121:
Durkheim, inspired
Radcliffe-Brown throughout the entirety of his profession in anthropology. One of Radcliffe-Brown's goals was to "transform anthropology into a 'real' science based on the natural sciences." He demonstrated these ideologies in his book published in 1957,
2553:
1311:
Radcliffe-Brown was often criticised for failing to consider the effect of historical changes in the societies he studied, in particular changes brought about by colonialism. Nevertheless, he is now considered, along with
2558:
1206:
In addition to identifying abstract relationships between social structures, Radcliffe-Brown argued for the importance of the notion of a 'total social structure', which is the sum total of social relations in a given
1253:
For social anthropology the task is to formulate and validate statements about the conditions of existence of social systems (laws of social statics) and the regularities that are observable in social change (laws of
1277:
Radcliffe-Brown carried out extensive fieldwork in the
Andaman Islands, Australia, and elsewhere. On the basis of this research, he contributed extensively to the anthropological ideas on kinship, and criticised
1033:; they had one daughter, Mary Cynthia Lyon Radcliffe. The couple became estranged by about 1926. They may have divorced in 1938 (sources disagree on whether a divorce was completed).
2538:
1184:(1958) claimed that social structure and the social relations that are its constituents are theoretical constructions used to model social life, Radcliffe-Brown only half-agreed
1130:
Functionalism” would later be used to describe the idea that “the life of a society may be viewed as an active system of functionally consistent, interdependent elements.”
2028:
1286:. He also produced structural analyses of myths, including on the basis of the concept of binary distinctions and dialectical opposition, an idea later echoed by
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1851:
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1222:
Radcliffe-Brown also argued that the study of social structure encompassed culture, therefore there is no need for a separate field dedicated to culture.
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1906:
1211:
of analysis during a given period. The identification of 'functions' of social practices was supposed to be relative to this total social structure.
1238:'). According to both of these views, the proper way to explain differences between tribal societies and modern ones was historical reconstruction.
1241:
Radcliffe-Brown rejected both of these views because of the untestable nature of historical reconstructions. Instead, he argued for the use of the
963:, England, the second son of Alfred Brown (d.1886), a manufacturer's clerk, and his wife Hannah (née Radcliffe). He later changed his last name, by
1370:
1090:
his absence from the institute during the war years prevented his theories and approach from having a major influence on Oxford anthropology.
2518:
1332:
1913, "Three Tribes of
Western Australia", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 43: 143–194.
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network of social relations, involving many other persons, and it is this network which I regard as the object of our investigations.
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all research on social structure is based on observations, what anthropologists see and hear about individual peoples.
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to become professor of social anthropology, founding the School of
African Life. Further university appointments were
1983:
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1388:: based on a series of lectures at the University of Chicago in 1937 and posthumously published by his students
1026:, Bates accused him of plagiarising her work, based on an unpublished manuscript she had sent him for comment.
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to find regularities in human societies and thereby build up a genuinely scientific knowledge of social life.
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a “sentimental attraction of social units or groups that perform the same or similar functions” &
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A major view in the study of tribal societies had been that all societies follow a unilineal path ('
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1464:"The Andaman islanders; a study in social anthropology (Anthony Wilkin studentship research, 1906"
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1912, "The
Distribution of Native Tribes in Part of Western Australia", Man, 12: 143–146.
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His time in the Andaman Islands and Western Australia were the basis of his later books
999:, led him toward social anthropology. Under the latter's influence, he travelled to the
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Maddock, Kenneth (23 September 2004). "Brown, Alfred Reginald Radcliffe (1881-1955)".
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1750:"Structural functionalism | Definition, Development, & Criticisms | Britannica"
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967:, to Radcliffe-Brown, Radcliffe being his mother's maiden name. He was educated at
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While at the University of Sydney, he was a cultivator of the arts and championed
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Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1993:
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Before departing for Western Australia, Brown married Winifred Marie Lyon in
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1891:
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown. 1951. The Comparative Method in Social Anthropology.
1878:
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown. 1951. The Comparative Method in Social Anthropology.
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Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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1419:, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
1003:(1906–1908) and Western Australia (1910–1912, with biologist and writer
1065:
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1056:(1931–37). Among his most prominent students during his years at the
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1807:, trans. Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, London 1963.)
1379:
2006:
History of anthropological thought by v.s Upadhayay and Gaya Panday
2029:
On the concepts of function and social structure in social science
1935:"Content Pages of the Encyclopedia of Religion and Social Science"
955:
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown was born Alfred Reginald Brown in
1061:
1011:) to conduct fieldwork into the workings of the societies there.
704:
684:
652:
442:
1226:
Evolutionism, diffusionism, and the role of social anthropology
1114:'s romantic". Radcliffe-Brown brought French sociology (namely
679:
87:
1499:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
1344:
1926, 'Arrangements of Stones in Australia', Man, 26: 204–205.
1037:
943:, and sought to use model the field of anthopology after the
1725:"A.R. Radcliffe-Brown | British anthropologist | Britannica"
1613:
Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School
689:
1773:
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown. 1949. 'Functionalism: A Protest,'
1704:
Sociology Group: Sociology and Other Social Sciences Blog
1962:; Nielsen, Finn Sivert (2013). "Four Founding Fathers".
146:
1316:, as one of the fathers of modern social anthropology.
1700:"Radcliffe Brown: Biography, Contributions and Books"
1338:
The Andaman Islanders; a study in social anthropology
1648:"Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-brown | Encyclopedia.com"
2539:
People educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham
1451:
After Tylor, British Social Anthropology, 1888–1951
1786:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown. 1940. On Social Structure.
1142:, and is considered by some to be the founder of
2500:
1036:In 1916 Brown became a director of education in
1374:, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Jul. 1940), pp. 195–210
1138:Radcliffe-Brown has often been associated with
1958:
1556:"Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald (1881–1955)"
1489:"Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald (1881–1955)"
1413:"Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald (1881–1955)"
1371:Journal of the International African Institute
1175:
2549:Academic staff of the University of Cape Town
2049:
1098:Radcliffe-Brown was influenced by his tutor,
1084:Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology
881:
2064:Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in
1852:"Functionalism and Structural Functionalism"
1527:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1020:The Social Organization of Australian Tribes
2056:
2042:
1564:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
888:
874:
42:
1110:He has been described as "the classic to
915:who helped further develop the theory of
27:British social anthropologist (1881–1955)
2020:Works by or about Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
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1480:
1453:, Madison, Univ Wisconsin, 1995, p. 305.
1349:Social Organization of Australian Tribes
1323:
1524:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1520:
1361:, American Anthropologist, Vol. XXXVII.
14:
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1486:
1438:Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology
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1966:. Anthropology, Culture and Society.
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2519:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
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1514:
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1615:, London, Penguin, 1973, pp. 45–46)
1073:Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford
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1561:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1493:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1417:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1410:
1082:While Radcliffe-Brown founded the
25:
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2013:
1904:
1849:
1511:
1399:
1215:saw social structure as a model.
1686:Anthropology and Anthropologists
1673:Anthropology and Anthropologists
969:King Edward's School, Birmingham
919:. He conducted fieldwork in the
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2135:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
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2529:Fellows of the British Academy
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1566:Australian National University
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835:Anthropologists by nationality
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2534:Functionalism (social theory)
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1541:UK public library membership
1386:A Natural Science of Society
1124:A Natural Science of Society
991:He studied psychology under
950:
911:; 1881–1955) was an English
7:
1825:University of Mustansiriyah
1176:Concept of social structure
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2115:Computational neuroscience
1356:Structure and Function in
1299:in Radcliffe-Browns book,
973:Trinity College, Cambridge
855:List of indigenous peoples
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1964:A History of Anthropology
1801:Anthropologie structurale
600:Cross-cultural comparison
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2288:Charles Geoffrey Vickers
2175:Second-order cybernetics
1449:George W. Stocking Jr.,
1144:structural functionalism
1086:at Oxford, according to
917:structural functionalism
772:Historical particularism
2524:English anthropologists
2150:Engineering cybernetics
2080:Artificial intelligence
1960:Eriksen, Thomas Hylland
1805:Structural Anthropology
1775:American Anthropologist
1105:
1046:University of Cape Town
605:Participant observation
2544:Social anthropologists
2473:Walter Bradford Cannon
2363:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2218:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
2165:Management cybernetics
2090:Biomedical cybernetics
2085:Biological cybernetics
1976:10.2307/j.ctt183gzx9.8
1698:Arushi (2 June 2020).
1533:10.1093/ref:odnb/37877
1440:, Chicago, 2004, p.16.
1156:Alfred North Whitehead
1040:. In 1921 he moved to
1007:and Australian writer
747:Cross-cultural studies
36:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
2433:Anthony Stafford Beer
2268:Ernst von Glasersfeld
1859:University of Lucknow
1799:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss,
1324:Selected publications
1148:Mechanical solidarity
1058:University of Chicago
1054:University of Chicago
1016:The Andaman Islanders
913:social anthropologist
909:Alfred Reginald Brown
58:Alfred Reginald Brown
48:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
18:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
2463:Valentin Braitenberg
2343:Jay Wright Forrester
1907:"Magic and Religion"
1652:www.encyclopedia.com
1628:. Alanmacfarlane.com
1554:Hogbin, Ian (1988).
1487:Hogbin, Ian (1988).
1366:Joking relationships
1314:Bronisław Malinowski
1301:The Adaman Islanders
1112:Bronisław Malinowski
1050:University of Sydney
840:Anthropology by year
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752:Cultural materialism
737:Actor–network theory
335:Paleoanthropological
2488:William Grey Walter
2428:Sergei P. Kurdyumov
2388:N. Katherine Hayles
2170:Medical cybernetics
2130:Conversation theory
1303:(Free Press 1963).
1134:Concept of function
792:Performance studies
685:Kinship and descent
625:Cultural relativism
275:Paleoethnobotanical
250:Ethnoarchaeological
115:Social anthropology
2468:William Ross Ashby
2393:Natalia Bekhtereva
2368:Maleyka Abbaszadeh
2308:Heinz von Foerster
2233:Buckminster Fuller
2160:Information theory
2110:Catastrophe theory
1970:. pp. 46–67.
1914:Lucknow University
1818:"Social Structure"
1754:www.britannica.com
1729:www.britannica.com
1243:comparative method
1152:Organic solidarity
1005:E. L. Grant Watson
812:Post-structuralism
571:Research framework
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2333:Jakob von UexkĂĽll
2313:Humberto Maturana
2273:Francis Heylighen
1575:978-0-522-84459-7
1539:(Subscription or
1358:primitive society
1294:Views on Religion
977:anarcho-communist
925:Western Australia
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620:Thick description
417:Political economy
280:Zooarchaeological
240:Bioarchaeological
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105:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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2483:Warren McCulloch
2458:Valentin Turchin
2408:Pyotr Grigorenko
2353:John N. Warfield
2278:Francisco Varela
2238:Charles François
2208:Alexander Lerner
2185:Sociocybernetics
2105:Neurocybernetics
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2323:Igor Aleksander
2303:Gregory Bateson
2298:Gordon S. Brown
2283:Frederic Vester
2263:Erich von Holst
2223:Allenna Leonard
2213:Alexey Lyapunov
2194:
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45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2478:Walter Pitts
2383:Marian Mazur
2258:Cliff Joslyn
2217:
2100:Biosemiotics
2002:
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1882:81(1/2): 22.
1879:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:
1828:. Retrieved
1824:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1620:
1612:
1611:Adam Kuper,
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1559:
1549:
1522:
1501:. Retrieved
1496:
1492:
1467:. Retrieved
1458:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1421:, retrieved
1416:
1385:
1369:
1355:
1348:
1336:
1318:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1288:LĂ©vi-Strauss
1280:LĂ©vi-Strauss
1276:
1263:
1252:
1240:
1236:diffusionism
1232:evolutionism
1229:
1221:
1217:
1213:LĂ©vi-Strauss
1205:
1198:
1189:
1182:LĂ©vi-Strauss
1179:
1167:
1160:coadaptation
1151:
1147:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1109:
1097:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1013:
997:A. C. Haddon
990:
954:
908:
900:
899:
845:Bibliography
787:Interpretive
762:Diffusionism
731:Key theories
717: /
647:Key concepts
558:Sociological
538:Ethnological
325:Neurological
310:Evolutionary
255:Experiential
139:Anthropology
104:
29:
2514:1881 births
2509:1955 deaths
2413:Qian Xuesen
2293:Gordon Pask
2190:Synergetics
2155:Homeostasis
2095:Biorobotics
2066:cybernetics
1968:Pluto Press
1919:21 November
1864:21 November
1830:21 November
1759:29 November
1734:29 November
1709:29 November
1503:10 November
1368:": Africa:
1273:Ethnography
1267:linguistics
1209:social unit
1048:(1921–25),
1018:(1922) and
1009:Daisy Bates
715:Colonialism
658:Development
615:Reflexivity
583:Ethnography
533:Descriptive
391:Development
330:Nutritional
305:Biocultural
230:Battlefield
96:Nationality
2503:Categories
1944:1 December
1657:2 December
1632:19 October
1543:required.)
1469:19 October
1423:2 December
1393:References
1364:1940, "On
1307:Criticisms
1094:Influences
1066:Fred Eggan
995:who, with
961:Birmingham
957:Sparkbrook
695:Prehistory
548:Historical
521:Linguistic
433:Historical
401:Ecological
293:Biological
195:Linguistic
185:Biological
80:1955-10-25
65:Birmingham
2145:Emergence
2073:Subfields
1790:70(1): 3.
1584:1833-7538
1042:Cape Town
1031:Cambridge
1024:Melbourne
965:deed poll
951:Biography
929:Cape Town
668:Evolution
663:Ethnicity
595:Ethnology
473:Political
381:Cognitive
320:Molecular
90:, England
67:, England
1688:, p. 36.
1675:, p. 34.
1597:29 March
1592:70677943
850:Journals
767:Feminism
553:Semiotic
493:Symbolic
488:Religion
423:Feminist
411:Economic
361:Cultural
315:Forensic
270:Maritime
265:Forensic
260:Feminist
235:Biblical
225:Aviation
190:Cultural
131:a series
129:Part of
2022:at the
1803:(1958,
1684:Kuper,
1671:Kuper,
1062:Sol Tax
937:Chicago
705:Society
653:Culture
468:Musical
463:Museums
458:Medical
443:Kinship
396:Digital
371:Applied
163:History
158:Outline
99:British
78: (
1992:
1982:
1590:
1582:
1572:
1537:
1384:1948,
1354:1935,
1347:1931,
1335:1922,
1180:While
971:, and
941:Oxford
939:, and
933:Sydney
907:(born
680:Gender
610:Holism
508:Visual
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