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more utility from benefits targeted at their ethnic group in particular. These benefits would be less valued if all other ethnic groups had access to them. Targeted benefits are more appealing because ethnic groups can solidify or heighten their social and economic status relative to other ethnic groups whereas broad programmatic policies will not improve their relative worth. Politicians and political parties in turn, have an incentive to favor co-ethnics in their distribution of material benefits. Over the long run, ethnic conflict over access to state benefits is likely to lead to the ethnification of political parties and the party system as a whole where the political salience of ethnic identity increase leading to a self-fulfilling equilibrium: If politicians only distribute benefits on an ethnic basis, voters will see themselves primarily belonging to an ethnic group and view politicians the same way. They will only vote for the politician belonging to the same ethnic group. In turn, politicians will refrain from providing public goods because it will not serve them well electorally to provide services to people not belonging to their ethnic group. In democratizing societies, this could lead to ethnic outbidding and lead to extreme politicians pushing out moderate co-ethnics. Patronage politics and ethnic politics eventually reinforce each other, leading to what
Chandra terms a "patronage democracy".
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Furthermore, this does not allow for any "others" that might want to partake in the political process. As of 2012 a Jewish
Bosnian is suing the Bosnian government from precluding him from running for presidential office since only a Croat, Serb, or Bosniak can run under the consociational government. Determining ethnic identities in advance and implementing a power sharing system on the basis of these fixed identities is inherently discriminatory against minority groups that might be not be recognized. Moreover, it discriminates against those who do not choose to define their identity on an ethnic or communal basis. In power sharing-systems that are based on pre-determined identities, there is a tendency to rigidly fix shares of representation on a permanent basis which will not reflect changing demographics over time. The categorization of individuals in particular ethnic groups might be controversial anyway and might in fact fuel ethnic tensions.
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Uganda, that involved several local participants completing joint tasks and allocating money amongst them. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, they find that participants did not favor the welfare of their co-ethnics disproportionately. It was only when anonymity was removed and everyone's ethnicity was known did co-ethnics decide to favor each other. Humphreys and
Habyarimana argue that cooperation among co-ethnics is primarily driven by reciprocity norms that tend to be stronger among co-ethnics. The possibility of social sanctions compelled those who would not otherwise cooperate with their co-ethnics to do so. The authors find no evidence to suggest that co-ethnics display a greater degree of altruism towards each other or have the same preferences. Ethnic cooperation takes place because co-ethnics have common social networks and therefore can monitor each other and can threaten to socially sanction any transgressors.
2741:, argues that strong inter-ethnic engagement in villages often disincentivizes politicians from stoking ethnic violence for electoral gain. Informal interactions include joint participation in festivals, families from different communities eating together or allowing their children to play with one another. Every day engagement between ethnic groups at the village level can help to sustain the peace in the face of national level shocks like an ethnic riot in another part of the country. In times of ethnic tension, these communities can quell rumors, police neighborhoods and come together to resist any attempts by politicians to polarize the community. The stronger the inter-ethnic networks are, the harder it is for politicians to polarize the community even if it may be in their political interest to do so.
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formal inter-ethnic associations like trade unions, business associations and professional organizations are more effective in encouraging inter-ethnic interactions that could prevent ethnic violence in the future. These organizations force ethnic groups to come together based on shared economic interests that overcomes any pre-existing ethnic differences. For example, inter-ethnic business organizations serve to connect the business interests of different ethnic groups which would increase their desire to maintain ethnic harmony. Any ethnic tension or outbreak of violence will go against their economic interests and therefore, over time, the salience of ethnic identity diminishes.
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ethnic groups should be considered irrational actors, or semi-rational at best. If true, general explanations of ethnic violence would be impossible. In the years since, however, scholarly consensus has shifted to consider that ethnic groups may in fact be counted as rational actors, and the puzzle of their apparently irrational actions (for example, fighting over territory of little or no intrinsic worth) must therefore be explained in some other way. As a result, the possibility of a general explanation of ethnic violence has grown, and collaboration between comparativist and international-relations sub-fields has resulted in increasingly useful theories of ethnic conflict.
2254:, Monica Duffy Toft shows how ethnic group settlement patterns, socially constructed identities, charismatic leaders, issue indivisibility, and state concern with precedent setting can lead rational actors to escalate a dispute to violence, even when doing so is likely to leave contending groups much worse off. Such research addresses empirical puzzles that are difficult to explain using primordialist, instrumentalist, or constructivist approaches alone. As Varshney notes, "pure essentialists and pure instrumentalists do not exist anymore".
55:
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2156:, a founding scholar of primordialism, asserts that each person has a natural connection to perceived kinsmen. In time and through repeated conflict, essential ties to one's ethnicity will coalesce and will interfere with ties to civil society. Ethnic groups will consequently always threaten the survival of civil governments but not the existence of nations formed by one ethnic group. Thus, when considered through a primordial lens, ethnic conflict in multi-ethnic society is inevitable.
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inter-ethnic ties are formed. She claims that mixed workplaces lead to repeated inter-ethnic interaction where norms of professionalism compel everyone to cooperate and to treat each other with respect, making it easier for individuals belonging to the minority group to reach out and form relationships with everyone else. Nevertheless, Giuliano's research in Russia has shown that economic grievances, even in a mixed workplace, can be politicized on ethnic lines.
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2706:, stated guarantees to minorities and their members to use their own quotidien language, religion, and food practices, and a framework of anti-discrimination legislation in order to enforce these rights. Moreover, no individual can be forced to adhere, identify, or emphasize a particular identity (such as race, gender, sexuality, etc.) without their consent in order for NTA to function for its purpose.
2618:. Each Union Republic was named after a titular ethnic group who inhabited the area as a way to Sovietize nationalist sentiments during the 1920s. Brubaker asserts that these titular republics were formed in order to absorb any potential elite led nationalist movements against the Soviet center by incentivizing elite loyalty through advancement in the Soviet political structure.
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completely discount the role of inherent ethnic differences. Additionally, ethnic entrepreneurs, or elites, could be tempted to mobilize ethnic groups in order to gain their political support in democratizing states. Instrumentalists theorists especially emphasize this interpretation in ethnic states in which one ethnic group is promoted at the expense of other ethnicities.
2695:, NTA laws have been enacted and created parallel institutions and political parties in the same country. In Belgium, NTA has been integrated within the federal consociational system. Some scholars of ethnic conflict resolution claim that the practice of NTA will be employed dependent on the concentration and size of the ethnic group asking for group rights.
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facets. In contrast to federalism, the ethnic groups are not assigned a titular sub-state, but rather the ethnic groups are dispersed throughout the state unit. Their group rights and autonomy are not constrained to a particular territory within the state. This is done in order not to weaken the center state such as in the case of ethnofederalism.
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violence occurs in sporadic outbursts. For example, Varshney points out that although
Yugoslavia broke up due to ethnic violence in the 1990s, it had enjoyed a long peace of decades before the USSR collapsed. Therefore, some scholars claim that it is unlikely that primordial ethnic differences alone caused the outbreak of violence in the 1990s.
2387:. Indeed, some scholars have questioned whether the concept of ethnic conflict is useful at all. Others have attempted to test the "clash of civilisations" thesis, finding it to be difficult to operationalise and that civilisational conflicts have not risen in intensity in relation to other ethnic conflicts since the end of the Cold War.
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leaders, "who used their cultural groups as sites of mass mobilization and as constituencies in their competition for power and resources, because they found them more effective than social classes". In this account of ethnic identification, ethnicity and race are viewed as instrumental means to achieve particular ends.
2607:, or federalism determined along ethnic lines, is "asymmetric" as opposed to the equal devolution of power found in non-ethnic federal states, such as the United States. In this sense, special privileges are granted to specific minority groups as concessions and incentives to end violence or mute conflict.
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In cities where the population tends to be much higher, informal interactions between ethnic groups might not be sufficient to prevent violence. This is because many more links are needed to connect everyone, and therefore it is much more difficult to form and strengthen inter-ethnic ties. In cities,
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Institutionalist arguments for resolving ethnic conflict often focus on national-level institutions and do not account for regional and local variation in ethnic violence within a country. Despite similar levels of ethnic diversity in a country, some towns and cities have often found to be especially
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many critiques of federalism as an institution to resolve ethnic conflict emerged. The devolution of power away from the central state can weaken ties to the central state. Moreover, the parallel institutions created to serve a particular nation or ethnic group might provide significant resources for
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The theory of implementing federalism in order to curtail ethnic conflict assumes that self-governance reduces "demands for sovereignty". Hechter argues that some goods such as language of education and bureaucracy must be provided as local goods, instead of statewide, in order to satisfy more people
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Horowitz has argued that a single transferable vote system could prevent the ethnification of political parties because voters cast their ballots in order of preference. This means that a voter could cast some of his votes to parties other than his co-ethnic party. This in turn would compel political
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Mass mobilization of ethnic groups can only be successful if there are latent ethnic differences to be exploited, otherwise politicians would not even attempt to make political appeals based on ethnicity and would focus instead on economic or ideological appeals. For these reasons, it is difficult to
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Moreover, primordial accounts do not account for the spatial and temporal variations in ethnic violence. If these "ancient hatreds" are always simmering under the surface and are at the forefront of people's consciousness, then ethnic groups should constantly be ensnared in violence. However, ethnic
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In theory, this leads to self governance and protection for the ethnic group. Many scholars maintain that since ethnic tension erupts into ethnic violence when the ethnic group is threatened by a state, then veto powers should allow the ethnic group to avoid legislative threats. Switzerland is often
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agreement which coopts the leaders of ethnic groups into the central state's government. Each nation or ethnic group is represented in the government through a supposed spokesman for the group. In the power sharing agreement, each group has veto powers to varying degrees, dependent on the particular
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A key question facing scholars who attempt to adapt their theories of interstate violence to explain or predict large-scale ethnic violence is whether ethnic groups could be considered "rational" actors. Prior to the end of the Cold War, the consensus among students of large-scale violence was that
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Primordialists have reformulated the "ancient hatreds" hypothesis and have focused more on the role of human nature. Petersen argues that the existence of hatred and animosity does not have to be rooted in history for it to play a role in shaping human behavior and action: "If 'ancient hatred' means
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Emphasizing the limits of approaches that focus mainly on institutional answers to ethnic conflictsâwhich are essentially driven by ethnocultural dynamics of which political and/or economic factors are but elementsâGregory Paul Meyjes urges the use of intercultural communication and cultural-rights
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Thus, federalism provides some self-governance for local matters in order to satisfy some of the grievances which might cause ethnic conflict among the masses. Moreover, federalism brings in the elites and ethnic entrepreneurs into the central power structure; this prevents a resurgence of top-down
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Furthermore, ethnic mass mobilization is likely to be plagued by collective action problems, especially if ethnic protests are likely to lead to violence. Instrumentalist scholars have tried to respond to these shortcomings. For example, Russell Hardin argues that ethnic mobilization faces problems
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the principles of territory versus that of personhood. It gives rights to ethnic groups to self-rule and govern matters potentially concerning but limited to: education, language, culture, internal affairs, religion, and the internally established institutions needed to promote and reproduce these
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Furthermore, some competing elite political players may not be in power; they would remain unincorporated into the central system. These competing elites can gain access through federal structures and their resources to solidify their political power in the structure. According to V.P. Gagnon this
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The existence of patronage networks between local politicians and ethnic groups make it easier for politicians to mobilize ethnic groups and instigate ethnic violence for electoral gain since the neighborhood or city is already polarized along ethnic lines. The dependence of ethnic groups on their
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One of the most debated issues relating to ethnic conflict is whether it has become more or less prevalent in the postâCold War period. Even though a decline in the rate of new ethnic conflicts was evident in the late 1990s, ethnic conflict remains the most common form of armed intrastate conflict
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notes that the instrumentalist account "came to prominence in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States, in the debate about (white) ethnic persistence in what was supposed to have been an effective melting pot". This new theory sought explained persistence as the result of the actions of community
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or NTA. NTA has emerged in recent years as an alternative solution to ethnic tensions and grievances in places that are likely to breed conflict. For this reason, NTA has been promoted as a more practical and state building solution than consociationalism. NTA, alternatively known as non-cultural
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In contrast to
Lijphart, several political scientists and policy analysts have condemned consociationalism. One of the many critiques is that consociationalism locks in ethnic tensions and identities. This assumes a primordial stance that ethnic identities are permanent and not subject to change.
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stated that in
Ethiopia, offline violence quickly leads to online "calls for ethnic attacks, discrimination, and destruction of property goes viral". He stated, "Facebook's inaction helps propagate hate and polarization in a country and has a devastating impact on the narrative and extent of the
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A major source of ethnic conflict in multi-ethnic democracies is over the access to state patronage. Conflicts over state resources between ethnic groups can increase the likelihood of ethnic violence. In ethnically divided societies, demand for public goods decreases as each ethnic group derives
2589:
Another critique points to the privileging of ethnic identity over personal political choice. Howard has deemed consociationalism as a form of ethnocracy and not a path to true pluralistic democracy. Consociationalism assumes that a politician will best represent the will of his co-ethnics above
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of ethnic identities is more likely to be "non-discriminatory, neutral, flexible and self-adjusting". For example, in South Africa, the toxic legacy of apartheid meant that successful consociation could only be built on the basis of the self-determination of groups. Ljiphart claims that because
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in 1995. A tripartite presidency was chosen and must have a Croat, a Serb, and a
Bosniak. The presidents take turns acting as the forefront executive in terms of 8 months for 4 years. Many have credited this compromise of a consociational government in Bosnia for the end of the violence and the
2242:
Some argue that constructivist narratives of historical master cleavages are unable to account for local and regional variations in ethnic violence. For example, Varshney highlights that in the 1960s "racial violence in the USA was heavily concentrated in northern cities; southern cities though
2709:
Nonetheless, Clarke critiques the weaknesses of NTA in areas such as education, a balance between society wide norms and intracommunity values; policing, for criminal matters and public safety; and political representation, which limits the political choices of an individual if based solely on
2407:
While the link between ethnic heterogeneity and under provision of public goods is generally accepted, there is little consensus around the causal mechanism underlying this relationship. To identify possible causal stories, Humphreys and
Habyarimana ran a series of behavioral games in Kampala,
2175:
a hatred consuming the daily thoughts of great masses of people, then the 'ancient hatreds' argument deserves to be readily dismissed. However, if hatred is conceived as a historically formed 'schema' that guides action in some situations, then the conception should be taken more seriously."
2753:
Interactions between ethnic groups in formal settings can also help countries torn apart by ethnic violence to recover and break down ethnic divisions. Paula
Pickering, a political scientist, who studies peace-building efforts in Bosnia, finds that formal workplaces are often the site where
2404:
co-ethnic local politician for access to state resources is likely to make them more responsive to calls of violence against other ethnic groups. Therefore, the existence of these local patronage channels generates incentives for ethnic groups to engage in politically motivated violence.
2194:
is a fixed perception or not is not crucial in the instrumentalist accounts. Moreover, the scholars of this school generally do not oppose the view that ethnic difference plays a part in many conflicts. They simply claim that ethnic difference is not sufficient to explain conflicts.
2124:
It is argued that rebel movements are more likely to organize around ethnicity because ethnic groups are more apt to be aggrieved, better able to mobilize, and more likely to face difficult bargaining challenges compared to other groups. The causes of ethnic conflict are debated by
2586:
ethnic identities are often "unclear, fluid and flexible," self-determination is likely to be more successful than pre-determination of ethnic groups. A constructivist approach to consociational theory can therefore strengthen its value as a method to resolve ethnic conflict.
2141:
Proponents of primordialist accounts argue that "thnic groups and nationalities exist because there are traditions of belief and action towards primordial objects such as biological features and especially territorial location". Primordialist accounts rely on strong ties of
2719:
based negotiations as tools with which to effectively and sustainably address inter-ethnic strife. Meyjes argues that to fully grasp, preempt, and/or resolve such conflictsâwhether with or without the aid of territorial or non-territorial institutional mechanism(s) -- a
2203:
of coordination and not collective action. He points out that a charismatic leader acts as a focal point around which members of an ethnic group coalesce. The existence of such an actor helps to clarify beliefs about the behavior of others within an ethnic group.
2459:, in which mobs "lynched, beheaded, and dismembered their victims", took place with "almost-instant and widespread sharing of hate speech and incitement to violence on Facebook, which whipped up people's anger", according to David Gilbert writing in
2531:
have developed a taxonomy of eight macro-political ethnic conflict regulation methods, which they note are often employed by states in combination with each other. They include a number of methods that they note are clearly morally unacceptable.
2535:
With increasing interest in the field of ethnic conflict, many policy analysts and political scientists theorized potential resolutions and tracked the results of institutional policy implementation. As such, theories often focus on which
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The inherent weaknesses in using pre-determined ethnic identities to form power sharing systems has led
Ljiphart to argue that adopting a constructivist approach to consociationalism can increase its likelihood of success. The
2446:
dominated the Internet in Ethiopia and played a major role in encouraging ethnic violence. An October 2019 Facebook post led to the deaths of 70 people in Ethiopia. In mid-2020, ethnic tensions in Ethiopia were amplified by
2553:
state. Moreover, the norm of proportional representation is dominant: each group is represented in the government in a percentage that reflects the ethnicity's demographic presence in the state. Another requirement for
2243:
intensely politically engaged, did not have riots". A constructivist master narrative is often a country level variable whereas studies of incidences of ethnic violence are often done at the regional and local level.
2089:, social, economic or religious, the individuals in conflict must expressly fight for their ethnic group's position within society. This criterion differentiates ethnic conflict from other forms of struggle.
2104:. Recently, some have argued for either top-down or bottom-up explanations for ethnic conflict. Intellectual debate has also focused on whether ethnic conflict has become more prevalent since the end of the
4814:
Meyjes (also: Posthumus Meyjes), Gregory Paul (2012) 'Multi-Ethnic Conflicts in U.S. Military Theatres Overseas: Intercultural Imperatives', in Volker Franke and Robert H. "Robin" Dorff (eds.)
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Meyjes (also: Posthumus Meyjes), Gregory Paul (2007) 'Plan "C" is for Culture: out of Iraq â Opportunity,' Landpower Essay 07-4, May 2007, Arlington, VA: Association of the United States Army.
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2133:. Official academic explanations generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist, and constructivist. More recent scholarship draws on all three schools.
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described Facebook as having been "a useful instrument for those seeking to spread hate" and complained that Facebook was unable to provide data on the extent of its role in the genocide.
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2465:. People "call for genocide and attacks against specific religious or ethnic groups" and "openly post photographs of burned-out cars, buildings, schools and houses", according to
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in the 1930s on the basis of cattle ownership, physical measurements and church records. Identity cards were issued on this basis, and these documents played a key role in the
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2684:. NTA was employed during the interwar period, and the League of Nations sought to add protection clauses for national minorities in new states. In the 1920s,
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into its ethnic federal states. Ethnic entrepreneurs were able to take control of the institutionally allocated resources to wage war on other ethnic groups.
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conclusion that certain groups are doomed to fight each other when in fact the wars between them that occur are often the result of political decisions.
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Other scholars, such as Clarke, argue that the successful implementation of NTA rests on the acknowledgement in a state of "universal" principles: true
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John McGarry and Brendan OâLeary (1993) 'Introduction: The macro-political regulation of ethnic conflict', in John McGarry and Brendan OâLeary (eds.)
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is that the government must be composed of a "grand coalition" of the ethnic group leaders which supposes a top-down approach to conflict resolution.
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Schlichting, Ursel (1997). "Conflict Between Different Nationalities: Chances for and Limits to Their Settlement". In Klinke, Andreas; Renn, Ortwin;
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from the central state. As most states are unwilling to give up an integral portion of their territory, secessionist movements may trigger violence.
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but rather institutional, political, and economic factors. These scholars argue that the concept of ethnic war is misleading because it leads to an
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Clarke, Charles. "Preface: Using the Ideas of 'Non-Territorial Autonomy' to Avoid Violent Conflict and Meet the Modern Challenges of Nationalism".
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granted some cultural autonomy to the German and Jewish populations in order to ease conflicts between the groups and the newly independent state.
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4968:, free complete book PDF download, at the University of California (3rd Edition, 2014). Special focus on multiethnic and multicultural conflicts.
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Derluguian, Georgi M. (1999). "Ethnofederalism and Ethnonationalism: The Separatist politics of Chechnya and Tatarstan: Sources or Resources?".
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Stroschein, Sherrill (November 2014). "Consociational Settlements and Reconstruction: Bosnia in Comparative Perspective (1995- Present)".
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Chiozza, Giacomo (2002). "Is there a Clash of Civilizations? Evidence from patterns of international conflict involvement, 1946â97".
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Berenschot, Ward (2010). "The Spatial Distribution of Riots: Patronage and the Instigation of Communal Violence in Gujarat, India".
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Grosby, Steven (1994). "The verdict of history: The inexpungeable tie of primordiality â a response to Eller and Coughlan".
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ethnicity. Furthermore, the challenge in evaluating the efficacy of NTA lies in the relatively few legal implementations of NTA.
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parties to broaden their manifestos to appeal to voters across the ethnic divide to hoover up second and third preference votes.
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A third, constructivist, set of accounts stress the importance of the socially constructed nature of ethnic groups, drawing on
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other political parties. This might lead to the polarization of ethnic groups and the loss of non-ethnic ideological parties.
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However, some theorists contend that this does not represent a rise in the incidence of ethnic conflict, because many of the
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Fox, Jonathan (2002). "Ethnic minorities and the Clash of Civilizations: A quantitative analysis of Huntington's thesis".
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fought during the Cold War as ethnic conflicts were actually hot spots of the Cold War. Research shows that the fall of
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Wallensteen, Peter; Sollenberg, Margareta (1995). "After the Cold War: Emerging patterns of armed conflict 1989â94".
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and the increase in the number of capitalist states were accompanied by a decline in total warfare, interstate wars,
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Bieber, Florian (2001). "Challenge of Democracy in Divided Societies: Lessons from Bosnia-- Challenges for Kosovo".
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Coakley, John (1994). "Approaches to the Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: The Strategy of Non-territorial Autonomy".
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Mishali-Ram, Meirav (September 2006). "Ethnic Diversity, Issues, and International Crisis Dynamics, 1918-2002".
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Osipov, Alexander (2013). "Non-Territorial Autonomy during and after Communism: In the Wrong or Right Place?".
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4895:"Generating social capital for bridging ethnic divisions in the Balkans: Case studies of two Bosniak cities"
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Stroschein, Sherill (December 2008). "Making or Breaking Kosovo: Applications of Dispersed State Control".
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Kaufman, Stuart (Fall 1996). "Spiraling to Ethnic War: Elites, Masses, and Moscow in Moldova's Civil War".
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Dalle Mulle, Emmanuel (2016). "Belgium and the Brussels Question: The Role of Non-Territorial Autonomy".
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Guss, Jason; Siroky, David S. (2012). "Living with Heterogeneity: Bridging the Ethnic Divide in Bosnia".
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Newsletter of the Organized Section in Comparative Politics of the American Political Science Association
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argues that this kinship "makes it possible for ethnic groups to think in terms of family resemblances".
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A number of political scientists argue that the root causes of ethnic conflict do not involve ethnicity
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Smith, David J. "Challenges of Non-Territorial Autonomy in Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe".
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Patrons, clients, and policies: Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition
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have introduced theories that draw insights from all three traditional schools of thought. In
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Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought:
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prone to ethnic violence. For example, Ashutosh Varshney, in his study of ethnic violence in
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of the methods of conflict resolution that have been employed by states, which he lists as:
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and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by droughts, food shortages,
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from Internet Archive (3rd Edition, multiple file formats including PDF, EPUB, and others)
3573:
The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory
3440:. Berlin: Berghof Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management/Berghof Foundation.
8:
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4562:(1998). "Subversive Institutions: The End of Soviet State in Comparative Perspective".
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The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Case Studies of Protracted Ethnic Conflicts
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The Revenge of the Past Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union
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that started in October 2016 and in ethnic violence in Ethiopia during 2019â2020.
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A number of scholars have attempted to synthesize the methods available for the
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4818:, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, pp. 381-438
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4275:
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Coakley, John (1992). "The resolution of ethnic conflict: Towards a typology".
4236:
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1999:
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When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda
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4200:"Hate Speech on Facebook Is Pushing Ethiopia Dangerously Close to a Genocide"
3857:
3817:
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and ethnic groups. Some political scientists such as Stroschein contend that
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2011:
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Denny, Elaine K; Walter, Barbara F (March 2014). "Ethnicity and civil war".
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616:
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387:
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322:
59:
4616:
Buchanan, Allen (1995). "Morality of Secession". In Kymlicka, Will (ed.).
4531:
A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society
4423:
4383:
2108:, and on devising ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as
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4150:"Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar"
2726:
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1233:
1184:
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Old societies and new States; the quest for modernity in Asia and Africa
2266:
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6534:
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5121:
4232:"Ethiopia Will Explode if It Doesn't Move Beyond Ethnic-Based Politics"
3962:
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2021:
2016:
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approach grounded in intercultural knowledge and skill is essential.
2631:
2564:
A recent example of a consociational government is the post-conflict
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2327:
2247:
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1922:
1870:
1571:
1164:
272:
4452:
Reconstructing Multiethnic Societies: The Case of Bosnia-Hercegovina
8544:
8374:
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7878:
7783:
7743:
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7123:
7118:
7043:
7038:
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4962:
Party-Directed Mediation: Facilitating Dialogue Between Individuals
3047:
3017:
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2425:
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1887:
1709:
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282:
3436:. In Austin, Alexander; Fischer, Martina; Ropers, Norbert (eds.).
7048:
6952:
6932:
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6784:
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5616:
5546:
3458:
From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict
3105:
Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life : Hindus and Muslims in India
2813:
2692:
2685:
2143:
347:
243:
223:
196:
171:
94:
4956:
4943:
3879:
Gilley, Bruce (2004). "Against the concept of ethnic conflict".
3291:
Constructing Grievance: Ethnic Nationalism in Russia's Republics
8004:
7033:
6937:
6915:
6910:
6860:
6006:
5101:
4816:
Conflict Management: A Tool for U.S. National Security Strategy
2372:
2220:
1325:
332:
228:
206:
201:
151:
4012:
Kolev, Wang (2010). "Ethnic Group Divisions and Clientelism".
2676:
The origin of NTA can be traced back to the Marxists works of
8014:
6865:
6643:
5636:
5141:
4092:"Why does ethnic diversity undermine public goods provision?"
2738:
2224:
1335:
156:
63:
4977:
3856:. Center for Systemic Peace. 30 October 2006. Archived from
3799:"Armed conflict and its international dimensions, 1946â2004"
8626:
8455:
5022:
2482:
2228:
1969:
1798:
4754:
Challenge of Non-Territorial Autonomy: Theory and Practice
4410:
Howard, Lisa Morje (October 2012). "The Ethnocracy Trap".
5975:
4193:
4191:
4189:
3731:"How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria"
3377:
Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World
3316:. Oxford handbook of comparative politics. Archived from
2540:
are the most appropriate for addressing ethnic conflict.
3211:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p.
2614:
divided its structure into ethnic federal states termed
4634:
The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s
4144:
4142:
2561:
characterized as a successful consociationalist state.
2451:
on Facebook that followed the 29 June assassination of
2428:
has played a role in amplifying ethnic violence in the
2314:
today. At the end of the Cold War, academics including
4655:
Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe
4186:
4161:. 2018-09-12. Archived from the original on 2020-12-22
3713:"Climate change, food shortages, and conflict in Mali"
2727:
Ethnic conflict resolution outside formal institutions
4938:
4850:"Ethnic Conflict and Civil Society: India and Beyond"
3761:
3517:
Peace studies: Critical concepts in political science
4223:
4139:
2879:
Polish-Ukrainian ethnic conflict during World War II
4533:. University of California Press. pp. 167â173.
3122:
Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic politics of ethnic war
2744:
2731:
2297:
3455:
8590:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
6694:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
4053:
4051:
3796:
2322:predicted a proliferation of conflicts fueled by
1933:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
8731:
4719:"A Consociational Theory of Conflict Management"
4178:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2654:A recent theory of ethnic tension resolution is
2411:
8250:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
3749:"Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa"
3374:
2757:
2469:, an Ethiopian citizens' group. Berhan Taye of
1577:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
7732:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
4802:Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny
4591:International Journal of Public Administration
4048:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3126:. Ithaca: Cornell University. Press. pp.
2659:autonomy (NCA), is based on the difference of
2421:In the early twenty-first century, the online
1055:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
6800:
5991:
4993:
3575:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3547:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3379:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge. p. 59.
2955:Central African Republic conflict (2013â2014)
2477:
2058:
3438:Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation
3375:Cornell, Stephen; Hartmann, Douglas (1998).
2495:or transformation of their ethnic conflict.
7948:List of people killed for being transgender
4766:
4011:
3595:
3513:
3399:
3297:
3140:
2649:
2178:
2085:. While the source of the conflict may be
1269:List of people killed for being transgender
6807:
6793:
5998:
5984:
5000:
4986:
4588:
4490:
4464:
4338:
4089:
4057:
3982:
3980:
3797:Harbom, Lotta; Wallensteen, Peter (2005).
3630:
3266:"Constructivism and Consociational Theory"
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
2206:
2065:
2051:
6664:Interminority racism in the United States
4892:
4787:The Challenge of Non-Territorial Autonomy
4624:
4034:
2394:
2136:
7064:Social determinants of health in poverty
4847:
4615:
4528:
4229:
3991:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3498:
3483:
3339:
3337:
3308:
3288:
3263:
3204:
3102:
2884:Occupation of Poland during World War II
2483:Institutional ethnic conflict resolution
2301:
363:Social determinants of health in poverty
53:
29:
4674:
4369:
4318:
4261:
4197:
3986:
3977:
3940:
3566:
3564:
3540:
3244:
3117:
2950:KurdishâTurkish conflict (1978âpresent)
14:
8732:
6736:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
4944:INCORE International Conflict Research
4888:
4886:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4780:
4778:
4747:
4745:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4677:International Political Science Review
4652:
4630:
4524:
4522:
4449:
4409:
4264:International Political Science Review
4085:
4083:
4081:
3878:
3675:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3431:"Trends and Causes of Armed Conflicts"
3347:Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History
3235:
3175:
2416:
2306:Map highlighting the current zones of
2219:. Proponents of this account point to
6788:
5979:
4981:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4558:
4486:
4484:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3428:
3343:
3334:
3284:
3282:
2119:
8714:
7754:Capital punishment for homosexuality
7069:Social determinants of mental health
6759:
4543:
4323:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3916:British Journal of Political Science
3570:
3561:
2625:Nevertheless, after the fall of the
2543:
2261:
1077:Capital punishment for homosexuality
368:Social determinants of mental health
7874:Genital modification and mutilation
6149:Discrimination based on nationality
4957:Minority Rights Group International
4939:European Centre for Minority Issues
4883:
4830:
4799:
4775:
4742:
4703:
4519:
4158:United Nations Human Rights Council
4090:Habyaimana, James (November 2007).
4078:
3913:
3444:
3107:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2970:Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
2774:Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore
2437:United Nations Human Rights Council
1195:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
6814:
4784:
4661:
4641:
4481:
4454:. Ashgate Press. pp. 109â121.
4438:
4398:
4327:
4303:
3989:The Logic of Violence in Civil War
3466:
3406:Ethnic Conflicts and Civil Society
3279:
3063:List of ongoing military conflicts
3058:List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
2713:
2081:is a conflict between two or more
25:
8761:
4952:Specialist Group on Ethnopolitics
4932:
4893:Pickering, Paula (January 2006).
4848:Varshney, Ashutosh (April 2001).
4751:
4716:
4099:American Political Science Review
3073:Political cleansing of population
2985:2020 DunganâKazakh ethnic clashes
8713:
8704:
8703:
8353:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
8190:Law for Protection of the Nation
8090:White genocide conspiracy theory
6768:
6758:
6749:
6748:
3240:. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
2859:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
2745:Formal inter-ethnic associations
2732:Informal inter-ethnic engagement
2298:Study in the post-Cold War world
2265:
2252:The Geography of Ethnic Violence
2246:Scholars of ethnic conflict and
2231:distinction was codified by the
2146:among members of ethnic groups.
1688:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1517:Law for Protection of the Nation
1411:White genocide conspiracy theory
93:
8195:MSM blood donation restrictions
7943:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
6769:
4821:
4808:
4793:
4760:
4609:
4582:
4552:
4537:
4458:
4363:
4290:
4255:
4244:from the original on 2020-10-04
4230:Lashitew, Addisu (2019-11-08).
4212:from the original on 2020-10-14
4028:
4005:
3934:
3907:
3872:
3846:
3790:
3755:
3741:
3723:
3705:
3669:
3624:
3589:
3534:
3507:
3492:
3422:
3393:
3368:
3311:"Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict"
3264:Lijphart, Arend (Winter 2001).
2799:Indo-Pakistani war of 1947â1948
2499:, for example, has developed a
1522:MSM blood donation restrictions
1264:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
8208:(as religious or racial quota)
6654:Go back to where you came from
4576:10.1080/1060586X.1998.10641456
4341:Annals of the American Academy
4072:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.029
3631:Huntington, Samuel P. (1993).
3350:. Cambridge: Polity. pp.
3229:
3198:
3169:
3134:
3111:
3096:
2573:following long-lasting peace.
1535:(as religious or racial quota)
27:Conflict between ethnic groups
13:
1:
8622:Second-generation gender bias
8338:Constitutional colorblindness
7059:Social determinants of health
5007:
4949:Political Studies Association
4300:, London: Routledge, pp. 1-40
4198:Gilbert, David (2020-09-14).
4044:. Cambridge University Press.
3633:"The clash of civilizations?"
3514:Evangelista, Matthew (2005).
3462:. W. W. Norton & Company.
3192:10.1080/01419870.1994.9993817
3089:
2929:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
2597:
2412:Ethnic conflict amplification
1965:Second-generation gender bias
1673:Constitutional colorblindness
358:Social determinants of health
4548:. Stanford University Press.
3987:Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006).
3205:Horowitz, Donald L. (1985).
2965:Internal conflict in Myanmar
2924:Israeli-Palestinian conflict
2758:Examples of ethnic conflicts
2568:that was agreed upon in the
7:
8533:Medical model of disability
8385:Hate speech laws by country
4637:. Cornell University Press.
4618:Rights of Minority Cultures
4035:Kitschelt, Herbert (2007).
3955:10.1177/0022343302039006004
3893:10.1080/0143659042000256959
3776:10.1177/0022343395032003007
3751:. ReliefWeb. 6 August 2018.
3571:Toft, Monica Duffy (2003).
3501:Can Liberalism Be Exported?
3309:Varshney, Ashutosh (2007).
3293:. Cornell University Press.
3118:Kaufman, Stuart J. (2001).
3103:Varshney, Ashutosh (2002).
2995:
2960:Ethnic conflict in Nagaland
2854:War in Abkhazia (1992â1993)
2691:In Europe, most notably in
2638:was the case in the former
2467:Network Against Hate Speech
2442:During 2019â2020, posts on
2346:ethnic conflicts in Nigeria
2223:as an example because the
1876:Medical model of disability
1720:Hate speech laws by country
10:
8766:
8642:Social model of disability
7114:Discrimination against men
6005:
5369:Countries by ethnic groups
5364:Contemporary ethnic groups
4689:10.1177/019251219401500305
4620:. Oxford University Press.
4276:10.1177/019251219201300401
3854:"Measuring systemic peace"
3690:(2): 44â76. Archived from
3676:Kaplan, Robert D. (1994).
3503:. Oxford University Press.
2975:Sabra and Shatila massacre
2934:Sudanese nomadic conflicts
2478:Ethnic conflict resolution
2257:
1985:Social model of disability
413:Discrimination against men
62:for displaced Rwandans in
8699:
8438:
8315:
8108:
7995:Opposition to immigration
7719:
7359:
7206:
6966:
6916:Race / Ethnicity
6853:
6822:
6744:
6621:
6454:
6222:
6124:
6013:
5957:
5840:
5712:
5515:
5349:
5150:
5015:
4914:10.1080/01419870500352397
4902:Ethnic and Racial Studies
4603:10.1080/01900699908525435
4529:Horowitz, Donald (1992).
4505:10.1017/s153759270808184x
4319:Hechter, Michael (2000).
4111:10.1017/S0003055407070499
4014:APSA Annual Meeting Paper
3943:Journal of Peace Research
3928:10.1017/S0007123402000170
3806:Journal of Peace Research
3764:Journal of Peace Research
3598:Journal of Peace Research
3541:Mamdani, Mahmood (2001).
3236:Geertz, Clifford (1963).
3208:Ethnic Groups in Conflict
3179:Ethnic and Racial Studies
3143:Journal of Peace Research
2864:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
2819:Maluku sectarian conflict
2423:social networking service
2360:, and population growth.
1316:Opposition to immigration
207:Race / Ethnicity
7990:Occupational segregation
7759:Compulsory sterilization
4972:Party-Directed Mediation
4493:Perspectives on Politics
4475:10.1163/156913312X638570
4349:10.1177/0002716214544459
3818:10.1177/0022343305056238
3610:10.1177/0022343306066524
3520:. Taylor & Francis.
3484:Brubaker, Roger (1996).
3289:Giuliano, Elise (2011).
3155:10.1177/0022343313512853
2769:Ethnic violence in Konso
2764:Human rights in Ethiopia
2656:non-territorial autonomy
2650:Non-territorial autonomy
2379:wars, and the number of
2179:Instrumentalist accounts
1311:Occupational segregation
1082:Compulsory sterilization
8518:Internalized oppression
8380:Fighting Discrimination
8370:Fat acceptance movement
8328:Anti-discrimination law
7968:Native American mascots
6684:Psychometrics of racism
6134:Anti-miscegenation laws
5481:Torres Strait Islanders
5326:Ethnopsychopharmacology
5070:In-group and out-groups
3344:Smith, Anthony (2001).
2869:PhilippineâAmerican War
2804:First Sino-Japanese War
2548:Consociationalism is a
2519:, boundary alteration,
2207:Constructivist accounts
1861:Internalized oppression
1715:Fighting Discrimination
1705:Fat acceptance movement
1663:Anti-discrimination law
1289:Native American mascots
46:man praying during the
8637:Social identity threat
8610:Reverse discrimination
8600:Racial color blindness
8080:Violence against women
8060:Sex-selective abortion
6649:Ethnic plastic surgery
6144:Biological determinism
5727:Cultural appropriation
5627:Lineage-bonded society
4372:International Security
4321:Containing Nationalism
3499:Kymlicka, Wil (2001).
3488:. New York: Cambridge.
3408:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2889:Hungarian-Romanian War
2457:Hachalu Hundessa riots
2395:Public goods provision
2324:civilisational clashes
2310:
2233:Belgian colonial power
2137:Primordialist accounts
1980:Social identity threat
1953:Reverse discrimination
1943:Racial color blindness
1401:Violence against women
1381:Sex-selective abortion
71:
51:
8605:Religious intolerance
8565:Political correctness
8395:Intersex human rights
8343:Cultural assimilation
8025:Religious persecution
7789:Disability hate crime
7574:Jewish / Antisemitism
6569:In Jewish communities
6547:Hispanic & Latino
5752:Ethnic interest group
5587:Ethnicity in censuses
5537:Cultural assimilation
5038:Ethnolinguistic group
4800:Sen, Amartya (2007).
4631:Gagnon, V.P. (2004).
4544:Suny, Ronald (1993).
4467:Comparative Sociology
4424:10.1353/jod.2012.0068
4384:10.1162/isec.21.2.108
3881:Third World Quarterly
3454:Snyder, Jack (2000).
2990:2023 Manipur violence
2305:
1948:Religious intolerance
1908:Political correctness
1730:Intersex human rights
1678:Cultural assimilation
1346:Religious persecution
1112:Disability hate crime
889:Jewish / Antisemitism
57:
34:"ЧоŃонŃĐşĐ°Ń ĐźĐžĐťĐ¸Ńва" (
33:
8010:Political repression
7019:Anti-left handedness
7009:Anti-intellectualism
6659:Herrenvolk democracy
5965:Minzu (anthropology)
5934:Separatist movements
5797:Ethnographic village
5622:Legendary progenitor
5257:Transidioethnography
5060:Hyphenated ethnicity
5055:Ethnographic realism
5048:Ethnoreligious group
4869:10.1353/wp.2001.0012
4412:Journal of Democracy
3683:The Atlantic Monthly
3678:"The coming anarchy"
3486:Nationalism Reframed
3078:Population cleansing
3068:List of ethnic riots
2980:Sri Lankan Civil War
2939:OromoâSomali clashes
2894:American Indian Wars
2874:Polish-Ukrainian War
2784:Caste War of YucatĂĄn
2523:and ethnic suicide.
2316:Samuel P. Huntington
2127:political scientists
1331:Political repression
318:Anti-left handedness
308:Anti-intellectualism
8513:Historical eugenics
8050:Segregation academy
8030:Religious terrorism
7819:Enemy of the people
7727:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
7246:Jehovah's Witnesses
7139:Perpetual foreigner
6679:Perpetual foreigner
5832:Multinational state
5827:Model minority myth
5714:Multiethnic society
5632:Linguistic homeland
5043:Ethnonational group
4597:(9â10): 1387â1428.
4564:Post-Soviet Affairs
3429:Smith, Dan (2003).
2919:Guatemalan genocide
2789:Russo-Ukrainian War
2517:population transfer
2417:Online social media
2308:conflict in Myanmar
1856:Historical eugenics
1371:Segregation academy
1351:Religious terrorism
1142:Enemy of the people
1050:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
553:Jehovah's Witnesses
438:Perpetual foreigner
8745:Conflict (process)
8425:Social integration
8420:Self-determination
8410:Racial integration
8358:Diversity training
8348:Cultural pluralism
8323:Affirmative action
8223:Racial segregation
8133:Crime of apartheid
8035:Religious violence
7538:Indigenous people
6943:Sexual orientation
6709:Racial integration
6689:Race and sexuality
6494:Japanese Americans
6214:Racial segregation
6204:Racial nationalism
5812:Middleman minority
5772:Ethnic pornography
5767:Ethnic nationalism
5672:Pantribal sodality
5612:Imagined community
5137:Symbolic ethnicity
5065:Indigenous peoples
5033:Ethnographic group
4966:Gregorio Billikopf
3402:Lehners, Jean Paul
3038:Ethnic nationalism
2583:self-determination
2566:Bosnian government
2449:online hate speech
2311:
2277:. You can help by
2217:imagined community
2215:'s concept of the
2148:Donald L. Horowitz
2120:Theories of causes
1760:Social integration
1755:Self-determination
1745:Racial integration
1693:Diversity training
1683:Cultural pluralism
1658:Affirmative action
1550:Racial segregation
1460:Crime of apartheid
1356:Religious violence
853:Indigenous people
234:Sexual orientation
72:
52:
8727:
8726:
8595:Racism by country
8523:Intersectionality
8508:Heteronormativity
8307:Voter suppression
8055:Sexual harassment
7854:Forced conversion
7774:Cultural genocide
7437:African Americans
7256:postâCold War era
7241:Eastern Orthodoxy
7004:Anti-drug addicts
6999:Anti-homelessness
6926:Scientific racism
6782:
6781:
6530:African Americans
6477:Chinese Americans
6174:Ethnic stereotype
5973:
5972:
5894:Ethnic stereotype
5807:Indigenous rights
5792:Ethnographic film
5777:Ethnic theme park
5737:Dominant minority
5732:Diaspora politics
5722:Consociationalism
5657:National language
5542:Cultural identity
5532:Cross-race effect
5476:Aboriginal groups
4060:World Development
3023:Diaspora politics
3008:Cultural conflict
3003:Communal violence
2944:Tuareg rebellions
2914:Rohingya genocide
2899:Armenian genocide
2834:Galikoma massacre
2794:First Chechen War
2622:ethnic conflict.
2544:Consociationalism
2507:, accommodation,
2430:Rohingya genocide
2385:displaced persons
2295:
2294:
2213:Benedict Anderson
2110:consociationalism
2075:
2074:
1938:Racism by country
1866:Intersectionality
1851:Heteronormativity
1634:Voter suppression
1376:Sexual harassment
1175:Forced conversion
1097:Cultural genocide
752:African Americans
563:postâCold War era
548:Eastern Orthodoxy
303:Anti-drug addicts
298:Anti-homelessness
217:Scientific racism
40:Mikhail Evstafiev
16:(Redirected from
8757:
8717:
8716:
8707:
8706:
8647:Social privilege
8632:Social exclusion
8560:Police brutality
8481:Multiculturalism
8451:Amatonormativity
8282:Social exclusion
8118:Age of candidacy
7918:Homeless dumping
7824:Ethnic cleansing
6809:
6802:
6795:
6786:
6785:
6772:
6771:
6762:
6761:
6752:
6751:
6606:Racial supremacy
6564:Jewish Americans
6542:Native Americans
6511:Zainichi Koreans
6499:Japanese Koreans
6482:Zainichi Chinese
6455:Racism by target
6232:Global apartheid
6224:Racism by region
6209:Racial profiling
6199:Racial hierarchy
6000:
5993:
5986:
5977:
5976:
5864:Ethnic cleansing
5859:Ethnic bioweapon
5742:Ethnic democracy
5351:Groups by region
5301:Ethnomethodology
5284:Ethnomathematics
5274:Ethnolinguistics
5170:Ethnoarchaeology
5002:
4995:
4988:
4979:
4978:
4926:
4925:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4880:
4854:
4845:
4828:
4825:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4782:
4773:
4772:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4724:. Archived from
4723:
4714:
4701:
4700:
4672:
4659:
4658:
4650:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4526:
4517:
4516:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4447:
4436:
4435:
4407:
4396:
4395:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4336:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4301:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4195:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4154:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4121:. Archived from
4096:
4087:
4076:
4075:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3887:(6): 1155â1166.
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3828:. Archived from
3803:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3719:. 27 April 2015.
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3661:. Archived from
3651:10.2307/20045621
3628:
3622:
3621:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3295:
3294:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3261:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3083:Social cleansing
3028:Ethnic cleansing
2909:Rwandan genocide
2849:Transnistria War
2453:Hachalu Hundessa
2358:land degradation
2320:Robert D. Kaplan
2290:
2287:
2269:
2262:
2067:
2060:
2053:
1990:Social privilege
1975:Social exclusion
1903:Police brutality
1824:Multiculturalism
1794:Amatonormativity
1609:Social exclusion
1445:Age of candidacy
1239:Homeless dumping
1147:Ethnic cleansing
97:
74:
73:
68:Rwandan genocide
48:battle of Grozny
36:Chechen's prayer
21:
8765:
8764:
8760:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8755:
8754:
8740:Ethnic conflict
8730:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8695:
8570:Polyculturalism
8466:Civil liberties
8434:
8415:Reappropriation
8316:Countermeasures
8311:
8240:Racial steering
8206:Numerus clausus
8110:
8104:
7829:Ethnic conflict
7764:Corrective rape
7715:
7355:
7202:
7094:HIV/AIDS stigma
6962:
6911:Mental disorder
6849:
6818:
6813:
6783:
6778:
6740:
6719:Racism in sport
6617:
6611:White supremacy
6450:
6218:
6154:Ethnic conflict
6126:
6120:
6014:Types of racism
6009:
6004:
5974:
5969:
5953:
5899:Ethnic violence
5847:
5845:ethnic conflict
5843:
5836:
5817:Minority rights
5757:Ethnic majority
5708:
5692:Detribalization
5647:Nation-building
5582:Ethnic religion
5525:
5521:
5511:
5418:Central America
5345:
5316:Ethnophilosophy
5311:Ethnomusicology
5289:Ethnostatistics
5247:Person-centered
5217:Autoethnography
5146:
5011:
5006:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4897:
4891:
4884:
4852:
4846:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4813:
4809:
4798:
4794:
4783:
4776:
4765:
4761:
4750:
4743:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4717:Wolff, Stefan.
4715:
4704:
4673:
4662:
4651:
4642:
4629:
4625:
4614:
4610:
4587:
4583:
4557:
4553:
4542:
4538:
4527:
4520:
4489:
4482:
4463:
4459:
4448:
4439:
4408:
4399:
4368:
4364:
4337:
4328:
4317:
4304:
4295:
4291:
4260:
4256:
4247:
4245:
4228:
4224:
4215:
4213:
4196:
4187:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4094:
4088:
4079:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4029:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3985:
3978:
3939:
3935:
3912:
3908:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3860:on 16 June 2006
3852:
3851:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3737:. 28 June 2018.
3729:
3728:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3674:
3670:
3638:Foreign Affairs
3629:
3625:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3512:
3508:
3497:
3493:
3482:
3467:
3452:
3445:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3298:
3287:
3280:
3268:
3262:
3245:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3203:
3199:
3186:(1): 164â171 .
3174:
3170:
3139:
3135:
3116:
3112:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3043:Ethnic violence
3013:Cultural rights
2998:
2904:Amhara genocide
2809:Basque conflict
2779:Sampit conflict
2760:
2747:
2734:
2729:
2721:cultural rights
2716:
2714:Cultural rights
2652:
2616:Union Republics
2605:ethnofederalism
2600:
2546:
2529:Brendan O'Leary
2485:
2480:
2419:
2414:
2397:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2275:needs expansion
2260:
2209:
2181:
2154:Clifford Geertz
2139:
2122:
2098:instrumentalist
2079:ethnic conflict
2071:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
1913:Polyculturalism
1809:Civil liberties
1781:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1750:Reappropriation
1650:
1649:Countermeasures
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1567:Racial steering
1533:Numerus clausus
1437:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1151:Ethnic conflict
1087:Corrective rape
1042:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
677:
666:
665:
664:
663:
662:
515:
505:
504:
503:
502:
501:
393:HIV/AIDS stigma
265:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
202:Mental disorder
144:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
105:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8763:
8753:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8721:
8711:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8618:
8617:
8615:Reverse racism
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8585:Prisoner abuse
8582:
8577:
8575:Power distance
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8493:Ethnic penalty
8490:
8489:
8488:
8486:Neurodiversity
8483:
8473:
8471:Dehumanization
8468:
8463:
8461:Cisnormativity
8458:
8453:
8448:
8442:
8440:
8439:Related topics
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8297:State religion
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8233:Nuremberg Laws
8230:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8175:Ghetto benches
8172:
8170:Gerrymandering
8167:
8162:
8157:
8155:Gender pay gap
8152:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8114:
8112:
8109:Discriminatory
8106:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
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8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7938:Lavender scare
7935:
7933:Kill Haole Day
7930:
7928:Indian rolling
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7893:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7814:Eliminationism
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7749:Cancel culture
7746:
7741:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7723:
7721:
7720:Manifestations
7717:
7716:
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7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
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7678:
7673:
7668:
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7658:
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7648:
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7638:
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7623:
7618:
7616:Middle Eastern
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7571:
7566:
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7407:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7366:
7364:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7351:Zoroastrianism
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7282:
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7280:
7278:Untouchability
7275:
7265:
7260:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7228:
7223:
7218:
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7106:
7104:Leprosy stigma
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6816:Discrimination
6812:
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6804:
6797:
6789:
6780:
6779:
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6776:
6766:
6756:
6745:
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6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6731:Reverse racism
6728:
6727:
6726:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6704:Racial figleaf
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
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6623:
6622:Related topics
6619:
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6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
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6581:Middle Eastern
6578:
6573:
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6566:
6556:
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6532:
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6373:United Kingdom
6370:
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6125:Manifestations
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6098:
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5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
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5931:
5926:
5924:Indigenization
5921:
5916:
5914:Ethnosymbolism
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5884:Ethnic penalty
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
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5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5822:Model minority
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5802:Ethnopluralism
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
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5747:Ethnic enclave
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5457:Southeast Asia
5454:
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5336:Ethnosemiotics
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5306:Ethnomuseology
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5165:Ethnic studies
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5132:Supraethnicity
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5104:
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5085:Minority group
5082:
5080:Metroethnicity
5077:
5075:Meta-ethnicity
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4941:
4934:
4933:External links
4931:
4928:
4927:
4882:
4863:(3): 362â398.
4857:World Politics
4829:
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4792:
4774:
4759:
4741:
4702:
4683:(3): 297â314.
4660:
4640:
4623:
4608:
4581:
4570:(4): 323â354.
4560:Bunce, Valerie
4551:
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4518:
4480:
4457:
4437:
4418:(4): 155â169.
4397:
4378:(2): 108â138.
4362:
4326:
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4289:
4270:(4): 343â358.
4254:
4237:Foreign Policy
4222:
4185:
4138:
4105:(4): 709â725.
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4066:(2): 221â230.
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3812:(5): 623â635.
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3754:
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3668:
3665:on 2007-06-29.
3623:
3604:(5): 583â600.
3588:
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2702:, established
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2644:disintegration
2599:
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2570:Dayton Accords
2555:Arend Lijphart
2545:
2542:
2505:indigenization
2484:
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2339:overpopulation
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1958:Reverse racism
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1918:Power distance
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1829:Neurodiversity
1826:
1816:
1814:Dehumanization
1811:
1806:
1804:Cisnormativity
1801:
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1780:Related topics
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106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
90:
89:
87:Discrimination
83:
82:
66:following the
26:
18:Racial tension
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8762:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8720:
8712:
8710:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8682:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8669:Social stigma
8667:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8292:State atheism
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8228:Jim Crow laws
8226:
8225:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8213:One-drop rule
8211:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8128:Blood quantum
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8107:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8075:Victimisation
8073:
8071:
8070:Trans bashing
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8040:Religious war
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8020:Racialization
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7891:Glass ceiling
7889:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7834:Ethnic hatred
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7769:Counter-jihad
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7553:
7552:United States
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7416:
7415:United States
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7336:Protestantism
7334:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7320:
7317:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7251:LDS or Mormon
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7181:Transmisogyny
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7084:Gerontophobia
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7014:Anti-intersex
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6989:Anti-albinism
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6830:Institutional
6828:
6827:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6805:
6803:
6798:
6796:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6775:
6767:
6765:
6757:
6755:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:Wine industry
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6429:South America
6427:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:United States
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6407:North America
6405:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6194:Racialization
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6159:Ethnic hatred
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6076:Laissez-faire
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6061:Institutional
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6046:Environmental
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6001:
5996:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:Ethnocentrism
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5869:Ethnic hatred
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:National myth
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:Folk religion
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Ethnic origin
5575:
5573:
5572:Ethnic option
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:Northern Asia
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5423:South America
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:United States
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5341:Ethnotaxonomy
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Ethnomedicine
5294:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Institutional
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:Ethnomycology
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Polyethnicity
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Monoethnicity
5095:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4824:
4817:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4789:. Peter Lang.
4788:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4769:Ethnopolitics
4763:
4756:. Peter Lang.
4755:
4748:
4746:
4731:on 2015-02-18
4727:
4720:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4627:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4547:
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4472:
4468:
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4453:
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4433:
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4413:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4393:
4389:
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4377:
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4366:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
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4309:
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4293:
4285:
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4175:
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4151:
4145:
4143:
4128:on 2017-01-22
4124:
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4116:
4112:
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3990:
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3917:
3910:
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3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
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3859:
3855:
3849:
3835:on 2007-06-16
3831:
3827:
3823:
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3807:
3800:
3793:
3785:
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3777:
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3769:
3765:
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3744:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3694:on 2008-07-24
3693:
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3664:
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3648:
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3537:
3529:
3527:9780415339254
3523:
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3396:
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3382:
3378:
3371:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3338:
3323:on 2018-03-29
3319:
3312:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3258:
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3254:
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3250:
3248:
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3209:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
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3180:
3172:
3164:
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3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3106:
3099:
3095:
3084:
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3079:
3076:
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3071:
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3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Ethnic hatred
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
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2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Yugoslav Wars
2827:
2825:
2824:Caucasian War
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
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2780:
2777:
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2755:
2751:
2742:
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2724:
2722:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:jus sanguinis
2664:
2663:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:power sharing
2541:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:acculturation
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2454:
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2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:revolutionary
2374:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2273:This section
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2184:Anthony Smith
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:primordialist
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:ethnic groups
2080:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Social stigma
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:State atheism
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Jim Crow laws
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:One-drop rule
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Blood quantum
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:Victimisation
1394:
1392:
1391:Trans bashing
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1361:Religious war
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Racialization
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Glass ceiling
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Ethnic hatred
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Counter-jihad
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
868:
867:United States
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
731:
730:United States
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
676:
670:
669:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
643:Protestantism
641:
639:
636:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
571:
568:
564:
561:
559:
558:LDS or Mormon
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
514:
509:
508:
498:
495:
493:
490:
486:
483:
481:
480:Transmisogyny
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
383:Gerontophobia
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
313:Anti-intersex
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:Anti-albinism
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
261:
260:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
140:
139:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
113:Institutional
111:
110:
101:
100:
96:
92:
91:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
75:
69:
65:
61:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
8750:Wars by type
8503:Gender-blind
8390:Human rights
8218:Racial quota
8205:
8185:Jewish quota
8165:Gerontocracy
8160:Gender roles
8138:Disabilities
8123:Blood purity
8095:Wife selling
8085:White flight
8065:Slut-shaming
8045:Scapegoating
7963:Murder music
7828:
7636:Palestinians
7579:Anti-Zionism
7447:South Africa
7432:Black people
7410:South Africa
7231:Christianity
7221:Bahåʟà Faith
7149:Sectarianism
7089:Heterosexism
7054:Ephebiphobia
7024:Anti-Masonry
6891:Hair texture
6724:in Australia
6714:Racial quota
6358:Soviet Union
6301:Saudi Arabia
6242:South Africa
6169:Ethnic slurs
6164:Ethnic jokes
6153:
6066:Internalized
5939:Xenocentrism
5889:Ethnic slurs
5879:Ethnic party
5844:
5842:Ideology and
5762:Ethnic media
5704:White ethnic
5697:Neotribalism
5652:Nation state
5592:Ethnofiction
5523:ethnogenesis
5494:
5487:
5468:
5437:Central Asia
5429:
5382:
5375:
5358:
5331:Ethnoscience
5321:Ethnopoetics
5269:Ethnohistory
5207:Ethnogeology
5195:Ethnozoology
5185:Ethnoecology
5175:Ethnobiology
5160:Anthropology
5112:Panethnicity
5028:Ethnic group
4905:
4901:
4860:
4856:
4823:
4815:
4810:
4801:
4795:
4786:
4768:
4762:
4753:
4733:. Retrieved
4726:the original
4680:
4676:
4654:
4633:
4626:
4617:
4611:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4567:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4539:
4530:
4496:
4492:
4466:
4460:
4451:
4415:
4411:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4340:
4320:
4297:
4292:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4246:. Retrieved
4235:
4225:
4214:. Retrieved
4203:
4163:. Retrieved
4156:
4130:. Retrieved
4123:the original
4102:
4098:
4063:
4059:
4037:
4030:
4013:
4007:
3988:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3858:the original
3848:
3837:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3809:
3805:
3792:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3696:. Retrieved
3692:the original
3687:
3681:
3671:
3663:the original
3645:(3): 22â49.
3642:
3636:
3626:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3572:
3543:
3536:
3516:
3509:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3457:
3437:
3424:
3405:
3395:
3376:
3370:
3346:
3325:. Retrieved
3318:the original
3290:
3272:
3237:
3231:
3207:
3200:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3121:
3113:
3104:
3098:
2844:The Troubles
2752:
2748:
2735:
2717:
2708:
2704:human rights
2697:
2690:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2636:
2624:
2620:
2612:Soviet Union
2609:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2563:
2559:
2547:
2538:Institutions
2534:
2525:John McGarry
2509:assimilation
2497:John Coakley
2486:
2466:
2460:
2441:
2434:
2420:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2362:
2344:The violent
2343:
2312:
2286:October 2022
2283:
2279:adding to it
2274:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2165:essentialist
2160:
2158:
2152:
2140:
2131:sociologists
2123:
2091:
2078:
2076:
1846:Gender-blind
1725:Human rights
1545:Racial quota
1532:
1512:Jewish quota
1492:Gerontocracy
1487:Gender roles
1465:Disabilities
1450:Blood purity
1416:Wife selling
1406:White flight
1386:Slut-shaming
1366:Scapegoating
1284:Murder music
951:Palestinians
894:Anti-Zionism
762:South Africa
747:Black people
725:South Africa
538:Christianity
528:Bahåʟà Faith
448:Sectarianism
388:Heterosexism
353:Ephebiphobia
323:Anti-Masonry
182:Hair texture
60:refugee camp
35:
8405:Nonviolence
8400:LGBT rights
8365:Empowerment
8333:Anti-racism
8255:Segregation
8200:No kid zone
8000:Persecution
7913:Hate speech
7864:Gay bashing
7839:Ethnic joke
7794:Dog whistle
7739:Blood libel
7427:Azerbaijani
7331:Neopaganism
7324:Persecution
7290:Persecution
7273:Persecution
7236:Catholicism
7171:Transphobia
7154:Supremacism
7109:Lesbophobia
7029:Aporophobia
6994:Anti-autism
6845:Taste-based
6840:Statistical
6639:Anti-racism
6380:Middle East
6274:South Korea
6269:North Korea
6184:Hate speech
6106:Substantive
6086:Neocolonial
5874:Ethnic joke
5682:Tribal name
5667:Origin myth
5642:Mythomoteur
5567:Ethnic flag
5552:Development
5237:Netnography
5212:Ethnography
5202:Ethnocinema
5180:Ethnobotany
5107:Nationality
3864:18 February
2700:rule of law
2682:Karl Renner
2474:violence."
1740:Nonviolence
1735:LGBT rights
1700:Empowerment
1668:Anti-racism
1582:Segregation
1527:No kid zone
1321:Persecution
1234:Hate speech
1185:Gay bashing
1160:Ethnic joke
1117:Dog whistle
1062:Blood libel
742:Azerbaijani
638:Neopaganism
631:Persecution
597:Persecution
580:Persecution
543:Catholicism
470:Transphobia
453:Supremacism
408:Lesbophobia
328:Aporophobia
293:Anti-autism
128:Taste-based
123:Statistical
8734:Categories
8679:Stereotype
8674:Speciesism
8555:Oppression
8550:Oikophobia
8446:Allophilia
8430:Toleration
8287:Sodomy law
8180:Internment
8100:Witch-hunt
7978:Blackhawks
7908:Hate group
7896:Hate crime
7869:Gendercide
7859:Freak show
7849:Excellence
7809:Employment
7779:Defamation
7711:Vietnamese
7706:Venezuelan
7596:Lithuanian
7263:Falun Gong
7198:Xenophobia
7193:Vegaphobia
7176:Non-binary
7134:Pedophobia
7099:Homophobia
6921:Skin color
6881:Disability
6854:Attributes
6835:Structural
6518:Vietnamese
6291:Arab world
6189:Hate group
6179:Hate crime
6116:Xenophobia
6096:Scientific
6081:Linguistic
5949:Xenophobia
5944:Xenophilia
5919:Indigenism
5854:Allophilia
5787:Ethnocracy
5677:Statistext
5607:Historical
5500:Indigenous
5452:South Asia
5388:Indigenous
5122:Population
4908:: 79â103.
4804:. Penguin.
4735:2016-05-07
4499:(4): 655.
4248:2020-11-22
4216:2020-11-22
4165:2020-12-10
4132:2016-05-07
3998:0521854091
3839:2007-02-18
3717:Al-Jazeera
3698:2017-03-06
3582:0691113548
3554:0691058210
3415:1840144556
3386:0761985018
3361:0745626580
3327:2016-02-07
3222:0520053850
3090:References
3053:Hate crime
2946:(multiple)
2678:Otto Bauer
2640:Yugoslavia
2598:Federalism
2493:management
2489:resolution
2471:Access Now
2365:proxy wars
2248:civil wars
2022:Stereotype
2017:Speciesism
1898:Oppression
1893:Oikophobia
1789:Allophilia
1765:Toleration
1614:Sodomy law
1507:Internment
1421:Witch-hunt
1299:Blackhawks
1229:Hate group
1217:Hate crime
1190:Gendercide
1180:Freak show
1170:Excellence
1132:Employment
1102:Defamation
1026:Vietnamese
1021:Venezuelan
911:Lithuanian
570:Falun Gong
497:Xenophobia
492:Vegaphobia
475:Non-binary
433:Pedophobia
398:Homophobia
212:Skin color
172:Disability
143:Attributes
118:Structural
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8652:Christian
8580:Prejudice
8528:Masculism
8476:Diversity
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7844:Ethnocide
7804:Education
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7631:Pakistani
7621:Mongolian
7542:Australia
7524:Hungarian
7479:Colombian
7459:Bulgarian
7341:Rastafari
7295:Ahmadiyya
7208:Religious
7186:Trans men
7144:Pregnancy
7079:Gayphobia
7074:Fatphobia
6979:Acephobia
6974:Arophobia
6958:Viewpoint
6699:Race card
6634:Alt-right
6434:Argentina
6395:Palestine
6313:Australia
6139:Apartheid
6127:of racism
5909:Ethnocide
5782:Ethnoburb
5687:Tribalism
5470:Australia
5462:West Asia
5442:East Asia
5413:Caribbean
5398:Greenland
5279:Ethnology
5152:Ethnology
5090:Influence
5009:Ethnicity
4922:217510530
4697:154019481
4513:154841501
4432:145795576
4284:146798940
3901:121147717
3826:111270925
3784:110533926
3618:110835057
3163:110666158
2662:jus solis
2632:secession
2369:Communism
2328:Tribalism
2239:of 1994.
2192:ethnicity
2087:political
1995:Christian
1923:Prejudice
1871:Masculism
1819:Diversity
1597:religious
1572:Redlining
1165:Ethnocide
1127:Education
1011:Ukrainian
946:Pakistani
936:Mongolian
857:Australia
839:Hungarian
794:Colombian
774:Bulgarian
648:Rastafari
602:Ahmadiyya
513:Religious
485:Trans men
443:Pregnancy
378:Gayphobia
373:Fatphobia
278:Acephobia
273:Arophobia
249:Viewpoint
8709:Category
8691:The talk
8627:Snobbery
8545:Net bias
8375:Feminism
8302:Ugly law
8143:Catholic
8111:policies
7958:Mortgage
7953:Lynching
7884:examples
7879:Genocide
7799:Economic
7784:Democide
7744:Bullying
7661:Romanian
7626:Nigerian
7569:Japanese
7504:Georgian
7489:Filipino
7422:Assyrian
7395:Armenian
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7380:Albanian
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7268:Hinduism
7226:Buddhism
7129:Nepotism
7124:Misogyny
7119:Misandry
7044:Clannism
7039:Biphobia
6984:Adultism
6901:Language
6754:Category
6669:Lynching
6644:Casteism
6489:Japanese
6348:Portugal
6279:Thailand
6247:Zimbabwe
6111:Symbolic
6101:Societal
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6056:Gendered
6036:Cultural
6026:Colorism
6021:Aversive
5929:Nativism
5597:Ethnonym
5562:Ethnarch
5518:Identity
5505:European
5383:Americas
5227:Critical
5222:Clinical
5016:Concepts
4877:73642565
4392:57559698
4242:Archived
4210:Archived
4174:cite web
3971:37203913
3659:20045621
3404:(eds.).
3048:Genocide
3018:Democide
2996:See also
2642:and its
2521:genocide
2501:typology
2444:Facebook
2426:Facebook
2381:refugees
2335:scarcity
2332:resource
2237:genocide
2190:Whether
2106:Cold War
2034:The talk
1970:Snobbery
1888:Net bias
1710:Feminism
1629:Ugly law
1470:Catholic
1436:Policies
1279:Mortgage
1274:Lynching
1205:examples
1200:Genocide
1122:Economic
1107:Democide
1067:Bullying
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941:Nigerian
884:Japanese
819:Georgian
804:Filipino
737:Assyrian
710:Armenian
700:American
695:Albanian
675:national
653:Yazidism
575:Hinduism
533:Buddhism
428:Nepotism
423:Misogyny
418:Misandry
343:Clannism
338:Biphobia
283:Adultism
192:Language
79:a series
77:Part of
50:in 1995.
8719:Commons
8498:Figleaf
7923:Housing
7691:Turkish
7641:Pashtun
7611:Mexican
7591:Kurdish
7564:Italian
7514:Haitian
7499:Finnish
7474:Chinese
7469:Chechen
7464:Catalan
7454:Bengali
7375:African
7360:Ethnic/
7319:Judaism
7310:Sunnism
7300:Shi'ism
7216:Atheism
7049:Elitism
6948:Species
6886:Genetic
6876:Dialect
6764:Commons
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6629:Ableism
6552:Mexican
6472:Chinese
6368:Ukraine
6333:Germany
6323:Denmark
6284:Vietnam
5958:Related
5617:Kinship
5557:Endonym
5547:Demonym
5495:Oceania
5252:Salvage
4357:8830183
4119:4498060
4022:1644406
3963:1555255
2814:Bersiap
2693:Belgium
2686:Estonia
2258:History
2144:kinship
1841:Figleaf
1244:Housing
1006:Turkish
956:Pashtun
926:Mexican
906:Kurdish
879:Italian
829:Haitian
814:Finnish
789:Chinese
784:Chechen
779:Catalan
769:Bengali
690:African
673:Ethnic/
626:Judaism
617:Sunnism
607:Shi'ism
523:Atheism
348:Elitism
239:Species
177:Genetic
167:Dialect
70:of 1994
44:Chechen
8684:threat
8538:autism
8275:sexual
8265:racial
8148:Jewish
8005:Pogrom
7983:Chiefs
7973:Braves
7701:Uyghur
7676:Somali
7671:Slavic
7656:Romani
7651:Quebec
7646:Polish
7586:Korean
7547:Canada
7534:Indian
7519:Hazara
7494:Fulani
7405:France
7370:Afghan
7305:Sufism
7034:Audism
6967:Social
6896:Height
6596:Slavic
6591:Romani
6586:Muslim
6559:Jewish
6506:Korean
6467:Asians
6439:Brazil
6422:Mexico
6412:Canada
6400:Turkey
6390:Israel
6353:Russia
6343:Poland
6328:France
6318:Europe
6237:Africa
6071:Patent
6051:Formal
6031:Covert
6007:Racism
5489:Europe
5403:Mexico
5393:Canada
5377:Africa
5242:Online
5102:Nation
4920:
4875:
4695:
4511:
4430:
4390:
4355:
4282:
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3524:
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3383:
3358:
3219:
3161:
2455:. The
2375:wars,
2373:ethnic
2221:Rwanda
2161:per se
2027:threat
1881:autism
1602:sexual
1592:racial
1475:Jewish
1326:Pogrom
1304:Chiefs
1294:Braves
1016:Uyghur
991:Somali
986:Slavic
971:Romani
966:Quebec
961:Polish
901:Korean
862:Canada
849:Indian
834:Hazara
809:Fulani
720:France
685:Afghan
612:Sufism
333:Audism
264:Social
187:Height
8662:white
8015:Purge
7681:Tatar
7606:MÄori
7601:Malay
7559:Irish
7509:Greek
7484:Croat
7442:China
7400:Asian
7285:Islam
7159:White
6906:Looks
6871:Class
6866:Caste
6823:Forms
6774:Index
6535:Women
6525:Black
6444:Chile
6363:Spain
6338:Italy
6306:Sudan
6296:Libya
6264:Japan
6259:China
6041:Cyber
5637:Mores
5359:World
5262:Video
5142:Tribe
4918:S2CID
4898:(PDF)
4873:S2CID
4853:(PDF)
4729:(PDF)
4722:(PDF)
4693:S2CID
4509:S2CID
4428:S2CID
4388:S2CID
4353:S2CID
4280:S2CID
4153:(PDF)
4126:(PDF)
4115:S2CID
4095:(PDF)
4042:(PDF)
3967:S2CID
3959:JSTOR
3897:S2CID
3833:(PDF)
3822:S2CID
3802:(PDF)
3780:S2CID
3655:JSTOR
3614:S2CID
3434:(PDF)
3352:54â55
3321:(PDF)
3314:(PDF)
3269:(PDF)
3159:S2CID
2739:India
2354:Sudan
2225:Tutsi
2005:white
1336:Purge
996:Tatar
921:MÄori
916:Malay
874:Irish
824:Greek
799:Croat
757:China
715:Asian
592:Islam
458:White
197:Looks
162:Class
157:Caste
104:Forms
64:Zaire
38:) by
8657:male
8456:Bias
7901:LGBT
7686:Thai
7666:Serb
7529:Igbo
7390:Arab
7164:Male
6953:Size
6933:Rank
6576:LGBT
6462:Arab
6385:Iran
6254:Asia
5431:Asia
5127:Race
5023:Clan
4205:Vice
4180:link
4018:SSRN
3993:ISBN
3866:2007
3735:Time
3577:ISBN
3549:ISBN
3522:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3356:ISBN
3217:ISBN
2680:and
2665:and
2627:USSR
2610:The
2527:and
2462:Vice
2435:The
2383:and
2350:Mali
2337:and
2318:and
2229:Hutu
2129:and
2112:and
2000:male
1799:Bias
1222:LGBT
1001:Thai
981:Serb
844:Igbo
705:Arab
463:Male
244:Size
224:Rank
8260:age
6938:Sex
6861:Age
5520:and
4964:by
4910:doi
4865:doi
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