33:
22:
526:
443:
249:
705:, who would become Prime Minister of the Republic of China in 1912. Also in attendance on behalf of China was former U.S. Secretary of State John Watson Foster. China's main military representative was Colonel Ding Shiyuan, whose suggestion regarding the need for a more specific legal definition of "war" was rejected by most of the Western participants.
484:, limits on naval expansion would preserve that dominant position. Germany also rejected proposals for compulsory arbitration. However, the conference did enlarge the machinery for voluntary arbitration and established conventions regulating the collection of debts, rules of war, and the rights and obligations of neutrals.
1764:
787:
Although their contents have largely been superseded by other treaties, the Hague
Conventions of 1899 and 1907 continue to stand as symbols of the need for restrictions on war and the desirability of avoiding it altogether. Since 2000, Convention (I) of 1907 on the Pacific Settlement of International
386:
This declaration provides that, for a period of five years, in any war between signatory powers, no projectiles or explosives would be launched from balloons, "or by other new methods of a similar nature". The declaration was ratified by all the major powers except the United
Kingdom and the United
177:
in the 19th century. It was welcomed and adopted by military establishments of other nations. The 1874 Brussels
Declaration, which was never adopted by all major nations, listed 56 articles that drew inspiration from the Lieber Code. Much of the regulations in the Hague Conventions borrowed heavily
767:
called the assemblies the "international union of Hague conferences". SchĂĽcking saw the Hague conferences as a nucleus of a future international federation that was to meet at regular intervals to administer justice and develop international law procedures for the peaceful settlement of disputes,
496:
This convention confirms and expands on
Convention (I) of 1899. As of February 2017, this convention is in force for 102 states, and 116 states have ratified one or both of the 1907 Convention (I) and the 1899 Convention (I), which together are the founding documents of the
2182:
2176:
3388:
487:
The treaties, declarations, and final act of the Second
Conference were signed on 18 October 1907; they entered into force on 26 January 1910. The 1907 Convention consists of thirteen treaties—of which twelve were ratified and entered into force—and one declaration:
400:
This declaration states that, in any war between signatory powers, the parties will abstain from using projectiles "the sole object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases". Ratified by all major powers, except the United States.
783:
were recognized by all civilized nations and were regarded as declaratory of the laws and customs of war. Under this post-war decision, a country did not have to have ratified the 1907 Hague
Convention on Land Warfare in order to be bound by them.
3348:
3273:
1211:"Declaration concerning the prohibition of the use of bullets which can easily expand or change their form inside the human body such as bullets with a hard covering which does not completely cover the core, or containing indentations"
409:: Declaration concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Bullets which can Easily Expand or Change their Form inside the Human Body such as Bullets with a Hard Covering which does not Completely Cover the Core, or containing Indentations
610:
This declaration extended the provisions of
Declaration (IV,1) of 1899 to the close of the planned Third Peace Conference (which never took place). Among the major powers, this was ratified only by China, Britain, and the United
471:
was held from 15 June to 18 October 1907. The intent of the conference was to expand upon the 1899 Hague
Convention by modifying some parts and adding new topics; in particular, the 1907 conference had an increased focus on
3283:
435:
3368:
479:
The
British attempted to secure the limitation of armaments, but these efforts were defeated by the other powers, led by Germany, which feared a British attempt to stop the growth of the German fleet. As Britain had
286:, were instrumental in initiating the conference. The conference opened on 18 May 1899, the Tsar's birthday. The treaties, declarations, and final act of the conference were signed on 29 July of that year, and they
205:. A major effort in both conferences was the creation of a binding international court for compulsory arbitration to settle international disputes, which was considered necessary to replace the institution of war.
3253:
753:
was introduced and used by all major belligerents throughout the war, in violation of the
Declaration (IV, 2) of 1899 and Convention (IV) of 1907, which explicitly forbade the use of "poison or poisoned weapons".
623:
labelled the Hague Convention a "thieves' supper." German authorities were swift in expelling Quelch from the country for his remarks, an action which boosted British esteem in the eyes of their radical peers.
456:, in 1907, resulted in conventions containing only few major advancements from the 1899 Convention. However, the meeting of major powers did prefigure later 20th-century attempts at international cooperation.
748:
in August 1914 in order to outflank France, for instance, was a violation of Convention (V) of 1907, which states that belligerents must not violate neutral territory and move troops across said territory.
3238:
3135:
1754:
Mitchell, Ryan MartĂnez. "China's participation in the second Hague conference and the concept of equal sovereignty in international law." Asian Journal of International Law 11, no. 2 (2021): 351–371.
3248:
1452:
712:
to the Hague Conventions is considered an addition to the Conventions. Signed on 17 June 1925 and entering into force on 8 February 1928, its single article permanently bans the use of all forms of
422:(which had a partial metal jacket and an exposed tip) and "cross-tipped" bullets (which had a cross-shaped incision in their tip to aid in expansion, nicknamed "dum dums" from the
3097:
3712:
3622:
324:
This voluminous convention contains the laws to be used in all wars on land between signatories. It specifies the treatment of prisoners of war, includes the provisions of the
4122:
3547:
3358:
3298:
3161:
4177:
4162:
3647:
1765:"Geneva Protocol: Protocol For the Prohibition of the Use In War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, And of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)"
1703:
1558:
1463:
1210:
1192:
1173:
1142:
3672:
642:, whose contributions are seen today by some analysts as essential for the defense of the principle of legal equality of nations. The British delegation included Sir
3847:
2988:
797:
308:
3167:
1677:
1654:
1631:
1608:
1585:
1509:
1486:
1411:
1388:
1346:
1158:
4172:
3383:
3023:
594:
for the resolution of conflicting claims relating to captured ships during wartime. It is the one convention that never came into force. It was ratified only by
3263:
2062:
3293:
3205:
3184:
3090:
2815:
3962:
1241:
4042:
3527:
4072:
3642:
3637:
1171:
Declaration concerning the prohibition of the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons or by other new analogous methods (1899): Parties
728:, and fears that chemical and biological warfare could lead to horrific consequences in any future war. The protocol has since been augmented by the
2109:
745:
4112:
3532:
3457:
2983:
686:
616:
4032:
3912:
3328:
3173:
3083:
2354:
2210:
3777:
3288:
3013:
1327:
167:
and murder of soldiers or citizens in hostile territory; and the status of individuals engaged in a state of civil war against the government.
2129:
4167:
4002:
3432:
290:
on 4 September 1900. What is referred to as the Hague Convention of 1899 consisted of three main treaties and three additional declarations:
1190:
Declaration concerning the prohibition of the use of projectiles with the sole object to spread asphyxiating poisonous gases (1899): Parties
4037:
3567:
3562:
3442:
2268:
4117:
4052:
4007:
3727:
3482:
3437:
3258:
2263:
217:
4087:
4082:
3792:
3194:
3146:
2993:
1080:
Hudson, Manley O. “Membership in the League of Nations.” The American Journal of International Law, vol. 18, no. 3, 1924, pp. 436–458,
381:: Declaration concerning the Prohibition of the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons or by Other New Analogous Methods
3762:
3243:
3189:
2880:
2364:
373:
and requires them to treat the wounded and shipwrecked sailors of all belligerent parties. It too was ratified by all major powers.
185:
as an independent country, prior to its loss of independence in 1905 that prevented it from attending the Hague Convention of 1907.
3892:
3852:
2808:
1099:"The Hague peace conferences of 1899 and 1907; a series of lectures delivered before the Johns Hopkins University in the year 1908"
720:
in interstate armed conflicts. The protocol grew out of the increasing public outcry against chemical warfare following the use of
32:
868:
4057:
3997:
3707:
2219:
3832:
4182:
3867:
3812:
3787:
3782:
3156:
3106:
832:
768:
asserting that "a definite political union of the states of the world has been created with the First and Second Conferences".
21:
1700:
1555:
1532:
1159:
Convention for the adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864 (1899): Parties
395:: Declaration concerning the Prohibition of the Use of Projectiles with the Sole Object to Spread Asphyxiating Poisonous Gases
3667:
3268:
3140:
2559:
1609:
Convention for the adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention (of 6 July 1906) (1907): Parties
1433:
1361:
1218:
1189:
1170:
1139:
1065:
1036:
1002:
973:
944:
915:
1632:
Convention relative to certain restrictions with regard to the exercise of the right of capture in naval war (1907): Parties
538:
This convention confirms, with minor modifications, the provisions of Convention (II) of 1899. All major powers ratified it.
76:. A third conference was planned for 1914 and later rescheduled for 1915, but it did not take place because of the start of
4027:
3972:
3932:
3587:
837:
3702:
3557:
3552:
3375:
3343:
2801:
2203:
3917:
3522:
3517:
3353:
2640:
1127:
2087:
Bettez, David J. "Unfulfilled Initiative: Disarmament Negotiations and the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907".
1300:
David J. Bettez, "Unfulfilled Initiative: Disarmament Negotiations and the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907".
111:. The Lieber Code was the first official comprehensive codified law that set out regulations for behavior in times of
4107:
4067:
3617:
3492:
3487:
3179:
2695:
2623:
2589:
1852:
236:, favoured a process for binding international arbitration, but the provision was vetoed by a few countries, led by
4142:
3977:
3872:
3742:
3592:
3502:
3497:
582:(XI): Convention relative to Certain Restrictions with regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War
567:(X): Convention for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention (of 6 July 1906)
307:, which exists to this day. The section was ratified by all major powers and many smaller powers –
3937:
3927:
3887:
3682:
3602:
2077:
Best, Geoffrey. "Peace conferences and the century of total war: the 1899 Hague Conference and what came after."
1487:
Convention relative to the rights and duties of neutral powers and persons in case of war on land (1907): Parties
364:: Convention for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention of 22 August 1864
4192:
4092:
3982:
3952:
3922:
3797:
3582:
3577:
3415:
3334:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
3239:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
3226:
3054:
2998:
2533:
2528:
2196:
2160:
498:
304:
221:
209:
1389:
Convention respecting the limitation of the employment of force for recovery of contract debts (1907): Parties
4207:
4147:
4132:
4127:
4102:
4097:
4017:
3942:
3817:
3757:
3722:
3677:
3652:
3393:
2870:
2543:
1510:
Convention relative to the legal position of enemy merchant ships at the start of hostilities (1907): Parties
1261:
729:
651:
279:
156:
671:
525:
4197:
4187:
4077:
3987:
3967:
3907:
3902:
3837:
3822:
3772:
3752:
3747:
3732:
3717:
3687:
3632:
3627:
3597:
3572:
3537:
3018:
3003:
2832:
2604:
2449:
2323:
965:
817:
2104:
Hucker, Daniel. "British Peace Activism and 'New' Diplomacy: Revisiting the 1899 Hague Peace Conference."
1932:, by James Brown Scott (ed.) Contains the texts of all conventions and the ratifying countries as of 1915.
4202:
4157:
4137:
4062:
4012:
3992:
3957:
3897:
3882:
3877:
3857:
3842:
3802:
3697:
3657:
3607:
3369:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
3059:
2840:
2720:
2479:
2410:
733:
434:
171:
414:
This declaration states that, in any war between signatory powers, the parties will abstain from using "
4047:
3947:
3862:
3827:
3807:
3737:
3662:
3612:
3542:
2896:
2824:
2511:
2484:
1921:, contains full texts and ratifying states of both the 1899 and 1907 conventions, among other treaties.
936:
907:
104:
542:(V): Convention relative to the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in case of War on Land
4152:
4022:
3767:
3692:
3512:
3507:
3049:
2349:
1844:
1768:
591:
570:
This convention updated Convention (III) of 1899 to reflect the amendments that had been made to the
1324:
1115:
574:. Convention (X) was ratified by all major states except Britain. It was subsequently superseded by
505:(II): Convention respecting the Limitation of the Employment of Force for Recovery of Contract Debts
3394:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
2710:
2376:
2311:
2097:
Eyffinger, Arthur. "A highly critical moment: role and record of the 1907 Hague Peace Conference."
2082:
888:
840:(Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight)
694:
575:
547:(VI): Convention relative to the Legal Position of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Start of Hostilities
3363:
3151:
2907:
2773:
2763:
2705:
2645:
2491:
2318:
2301:
1701:
Declaration prohibiting the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons (1907): Parties
994:
655:
325:
174:
689:
was a member of the French delegation for both the 1899 and 1907 delegations. He later won the
3274:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
3064:
3039:
2932:
2564:
2501:
2284:
1973:
1925:
List of signatory powers of the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
1028:
812:
802:
678:
571:
2036:
1979:
Schlichtmann, Klaus (2003). "Japan, Germany and the Idea of the two Hague Peace Conferences".
1936:
Hudson, Manley O. (January 1931). "Present Status of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907".
3200:
2650:
2506:
2328:
2238:
2022:
1838:
353:
255:
225:
26:
3278:
3130:
3008:
2865:
2655:
2574:
2569:
2289:
345:
333:
2008:
1678:
Convention concerning the rights and duties of neutral Powers in naval war (1907): Parties
764:
693:
in 1909 for his efforts. The U.S. representative, with the rank of ambassador, was former
529:
Parties to Convention number IV: Convention respecting the laws and customs of war on land
311:. All signatories would ratify by 1904, except the Ottoman Empire which ratified in 1907.
8:
3427:
3075:
2965:
2912:
2875:
2635:
2444:
2398:
2369:
1929:
140:
2026:
1655:
Convention relative to the establishment of an International Prize Court (1907): Parties
607:(XIV): Declaration Prohibiting the Discharge of Projectiles and Explosives from Balloons
208:
This effort failed at both conferences. Instead, a voluntary forum for arbitration, the
3447:
2949:
2944:
2917:
2855:
2768:
2735:
2700:
2579:
2496:
2474:
2454:
2420:
1996:
1961:
1953:
1803:
1377:
1098:
744:
Many of the rules laid down at the Hague Conventions were violated in World War I. The
717:
514:
464:
460:
446:
406:
392:
378:
361:
328:
for the treatment of the wounded, and forbids the use of poisons, the killing of enemy
287:
108:
61:
3284:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
2188:
2012:
1912:
1666:
1620:
1597:
1574:
1556:
Convention relative to the laying of automatic submarine contact mines (1907): Parties
1544:
1533:
Convention relative to the conversion of merchant ships into war-ships (1907): Parties
1521:
1498:
1475:
1448:
1400:
1313:
316:
295:
2860:
2755:
2740:
2616:
2584:
2538:
2156:
2000:
1965:
1915:—Contains the full texts of both the 1899 and 1907 conventions, among other treaties.
1848:
1429:
1253:
1061:
1032:
1022:
998:
969:
940:
911:
690:
663:
419:
152:
73:
3279:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
2150:
1689:
1643:
775:, the judges of the military tribunal of the Trial of German Major War Criminals at
682:
3389:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
2978:
2927:
2750:
2630:
2425:
2359:
2306:
2248:
1988:
1945:
1795:
1081:
1018:
876:
843:
776:
750:
713:
415:
349:
283:
128:
49:
3249:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
1924:
1358:
602:(XIII): Convention concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War
442:
3333:
3044:
2845:
2730:
2725:
2393:
2253:
2233:
2146:
2136:
1895:
1721:
The Revolutionary Movement in Britain, 1900–21: The Origins of British Communism.
1707:
1562:
1365:
1331:
1196:
1177:
1146:
709:
633:
518:
481:
423:
100:
89:
1586:
Convention concerning bombardment by naval forces in time of war (1907): Parties
587:(XII)]: Convention relative to the Establishment of an International Prize Court
248:
2674:
2521:
2403:
2388:
2296:
2258:
2119:
2092:
1891:
1347:
Convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes (1907): Parties
822:
807:
758:
370:
266:
1992:
1887:
1140:
Convention with respect to the laws and customs of war on land (1899): Parties
1130:
of the Convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes (1899).
557:(VIII): Convention relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines
3476:
3136:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
2793:
2667:
2662:
2333:
2243:
2114:
Reinsch, P. (1908). "Failures and Successes at the Second Hague Conference."
1918:
1745:
The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conferences, Oxford University Press, 1920
1257:
702:
552:(VII): Convention relative to the Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-ships
473:
237:
233:
213:
182:
164:
2885:
1426:
When nations can't default: a history of war reparations and sovereign debt
772:
647:
620:
229:
97:
426:
in India). It was ratified by all major powers, except the United States.
2782:
2745:
2715:
2679:
2610:
2595:
2439:
1325:
Convention pour le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux (1907)
725:
721:
639:
341:
272:
198:
194:
112:
93:
77:
65:
57:
2072:
1783:
1276:
The proud tower : a portrait of the world before the war, 1890–1914
2415:
2381:
1957:
1807:
827:
698:
659:
643:
356:
is forbidden. The section was signed by all major powers except China.
329:
170:
As such, the code was widely regarded as the best summary of the first
562:(IX): Convention concerning Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War
64:, the Hague Conventions were among the first formal statements of the
2954:
2430:
2126:
The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907, Vol. 1, The Conferences
1888:
Judgement: The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
1057:
779:
found that by 1939, the rules laid down in the 1907 Hague Convention
595:
513:
This convention sets out the accepted procedure for a state making a
459:
The second conference was called at the suggestion of U.S. President
202:
160:
144:
136:
124:
69:
53:
1949:
1799:
1085:
493:(I): Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
92:
that addressed the conduct of warfare and were largely based on the
25:
The First Hague Conference in 1899: A meeting in the Orange Hall of
3254:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
2922:
1784:"The Hague Conventions and the Neutrality of Belgium and Luxemburg"
761:
116:
2089:
RUSI Journal: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies,
1302:
RUSI Journal: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies,
1116:
Convention pour le règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux
1781:
1412:
Convention relative to the opening of hostilities (1907): Parties
930:
873:
Year Book of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1915
667:
337:
298:: Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes
132:
319:: Convention with respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land
212:, was established. Most of the countries present, including the
2939:
2185:, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (official depositary)
2179:, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (official depositary)
535:(IV): Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land
45:
3299:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
3162:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
1919:
ICRC International Humanitarian Law – Treaties & Documents
3118:
276:
148:
120:
2134:
1974:
The First Hague Peace Conference 1899 as portrayed in Punch
662:
as a technical delegate. The Russian delegation was led by
269:
252:
3105:
757:
Writing in 1918, the German international law scholar and
2989:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2067:
Barcroft, Stephen. "The Hague Peace Conference of 1899".
2057:
Baker, Betsy. "Hague Peace Conferences (1899 and 1907)."
904:
Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States
798:
List of parties to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
619:
was standing in Stuttgart, in which the British delegate
181:
The Hague Convention of 1899 was notably attended by the
107:
Forces of the United States on 24 April 1863, during the
3168:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
2059:
The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law,
1239:
1054:
International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction
517:. It provides the basis on which, in international law,
510:(III): Convention relative to the Opening of Hostilities
3024:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2218:
1930:
The Hague conventions and declarations of 1899 and 1907
1734:
Sovereign Equality Among States: The History of an Idea
962:
Lincoln on Trial: Southern Civilians and the Law of War
3623:
Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1840:
The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir
369:
This convention provides for the protection of marked
88:
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 were the first
3548:
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
3264:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
3180:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
1342:
1340:
4178:
Treaties of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
3713:
Treaties of the Republic of the Congo (LĂ©opoldville)
3359:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
3294:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
3185:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
1913:
Avalon Project at Yale Law School on The Laws of War
788:
Disputes has been ratified by 20 additional states.
701:. The main representative of the Chinese Empire was
674:, a defender of the idea of compulsory arbitration.
4163:
Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1978:
1024:
Lincoln's Code: The Laws of War in American History
344:of undefended towns or habitations. Inhabitants of
3413:
2979:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
2031:. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
1337:
959:
869:"Preparation for the Third Hague Peace Conference"
193:Both conferences included negotiations concerning
4123:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
1935:
1246:Academic Research Paper on History and Archeology
746:German invasion of neutral Luxembourg and Belgium
48:and declarations negotiated at two international
3474:
3458:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
3009:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
2984:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
2037:"Surprise Attack: Crime at Pearl Harbor and Now"
2014:The International Union of the Hague Conferences
1881:
1876:The international union of the Hague conferences
1723:London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969. p. 50.
1017:
3648:Treaties of the Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)
3174:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1736:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 61.
988:
3289:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
2823:
1836:
1368:, Permanent Court of Arbitration, pca-cpa.org.
3673:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
3433:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
3091:
2809:
2204:
901:
303:This convention included the creation of the
3848:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
3443:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
3329:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
1417:
1051:
3438:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
3259:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
2138:The two Hague conferences and their results
2093:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071848808445312
1252:(96). Moscow: Russia and the modern world.
590:This convention would have established the
429:
243:
4173:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
3963:Treaties of the Principality of Montenegro
3195:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
3147:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
3098:
3084:
2994:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
2816:
2802:
2211:
2197:
1782:Andrew Sanders and F. Stuart Ross (1915).
1423:
931:Paul R. Bartrop and Samuel Totten (2007).
438:Commemorative medal of the 1907 convention
265:came from a proposal on 24 August 1898 by
4043:Treaties of the Portuguese First Republic
3528:Diplomatic conferences in the Netherlands
3120:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
3014:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
2021:
2007:
1938:The American Journal of International Law
1788:The American Journal of International Law
1428:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
463:in 1904. It was postponed because of the
418:in the human body". This directly banned
3643:Treaties of the Principality of Bulgaria
3638:Treaties of the First Brazilian Republic
3349:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
2046:. American Bar Association. p. 978.
1466:, update Oct 2013 (archived 28 Feb 2014)
1242:"the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907"
708:Though not negotiated in The Hague, the
524:
441:
433:
247:
119:and civilian property and punishment of
31:
20:
4113:Treaties of Spain under the Restoration
3533:International humanitarian law treaties
2145:
4033:Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
3913:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
3475:
3157:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
3107:International human rights instruments
2069:Irish Studies in International Affairs
833:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
416:bullets which expand or flatten easily
340:of a town or place, and the attack or
3778:Treaties of the French Third Republic
3412:
3315:
3269:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3224:
3223:
3206:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
3141:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3117:
3079:
2797:
2192:
2135:Trueblood, Benjamin Franklin (1914).
2035:Robinson, James J. (September 1960).
687:Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
4168:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates
4003:Treaties of the Dominion of Pakistan
2099:Netherlands international law review
1209:Zaken, Ministerie van Buitenlandse.
879:: Press of Byron S. Adams: 134. 1915
838:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
781:IV – Laws and Customs of War on Land
652:11th Lord Reay (Donald James Mackay)
638:The Brazilian delegation was led by
4038:Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal
3568:Treaties entered into force in 1910
3563:Treaties entered into force in 1900
3376:American Convention on Human Rights
2220:International relations (1814–1919)
991:The International Law of Occupation
36:The Second Hague Conference in 1907
13:
4118:Treaties of the Dominion of Ceylon
4053:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania
4008:Treaties of the State of Palestine
3728:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3483:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
3354:European Convention on Nationality
2128:. (The Johns Hopkins Press 1909).
2116:American Political Science Review,
2051:
42:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
14:
4219:
4088:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
4083:Treaties of the Kingdom of Serbia
4073:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3793:Treaties of the Kingdom of Greece
3344:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
2170:
1464:Table of parties and reservations
1240:Sayamov Yury Nikolaevich (2017).
1208:
188:
96:, which was signed and issued by
3763:Treaties of the Ethiopian Empire
3316:
2071:1989, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 55–68.
617:International socialist Congress
3893:Treaties of the Kingdom of Laos
3853:Treaties of the Empire of Japan
1868:
1830:
1814:
1775:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1726:
1713:
1694:
1683:
1671:
1660:
1648:
1637:
1625:
1614:
1602:
1591:
1579:
1568:
1549:
1538:
1526:
1515:
1503:
1492:
1480:
1469:
1457:
1442:
1405:
1394:
1382:
1371:
1352:
1318:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1268:
1233:
1202:
1183:
1164:
1152:
1133:
1121:
1109:
627:
4058:Treaties of the Russian Empire
3998:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
3708:Treaties of the Czech Republic
3416:International humanitarian law
3055:International humanitarian law
2999:Special Court for Sierra Leone
2017:. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
1898:, Retrieved on 29 August 2014.
1091:
1074:
1045:
1011:
982:
953:
924:
895:
861:
499:Permanent Court of Arbitration
352:against their own country and
305:Permanent Court of Arbitration
210:Permanent Court of Arbitration
163:, and respect for human life;
159:troops; the conditions of any
44:are a series of international
1:
4183:Treaties of the United States
3868:Treaties of the Korean Empire
3813:Treaties of the Qajar dynasty
3788:Treaties of the German Empire
3783:Treaties of Georgia (country)
3384:to Prevent and Punish Torture
2590:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
2544:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
2534:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
849:
730:Biological Weapons Convention
280:Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov
3668:Treaties of the Qing dynasty
3019:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
3004:International Criminal Court
2450:Second Industrial Revolution
2324:League of the Three Emperors
2183:Hague Peace Conventions 1907
2177:Hague Peace Conventions 1899
966:University Press of Kentucky
854:
818:Hague Secret Emissary Affair
465:war between Russia and Japan
7:
4028:Treaties of the Philippines
3973:Treaties of the Netherlands
3933:Treaties of North Macedonia
3588:Treaties of Austria-Hungary
3060:International speech crimes
2841:Customary international law
2480:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
2028:The Federation of the World
960:Burrus M. Carnahan (2008).
791:
734:Chemical Weapons Convention
16:Treaties on the laws of war
10:
4224:
3833:Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
3703:Treaties of Czechoslovakia
3558:Treaties concluded in 1907
3553:Treaties concluded in 1899
3380:Inter-American Convention
3244:Convention against Torture
2881:Convention Against Torture
2825:International criminal law
2529:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
2106:Diplomacy & Statecraft
1905:
1424:Hinrichsen, Simon (2024).
908:Cambridge University Press
631:
83:
3918:Treaties of Liechtenstein
3523:20th century in The Hague
3518:19th century in The Hague
3423:
3408:
3324:
3311:
3234:
3219:
3126:
3113:
3050:Joint criminal enterprise
3032:
2963:
2894:
2831:
2688:
2552:
2465:
2350:European balance of power
2342:
2277:
2226:
2141:. American Peace Society.
1993:10.1177/00223433030404002
1981:Journal of Peace Research
1845:Little, Brown and Company
1769:Nuclear Threat Initiative
1732:Klein, Robert A. (1974),
739:
592:International Prize Court
326:Geneva Convention of 1864
4108:Treaties of South Africa
4068:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
3618:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3493:1907 in military history
3488:1899 in military history
2970:(in order of foundation)
2641:Venezuela Naval Blockade
2312:Anglo-Russian Convention
2124:Scott, James Brown, ed.
2091:(1988) 133#3 pp 57–62.
1878:, Clarendon Press, 1918.
1561:15 December 2013 at the
1289:The War that Ended Peace
1088:. Accessed 18 July 2024.
989:Eyal Benvenisti (2012).
889:University of California
695:American Bar Association
576:Second Geneva Convention
482:the world's largest navy
430:Hague Convention of 1907
244:Hague Convention of 1899
4143:Treaties of Switzerland
3978:Treaties of New Zealand
3873:Treaties of South Korea
3743:Treaties of El Salvador
3593:Treaties of the Bahamas
3503:1907 in the Netherlands
3498:1899 in the Netherlands
3152:Declaration of Montreal
2908:Crimes against humanity
2646:Alaska boundary dispute
2319:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
2302:Franco-Russian Alliance
1837:Telford Taylor (1993).
1334:(official French text).
1330:21 January 2016 at the
1304:(1988) 133#3 pp 57–62.
1145:3 February 2014 at the
1118:(official French text).
995:Oxford University Press
933:Dictionary of Genocide
469:Second Peace Conference
454:Second Hague Conference
348:may not be forced into
309:26 signatories in total
175:laws and customs of war
72:in the body of secular
3938:Treaties of Madagascar
3928:Treaties of Luxembourg
3888:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan
3683:Treaties of Costa Rica
3603:Treaties of Bangladesh
3065:Universal jurisdiction
3040:Command responsibility
2933:Incitement to genocide
2871:United Nations Charter
2565:Unification of Germany
2512:Taft–Katsura agreement
2108:26.3 (2015): 405–423.
2081:75.3 (1999): 619–634.
2023:Trueblood, Benjamin F.
1195:31 August 2013 at the
902:Judith Gardam (2011).
813:Command responsibility
803:American Peace Society
724:and similar agents in
670:delegation was led by
572:1864 Geneva Convention
530:
449:
439:
263:First Hague Conference
258:
178:from the Lieber Code.
37:
29:
4193:Treaties of Venezuela
4093:Treaties of Singapore
3983:Treaties of Nicaragua
3953:Treaties of Mauritius
3923:Treaties of Lithuania
3798:Treaties of Guatemala
3583:Treaties of Australia
3578:Treaties of Argentina
3201:Yogyakarta Principles
2651:First Moroccan Crisis
2365:Spread of nationalism
2329:Eight-Nation Alliance
2101:54.2 (2007): 197–228.
2079:International Affairs
2061:4.2 (2009): 689–698.
1890:, available from the
1706:16 March 2014 at the
1176:15 March 2014 at the
1052:Michael Haas (2008).
672:José Batlle y Ordóñez
632:Further information:
528:
445:
437:
354:collective punishment
256:Nicholas II of Russia
251:
90:multilateral treaties
35:
27:Huis ten Bosch palace
24:
4208:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4148:Treaties of Thailand
4133:Treaties of Eswatini
4128:Treaties of Suriname
4103:Treaties of Slovenia
4098:Treaties of Slovakia
4018:Treaties of Paraguay
3943:Treaties of Malaysia
3818:Treaties of Honduras
3758:Treaties of Ethiopia
3723:Treaties of Djibouti
3678:Treaties of Colombia
3653:Treaties of Cameroon
3131:Brazilian Resolution
2966:International courts
2866:Nuremberg principles
2656:Algeciras Conference
2636:Annexation of Hawaii
2575:Great Eastern Crisis
2570:Unification of Italy
2560:Formation of Romania
2377:French–German enmity
2155:. Ballantine Books.
1820:Robinson, James J.,
1287:Margaret MacMillan,
615:At the same time an
346:occupied territories
4198:Treaties of Vietnam
4188:Treaties of Uruguay
4078:Treaties of Senegal
3988:Treaties of Nigeria
3968:Treaties of Morocco
3908:Treaties of Liberia
3903:Treaties of Lebanon
3838:Treaties of Ireland
3823:Treaties of Iceland
3773:Treaties of Finland
3753:Treaties of Estonia
3748:Treaties of Eritrea
3733:Treaties of Ecuador
3718:Treaties of Denmark
3688:Treaties of Croatia
3633:Treaties of Bolivia
3628:Treaties of Belgium
3598:Treaties of Bahrain
3573:Treaties of Albania
3538:Pacifism in Germany
3428:Genocide Convention
2913:Crime of aggression
2876:Genocide Convention
2721:Philippine–American
2706:First Sino-Japanese
2539:Racconigi agreement
2485:Treaty of Frankfurt
2445:Great Rapprochement
2399:Scramble for Africa
1874:Walther SchĂĽcking,
1364:21 May 2013 at the
1291:(2013) pp. 304–305.
1278:(1966) pp. 277–287.
1264:on 27 October 2020.
1128:Certified true copy
1103:avalon.law.yale.edu
155:; parole of former
4203:Treaties of Zambia
4158:Treaties of Uganda
4138:Treaties of Sweden
4063:Treaties of Rwanda
4013:Treaties of Panama
3993:Treaties of Norway
3958:Treaties of Mexico
3898:Treaties of Latvia
3883:Treaties of Kosovo
3878:Treaties of Kuwait
3858:Treaties of Jordan
3843:Treaties of Israel
3803:Treaties of Guyana
3698:Treaties of Cyprus
3658:Treaties of Canada
3608:Treaties of Belize
3448:Geneva Conventions
2918:Crime of apartheid
2856:Geneva Conventions
2580:Congress of Berlin
2497:Reinsurance Treaty
2475:Congress of Vienna
2455:Industrial warfare
2421:Scramble for China
2009:SchĂĽcking, Walther
1221:on 9 December 2013
718:biological warfare
658:as delegates, and
531:
515:declaration of war
461:Theodore Roosevelt
450:
447:Theodore Roosevelt
440:
420:soft-point bullets
288:entered into force
259:
109:American Civil War
62:Geneva Conventions
38:
30:
4048:Treaties of Qatar
3948:Treaties of Malta
3863:Treaties of Kenya
3828:Treaties of India
3808:Treaties of Haiti
3738:Treaties of Egypt
3663:Treaties of Chile
3613:Treaties of Benin
3543:Peace conferences
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3453:Hague Conventions
3404:
3403:
3307:
3306:
3227:International law
3215:
3214:
3073:
3072:
2899:international law
2861:Nuremberg Charter
2851:Hague Conventions
2791:
2790:
2760:Albanian Revolts
2617:German Naval Laws
2601:Naval arms races
2585:Berlin Conference
2517:Hague Conventions
1435:978-1-009-34397-8
1274:Barbara Tuchman,
1067:978-0-4157-7455-0
1038:978-1-4165-6983-1
1004:978-0-1995-8889-3
975:978-0-8131-3459-8
946:978-0-3133-2967-8
917:978-0-5211-7349-0
765:Walther SchĂĽcking
691:Nobel Peace Prize
664:Friedrich Martens
153:prisoner exchange
74:international law
60:. Along with the
50:peace conferences
4215:
4153:Treaties of Togo
4023:Treaties of Peru
3768:Treaties of Fiji
3693:Treaties of Cuba
3513:1907 conferences
3508:1908 conferences
3410:
3409:
3313:
3312:
3221:
3220:
3190:Paris Principles
3115:
3114:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3033:Related concepts
2971:
2928:Genocidal intent
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2711:Spanish–American
2631:Fashoda Incident
2507:Treaty of Björkö
2492:Treaty of Berlin
2426:Open Door Policy
2360:Eastern question
2307:Entente Cordiale
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2166:
2147:Tuchman, Barbara
2142:
2032:
2018:
2004:
1972:Lee, Jin Hyuck.
1969:
1899:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1834:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1719:Walter Kendall,
1717:
1711:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1260:. Archived from
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:. Archived from
1206:
1200:
1187:
1181:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1019:John Fabian Witt
1015:
1009:
1008:
986:
980:
979:
957:
951:
950:
928:
922:
921:
899:
893:
892:
886:
884:
877:Washington, D.C.
865:
844:World Federation
777:Nuremberg Trials
521:may be demanded.
350:military service
284:foreign minister
129:prisoners of war
115:; protection of
4223:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4212:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3462:
3419:
3400:
3320:
3303:
3230:
3211:
3122:
3109:
3104:
3074:
3069:
3045:Superior orders
3028:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2901:
2898:
2890:
2846:Peremptory norm
2827:
2822:
2792:
2787:
2726:Boxer Rebellion
2684:
2548:
2502:Treaty of Paris
2467:
2461:
2394:New Imperialism
2355:Ottoman decline
2338:
2285:Triple Alliance
2273:
2234:Austria-Hungary
2222:
2217:
2173:
2163:
2152:The Proud Tower
2054:
2052:Further reading
2049:
1950:10.2307/2189634
1908:
1903:
1902:
1896:Yale Law School
1886:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1835:
1831:
1819:
1815:
1800:10.2307/2187008
1780:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1708:Wayback Machine
1699:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1563:Wayback Machine
1554:
1550:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1366:Wayback Machine
1357:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1332:Wayback Machine
1323:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1203:
1197:Wayback Machine
1188:
1184:
1178:Wayback Machine
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1147:Wayback Machine
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1086:10.2307/2188357
1079:
1075:
1068:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1016:
1012:
1005:
987:
983:
976:
958:
954:
947:
929:
925:
918:
900:
896:
882:
880:
867:
866:
862:
857:
852:
794:
742:
732:(1972) and the
710:Geneva Protocol
636:
634:Geneva Protocol
630:
609:
589:
569:
537:
519:war reparations
512:
495:
432:
424:Dum Dum Arsenal
275:. Nicholas and
246:
191:
101:Abraham Lincoln
86:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3364:Social Charter
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2897:Crimes against
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2736:Russo-Japanese
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2701:Anglo-Egyptian
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2675:Bosnian Crisis
2672:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2624:Austro-Italian
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2522:Martens Clause
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2404:Egyptian Lever
2391:
2389:Pax Britannica
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2370:Sovereign debt
2367:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2297:Triple Entente
2294:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2264:United Kingdom
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2171:External links
2169:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2143:
2132:
2122:
2118:2#2, 204–220.
2112:
2102:
2095:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2019:
2005:
1987:(4): 377–394.
1976:
1970:
1944:(1): 114–117.
1933:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1892:Avalon Project
1880:
1867:
1853:
1829:
1813:
1794:(4): 959–962.
1774:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1693:
1682:
1670:
1667:Text on Avalon
1659:
1647:
1636:
1624:
1621:Text on Avalon
1613:
1601:
1598:Text on Avalon
1590:
1578:
1575:Text on Avalon
1567:
1548:
1545:Text on Avalon
1537:
1525:
1522:Text on Avalon
1514:
1502:
1499:Text on Avalon
1491:
1479:
1476:Text on Avalon
1468:
1456:
1449:Text on Avalon
1441:
1434:
1416:
1404:
1401:Text on Avalon
1393:
1381:
1378:Text on Avalon
1370:
1351:
1336:
1317:
1314:Text on Avalon
1306:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1248:(in Russian).
1232:
1201:
1182:
1163:
1151:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1090:
1073:
1066:
1044:
1037:
1010:
1003:
981:
974:
952:
945:
923:
916:
894:
859:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
841:
835:
830:
825:
823:Martens Clause
820:
815:
810:
808:Antimilitarism
805:
800:
793:
790:
741:
738:
683:LĂ©on Bourgeois
629:
626:
613:
612:
604:
599:
584:
579:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
523:
522:
507:
502:
431:
428:
412:
411:
398:
397:
384:
383:
371:hospital ships
367:
366:
322:
321:
301:
300:
245:
242:
190:
189:Subject matter
187:
85:
82:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4220:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Slave trading
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:Italo-Turkish
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Russo-Turkish
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2668:Treaty of Fes
2666:
2665:
2664:
2663:Agadir Crisis
2661:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2334:Balkan League
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:Dual Alliance
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2269:United States
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1856:
1854:0-3168-3400-9
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:Member States
1355:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1006:
1000:
996:
992:
985:
977:
971:
967:
963:
956:
948:
942:
938:
934:
927:
919:
913:
910:. p. 7.
909:
905:
898:
890:
878:
874:
870:
864:
860:
845:
842:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
789:
785:
782:
778:
774:
769:
766:
763:
760:
755:
752:
747:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
703:Lu Zhengxiang
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Louis Renault
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
625:
622:
618:
608:
605:
603:
600:
597:
593:
588:
585:
583:
580:
577:
573:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
536:
533:
532:
527:
520:
516:
511:
508:
506:
503:
500:
494:
491:
490:
489:
485:
483:
477:
475:
474:naval warfare
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
448:
444:
436:
427:
425:
421:
417:
410:
408:
404:
403:
402:
396:
394:
390:
389:
388:
382:
380:
376:
375:
374:
372:
365:
363:
359:
358:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
320:
318:
314:
313:
312:
310:
306:
299:
297:
293:
292:
291:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
257:
254:
250:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Great Britain
215:
214:United States
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
186:
184:
183:Korean Empire
179:
176:
173:
168:
166:
165:assassination
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:transgression
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
28:
23:
19:
3452:
3414:
3318:Regional law
3317:
3225:
3119:
2886:Rome Statute
2850:
2609:
2605:Anglo-German
2594:
2516:
2466:Treaties and
2227:Great powers
2151:
2137:
2125:
2115:
2105:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2043:
2040:
2027:
2013:
1984:
1980:
1941:
1937:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1839:
1832:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1696:
1690:Text on ICRC
1685:
1673:
1662:
1650:
1644:Text on ICRC
1639:
1627:
1616:
1604:
1593:
1581:
1570:
1551:
1540:
1528:
1517:
1505:
1494:
1482:
1471:
1459:
1444:
1425:
1419:
1407:
1396:
1384:
1373:
1354:
1320:
1309:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1275:
1270:
1262:the original
1249:
1245:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:the original
1214:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1154:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1076:
1053:
1047:
1023:
1013:
990:
984:
961:
955:
932:
926:
903:
897:
887:– via
881:. Retrieved
872:
863:
786:
780:
773:World War II
770:
756:
743:
707:
676:
656:Henry Howard
648:Ernest Satow
637:
628:Participants
621:Harry Quelch
614:
606:
601:
586:
581:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
534:
509:
504:
492:
486:
478:
468:
458:
453:
451:
413:
405:
399:
391:
385:
377:
368:
360:
323:
315:
302:
294:
262:
260:
207:
192:
180:
169:
98:US President
87:
41:
39:
18:
2783:World War I
2746:Balkan Wars
2731:Second Boer
2716:Banana Wars
2680:July Crisis
2611:Dreadnought
2596:Weltpolitik
2440:Pan-Slavism
2041:ABA Journal
1822:ABA Journal
759:neo-Kantian
726:World War I
722:mustard gas
640:Ruy Barbosa
342:bombardment
334:surrendered
273:Nicholas II
199:laws of war
195:disarmament
113:martial law
94:Lieber Code
78:World War I
66:laws of war
58:Netherlands
3477:Categories
2950:Starvation
2468:agreements
2416:Great Game
2382:Revanchism
2162:0345405013
1215:minbuza.nl
1029:Free Press
850:References
828:Militarism
751:Poison gas
699:U. M. Rose
697:president
660:Eyre Crowe
644:Edward Fry
330:combatants
203:war crimes
70:war crimes
3340:European
2955:War crime
2431:Meiji era
2278:Alliances
2001:145698064
1966:147254447
1827:, p. 978.
1258:1726-5223
1058:Routledge
937:Greenwood
855:Citations
668:Uruguayan
596:Nicaragua
332:who have
172:customary
161:armistice
141:partisans
137:pillaging
125:deserters
117:civilians
54:The Hague
3208:(UNDROP)
3176:(UNDRIP)
2923:Genocide
2149:(1996).
2025:(1899).
2011:(1918).
1704:Archived
1559:Archived
1362:Archived
1328:Archived
1193:Archived
1174:Archived
1143:Archived
1021:(2012).
883:9 August
792:See also
762:pacifist
736:(1993).
714:chemical
654:and Sir
387:States.
133:hostages
46:treaties
3170:(DEVAW)
3164:(DEDAW)
2833:Sources
2411:In Asia
2244:Germany
1958:2189634
1906:Sources
1894:at the
1860:20 June
1808:2187008
611:States.
338:looting
267:Russian
238:Germany
103:to the
84:History
56:in the
3197:(VDPA)
3143:(UDHR)
2940:Piracy
2769:Second
2756:Second
2553:Events
2343:Trends
2259:Russia
2239:France
2159:
2130:online
2120:online
2110:online
2083:online
2073:online
2063:online
1999:
1964:
1956:
1851:
1806:
1432:
1256:
1225:22 May
1064:
1035:
1001:
997:, US.
972:
943:
914:
771:After
740:Legacy
666:. The
650:, the
646:, Sir
467:. The
407:(IV,3)
393:(IV,2)
379:(IV,1)
282:, his
234:Persia
226:France
222:Russia
197:, the
149:truces
135:, and
2774:Third
2764:First
2751:First
2254:Japan
2249:Italy
2044:46(9)
1997:S2CID
1962:S2CID
1954:JSTOR
1825:46(9)
1804:JSTOR
677:With
362:(III)
277:Count
230:China
157:rebel
145:spies
105:Union
2689:Wars
2157:ISBN
1862:2013
1849:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1254:ISSN
1227:2013
1062:ISBN
1033:ISBN
999:ISBN
970:ISBN
941:ISBN
912:ISBN
885:2021
716:and
681:and
452:The
317:(II)
270:Tsar
261:The
253:Tsar
232:and
201:and
151:and
68:and
40:The
1989:doi
1946:doi
1796:doi
1453:PDF
1082:doi
296:(I)
52:at
3479::
2039:.
1995:.
1985:40
1983:.
1960:.
1952:.
1942:25
1940:.
1847:.
1843:.
1802:.
1790:.
1786:.
1767:.
1451:;
1339:^
1244:.
1213:.
1101:.
1060:.
1056:.
1031:.
1027:.
993:.
968:.
964:.
939:.
935:.
906:.
875:.
871:.
685:,
476:.
336:,
240:.
228:,
224:,
220:,
216:,
147:;
143:;
139:;
131:,
127:,
123:;
80:.
3099:e
3092:t
3085:v
2817:e
2810:t
2803:v
2212:e
2205:t
2198:v
2165:.
2003:.
1991::
1968:.
1948::
1864:.
1810:.
1798::
1792:9
1771:.
1710:.
1680:.
1657:.
1634:.
1611:.
1588:.
1565:.
1535:.
1512:.
1489:.
1438:.
1414:.
1391:.
1349:.
1250:3
1229:.
1199:.
1180:.
1161:.
1149:.
1105:.
1084::
1070:.
1041:.
1007:.
978:.
949:.
920:.
891:.
598:.
578:.
501:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
