Prisoner of war - Knowledge

3829: 3077: 4841: 3206: 3869: 44: 2647: 6139:"But when the outcries of the lackies and boies, which ran awaie for feare of the Frenchmen thus spoiling the campe came to the kings eares, he doubting least his enimies should gather togither againe, and begin a new field; and mistrusting further that the prisoners would be an aid to his enimies, or the verie enimies to their takers in deed if they were suffered to live, contrarie to his accustomed gentleness, commended by sound of trumpet, that everie man (upon pain and death) should uncontinentlie slaie his prisoner. When this dolorous decree, and pitifull proclamation was pronounced, pitie it was to see how some Frenchmen were suddenlie sticked with daggers, some were brained with pollaxes, some slaine with malls, others had their throats cut, and some their bellies panched, so that in effect, having respect to the great number, few prisoners were saved." 2805: 3298: 88: 4360: 4865: 4120: 4096: 3085: 6056:, The University of Chicago – "Originally, captured soldiers had been made to fight with their own weapons and in their particular style of combat. It was from these conscripted prisoners of war that the gladiators acquired their exotic appearance, a distinction being made between the weapons imagined to be used by defeated enemies and those of their Roman conquerors. The Samnites (a tribe from Campania which the Romans had fought in the fourth and third centuries BC) were the prototype for Rome's professional gladiators, and it was their equipment that first was used and later adopted for the arena. Two other gladiatorial categories also took their name from defeated tribes, the Galli (Gauls) and Thraeces (Thracians)." 3768: 3569: 3885: 3905: 4228: 4371: 3845: 3795: 2432: 3814: 3058: 5105: 5294: 5346: 4567: 2340: 4038:

where food rations were meager and conditions squalid. One American admitted "The only difference between the stalags and concentration camps was that we weren't gassed or shot in the former. I do not recall a single act of compassion or mercy on the part of the Germans." Typical meals consisted of a bread slice and watery potato soup which was still more substantial than what Soviet POWs or concentration camp inmates received. Another prisoner stated that "The German plan was to keep us alive, yet weakened enough that we wouldn't attempt escape."

5325: 8955:, "American and Australian soldiers massacred Japanese prisoners of war" according to The Faraway War by Prof Richard Aldrich of Nottingham University. From the diaries of Charles Lindberg: as told by a US officer, "Oh, we could take more if we wanted to", one of the officers replied. "But our boys don't like to take prisoners." "It doesn't encourage the rest to surrender when they hear of their buddies being marched out on the flying field and machine-guns turned loose on them." On Australian soldiers attitudes 4551: 4418: 3857: 4606:

and employers resented the idle prisoners, and efforts were made to decentralise the camps and reduce security enough that more prisoners could work. By the end of May 1944, POW employment was at 72.8%, and by late April 1945 it had risen to 91.3%. The sector that made the most use of POW workers was agriculture. There was more demand than supply of prisoners throughout the war, and 14,000 POW repatriations were delayed in 1946 so prisoners could be used in the spring farming seasons, mostly to thin and block

4559: 4887:). Their POWs were housed in three camps, according to their potential usefulness to the North Korean army. Peace camps and reform camps were for POWs that were either sympathetic to the cause or who had valued skills that could be useful to the North Korean military; these enemy soldiers were indoctrinated and sometimes conscripted into the North Korean army. While POWs in peace camps were reportedly treated with more consideration, regular prisoners of war were usually tortured or treated very poorly. 3783: 3584:, the Japanese captured 350,000 POWs, of which 131,134 came from Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Of these 131,134 POWs, 35,756 died while detained, the death rate of Western prisoners was thus 27.1 per cent, seven times that of Western POWs under the Germans and Italians. The death rate of Chinese was much higher. Thus, while 37,583 prisoners from the United Kingdom, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the 5169: 5247: 4664:

occupation zones of Germany, as well as providing relief to the prisoners held there. On 4 February 1946, the Red Cross was also permitted to visit and assist prisoners in the US occupation zone of Germany, although only with very small quantities of food. "During their visits, the delegates observed that German prisoners of war were often detained in appalling conditions. They drew the attention of the authorities to this fact, and gradually succeeded in getting some improvements made".

4829: 2632: 3966: 3502: 11301: 4081:. He wrote about semi-starvation, the casual murder of individual prisoners by guards and how, when they were released (now from a German camp), they found a deserted German town filled with foodstuffs that they (with other released prisoners) ate.. It is estimated that of the 700,000 Italians taken prisoner by the Germans, around 40,000 died in detention and more than 13,000 lost their lives during the transportation from the Greek islands to the mainland. 4857: 2211: 2443:

the state. The European states strove to exert increasing control over all stages of captivity, from the question of who would be attributed the status of prisoner of war to their eventual release. The act of surrender was regulated so that it, ideally, should be legitimised by officers, who negotiated the surrender of their whole unit. Soldiers whose style of fighting did not conform to the battle line tactics of regular European armies, such as

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intention but they carried it out. Not only Russia made use of such labour. France was given hundreds of thousands of German prisoners of war captured by the Americans, and their physical condition became so bad that the American Army authorities themselves protested. In England and the United States, too, some German prisoners of war were being put to work long after the surrender, and in Russia thousands of them worked until the mid-50s."

4535: 5268: 5222: 5198: 2473:, French for "discourse", in which a captured officer surrendered his sword and gave his word as a gentleman in exchange for privileges. If he swore not to escape, he could gain better accommodations and the freedom of the prison. If he swore to cease hostilities against the nation who hold him captive, he could be repatriated or exchanged but could not serve against his former captors in a military capacity. 4030: 11313: 2792:(towards Soviet POWs and Western Allied commandos) were notorious for atrocities against prisoners of war. The German military used the Soviet Union's refusal to sign the Geneva Convention as a reason for not providing the necessities of life to Soviet POWs; and the Soviets also used Axis prisoners as forced labour. The Germans also routinely executed Allied commandos captured behind German lines per the 4849: 3069: 4191: 4116:, the Axis powers took 4.6 million Soviet prisoners, of whom 1.8 million were found alive in camps after the war and 318,770 were released by the Axis during the war and were then drafted into the Soviet armed forces again. By comparison, 8,348 Western Allied prisoners died in German camps during 1939–45 (3.5% of the 232,000 total). 3828: 2554:

to the prison to ensure it was of sufficient quality. Despite the generous supply and quality of food, some prisoners died of starvation after gambling away their rations. Most of the men held in the prison were low-ranking soldiers and sailors, including midshipmen and junior officers, with a small number of

4894:. The Chinese hoped to gain worldwide publicity, and while some prisoners refused to participate, some 500 POWs of eleven nationalities took part. They came from all the North Korean prison camps and competed in football, baseball, softball, basketball, volleyball, track and field, soccer, gymnastics, and 2617:, even while the belligerents were at war. A cartel was usually arranged by the respective armed service for the exchange of like-ranked personnel. The aim was to achieve a reduction in the number of prisoners held, while at the same time alleviating shortages of skilled personnel in the home country. 3931:

After the French armies surrendered in summer 1940, Germany seized two million French prisoners of war and sent them to camps in Germany. About one third were released on various terms. Of the remainder, the officers and non-commissioned officers were kept in camps and did not work. The privates were

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was particularly high. Gavan Daws has calculated that "of all POWs who died in the Pacific War, one in three was killed on the water by friendly fire". Daws states that 10,800 of the 50,000 POWs shipped by the Japanese were killed at sea while Donald L. Miller states that "approximately 21,000 Allied

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During the 19th century, there were increased efforts to improve the treatment and processing of prisoners. As a result of these emerging conventions, a number of international conferences were held, starting with the Brussels Conference of 1874, with nations agreeing that it was necessary to prevent

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was intended to be a model depot providing the most humane treatment of prisoners of war. The British government went to great lengths to provide food of a quality at least equal to that available to locals. The senior officer from each quadrangle was permitted to inspect the food as it was delivered

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In line with this development the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly regulated in international treaties, particularly in the form of the so-called cartel system, which regulated how the exchange of prisoners would be carried out between warring states. Another such treaty was the 1648

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In Europe, the treatment of prisoners of war became increasingly centralised, in the time period between the 16th and late 18th century. Whereas prisoners of war had previously been regarded as the private property of the captor, captured enemy soldiers became increasingly regarded as the property of

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and declared war on Germany, the United States initially made plans to send Italian POWs back to fight Germany. Ultimately though, the government decided instead to loosen POW work requirements prohibiting Italian prisoners from carrying out war-related work. About 34,000 Italian POWs were active in

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In February 1944, 59.7% of POWs in America were employed. This relatively low percentage was due to problems setting wages that would not compete against those of non-prisoners, to union opposition, as well as concerns about security, sabotage, and escape. Given national manpower shortages, citizens

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In accordance with Article 27 of the Geneva Convention, the POWs were used in various productive activities. In return for providing work, the prisoners were granted payment and accommodation, as well as free time for cleaning, rest, and religious or other activities by their employers, according to

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Between 1941 and 1945 the Axis powers took about 5.7 million Soviet prisoners. About one million of them were released during the war, in that their status changed but they remained under German authority. A little over 500,000 either escaped or were liberated by the Red Army. Some 930,000 more

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Information on conditions in the stalags is contradictory depending on the source. Some American POWs claimed the Germans were victims of circumstance and did the best they could, while others accused their captors of brutalities and forced labour. In any case, the prison camps were miserable places

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was suspended, Confederate officials approached Union General Benjamin Butler, Union Commissioner of Exchange, about resuming the cartel and including the black prisoners. Butler contacted Grant for guidance on the issue, and Grant responded to Butler on 18 August 1864 with his now famous statement.

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made it the responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food and clothing, on a reasonable basis, to captives, regardless of their religion; however, if the prisoners were in the custody of a person, then the responsibility was on the individual. On certain occasions where Muhammad felt the

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until mid-1947 by the Allies. The JSP were used until 1947 for labour purposes, such as road maintenance, recovering corpses for reburial, cleaning, and preparing farmland. Early tasks also included repairing airfields damaged by Allied bombing during the war and maintaining law and order until the

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For correspondence with their families, the prisoners were provided with postcards. However, most of these were not used as the POWs feared reprisals from the Soviet authorities upon learning that they were prisoners in Romania. The punishment of POWs in the Romanian camps was applied following the

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in 1918. The US held 48,000. The most dangerous moment for POWs was the act of surrender, when helpless soldiers were sometimes killed or mistakenly shot down. Once prisoners reached a POW camp conditions were better (and often much better than in World War II), thanks in part to the efforts of the

4675:. Although the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, the U.S. chose to hand over several hundred thousand German prisoners to the Soviet Union in May 1945 as a "gesture of friendship". U.S. forces also refused to accept the surrender of German troops attempting to surrender to them in 3588:, the number for the Chinese was only 56. The 27,465 US Army POWs captured in the Pacific Theater, including Filipinos, had a 40.4 per cent death rate. The War Ministry in Tokyo issued an order at the end of the war allowing local commanders to kill remaining POWs without formal orders from Tokyo. 3038:

In 2000, the U.S. military replaced the designation "Prisoner of War" for captured American personnel with "Missing-Captured". A January 2008 directive states that the reasoning behind this is since "Prisoner of War" is the international legal recognised status for such people there is no need for

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At the start of the American Civil War a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in

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in 1415. This was done in retaliation for the French killing of the boys and other non-combatants handling the baggage and equipment of the army, and because the French were attacking again and Henry was afraid that they would break through and free the prisoners who would rejoin the fight against

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pilots and observers were captured in the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine and the Levant. One third of all Australian prisoners were captured on Gallipoli including the crew of the submarine AE2 which made a passage through the Dardanelles in 1915. Forced marches and crowded railway journeys preceded

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After the surrender of Germany in May 1945, the POW status of the German prisoners was in many cases maintained, and they were for several years used as public labourers in countries such as the UK and France. Many died when forced to clear minefields in countries such as Norway and France. "By

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In September 1943 after the Armistice, Italian officers and soldiers in many places waiting for orders were arrested by Germans and Italian fascists and taken to internment camps in Germany or Eastern Europe, where they were held for the duration of the war. The International Red Cross could do

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There was much harsh treatment of POWs in Germany, as recorded by the American ambassador (prior to America's entry into the war), James W. Gerard, who published his findings in "My Four Years in Germany". Even worse conditions are reported in the book "Escape of a Princess Pat" by the Canadian

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During World War I, about eight million men surrendered and were held in POW camps until the war ended. All nations pledged to follow the Hague rules on fair treatment of prisoners of war, and in general the POWs had a much higher survival rate than their peers who were not captured. Individual

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When a military member is taken prisoner, the Code of Conduct reminds them that the chain of command is still in effect (the highest ranking service member eligible for command, regardless of service branch, is in command), and requires them to support their leadership. The Code of Conduct also

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Eugene Davidsson, "The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-Two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg", (1997) pp. 518–519 "the Allies stated in 1943 their intention of using forced workers outside Germany after the war, and not only did they express the

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After the German surrender, the International Red Cross was prohibited from providing aid, such as food or prisoner visits, to POW camps in Germany. However, after making appeals to the Allies in the autumn of 1945, the Red Cross was allowed to investigate the camps in the British and French

4203:, the organisations leading the camps were to permanently control how the prisoners were accommodated, cared for, fed, and used. Due to some problems that arose with the food allowance in 1942, it was decided that the prisoners were to be fed like the Romanian troops, with an allocated 30 7602: 8637:

Views in the Media were mirrored in the House of commons, where the arguments were characterized by a series of questions, the substance of which were always the same. Here too the talk was often of slave labour, and this debate was not laid to rest until the government announced its

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Prisoners of war from China, the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Japanese-occupied Asia, held by Japanese imperial armed forces were subject to murder, torture, beatings, extrajudicial punishment, brutal treatment,

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have done or are doing some of the very things we are prosecuting the Germans for. The French are so violating the Geneva Convention in the treatment of prisoners of war that our command is taking back prisoners sent to them. We are prosecuting plunder and our Allies are practising

4155:. Until August 1944, 5,221 Soviet prisoners died in Romanian camps mainly to disease during winter. The POWs were treated according to the 1929 Geneva Convention, which was ratified by Romania on 15 September 1931. Initially, the prisoners were held in five POW camps in 2836:. (The Convention recognises a few other groups as well, such as "nhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units".) 4012:. Berga was the deadliest work detachment for American captives in Germany. 73 men who participated, or 21 percent of the detachment, perished in two months. 80 of the 350 POWs were Jews." Another well-known example was a group of 168 Australian, British, Canadian, 3958:, which had been signed by these countries. Consequently, western Allied officers were not usually made to work and some personnel of lower rank were usually compensated, or not required to work either. The main complaints of western Allied prisoners of war in 9612:

Bligh, Alexander. 2015. "The 1973 War and the Formation of Israeli POW Policy – A Watershed Line? ". In Udi Lebel and Eyal Lewin (eds.), The 1973 Yom Kippur War and the Reshaping of Israeli Civil–Military Relations. Washington, DC: Lexington Books (2015),

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DOD's POW/MIA Mission: Capability and Capacity to Account for Missing Persons Undermined by Leadership Weaknesses and Fragmented Organizational Structure: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Military Personnel, Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of

2198:, who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels and letting them return to their country. For this he was eventually 3175:

217 Australian and unknown numbers of British, New Zealand and Indian soldiers were captured by Ottoman forces. About 50 per cent of the Australian prisoners were light horsemen including 48 missing believed captured on 1 May 1918 in the Jordan Valley.

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on what the officers believed were private casual conversations. Much of the listening was carried out by German refugees, in many cases Jews. The work of these refugees in contributing to the Allied victory was declassified over half a century later.

4590:, of the roughly 1,000 US combat veterans he had interviewed, only one admitted to shooting a prisoner, saying he "felt remorse, but would do it again". However, one-third of interviewees told him they had seen fellow US troops kill German prisoners. 7814:(p. 290)—"2.8 million young, healthy Soviet POWs" killed by the Germans, "mainly by starvation ... in less than eight months" of 1941–42, before "the decimation of Soviet POWs ... was stopped" and the Germans "began to use them as laborers". 4258:. After Marshal Antonescu's visits, a new camp was to be set up, and the prisoners were to be treated according to the Geneva Convention. In September, all 110 POWs were transferred to the villas belonging to the Brașov and Giurgiu City Halls at 2168:

Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare women and children. Sometimes the purpose of a battle, if not of a war, was to capture women, a practice known as

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Regardless of regulations determining treatment of prisoners, violations of their rights continue to be reported. Many cases of POW massacres have been reported in recent times, including the murder of Israeli prisoners of war in the 1973

4898:. For the POWs, this was also an opportunity to meet with friends from other camps. The prisoners had their own photographers, announcers, and even reporters, who after each day's competition published a newspaper, the "Olympic Roundup". 3028:

requires service members to resist giving information to the enemy (beyond identifying themselves, that is, "name, rank, serial number"), receiving special favours or parole, or otherwise providing their enemy captors aid and comfort.

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Bligh, Alexander. 2014. "The development of Israel's POW policy: The 1967 War as a test case", Paper presented at the Seventh Annual ASMEA Conference: Searching for Balance in the Middle East and Africa (Washington, D.C., 31 October

4768:(NRA) included suspending prisoners by the neck in wooden cages until they died. In very rare cases, some were beheaded by sword, and a severed head was once used as a football by Chinese National Revolutionary Army (NRA) soldiers. 4134:, signatory countries had to give POWs of all signatory and non-signatory countries the rights assigned by the convention. Shortly after the German invasion in 1941, the USSR made Berlin an offer of a reciprocal adherence to the 8770:

Edward N. Peterson, The American Occupation of Germany, pp. 42, 116, "Some hundreds of thousands who had fled to the Americans to avoid being taken prisoner by the Soviets were turned over in May to the Red Army in a gesture of

4266:). The excellent living conditions at the camp earned it the nickname "gilded cage", with the prisoners describing it as "probably the best prison camp in the world". The treatment of the Allied POWs was overlooked by Princess 4000:

A small number of Allied personnel were sent to concentration camps, for a variety of reasons including being Jewish. As the US historian Joseph Robert White put it: "An important exception ... is the sub-camp for U.S. POWs at

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became POWs of the Western Allies. Some of these were, like the Germans, used as forced labour in France after the cessation of hostilities. After the war, Hungarian POWs were handed over to the Soviets and transported to the

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any individual country to follow suit. This change remains relatively unknown even among experts in the field and "Prisoner of War" remains widely used in the Pentagon which has a "POW/Missing Personnel Office" and awards the

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to serve as a moral code for United States service members who have been taken prisoner. It was created primarily in response to the breakdown of leadership and organisation, specifically when U.S. forces were POWs during the

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is quoted: "Japanese are still being shot all over the place", "The necessity for capturing them has ceased to worry anyone. Nippo soldiers are just so much machine-gun practice. Too many of our soldiers are tied up guarding

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years in camps where disease, poor diet and inadequate medical facilities prevailed. About 25 per cent of other ranks died, many from malnutrition, while only one officer died. The most curious case came in Russia where the

4645:. In 1947, the Ministry of Agriculture argued against repatriation of working German prisoners, since by then they made up 25 per cent of the land workforce, and it wanted to continue having them work in the UK until 1948. 2750:, meaning it is a war crime by the detaining power to deprive the rights afforded to them by the Third Convention's provisions. Article 17 of the Third Geneva Convention states that POWs can only be required to give their 3884: 5036:. A large number of surviving Croatian or Bosnian POWs described the conditions in Serbian concentration camps as similar to those in Germany in World War II, including regular beatings, torture and random executions. 4488:

Stories that circulated during the Cold War claimed 23,000 Americans held in German POW camps had been seized by the Soviets and never been repatriated. The claims had been perpetuated after the release of people like

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and used the coffins for firewood. Food was scarce and prisoners resorted to eating horses, cats, dogs or even human flesh. The bad conditions inside the graveyard contributed to a city-wide epidemic after the battle.

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At the end of the war in 1918 there were believed to be 140,000 British prisoners of war in Germany, including thousands of internees held in neutral Switzerland. The first British prisoners were released and reached

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the contracts signed with the commanders of the prison camps. The main workplaces for prisoners were in agriculture and industrial enterprises, but also in forestry, civil works, and in service of the POW camps.

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We are thankful that this longed for day has arrived, & that back in the old Country you will be able once more to enjoy the happiness of a home & to see good days among those who anxiously look for your

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long distances towards central Germany, often in extreme winter weather conditions. It is estimated that, out of 257,000 POWs, about 80,000 were subject to such marches and up to 3,500 of them died as a result.

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The United States handed over 740,000 German prisoners to France, which was a Geneva Convention signatory but which used them as forced labourers. Newspapers reported that the POWs were being mistreated; Judge

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In 1946, the UK held over 400,000 German POWs, many having been transferred from POW camps in the US and Canada. They were employed as labourers to compensate for the lack of manpower in Britain, as a form of

4733:, a Hungarian soldier taken prisoner by the Red Army in 1944, was discovered in a Russian psychiatric hospital in 2000. It is likely that he was the last prisoner of war from World War II to be repatriated. 3932:

sent out to work. About half of them worked for German agriculture, where food supplies were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.

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In the winter of 1941/1942, the conditions of the POW camps were unsatisfactory, leading to the deaths of prisoners due to various diseases. The conditions were improved in 1942 when, by order of Marshal

2549:. The average prison population was about 5,500 men. The lowest number recorded was 3,300 in October 1804 and 6,272 on 10 April 1810 was the highest number of prisoners recorded in any official document. 4955:

As in previous conflicts, speculation existed, without evidence, that a handful of American pilots captured during the Korean and Vietnam wars were transferred to the Soviet Union and never repatriated.

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George Pearson. It was particularly bad in Russia, where starvation was common for prisoners and civilians alike; a quarter of the over 2 million POWs held there died. Nearly 375,000 of the 500,000

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He rejected the offer, stating in essence, that the Union could afford to leave their men in captivity, the Confederacy could not. After that about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the

4760:, fewer than 1,000 remained alive at battle's end. Japanese prisoners of war sent to camps fared well; however, some were killed when attempting to surrender or were massacred just after doing so (see 2362:

famously distinguished between cities or towns that surrendered (where the population was spared but required to support the conquering Mongol army) and those that resisted (in which case the city was

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inhumane treatment of prisoners and the use of weapons causing unnecessary harm. Although no agreements were immediately ratified by the participating nations, work was continued that resulted in new

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surrendered in 1915, 20,000 Russians became prisoners. Over half the Russian losses were prisoners as a proportion of those captured, wounded or killed. About 3.3 million men became prisoners.

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Niall Ferguson, "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat" War in History 2004 11 (2) 148–192 p. 189, (footnote, referenced to:

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Although thousands of Japanese servicemembers were taken prisoner of war, most fought until they were killed or committed suicide. Of the 22,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the

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describes Trojan and Greek soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange for mercy, but their offers are not always accepted; see

5859: 4187:. As the frontline moved further away, the captured prisoners were given to German POW camps, and then they were transferred to Romanian ones after requests from the Romanian authorities. 4112:

in the summer of 1941 and the following spring, 2.8 million of the 3.2 million Soviet prisoners taken died while in German hands. According to Russian military historian General

3750:. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. 9226:"Were Korean War POWs Sent to U.S.S.R? New Evidence Surfaces: Probe: Former Marine corporal spent 33 months as a prisoner and was interrogated by Soviet agents who thought he was a pilot" 3248:

had to write a report on the circumstances of their capture and to ensure that they had done all they could to avoid capture. Each returning officer and man was given a message from King

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Footnote to: K. W. Bohme, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges, 15 vols. (Munich, 1962–74), 1, pt. 1:x. (n. 1 above), 13:173; ICRC (n. 12 above), p. 334.

6610:"Myth: General Ulysses S. Grant stopped the prisoner exchange, and is thus responsible for all of the suffering in Civil War prisons on both sides – Andersonville National Historic Site" 6959: 5794: 9393: 8948: 7628: 3237:

and sent across Allied lines without any food or shelter. This created difficulties for the receiving Allies and many ex-prisoners died from exhaustion. The released POWs were met by

8784:, Die deutschen Nachkriegsverluste unter Vertriebenen, Gefangenen und Verschleppter: mit einer übersicht über die europäischen Nachkriegsverluste (Munich and Berlin, 1988), pp. 36f.) 7256: 4884: 2928:

personnel as separatist rebels. However, guerrillas and other irregular combatants generally cannot expect to receive benefits from both civilian and military status simultaneously.

8480: 7279:"An excellent reference for Japan and the treatment of US Airmen Pows is Toru Fukubayashi, "Allied Aircraft and Airmen Lost over Japanese Mainland" 20 May 2007. (PDF File 20 pages)" 6552: 5077:

This section lists nations with the highest number of POWs since the start of World War II and ranked by descending order. These are also the highest numbers in any war since the

3767: 2463:. This treaty established the rule that prisoners of war should be released without ransom at the end of hostilities and that they should be allowed to return to their homelands. 5001:, American, British, Italian, and Kuwaiti POWs (mostly crew members of downed aircraft and special forces) were tortured by the Iraqi secret police. An American military doctor, 4994:, prisoners were well-treated in general by both sides, with military commanders dispatching enemy prisoners back to their homelands in record time following the end of the war. 3233:

On 13 December 1918, the armistice was extended and the Allies reported that by 9 December 264,000 prisoners had been repatriated. A very large number of these had been released

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Tremblay, Robert, Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, et al. "Histoires oubliées – Interprogrammes : Des prisonniers spéciaux" Interlude. Aired: 20 July 2008, 14h47 to 15h00.

4816:, the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR. The interpretation of this agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets ( 8749: 8718: 10908: 6210: 3904: 8335:(Военнопленные в СССР. 1939–1956: Документы и материалы Науч.-исслед. ин-т проблем экон. истории ХХ века и др.; Под ред. М.М. Загорулько. – М.: Логос, 2000. – 1118 с.: ил.) 8298: 4969: 9539: 4667:

POWs were also transferred among the Allies, with for example 6,000 German officers transferred from Western Allied camps to the Soviets and subsequently imprisoned in the

3076: 10105: 3035:, the official U.S. military term for enemy POWs is EPW (Enemy Prisoner of War). This name change was introduced in order to distinguish between enemy and U.S. captives. 6067: 4840: 2781:, in particular concerning the right of prisoners of war and internees to send and receive letters and cards (Geneva Convention (GC) III, art. 71 and GC IV, art. 107). 4215:

regulations of the Romanian Army. Executions by firing squad were few. The escapees who were caught and did not commit any acts of sabotage or espionage were tried by

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were found alive in camps after the war. The remaining 3.3 million prisoners (57.5% of the total captured) died during their captivity. Between the launching of

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An improvised camp for Soviet POWs. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war, whom they viewed as "

5814: 4434: 4130:

The Germans officially justified their policy on the grounds that the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention. Legally, however, under article 82 of the

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During these many months of trial, the early rescue of our gallant Officers & Men from the cruelties of their captivity has been uppermost in our thoughts.

10756: 10047: 7030: 6609: 4333: 3241:

troops and sent back through the lines in lorries to reception centres where they were refitted with boots and clothing and dispatched to the ports in trains.

6692: 4026:("terrorist aviators") or these aircrews were classified as spies, because they had been disguised as civilians or enemy soldiers when they were apprehended. 9076: 6644: 4965: 3856: 3310: 3205: 10071: 8101: 10065: 10035: 8390: 6814: 5789: 3794: 2233:(later canonised as the city's patron saint) pleaded with the Frankish king for the welfare of prisoners of war and met with a favourable response. Later, 9952: 9901:(University Press of Kansas; 2010); 278 pages; Argues that the US military has failed to incorporate lessons on POW policy from each successive conflict. 9168: 8206: 7278: 6930: 6829: 2558:. About 100 senior officers and some civilians "of good social standing", mainly passengers on captured ships and the wives of some officers, were given 7594: 3565:, Italian soldiers and civilians in East Asia were taken as prisoners of war by Japanese armed forces and subject to the same conditions as other POWs. 11350: 8330: 7079: 2482: 9371: 4610:

in the west. While some in Congress wanted to extend POW labour beyond June 1946, President Truman rejected this, leading to the end of the program.

2374:: "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain". 9233: 9194: 7096: 6666: 6477:'In Cartellen wird der Werth eines Gefangenen bestimmet', in In der Hand des Feindes: Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum zweiten Weltkrieg 5874: 4219:

and sentenced to prison terms from 3-6 months to several years. After 23 August 1944, the Soviet POWs were handed over to the Soviet headquarters.

3581: 2784:

However, nations vary in their dedication to following these laws, and historically the treatment of POWs has varied greatly. During World War II,

10131: 8815: 8687: 8506: 8463: 8235: 7703: 4020:; two of the POWs died at Buchenwald. Two possible reasons have been suggested for this incident: German authorities wanted to make an example of 2513:. Some Native Americans continued to capture Europeans and use them both as labourers and bargaining chips into the 19th century; see for example 43: 10094: 8956: 8571:

S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 3. (September 1994), pp. 487–520.

8176: 8024: 4493:. Careful scholarly studies demonstrated that this was a myth based on the misinterpretation of a telegram about Soviet prisoners held in Italy. 4386:, where the Soviets captured 91,000 German troops in total (completely exhausted, starving and sick), of whom only 5,000 survived the captivity. 3256:

The Queen joins me in welcoming you on your release from the miseries & hardships, which you have endured with so much patience and courage.

2877:, or more properly they are not combatants. Captured soldiers who do not get prisoner of war status are still protected like civilians under the 9573: 7424: 6506: 5979: 4983:, which ended in Indian victory and the capture of 93,000 Pakistani POWs, they were later slowly repatriated in a deal with Pakistani President 2973:

When a country is responsible for breaches of prisoner of war rights, those accountable will be punished accordingly. An example of this is the

10059: 7855: 7824: 5864: 5184: 5069:

using electrocution, beatings, and sexual abuse. Both sides of the conflict forced prisoners to be naked at times as a humiliating punishment.

4722: 4660:

used during and immediately after the war to interrogate prisoners before sending them to prison camps, was subject to allegations of torture.

4090: 2415:

enemy had broken a treaty with the Muslims he endorsed the mass execution of male prisoners who participated in battles, as in the case of the

2403:. Christians captured during the Crusades were usually either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom. During his lifetime ( 2308: 9972: 7568: 6967: 4641:. A public debate ensued in the UK over the treatment of German prisoners of war, with many in Britain comparing the treatment to the POWs to 2646: 9796: 8651: 8542: 4633:

September 1945 it was estimated by the French authorities that two thousand prisoners were being maimed and killed each month in accidents".

4461: 4329: 4321: 9017: 8998: 8945: 6292: 6014: 9795:(University Press of Kentucky, 2010); 468 pages; Sources include American soldiers' own narratives of their experiences guarding POWs plus 7653: 7264: 5819: 5078: 4933: 4583: 4524: 4337: 4325: 4131: 3955: 3522: 2720: 2603: 8488: 2804: 11316: 10888: 8970: 4761: 4502: 4341: 3113: 2832:, wear a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bear arms openly, and have conducted military operations according to the 10120: 7152:

Ferguson, Niall (2004), "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat",

3193:

army) who were released and armed to fight on the side of the Entente, who briefly served as a military and diplomatic force during the

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generally do not qualify because they do not fulfill the criteria of Additional Protocol I. Therefore, they fall under the category of

2820:

entitled to combatant's privilege—which gives them immunity from punishment for crimes constituting lawful acts of war such as killing

9761:

Rennbahn: Trente-deux mois de captivité en Allemagne 1914–1917 Souvenirs d'un soldat belge, étudiant à l'université libre de Bruxelles

9332: 8004: 7328: 2970:

In addition, if wounded or sick on the battlefield, the prisoner will receive help from the International Committee of the Red Cross.

11697: 11009: 10791: 8833: 8726: 4672: 4617:(DEF) so as not to treat prisoners as POWs. A lot of these soldiers were kept in open fields in makeshift camps in the Rhine valley ( 4520: 3719:

Allied POW camps and ship-transports became accidental targets of Allied attacks. The number of deaths which occurred when Japanese "

2654: 10153: 10077: 4764:). In some instances, Japanese prisoners of war were tortured through a variety of methods. A method of torture used by the Chinese 11369:

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

8270: 6727: 5151:

Over 4.5 million taken by the Western Allies before the formal surrender of Germany, another three million after the surrender

3941: 3782: 2948: 1011: 10053: 8295: 8156: 8039: 7122: 6780: 3297: 2083:

Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons, such as isolating them from the

11602: 11080: 10180: 9543: 7881: 7395: 6516: 5829: 5779: 5409: 3926: 1438: 7202: 11403: 11343: 11205: 9250: 4936:

and subjected them to mistreatment and torture. Some American prisoners of war were held in the prison known to US POWs as the

4833: 4800:

1944 and 1945 on 66 US military installations, performing support roles such as quartermaster, repair, and engineering work as

6231: 6075: 2330:; their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the social status of the captive. 9932: 9920: 9742: 9152: 8798: 8623: 8434: 8127: 7925: 7865: 7311: 6459: 5955: 5682: 4789: 4578:

During the war, the armies of Western Allied nations such as Australia, Canada, the UK and the US were given orders to treat

4506: 4382:

servicemen (excluding Japanese), of whom more than a million died. One specific example is that of the German POWs after the

4359: 4278: 2917: 9102: 8929: 6012:

Wickham, Jason (2014) The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans up to 146 BC, University of Liverpool PhD Dissertation.

11571: 11219: 9937:

Richard D. Wiggers, "The United States and the Denial of Prisoner of War (POW) Status at the End of the Second World War",

9318: 7755: 6538: 6207: 9033:

Insolvibile Isabella, Wops. I prigionieri italiani in Gran Bretagna, Naples, Italy, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2012,

8864: 3244:

Upon arrival at the receiving camp the POWs were registered and "boarded" before being dispatched to their own homes. All

11776: 11730: 11682: 11453: 11304: 10719: 7671: 6089: 6037:

Wickham 2014 notes that for Roman warfare the outcome of capture could lead to release, ransom, execution or enslavement.

3537:, because the Japanese viewed surrender as dishonorable. Moreover, according to a directive ratified on 5 August 1937 by 2399:

of 622–750, Muslims routinely captured large numbers of prisoners. Aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or

2363: 1794: 87: 9958: 9599:"Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century", Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor. 9594: 9268: 7785: 6046: 4864: 4119: 11284: 11163: 10021: 10007: 9990: 9038: 8369: 7539: 7514: 7375: 6837: 6593: 6511: 6434: 6325: 4613:

Towards the end of the war in Europe, as large numbers of Axis soldiers surrendered, the US created the designation of

4274: 2839:

Thus, uniforms and badges are important in determining prisoner-of-war status under the Third Geneva Convention. Under

2488: 1989: 1767: 382: 4844:

Captured Chinese soldiers beg for their lives to a South Korean soldier, thinking they are going to be executed, 1951.

11336: 11254: 11105: 10830: 10648: 10596: 9840: 9815: 9786: 9713: 9698: 9653: 9607: 9526: 9501: 9466: 9433: 9403: 9181: 9144: 8903: 8757: 8362: 8340: 8223: 7970: 7478: 7457: 6947: 6401: 6192: 6158: 6127: 5591: 4135: 4095: 3716:. Escapes among Caucasian prisoners were almost impossible because of the difficulty of hiding in Asiatic societies. 3526: 1443: 10126: 7651:

Joseph Robert White, 2006, "Flint Whitlock. Given Up for Dead: American GIs in the Nazi Concentration Camp at Berga"

7028: 5005:, a 37-year-old flight surgeon captured when her Blackhawk UH-60 was shot down, was also subjected to sexual abuse. 3301:

Jewish USSR POW captured by German Army, August 1941. At least 50,000 Jewish soldiers were executed after selection.

2487:

Early historical narratives of captured European settlers, including perspectives of literate women captured by the

11766: 10814: 9865: 9691:

The Escape Artist: An WW2 Australian prisoner's chronicle of life in German POW camps and his eight escape attempts

5839: 4668: 2385: 2091:

them in an orderly manner after hostilities), demonstrating military victory, punishing them, prosecuting them for

1521: 35: 17: 9676:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine

9080: 9050: 7065:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–18, Vol. VII The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine

6636: 4277:, a new camp was set up in Bucharest. Camp No. 13 from Bucharest was initially located within the barracks of the 11268: 11261: 10993: 10605: 8321: 8105: 5844: 5416: 4945: 4445:' 80,000 evacuees from the Soviet Union in the United Kingdom, only 310 volunteered to return to Poland in 1947. 3226:

and a large reception camp was established at Dover capable of housing 40,000 men, which could later be used for

3084: 3052: 2626: 1866: 1504: 1291: 136: 8387: 3568: 11735: 11632: 11388: 11184: 7285: 4772: 4756:, over 20,000 were killed and only 216 were taken prisoner of war. Of the 30,000 Japanese troops that defended 4063: 3819: 3249: 2774: 1630: 10083: 7725: 7440:

Based on data in "Horyo Saishū Ronkoku Fuzoku-sho 'B'", Kykutō Kokusai Gunji Saiben No. 337, February 19,1948.

4948:

and badly treated. After the war, millions of South Vietnamese servicemen and government workers were sent to

10728: 9888: 6613: 5920:– "Captives taken in war have been called prisoners since mid-14c.; phrase prisoner of war dates from 1630s". 5577: 4317: 4301: 4124: 4017: 2925: 2742:. It applies from the moment a prisoner is captured until his or her release or repatriation. Under the 1949 2389: 2047: 1494: 10115: 10089: 9141:

An American Dream: The Life of an African American Soldier and POW who Spent Twelve Years in Communist China

7410:

Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths in World War II. Final Report, 7 December 1941–31 December 1946,

7076: 4593:

In Britain, German prisoners, particularly higher-ranked officers, were housed in luxurious buildings where

2662:

1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. In the late summer of 1864, a year after the

11672: 10972: 10110: 8152: 5951: 5745: 5430: 3969:

Representation of a "Forty-and-eight" boxcar used to transport American POWs in Germany during World War II

3172: 2671:, accounting for nearly 10% of the conflict's fatalities. Of the 45,000 Union prisoners of war confined in 1984: 688: 448: 10142: 6709: 3525:, did not treat prisoners of war in accordance with international agreements, including provisions of the 11498: 11408: 10173: 9342: 9225: 8459: 7100: 6670: 5907: 5854: 5125:

He also believes that there were men who actually died as POWs amongst those listed as missing-in-action.

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was among those interned and wrote about this time in his life. The book was translated and published as

3804: 3094: 2503:, and had lasting influence on the body of early American literature, most notably through the legacy of 2179:

involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no

1994: 1181: 983: 854: 392: 9793:

The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Prisoners of War From the Revolution to the War on Terror

8811: 8243: 6890:

Years later Several ex POWS identified themselves (Ref: AMerican Legion Monthly Magazine September 1927)

5123:

maintains that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one million died in Soviet custody.

5043:, Yang Chen and Shih Liang. The two were imprisoned as spies for three years before being interned in a 4883:, the North Koreans developed a reputation for severely mistreating and torturing prisoners of war (see 4370: 11375: 11170: 11149: 10777: 10664: 10232: 9580: 9337: 8684: 8517: 8453: 8306: 7077:

The Postal History Society 1936–2011 – 75th anniversary display to the Royal Philatelic Society, London

5661: 5640: 5493: 4980: 4285:

on St. Ecaterina Street. In June 1944, the non-commissioned officers were transferred to a wing of the

4070: 4059: 3273:

While the Allied prisoners were sent home at the end of the war, the same treatment was not granted to

2921: 2635: 2595: 1458: 8180: 7421: 4788:

and became an Allied co-belligerent. This did not change the status of many Italian POWs, retained in

3561:. After 20 March 1943, the Imperial Navy was ordered to kill prisoners of war taken at sea. After the 11771: 11761: 11720: 11662: 11055: 10965: 10923: 10137: 9968: 9912: 9906: 9800: 9646:

We We're Each Other's Prisoners: An Oral History of World War II American and German Prisoners of War

8612:

Inge Weber-Newth; Johannes-Dieter Steinert (2006). "Chapter 2: Immigration policy—immigrant policy".

6530: 5991: 5869: 5612: 5500: 5279: 5017: 4976: 4430: 4227: 3492: 2888:

armed conflicts. The application of prisoner of war status in non-international armed conflicts like

2566:

although some further afield. They were afforded the courtesy of their rank within English society.

2542: 2431: 1568: 1076: 425: 299: 153: 10147: 9602:"Keine Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht und die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen 1941–1945", Dietz, Bonn 1997, 8589:

Renate Held, "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in britischer Hand – ein Überblick (in German)" (2008)

7832: 11677: 11642: 11587: 11473: 11016: 10460: 10266: 9628: 9513:

Kurt W. Böhme: "Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in Jugoslawien", Band I/1 der Reihe: Kurt W. Böhme,

8215: 7572: 7220: 5934: 5584: 5465: 4389:

German soldiers were kept as forced labour for many years after the war. The last German POWs like

4176: 3530: 3009: 2878: 2719:

covered the treatment of prisoners of war in detail. These provisions were further expanded in the

2713: 2509: 2336:

had no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, who could expect for the most part summary execution.

2019: 1886: 1433: 1126: 944: 792: 8659: 8550: 4041:

As the Red Army approached some POW camps in early 1945, German guards forced western Allied POWs

11383: 11275: 11198: 11114: 10951: 10763: 10335: 9884: 9014: 8995: 8412: 8161: 8082: 7650: 7363: 6753: 6713: 6021: 5619: 5605: 5507: 4906: 4594: 4457: 4422: 4296:. After 23 August, at the request of the prisoners to be organised into a military unit, General 3951: 3713: 3177: 3126: 2937: 2833: 2825: 2809: 2724: 2467: 1972: 1954: 1710: 1269: 1191: 1136: 734: 397: 48: 10014:

To Fight for My Country, Sir!: Memoirs of a 19-year-old B-17 Navigator Shot Down in Nazi Germany

7408:

Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, U.S. Department of the Army,

6363: 6270: 3875: 3541:, the constraints of the Hague Conventions were explicitly removed on Chinese prisoners of war. 11413: 11398: 11191: 10881: 10589: 10562: 10435: 10287: 10166: 6960:"375,000 Austrians Have Died in Siberia; Remaining 125,000 War Prisoner...—Article Preview—The" 6939: 5654: 5633: 5598: 4796: 4437:. Thousands were executed; over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the 4273:

In the spring of 1944, with the increasing number of American and British prisoners due to the

3723:"—unmarked transport ships in which POWs were transported in harsh conditions—were attacked by 3562: 3286: 3168:, in April 1916. Many were weak and starved when they surrendered and 4,250 died in captivity. 2893: 2778: 2680: 2676: 2574: 2448: 2396: 2096: 1839: 1814: 1536: 1448: 1321: 1196: 797: 774: 220: 119: 9627:

The stories of several American fighter pilots, shot down over North Vietnam are the focus of

9165: 8974: 8203: 7917: 7911: 7504: 6927: 6315: 2683:

in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and

2131:

For a large part of human history, prisoners of war would most often be either slaughtered or

11725: 11533: 11523: 11488: 11177: 11128: 10979: 10749: 7941: 6583: 6184: 6178: 5738: 4929: 4868: 4801: 4614: 4442: 3838:, Japan, waving flags of the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands in August 1945 3117: 3057: 3040: 2840: 2614: 2518: 2504: 1428: 1361: 1314: 968: 931: 894: 812: 764: 648: 458: 266: 175: 6866: 3072:

American soldiers of the 11th Engineer Regiment taken as prisoners of war by Germany in 1917

2687:

in New York state, with a death rate of 25% (2,963), nearly equalled that of Andersonville.

11652: 11612: 11493: 11094: 10853: 10742: 10414: 9456: 9368: 9346: 8885: 8449: 7336: 6860:"Department of Defense Instruction January 8, 2008 Incorporating Change 1, August 14, 2009" 6284: 5809: 5774: 5724: 5542: 5402: 5066: 4383: 4297: 4247: 4113: 4109: 4074: 4069:

nothing for them, as they were not regarded as POWs, but the prisoners held the status of "

3735: 3245: 3016: 2534: 2496: 2460: 2314:

Likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during Christians'

2103:

them as their own combatants, collecting military and political intelligence from them, or

1819: 1721: 1578: 1573: 1391: 1356: 1091: 911: 769: 705: 559: 529: 126: 31: 8844: 5025: 4820:) regardless of their wishes. The forced repatriation operations took place in 1945–1947. 8: 11702: 11423: 11418: 11393: 11030: 10770: 5521: 5472: 5033: 4984: 4902: 4852:

An American POW being released by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong captors in February 1973

4566: 4168: 3554: 3496: 3182: 3157: 2997:

during World War II. Most were executed or sentenced to life in prison for their crimes.

2981:. German and Japanese military commanders were prosecuted for preparing and initiating a 2663: 2582: 2550: 2541:

in Huntingdonshire, England in 1797 to house the increasing number of prisoners from the

2538: 2500: 2456: 2436: 2280: 2252: 2176: 1670: 1655: 1531: 1418: 1396: 1371: 1331: 1241: 1051: 956: 906: 673: 663: 628: 420: 410: 180: 104: 8398:

National Defense Research Institute. RAND Corporation, p. 28 Retrieved 18 July 2012

8267: 6731: 5120: 3557:. The most notorious use of forced labour was in the construction of the Burma–Thailand 11740: 11617: 11543: 11438: 11242: 11142: 11135: 11037: 10800: 10349: 10342: 10280: 9494:

Ende des Dritten Reiches – Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Eine perspektivische Rückschau

9398: 8064: 7169: 7130: 6560: 6356: 5696: 5570: 5437: 4817: 4753: 4587: 4512: 4480:. An estimated 60,000 to 347,000 of these Japanese prisoners of war died in captivity. 4448:

Of the 230,000 Polish prisoners of war taken by the Soviet army, only 82,000 survived.

3986: 3962:

POW camps—especially during the last two years of the war—concerned shortages of food.

3724: 3585: 3573: 2960:

Paid for work done and not forced to do work that is dangerous, unhealthy, or degrading

2913: 2874: 2743: 2731: 2668: 2248: 2004: 1859: 1779: 1700: 1645: 1620: 1541: 1487: 1453: 1384: 1301: 1211: 1116: 1061: 951: 916: 869: 744: 715: 668: 606: 581: 415: 229: 148: 8131: 7885: 11647: 11607: 11560: 11508: 11433: 11235: 11212: 11001: 10986: 10958: 10944: 10657: 10520: 10218: 10017: 10003: 9986: 9928: 9916: 9899:

America's Captives: Treatment of POWs From the Revolutionary War to the War on Terror

9836: 9811: 9782: 9738: 9709: 9694: 9679: 9664: 9649: 9633: 9603: 9522: 9497: 9462: 9177: 9148: 9034: 8909: 8899: 8794: 8619: 8430: 8358: 8336: 8219: 7966: 7921: 7861: 7535: 7510: 7474: 7453: 7371: 7307: 7206: 7173: 6943: 6589: 6455: 6430: 6407: 6397: 6321: 6188: 6154: 6140: 6123: 5824: 5799: 5784: 5703: 5668: 5535: 5486: 5444: 5423: 5257:≈200,000 (135,000 taken in Europe, does not include Pacific or Commonwealth figures) 5055: 4746: 4688: 4305: 4267: 3774: 3743: 3510: 3194: 2982: 2912:

by government forces and are sometimes executed on spot or tortured. However, in the

2747: 2735: 2701: 2570: 2522: 2384:

constantly with neighbouring tribes and groups, aiming to collect live prisoners for

2339: 2288: 2184: 2180: 2040: 1949: 1896: 1799: 1789: 1784: 1754: 1737: 1732: 1705: 1650: 1351: 1341: 1336: 1326: 1246: 1236: 1231: 1206: 1176: 1066: 1036: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1006: 921: 874: 844: 683: 476: 453: 387: 10072:

First hand account of being a Japanese POW. Part 1 in a series of 4 video interviews

9975:

regarding their individual experiences as POWs and the memoirs they each published:

9496:. Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Militärgeschichtlichen Forschungsamtes. Munich 1995. 9286:"The True Story of India's Decision to Release 93,000 Pakistani POWs After 1971 War" 9246: 5148:(the death rate for German prisoners of war was highest in Yugoslavia with over 50%) 4890:

The 1952 Inter-Camp POW Olympics were held from 15 to 27 November 1952 in Pyuktong,

4259: 4164: 4156: 2966:

Not compelled to give any information except for name, age, rank, and service number

2009: 11781: 11637: 11553: 11518: 11156: 11121: 10867: 10846: 10735: 10694: 10384: 9894: 7907: 7161: 6502: 6235: 5759: 5626: 5479: 5395: 5299: 5284: 5236:; 240,000 taken by the Soviets in 1939; 15,000 taken by Germany in Warsaw in 1944) 5021: 4813: 4785: 4692: 4619: 4543: 4042: 4002: 3891: 3800: 3546: 3538: 3506: 3190: 3156:

often treated prisoners of war poorly. Some 11,800 British soldiers, most from the

3134: 2974: 2829: 2817: 2499:, are an example. Such narratives enjoyed some popularity, spawning a genre of the 2268: 2191: 2014: 1979: 1911: 1804: 1742: 1635: 1563: 1556: 1413: 1346: 1296: 1286: 1161: 1081: 1041: 1026: 993: 978: 849: 834: 787: 695: 653: 596: 591: 549: 372: 349: 256: 185: 114: 97: 9776: 3862:

Malnourished Australian POWs forced to work at the Aso mining company, August 1945

3734:

Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as

2080:. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. 11715: 11667: 11627: 11528: 11478: 11087: 10874: 10823: 10513: 10481: 10400: 9995: 9375: 9272: 9254: 9172: 9106: 9021: 9002: 8952: 8933: 8926: 8868: 8819: 8691: 8613: 8467: 8394: 8373: 8325: 8302: 8274: 8210: 7657: 7428: 7083: 7034: 6934: 6214: 6053: 5752: 5717: 5710: 5563: 5458: 5351: 5040: 4638: 4550: 4055: 3997:, experienced four years of captivity under entirely normal conditions for POWs. 3990: 3739: 3518: 2821: 2599: 2546: 2492: 2084: 1824: 1809: 1727: 1683: 1625: 1281: 1276: 1166: 1156: 1071: 1046: 988: 829: 759: 749: 601: 586: 509: 481: 281: 261: 109: 9779:: Life of the French prisoners of war at the peasants of low Bavaria (1939–1945) 8366: 7763: 5556: 4558: 11657: 11582: 11538: 10937: 10916: 10784: 10712: 10548: 10541: 10534: 10474: 10421: 9828: 9663:

2nd ed. (Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, 2008)

9568: 9103:"Chinese operated three types of POW camps for Americans during the Korean War" 8861: 8781: 8351: 7828: 5850:

Medal for civilian prisoners, deportees and hostages of the 1914–1918 Great War

5804: 5731: 5514: 5252: 4961: 4726: 4696: 4597:

were installed. A considerable amount of military intelligence was gained from

4438: 4417: 4398: 4390: 4345: 4175:. By 1942, the number reached 12 camps of which 10 were in Romania, and two in 4022: 3994: 3947: 3306: 3274: 3227: 3186: 3153: 3109: 3013: 2845: 2793: 2785: 2763: 2514: 2400: 2304: 2194:, touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the 2162: 2104: 2077: 1999: 1747: 1171: 1131: 1109: 1096: 1086: 1056: 973: 926: 729: 720: 611: 564: 544: 534: 504: 471: 359: 316: 271: 143: 76: 8455:"Americans, Germans, and War Crimes: Converging Narratives from "the Good War" 7700:

Royal Canadian Air Force Association, "Allied Officers Deported to Buchenwald"

7165: 6990:

Prisoners, Diplomats and the Great War: A Study in the Diplomacy of Captivity.

6757: 4730: 3281:, e.g. in France, until 1920. They were released after many approaches by the 11755: 11687: 11622: 11503: 10860: 10580: 10569: 10370: 9978: 9514: 9492:

Rüdiger Overmans: "Die Rheinwiesenlager 1945" in: Hans-Erich Volkmann (ed.):

9265: 8481:"How Britain's German-born Jewish 'secret listeners' helped win World War II" 7882:"Report at the session of the Russian association of WWII historians in 1998" 7789: 6174: 6097: 5528: 5451: 5330: 5044: 5039:

In 2001, reports emerged concerning two POWs that India had taken during the

5009: 5002: 4991: 4941: 4623:). Controversy has arisen about how Eisenhower managed these prisoners. (see 4598: 4490: 4473: 4282: 4216: 4200: 4152: 3993:

who had enlisted in the British Army, and who was captured by the Germans in

3978: 3754: 3747: 3558: 3278: 3105: 3097:

92,000 Russians surrendered during the battle. When the besieged garrison of

2808:

Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives during the

2759: 2755: 2704:

that specified that prisoners of war be treated humanely and diplomatically.

2684: 2610: 2419:

in 627. The Muslims divided up the females and children of those executed as

2381: 2359: 2344: 2292: 2264: 2214: 1846: 1834: 1690: 1610: 1526: 1509: 1366: 1221: 1201: 884: 879: 859: 839: 754: 725: 700: 576: 554: 539: 514: 354: 276: 239: 234: 131: 8913: 8507:"History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776–1945" 5902: 5365:, of them, it is estimated that between 60,000 and 347,000 died in captivity 4828: 4409:, were not released by the Soviets until 1955, two years after Stalin died. 4250:. The airmen were interned at first in the court of the Central Seminary in 11597: 11592: 11483: 11360: 11328: 11062: 11023: 10687: 10671: 10453: 10407: 10189: 9953:"American Soldiers and POW Killing in the European Theater of World War II" 9748: 9721:

History of prisoner of war utilisation by the United States Army, 1776–1945

7047: 6411: 5549: 5362: 5310: 5174: 5159: 5110: 5051:, where they spent the following 38 years under a special prisoner status. 5029: 4937: 4718: 4625: 4204: 4151:

Between 1941 and 1944, 91,060 Soviet prisoners of war were captured by the

4007: 3982: 3161: 3093:

surrenders were uncommon; usually a large unit surrendered all its men. At

2978: 2789: 2563: 2416: 2333: 2195: 2100: 2088: 2033: 1959: 1939: 1934: 1829: 1774: 1408: 1403: 1226: 1141: 889: 623: 524: 321: 225: 9683: 9668: 9659:

Peter Dennis, Jeffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou :

6899:

Geo G. Phillimore and Hugh H. L. Bellot, "Treatment of Prisoners of War",

4860:

Recently released American POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps in 1973

3965: 2230: 2139:

could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as

11463: 10839: 10807: 10680: 10641: 10634: 10527: 10506: 10467: 10428: 10356: 10204: 7532:

Threads of life : a history of the world through the eye of a needle

7390: 5834: 5689: 5647: 5137: 4921: 4914: 4891: 4649: 4607: 4406: 4160: 4100: 4013: 3534: 3165: 3032: 2990: 2672: 2606: 2260: 2222: 2073: 1944: 1695: 1660: 1499: 1186: 1151: 864: 807: 710: 494: 215: 210: 52: 9202: 8611: 8083:"No. 40 Squadron Wellington X ME990 -R F/O. Lawrence Franklin Tichborne" 6391: 5117:

About 3 million taken by USSR (474,967 died in captivity (>15%))

3501: 2295:. When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and 11468: 10627: 10555: 10391: 10377: 10363: 10328: 10225: 9823:

Beyond the Bamboo Screen: Scottish Prisoners of War under the Japanese.

9755:. First Published Arris Books, 2006. 2nd ed., Constable Robinson, 2007. 9483:, Greenhill Books, London, 1997, G. F. Krivosheev, editor (ref. Streit) 9054: 7942:"Part VIII: Execution of the convention #Section I: General provisions" 5129: 4880: 4872: 4856: 4713: 4394: 4364: 4033:

Telegram notifying parents of an American POW of his capture by Germany

3895: 3761:, recorded their ordeal in seemingly harmless prison quilt embroidery. 3021: 2897: 2889: 2858: 2650: 2631: 2555: 2267:

aimed to not only defeat but also to eliminate enemies. Authorities in

2124: 1901: 1871: 1593: 962: 9275:. Taskforceomegainc.org (17 September 1996). Retrieved on 24 May 2014. 8318: 6756:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 5 May 2008. Archived from 6452:

Zwischen Tätern und Opfern: Gewaltbeziehungen und Gewaltgemeinschaften

3313:, tabulated the total death rate for POWs in World War II as follows: 2300: 2210: 11448: 10488: 10090:

War Memoirs of a British Army Signalman as a prisoner of the Japanese

9638: 9519:

Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges

7984:

Order within Anarchy: The Laws of War as an International Institution

5675: 4925: 4917:

to distant POW camps, only 3,290 were repatriated four months later.

4910: 4741: 4465: 4402: 4251: 3959: 3910:

Captured soldiers of the British Indian Army executed by the Japanese

3758: 3727: 3720: 3121: 2909: 2905: 2870: 2866: 2854: 2739: 2639: 2578: 2284: 2199: 2144: 2136: 2115: 2092: 2069: 1891: 1715: 1665: 1615: 1605: 1600: 1465: 1256: 1251: 1216: 658: 344: 311: 200: 7450:

Prisoners of the Japanese : POWs of World War II in the Pacific

4586:. Some breaches of the Convention took place, however. According to 4534: 3954:, France, the U.S., and other western Allies in accordance with the 3894:

captured at New Guinea moments before his execution with a Japanese

2954:

Allowed to communicate regularly with relatives and receive packages

11710: 11548: 10243: 10211: 8872: 8279: 8025:"1943 – 1944. Prizonieri de război americani și englezi în România" 7733: 5382: 4998: 4725:. Such forced Hungarian labour by the USSR is often referred to as 4477: 4469: 4180: 4172: 3835: 3550: 3142: 3062: 2994: 2901: 2862: 2816:

To be entitled to prisoner-of-war status, captured persons must be

2444: 2411: 2323: 2315: 2276: 2234: 2140: 1906: 1881: 1514: 1146: 1121: 739: 294: 168: 10127:

Notes of Japanese soldier in a USSR prison camp after World War II

6090:"Church Fathers: Church History, Book VII (Socrates Scholasticus)" 4464:

were captured by the Soviet Union. The prisoners were captured in

4354: 2843:, the requirement of a distinctive marking is no longer included. 2517:, a sailor who wrote a memoir about his years as a captive of the 11513: 11458: 11443: 11428: 10301: 10273: 10252: 7825:"Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II" 5233: 5209: 5180: 5145: 5141: 4680: 4642: 4538: 4378:

According to some sources, the Soviets captured 3.5 million

4304:

Regiment. All Western Allied POWs were evacuated to Italy during

3731:

POWs died at sea, about 19,000 of them killed by friendly fire."

3277:

prisoners of the Allies and Russia, many of whom had to serve as

3238: 3219: 3138: 2850: 2296: 2132: 1916: 1876: 1640: 1474: 1470: 817: 802: 678: 339: 334: 304: 243: 205: 10158: 9848:

Useful Captives: The Role of POWs in American Military Conflicts

3977:—or whom the Nazis believed to be Jewish—were killed as part of 3594:

Number of Western Allied POWs and Death Rate Under the Japanese

3120:

held about 720,000, mostly gained in the period just before the

2944:

Treated humanely with respect for their persons and their honour

2528: 10312: 10060:

Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II

9708:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Republished by Penguin, 1992; 9394:"Threats and Responses: Briefly Noted; Iran-Iraq Prisoner Deal" 8040:"Prizonierii americani în "colivia de aur" de la Timișu de Jos" 7016:

Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914–1919.

6807:"War in the Gulf: P.O.W.'s; U.S. Says Prisoners Seem War-Weary" 6507:"Site of the Norman Cross Depot for Prisoners of War (1006782)" 5795:

Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924)

5227: 5203: 5133: 5048: 4895: 4757: 4676: 4657: 4255: 4029: 3215: 3146: 3098: 2986: 2916:, both sides treated captured troops as POWs presumably out of 2697: 2367: 2327: 2319: 2272: 2171: 1423: 824: 641: 377: 10909:

Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted

9862:

The British Empire and Its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947

9808:

Histoire de la captivité des Français en Allemagne (1939–1945)

9077:"Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union: The Secret Betrayal" 8793:

David Lubań, "Legal Modernism", Univ of Michigan Press, 1994.

7704:

National Museum of the USAF, "Allied Victims of the Holocaust"

7569:"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories" 7471:

Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific

7221:"International Humanitarian Law – State Parties / Signatories" 6396:. New York: Inner Traditions International. pp. 229–233. 4848: 3850:

Liberated Canadian POWs arriving in Manilla, Philippines, 1945

2476: 2392:

in 1487, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed.

2251:'s English army killed many French prisoners of war after the 11226: 10259: 9911:(2nd ed.). Millerton, NY: Grey House Pub, 2006. p. 9574:

Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies

9247:

pp 26–33 Transfer of U.S. Korean War POWs To the Soviet Union

8388:

POW/MIA Issues: Volume 2, World War II and the Early Cold War

6269:

Hassig, Ross (2003). "El sacrificio y las guerras floridas".

4476:, then sent to work as forced labour in the Soviet Union and 4349: 4300:

approved the transfer of 896 POWs to the barracks of the 4th

4242:, the former Normal School used as Camp No. 13 during the war 4184: 4073:". Treatment of the prisoners was generally poor. The author 3223: 2957:

Given adequate food, clothing, housing, and medical attention

2378: 2226: 2157: 2148: 2120: 899: 435: 430: 9946:

Open Road to Faraway: Escapes from Nazi POW Camps 1941–1945.

9481:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

8268:

Japanese POW group says files on over 500,000 held in Moscow

7534:. London: Spectre (Hodder & Stoughton). pp. 50–58. 6710:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Protected Persons" 6612:. U.S. National Park Service). 18 July 2014. Archived from 6541:

on 27 February 2019 – via Munich Digitization Center.

6234:. Faculty.washington.edu. 29 September 2007. Archived from 5273: 5082: 5013: 4653: 4270:, who was nicknamed "The Angel of Ploiești" by the airmen. 4254:, with the wounded airmen taken to the no. 415 Hospital in 4138:. Third Reich officials left the Soviet "note" unanswered. 3282: 3088:

German soldier of Infantry Regiment 120, POW 1 January 1918

2770: 2751: 2730:

Article 4 of the Third Geneva Convention protects captured

2371: 195: 190: 8834:"Hungarian Prisoners-of-War In French Captivity 1945–1947" 7027:

British National Archives, "The Mesopotamia campaign", at

6585:

Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy

4496: 3252:, written in his own hand and reproduced on a lithograph. 2279:

desirable. Examples of such wars include the 13th-century

9967:

On 12 February 2013, three American POWs gathered at the

8895:

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II

8504: 7676: 7189:

Savage Continent: Europe in the aftermath of World War II

6928:

Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945

6015:"The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC" 4905:, of the 11,721 French soldiers taken prisoner after the 4433:

in 1939, hundreds of thousands of Polish soldiers became

4281:, in a frequently bombed area. It was later moved to the 3974: 3068: 2581:

and prisoner camp for around 6,000 POWs who lived in the

2244:) liberated captives after Genevieve urged him to do so. 68: 9964:

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.

6208:"Samurai, Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan" 5815:

Extermination of Soviet prisoners of war by Nazi Germany

5079:

Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War

4311: 4190: 3973:

Only a small proportion of western Allied POWs who were

3218:

on 15 November. Plans were made for them to be sent via

3149:. In Germany, food was short, but only 5 per cent died. 2779:

restoring and maintaining family contact in times of war

8703:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8005:"Prizonieri de război sovietici în România (1941–1944)" 7304:

Slaughter at Sea: The Story of Japan's Naval War Crimes

6427:'Prisoners in early modern warfare' in Prisoners in War 4836:

bound and killed by North Koreans during the Korean War

4246:

The first Americans were captured in Romania following

3946:

Germany and Italy generally treated prisoners from the

3000: 9126: 9124: 8750:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8719:"Ex-Death Camp Tells Story of Nazi and Soviet Horrors" 8685:

ICRC in WW II: German prisoners of war in Allied hands

8425:

Dear, I.C.B; Foot, M.R.D., eds. (2005). "War Crimes".

4334:

Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939

2299:

following the projected capture (1209) of the city of

9908:

The Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War & Internment

9872:

Prisoners of the Reich, Germany's Captives, 1939–1945

9542:. Stern.de – Politik. 6 February 2012. Archived from 8679: 8677: 8615:

German migrants in post-war Britain: an enemy embrace

8429:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 983–984. 8204:

Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression

8130:. Worldwar2database.com. 27 July 2011. Archived from 4194:

Soviet POWs escorted by a Romanian cavalryman in 1941

3788:

Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand in 1943

9835:

1979 Stein & Day; 1991, 1996 Scarborough House.

8291: 8289: 7473:. Melbourne: Scribe Publications. pp. 295–297. 7257:"Japanese troops ate flesh of enemies and civilians" 6634: 6065: 5790:

Armenian POWs during the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

4885:

Treatment of POWs by North Korean and Chinese forces

4762:

Allied war crimes during World War II in the Pacific

4683:, and handed them over to the Soviet Union instead. 4374:

German prisoners of war being paraded through Moscow

2451:, were often denied the status of prisoners of war. 9661:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

9581:

Full text of Third Geneva Convention, 1949 revision

9121: 8607: 8605: 7672:"'Soldiers and Slaves' Details Saga of Jewish POWs" 7052:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

6553:"Die Aufzeichnungen des Totengräbers Ahlemann 1813" 6501: 3080:

US POWs at German prison camp Rastatt, Germany 1918

11721:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 9855:Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II 9648:, 1st ed.; 1997, BasicBooks (HarperCollins, Inc). 9476: 9474: 9249:. Nationalalliance.org. Retrieved on 24 May 2014. 8674: 8319:POW in the USSR 1939–1956: Documents and Materials 8263: 8261: 6355: 5065:, Ukrainian POWs have described being tortured by 4771:After the war, many Japanese POWs were kept on as 3822:rescued from Los Baños Internment Camp, March 1945 2483:Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War 9957:United States. Government Accountability Office. 8583: 8286: 7595:"Pride and Peril: Jewish American POWs in Europe" 6581: 6362:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 4745:A group of Japanese soldiers captured during the 3712:No direct access to the POWs was provided to the 3553:, starvation rations, poor medical treatment and 11753: 11249:United Kingdom and British overseas territories 8602: 7906: 6821: 6454:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 107–129. 6393:Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources 5875:World War II Radio Heroes: Letters of Compassion 4934:United States servicemembers as prisoners of war 4554:US Army: Card of capture for German POWs – front 4016:and US aviators who were held for two months at 3481: 9471: 8258: 7254: 6667:"Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp-Reading 1" 6588:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–73. 6320:. Columbia University Press. pp. 371–372. 6148: 6147:, quoted by Andrew Gurr in his introduction to 4355:Germans, Romanians, Italians, Hungarians, Finns 3137:prisoners of war taken by Russians perished in 2707: 10121:New Zealand PoWs of Germany, Italy & Japan 10000:Taps on the Walls: Poems from the Hanoi Hilton 9781:– Mémoires et Cultures – 2007. 9678:10th ed. (Sydney: Angus & Robinson, 1941) 9369:Two Chinese prisoners from '62 war repatriated 9051:"Repatriation – The Dark Side of World War II" 8875:, 17 September 2000. Accessed 11 December 2016 8514:Center of Military History, United States Army 8228: 7874: 5865:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC) 4812:On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the 4091:German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war 3572:Thousands of US and Filipino POWs died on the 2721:1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War 2205: 11344: 10174: 10154:Jewish POW swapped by Germans in World War II 8157:The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field 6693:"US Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands" 6066:Eisenberg, Bonnie; Ruthsdotter, Mary (1998). 4330:Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4322:Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 2529:French Revolutionary wars and Napoleonic wars 2041: 11358: 10066:Reports made by World War I prisoners of war 9759: 9391: 8963: 8128:"German POWs in Allied Hands – World War II" 7726:"Death March from Stalag Luft 4 during WWII" 7556:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation 7329:"Forgotten tragedy of Italian war detainees" 7203:"World War II – prisoners of war POWs Japan" 6938:". Robert B. Kane, Peter Loewenberg (2008). 6669:. U.S. National Park Service. Archived from 6291:. Latinamericanstudies.org. pp. 46–51. 6118:Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. 5977: 5820:German prisoners of war in the United States 4699:in October 1945 that the Allies themselves, 4525:German prisoners of war in the United States 4338:Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4326:Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 3834:Allied prisoners of war at Aomori camp near 2773:has a special role to play, with regards to 2594:The extensive period of conflict during the 2107:them in new political or religious beliefs. 11389:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 9540:"Kriegsgefangene: Viele kamen nicht zurück" 9186: 8500: 8498: 7934: 7362: 7245:, Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû 9, 1995, p. 22 6830:"Pentagon: We Don't Call Them POWs Anymore" 6358:Islam. Its History, Teaching, and Practices 6149:Shakespeare, William; Gurr, Andrew (2005). 6145:Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 4503:Lists of World War II prisoner-of-war camps 4342:German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 3209:Celebration for returning POWs, Berlin 1920 3061:German soldiers captured by the British in 2477:European settlers captured in North America 11351: 11337: 10931:International Network of Prison Ministries 10181: 10167: 8214:". Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer (1999). 8059: 8057: 7857:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory 7050:, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior with Jean Bou, 6537:(in German). p. 305ff. Archived from 6256:Meyer, Michael C. and William L. Sherman. 6153:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 6122:. 3rd ed., New York: Penguin Books, 1993. 4940:. Communist Vietnamese held in custody by 4582:prisoners strictly in accordance with the 4517:Forced labor of Germans after World War II 3523:1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War 3521:, which had signed but never ratified the 3006:The United States Military Code of Conduct 2048: 2034: 30:"POW" redirects here. For other uses, see 7358: 7356: 7354: 7306:. Pen & Sword Maritime. p. 252. 4792:, the UK and US due to labour shortages. 4521:Japanese prisoners of war in World War II 4222: 3773:Water colour sketch of "Dusty" Rhodes by 2947:Able to inform their next of kin and the 2700:being adopted and becoming recognised as 10757:Mentally ill people in the United States 10148:Historic films about POWs in World War I 9983:She Went to War: The Rhonda Cornum Story 9853:Moore, Bob, & Kent Fedorowich eds., 9730:; Charles Tuttle Company, Vermont, 1965. 9693:, 1984 Artlook Books Western Australia. 8973:. CNN. 23 September 1996. Archived from 8946:American troops 'murdered Japanese PoWs' 8898:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 8643: 8495: 8424: 8174: 8018: 8016: 8014: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7151: 7127:International Committee of the Red Cross 6827: 6529: 6353: 6260:. Oxford University Press, 5th ed. 1995. 6068:"History of the Women's Rights Movement" 5358:16,000–50,000 captured by Western Allies 5081:entered into force on 19 June 1931. The 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4827: 4776:arrival of Allied forces in the region. 4740: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4533: 4416: 4369: 4358: 4262:, in the newly established Camp No. 14 ( 4226: 4189: 4118: 4094: 4084: 4028: 3964: 3942:Belgian prisoners of war in World War II 3567: 3500: 3296: 3204: 3160:, became prisoners after the five-month 3083: 3075: 3067: 3056: 2949:International Committee of the Red Cross 2803: 2717:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land 2645: 2630: 2491:, exist in some number. The writings of 2430: 2338: 2209: 2114: 1012:List of military strategies and concepts 42: 27:Military term for a captive of the enemy 11603:Right to an adequate standard of living 10132:German prisoners of war in Allied hands 9577:. Vol. 36, No. 2. 2008. pp. 19–35. 8971:"Photos document brutality in Shanghai" 8884: 8146: 8054: 7669: 7396:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan 6804: 6635:Richard Wightman Fox (7 January 2008). 6474: 6449: 6112: 5830:Korean War POWs detained in North Korea 5780:13th Psychological Operations Battalion 5387: 4497:Treatment of POWs by the Western Allies 3935: 3927:French prisoners of war in World War II 3509:surrendering to the Japanese after the 3200: 2435:Casting the dice for life or death, by 14: 11754: 11404:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 11010:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland) 9846:Krebs, Daniel, and Lorien Foote, eds. 9459:: The Russian-Geran Conflict 1941–1945 9176:. William C. Jeffries (2006). p. 388. 9095: 8747: 8716: 8649: 8312: 8177:"Polish deportees in the Soviet Union" 7853: 7529: 7502: 7422:Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines 7351: 7301: 7243:Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu 6424: 6282: 6173: 5085:had not signed the Geneva Convention. 4233:Bucharest Faculty of Orthodox Theology 2884:The criteria are applied primarily to 2495:, captured in the chaotic fighting of 2271:often considered the extermination of 11332: 10162: 10084:Current status of Vietnam War POW/MIA 10036:Prisoners of war and humanitarian law 9904: 9311:"Falkland Islands: a gentleman's war" 9223: 9192: 8102:"German POWs and the Art of Survival" 8011: 7989: 6702: 6389: 6344:. Islamic Texts Society, 1992, p. 104 6313: 5956:North African Campaign (World War II) 5855:Military Chaplain#Noncombatant status 5376: 5306:114,861 lost or captured by US and UK 4507:Allied war crimes during World War II 4312:Treatment of POWs by the Soviet Union 2620: 2589: 2366:, and all the population killed). In 2343:Aztec sacrifices, as depicted in the 2076:power during or immediately after an 11312: 9891:, 2011, retrieved: 16 November 2011. 9850:(University Press of Kansas, 2021). 9810:, Éditions Gallimard, France, 1967. 9426:"Ukraine / Russia: Prisoners of war" 8748:Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). 8717:Butler, Desmond (17 December 2001). 8505:George G. Lewis; John Mehwa (1982). 8427:The Oxford Companion to World War II 8345: 8022: 8003:Duțu, Alesandru (25 November 2015). 8002: 7916:. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 7468: 7431:". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) 7370:. Avalon Publishing. pp. 2, 3. 7326: 7186: 6730:. Peace Pledge Union. Archived from 5054:The last prisoners of the 1980–1988 4823: 4435:prisoners of war in the Soviet Union 4287:"Regina Elisabeta" Military Hospital 3129:and inspections by neutral nations. 3001:U.S. Code of Conduct and terminology 2963:Released quickly after conflicts end 2309:Kill them all, God will know His own 10078:German POWs and the art of survival 9571:, "What is a Prisoner of War For?" 8831: 8478: 7509:. Simon and Schuster. p. 317. 6901:Transactions of the Grotius Society 6778: 6183:. Oxford University Press. p. 5335:≈130,000 (95,532 taken by Germany) 4279:6th Guard Regiment "Mihai Viteazul" 2489:indigenous peoples of North America 2217:riders with prisoners, 14th century 24: 9939:Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen 9768: 9621: 9236:from the original on 9 April 2023. 7860:. London: Pan Books. p. 271. 7255:McCarthy, Terry (12 August 1992). 7123:"Search results – Resource centre" 6805:Schmitt, Eric (19 February 1991). 6512:National Heritage List for England 5900: 5072: 4562:Reverse of US Army Card of capture 4401:, who had been declared guilty of 3920: 3486: 2940:, prisoners of war (POW) must be: 2358:In the 13th century the expanding 2087:still in the field (releasing and 25: 11793: 11524:Right to refuse medical treatment 10188: 10029: 9145:University of Massachusetts Press 8023:Duțu, Alesandru (2 August 2015). 6647:from the original on 15 June 2013 6380:, "Period of revelation", p. 159. 5094:Number of POWs held in captivity 5016:paramilitary forces supported by 4123:Naked Soviet prisoners of war in 3580:According to the findings of the 3108:held 2.5 million prisoners; 2799: 2533:The earliest known purpose-built 2190:In the fourth century AD, Bishop 11311: 11300: 11299: 10054:Archive of World War II memories 9860:Bob Moore, and Kent Fedorowich. 9857:, Berg Press, Oxford, UK, 1997. 9833:Nazi Prisoners of War in America 9719:George G. Lewis and John Mewha, 9532: 9507: 9486: 9448: 9418: 9385: 9361: 9325: 9303: 9278: 9259: 9240: 9224:Burns, Robert (29 August 1993). 9217: 9158: 9133: 9069: 9043: 9027: 9008: 8989: 8939: 8920: 8878: 8854: 8825: 8804: 8787: 8774: 8764: 8741: 8710: 8697: 8652:"The secrets of the London Cage" 8650:Cobain, Ian (12 November 2005). 8592: 8574: 8565: 8549:. 2 October 1989. Archived from 8535: 8472: 8443: 8418: 8401: 8379: 8236:"シベリア抑留、露に７６万人分の資料軍事公文書館でカード発見" 8195: 8179:. Wajszczuk.v.pl. Archived from 8168: 8104:. Historynet.com. Archived from 8099: 8037: 7129:. 3 October 2013. Archived from 6317:God's Rule: Government and Islam 6295:from the original on 19 May 2023 6120:The Penguin Dictionary of Saints 5944: 5840:List of notable prisoners of war 5361:560,000–760,000 captured by the 5344: 5323: 5292: 5266: 5245: 5220: 5196: 5167: 5103: 4968:in Lebanon by Syrian forces and 4669:Sachsenhausen concentration camp 4421:Katyn 1943 exhumation; photo by 4308:from 31 August to 3 September. 3903: 3883: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3827: 3812: 3793: 3781: 3766: 3753:Female prisoners (detainees) at 2828:, a combatant must be part of a 2723:and were largely revised in the 2322:in the 11th and 12th centuries. 2110: 2097:exploiting them for their labour 86: 36:Prisoner of war (disambiguation) 11081:Countries by incarceration rate 10994:Prison Fellowship International 9880:Prisoners and Detainees in War 9562: 9079:. Hillsdale.edu. Archived from 8120: 8093: 8075: 8071:(in Romanian). 28 October 2022. 8031: 7976: 7955: 7913:The Third Reich – A New History 7900: 7884:. Gpw.tellur.ru. Archived from 7847: 7817: 7804: 7778: 7748: 7718: 7709: 7692: 7663: 7643: 7617: 7587: 7561: 7548: 7523: 7496: 7487: 7462: 7443: 7434: 7415: 7402: 7384: 7320: 7295: 7271: 7248: 7235: 7213: 7195: 7180: 7145: 7115: 7089: 7070: 7057: 7040: 7021: 7008: 6995: 6982: 6952: 6919: 6906: 6893: 6884: 6852: 6798: 6772: 6746: 6720: 6685: 6659: 6628: 6602: 6575: 6545: 6523: 6495: 6483: 6468: 6443: 6418: 6383: 6370: 6347: 6334: 6307: 6285:"The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice" 6276: 6263: 6250: 6224: 6219:The Journal of Japanese Studies 6201: 5980:"What is a Prisoner of War For" 5923: 5845:List of prisoner-of-war escapes 5417:As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me 4964:by their Egyptian captors, the 4797:Italy surrendered to the Allies 4049: 3292: 3053:Prisoners of war in World War I 2712:Chapter II of the Annex to the 2690: 2638:prisoners of war on the way to 2627:American Civil War prison camps 2426: 2239: 11736:Sexual and reproductive health 11633:Right to a healthy environment 10138:World War II U.S. POW Archives 9392:Nazila Fathi (14 March 2003). 8309:, 56th session, 13 April 2000. 8242:. 24 July 2009. Archived from 7670:Inskeep, Steve (30 May 2005). 7099:. Royal.gov.uk. Archived from 6966:. 8 April 2012. Archived from 6828:Thompson, Mark (17 May 2012). 6283:Harner, Michael (April 1977). 6167: 6133: 6082: 6059: 6040: 6006: 5971: 5893: 4773:Japanese Surrendered Personnel 4146: 4064:Massacre of the Acqui Division 3309:, in addition to figures from 3046: 2775:international humanitarian law 2746:, POWs acquires the status of 2653:soldier on his release from a 2562:outside the prison, mainly in 13: 1: 11653:Right to public participation 9998:– a collection of his poetry 9889:Institute of European History 8618:. Routledge. pp. 24–30. 8462:, Vol. 94, No. 4. March 2008 7812:Hitler's Willing Executioners 7627:. Jafi.org.il. Archived from 7601:. 26 May 2021. Archived from 6258:The Course of Mexican History 5881: 5578:Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence 5063:invasion of Ukraine by Russia 4736: 4708: 4691:, chief US prosecutor in the 4318:POW labor in the Soviet Union 4125:Mauthausen concentration camp 4018:Buchenwald concentration camp 3985:policies. For example, Major 3482:Treatment of POWs by the Axis 2602:(1793–1815), followed by the 2404: 2390:Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan 2388:. For the re-consecration of 2348: 11673:Right to science and culture 10973:Prison Advice and Care Trust 10123:New Zealand Official History 10095:Canada's Forgotten PoW Camps 10050:UK National Archives ADM 103 9105:. April 1997. Archived from 8890:Victory in the Pacific, 1945 8153:Benjamin Fischer (historian) 6903:, Vol. 5, (1919), pp. 47–64. 6754:"Story of an idea- the Film" 6691:Hall, Yancey (1 July 2003). 6232:"Central Asian world cities" 5964: 5952:Western Front (World War II) 5950:see references on the pages 5431:The Bridge on the River Kwai 4656:prisoner of war facility in 4483: 4264:Lagărul de prizonieri nr. 14 3173:Sinai and Palestine campaign 3008:was promulgated in 1955 via 2708:Hague and Geneva Conventions 2609:, led to the emergence of a 2221:According to legend, during 47:Serbian prisoners of war in 7: 11499:Right to keep and bear arms 11409:Freedom from discrimination 10101:German army list of Stalags 9905:Vance, Jonathan F. (2006). 9195:"In South Vietnamese Jails" 8460:Journal of American History 7756:"Guests of the Third Reich" 7335:. NHK World. Archived from 6916:(1999) pp. 368–69 for data. 6637:"National Life After Death" 6559:(in German). Archived from 5908:Online Etymology Dictionary 5767: 5683:Summer of My German Soldier 5410:Another Time, Another Place 4975:Indian intervention in the 4807: 4779: 4766:National Revolutionary Army 4451: 3981:or were subjected to other 3805:Santo Tomas Internment Camp 3112:held 2.9 million, and 2206:Middle Ages and Renaissance 2183:, and were held legally as 1505:Military–industrial complex 984:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 11798: 11777:Imprisonment and detention 11305:Imprisonment and detention 10233:Stanford prison experiment 10111:Colditz Oflag IVC POW Camp 10106:German army list of Oflags 10048:Prisoners of War 1755–1831 9723:; Dept. of the Army, 1955. 9333:"war story: Rhonda Cornum" 9193:Thanh, Ngo Ba; Luce, Don. 9166:Trap Door to the Dark Side 8307:Commission on Human Rights 7571:. Cicr.org. Archived from 7503:Miller, Donald L. (2008). 7097:"The Queen and technology" 6582:Roger Pickenpaugh (2013). 5937:, Arnaud Amalric was only 5641:Rambo: First Blood Part II 5380: 5232:675,000 (420,000 taken by 5179:5.7 million taken by 4529: 4510: 4500: 4315: 4141: 4088: 4060:Italian military internees 4053: 3939: 3924: 3915: 3490: 3050: 2624: 2596:American Revolutionary War 2480: 2068:) is a person who is held 29: 11696: 11663:Right to rest and leisure 11569: 11374: 11367: 11294: 11104: 11072: 11047: 10966:Prison abolition movement 10924:Florida Justice Institute 10900: 10704: 10619: 10579: 10498: 10445: 10320: 10311: 10242: 10196: 9969:Pritzker Military Library 9948:2001. Cualann Press Ltd. 9941:52 (1993) pp. 91–94. 9801:Pritzker Military Library 9764:3rd edition (Paris, 1920) 9704:Rivett, Rohan D. (1946). 9139:Adams, Clarence. (2007). 9053:. Fff.org. Archived from 9024:23 September 1996 image 3 9005:23 September 1996 image 2 8818:29 September 2011 at the 8357:, Doubleday, April 2003, 8301:29 September 2007 at the 8065:"Operatiunea Reunion (I)" 7760:guestsofthethirdreich.org 7166:10.1191/0968344504wh291oa 6450:Batelka, Philipp (2017). 6425:Wilson, Peter H. (2010). 5870:Vietnam War POW/MIA issue 5280:Coalition of the Gulf War 5185:million died in captivity 5096: 5090: 4977:Bangladesh Liberation War 4784:In 1943, Italy overthrew 4671:, at the time one of the 4462:Japanese prisoners of war 4431:Soviet invasion of Poland 4412: 3593: 3493:Far East prisoners of war 3321: 3318: 2931: 2543:French Revolutionary Wars 2525:coast from 1802 to 1805. 2225:'s siege and blockade of 1569:Loss-of-strength gradient 426:Combat information center 11678:Right to social security 11643:Right to Internet access 11588:Equal pay for equal work 11474:Presumption of innocence 11017:The Prison Phoenix Trust 10461:Administrative detention 9951:Harris, Justin Michael. 9874:, 1998; on British POWs 9797:Webcast Author Interview 9689:Alfred James Passfield, 9629:American Film Foundation 9171:25 December 2022 at the 9143:. Amherst & Boston. 8862:Hungarian POW identified 8841:www.hungarianhistory.com 8466:14 November 2010 at the 8216:Harvard University Press 8209:25 December 2022 at the 7786:"Le porte della Memoria" 7599:The National WWII Museum 7263:. London. Archived from 7223:. Icrc.org. 27 July 1929 7082:21 December 2016 at the 6933:25 December 2022 at the 6779:Penrose, Mary Margaret. 6697:National Geographic News 6475:Hohrath, Daniel (1999). 6354:Nigosian, S. A. (2004). 6314:Crone, Patricia (2004). 5935:Caesarius of Heisterbach 5886: 5154:1.3 million unknown 5058:were exchanged in 2003. 4570:Certificate of Discharge 3531:Second Sino-Japanese War 2879:Fourth Geneva Convention 2679:, 13,000 (28%) died. At 2510:The Last of the Mohicans 2127:, Egypt, 13th century BC 1887:Military science fiction 1372:Technology and equipment 793:List of military tactics 11767:17th-century neologisms 11554:right to be a candidate 11384:Equality before the law 11095:Films featuring prisons 10952:Mount Tamalpais College 10606:Prisoner-of-war escapes 10336:Corrective labor colony 10143:Korean War POW Archives 9885:European History Online 9866:excerpt and text search 9825:1999. Cualann Press Ltd 9753:Hitler's British Slaves 9588:Encyclopædia Britannica 9367:Shaikh Azizur Rahman, " 8951:19 October 2018 at the 8932:3 November 2012 at the 8867:11 October 2017 at the 8812:The Legacy of Nuremberg 8372:13 October 2007 at the 8324:2 November 2007 at the 8273:24 January 2008 at the 8162:Studies in Intelligence 7854:Davies, Norman (2006). 7033:10 October 2017 at the 6988:Richard B. Speed, III. 6785:Encyclopædia Britannica 6714:Doctors Without Borders 6535:"Collected Works vol 6" 6491:Encyclopædia Britannica 6378:Introduction of Ad-Dahr 6052:26 January 2020 at the 5606:The Password is Courage 4981:third Indo-Pakistan war 4952:, where many perished. 4907:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4832:A U.S. Army POW of the 4423:International Red Cross 3714:International Red Cross 3178:Australian Flying Corps 3127:International Red Cross 2938:Third Geneva Convention 2834:laws and customs of war 2826:Third Geneva Convention 2824:. To qualify under the 2810:First Sino-Japanese War 2725:Third Geneva Convention 2466:There also evolved the 2364:ransacked and destroyed 1955:Wartime sexual violence 1711:Full-spectrum dominance 1522:Supply-chain management 11414:Freedom of information 11399:Freedom of association 10729:Contemplative programs 10436:Youth detention center 10288:Prisoner of conscience 9981:– with Peter Copeland 9760: 7530:Hunter, Clare (2019). 6390:Lings, Martin (1983). 5599:P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke 5032:forces killed POWs at 5020:forces killed POWs at 4876: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4834:21st Infantry Regiment 4749: 4706: 4575: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4426: 4393:, the highest-scoring 4375: 4367: 4275:restarted air campaign 4243: 4195: 4127: 4104: 4034: 3970: 3876:Cabanatuan prison camp 3577: 3563:Armistice of Cassibile 3514: 3302: 3287:Allied Supreme Council 3271: 3210: 3089: 3081: 3073: 3065: 2894:Additional Protocol II 2813: 2738:fighters, and certain 2677:Andersonville, Georgia 2658: 2643: 2642:prison in October 1864 2439: 2397:early Muslim conquests 2355: 2218: 2128: 1867:Awards and decorations 1840:Peace through strength 1815:Low-intensity conflict 1449:Conscientious objector 1322:Area of responsibility 56: 11726:Intersex human rights 11534:Right of self-defense 11489:Right to a fair trial 10980:Prison-Ashram Project 10150:European Film Gateway 10044:UK National Archives. 9777:Treize Qu'ils Etaient 9728:Mutine at Koje Island 9130:Adams, (2007), p. 62. 8886:Morison, Samuel Eliot 8690:26 April 2009 at the 8485:www.timesofisrael.com 8087:aircrewremembered.com 7506:D-Days in the Pacific 7302:Felton, Mark (2007). 6047:"The Roman Gladiator" 5978:John Hickman (2002). 5592:The One That Got Away 5381:Further information: 5190:World War II (total) 4930:North Vietnamese Army 4867: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4831: 4802:Italian Service Units 4744: 4701: 4615:Disarmed Enemy Forces 4574:(Front- and Backside) 4569: 4561: 4553: 4537: 4460:, 560,000 to 760,000 4420: 4373: 4362: 4230: 4207:per soldier per day. 4193: 4122: 4098: 4085:Eastern European POWs 4032: 3968: 3571: 3504: 3300: 3254: 3246:commissioned officers 3208: 3087: 3079: 3071: 3060: 3041:Prisoner of War Medal 3010:Executive Order 10631 2989:, ill treatment, and 2900:are often treated as 2841:Additional Protocol I 2807: 2714:1907 Hague Convention 2649: 2634: 2615:exchange of prisoners 2505:James Fenimore Cooper 2481:Further information: 2434: 2342: 2213: 2118: 2099:, recruiting or even 459:Torpedo data computer 449:Ship gun fire-control 46: 11613:Right to development 11494:Right to family life 11444:Freedom from torture 11429:Freedom from slavery 11164:Ireland, Republic of 10854:Solitary confinement 10415:Prisoner-of-war camp 10097:CBC Digital Archives 10068:UK National Archives 9973:webcast conversation 9631:'s 1999 documentary 9590:(CD ed.). 2002. 9380:The Washington Times 9374:28 July 2020 at the 9253:14 July 2014 at the 8450:James J. Weingartner 8413:Saint Helen's Island 8393:4 March 2016 at the 8385:Paul M. Cole (1994) 8165:, Winter 1999–2000. 7656:11 June 2007 at the 7625:"Ben Aharon Yitzhak" 7469:Daws, Gavan (1994). 7427:27 July 2003 at the 7187:Lowe, Keith (2012), 6271:Arqueología Mexicana 6213:4 March 2016 at the 5931:Dialogus Miraculorum 5860:Prisoner of war mail 5775:Prisoner-of-war camp 5388:Films and television 4997:In 1991, during the 4990:In 1982, during the 4950:"re-education" camps 4944:and American forces 4695:, told US President 4384:Battle of Stalingrad 4248:Operation Tidal Wave 4223:Western Allies' POWs 4114:Grigoriy Krivosheyev 4110:Operation Barbarossa 4075:Giovannino Guareschi 4005:, officially called 3936:Western Allies' POWs 3736:Jack Bridger Chalker 3529:, either during the 3201:Release of prisoners 3189:prisoners (from the 3017:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2993:of individuals, and 2573:both sides used the 2535:prisoner-of-war camp 2307:allegedly replied, " 1985:Military occupations 1820:Military engineering 1722:Unrestricted Warfare 1579:Force multiplication 477:Military manoeuvrers 32:POW (disambiguation) 11424:Freedom of religion 11419:Freedom of movement 11394:Freedom of assembly 11376:Civil and political 11031:Prison Reform Trust 10134:(World War II) ICRC 9877:Scheipers, Sibylle 9758:Desflandres, Jean, 9586:"Prisoner of War". 9436:on 31 December 2022 9406:on 26 December 2022 9020:14 May 2011 at the 9001:14 May 2011 at the 8367:Introduction online 8183:on 16 February 2012 8108:on 19 December 2007 7493:Daws (1994), p. 297 6728:"Geneva Convention" 6489:"Prisoner of war", 5990:(2). Archived from 5662:Slaughterhouse Five 5494:Faith of My Fathers 5473:Escape from Sobibor 5309:60,000 captured by 5208:1,800,000 taken by 5003:Major Rhonda Cornum 4985:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 4979:in 1971 led to the 4966:13 October massacre 4903:First Indochina War 4572:of a German General 4458:Soviet–Japanese War 4429:As a result of the 4003:Berga an der Elster 3551:medical experiments 3511:Battle of Singapore 3497:Japanese war crimes 3183:Czechoslovak Legion 3158:British Indian Army 2875:unlawful combatants 2551:Norman Cross Prison 2537:was established at 2501:captivity narrative 2457:Peace of Westphalia 2437:Jan van Huchtenburg 2303:, the papal legate 2281:Albigensian Crusade 2253:Battle of Agincourt 2177:Rape of the Sabines 1671:Penal military unit 1656:Rules of engagement 1332:Command and control 957:Operations research 421:Director (military) 411:Fire-control system 181:Command and control 62:Part of a series on 11741:Right to sexuality 11618:Right to education 11544:Security of person 11439:Freedom of thought 11038:WriteAPrisoner.com 10801:Protective custody 10350:Extermination camp 10281:Political prisoner 10088:Clifford Reddish. 10012:Donald E. Casey – 9737:; Pantheon, 2004. 9735:War Trash: A novel 9644:Lewis H. Carlson, 9521:, Bielefeld 1976, 9399:The New York Times 9271:7 May 2013 at the 9083:on 7 February 2012 9057:on 17 January 2012 8754:The New York Times 8723:The New York Times 8707:, 17 December 2001 7810:Daniel Goldhagen, 7649:See, for example, 7575:on 5 February 2012 7558:(2006) pp. 183–214 7327:Tsuyoshi, Masuda. 7067:(1941) pp. 620–622 6811:The New York Times 6760:on 29 October 2021 6340:Roger DuPasquier. 6238:on 18 January 2012 5984:Scientia Militaria 5941:to have said that. 5739:Von Ryan's Express 5697:Tea with Mussolini 5571:The McKenzie Break 5438:The Brylcreem Boys 5377:In popular culture 5278:≈175,000 taken by 5128:Unknown number in 4970:June 1990 massacre 4946:were also tortured 4901:At the end of the 4877: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4818:Operation Keelhaul 4754:Battle of Iwo Jima 4750: 4673:NKVD special camps 4588:Stephen E. Ambrose 4576: 4564: 4556: 4548: 4513:Operation Keelhaul 4427: 4397:in the history of 4376: 4368: 4244: 4196: 4128: 4105: 4071:military internees 4035: 3987:Yitzhak Ben-Aharon 3971: 3878:, produced in 1946 3874:POW art depicting 3586:surrender of Japan 3578: 3574:Bataan Death March 3515: 3303: 3211: 3090: 3082: 3074: 3066: 2914:American Civil War 2814: 2766:(if applicable). 2744:Geneva Conventions 2732:military personnel 2669:American Civil War 2659: 2644: 2621:American Civil War 2590:Prisoner exchanges 2459:, which ended the 2440: 2356: 2219: 2129: 1780:Counter-insurgency 1701:Command of the sea 1646:Jewish laws on war 1621:Geneva Conventions 1157:Divide and conquer 952:Military operation 917:Tactical objective 416:Fire-control radar 393:Electronic-warfare 57: 11749: 11748: 11648:Right to property 11608:Right to clothing 11593:Fair remuneration 11561:Right to homeland 11509:Right to petition 11434:Freedom of speech 11326: 11325: 11262:England and Wales 11002:Prison Legal News 10987:Prison Fellowship 10945:Justice Defenders 10615: 10614: 10219:Prison healthcare 10116:Lamsdorf Reunited 9933:978-1-59237-170-9 9922:978-1-59237-120-4 9806:Gascare, Pierre. 9791:Doylem Robert C. 9743:978-0-375-42276-8 9634:Return with Honor 9529:, pp. 42–136, 254 9230:Los Angeles Times 9153:978-1-5584-9595-1 8799:978-0-472-10380-5 8760:on 28 March 2023. 8694:, 2 February 2005 8625:978-0-7146-5657-1 8479:Philpot, Robert. 8436:978-0-19-280670-3 8069:iar80flyagain.org 8038:Armă, Alexandru. 7982:James D. Morrow, 7927:978-0-8090-9325-0 7867:978-0-330-35212-3 7452:, by Gavan Daws, 7313:978-1-84415-647-4 6872:on 4 January 2014 6734:on 21 August 2007 6673:on 21 August 2013 6461:978-3-525-30099-2 6180:Europe: A History 6141:Raphael Holinshed 6094:www.newadvent.org 5929:According to the 5901:Harper, Douglas. 5825:Illegal combatant 5800:Civilian Internee 5785:1952 POW olympics 5669:Some Kind of Hero 5585:Missing in Action 5487:Escape to Victory 5466:Empire of the Sun 5445:The Colditz Story 5374: 5373: 4824:Post-World War II 4747:Battle of Okinawa 4689:Robert H. Jackson 4595:listening devices 4584:Geneva Convention 4306:Operation Reunion 4268:Catherine Caradja 4136:Hague Conventions 4132:Geneva Convention 3956:Geneva Convention 3775:Ashley George Old 3744:Ashley George Old 3710: 3709: 3605:Number of Deaths 3527:Hague Conventions 3479: 3478: 3395:Eastern Europeans 3195:Russian Civil War 2983:war of aggression 2818:lawful combatants 2748:protected persons 2702:international law 2657:POW camp, c. 1865 2571:Battle of Leipzig 2523:Pacific Northwest 2497:King Philip's War 2461:Thirty Years' War 2423:(spoils of war). 2326:could hope to be 2289:Northern Crusades 2058: 2057: 1950:Horses in warfare 1897:Anti-war movement 1800:Gunboat diplomacy 1790:Disaster response 1738:Philosophy of war 1733:Principles of war 1706:Deterrence theory 1651:Right of conquest 1574:Lanchester's laws 1342:Principles of war 1032:Counter-offensive 1017:Military campaign 922:Target saturation 845:Counterinsurgency 454:Gun data computer 388:Close air support 350:Aircraft carriers 51:captivity during 16:(Redirected from 11789: 11772:Aftermath of war 11762:Prisoners of war 11638:Right to housing 11572:Economic, social 11519:Right to protest 11514:Right to privacy 11353: 11346: 11339: 11330: 11329: 11319: 11315: 11314: 11307: 11303: 11302: 11287: 11278: 11271: 11269:Northern Ireland 11264: 11257: 11250: 11245: 11238: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11173: 11166: 11159: 11152: 11145: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11117: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11065: 11058: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10996: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10891: 10884: 10877: 10870: 10863: 10856: 10849: 10842: 10833: 10826: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10773: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10738: 10731: 10722: 10715: 10697: 10690: 10683: 10674: 10667: 10660: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10608: 10599: 10592: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10551: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10491: 10484: 10477: 10475:Maximum security 10470: 10463: 10456: 10438: 10431: 10424: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10338: 10331: 10318: 10317: 10304: 10297: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10160: 10159: 10042:Prisoners of War 9961:Representatives. 9944:Winton, Andrew, 9926: 9895:Paul J. Springer 9763: 9591: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9546:on 26 March 2023 9536: 9530: 9511: 9505: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9469: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9432:. Archived from 9422: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9402:. Archived from 9389: 9383: 9365: 9359: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9345:. Archived from 9329: 9323: 9322: 9317:. Archived from 9307: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9282: 9276: 9263: 9257: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9201:. Archived from 9190: 9184: 9162: 9156: 9137: 9131: 9128: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9109:on 19 April 2023 9099: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9062: 9047: 9041: 9031: 9025: 9012: 9006: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8967: 8961: 8943: 8937: 8936:, historynet.com 8927:Battle of Saipan 8924: 8918: 8917: 8882: 8876: 8858: 8852: 8851: 8850:on 1 March 2005. 8849: 8843:. Archived from 8838: 8829: 8823: 8808: 8802: 8791: 8785: 8778: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8756:. Archived from 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8729:on 28 March 2023 8725:. Archived from 8714: 8708: 8701: 8695: 8681: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8658:. Archived from 8647: 8641: 8640: 8634: 8632: 8609: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8587: 8581: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8553:on 10 March 2007 8543:"Ike's Revenge?" 8539: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8522: 8516:. Archived from 8511: 8502: 8493: 8492: 8491:on 7 April 2023. 8487:. Archived from 8476: 8470: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8422: 8416: 8405: 8399: 8383: 8377: 8355:Gulag: A History 8349: 8343: 8331:Logos Publishers 8316: 8310: 8296:UN Press Release 8293: 8284: 8265: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8232: 8226: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8172: 8166: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8134:on 12 April 2012 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8097: 8091: 8090: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8061: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8020: 8009: 8008: 8000: 7987: 7980: 7974: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7908:Michael Burleigh 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7888:on 20 March 2012 7878: 7872: 7871: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7835:on 30 March 2008 7831:. Archived from 7821: 7815: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7788:. Archived from 7782: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7762:. Archived from 7752: 7746: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7732:. Archived from 7722: 7716: 7713: 7707: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7667: 7661: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7631:on 18 March 2012 7621: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7565: 7559: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7466: 7460: 7447: 7441: 7438: 7432: 7419: 7413: 7406: 7400: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7360: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7291:on 5 April 2023. 7290: 7284:. Archived from 7283: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7252: 7246: 7241:Akira Fujiwara, 7239: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7209:on 5 April 2023. 7205:. Archived from 7199: 7193: 7191: 7184: 7178: 7176: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7093: 7087: 7074: 7068: 7061: 7055: 7044: 7038: 7025: 7019: 7014:Desmond Morton, 7012: 7006: 7003:The Pity of War. 6999: 6993: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6970:on 26 March 2023 6956: 6950: 6923: 6917: 6914:The Pity of War. 6912:Niall Ferguson, 6910: 6904: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6871: 6865:. Archived from 6864: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6836:. Archived from 6825: 6819: 6818: 6817:on 7 April 2023. 6813:. Archived from 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6706: 6700: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6678: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6519:on 5 April 2023. 6515:. Archived from 6503:Historic England 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6387: 6381: 6376:Maududi (1967), 6374: 6368: 6367: 6361: 6351: 6345: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6280: 6274: 6267: 6261: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6228: 6222: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6137: 6131: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6096:. Archived from 6086: 6080: 6079: 6078:on 12 July 2018. 6074:. Archived from 6063: 6057: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6020:. Archived from 6019: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5994:on 26 March 2023 5975: 5958: 5948: 5942: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5897: 5760:The Wooden Horse 5746:The Walking Dead 5627:The Purple Heart 5508:The Great Escape 5480:Escape to Athena 5350: 5348: 5347: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5300:Kingdom of Italy 5298: 5296: 5295: 5285:Persian Gulf War 5272: 5270: 5269: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5121:Rüdiger Overmans 5109: 5107: 5106: 5088: 5087: 4942:South Vietnamese 4871:POWs during the 4814:Yalta Conference 4693:Nuremberg trials 4620:Rheinwiesenlager 4544:Rheinwiesenlager 4295: 4241: 3907: 3892:Leonard Siffleet 3887: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3831: 3820:U.S. Navy nurses 3816: 3801:U.S. Army Nurses 3797: 3785: 3770: 3591: 3590: 3539:Emperor Hirohito 3507:Suffolk Regiment 3316: 3315: 3269: 3191:Austro-Hungarian 3135:Austro-Hungarian 2951:of their capture 2830:chain of command 2822:enemy combatants 2409: 2406: 2353: 2350: 2269:Christian Europe 2243: 2241: 2192:Acacius of Amida 2085:enemy combatants 2050: 2043: 2036: 1805:Humanitarian aid 1743:Security dilemma 1564:Power projection 1347:Economy of force 1327:Chain of command 1042:Defence in depth 1027:Commerce raiding 850:Defeat in detail 186:Defense ministry 90: 81: 80: 71: 59: 58: 21: 18:Prisoners of war 11797: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11745: 11716:Family planning 11701: 11692: 11668:Right of return 11628:Right to health 11576: 11573: 11565: 11529:Right to resist 11479:Right of asylum 11370: 11363: 11357: 11327: 11322: 11310: 11298: 11290: 11283: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11253: 11248: 11241: 11234: 11225: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11141: 11134: 11127: 11120: 11113: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11068: 11061: 11054: 11043: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11008: 10999: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10907: 10896: 10887: 10882:Women in prison 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10829: 10822: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10790: 10785:Private prisons 10783: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10741: 10734: 10727: 10718: 10711: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10670: 10663: 10656: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10626: 10611: 10604: 10595: 10588: 10575: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10533: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10505: 10494: 10487: 10480: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10446:Security levels 10441: 10434: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10390: 10383: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10327: 10307: 10300: 10295:Prisoner of war 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10192: 10187: 10032: 9923: 9829:Krammer, Arnold 9821:McGowran, Tom, 9803:on 26 June 2010 9774:Devaux, Roger. 9771: 9769:Further reading 9637:, presented by 9624: 9622:Primary sources 9595:Gendercide site 9585: 9565: 9560: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9512: 9508: 9491: 9487: 9479: 9472: 9453: 9449: 9439: 9437: 9424: 9423: 9419: 9409: 9407: 9390: 9386: 9376:Wayback Machine 9366: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9349:on 6 April 2023 9331: 9330: 9326: 9321:on 17 May 2022. 9309: 9308: 9304: 9294: 9292: 9284: 9283: 9279: 9273:Wayback Machine 9264: 9260: 9255:Wayback Machine 9245: 9241: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9205:on 9 April 2023 9191: 9187: 9173:Wayback Machine 9163: 9159: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9122: 9112: 9110: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9086: 9084: 9075: 9074: 9070: 9060: 9058: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9032: 9028: 9022:Wayback Machine 9013: 9009: 9003:Wayback Machine 8994: 8990: 8980: 8978: 8977:on 6 April 2023 8969: 8968: 8964: 8953:Wayback Machine 8944: 8940: 8934:Wayback Machine 8925: 8921: 8906: 8892:. Volume 14 of 8883: 8879: 8869:Wayback Machine 8859: 8855: 8847: 8836: 8832:Tarczai, Bela. 8830: 8826: 8820:Wayback Machine 8809: 8805: 8792: 8788: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8765: 8746: 8742: 8732: 8730: 8715: 8711: 8702: 8698: 8692:Wayback Machine 8682: 8675: 8665: 8663: 8662:on 4 April 2023 8648: 8644: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8610: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8588: 8584: 8579: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8541: 8540: 8536: 8526: 8524: 8523:on 5 April 2023 8520: 8509: 8503: 8496: 8477: 8473: 8468:Wayback Machine 8448: 8444: 8437: 8423: 8419: 8406: 8402: 8395:Wayback Machine 8384: 8380: 8374:Wayback Machine 8350: 8346: 8326:Wayback Machine 8317: 8313: 8303:Wayback Machine 8294: 8287: 8275:Wayback Machine 8266: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8246:on 26 July 2009 8234: 8233: 8229: 8211:Wayback Machine 8200: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8173: 8169: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8098: 8094: 8089:. October 2018. 8081: 8080: 8076: 8063: 8062: 8055: 8045: 8043: 8036: 8032: 8021: 8012: 8001: 7990: 7981: 7977: 7965:. Penguin 2001 7960: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7809: 7805: 7795: 7793: 7792:on 6 April 2023 7784: 7783: 7779: 7769: 7767: 7766:on 7 April 2023 7754: 7753: 7749: 7739: 7737: 7724: 7723: 7719: 7715:Ambrose, pp 360 7714: 7710: 7697: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7668: 7664: 7658:Wayback Machine 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7608: 7606: 7605:on 5 April 2023 7593: 7592: 7588: 7578: 7576: 7567: 7566: 7562: 7554:Richard Vinen, 7553: 7549: 7542: 7528: 7524: 7517: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7481: 7467: 7463: 7448: 7444: 7439: 7435: 7429:Wayback Machine 7420: 7416: 7407: 7403: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7361: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7339:on 6 April 2023 7325: 7321: 7314: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7267:on 12 May 2023. 7261:The Independent 7253: 7249: 7240: 7236: 7226: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7185: 7181: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7133:on 19 July 2010 7121: 7120: 7116: 7106: 7104: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7084:Wayback Machine 7075: 7071: 7062: 7058: 7045: 7041: 7035:Wayback Machine 7026: 7022: 7013: 7009: 7000: 6996: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6971: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6935:Wayback Machine 6924: 6920: 6911: 6907: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6875: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6840:on 8 April 2023 6826: 6822: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6787: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6737: 6735: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6690: 6686: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6616:on 7 March 2023 6608: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6563:on 7 April 2023 6557:leipzig-lese.de 6551: 6550: 6546: 6528: 6524: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6423: 6419: 6404: 6388: 6384: 6375: 6371: 6352: 6348: 6342:Unveiling Islam 6339: 6335: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6289:Natural History 6281: 6277: 6268: 6264: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6215:Wayback Machine 6206: 6202: 6195: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6138: 6134: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6064: 6060: 6054:Wayback Machine 6045: 6041: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5949: 5945: 5928: 5924: 5913: 5911: 5898: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5810:Elsa Brändström 5770: 5765: 5718:To End All Wars 5711:Three Came Home 5634:The Railway Man 5459:The Deer Hunter 5390: 5385: 5379: 5352:Empire of Japan 5345: 5343: 5324: 5322: 5293: 5291: 5267: 5265: 5246: 5244: 5221: 5219: 5197: 5195: 5168: 5166: 5124: 5118: 5104: 5102: 5075: 5073:Numbers of POWs 5041:Sino-Indian War 4909:and led by the 4826: 4810: 4782: 4739: 4711: 4573: 4571: 4532: 4527: 4511:Main articles: 4509: 4499: 4486: 4468:, Korea, South 4454: 4415: 4357: 4352: 4316:Main articles: 4314: 4298:Mihail Racoviță 4289: 4235: 4225: 4149: 4144: 4093: 4087: 4079:My Secret Diary 4066: 4056:Operation Achse 4054:Main articles: 4052: 4008:Arbeitskommando 3991:Palestinian Jew 3944: 3938: 3929: 3923: 3921:French soldiers 3918: 3911: 3908: 3899: 3890:Australian POW 3888: 3879: 3872: 3863: 3860: 3851: 3848: 3839: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3808: 3798: 3789: 3786: 3777: 3771: 3740:Philip Meninsky 3655:The Netherlands 3602:Number of POWs 3519:Empire of Japan 3499: 3489: 3487:Empire of Japan 3484: 3324:POWs that died 3323: 3295: 3270: 3267: 3203: 3055: 3049: 3003: 2934: 2920:, although the 2802: 2710: 2693: 2675:, located near 2664:Dix–Hill Cartel 2629: 2623: 2613:system for the 2600:Napoleonic Wars 2592: 2575:city's cemetery 2547:Napoleonic Wars 2531: 2493:Mary Rowlandson 2485: 2479: 2429: 2407: 2351: 2238: 2229:in 464 the nun 2208: 2113: 2062:prisoner of war 2054: 2025: 2024: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1862: 1852: 1851: 1825:Multilateralism 1810:Law enforcement 1770: 1760: 1759: 1728:Just war theory 1686: 1676: 1675: 1626:Geneva Protocol 1596: 1586: 1585: 1559: 1549: 1548: 1490: 1480: 1479: 1387: 1377: 1376: 1317: 1307: 1306: 1272: 1262: 1261: 1192:Network-centric 1112: 1102: 1101: 1009: 999: 998: 947: 937: 936: 885:Rapid dominance 790: 780: 779: 735:Electromagnetic 644: 634: 633: 620: 573: 521: 497: 487: 486: 482:Combat training 463: 440: 406:Combat systems: 402: 364: 360:Auxiliary ships 326: 286: 282:Military police 248: 171: 161: 160: 100: 74: 73: 72: 67: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11795: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11707: 11705: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11683:Right to water 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11658:Right of reply 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11583:Digital rights 11579: 11577: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11546: 11541: 11539:Right to truth 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11380: 11378: 11372: 11371: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11356: 11355: 11348: 11341: 11333: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11308: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11288: 11281: 11280: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11246: 11239: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11195: 11188: 11181: 11174: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11110: 11108: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11059: 11056:Rehabilitation 11051: 11049: 11048:Leaving prison 11045: 11044: 11042: 11041: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11006: 10997: 10990: 10983: 10976: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10938:Justice Action 10934: 10927: 10920: 10917:Black and Pink 10913: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10892: 10878: 10871: 10864: 10857: 10850: 10843: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10820: 10819: 10818: 10804: 10797: 10796: 10795: 10781: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10746: 10739: 10732: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10708: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10691: 10684: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10668: 10654: 10653: 10652: 10638: 10631: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10609: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10590:Prison escapes 10585: 10583: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10517: 10510: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10485: 10478: 10471: 10464: 10457: 10449: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10432: 10425: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10388: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10324: 10322: 10315: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10256: 10248: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10200: 10198: 10194: 10193: 10186: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10151: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10129: 10124: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10092: 10086: 10081: 10080:Historical Eye 10075: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10031: 10030:External links 10028: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10022:978-1448669875 10010: 10008:978-0615659053 9993: 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Gullett, 9672: 9657: 9642: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9600: 9597: 9592: 9583: 9578: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9531: 9506: 9485: 9470: 9447: 9417: 9384: 9360: 9324: 9302: 9277: 9258: 9239: 9216: 9185: 9157: 9132: 9120: 9094: 9068: 9042: 9039:978-8849523560 9026: 9007: 8988: 8962: 8938: 8919: 8904: 8877: 8860:Thorpe, Nick. 8853: 8824: 8803: 8786: 8782:Heinz Nawratil 8773: 8763: 8740: 8709: 8705:New York Times 8696: 8673: 8642: 8624: 8601: 8591: 8582: 8573: 8564: 8534: 8494: 8471: 8442: 8435: 8417: 8400: 8378: 8352:Anne Applebaum 8344: 8311: 8285: 8283:, 7 March 1998 8257: 8227: 8194: 8175:Michael Hope. 8167: 8145: 8119: 8092: 8074: 8053: 8030: 8027:(in Romanian). 8010: 8007:(in Romanian). 7988: 7986:, 2014, p. 218 7975: 7954: 7933: 7926: 7899: 7873: 7866: 7846: 7829:Historynet.com 7816: 7803: 7777: 7747: 7736:on 5 July 2017 7717: 7708: 7691: 7662: 7642: 7616: 7586: 7560: 7547: 7541:978-1473687912 7540: 7522: 7516:978-1439128817 7515: 7495: 7486: 7479: 7461: 7442: 7433: 7414: 7401: 7399:, 2001, p. 360 7383: 7377:978-0813327181 7376: 7368:Hidden Horrors 7350: 7319: 7312: 7294: 7270: 7247: 7234: 7212: 7194: 7179: 7160:(2): 148–192, 7154:War in History 7144: 7114: 7088: 7069: 7063:H.S. Gullett, 7056: 7046:Peter Dennis, 7039: 7020: 7007: 6994: 6981: 6964:New York Times 6951: 6918: 6905: 6892: 6883: 6851: 6820: 6797: 6771: 6745: 6719: 6701: 6684: 6658: 6627: 6601: 6595:978-0817317836 6594: 6574: 6544: 6522: 6494: 6482: 6467: 6460: 6442: 6436:978-0199577576 6435: 6429:. OUP Oxford. 6417: 6402: 6382: 6369: 6346: 6333: 6327:978-0231132909 6326: 6306: 6275: 6262: 6249: 6223: 6200: 6193: 6175:Davies, Norman 6166: 6159: 6132: 6111: 6100:on 11 May 2023 6081: 6058: 6039: 6027:on 24 May 2015 6005: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5943: 5922: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5805:Duty to escape 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5756: 5753:Who Goes Next? 5749: 5742: 5735: 5732:Uncommon Valor 5728: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5536:Hogan's Heroes 5532: 5525: 5518: 5515:The Great Raid 5511: 5504: 5501:Grand Illusion 5497: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5307: 5302: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5276: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5253:United Kingdom 5241: 5240: 5237: 5230: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5183:(about 3 5177: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5126: 5113: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5074: 5071: 5067:Russian forces 5012:in the 1990s, 4972:in Sri Lanka. 4962:Yom Kippur War 4825: 4822: 4809: 4806: 4781: 4778: 4738: 4735: 4729:—little work. 4727:malenkij robot 4710: 4707: 4697:Harry S Truman 4639:war reparation 4531: 4528: 4498: 4495: 4485: 4482: 4453: 4450: 4439:Katyn massacre 4414: 4411: 4399:aerial warfare 4391:Erich Hartmann 4363:German POW at 4356: 4353: 4346:Katyn massacre 4313: 4310: 4260:Timișul de Jos 4224: 4221: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4089:Main article: 4086: 4083: 4051: 4048: 3995:Greece in 1941 3948:British Empire 3937: 3934: 3925:Main article: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3811: 3809: 3799: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3780: 3778: 3772: 3765: 3708: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683:United States 3680: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669:United Kingdom 3666: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3582:Tokyo Tribunal 3533:or during the 3505:Troops of the 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3307:Niall Ferguson 3294: 3291: 3275:Central Powers 3265: 3228:demobilisation 3202: 3199: 3154:Ottoman Empire 3051:Main article: 3048: 3045: 3002: 2999: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2945: 2933: 2930: 2846:Francs-tireurs 2801: 2800:Qualifications 2798: 2794:Commando Order 2786:Imperial Japan 2764:service number 2709: 2706: 2692: 2689: 2625:Main article: 2622: 2619: 2604:Anglo-American 2591: 2588: 2530: 2527: 2521:people on the 2515:John R. Jewitt 2478: 2475: 2428: 2425: 2305:Arnaud Amalric 2265:religious wars 2242: 481–511 2207: 2204: 2135:. Early Roman 2112: 2109: 2105:indoctrinating 2078:armed conflict 2056: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2038: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1990:Military terms 1987: 1982: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1748:Tripwire force 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1502: 1497: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1468: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1270:Administrative 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1197:New generation 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1172:Fleet in being 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1110:Grand strategy 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1097:Scorched earth 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1010: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 974:Deep operation 971: 966: 959: 954: 948: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 903: 902: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 821: 820: 815: 810: 800: 791: 786: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 775:Unconventional 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 723: 721:Disinformation 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 692: 691: 686: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 645: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 626: 619: 618: 617: 616: 615: 614: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 572: 571: 570: 569: 568: 567: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 507: 498: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 479: 474: 472:Basic training 469: 462: 461: 456: 451: 446: 439: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 401: 400: 398:Reconnaissance 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 325: 324: 319: 317:Special forces 314: 309: 308: 307: 297: 292: 285: 284: 279: 274: 272:Reconnaissance 269: 264: 259: 254: 247: 246: 237: 232: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 172: 167: 166: 163: 162: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 141: 140: 139: 134: 124: 123: 122: 115:Post-classical 112: 107: 101: 96: 95: 92: 91: 83: 82: 64: 63: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11794: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11699: 11695: 11689: 11688:Right to work 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11623:Right to food 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11568: 11562: 11559: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11504:Right to life 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11362: 11354: 11349: 11347: 11342: 11340: 11335: 11334: 11331: 11318: 11309: 11306: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11286: 11285:United States 11282: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11233: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11189: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11154: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11130: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11103: 11096: 11092: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11071: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11046: 11039: 11035: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10984: 10981: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10949: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10901:Organizations 10899: 10890: 10889:United States 10886: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10872: 10869: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10831:United States 10828: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10815:United States 10812: 10811: 10809: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10792:United States 10789: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10764:Mobile phones 10761: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10747: 10744: 10740: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10720:United States 10717: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10705:Social issues 10703: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10678: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10650: 10649:United States 10646: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10636: 10632: 10629: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10607: 10603: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10567: 10564: 10563:Trusty system 10560: 10557: 10553: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10333: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10299: 10296: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10230: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10190:Incarceration 10184: 10179: 10177: 10172: 10170: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10155: 10152: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10058: 10055: 10052: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10040: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9979:Rhonda Cornum 9977: 9976: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9903: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9876: 9873: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9841:0-8128-8561-9 9838: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9816:2-07-022686-7 9813: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9788: 9787:2-916062-51-3 9784: 9780: 9778: 9773: 9772: 9762: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9726:Vetter, Hal, 9725: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9714:0-14-014925-2 9711: 9707: 9706:Behind Bamboo 9703: 9700: 9699:0-86445-047-8 9696: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9654:0-465-09120-2 9651: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9615: 9611: 9609: 9608:3-8012-5023-7 9605: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9528: 9527:3-7694-0003-8 9524: 9520: 9516: 9515:Erich Maschke 9510: 9503: 9502:3-492-12056-3 9499: 9495: 9489: 9482: 9477: 9475: 9468: 9467:0-304-35864-9 9464: 9460: 9458: 9451: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9395: 9388: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9370: 9364: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9262: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9189: 9183: 9182:1-4259-5120-1 9179: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9161: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9127: 9125: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9082: 9078: 9072: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9011: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8992: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8958: 8957:Eddie Stanton 8954: 8950: 8947: 8942: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8923: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8905:0-252-07065-8 8901: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8881: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8857: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8828: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8807: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8783: 8777: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8744: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8700: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8680: 8678: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8608: 8606: 8595: 8586: 8577: 8568: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8519: 8515: 8508: 8501: 8499: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8438: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8364: 8363:0-7679-0056-1 8360: 8356: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8341:5-88439-093-9 8338: 8334: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8315: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8282: 8281: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8264: 8262: 8245: 8241: 8240:Sankeishinbun 8237: 8231: 8225: 8224:0-674-07608-7 8221: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8198: 8182: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8100:Rees, Simon. 8096: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8058: 8042:(in Romanian) 8041: 8034: 8026: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8006: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7979: 7972: 7971:0-14-100131-3 7968: 7964: 7958: 7943: 7937: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7869: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7850: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7712: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7660:(book review) 7659: 7655: 7652: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7557: 7551: 7543: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7499: 7490: 7482: 7480:1-920769-12-9 7476: 7472: 7465: 7459: 7458:0-688-14370-9 7455: 7451: 7446: 7437: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7315: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7287: 7280: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7238: 7222: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7103:on 9 May 2012 7102: 7098: 7092: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7073: 7066: 7060: 7054:(2008) p. 429 7053: 7049: 7043: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7024: 7017: 7011: 7004: 6998: 6991: 6985: 6969: 6965: 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5989: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5970: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5613:Paradise Road 5610: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5452:Danger Within 5449: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5403:Andersonville 5400: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5384: 5370:World War II 5369: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5342: 5341: 5338:World War II 5337: 5334: 5332: 5331:United States 5321: 5320: 5317:World War II 5316: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5275: 5264: 5263: 5260:World War II 5259: 5256: 5254: 5243: 5242: 5239:World War II 5238: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5218: 5217: 5214:World War II 5213: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5056:Iran–Iraq War 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045:mental asylum 5042: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010:Yugoslav Wars 5006: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4992:Falklands War 4988: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4915:death marches 4912: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4723:forced labour 4720: 4715: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4603: 4600: 4599:eavesdropping 4596: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4568: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4491:John H. Noble 4481: 4479: 4475: 4474:Kuril Islands 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4361: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4283:Normal School 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4217:court-martial 4212: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4201:Ion Antonescu 4192: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4153:Romanian Army 4139: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4023:Terrorflieger 4019: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979:the Holocaust 3976: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3933: 3928: 3906: 3901: 3898:sword in 1943 3897: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3755:Changi Prison 3751: 3749: 3748:Ronald Searle 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3559:Death Railway 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3322:Percentage of 3317: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279:forced labour 3276: 3264: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106:German Empire 3102: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3078: 3070: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892:is guided by 2891: 2887: 2886:international 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2806: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2756:date of birth 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2688: 2686: 2685:Elmira Prison 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2584: 2583:burial vaults 2580: 2576: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2433: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2360:Mongol Empire 2346: 2345:Codex Mendoza 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Baltic region 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2259:In the later 2257: 2256:the English. 2254: 2250: 2245: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2165:for example. 2164: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2119:Engraving of 2117: 2111:Ancient times 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1877:Warrior caste 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1847:Show of force 1845: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1835:Peacebuilding 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1691:Air supremacy 1689: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1631:Islamic rules 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1611:Court-martial 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1510:Arms industry 1508: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1127:Broken-backed 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 969:Expeditionary 967: 965: 964: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946: 941: 940: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 901: 898: 897: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 840:Counterattack 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 794: 789: 784: 783: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 765:Psychological 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 701:Combined arms 699: 697: 694: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 643: 638: 637: 630: 627: 625: 622: 621: 613: 610: 609: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 578: 575: 574: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 540:Fortification 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 526: 523: 522: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 500: 499: 496: 491: 490: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 361: 358: 356: 355:Landing craft 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 245: 241: 240:Standing army 238: 236: 233: 231: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 170: 165: 164: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 145: 142: 138: 135: 133: 132:pike and shot 130: 129: 128: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 99: 94: 93: 89: 85: 84: 78: 70: 66: 65: 61: 60: 54: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 11703:reproductive 11598:Labor rights 11574:and cultural 11484:Right to die 11361:human rights 11359:Substantive 11220:Soviet Union 11063:Work release 11024:Prison Radio 11000: 10771:Overcrowding 10454:House arrest 10408:Penal colony 10294: 10013: 9999: 9996:John Borling 9982: 9959: 9945: 9938: 9907: 9898: 9879: 9871: 9870:David Rolf, 9861: 9854: 9847: 9832: 9822: 9807: 9792: 9775: 9752: 9749:Sean Longden 9734: 9727: 9720: 9705: 9690: 9675: 9660: 9645: 9632: 9587: 9572: 9569:John Hickman 9563:Bibliography 9548:. Retrieved 9544:the original 9534: 9518: 9509: 9493: 9488: 9480: 9455: 9454:Clark, Alan 9450: 9438:. Retrieved 9434:the original 9429: 9420: 9408:. Retrieved 9404:the original 9397: 9387: 9379: 9363: 9351:. Retrieved 9347:the original 9336: 9327: 9319:the original 9314: 9305: 9293:. Retrieved 9289: 9280: 9261: 9242: 9229: 9219: 9207:. Retrieved 9203:the original 9198: 9188: 9164: 9160: 9140: 9135: 9111:. Retrieved 9107:the original 9097: 9085:. Retrieved 9081:the original 9071: 9059:. Retrieved 9055:the original 9045: 9029: 9010: 8991: 8979:. Retrieved 8975:the original 8965: 8941: 8922: 8893: 8889: 8880: 8856: 8845:the original 8840: 8827: 8806: 8801:pp. 360, 361 8789: 8776: 8771:friendship." 8766: 8758:the original 8753: 8743: 8731:. Retrieved 8727:the original 8722: 8712: 8704: 8699: 8664:. Retrieved 8660:the original 8656:The Guardian 8655: 8645: 8636: 8629:. Retrieved 8614: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8567: 8555:. Retrieved 8551:the original 8546: 8537: 8525:. Retrieved 8518:the original 8513: 8489:the original 8484: 8474: 8454: 8445: 8426: 8420: 8408: 8403: 8386: 8381: 8354: 8347: 8329: 8314: 8278: 8250:21 September 8248:. Retrieved 8244:the original 8239: 8230: 8202: 8197: 8185:. Retrieved 8181:the original 8170: 8160: 8148: 8136:. Retrieved 8132:the original 8122: 8110:. Retrieved 8106:the original 8095: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8044:. Retrieved 8033: 7983: 7978: 7962: 7957: 7945:. Retrieved 7936: 7912: 7902: 7890:. Retrieved 7886:the original 7876: 7856: 7849: 7837:. Retrieved 7833:the original 7819: 7811: 7806: 7794:. Retrieved 7790:the original 7780: 7768:. Retrieved 7764:the original 7759: 7750: 7738:. Retrieved 7734:the original 7729: 7720: 7711: 7694: 7682:. Retrieved 7675: 7665: 7645: 7633:. Retrieved 7629:the original 7619: 7607:. Retrieved 7603:the original 7598: 7589: 7577:. Retrieved 7573:the original 7563: 7555: 7550: 7531: 7525: 7505: 7498: 7489: 7470: 7464: 7449: 7445: 7436: 7417: 7409: 7404: 7394: 7386: 7367: 7341:. 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