President of the United States

4976: 4950: 2475: 6084:"Both governments could not be understood to exist at the same time. The new government did not commence until the old government expired. It is apparent that the government did not commence on the Constitution's being ratified by the ninth state, for these ratifications were to be reported to Congress, whose continuing existence was recognized by the Convention, and who were requested to continue to exercise their powers for the purpose of bringing the new government into operation. In fact, Congress did continue to act as a government until it dissolved on the first of November by the successive disappearance of its members. It existed potentially until March 2, the day preceding that on which the members of the new Congress were directed to assemble." 2675: 2290: 4217: 2783: 5264: 3021: 4934: 53: 67: 3654: 348: 415: 3866:, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, is eligible to hold any office. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress. There is, again, some debate as to whether the clause as written allows disqualification from the presidential position, or whether it would first require litigation outside of Congress, although there is precedent for use of this amendment outside of the original intended purpose of excluding Confederates from public office after the Civil War. 4783: 3070: 3285: 3244: 3108:. The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military. The exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the president as commander-in-chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history, with Congress at various times granting the president wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority. The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; 4817: 83: 3571: 3899: 3144:, Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual. Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war, but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including 19555: 420: 5020: 4430:. The cabinet currently has 15 members, of which the secretary of state is first in line; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department (or the department of which their department is the successor) was created. Those individuals who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession. No statutory successor has yet been called upon to act as president. 20704: 1564: 4239: 19952: 19934: 4919: 3638: 4335:, the president at the time it was submitted to the states by the Congress, was exempted from its limitations. Without the exemption, he would not have been eligible to run for a second full term in 1952 (which he briefly sought), as he had served nearly all of Franklin Roosevelt's unexpired 1945–1949 term and had been elected to a full four-year term beginning in 1949. Since becoming operative in 1951, the amendment has been applicable to six twice-elected presidents: 5208:(FPA), enacted in 1958, grants lifetime benefits to former presidents and their widows, including a monthly pension, medical care in military facilities, health insurance, and Secret Service protection; also provided is funding for a certain number of staff and for office expenses. The act has been amended several times to provide increases in presidential pensions and in the allowances for office staff. The FPA excludes any president who was removed from office by 3982: 4798: 20716: 1576: 19513: 12116: 1634: 12859: 12849: 12839: 2753:. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Congress could then repass that particular item. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In 12126: 19940: 8801:

2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases represent only a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past.

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armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report "pursuant" to these triggering provisions.

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an important check on the legislative power. While George Washington believed the veto should only be used in cases where a bill was unconstitutional, it is now routinely used in cases where presidents have policy disagreements with a bill. The veto – or threat of a veto – has thus evolved to make the modern presidency a central part of the American legislative process.

6082:"The conventions of nine states having adopted the Constitution, Congress, in September or October, 1788, passed a resolution in conformity with the opinions expressed by the Convention and appointed the first Wednesday in March of the ensuing year as the day, and the then seat of Congress as the place, 'for commencing proceedings under the Constitution.' 2597:, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to implement major policies, at the expense of legislation and congressional power. Presidential elections in the 21st century have reflected this continuing polarization, with no candidate except Obama in 2008 winning by more than five percent of the popular vote and two, George W. Bush and 5315:(NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources. There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, including: 5224:

that such a pension would be provided by a private corporation executive. That same year, legislation was first introduced to create presidential pensions, but it was not enacted. In 1955, such legislation was considered by Congress because of former President Harry S. Truman's financial limitations in hiring an office staff

3788:, or lack thereof, will also often impact a party's candidates at state and local levels of government as well. However, there are often tensions between a president and others in the party, with presidents who lose significant support from their party's caucus in Congress generally viewed to be weaker and less effective. 9381:... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees. 2621:, to be the dominant branch of government; however, they did not expect a strong executive department. However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful, unchecked, unbalanced, and "monarchist" in nature. In 2008 professor 3589: 4386:, stated only that the vice president assumes the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability. Under this clause, there was ambiguity about whether the vice president would actually become president in the event of a vacancy, or simply 2817:

The president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. Additionally, the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested

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federal legislation. Since modern presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties, major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections, with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of Congress who are often

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provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by Congress, the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting U.S. foreign policy. The role includes responsibility for directing the world's

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Chief executives leaving office prior to 1958 often entered retirement pursuing various occupations and received no federal assistance. When industrialist Andrew Carnegie announced a plan in 1912 to offer $ 25,000 annual pensions to former Presidents, many Members of Congress deemed it inappropriate

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of both houses, which is usually very difficult to achieve except for widely supported bipartisan legislation. The framers of the Constitution feared that Congress would seek to increase its power and enable a "tyranny of the majority", so giving the indirectly elected president a veto was viewed as

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did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually

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In addition to the list of people who are ineligible for reasons of mere demographic chance, the Constitution adds a category of people who cannot be elected as a result of their misdeeds. This category includes presidents (along with vice presidents and federal "civil officers") who are impeached,

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Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and

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Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death. In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting Secret Service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office. On January

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for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers—such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements—that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or

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became a dominant figure in American politics. Historians believe Roosevelt permanently changed the political system by strengthening the presidency, with some key accomplishments including breaking up trusts, conservationism, labor reforms, making personal character as important as the issues, and

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was a central political authority without any legislative power. It could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens. This institutional design reflected how Americans believed

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Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $ 2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $ 5,000 to a related

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No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular

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Controversial measures have sometimes been taken short of removal to deal with perceived recklessness on the part of the president, or with a long-term disability. In some cases, staff have intentionally failed to deliver messages to or from the president, typically to avoid executing or promoting

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provides that the District of Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state. Currently, all states and the District of Columbia select their electors based on a popular election. In all but two states, the party whose

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through the Electoral College, a body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president to concurrent four-year terms. As prescribed by Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, each state is entitled to a number of electors equal to the size of its total

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The president is typically considered to be the head of their political party. Since the entire House of Representatives and at least one-third of the Senate is elected simultaneously with the president, candidates from a political party inevitably have their electoral success intertwined with the

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While foreign affairs has always been a significant element of presidential responsibilities, advances in technology since the Constitution's adoption have increased presidential power. Where formerly ambassadors were vested with significant power to independently negotiate on behalf of the United

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has led historians to regard him as one of the nation's greatest presidents. The circumstances of the war and Republican domination of Congress made the office very powerful, and Lincoln's re-election in 1864 was the first time a president had been re-elected since Jackson in 1832. After Lincoln's

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of the Senate, to the effect that the president is unable to discharge his or her powers and duties. If the president then declares that no such inability exist, he or she resumes the presidential powers unless the vice president and Cabinet make a second declaration of presidential inability, in

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and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions. As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world,

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The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove executive officials at will. However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain

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secured independence for each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one

4773:, serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. Four interconnected, 19th-century houses—Blair House, Lee House, and 700 and 704 Jackson Place—with a combined floor space exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500 m) comprise the property. 2813:

The president can be involved in crafting legislation by suggesting, requesting, or even insisting that Congress enact laws he believes are needed. Additionally, he can attempt to shape legislation during the legislative process by exerting influence on individual members of Congress. Presidents

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while the president is on board (although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as "Air Force One" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes, while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one

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of the president. The site was selected by George Washington, and the cornerstone was laid in 1792. Every president since John Adams (in 1800) has lived there. At various times in U.S. history, it has been known as the "President's Palace", the "President's House", and the "Executive Mansion".

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offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter. It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the

1983:, took office in 1789. While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasingly significant role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, carrying over into the 21st century with notable expansions during the presidencies of 4046:

On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, the electors convene in their respective state capitals (and in Washington, D.C.) to vote for president and, on a separate ballot, for vice president. They typically vote for the candidates of the

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There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama's Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. "I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them," Mr. Wilson, the group's president, tells his eager

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Democrat Andrew Johnson was elected vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the

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presidents would routinely call the Senate to meet to confirm nominations or ratify treaties. In practice, the power has fallen into disuse in the modern era as Congress now formally remains in session year-round, convening pro forma sessions every three days even when ostensibly in recess.

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establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests executive power in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional

3873:, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once. 3433:

that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees but have weakened that protection for those executive branch

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In the 20th century, critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars'—each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with

3859:, having been impeached, convicted and disqualified from holding further public office, although there is some legal debate as to whether the disqualification clause also includes the presidential office: the only previous persons disqualified under this clause were three federal judges. 3052:

to a foreign government. The Constitution also empowers the president to appoint United States ambassadors, and to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements between the United States and other countries. Such agreements, upon receiving the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate (by a

3504:, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency. Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the 5457:

with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party. Since Washington, every U.S. president has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office.

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policy against indicting an incumbent president. The report noted that impeachment by Congress was available as a remedy. As of October 2019, a case was pending in the federal courts regarding access to personal tax returns in a criminal case brought against Donald Trump by the

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The pension has increased numerous times with congressional approval. Retired presidents receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which was $ 199,700 per year in 2012. Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect

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established many norms that would come to define the office. His decision to retire after two terms helped address fears that the nation would devolve into monarchy, and established a precedent that would not be broken until 1940 and would eventually be made permanent by the

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in the 20th century, and the United States having the world's largest economy into the 21st century, the president is typically viewed as a global leader, and at times the world's most powerful political figure. The position of the United States as the leading member of

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and Congress led to further weakening of the office. Including Van Buren, in the 24 years between 1837 and 1861, six presidential terms would be filled by eight different men, with none serving two terms. The Senate played an important role during this period, with the

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when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would-be threats.

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prevents the president (and all other executive branch officers) from simultaneously being a member of Congress. Nevertheless, the modern presidency exerts significant power over legislation, both due to constitutional provisions and historical developments over time.

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requires the president to "receive Ambassadors." This clause, known as the Reception Clause, has been interpreted to imply that the president possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy, and to provide support for the president's exclusive authority to grant

4062:(2020). Following the vote, each state then sends a certified record of their electoral votes to Congress. The votes of the electors are opened and counted during a joint session of Congress, held in the first week of January. If a candidate has received an 8623:

But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the president was trying to shield officials for political

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generally spurned political parties as divisive and disruptive, and their rise had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid-1790s nonetheless. They evolved from

4147:, the four-year term of office for both the president and the vice president begins at noon on January 20, in the year following the preceding presidential election. The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date, known as 5364:

Several former presidents have overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries. Some even made arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document:

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Many laws enacted by Congress do not address every possible detail, and either explicitly or implicitly delegate powers of implementation to an appropriate federal agency. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of

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Former Democrat John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840. Tyler's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September

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In the event of a double vacancy, Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 also authorizes Congress to declare who shall become acting president in the "Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the president and vice president". The

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The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements", which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the

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It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the

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officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office". Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted

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Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901. The federal government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food.

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Since 2001, the president's annual salary has been $ 400,000, along with a: $ 50,000 expense allowance; $ 100,000 nontaxable travel account, and $ 19,000 entertainment account. The president's salary is set by Congress, and under

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the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated, expressing any objections, the bill does not become law, unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a

3533:(1997) decided that a president has no immunity against civil suits for actions taken before becoming president and ruled that a sexual harassment suit could proceed without delay, even against a sitting president. The 2019 3372:, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. George Washington first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see 17110: 12695: 4051:

that nominated them. While there is no constitutional mandate or federal law requiring them to do so, the District of Columbia and 32 states have laws requiring that their electors vote for the candidates to whom they are

17735: 4949: 3614:, the president represents the United States government to its own people and represents the nation to the rest of the world. For example, during a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a 2856: 17130: 12810: 12773: 3588: 2740:

Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe—the bill becomes law, as if the president had signed it, unless Congress is adjourned at the time, in which case it does not become law, which is known as a

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returned to the Senate in 1875, though he died soon after. Some ex-presidents were very active, especially in international affairs, most notably Theodore Roosevelt; Herbert Hoover; Richard Nixon; and Jimmy Carter.

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while taking the oath, and have added "So help me God" to the end of the oath. Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the

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before they may take office. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to

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The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction'.

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Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.

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conceded that "the historic pendulum" had swung toward Congress, raising the possibility of a "disruptive" erosion of his ability to govern. Ford failed to win election to a full term and his successor,

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Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.

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a statement that he is unable to discharge his duties. The president resumes his or her powers upon transmitting a second declaration stating that he is again able. The mechanism has been used by

2570:, who had been an actor before beginning his political career, used his talent as a communicator to help reshape the American agenda away from New Deal policies toward more conservative ideology. 20392: 17115: 12685: 9063: 7097: 3408: (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the 18843: 16753: 13100: 8458:

President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.

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Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.

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in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning

3008:. When the president is lawfully exercising one of the constitutionally conferred presidential responsibilities, the scope of this power is broad. Even so, these directives are subject to 18876: 12175: 2625:

expressed belief that presidents over the previous thirty years worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies". She criticized proponents of the

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would become vice president. On February 17, 1801, Jefferson was elected president on the 36th ballot, and Burr elected vice president. Afterward, the system was overhauled through the

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of the Constitution, which stipulates that if two or three persons received a majority vote and an equal vote, the House of Representatives would choose one of them for president; the

18838: 18833: 18828: 12609: 12604: 5381: 4190:) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. 4331:

in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years (24 months) of another president's four-year term.

3926:, where the most successful candidate is made the party's presidential nominee. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is 3044: 2803: 17707: 16257: 12534: 12480: 12358: 12300: 2182:(e.g., making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments. The members of Congress elected a 2142:

together. There were long debates on a number of issues, including representation and voting, and the exact powers to be given the central government. Congress finished work on the

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Correspondingly, the president is authorized to adjourn Congress if the House and Senate cannot agree on the time of adjournment; no president has ever had to exercise this power.

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The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration

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dramatically increased the size and scope of the federal government, including more executive agencies. The traditionally small presidential staff was greatly expanded, with the

19398: 18858: 16382: 12599: 12285: 6099: 3826: 744: 18321: 16423: 14185: 12629: 12614: 12305: 2069:, ratified in 1951, no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In addition, nine vice presidents have become president by virtue of a 4383: 19272: 18773: 12737: 12619: 12290: 4534: 9188: 6054: 2814:

possess this power because the Constitution is silent about who can write legislation, but the power is limited because only members of Congress can introduce legislation.

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would eventually become the first Democratic president elected since before the war, running in three consecutive elections (1884, 1888, 1892) and winning twice. In 1900,

9564: 8657:... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations. 7046: 20661: 19365: 17247: 13902: 12752: 12722: 12407: 12273: 1653: 458: 447: 10051: 19289: 18388: 17649: 16996: 13907: 12594: 12368: 12346: 12258: 4493: 3477: (1876), when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy. However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until 2506:

being created in 1939, none of whom require Senate confirmation. Roosevelt's unprecedented re-election to a third and fourth term, the victory of the United States in

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sought to strengthen the presidency at the expense of Congress, while broadening public participation as the nation rapidly expanded westward. However, his successor,

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requires the president to recommend such measures to Congress which the president deems "necessary and expedient". This is done through the constitutionally-based

2554: 1479: 729: 4379:, death, or resignation of the president. Deaths have occurred a number of times, resignation has occurred only once, and removal from office has never occurred. 4113:. A quarter-century later, the choice for president again devolved to the House when no candidate won an absolute majority of electoral votes (131 of 261) in the 2855:

To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session, the president is empowered by

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The amount of military detail handled personally by the president in wartime has varied greatly. George Washington, the first U.S. president, firmly established

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and reported three articles of impeachment to the House of Representatives for final action; however, he resigned from office before the House voted on them.

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address, which usually outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year, and through other formal and informal communications with Congress.

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A person who meets the above qualifications would, however, still be disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:

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declared that he had succeeded to the office itself, refusing to accept any papers addressed to the "Acting President", and Congress ultimately accepted it.

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To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the

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for access to the president (aside from his doctor), assisting him with paperwork and deciding which information was "important" enough to share with him.

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in 1937. Previously, Inauguration Day was on March 4. As a result of the date change, the first term (1933–37) of both men had been shortened by 43 days.

2344:

in 1828 was a significant milestone, as Jackson was not part of the Virginia and Massachusetts elite that had held the presidency for its first 40 years.

2190:. Unrelated to and quite dissimilar from the later office of president of the United States, it was a largely ceremonial position without much influence. 19377: 19258: 19194: 17887: 17714: 17324: 16881: 16791: 15512: 15346: 13740: 12559: 12492: 12417: 12395: 12161: 10440:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

4860:, which are used when the president must travel to airports that cannot support a jumbo jet. Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated 4106: 2134:

and adopted unanimously on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress. Recognizing the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the

4078:

electoral vote-getters for president. To win the presidency, a candidate must receive the votes of an absolute majority of states (currently 26 of 50).

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in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese

4418:) provides that if both the president and vice president have left office or are both otherwise unavailable to serve during their terms of office, the 20120: 7918: 7403: 4422:

follows the order of: speaker of the House, then, if necessary, the president pro tempore of the Senate, and then if necessary, the eligible heads of

3368:

Two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is

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The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and served for the remainder of his term are:

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for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the

4444:

Under the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may temporarily transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes

4129:. Held February 9, 1825, this second and most recent contingent election resulted in John Quincy Adams being elected president on the first ballot. 2396:

lost all political support and was nearly removed from office, with Congress remaining powerful during the two-term presidency of Civil War general

20651: 20141: 19237: 18994: 18333: 17913: 17198: 17059: 16991: 16941: 16921: 16896: 16886: 16871: 16861: 16846: 16826: 16796: 16786: 16776: 14334: 14307: 13624: 12582: 12031: 5342: 3923: 3887: 1795: 1438: 1434: 1215: 5962: 5461:

The number of presidents per political party by their affiliation at the time they were first sworn into office (alphabetical, by last name) are:

5453:

Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained

1961: 19360: 19307: 19020: 18954: 18761: 18756: 18343: 17918: 17011: 16986: 16891: 16831: 16811: 16806: 16771: 16761: 16446: 14682: 14642: 12978: 12041: 11750: 10635: 7679:

Presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it.

7352: 6175: 5370: 5320: 1805: 701: 35: 11730: 10919: 8442: 8413: 20666: 19370: 19268: 18984: 18306: 17291: 17253: 16946: 16901: 16841: 16816: 16766: 14490: 13408: 12895: 12714: 12331: 12248: 12006: 11156: 8083: 7380: 6761: 5288: 4565: 4501: 4376: 1920: 1165: 9122: 6055:"Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner" 20033: 19476: 19015: 18944: 18702: 18692: 18548: 18439: 18326: 18064: 18023: 16976: 16856: 16821: 16409: 15594: 15299: 14704: 13940: 13147: 12732: 12705: 12644: 12001: 9393: 8382: 7601:... and that certainly did not find their way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787. 5403: 5392: 5007:. The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely 4419: 4040: 2943: 2828: 2585:

each served two terms as president. Meanwhile, Congress and the nation gradually became more politically polarized, especially following the

2178:: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire. The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly 2014: 1090: 611: 473: 10576: 5981: 2381:

playing key roles in shaping national policy in the 1830s and 1840s until debates over slavery began pulling the nation apart in the 1850s.

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Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of the image

8543: 3207:, 1861–1865; historians have given Lincoln high praise for his strategic sense and his ability to select and encourage commanders such as 2213:, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest. Civil and political unrest loomed. Events such as the 20746: 19232: 19202: 19078: 19067: 18751: 18553: 18518: 17417: 17333: 17105: 15446: 15289: 15184: 14929: 14667: 13787: 13698: 13440: 13425: 13307: 12507: 11996: 10941: 8342: 7158:. Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana (Mississippi State University. Libraries). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. x. 6669: 4423: 3834: 2955: 1600: 1312: 734: 12502: 10822: 10224: 7666: 2839:

when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it. This practice has been criticized by the

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of the Constitution, any increase or reduction in presidential salary cannot take effect before the next presidential term of office.

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of New York led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in

2127: 1913: 1775: 1660: 1542: 1178: 1080: 531: 520: 200: 5188:. Trump has continued to make appearances in the media and at conferences and rallies since leaving office in 2021. He is currently 4797: 3514:

Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.

1991:. In modern times, the president is one of the world's most powerful political figures and the leader of the world's only remaining 20741: 20736: 20043: 19487: 19152: 19088: 19030: 18974: 18939: 18934: 18929: 18886: 18682: 18672: 18508: 18429: 18424: 18383: 18231: 18049: 18015: 17790: 17641: 16742: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 15488: 15284: 14777: 14265: 14205: 13765: 13420: 13312: 13162: 12119: 12071: 12056: 10736: 9744: 9476: 5353: 5209: 5193: 5146: 5081: 5077: 4497: 4316:, Franklin Roosevelt was elected to a third term, breaking the long-standing precedent. Four years later, with the U.S. engaged in 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4114: 4110: 4090: 3911: 2946:

to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed". The executive branch has over four million employees, including the military.

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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by U.S. federal courts, which can find them to be unconstitutional. Congress can overturn an executive order through legislation.

20190: 20104: 19418: 19297: 18989: 18949: 18906: 18901: 18810: 18478: 17681: 17673: 17657: 17537: 17317: 17286: 15641: 15623: 15394: 15367: 15326: 15321: 15294: 15224: 15111: 14907: 14714: 14302: 14126: 14024: 13656: 12233: 12193: 12129: 12096: 12091: 12081: 12066: 11489: 9165: 8179: 6807: 5763: 5189: 5177: 4918: 4590: 4278: 4148: 4138: 3751: 2884: 2078: 1965: 1623: 1346: 359: 205: 104: 31: 9503: 7289: 4117:. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the House was required to choose a president from among the top three electoral vote recipients: 2317:

in 1796, the first truly contested presidential election. After Jefferson defeated Adams in 1800, he and his fellow Virginians

20656: 20611: 19516: 19429: 19327: 19100: 18498: 18419: 18378: 17609: 17497: 17353: 15495: 15204: 14887: 14792: 14622: 14570: 14531: 14098: 14093: 13947: 13884: 13837: 13815: 13780: 13435: 13291: 12061: 7641:"Presidential Power to the People—Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next President be taken down a notch" 6928: 5422: 4924: 4882: 4067: 4048: 2590: 1785: 1770: 1744: 1593: 1408: 1377: 1333: 1307: 1247: 1227: 1125: 1110: 753: 629: 428: 4074:

procedure in which representatives, voting by state delegation, with each state casting a single vote, choose between the top

3383:. While not enshrined in the Constitution or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When 20561: 20327: 19621: 19449: 19444: 18896: 18677: 18660: 18488: 18468: 18356: 17898: 17481: 17409: 17369: 16352: 15311: 15199: 15069: 14973: 14882: 14806: 14351: 14317: 13332: 13322: 13317: 13175: 13170: 13034: 12999: 12652: 10523: 10059: 9888: 9420: 9330: 9291: 8968: 8755: 7431: 7074: 6644: 6566: 6536: 6233: 6202: 6129: 6036: 5430: 4585:'s Chief of Staff not transmitting orders to the Cabinet due to the president's heavy drinking, to staff removing memos from 4445: 3743: 3223: 2610: 2183: 1749: 1368: 1252: 1099: 548: 195: 9796: 7477: 7223: 6440: 4722: 4281:

that he was not running for a third term, he established a "two terms then out" precedent. Precedent became tradition after

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For most of American history, candidates for president have sought election on the basis of a promised legislative agenda.

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by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.

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Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)

7515: 6153: 4984: 4320:, he was re-elected again despite his declining physical health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945. 4298: 4246: 3970: 3693: 3546: 3215: 2718:

Specifically, under the Presentment Clause, once a bill has been presented by Congress, the president has three options:

2510:, and the nation's growing economy all helped established the office as a position of global leadership. His successors, 2062: 2023: 1984: 1385: 1262: 782: 573: 498: 10198: 9010: 8841: 8259: (1936), characterized the President as the "sole organ of the nation in its external relations," an interpretation 7949: 7866: 4001:

for the 2024 and 2028 presidential elections. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible.

20337: 20091: 20005: 19581: 19546: 19541: 19337: 19104: 19035: 18918: 18805: 18795: 18558: 18447: 18373: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18206: 18100: 17978: 17872: 17433: 17377: 17310: 17218: 17034: 17021: 16345: 16286: 16223: 15962: 15436: 15377: 15262: 15257: 15194: 14956: 14917: 14877: 14724: 14677: 14657: 14270: 13897: 13892: 13797: 13745: 13274: 13029: 12888: 12153: 11850: 11247: 11181: 11085: 10365: 8574: 7780: 6011: 5331: 5061: 4770: 4561: 4200: 3934: 3919: 3893: 3883: 3510: 3373: 3321: 3293: 3219: 2771: 1996: 1835: 1739: 1701: 1527: 1507: 1282: 1277: 1232: 920: 802: 645: 637: 385: 10277: 9851: 9221: 7975: 20576: 20512: 20112: 19746: 19718: 19147: 19123: 18746: 18707: 18655: 18414: 18404: 18115: 17385: 16279: 16136: 16104: 16090: 16042: 15587: 15478: 15458: 15409: 15399: 15267: 15189: 15166: 15126: 14990: 14980: 14857: 14832: 14739: 14719: 14197: 13987: 13713: 13095: 12385: 11780: 11700: 11007: 10330: 10303: 9249:... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully - [ 7163: 6615: 5438:, which began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the 5246: 5117:

has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American

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The Twenty-fifth Amendment also provides that the vice president, together with a majority of certain members of the

4411: 3615: 3551: 2654: 2618: 2503: 2416: 2278: 1810: 1648: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1415: 1390: 1351: 1242: 1185: 1150: 865: 367: 266: 109: 9691: 8112: 5180:. Obama was also active politically since his presidential term ended, having worked with his former vice president 20646: 20527: 20507: 20359: 19576: 19536: 19312: 19302: 19118: 18891: 18881: 18720: 18636: 17935: 17441: 16316: 15918: 15702: 15483: 15429: 15414: 15316: 15151: 14627: 14580: 14575: 14477: 14404: 14104: 13869: 13398: 11770: 10172: 9450: 9437:

convicted by two-thirds of the Senate, and disqualified for serious misconduct committed while they were in office.

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first did so in 1797, the president has called the full Congress to convene for a special session on 27 occasions.

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The president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of

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In addition to $ 100,000 in travel reimbursement, $ 18,000 for entertainment and $ 50,000 for additional expenses.

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There have been two contingent presidential elections in the nation's history. A 73–73 electoral vote tie between

2989:. Within the Executive Office, the president's innermost layer of aides, and their assistants, are located in the 2474: 20422: 20038: 19566: 18961: 18714: 18643: 18613: 18236: 18153: 17561: 17425: 17361: 17092: 16216: 15994: 15978: 15686: 15517: 15306: 15247: 15156: 15047: 15022: 14519: 14509: 14074: 13992: 13930: 13914: 13760: 13755: 13519: 13499: 13489: 13484: 12437: 11920: 11870: 11800: 11740: 11720: 11600: 11570: 11520: 10028: 8670: 7525:, American Political Science Association Task Force on Negotiating Agreement in Politics report, at 19–20, 37–38. 7334: 5439: 5000: 3976: 3317: 2791: 2729: 2058: 2042: 1696: 1474: 1325: 1267: 1222: 1050: 709: 242: 10160: 7640: 4509:

of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials, including the president, from office for "

3738:

Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since

2638:, opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule". 20457: 20332: 19919: 19586: 19434: 19424: 18619: 18581: 18216: 18211: 18201: 18122: 17553: 16237: 16152: 15902: 15831: 15500: 15174: 15121: 15037: 15027: 14995: 14924: 14912: 14867: 14754: 14652: 14514: 14434: 14424: 14210: 14067: 13770: 13728: 13445: 13356: 11760: 11690: 11640: 11590: 11540: 11324: 9993: 8901: 8593: 8090: 6905: 5216: 3770:

was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of

3527:(1982) dismissed a civil lawsuit against by-then former president Richard Nixon based on his official actions. 1876: 1292: 1287: 787: 767: 590: 17457: 17449: 7892: 7724: 6365: 20566: 20221: 20216: 19993: 19807: 19471: 18573: 18196: 18163: 18074: 17940: 16207: 16065: 16010: 15941: 15927: 15886: 15863: 15815: 15769: 15709: 15672: 15252: 15116: 15032: 14963: 14934: 14872: 14762: 14734: 14378: 13750: 13643: 12881: 11860: 11840: 11810: 11670: 11650: 9717: 9068: 8759: 5426: 5357: 5335: 4549: 3387:

tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the

3256: 3093: 2162: 1901: 1830: 1272: 1257: 975: 380: 335: 9662: 8897: 7922: 5003:, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned 4285:

publicly embraced the principle a decade later during his second term, as did his two immediate successors,

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of electoral votes for president (currently 270 of 538), that person is declared the winner. Otherwise, the

3805:, and the country's strong relationships with other wealthy or democratic nations like those comprising the 2289: 20195: 20053: 19344: 18191: 18158: 17489: 17203: 17152: 17039: 16246: 16191: 15934: 15785: 15730: 15716: 15665: 15651: 15580: 15547: 15540: 15473: 15336: 15219: 15141: 15131: 14985: 14946: 14902: 14862: 14819: 14767: 14699: 14672: 14632: 14610: 14419: 14233: 14180: 14113: 13970: 13926: 13854: 13775: 13693: 13504: 13368: 13197: 13105: 12913: 11940: 11820: 11790: 11680: 11660: 11580: 10467: 10447: 9283: 8471: 7809: 7125: 6149: 5890:

Nearly all scholars rank Lincoln among the nation's top three presidents, with many placing him first. See

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of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must:

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involving armed farmers and distillers who refused to pay an excise tax on spirits. According to historian

3124:... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces 3033: 2971: 2967: 2586: 2138:, the Continental Congress simultaneously began the process of drafting a constitution that would bind the 1988: 714: 606: 190: 17: 8704: 7098:"If we weren't so obsessed with Warren G. Harding's sex life, we'd realize he was a pretty good president" 5772:

depicts the progression of the presidents and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office.

5101:

made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.

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The president also possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government by issuing various

2755: 2334: 2237: 2171: 2111: 1800: 1686: 1547: 1361: 1145: 1070: 1015: 980: 17513: 6585:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State 2674: 2498:. Backed by enormous Democratic majorities in Congress and public support for major change, Roosevelt's 20694: 20596: 20571: 20317: 20312: 20048: 19968: 19868: 19113: 18105: 18095: 17827: 17806: 17228: 16168: 16113: 16019: 15847: 15755: 15372: 15242: 15074: 15054: 15042: 14852: 14842: 14524: 14429: 14042: 14032: 13559: 13554: 13544: 13539: 13061: 11960: 11950: 11930: 11900: 11710: 11560: 10358:

How to Get Rid of a President: History's Guide to Removing Unpopular, Unable, or Unfit Chief Executives

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electorally dependent on the president. In recent decades, presidents have also made increasing use of

1973: 1055: 960: 17569: 11630: 10497: 9960: 20631: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20086: 19983: 19751: 19614: 19459: 18183: 18110: 18069: 18059: 17945: 17851: 17845: 16295: 16177: 16051: 15955: 15872: 15794: 14951: 14257: 14062: 14057: 13619: 13073: 12238: 11890: 9938: 9593:

International Law, US Power: The United States' Quest for Legal Security, p 10, Shirley V. Scott—2012

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10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime Secret Service protection for him,

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Some former presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include

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comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees".

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a month after taking office. Presidents often grant pardons shortly before leaving office, like when

3325: 3129: 2959: 2782: 2143: 2086: 1020: 1010: 1005: 985: 11461: 10967: 10548: 9245:

back in the 1980s, Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly

7614: 6856: 6715: 3020: 20606: 20581: 20467: 20183: 19988: 19914: 19843: 19812: 19206: 19108: 16129: 16097: 16035: 15636: 15064: 14444: 14414: 14409: 14399: 14165: 14121: 13962: 13723: 13509: 13373: 13187: 13127: 11610: 11530: 11390: 10108: 9970:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, Library of Congress. pp. 2297–98 9132: 8637: 8607: 5304: 3810: 3669:

As a national leader, the president also fulfills many less formal ceremonial duties. For example,

3619: 3429: (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the 3380: 2883:

in 1933, which brought forward the date on which Congress convenes from December to January, newly

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spearheading major policy efforts for the White House". Presidents have been criticized for making

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Before the ratification of the Twenty-fifth amendment (which clarified the matter of succession),

3187:, this was the "first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field", though 3132:

extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all which

2232:

in 1785, Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in

20621: 20586: 20517: 20447: 20427: 20370: 20158: 19878: 19827: 19782: 19571: 19561: 17839: 16309: 15911: 14558: 14294: 14052: 13019: 11970: 10759: 10682: 10586: 10411: 10381: 10133: 8984: 7788: 7750: 7353:"House and Senate Override Veto by Nixon on Curb of War Powers; Backers of Bill Win 3-Year Fight" 5407: 5396: 5346: 5004: 4906: 3927: 3731:

held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by

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assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).

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of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras. One critic wrote the image of

20641: 20616: 20591: 20502: 20477: 20307: 20243: 19863: 19817: 19761: 19670: 19659: 19464: 19128: 15987: 15971: 15679: 15556: 15010: 14360: 14170: 14150: 13952: 13807: 13602: 13549: 13534: 13378: 13066: 11596: 11475: 11102:"Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses" 10608: 10458: 10438: 10389: 9322: 8553: 8153: 6459: 5739: 5688: 5454: 5374: 4395: 4309: 4058: 3674: 3538: 3393: 3049: 2997: 2795: 2707: 2691: 2631: 2614: 2589:

that saw Republicans control the House for the first time in 40 years, and the rise of routine

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served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice, as both the 22nd and 24th president.

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With the Cold War ending and the United States becoming the world's undisputed leading power,

20626: 20487: 20432: 20291: 20266: 17892: 16230: 16145: 15895: 15824: 15209: 14892: 14007: 13564: 13529: 13524: 13467: 13450: 13180: 11826: 10788: 8638:"Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'" 8608:"Bush Pardons Six in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'" 8589: 8282: 8253: 8205: 8188: 8162: 8145: 8051: 6830: 6095: 5626: 5230: 5205: 5158: 4242: 4156: 3705: 3487: 3471: 3423: 3402: 3297: 3192: 3175:. In 1794, Washington used his constitutional powers to assemble 12,000 militia to quell the 3141: 2921: 2764: 2734: 2711: 2550: 2491: 2479: 1045: 995: 950: 940: 925: 915: 900: 880: 855: 845: 835: 692: 133: 127: 66: 52: 17505: 17393: 10657: 9530:"The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment" 8223:"Executive Summary: The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives" 7024:"The Debate Over Executive Orders Began With Teddy Roosevelt's Mad Passion for Conservation" 4589:'s desk. Decades before the Twenty-fifth Amendment, in 1919, President Woodrow Wilson had a 2236:, with an aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the 347: 20708: 19858: 19710: 19607: 16200: 16058: 16003: 15879: 15856: 15808: 15762: 15695: 15561: 14689: 14563: 14454: 13832: 13264: 13244: 13192: 13142: 13083: 13014: 12862: 11846: 11225: 10944:. Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from 10701:" are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services. " 6319: 5506: 4545:

with the power to remove impeached officials from office, by a two-thirds vote to convict.

4336: 3735:, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life. 3521:

from court cases is contested and has been the subject of several Supreme Court decisions.

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Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership

8727: 6582: 6412: 6103: 5963:"How to Address the President; He Is Not Your Excellency or Your Honor, But Mr. President" 3922:, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their 2530:

was a youthful and popular leader who benefited from the rise of television in the 1960s.

8: 20636: 20497: 20492: 20472: 20286: 20261: 20153: 19756: 19699: 19653: 19045: 18128: 17238: 17162: 17157: 17147: 17072: 16184: 15778: 15723: 15101: 15017: 14827: 14543: 14228: 13859: 13056: 12657: 11776: 11696: 11432: 10581: 9015: 8846: 8273: 7725:"Opinion—The 'unitary executive' question—What do McCain and Obama think of the concept?" 7593:

the founding fathers had "scant affection for strong executives" like England's king, and

7102: 7051: 5558: 5530: 5057: 4901:

operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines. The president also has access to

4733: 4126: 4071: 3712: 3670: 3523: 3369: 3334: 3089: 2495: 2469: 2429: 2233: 2218: 2214: 1861: 1780: 1000: 955: 895: 870: 825: 227: 15572: 12183: 11355:"Candidates, issues, horse races, and hoopla: Presidential campaign coverage, 1888–1988" 10728: 9752: 9451:"Explainer: Impeachment or the 14th Amendment – Can Trump be barred from future office?" 8687:

political action committee; and $ 450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library.

6249:

Ford, Henry Jones (1908). "The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power".

5164:

Clinton was active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife

4841:

The primary means of long-distance air travel for the president is one of two identical

4548:

Three presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives: Andrew Johnson in

4182:. This is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the Constitution: 3537:

on Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election detailed evidence of possible

3441:

allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from

3261:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the

4755:, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, a mountain-based military camp in 4745: 4225: 4187: 4020: 3701: 3426: 3405: 3204: 3145: 3109: 3081: 2990: 2974:, are among the positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation. 2958:. An incoming president may make up to 4,000 upon taking office, 1200 of which must be 2934: 2924: 2876: 2807: 2767: 2699: 2549:, Congress enacted a series of reforms intended to reassert itself. These included the 2424: 2401: 2388: 2241: 1953: 1886: 1881: 1845: 1820: 1711: 1691: 1195: 1030: 910: 875: 215: 166: 161: 17465: 8301:

National Constitution Center Educational Resources (some internal navigation required)

8165: 6785:"The Most Consequential Elections in History: Andrew Jackson and the Election of 1828" 6345: 4856:

backup. The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft, most notably the

4039:

practice, awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each

3750:

and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on

3474: 414: 20452: 20000: 19893: 19848: 19739: 19676: 19055: 19050: 17172: 17167: 17077: 16161: 15840: 15084: 14240: 13592: 13090: 13009: 12994: 12858: 12848: 12838: 11916: 11866: 11796: 11736: 11716: 11706: 11566: 11516: 11425: 11381: 10361: 9884: 9883:(2nd revised ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 36–39. 9326: 9287: 8964: 8780:

Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power".

8504: 8196: 7597:... Bush White House's claims are rooted in ideas "about the 'divine' right of kings" 7562: 7537:"The Letter of the Law: Administrative Discretion and Obama's Domestic Unilateralism" 7205: 7169: 7159: 7152: 6640: 6611: 6562: 6532: 6483: 6266: 6229: 6125: 5862: 5846: 5749: 5655: 5606: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5494: 5490: 5435: 5280: 5110: 5085: 5024: 4274: 4160: 4122: 4024: 4016: 3732: 3662: 3518: 3490: 3446: 3388: 3227: 3176: 3113: 3069: 3029: 3025: 2930: 2836: 2723: 2679: 2593:

in the Senate in recent decades. Recent presidents have thus increasingly focused on

2546: 2534: 2441: 2366: 2330: 2301: 2293: 2257: 2203: 2179: 2158: 2107: 2074: 2054: 1980: 1205: 1075: 1035: 990: 890: 792: 687: 295: 10161:"Presidential Succession and Inability: Before and After the Twenty-Fifth Amendment" 8472:"U.S. troops move in Panama in effort to seize Noriega; gunfire is heard in capital" 6633: 3120:

The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States.

20238: 19898: 19403: 18737: 18168: 17332: 17243: 17223: 15000: 14847: 14553: 14373: 13383: 13224: 13207: 13202: 13041: 12842: 11756: 11746: 11726: 11686: 11636: 11586: 11536: 11405: 11369: 10717:

U.S. Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on January 20, 2009.

10454: 10434: 10412:"Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present" 8791: 8345:. The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from 7548: 7489: 6471: 6258: 5878: 5838: 5705: 5684: 5659: 5634: 5594: 5542: 5518: 5443: 5138: 5073: 4902: 4741: 4391: 4305: 4294: 4282: 4221: 4082: 4006: 3998: 3758: 3678: 3529: 3450: 3414: 3208: 2847:

wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress".

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would each serve two terms, eventually dominating the nation's politics during the

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States, presidents now routinely meet directly with leaders of foreign countries.

2448:, while popular in office, would see his legacy tarnished by scandals, especially 82: 20720: 20073: 19853: 19682: 14709: 14485: 14383: 14155: 13455: 13388: 13157: 13078: 13024: 12852: 11856: 11836: 11806: 11666: 11646: 10698: 10252:"How many other vice presidents have temporarily taken over presidential powers?" 9878: 9504:"Here's how the 14th Amendment could be used to prevent Trump from running again" 9160: 8868: 8578: 8007: 7522: 7244:"A Year Before His Presidential Debate, JFK Foresaw How TV Would Change Politics" 6739:"How the Rivalry Between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton Changed History" 6605: 6526: 6350: 5858: 5854: 5630: 5618: 5610: 5538: 5502: 5385: 5165: 5011:; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition. 4332: 3785: 3767: 3720: 3623: 3442: 3284: 3280:

List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

3200: 3073: 3005: 2872: 2864: 2646: 2594: 2527: 2384: 2378: 2253: 2210: 2147: 2119: 2047: 1580: 1200: 682: 665: 655: 598: 534: 461: 17625: 9610:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center. March 29, 1961 9255:]staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds 7454: 6475: 3930:

by the convention. The most common previous profession of presidents is lawyer.

3898: 3342: 3203:

was deeply involved in overall strategy and in day-to-day operations during the

2240:

failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states,

20349: 20136: 20015: 20010: 19888: 15179: 15079: 14462: 13597: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13249: 13112: 13046: 11936: 11816: 11786: 11676: 11656: 11626: 11576: 11373: 10972: 10792: 10662: 10613: 10577:"Inside the Presidency: Few outsiders ever see the President's private enclave" 10553: 9279: 8325: 8056: 6040: 5842: 5730: 5692: 5638: 5602: 5586: 5534: 5498: 5300: 5272: 5242: 5154: 5134: 5089: 5065: 5032: 4465: 4415: 4352: 4118: 3806: 3739: 3642: 3534: 3497: 2942:

The president is head of the executive branch of the federal government and is

2622: 2578: 2483: 2453: 2445: 2433: 2393: 2374: 2341: 2224:

Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between

1979:

The power of the presidency has grown substantially since the first president,

1499: 1426: 250: 11197: 10636:"President's Guest House (includes Lee House and Blair House), Washington, DC" 10278:"For 85 minutes, Kamala Harris became the first woman with presidential power" 6561:. Vol. I (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76–81. 5019: 4597:

kept this condition a secret from the public for a while, and controversially

4093:

necessitated the first. Conducted under the original procedure established by

2774:

ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.

20730: 20407: 20342: 20281: 20276: 19797: 17775: 17082: 17049: 17029: 14160: 13460: 13269: 12904: 11906: 11876: 11616: 11546: 10702: 9127: 6270: 6117: 6052: 5817: 5663: 5622: 5550: 5546: 5098: 5088:

was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for 17 years, and

4980: 4940: 4861: 4851: 4582: 4461: 4344: 4340: 4286: 4063: 3986: 3907: 3747: 3692:, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the 3611: 3384: 3350: 3301: 3188: 3054: 2567: 2542: 2420: 2353: 2318: 2249: 2199: 1949: 1840: 1706: 581: 523: 501: 450: 419: 156: 12140: 11134: 9634:"The Electoral College: How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections" 6762:"On This Day: The first bitter, contested presidential election takes place" 3214:

The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the

19933: 19766: 18288: 14467: 14439: 13494: 11956: 11946: 11926: 11896: 11556: 11033: 10705:" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards. 9722: 9633: 9377:

Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything

7266: 7228: 5667: 5614: 5598: 5590: 5562: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5150: 5142: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5069: 5040: 5036: 5028: 4842: 4594: 4586: 4387: 4356: 4348: 4328: 4317: 4290: 3903: 3697: 3689: 3658: 3627: 3542: 3358: 3354: 3184: 2787: 2749:

In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the

2598: 2582: 2574: 2563: 2511: 2507: 2322: 2268: 2245: 2207: 2151: 2115: 677: 660: 648: 512: 439: 10996: 10058:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Archived from 10027:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Archived from 9941:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives 9323:"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people" 9284:"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people" 7836: 7553: 7536: 7173: 5084:. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: 4238: 3637: 2050:, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy. 20226: 20081: 19978: 19883: 19688: 19630: 18145: 17233: 14744: 14275: 13612: 13514: 13254: 13117: 12873: 11886: 10815:"Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail" 9968:

Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation

9695: 5866: 5510: 5130: 5044: 4857: 4822: 4788: 4737: 4313: 3954: 3727:

the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual

3716: 3685: 3646: 3362: 3346: 3196: 3157: 3100:

One of the most important of executive powers is the president's role as

3037: 2844: 2742: 2687: 2558: 2538: 2449: 2437: 1866: 670: 220: 20715: 11333:

The American Presidency: An Institutional Approach to Executive Politics

10884:

The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House

9939:"The First Inauguration after the Lame Duck Amendment: January 20, 1937" 8517:"George Washington and the Evolution of the American Commander in Chief" 8260: 7919:"President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns" 7501: 5916:

Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected for a second term as part of the

4005:

The president is elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the

1575: 20163: 20148: 19787: 19734: 19648: 13607: 13413: 13239: 13234: 13152: 11606: 11526: 11440: 11417: 9801: 7338: 6278: 5834: 5713: 5696: 5442:

were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the

5122: 5118: 5008: 4956: 4873: 4846: 4803: 4752: 4721:

For the official residences in which President Washington resided, see

4530: 4399: 4323:

In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the

4167: 4086: 3994: 3981: 3958: 3950: 3797: 3602: 3494: 3458: 3153: 3085: 2963: 2868: 2703: 2370: 2361: 2310: 2139: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1891: 139: 10382:"Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites" 10083:"Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change" 4867:

For short-distance air travel, the president has access to a fleet of

4166:

Before executing the powers of the office, a president is required to

2309:. By the end of his presidency, political parties had developed, with 2011:, the U.S. president was often called "the leader of the free world". 20025: 19960: 19792: 15096: 15089: 11966: 11437:

The Press and the Presidency: From George Washington to Ronald Reagan

10686: 10524:"Here's the last time the president of the United States got a raise" 10501: 7493: 6203:"Here's the last time the president of the United States got a raise" 5769: 5580: 5181: 4886: 4469: 3711:

Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays.

3430: 3289: 2167: 2082: 1633: 564: 90: 12184:

Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the United States

11409: 9774: 6262: 6037:"Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs" 2698:

The president's most significant legislative power derives from the

13279: 13229: 11340:

The image-is-everything presidency: Dilemmas in American leadership

10694: 10690: 8925:"President Trump Doesn't Need To Release His Tax Returns — For Now" 6417: 6389: 6053:

The White House Office of the Press Secretary (September 1, 2010).

5905:

List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin

5324: 5249:

who remarries is no longer eligible for Secret Service protection.

5234: 5126: 4890: 4032: 3763: 3449:. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when 3376: 2519: 2499: 2412:

became the first incumbent to win re-election since Grant in 1872.

2225: 2175: 2008: 20400: 10356:

David Priess (2018). "2 Undermined by Opponents or Subordinates".

6808:"Martin Van Buren's legacy: Expert politician, mediocre president" 5382:

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home

4375:, ratified in 1967, the vice president becomes president upon the 3581:

Four ruffles and flourishes and 'Hail to the Chief' (long version)

2722:

Sign the legislation within ten days, excluding Sundays, the bill

2601:, winning in the Electoral College while losing the popular vote. 2221:

demonstrated that the Articles of Confederation were not working.

2150:

between the states in November 1777 and sent it to the states for

19132: 9267:... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best. 4894: 4725:. For the private residences of the various U.S. presidents, see 4514: 4510: 4053: 3454: 3161: 2979: 2710:. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a 1999:, the president possesses significant domestic and international 10729:"Obama's wheels: Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo" 10140:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Annenberg Public Policy Center 9880:

Presidential Campaigns: From George Washington to George W. Bush

9064:"The (not so) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll" 5984:. United States Geological Survey. July 18, 2007. Archived from 5233:. The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and 2831:

that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress.

2557:

that sought to strengthen congressional fiscal powers. By 1976,

11391:"Congress and the Presidency as News in the Nineteenth Century" 11328:, published by Wiley, is an academic journal on the presidency. 10473: 7381:"Budget and Impoundment Control Act becomes law, July 12, 1974" 5292: 4533:" with the power to impeach said officials by a majority vote. 3338: 3165: 3149: 2494:

in 1933 led further toward what historians now describe as the

19599: 9919:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The National Constitution Center 9643:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. p. 13 9400:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The National Constitution Center 7837:"Introduction to the Legislative Process in the U.S. Congress" 6857:"Seven Presidents Served in the 20 Years Before the Civil War" 6695:. Mount Vernon, Washington Library, Center for Digital History 6464:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6293:"How 9/11 Radically Expanded The Power of the U.S. Government" 5776: 3989:

showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the

2267:

convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (

8977: 8443:"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True" 8414:"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True" 7224:"What Does It Mean That Trump Is 'Leader of the Free World'?" 6557:

Kelly, Alfred H.; Harbison, Winfred A.; Belz, Herman (1991).

6441:"What Does It Mean That Trump Is 'Leader of the Free World'?" 4542: 4195: 4028: 2456:

quickly became very unpopular after failing to alleviate the

2041:

of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or

19945: 11464:, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University 8725: 7290:"When Congress won the American people's respect: Watergate" 6346:"Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World?" 4581:

the president to write certain orders. This has ranged from

4564:; none have been convicted by the Senate. Additionally, the 2617:, which was the first branch of government described in the 11221:"George Washington's views on political parties in America" 11006:. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. 10977: 10896:

John Whiteclay, Chambers II (1979). "Presidents Emeritus".

10667: 10527: 10386:

Data from Congressional Quarterly's Guide to the Presidency

10255: 10225:"Succession: Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts" 9477:"Articles on Amendment XIV: Disqualification for Rebellion" 8873:"The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position" 8069: 6531:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 1–25. 6207: 6122:

Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788

6066: 3802: 1489: 11456: 11250:. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association 10858:

The Life of Herbert Hoover: Keeper of the Torch, 1933–1964

9961:"Commencement of the Terms of Office: Twentieth Amendment" 9797:"Opinion analysis: Court upholds "faithless elector" laws" 7667:"Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite" 6635:

Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution

6182:. Mount Vernon, Virginia: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association 5047:

on January 7, 2009; Obama took office thirteen days later.

4568:

conducted an impeachment inquiry against Richard Nixon in

4494:

List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States

4224:

and his vice presidential running mate, New York Governor

3333:, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of 2260:'s attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. 15602: 10818: 10785:"Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names" 10732: 10111:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia 10052:"Who said that? A quick history of the presidential oath" 9421:"Lots of People Are Disqualified From Becoming President" 9251: 9189:"Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy"" 8929: 7267:"See How JFK Created a Presidency for the Television Age" 6610:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. 6251:

Proceedings of the American Political Science Association

6124:. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 433. 5824:

for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph.

4010:

delegation in both houses of Congress. Additionally, the

2248:. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until 2081:

have served 46 presidencies spanning 58 four-year terms.

1494: 314: 16431: 10871:

After the Fall: The Remarkable Comeback of Richard Nixon

9583:– via Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. 5446:, while those in opposition largely joined the emerging 4440:

Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

4301:

for a non-consecutive third term, but was unsuccessful.

3742:

traditionally give advice to their successor during the

2875:

was the most recent to do so in July 1948, known as the

2555:

Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

11462:

United States Presidents Collection. General Collection

10672:. White House Military Office. Retrieved June 17, 2007. 9394:"Article II. The Executive Branch, Annenberg Classroom" 4529:

authorizes the House of Representatives to serve as a "

3784:

performance of the party's presidential candidate. The

2202:

pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their

11345:

Edwards, George C. and Thomas G. Howell (eds.). 2009.

10715:

New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet

8955:

Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration

6559:

The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development

5892:

Historical rankings of presidents of the United States

3937:, and while the debates are usually restricted to the 2987:

Executive Office of the President of the United States

2007:. For much of the 20th century, especially during the 20692: 12821:

Unsuccessful major party vice presidential candidates

11129: 11127: 8340: 7124:

Smith, Richard Norton; Walch, Timothy (Summer 2004).

7001:"The man whose impeachment vote saved Andrew Johnson" 6929:"Lincoln's War Powers: Part Constitution, Part Trust" 5354:

Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum

5149:. President Obama followed suit by asking Presidents 4727:

List of residences of presidents of the United States

4194:

Presidents have traditionally placed one hand upon a

3809:, have led to the moniker that the president is the " 3057:

vote), become binding with the force of federal law.

11108:. Associated Press. January 10, 2013. Archived from 10916:"Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States" 10727:

Ahlers, Mike M.; Marrapodi, Eric (January 6, 2009).

9156:"A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office" 8815:"Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A." 4837:

Transportation of the president of the United States

4056:. The constitutionality of these laws was upheld in 4027:

of elector nominees chosen as the state's electors.

3076:, the 16th president who successfully preserved the 2850: 2604: 2184:

president of the United States in Congress Assembled

17111:

elections in which the winner lost the popular vote

11497: 11157:"Obama signs protection bill for former presidents" 10908: 10638:. Washington, D.C.: General Services Administration 10192: 10190: 9528:Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (February 1999). 8842:"Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case" 8531:

Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln As Commander in Chief

6906:"'Do not trust in princes': the limits of politics" 6146:"March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history" 4987:

as the nation's 40th president on January 20, 1981.

3918:The modern presidential campaign begins before the 3700:, usually with much fanfare. Every president since 3379:'s notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with 2174:ought to have functioned with respect to the royal 11124: 10934: 10918:. Associated Press. March 31, 1981. Archived from 10088:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 8952: 8341:Christopher, James A.; Baker, III (July 8, 2008). 8297:"Common Interpretation: Commander in Chief Clause" 7846:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service 7310: 7151: 6632: 5961: 5192:for a non-consecutive second term in the upcoming 5080:, was elected president again four years later in 3719:for local children. Beginning in 1947, during the 3434:communications that do not involve the president. 3233: 2702:, which gives the president the power to veto any 11059:"Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks" 9953: 9694:. Takoma Park, Maryland: FairVote. Archived from 9097:"Turkey Pardons, The Stuffing of Historic Legend" 8501:Elusive Victories: The American Presidency at War 7311:Berger, Sam; Tausanovitch, Alex (July 30, 2018). 7075:"Senate rejects League of Nations, Nov. 19, 2019" 6556: 6366:"Who should be the world's most powerful person?" 5414:These gravesites are open to the general public. 5343:George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum 4995:is charged with protecting the president and the 4723:Presidency of George Washington § Residences 3517:The degree to which the president personally has 745:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 27:Head of state and government of the United States 20728: 14308:Native American recognition in the United States 12816:Unsuccessful major party presidential candidates 11270:"The Presidents of the United States of America" 10187: 9931: 9314: 7751:"A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target" 7718: 7716: 6528:The American Presidency: Origins and Development 3888:United States presidential nominating convention 3445:in legal proceedings if such release would harm 20554: 20415: 11388: 11352: 10994: 10726: 10199:"Essays on Article II: Presidential Succession" 10152: 8867: 8044: 5371:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum 5321:Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum 3173:military subordination under civilian authority 36:President of the United States (disambiguation) 20401:Heads of state and government of North America 17805: 11347:The Oxford Handbook of the American Presidency 11034:"President of the United States: Compensation" 10895: 10807: 10297: 10295: 9627: 9625: 9272: 9213: 8779: 8703:. Center for American Progress. Archived from 8698: 7781:"Essays on Article II: Recommendations Clause" 7606: 7047:"The inevitability of the imperial presidency" 5332:George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum 5289:George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum 5145:to assist with humanitarian efforts after the 4502:Federal impeachment trial in the United States 4304:In 1940, after leading the nation through the 2843:as unconstitutional. Conservative commentator 2186:to preside over its deliberation as a neutral 20386: 20355:President's House, Ninth Street, Philadelphia 19615: 18065:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 17791: 17318: 16417: 15588: 14705:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 12889: 12169: 12145: 11483: 10685:aircraft carrying the president will use the 10426: 9718:"Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska" 9353: 9226:: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections" 8753: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8334: 7976:"Essays on Article II: Convening of Congress" 7713: 7432:"What Made Reagan a Truly Great Communicator" 7187: 7185: 7183: 5429:for most of the nation's history. Though the 5404:Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum 5393:Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum 5199: 5176:presidential bids and President Obama on his 4575: 4293:. In spite of the strong two-term tradition, 4023:of popular votes in the state has its entire 3453:refused to release military documents in the 2553:, enacted over Nixon's veto in 1973, and the 1921: 1601: 10720: 10355: 10128: 10126: 10074: 10021:"How Presidents use Bibles at inaugurations" 9852:"Essays on Amendment XII: Electoral College" 9671:National Archives and Records Administration 9180: 8245:United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. 7632: 7021: 6524: 5920:ticket with Democrat Andrew Johnson in 1864. 5470: 5313:National Archives and Records Administration 4433: 3630:given by the president which is held in the 2898:Powers of the president of the United States 2879:. In addition, prior to ratification of the 2669: 11389:Kernell, Samuel; Jacobson, Gary C. (1987). 10331:"Essays on Article I: Trial of Impeachment" 10292: 10109:"Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections" 9622: 9527: 8898:"Background on the State Secrets Privilege" 8463: 8343:"The National War Powers Commission Report" 8263:by Louis Fisher of the Library of Congress. 8225:. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation 7910: 7194:"Franklin Roosevelt and Presidential Power" 7146: 6525:Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2008). 6078: 6076: 5068:'s work on government reorganization after 4999:. As part of their protection, presidents, 4362: 4269:in 1951, which instituted a two-term limit. 3877: 3554:alleging violations of New York state law. 3191:briefly took control of artillery units in 2821: 20393: 20379: 19622: 19608: 17798: 17784: 17325: 17311: 16424: 16410: 15595: 15581: 12903: 12896: 12882: 12176: 12162: 12125: 11490: 11476: 11135:"United States Secret Service: Protection" 9419:Bernstein, Richard D. (February 4, 2021). 8951:Abbott, James A.; Rice, Elaine M. (1998). 8950: 8662: 8629: 8599: 8434: 8405: 8368: 8030:"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution" 7917:Suarez, Ray; et al. (July 24, 2006). 7884: 7858: 7834: 7534: 7180: 7123: 6877: 6343: 5816:The informal term POTUS originated in the 4881:For ground travel, the president uses the 4871:helicopters of varying models, designated 4484:which case Congress decides the question. 3673:started the tradition of throwing out the 2296:, the first president of the United States 2092: 2085:is the 46th and current president, having 1928: 1914: 1608: 1594: 81: 14318:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 11338:Waterman, Richard W., and Robert Wright. 11032:Schwemle, Barbara L. (October 17, 2012). 10997:"Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits" 10574: 10123: 10018: 9987: 9985: 9825:"Essays on Article II: Electoral College" 9418: 9359: 9219: 8294: 8000: 7835:Heitshusen, Valerie (November 15, 2018). 7742: 7684: 7658: 7639:Schimke, David (September–October 2008). 7569: 7552: 7478:"America's First Post-Cold War President" 7401: 7022:Boissoneault, Lorraine (April 17, 2017). 6998: 6975:"Andrew Johnson: Campaigns and Elections" 6828: 6759: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 5757: 5252: 4845:aircraft, which are extensively modified 4591:stroke that left him partly incapacitated 4472:(once), each in anticipation of surgery. 4390:as president, potentially resulting in a 3835:natural-born citizen of the United States 3729:National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation 3688:. Every president since Taft, except for 3361:on his last day in office; this is often 2867:of one or both houses of Congress. Since 20752:1789 establishments in the United States 20044:Presidential Emergency Operations Center 18050:Chief of Staff of the United States Army 17126:electoral vote changes between elections 11031: 10708: 10453: 10433: 10275: 9910: 8923:Brown, Tanya Ballard (October 7, 2019). 8754:Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). 8635: 8605: 8544:"DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011" 8470:Gordon, Michael R. (December 20, 1990). 8440: 8411: 7941: 7810:"Our Government: The Legislative Branch" 7690: 7575: 7514:Barber, Michael; McCarty, Nolan (2013), 7475: 7095: 6926: 6904:Winters, Michael Sean (August 4, 2017). 6854: 6713: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6457: 6228:. Oxford University Press. p. 564. 6073: 5982:"USGS Correspondence Handbook—Chapter 4" 5820:, a shorthand method created in 1879 by 5417: 5262: 5147:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 5018: 4974: 4498:Federal impeachment in the United States 4237: 4215: 3980: 3897: 3796:With the rise of the United States as a 3704:has served as honorary president of the 3652: 3645:throws out the ceremonial first ball on 3636: 3312:The president has the power to nominate 3283: 3136:... would appertain to the legislature. 3068: 3019: 2949: 2912:Nixon v. General Services Administration 2781: 2673: 2522:led the presidency to be viewed as the " 2473: 2288: 2118:, declared themselves to be independent 20191:White House to Treasury Building tunnel 14369:List of counties and county equivalents 11218: 10990: 10988: 10777: 10495: 10476:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 10158: 9843: 9186: 9153: 9036:. Boy Scouts of America. Archived from 8756:"Reforming the State Secrets Privilege" 8749: 8747: 8519:. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. 8220: 7638: 7516:Causes and Consequences of Polarization 7429: 7404:"Presidency Is Found Weaker Under Ford" 7287: 7241: 6903: 6736: 6438: 6410: 6382: 5764:List of presidents of the United States 4139:United States presidential inauguration 4070:must meet to elect a president using a 3493: (1953), where it was held to be a 1995:. As the leader of the nation with the 740:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 730:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel 329:This article is part of a series on the 105:Executive branch of the U.S. government 32:List of presidents of the United States 14: 20729: 16383:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 11353:Sigelman, Lee; Bullock, David (1991). 11212: 10757: 10522:Elkins, Kathleen (February 19, 2018). 10521: 10409: 10203:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 10049: 9998:The Heritage Guide to The Constitution 9994:"Essays on Article II: Oath of Office" 9982: 9876: 9856:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 9829:The Heritage Guide to The Constitution 9562: 9481:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 9320: 9278: 9088: 9008: 8989:The White House Historical Association 8812: 8668: 8469: 7980:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 7916: 7890: 7864: 7785:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 7722: 7664: 7612: 7350: 7044: 6829:Freehling, William (October 4, 2016). 6805: 6714:Spalding, Matthew (February 5, 2007). 6659: 6630: 6624: 6583:"Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781" 6505: 6344:Von Drehle, David (February 2, 2017). 6221: 6201:Elkins, Kathleen (February 19, 2018). 6200: 5970:. The Washington Star. August 2, 1891. 5157:to lead efforts to aid Haiti after an 4955:The presidential helicopter, known as 3541:, but investigators declined to refer 3218:and is normally exercised through the 2463: 2360:and subsequent poor relations between 2126:rule. The affirmation was made in the 20374: 19603: 17888:Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security 17779: 17306: 16405: 15603:Chief executives of the United States 15576: 12877: 12157: 12144: 11471: 11295:"Political Parties of the Presidents" 11219:Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). 10739:from the original on February 2, 2016 10575:Bulmiller, Elisabeth (January 2009). 10496:Longley, Robert (September 1, 2017). 10474:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 10249: 10106: 10081:Neale, Thomas H. (October 19, 2009). 10080: 9631: 9448: 9120: 9094: 9061: 8922: 8813:Savage, Charlie (September 8, 2010). 8636:Johnston, David (December 24, 1992). 8606:Johnston, David (December 24, 1992). 8383:"The Law: The President's War Powers" 8331:(reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007. 7948:Will, George F. (December 21, 2008). 7921:. PBS Online NewsHour. Archived from 7748: 7378: 7264: 7222:Tierney, Dominic (January 24, 2017). 7072: 6979:University of Virginia, Miller Center 6972: 6949: 6835:University of Virginia, Miller Center 6782: 6690: 6672:from the original on February 5, 2018 6603: 6545: 6439:Tierney, Dominic (January 24, 2017). 6411:Zakaria, Fareed (December 20, 2008). 6116: 5076:, whose bid for reelection failed in 3864:Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment 3324:. However, these nominations require 3224:chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 3064: 2777: 2641: 2440:, although Wilson's proposal for the 2130:, which was written predominantly by 1100:Elections in the District of Columbia 30:For a list of the officeholders, see 20212:Eisenhower Executive Office Building 18564:Air Force Historical Research Agency 16433:United States presidential elections 12811:Received at least one electoral vote 11013:from the original on January 7, 2021 10985: 10821:. September 16, 2008. Archived from 10650: 10328: 10276:Sullivan, Kate (November 19, 2021). 10250:Olsen, Jillian (November 19, 2021). 9794: 9187:Dykoski, Rachel (November 1, 2008). 8839: 8744: 8536: 8180:Humphrey's Executor v. United States 8084:"Presidentially Appointed Positions" 7947: 7891:Nelson, Dana D. (October 11, 2008). 7778: 7723:Nelson, Dana D. (October 11, 2008). 7535:Rudalevige, Andrew (April 1, 2014). 7402:Shabecoff, Philip (March 28, 1976). 7351:Madden, Richard (November 8, 1973). 6973:Varon, Elizabeth (October 4, 2016). 6460:"The President's Legislative Agenda" 6317: 6248: 4767:Eisenhower Executive Office Building 4541:authorizes the Senate to serve as a 3816: 3715:began in 1878 the first White House 3237: 2061:to a four-year term, along with the 1470:United States and the United Nations 702:Inferior Courts of the United States 20757:Heads of state of the United States 18689:Officer candidate/training school: 17045:South Carolina presidential primary 12748:National Republican / Whig 10498:"Presidential Pay and Compensation" 10301: 10196: 9991: 9095:Hesse, Monica (November 21, 2007). 8549:United States Department of Defense 8295:Ramsey, Michael; Vladeck, Stephen. 8221:Gaziano, Todd (February 21, 2001). 8113:"Biden Political Appointee Tracker" 8032:. Legal Information Institute. 2012 8001:Steinmetz, Katy (August 10, 2010). 7816:. Washington, D.C.: The White House 7749:Shane, Scott (September 25, 2009). 7665:Linker, Ross (September 27, 2007). 7191: 7096:Robenalt, James (August 13, 2015). 7073:Glass, Andrew (November 19, 2014). 6737:Feeling, John (February 15, 2016). 5894:for a collection of survey results. 5245:, and all subsequent presidents. A 4299:1880 Republican National Convention 4265:prior to the implementation of the 3971:United States presidential election 3949:candidates may be invited, such as 3665:during a 1995 state visit to the UK 3557: 3547:United States Department of Justice 3300:and (in background) Vice President 3140:In the modern era, pursuant to the 2891: 574:Vice President of the United States 24: 20747:United States presidential history 20338:White House Historical Association 18559:Naval History and Heritage Command 17121:Electoral College results by state 17035:New Hampshire presidential primary 12758:Third party / independent 11316: 10995:Stephanie Smith (March 18, 2008). 10758:Farley, Robert (August 25, 2011). 10335:Heritage Guide to the Constitution 10308:Heritage Guide to the Constitution 10304:"Essays on Article I: Impeachment" 9822: 9501: 9474: 9154:Dorning, Mike (January 22, 2009). 9121:Gibbs, Nancy (November 13, 2008). 8959:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 8796:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x 7893:"The 'unitary executive' question" 7691:Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2007). 7576:Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2007). 7452: 7288:Wallach, Philip (April 26, 2018). 7242:Eschner, Kat (November 14, 2017). 6950:Weber, Jennifer (March 25, 2013). 6806:Bomboy, Scott (December 5, 2017). 6783:Walsh, Kenneth (August 20, 2008). 6662:"George Washington: Life in Brief" 6383:Meacham, Jon (December 20, 2008). 6012:International Trade Administration 6008:"Models of Address and Salutation" 5215:According to a 2008 report by the 5062:chief justice of the United States 5014: 4201:chief justice of the United States 3906:(left) debates Republican nominee 3894:United States presidential debates 3884:United States presidential primary 3569: 3511:Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc. 3322:Supreme Court of the United States 3015: 638:Supreme Court of the United States 346: 25: 20768: 17258:Vice presidential confirmations: 13714:Director of National Intelligence 11450: 11439:(Oxford University Press, 1985). 11004:Federation of American Scientists 10585:. Washington, D.C. Archived from 9911:Larson, Edward J.; Shesol, Jeff. 9849: 9632:Neale, Thomas H. (May 15, 2017). 9220:Neffinger, John (April 2, 2007). 8840:Finn, Peter (September 9, 2010). 7973: 7615:"The Conquest of Presidentialism" 7613:Sirota, David (August 22, 2008). 7430:Edwards, Lee (February 5, 2018). 6927:Williams, Frank (April 1, 2011). 6878:Heidler, David; Heidler, Jeanne. 6855:McNamara, Robert (July 3, 2019). 6660:Steven, Knott (October 4, 2016). 5161:devastated that country in 2010. 4849:airliners and are referred to as 4085:and fellow Democratic-Republican 3552:New York County District Attorney 2851:Convening and adjourning Congress 2605:Critics of presidency's evolution 2504:Executive Office of the President 2436:led the nation to victory during 2300:As the nation's first president, 368:Constitution of the United States 267:Constitution of the United States 110:Executive Office of the President 20714: 20702: 20662:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 20523:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 19950: 19944: 19938: 19932: 19554: 19553: 19512: 19511: 19119:Uniform Code of Military Justice 17936:United States military seniority 13870:Government Accountability Office 12857: 12847: 12837: 12229:Assassination attempts and plots 12124: 12115: 12114: 11287: 11262: 11240: 11190: 11175: 11149: 11094: 11079: 11051: 11039:. Congressional Research Service 11025: 10976:. December 30, 2014 – via 10960: 10889: 10876: 10863: 10850: 10837: 10751: 10675: 10628: 10601: 10568: 10541: 10515: 10489: 10403: 10374: 10349: 10322: 10269: 10243: 10217: 10173:Fordham University School of Law 10100: 10043: 10012: 9904: 9870: 9816: 9788: 9767: 9737: 9710: 9684: 9655: 9596: 9587: 9556: 9521: 9495: 9468: 9442: 9412: 9386: 9147: 9114: 9055: 9023: 9002: 8944: 8916: 8890: 8861: 8833: 8806: 8773: 8719: 8692: 8671:"Clinton-papers release blocked" 8583: 8568: 8523: 8509: 8503:(Oxford University Press, 2012) 8493: 8441:Mitchell, Alison (May 2, 1999). 8412:Mitchell, Alison (May 2, 1999). 8003:"Congressional Special Sessions" 7476:Sorensen, Theodore (Fall 1992). 7026:. Smithsonian Magazine (website) 6607:Founding the American Presidency 6039:, Protocol and Liaison Service, 5933: 5923: 5910: 5689:William Henry Harrison 5495:George H. W. Bush 4948: 4932: 4917: 4815: 4796: 4781: 3910:on October 28, 1980, during the 3791: 3778: 3601:Problems playing this file? See 3585: 3562: 3255:. The reason given is: The case 3242: 2636:Americans for Limited Government 2537:lost popular support due to the 1632: 1574: 1562: 813:Elections by State and Territory 418: 413: 65: 51: 20742:Presidency of the United States 20737:Presidents of the United States 20039:Graphics and Calligraphy Office 19629: 19101:Military Occupational Specialty 18549:Army Center of Military History 18154:Military Auxiliary Radio System 18024:Department of Homeland Security 17931:Active duty three-star officers 17338:presidents of the United States 11499:Presidents of the United States 10968:"Biography of Richard M. Nixon" 10760:"Obama's Canadian-American Bus" 10107:Waugh, Joan (October 4, 2016). 10050:Munson, Holly (July 12, 2011). 9563:Albert, Richard (Winter 2005). 9449:Wolfe, Jan (January 14, 2021). 9123:"How Presidents Pass The Torch" 9062:Grier, Peter (April 25, 2011). 9031:"History of the BSA Fact Sheet" 8699:Millhiser, Ian (June 1, 2010). 8669:Eisler, Peter (March 7, 2008). 8594:About the Joint Chiefs of Staff 8552:. April 8, 2011. Archived from 8315: 8288: 8266: 8237: 8214: 8171: 8130: 8105: 8076: 8022: 7994: 7967: 7828: 7802: 7772: 7528: 7508: 7469: 7446: 7423: 7395: 7379:Glass, Andrew (July 12, 2017). 7372: 7344: 7327: 7304: 7281: 7258: 7235: 7216: 7192:Yoo, John (February 14, 2018). 7140: 7117: 7089: 7066: 7045:Posner, Eric (April 22, 2011). 7038: 7015: 6992: 6966: 6943: 6920: 6897: 6871: 6848: 6831:"John Tyler: Impact and Legacy" 6822: 6799: 6776: 6753: 6730: 6716:"The Man Who Would Not Be King" 6707: 6684: 6653: 6597: 6575: 6490: 6451: 6432: 6413:"The Newsweek 50: Barack Obama" 6404: 6385:"Meacham: The History of Power" 6376: 6358: 6337: 6311: 6285: 6242: 6215: 6194: 6176:"Presidential Election of 1789" 6152:. March 4, 2013. Archived from 5897: 5884: 5872: 5827: 5810: 5801: 5627:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5323:, which is run by the State of 5267:From left to right: Presidents 5023:From left to right: Presidents 4939:The presidential plane, called 4905:, which are primarily used for 4769:at the White House Complex and 4604: 4420:presidential line of succession 4384:Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 4373:1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment 4308:and focused on supporting U.S. 4132: 4015:presidential–vice presidential 3977:United States Electoral College 3924:national nominating conventions 3912:1980 U.S. presidential campaign 3827:Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 3626:in 1961. This is followed by a 3318:United States courts of appeals 3304:following Brown Jackson's 2022 3234:Juridical powers and privileges 3045:Article II, Section 3, Clause 4 2978:inferior executive officers by 2804:Article II, Section 3, Clause 2 2792:2018 State of the Union Address 2545:'s presidency collapsed in the 2518:, each served two terms as the 2333:won election in 1824 after the 1475:United Nations Security Council 1378:District of Columbia Government 20360:New York City Government House 20333:Solar power at the White House 19643:President of the United States 19124:Judge Advocate General's Corps 18055:Commandant of the Marine Corps 17926:Active duty four-star officers 17883:Secretary of Homeland Security 17868:President of the United States 17068:List of nominating conventions 15617:President of the United States 15513:Separation of church and state 13729:National Reconnaissance Office 13672:President of the United States 11325:Presidential Studies Quarterly 11137:. United States Secret Service 10019:NCC Staff (January 20, 2017). 9745:"Faithless Elector State Laws" 9565:"The Evolving Vice Presidency" 9009:Duggan, Paul (April 2, 2007). 8985:"The White House State Dinner" 8902:American Civil Liberties Union 8596:. Retrieved February 25, 2013. 8389:. June 1, 1970. Archived from 8303:. National Constitution Center 8091:Partnership for Public Service 7865:Cantor, Eric (July 30, 2009). 7669:. The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter 7455:"What Reagan Learned from FDR" 7315:. Center for American Progress 7126:"The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover" 7003:. National Constitution Center 6884:Essential Civil War Curriculum 6810:. National Constitution Center 6787:. U.S. News & World Report 6764:. National Constitution Center 6760:NCC staff (November 4, 2019). 6168: 6138: 6110: 6046: 6030: 6000: 5974: 5954: 5507:Dwight D. Eisenhower 5217:Congressional Research Service 4943:when the president is on board 4394:. Upon the death of President 3857:Article I, Section 3, Clause 7 3821: 2863:of the Constitution to call a 2653:of the Constitution vests all 2566:, failed to win re-election. 2198:another. They witnessed their 2166:the deposed British system of 2024:second-largest nuclear arsenal 2015:Article II of the Constitution 1997:largest economy by nominal GDP 1942:president of the United States 591:United States Attorney General 557:President of the United States 46:President of the United States 13: 1: 20222:White House Conference Center 20217:New Executive Office Building 20106:Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben 19645:(1800–1814; 1817–1948; 1952–) 18554:Marine Corps History Division 18075:Commandant of the Coast Guard 17941:National Security Act of 1947 17910:Committees on Armed Services 11335:. Princeton University Press. 11198:"U.S. Senate: Party Division" 10689:"Air Force One". Similarly, " 10666:. March 21, 2015 – via 9069:The Christian Science Monitor 8760:American Constitution Society 7844:R42843 · Version 14 · updated 6225:Safire's Political Dictionary 6043:. Retrieved November 1, 2012. 5947: 5559:William Howard Taft 5531:Rutherford B. Hayes 5358:University of Texas at Austin 5336:Southern Methodist University 5051: 4964: 4707:Article II, Section 1, Clause 4424:federal executive departments 4229: 4211: 4206: 4176:Article II, Section 1, Clause 4095:Article II, Section 1, Clause 3845:resident in the United States 3412:, the Supreme Court ruled in 3391:, the Supreme Court ruled in 3257:Trump v. United States (2024) 2444:was rejected by the Senate. 2392:assassination, his successor 2352:, became unpopular after the 2163:Congress of the Confederation 1902:Common good constitutionalism 735:Alien Terrorist Removal Court 20196:White House vegetable garden 18159:Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary 17153:Certificate of ascertainment 17040:Nevada presidential caucuses 16326:United States Virgin Islands 13875:Government Publishing Office 13343:Technological and industrial 10468:American Antiquarian Society 10448:American Antiquarian Society 9917:The Interactive Constitution 9540:(3): 565–635. Archived from 9398:The Interactive Constitution 9362:"The Cult of the Presidency" 9011:"Balking at the First Pitch" 8729:Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan 6954:. New York Times Opinionator 6908:. National Catholic Reporter 6150:National Constitution Center 5789:Outline of American politics 5137:called on former Presidents 4971:United States Secret Service 4959:when the president is aboard 4893:sedan, but built on a truck 4716: 4535:Article I, Section 3, Clause 4523:Article I, Section 2, Clause 4519:high crimes and misdemeanors 3957:through frequent visits and 3935:nationally televised debates 3754:for the incoming president. 3337:. Presidents may also grant 3034:1990 Chemical Weapons Accord 2960:confirmed by the U.S. Senate 2659:Article 1, Section 6, Clause 2428:hand-picking his successor, 2284: 2071:president's intra-term death 1960:. The president directs the 725:Court of International Trade 7: 20184:Tennis and basketball court 20064:White House Military Office 18743:Enlisted recruit training: 18011:Department of the Air Force 17878:Deputy Secretary of Defense 17750:Presidential library system 17199:Historical election polling 15347:Women's reproductive health 14313:Federally recognized tribes 14176:Public utilities commission 14080:Public Health Service Corps 13983:Code of Federal Regulations 13865:Congressional Budget Office 13719:Central Intelligence Agency 13625:Water supply and sanitation 13052:Declaration of Independence 12635:U.S. Senate bust collection 11362:American Politics Quarterly 10254:. St. Petersburg, Florida: 9360:Lexington (July 21, 2009). 8783:Political Science Quarterly 7265:Simon, Ron (May 29, 2017). 6476:10.1177/0002716288499001002 6320:"Presidential Power Surges" 5782: 5656:John Quincy Adams 5607:Lyndon B. Johnson 5523:Warren G. Harding 5515:James A. Garfield 5491:Chester A. Arthur 5448:Democratic-Republican Party 5259:Presidential library system 4913:Presidential transportation 4408:Presidential Succession Act 4172:presidential Oath of Office 3964: 3681:, Washington, D.C., on the 3545:for prosecution based on a 3316:, including members of the 3193:defense of Washington, D.C. 2756:Clinton v. City of New York 2335:Democratic-Republican Party 2128:Declaration of Independence 2112:Second Continental Congress 1796:Right to keep and bear arms 95:since January 20, 2021 10: 20773: 20049:White House Family Theater 19641:Official residence of the 18043:Service branches and heads 17807:United States Armed Forces 17229:Red states and blue states 14525:Red states and blue states 14430:City commission government 14425:Council–manager government 11374:10.1177/1532673x9101900101 11349:. Oxford University Press. 10609:"The White House Building" 10549:"The White House Building" 9795:Howe, Amy (July 6, 2020). 8211: (1988), respectively. 8138:Shurtleff v. United States 7693:"Unchecked and Unbalanced" 7578:"Unchecked and Unbalanced" 7148:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. 6999:NCC Staff (May 16, 2020). 6931:. American Bar Association 6639:. New York: Random House. 6604:Ellis, Richard J. (1999). 6372:. London. January 3, 2008. 5761: 5635:Martin Van Buren 5519:Ulysses S. Grant 5256: 5200:Pension and other benefits 5194:2024 presidential election 4968: 4925:The presidential limousine 4834: 4825:, the official guest house 4808:Frederick County, Maryland 4757:Frederick County, Maryland 4720: 4599:became the sole gatekeeper 4576:Circumvention of authority 4491: 4487: 4437: 4273:When the first president, 4136: 4109:in time to be used in the 3974: 3968: 3891: 3881: 3277: 3106:United States Armed Forces 2944:constitutionally obligated 2895: 2467: 2157:Under the Articles, which 2104:American Revolutionary War 2097: 1974:United States Armed Forces 1806:Criminal procedural rights 29: 20545: 20406: 20300: 20252: 20204: 20087:Jacqueline Kennedy Garden 20072: 20024: 19959: 19930: 19907: 19836: 19775: 19752:Diplomatic Reception Room 19727: 19709: 19698: 19637: 19507: 19391: 19353: 19282: 19251: 19193: 19005: 18917: 18782: 18606: 18599: 18572: 18541: 18461: 18438: 18397: 18364: 18352: 18254: 18184:Unified combatant command 18182: 18144: 18083: 18070:Chief of Space Operations 18060:Chief of Naval Operations 18042: 17963: 17954: 17860: 17813: 17736:Outside the United States 17699: 17344: 17277: 17186: 17131:electoral vote recipients 17116:Electoral College margins 17091: 17058: 17020: 16752: 16439: 16335: 16256: 15635: 15608: 15534: 15360: 15233: 15165: 14818: 14814: 14805: 14753: 14618: 14609: 14505: 14476: 14453: 14392: 14359: 14350: 14293: 14281:Comparison of governments 14256: 14219: 14196: 14112: 14092: 14023: 13961: 13883: 13806: 13664: 13655: 13651: 13642: 13364: 13355: 13300: 13260:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 13101:drafting and ratification 13074:Articles of Confederation 12987: 12921: 12912: 12833: 12766: 12713: 12704: 12676: 12643: 12552: 12471: 12324: 12301:Post-presidency campaigns 12214: 12207: 12189: 12151: 12146:Links to related articles 12110: 11982: 11505: 11435:, and Sarah Miles Watts. 11331:Howell, William G. 2023. 10337:. The Heritage Foundation 10310:. The Heritage Foundation 10205:. The Heritage Foundation 10159:Feerick, John D. (2011). 10134:"Twenty-second Amendment" 10000:. The Heritage Foundation 9913:"The Twentieth Amendment" 9858:. The Heritage Foundation 9831:. The Heritage Foundation 9483:. The Heritage Foundation 8701:"Executive Privilege 101" 7521:January 14, 2021, at the 7434:. The Heritage Foundation 6718:. The Heritage Foundation 6693:"Presidential Precedents" 5631:Harry S. Truman 5611:John F. Kennedy 5466: 5440:Washington administration 5287:at the dedication of the 5133:. During his presidency, 4830: 4697: 4612:Presidential pay history 4611: 4566:House Judiciary Committee 4448:, by transmitting to the 4434:Declarations of inability 4426:who form the president's 4297:sought nomination at the 3840:be at least 35 years old; 3480:United States v. Reynolds 3251:This section needs to be 3002:presidential proclamation 2670:Signing and vetoing bills 2657:in Congress's hands, and 2387:'s leadership during the 2265:Constitutional Convention 2144:Articles of Confederation 1166:List of political parties 309: 301: 291: 272: 262: 249: 238: 226: 214: 206:National Security Council 201:National Economic Council 183: 175: 149: 118: 100: 78: 64: 50: 45: 20034:Office of the First Lady 19109:Air Force Specialty Code 18823:Awards & decorations 17722:Educational institutions 16303:Northern Mariana Islands 15300:Prescription drug prices 14420:Mayor–council government 14410:Coterminous municipality 14400:Consolidated city-county 14166:Agriculture commissioner 13816:House of Representatives 13724:National Security Agency 13374:Contiguous United States 12799:Number of votes received 12696:Winner lost popular vote 12686:Electoral College margin 12498:Educational institutions 9877:Boller, Paul F. (2004). 9604:"Twenty-third Amendment" 9325:. U of Minnesota Press. 9321:Nelson, Dana D. (2008). 9286:. U of Minnesota Press. 9193:Twin Cities Daily Planet 7313:"Lessons From Watergate" 6631:Beeman, Richard (2009). 6458:Pfiffner, J. P. (1988). 6222:Safire, William (2008). 5794: 5499:George W. Bush 5347:Texas A&M University 5178:2012 reelection campaign 5005:Secret Service codenames 4903:two armored motorcoaches 4889:designed to look like a 4791:, the official residence 4398:in 1841, Vice President 4363:Vacancies and succession 4186:I do solemnly swear (or 4068:House of Representatives 3933:Nominees participate in 3878:Campaigns and nomination 3811:leader of the free world 3661:reviews honor guards at 2841:American Bar Association 2822:Promulgating regulations 2630:consent from Congress". 2627:unitary executive theory 2524:leader of the free world 2432:. The following decade, 2206:commerce preyed upon by 1958:United States of America 1877:Political process theory 1569:United States portal 1081:Northern Mariana Islands 429:House of Representatives 19869:President's Dining Room 17292:Gubernatorial elections 16375:Philippine Commonwealth 15385:Criticism of government 14730:Social welfare programs 14323:State-recognized tribes 13308:Outline of U.S. history 13020:Continental Association 12199:List of vice presidents 9775:"Laws Binding Electors" 9641:CRS Report for Congress 7789:The Heritage Foundation 7154:The Imperial Presidency 7136:(2). National Archives. 6952:"Was Lincoln a Tyrant?" 6880:"The Great Triumvirate" 5721: 5623:James K. Polk 5555:Theodore Roosevelt 5408:Simi Valley, California 5397:Yorba Linda, California 4777:Presidential residences 4763:President's Guest House 4325:Twenty-second Amendment 3871:Twenty-second Amendment 3744:presidential transition 3464:Totten v. United States 3439:state secrets privilege 3160:, and the invasions of 3128:... while that of the 2587:1994 mid-term elections 2307:Twenty-Second Amendment 2230:Mount Vernon Conference 2093:History and development 2067:Twenty-second Amendment 2020:most expensive military 1872:Substantive due process 1298:Individualist anarchism 470:Congressional districts 263:Constituting instrument 196:Domestic Policy Council 20244:Presidential Townhouse 19671:Germantown White House 19660:Alexander Macomb House 19129:Military Health System 17999:Department of the Navy 17987:Department of the Army 17136:popular votes received 17060:Nominating conventions 17022:Primaries and caucuses 15447:Environmental movement 15290:Health insurance costs 15185:Educational attainment 14710:Federal Reserve System 14668:Science and technology 14171:Insurance commissioner 13709:Intelligence Community 13404:minor outlying islands 13167:Civil rights movement 11597:William Henry Harrison 10410:Williamson, Samuel H. 10390:University of Michigan 9692:"Maine & Nebraska" 9667:U.S. Electoral College 8154:Myers v. United States 7950:"Making Congress Moot" 7457:. History News Network 7246:. Smithsonian Magazine 5758:Timeline of presidents 5750:George Washington 5527:Benjamin Harrison 5375:Independence, Missouri 5356:, which is run by the 5299:Every president since 5296: 5253:Presidential libraries 5231:congressional pensions 5226: 5186:2020 election campaign 5048: 4988: 4885:, which is an armored 4883:presidential state car 4810:, the official retreat 4765:, located next to the 4556:, and Donald Trump in 4396:William Henry Harrison 4270: 4247:presidential elections 4235: 4192: 4059:Chiafalo v. Washington 4041:congressional district 4012:Twenty-third Amendment 4002: 3915: 3847:for at least 14 years. 3723:administration, every 3675:ceremonial first pitch 3666: 3650: 3634:later in the evening. 3616:State Arrival Ceremony 3574: 3539:obstruction of justice 3500:privilege. Before the 3394:United States v. Nixon 3309: 3148:'s military move into 3138: 3097: 3041: 2956:political appointments 2907: 2799: 2695: 2692:Martin Luther King Jr. 2487: 2358:William Henry Harrison 2297: 2256:succeeded in securing 2161:on March 1, 1781, the 1897:Strict constructionism 1801:Right to trial by jury 1791:Freedom of association 1435:Diplomatic missions of 1313:Political polarization 783:Presidential elections 407:United States Congress 351: 34:. For other uses, see 20652:Saint Kitts and Nevis 20513:Saint Kitts and Nevis 20292:West Executive Avenue 20267:East Executive Avenue 19747:Office of the Curator 19719:Chief Floral Designer 18587:Air Force Art Program 18174:Coast Guard Auxiliary 17972:Department of Defense 17946:Goldwater–Nichols Act 17893:Joint Chiefs of Staff 15273:Immigrant health care 14788:Transportation safety 14783:Transportation policy 14773:Public transportation 13843:President pro tempore 13699:Executive departments 13468:National Park Service 13123:Territorial evolution 12794:Lost their home state 12728:Democratic-Republican 12715:Political affiliation 12615:Religious affiliation 12443:Religious affiliation 12269:Judicial appointments 11827:Franklin D. Roosevelt 10789:National Park Service 10329:Gerhardt, Michael J. 8871:(February 10, 2009). 8590:Joint Chiefs of Staff 7982:. Heritage Foundation 7554:10.1515/for-2014-0023 6498:"Grover Cleveland—24" 5988:on September 26, 2012 5685:Millard Fillmore 5660:Thomas Jefferson 5648:Democratic-Republican 5595:Grover Cleveland 5543:William McKinley 5418:Political affiliation 5266: 5221: 5206:Former Presidents Act 5022: 4978: 4507:Article II, Section 4 4410:of 1947 (codified as 4243:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4241: 4219: 4184: 4180:8 of the Constitution 4157:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3984: 3901: 3706:Boy Scouts of America 3683:Washington Senators's 3656: 3640: 3573: 3298:Ketanji Brown Jackson 3287: 3278:Further information: 3216:Department of Defense 3142:War Powers Resolution 3118: 3072: 3028:and Soviet President 3023: 2950:Administrative powers 2902: 2785: 2684:1964 Civil Rights Act 2677: 2551:War Powers Resolution 2492:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2480:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2477: 2292: 2110:, represented by the 2089:on January 20, 2021. 1985:Franklin D. Roosevelt 510:President Pro Tempore 350: 20130:Marquis de Lafayette 19879:Queens' Sitting Room 19859:Lincoln Sitting Room 19378:Aircraft designation 19027:Creeds & Codes: 18146:Civilian auxiliaries 17964:Military departments 17873:Secretary of Defense 17336:, and namesakes of, 17219:Presidential debates 17141:popular-vote margins 16802:District of Columbia 16280:District of Columbia 15442:Environmental issues 15107:Political ideologies 15006:Indigenous languages 14206:List of legislatures 14003:separation of powers 13704:Independent agencies 13630:World Heritage Sites 13265:September 11 attacks 13188:Spanish–American War 13128:Mexican–American War 13084:Confederation period 13015:Continental Congress 12863:United States portal 12658:Designated survivors 11847:Dwight D. Eisenhower 11457:White House homepage 11433:Tebbel, John William 11226:The Washington Times 11161:The Washington Times 10922:on September 6, 2015 10302:Presser, Stephen B. 10171:(3). New York City: 9755:on December 19, 2016 9669:. Washington, D.C.: 9663:"About the Electors" 9534:Minnesota Law Review 9168:on December 28, 2011 9135:on November 21, 2008 8740:– via FindLaw. 8529:James M. McPherson, 8352:on November 26, 2010 8089:. Washington, D.C.: 6299:. September 11, 2021 6180:Digital Encyclopedia 6156:on February 24, 2018 5918:National Union Party 5619:Franklin Pierce 5539:Abraham Lincoln 5503:Calvin Coolidge 5309:presidential library 5105:has become a global 4983:waves following his 4927:, dubbed "The Beast" 4450:speaker of the House 4337:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4007:District of Columbia 3999:District of Columbia 3961:advertising drives. 3622:, a custom begun by 3502:September 11 attacks 3331:U.S. district courts 3306:United States Senate 3220:secretary of defense 3181:Western Pennsylvania 2690:on July 2, 1964, as 2516:Dwight D. Eisenhower 2346:Jacksonian democracy 2327:Era of Good Feelings 2228:and Maryland at the 2188:discussion moderator 2122:and no longer under 2031:separation of powers 1846:Comprehensible rules 1816:Freedom from slavery 1776:Freedom of the press 1720:Government structure 1682:Separation of powers 1626:of the United States 1439:in the United States 1179:Political ideologies 803:Presidential primary 20667:Trinidad and Tobago 20562:Antigua and Barbuda 20547:Heads of government 20528:Trinidad and Tobago 20423:Antigua and Barbuda 20287:Pennsylvania Avenue 20262:Constitution Avenue 20114:Comte de Rochambeau 20006:Press Briefing Room 19864:President's Bedroom 19654:Samuel Osgood House 19264:Crew-served weapons 19153:Chiefs of Chaplains 18374:Current deployments 17239:Tipping-point state 17209:Major party tickets 17163:Contingent election 17158:Certificate of vote 17148:Electoral Count Act 17073:Brokered convention 15285:Health care finance 14778:Rail transportation 14544:Imperial presidency 14266:State constitutions 14211:List of legislators 14161:Auditor/Comptroller 14134:Lieutenant governor 13860:Library of Congress 13751:Diplomatic Security 13394:Indian reservations 13057:American Revolution 12691:Popular vote margin 12600:Impeachment efforts 12540:U.S. postage stamps 12306:Previous experience 12264:International trips 12259:Impeachment efforts 12254:Historical rankings 12234:Control of Congress 11777:William Howard Taft 11697:Rutherford B. Hayes 11398:Journal of Politics 11248:"Political Parties" 11106:The Washington Post 10795:on January 18, 2007 10582:National Geographic 10138:Annenberg Classroom 9608:Annenberg Classroom 9544:on January 15, 2013 9101:The Washington Post 9016:The Washington Post 8847:The Washington Post 8322:Hamilton, Alexander 8274:Zivotofsky v. Kerry 8117:The Washington Post 7954:The Washington Post 7871:The Washington Post 7103:The Washington Post 7052:The Washington Post 5731:Andrew Johnson 5693:Zachary Taylor 5639:Woodrow Wilson 5603:Andrew Jackson 5587:James Buchanan 5535:Herbert Hoover 5058:William Howard Taft 4993:U.S. Secret Service 4899:U.S. Secret Service 4734:Executive Residence 4377:removal from office 4277:, announced in his 4159:and Vice President 4145:Twentieth Amendment 4127:William H. Crawford 4072:contingent election 3713:Rutherford B. Hayes 3671:William Howard Taft 3524:Nixon v. Fitzgerald 3370:executive privilege 3335:senatorial courtesy 3326:Senate confirmation 3090:George B. McClellan 3055:two-thirds majority 2998:types of directives 2881:Twentieth Amendment 2857:Article II, Section 2694:and others look on. 2496:Imperial presidency 2470:Imperial presidency 2464:Imperial presidency 2430:William Howard Taft 2400:. After the end of 2356:, and the death of 2234:Annapolis, Maryland 2215:Newburgh Conspiracy 1862:Living Constitution 1781:Freedom of assembly 1766:Freedom of religion 1581:Politics portal 1416:Department of State 1091:U.S. Virgin Islands 20602:Dominican Republic 20463:Dominican Republic 20232:Peter Parker House 20122:Tadeusz Kościuszko 19803:Family Dining Room 19259:Individual weapons 18499:Hispanic Americans 18479:Buddhist Americans 18262:United States Code 18232:Special Operations 18085:Reserve components 17214:Major party losers 16754:Elections by state 16367:Philippine Islands 15395:affirmative action 15368:Capital punishment 15327:Poverty and health 15322:Physician shortage 15295:Health care prices 15225:Standard of living 14908:standard of living 14715:Financial position 14342:Hawaiian home land 14330:Indian reservation 14303:Tribal sovereignty 14146:Secretary of state 14015:United States Code 13931:Territorial courts 13903:Associate Justices 13788:Inspector generals 13275:War in Afghanistan 13138:Reconstruction era 13005:Stamp Act Congress 12625:Tie-breaking votes 12605:Other offices held 12513:in other countries 12291:Other offices held 12194:List of presidents 11767:Theodore Roosevelt 11342:(Routledge, 2018). 11274:Enchanted Learning 11163:. January 10, 2013 11112:on August 23, 2016 10982:, The White House. 10882:Douglas Brinkley. 10825:on October 6, 2008 10231:. October 24, 2017 10165:Fordham Law Review 10025:Constitution Daily 9823:Kuroda, Tadahisa. 9259:... Deaver thanked 8904:. January 31, 2007 8819:The New York Times 8642:The New York Times 8612:The New York Times 8499:Andrew J. Polsky, 8476:The New York Times 8447:The New York Times 8418:The New York Times 8393:on January 7, 2008 8052:"Executive Branch" 7867:"Obama's 32 Czars" 7814:www.whitehouse.gov 7755:The New York Times 7697:The New York Times 7582:The New York Times 7409:The New York Times 7358:The New York Times 7198:Chapman Law Review 6324:Harvard Law School 5968:The New York Times 5851:Theodore Roosevelt 5822:Walter P. Phillips 5664:James Madison 5551:Ronald Reagan 5547:Richard Nixon 5436:political factions 5345:, which is run by 5334:, which is run by 5297: 5049: 4989: 4746:official residence 4552:, Bill Clinton in 4271: 4245:won a record four 4236: 4226:Theodore Roosevelt 4035:deviate from this 4003: 3916: 3702:Theodore Roosevelt 3667: 3651: 3575: 3310: 3296:appointee Justice 3228:Combatant Commands 3205:American Civil War 3146:Theodore Roosevelt 3112:explained this in 3110:Alexander Hamilton 3102:commander-in-chief 3098: 3096:on October 3, 1862 3082:American Civil War 3065:Commander-in-chief 3042: 2991:White House Office 2877:Turnip Day Session 2837:signing statements 2818:changes are made. 2808:State of the Union 2800: 2778:Setting the agenda 2772:U.S. Supreme Court 2751:Line Item Veto Act 2700:Presentment Clause 2696: 2647:Article I, Section 2642:Legislative powers 2634:, board member of 2490:The ascendancy of 2488: 2425:Theodore Roosevelt 2298: 2242:Alexander Hamilton 2180:royal prerogatives 2055:elected indirectly 2035:Article I, Section 1970:commander-in-chief 1966:federal government 1954:head of government 1882:Judicial restraint 1841:Right to candidacy 1728:Legislative branch 1624:Constitutional law 1423:Secretary of State 793:Off-year elections 775:National Elections 482:Non-voting members 360:Federal government 352: 305:$ 400,000 per year 276:March 4, 1789 167:Commander-in-chief 162:Head of government 20690: 20689: 20684: 20683: 20680: 20679: 20541: 20540: 20368: 20367: 20328:Security breaches 20142:St. John's Church 20001:Oval Office Study 19928: 19927: 19894:West Sitting Hall 19849:East Sitting Hall 19823:State Dining Room 19677:The Octagon House 19666:President's House 19597: 19596: 19503: 19502: 19189: 19188: 18652: 18640: 18628: 18614:Service academies 18595: 18594: 18469:African Americans 18250: 18249: 17773: 17772: 17300: 17299: 17173:Unpledged elector 17168:Faithless elector 17093:Electoral College 17078:Convention bounce 16440:Elections by year 16399: 16398: 16360:Panama Canal Zone 15570: 15569: 15530: 15529: 15526: 15525: 15496:National security 15205:Income inequality 15085:Statue of Liberty 14888:income inequality 14801: 14800: 14793:Trucking industry 14605: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14532:Foreign relations 14520:Electoral College 14501: 14500: 14289: 14288: 14241:District attorney 14088: 14087: 13915:Courts of appeals 13638: 13637: 13351: 13350: 13292:COVID-19 pandemic 13245:Feminist Movement 13091:American frontier 13010:Thirteen Colonies 12871: 12870: 12829: 12828: 12653:Acting presidents 12610:Ran for president 12548: 12547: 12286:Official vehicles 12138: 12137: 11917:George H. W. Bush 11867:Lyndon B. Johnson 11797:Warren G. Harding 11737:Benjamin Harrison 11717:Chester A. Arthur 11707:James A. Garfield 11567:John Quincy Adams 11517:George Washington 11067:. January 7, 2007 10978:National Archives 10942:"Four Presidents" 10898:American Heritage 10845:Colonel Roosevelt 10668:National Archives 10360:. PublicAffairs. 10062:on August 4, 2018 10056:ConstitutionDaily 10031:on August 4, 2018 9890:978-0-19-516716-0 9698:on August 2, 2018 9569:Temple Law Review 9332:978-0-8166-5677-6 9293:978-0-8166-5677-6 8970:978-0-442-02532-8 8197:Morrison v. Olson 8070:National Archives 7925:on March 21, 2007 7897:Los Angeles Times 7779:Pfiffner, James. 7729:Los Angeles Times 7130:Prologue Magazine 6691:Stockwell, Mary. 6646:978-0-8129-7684-7 6568:978-0-393-96056-3 6538:978-0-87289-336-8 6235:978-0-19-534061-7 6131:978-0-684-86854-7 6067:National Archives 6057:. The White House 5940:Democratic Party. 5863:Lyndon B. Johnson 5847:Chester A. Arthur 5755: 5754: 5668:James Monroe 5599:Bill Clinton 5591:Jimmy Carter 5563:Donald Trump 5427:American politics 5423:Political parties 5281:George H. W. Bush 5111:Nobel Peace Prize 5086:John Quincy Adams 5025:George H. W. Bush 4869:U.S. Marine Corps 4702: 4701: 4275:George Washington 4161:John Nance Garner 4123:John Quincy Adams 4107:Twelfth Amendment 4064:absolute majority 3920:primary elections 3817:Selection process 3733:George H. W. Bush 3663:Buckingham Palace 3632:State Dining Room 3591: 3519:absolute immunity 3447:national security 3389:Watergate scandal 3276: 3275: 3177:Whiskey Rebellion 3114:Federalist No. 69 3030:Mikhail Gorbachev 3026:George H. W. Bush 2966:, members of the 2770: (1998), the 2680:Lyndon B. Johnson 2547:Watergate scandal 2535:Lyndon B. Johnson 2442:League of Nations 2415:After McKinley's 2367:Great Triumvirate 2331:John Quincy Adams 2329:until Adams' son 2302:George Washington 2294:George Washington 2279:U.S. Constitution 2258:George Washington 2108:Thirteen Colonies 2059:Electoral College 2053:The president is 1981:George Washington 1938: 1937: 1786:Right to petition 1771:Freedom of speech 1758:Individual rights 1712:Tiers of scrutiny 1687:Individual rights 1618: 1617: 1457:Visa requirements 1409:Foreign relations 1308:Political culture 1248:Constitutionalism 1126:Political parties 1111:List of Elections 798:Primary elections 788:Midterm elections 710:Courts of appeals 338: 323: 322: 296:George Washington 245:or via succession 243:Electoral College 72:Presidential flag 58:Presidential seal 16:(Redirected from 20764: 20719: 20718: 20707: 20706: 20705: 20698: 20555:Sovereign states 20552: 20551: 20416:Sovereign states 20413: 20412: 20395: 20388: 20381: 20372: 20371: 20239:Trowbridge House 20154:President's Park 20092:Lafayette Square 20054:Social Secretary 19974:Executive Office 19954: 19953: 19948: 19942: 19941: 19936: 19899:Yellow Oval Room 19707: 19706: 19624: 19617: 19610: 19601: 19600: 19557: 19556: 19515: 19514: 19404:Nuclear football 19249: 19248: 19143:Veterans Affairs 18962:Warrant officers 18738:The Basic School 18646: 18634: 18622: 18604: 18603: 18582:Army Art Program 18489:Muslim Americans 18484:Jewish Americans 18362: 18361: 18169:Civil Air Patrol 17961: 17960: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17777: 17776: 17766: 17759: 17752: 17745: 17738: 17731: 17729:Military vessels 17724: 17717: 17710: 17692: 17684: 17676: 17668: 17660: 17652: 17644: 17636: 17628: 17620: 17612: 17604: 17596: 17588: 17580: 17572: 17564: 17556: 17548: 17540: 17532: 17524: 17516: 17508: 17500: 17492: 17484: 17476: 17468: 17460: 17452: 17444: 17436: 17428: 17420: 17412: 17404: 17396: 17388: 17380: 17372: 17364: 17356: 17327: 17320: 17313: 17304: 17303: 17287:Senate elections 17244:Election recount 17224:October surprise 17194:Campaign slogans 17096:and popular vote 16426: 16419: 16412: 16403: 16402: 16392: 16385: 16378: 16370: 16362: 16355: 16353:Dakota Territory 16348: 16328: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16298: 16289: 16282: 16275: 16249: 16240: 16233: 16226: 16219: 16210: 16203: 16194: 16187: 16180: 16171: 16164: 16155: 16148: 16139: 16132: 16123: 16116: 16107: 16100: 16093: 16084: 16077: 16068: 16061: 16054: 16045: 16038: 16029: 16022: 16013: 16006: 15997: 15990: 15981: 15974: 15965: 15958: 15951: 15944: 15937: 15930: 15921: 15914: 15905: 15898: 15889: 15882: 15875: 15866: 15859: 15850: 15843: 15834: 15827: 15818: 15811: 15804: 15797: 15788: 15781: 15772: 15765: 15758: 15749: 15742: 15733: 15726: 15719: 15712: 15705: 15698: 15689: 15682: 15675: 15668: 15661: 15654: 15626: 15619: 15597: 15590: 15583: 15574: 15573: 15550: 15543: 15430:African American 15312:Health insurance 15200:Household income 15070:National symbols 15001:American English 14974:Federal holidays 14883:household income 14816: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14616: 14615: 14554:Anti-Americanism 14478:Special district 14405:Independent city 14374:County executive 14357: 14356: 14151:Attorney general 14110: 14109: 14099:Federal District 13682:Executive Office 13662: 13661: 13653: 13652: 13649: 13648: 13409:populated places 13389:federal enclaves 13384:federal district 13362: 13361: 13225:American Century 13208:Great Depression 13203:Roaring Twenties 13163:Women's suffrage 13042:Halifax Resolves 13035:Founding Fathers 13030:military history 12995:Pre-colonial era 12919: 12918: 12898: 12891: 12884: 12875: 12874: 12861: 12851: 12843:Biography portal 12841: 12779:Campaign slogans 12774:African American 12711: 12710: 12520:Military vessels 12481:Actor portrayals 12274:Military service 12249:Executive orders 12212: 12211: 12178: 12171: 12164: 12155: 12154: 12142: 12141: 12128: 12127: 12118: 12117: 11757:William McKinley 11747:Grover Cleveland 11727:Grover Cleveland 11687:Ulysses S. Grant 11637:Millard Fillmore 11587:Martin Van Buren 11537:Thomas Jefferson 11492: 11485: 11478: 11469: 11468: 11429: 11404:(4): 1016–1035. 11395: 11385: 11359: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11194: 11188: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11131: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11117: 11098: 11092: 11083: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11038: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11012: 11001: 10992: 10983: 10981: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10927: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10893: 10887: 10880: 10874: 10869:Kasey S. Pipes, 10867: 10861: 10856:Gary Dean Best, 10854: 10848: 10841: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10791:. Archived from 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10632: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10589:on July 14, 2018 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10471: 10465: 10451: 10445: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10414:. MeasuringWorth 10407: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10378: 10372: 10371: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10326: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10299: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10285: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10194: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10156: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10130: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10087: 10078: 10072: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10016: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10005: 9992:Kesavan, Vasan. 9989: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9965: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9874: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9850:Fried, Charles. 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9781: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9751:. Archived from 9741: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9638: 9629: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9600: 9594: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9508:Business Insider 9502:Vlamis, Kelsey. 9499: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9374: 9372: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9341: 9339: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9302: 9300: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9236: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9164:. Archived from 9151: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9131:. Archived from 9118: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9081: 9076:on July 30, 2012 9072:. Archived from 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9043:on June 29, 2014 9042: 9035: 9027: 9021: 9020: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8958: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8751: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8666: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8650: 8648: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8603: 8597: 8587: 8581: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8540: 8534: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8513: 8507: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8484: 8482: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8455: 8453: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8424: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8379: 8366: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8338: 8332: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8292: 8286: 8270: 8264: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8218: 8212: 8194: (1935) and 8175: 8169: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8093:. April 14, 2021 8088: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8067: 8065: 8048: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7974:Forte, David F. 7971: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7960: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7932: 7930: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7841: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7763: 7761: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7720: 7711: 7710: 7705: 7703: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7556: 7532: 7526: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7494:10.2307/20045307 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7348: 7342: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7239: 7233: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7189: 7178: 7177: 7157: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6780: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6638: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6554: 6543: 6542: 6522: 6503: 6501: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6318:Peterson, Erin. 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6148:. Philadelphia: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6114: 6108: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6050: 6044: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6018:on July 20, 2010 6014:. Archived from 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5882: 5879:Grover Cleveland 5876: 5870: 5839:Millard Fillmore 5831: 5825: 5814: 5808: 5805: 5511:Gerald Ford 5472: 5464: 5463: 5444:Federalist Party 5431:Founding Fathers 5074:Grover Cleveland 4952: 4936: 4921: 4864:for the flight. 4819: 4800: 4785: 4742:Washington, D.C. 4710: 4609: 4608: 4538: 4526: 4446:acting president 4392:special election 4372: 4312:at war with the 4306:Great Depression 4295:Ulysses S. Grant 4283:Thomas Jefferson 4279:Farewell Address 4234: 4231: 4222:William McKinley 4179: 4149:Inauguration Day 4143:Pursuant to the 4115:election of 1824 4104: 4098: 4091:election of 1800 4083:Thomas Jefferson 4038: 3759:public relations 3752:Inauguration Day 3679:Griffith Stadium 3593: 3592: 3572: 3558:Leadership roles 3530:Clinton v. Jones 3451:Thomas Jefferson 3415:Clinton v. Jones 3410:Lewinsky scandal 3271: 3268: 3262: 3246: 3245: 3238: 3209:Ulysses S. Grant 3179:, a conflict in 3135: 3127: 3123: 3092:and soldiers at 3006:executive orders 2954:Presidents make 2938: 2892:Executive powers 2860: 2662: 2650: 2611:Founding Fathers 2595:executive orders 2458:Great Depression 2410:William McKinley 2406:Grover Cleveland 2398:Ulysses S. Grant 2350:Martin Van Buren 2340:The election of 2315:Thomas Jefferson 2219:Shays' Rebellion 2132:Thomas Jefferson 2120:sovereign states 2048:executive orders 2038: 2022:, which has the 1962:executive branch 1930: 1923: 1916: 1826:Equal protection 1811:Right to privacy 1750:Local government 1745:State government 1733:Executive branch 1636: 1620: 1619: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1579: 1578: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1386:District Council 1369:Local government 1253:Environmentalism 617:Executive Office 612:Federal agencies 422: 417: 337:Politics of the 336: 325: 324: 319: 316: 287: 285: 280: 233:Washington, D.C. 85: 69: 55: 43: 42: 21: 20772: 20771: 20767: 20766: 20765: 20763: 20762: 20761: 20727: 20726: 20725: 20713: 20703: 20701: 20693: 20691: 20686: 20685: 20676: 20537: 20402: 20399: 20369: 20364: 20296: 20254: 20248: 20200: 20068: 20059:Visitors Office 20020: 19955: 19951: 19949: 19943: 19939: 19937: 19924: 19903: 19874:Queens' Bedroom 19854:Lincoln Bedroom 19832: 19808:Grand Staircase 19771: 19723: 19701: 19694: 19683:Seven Buildings 19669: 19652: 19633: 19628: 19598: 19593: 19499: 19387: 19383:Helicopter arms 19349: 19278: 19247: 19185: 19068:Service numbers 19031:Code of Conduct 19001: 18913: 18778: 18774:Other education 18715:Warrant officer 18661:Merchant Marine 18591: 18568: 18542:History centers 18537: 18474:Asian Americans 18457: 18434: 18393: 18354: 18348: 18246: 18178: 18164:Merchant Marine 18140: 18079: 18038: 17950: 17856: 17809: 17804: 17774: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17734: 17727: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17695: 17687: 17679: 17671: 17663: 17655: 17647: 17639: 17631: 17623: 17615: 17607: 17599: 17591: 17583: 17578:F. D. Roosevelt 17575: 17567: 17559: 17551: 17543: 17535: 17527: 17519: 17511: 17503: 17495: 17487: 17479: 17471: 17463: 17455: 17447: 17439: 17431: 17423: 17415: 17407: 17399: 17391: 17383: 17375: 17367: 17359: 17351: 17340: 17331: 17301: 17296: 17282:House elections 17273: 17254:Guam straw poll 17182: 17095: 17087: 17054: 17016: 16748: 16435: 16430: 16400: 16395: 16388: 16381: 16373: 16365: 16358: 16351: 16344: 16331: 16324: 16315: 16308: 16301: 16294: 16285: 16278: 16271: 16260: 16252: 16245: 16236: 16229: 16222: 16215: 16206: 16199: 16190: 16183: 16176: 16167: 16160: 16151: 16144: 16135: 16128: 16119: 16112: 16103: 16096: 16089: 16080: 16073: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16041: 16034: 16025: 16018: 16009: 16002: 15993: 15986: 15977: 15970: 15961: 15954: 15947: 15940: 15933: 15926: 15917: 15910: 15901: 15894: 15885: 15878: 15871: 15862: 15855: 15846: 15839: 15830: 15823: 15814: 15807: 15800: 15793: 15784: 15777: 15768: 15761: 15754: 15745: 15738: 15729: 15722: 15715: 15708: 15701: 15694: 15685: 15678: 15671: 15664: 15657: 15650: 15639: 15637:State governors 15631: 15622: 15615: 15604: 15601: 15571: 15566: 15553: 15546: 15539: 15522: 15508:Opioid epidemic 15425:Native American 15405:intersex rights 15356: 15352:Life expectancy 15342:Medical deserts 15332:Race and health 15229: 15215:Personal income 15161: 15065:National anthem 14898:personal income 14863:Economic issues 14797: 14749: 14597: 14497: 14486:School district 14472: 14455:Minor divisions 14449: 14388: 14346: 14285: 14271:Statutory codes 14252: 14215: 14192: 14102: 14097: 14084: 14019: 13976:civil liberties 13957: 13948:Other tribunals 13927:District courts 13879: 13838:current members 13821:current members 13802: 13736:Law enforcement 13634: 13347: 13296: 13287:Great Recession 13158:Progressive Era 13148:Native genocide 13079:Perpetual Union 13067:Treaty of Paris 13025:United Colonies 12983: 12908: 12902: 12872: 12867: 12853:Politics portal 12825: 12762: 12700: 12672: 12639: 12553:Vice presidents 12544: 12473: 12467: 12423:Multilingualism 12347:autobiographies 12320: 12224:Approval rating 12216: 12203: 12185: 12182: 12147: 12139: 12134: 12106: 12032:F. D. Roosevelt 11984: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11857:John F. Kennedy 11837:Harry S. Truman 11807:Calvin Coolidge 11667:Abraham Lincoln 11647:Franklin Pierce 11507: 11501: 11496: 11453: 11448: 11446: 11410:10.2307/2130782 11393: 11357: 11319: 11317:Further reading 11314: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11278: 11276: 11268: 11267: 11263: 11253: 11251: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11217: 11213: 11203: 11201: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11180: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11140: 11138: 11133: 11132: 11125: 11115: 11113: 11100: 11099: 11095: 11084: 11080: 11070: 11068: 11057: 11056: 11052: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11030: 11026: 11016: 11014: 11010: 10999: 10993: 10986: 10966: 10965: 10961: 10951: 10949: 10948:on May 12, 2011 10940: 10939: 10935: 10925: 10923: 10914: 10913: 10909: 10894: 10890: 10881: 10877: 10868: 10864: 10855: 10851: 10843:Edmund Morris, 10842: 10838: 10828: 10826: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10798: 10796: 10783: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10740: 10725: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10699:Coast Guard One 10680: 10676: 10658:"Air Force One" 10656: 10655: 10651: 10641: 10639: 10634: 10633: 10629: 10619: 10617: 10607: 10606: 10602: 10592: 10590: 10573: 10569: 10559: 10557: 10547: 10546: 10542: 10532: 10530: 10520: 10516: 10506: 10504: 10494: 10490: 10480: 10478: 10463: 10455:McCusker, J. J. 10443: 10435:McCusker, J. J. 10431: 10427: 10417: 10415: 10408: 10404: 10394: 10392: 10380: 10379: 10375: 10368: 10354: 10350: 10340: 10338: 10327: 10323: 10313: 10311: 10300: 10293: 10283: 10281: 10274: 10270: 10260: 10258: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10232: 10223: 10222: 10218: 10208: 10206: 10197:Feerick, John. 10195: 10188: 10178: 10176: 10157: 10153: 10143: 10141: 10132: 10131: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10065: 10063: 10048: 10044: 10034: 10032: 10017: 10013: 10003: 10001: 9990: 9983: 9973: 9971: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9944: 9942: 9937: 9936: 9932: 9922: 9920: 9909: 9905: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9875: 9871: 9861: 9859: 9848: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9821: 9817: 9807: 9805: 9793: 9789: 9779: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9728: 9726: 9716: 9715: 9711: 9701: 9699: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9675: 9673: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9646: 9644: 9636: 9630: 9623: 9613: 9611: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9561: 9557: 9547: 9545: 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9484: 9473: 9469: 9459: 9457: 9447: 9443: 9429: 9427: 9417: 9413: 9403: 9401: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9378: 9370: 9368: 9358: 9354: 9345: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9319: 9315: 9306: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9280:Nelson, Dana D. 9277: 9273: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9246: 9242: 9234: 9232: 9222:"Democrats vs. 9218: 9214: 9205: 9197: 9195: 9185: 9181: 9171: 9169: 9161:Chicago Tribune 9152: 9148: 9138: 9136: 9119: 9115: 9105: 9103: 9093: 9089: 9079: 9077: 9060: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9040: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8991: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8971: 8949: 8945: 8935: 8933: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8905: 8896: 8895: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8869:Glenn Greenwald 8866: 8862: 8852: 8850: 8838: 8834: 8824: 8822: 8811: 8807: 8778: 8774: 8764: 8762: 8752: 8745: 8735: 8733: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8707:on June 9, 2010 8697: 8693: 8679: 8677: 8667: 8663: 8654: 8646: 8644: 8634: 8630: 8616: 8614: 8604: 8600: 8588: 8584: 8573: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8556:on May 13, 2011 8542: 8541: 8537: 8528: 8524: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8498: 8494: 8488:Administration. 8480: 8478: 8468: 8464: 8451: 8449: 8439: 8435: 8422: 8420: 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8381: 8380: 8369: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8335: 8320: 8316: 8306: 8304: 8293: 8289: 8285:___ (2015). 8271: 8267: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8219: 8215: 8176: 8172: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8063: 8061: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7972: 7968: 7958: 7956: 7946: 7942: 7928: 7926: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7889: 7885: 7875: 7873: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7819: 7817: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7791: 7777: 7773: 7759: 7757: 7747: 7743: 7733: 7731: 7721: 7714: 7701: 7699: 7689: 7685: 7672: 7670: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7611: 7607: 7598: 7594: 7586: 7584: 7574: 7570: 7533: 7529: 7523:Wayback Machine 7513: 7509: 7482:Foreign Affairs 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7451: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7349: 7345: 7332: 7328: 7318: 7316: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7292:. LegBranch.org 7286: 7282: 7272: 7270: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7240: 7236: 7221: 7217: 7190: 7181: 7166: 7145: 7141: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7071: 7067: 7057: 7055: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7027: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7004: 6997: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6925: 6921: 6911: 6909: 6902: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6811: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6765: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6735: 6731: 6721: 6719: 6712: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6555: 6546: 6539: 6523: 6506: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6456: 6452: 6437: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6381: 6377: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6263:10.2307/3038511 6247: 6243: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6199: 6195: 6185: 6183: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6115: 6111: 6087:Owings v. Speed 6081: 6074: 6060: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5859:Harry S. Truman 5855:Calvin Coolidge 5832: 5828: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5797: 5785: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5766: 5760: 5714:John Adams 5697:John Tyler 5425:have dominated 5420: 5386:Abilene, Kansas 5261: 5255: 5202: 5054: 5017: 5015:Post-presidency 4973: 4967: 4960: 4953: 4944: 4937: 4928: 4922: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4820: 4811: 4801: 4792: 4786: 4730: 4719: 4708: 4626: 4618: 4607: 4578: 4536: 4524: 4504: 4492:Main articles: 4490: 4442: 4436: 4370: 4365: 4333:Harry S. Truman 4232: 4214: 4209: 4177: 4141: 4135: 4102: 4096: 4037:winner-take-all 4036: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3896: 3890: 3882:Main articles: 3880: 3824: 3819: 3794: 3786:coattail effect 3781: 3768:John F. Kennedy 3721:Harry S. Truman 3624:John F. Kennedy 3608: 3607: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3586: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3431:legal precedent 3282: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3201:Abraham Lincoln 3133: 3125: 3121: 3074:Abraham Lincoln 3067: 3018: 3016:Foreign affairs 3010:judicial review 2952: 2940: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2873:Harry S. Truman 2865:special session 2858: 2853: 2824: 2780: 2735:two-thirds vote 2712:two-thirds vote 2672: 2660: 2655:lawmaking power 2648: 2644: 2607: 2528:John F. Kennedy 2472: 2466: 2385:Abraham Lincoln 2379:John C. Calhoun 2287: 2254:Edmund Randolph 2195:Treaty of Paris 2148:perpetual union 2146:to establish a 2100: 2095: 2036: 1934: 1740:Judicial branch 1666:Judicial review 1625: 1614: 1585: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1504: 1486: 1466: 1447:Nationality law 1443: 1431: 1411: 1401: 1400: 1373: 1328: 1318: 1317: 1304: 1239: 1181: 1171: 1170: 1162: 1142: 1128: 1118: 1117: 1105: 1095: 817: 809: 779: 770: 760: 759: 754:Other tribunals 749: 715:District courts 697: 632: 622: 621: 603: 599:Merrick Garland 551: 541: 540: 535:Mitch McConnell 532:Minority Leader 521:Majority Leader 486: 462:Hakeem Jeffries 459:Minority Leader 448:Majority Leader 424: 401: 391: 390: 362: 339: 313: 283: 281: 279:(235 years ago) 278: 277: 210: 171: 145: 114: 96: 94: 93: 89: 86: 74: 60: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20770: 20760: 20759: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20739: 20724: 20723: 20711: 20688: 20687: 20682: 20681: 20678: 20677: 20675: 20674: 20669: 20664: 20659: 20654: 20649: 20644: 20639: 20634: 20629: 20624: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20604: 20599: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20574: 20569: 20564: 20558: 20556: 20549: 20543: 20542: 20539: 20538: 20536: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20510: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20475: 20470: 20465: 20460: 20455: 20450: 20445: 20440: 20435: 20430: 20425: 20419: 20417: 20410: 20408:Heads of state 20404: 20403: 20398: 20397: 20390: 20383: 20375: 20366: 20365: 20363: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20350:whitehouse.gov 20347: 20346: 20345: 20335: 20330: 20325: 20320: 20318:Reconstruction 20315: 20313:Christmas Tree 20310: 20304: 20302: 20298: 20297: 20295: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20274: 20269: 20264: 20258: 20256: 20250: 20249: 20247: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20235: 20234: 20224: 20219: 20214: 20208: 20206: 20202: 20201: 20199: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20187: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20145: 20144: 20139: 20137:Navy Yard Urns 20134: 20126: 20118: 20110: 20102: 20098:Andrew Jackson 20089: 20084: 20078: 20076: 20070: 20069: 20067: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20051: 20046: 20041: 20036: 20030: 20028: 20022: 20021: 20019: 20018: 20016:Situation Room 20013: 20011:Roosevelt Room 20008: 20003: 19998: 19997: 19996: 19991: 19986: 19976: 19971: 19965: 19963: 19957: 19956: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19925: 19923: 19922: 19917: 19911: 19909: 19905: 19904: 19902: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19889:Truman Balcony 19886: 19881: 19876: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19840: 19838: 19834: 19833: 19831: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19815: 19810: 19805: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19779: 19777: 19773: 19772: 19770: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19743: 19742: 19731: 19729: 19725: 19724: 19722: 19721: 19715: 19713: 19704: 19696: 19695: 19693: 19692: 19686: 19680: 19674: 19663: 19657: 19646: 19638: 19635: 19634: 19627: 19626: 19619: 19612: 19604: 19595: 19594: 19592: 19591: 19590: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19551: 19550: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19529: 19524: 19508: 19505: 19504: 19501: 19500: 19498: 19497: 19496: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19474: 19469: 19468: 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19427: 19416: 19406: 19401: 19399:WWII equipment 19395: 19393: 19389: 19388: 19386: 19385: 19380: 19375: 19374: 19373: 19368: 19357: 19355: 19351: 19350: 19348: 19347: 19342: 19341: 19340: 19332: 19331: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19292: 19290:All watercraft 19286: 19284: 19280: 19279: 19277: 19276: 19266: 19261: 19255: 19253: 19246: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19229: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19210: 19199: 19197: 19191: 19190: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19183: 19182: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19098: 19097: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19065: 19064: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19025: 19024: 19023: 19018: 19009: 19007: 19003: 19002: 19000: 18999: 18998: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18964: 18959: 18958: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18932: 18923: 18921: 18915: 18914: 18912: 18911: 18910: 18909: 18904: 18899: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18879: 18877:Identification 18868: 18867: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18820: 18819: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18786: 18784: 18780: 18779: 18777: 18776: 18771: 18770: 18769: 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18741: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18724: 18723: 18712: 18711: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18687: 18686: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18665: 18664: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18641: 18629: 18610: 18608: 18601: 18597: 18596: 18593: 18592: 18590: 18589: 18584: 18578: 18576: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18545: 18543: 18539: 18538: 18536: 18535: 18534: 18533: 18532: 18531: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18506: 18496: 18494:Sikh Americans 18491: 18486: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18465: 18463: 18459: 18458: 18456: 18455: 18450: 18444: 18442: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18401: 18399: 18395: 18394: 18392: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18365: 18359: 18350: 18349: 18347: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18330: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18285: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18258: 18256: 18252: 18251: 18248: 18247: 18245: 18244: 18242:Transportation 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18188: 18186: 18180: 18179: 18177: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18156: 18150: 18148: 18142: 18141: 18139: 18138: 18137: 18136: 18131: 18123:National Guard 18120: 18119: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18089: 18087: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18046: 18044: 18040: 18039: 18037: 18036: 18035: 18034: 18020: 18019: 18018: 18008: 18007: 18006: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17984: 17983: 17982: 17967: 17965: 17958: 17952: 17951: 17949: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17922: 17921: 17916: 17908: 17907: 17906: 17901: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17864: 17862: 17858: 17857: 17855: 17854: 17848: 17842: 17836: 17830: 17824: 17818: 17814: 17811: 17810: 17803: 17802: 17795: 17788: 17780: 17771: 17770: 17768: 17767: 17760: 17753: 17746: 17743:Postage stamps 17739: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17711: 17703: 17701: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17693: 17685: 17677: 17669: 17661: 17653: 17645: 17637: 17629: 17621: 17613: 17605: 17597: 17589: 17581: 17573: 17565: 17557: 17549: 17541: 17533: 17525: 17517: 17509: 17501: 17493: 17485: 17477: 17469: 17461: 17453: 17445: 17437: 17429: 17421: 17418:W. H. Harrison 17413: 17405: 17397: 17389: 17381: 17373: 17365: 17357: 17348: 17346: 17342: 17341: 17330: 17329: 17322: 17315: 17307: 17298: 17297: 17295: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17278: 17275: 17274: 17272: 17271: 17270: 17269: 17264: 17256: 17251: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17190: 17188: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17144: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17099: 17097: 17089: 17088: 17086: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17064: 17062: 17056: 17055: 17053: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17026: 17024: 17018: 17017: 17015: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16962:South Carolina 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16927:North Carolina 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16758: 16756: 16750: 16749: 16747: 16746: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16443: 16441: 16437: 16436: 16429: 16428: 16421: 16414: 16406: 16397: 16396: 16394: 16393: 16386: 16379: 16371: 16363: 16356: 16349: 16341: 16339: 16333: 16332: 16330: 16329: 16322: 16321: 16320: 16306: 16299: 16292: 16291: 16290: 16276: 16273:American Samoa 16268: 16266: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16250: 16243: 16242: 16241: 16227: 16220: 16213: 16212: 16211: 16197: 16196: 16195: 16181: 16174: 16173: 16172: 16158: 16157: 16156: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16126: 16125: 16124: 16114:South Carolina 16110: 16109: 16108: 16094: 16087: 16086: 16085: 16071: 16070: 16069: 16055: 16048: 16047: 16046: 16032: 16031: 16030: 16020:North Carolina 16016: 16015: 16014: 16000: 15999: 15998: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15968: 15967: 15966: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15931: 15924: 15923: 15922: 15908: 15907: 15906: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15876: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15837: 15836: 15835: 15821: 15820: 15819: 15805: 15798: 15791: 15790: 15789: 15775: 15774: 15773: 15759: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15736: 15735: 15734: 15720: 15713: 15706: 15699: 15692: 15691: 15690: 15676: 15669: 15662: 15655: 15647: 15645: 15633: 15632: 15630: 15629: 15628: 15627: 15612: 15610: 15606: 15605: 15600: 15599: 15592: 15585: 15577: 15568: 15567: 15565: 15564: 15559: 15552: 15551: 15544: 15536: 15535: 15532: 15531: 15528: 15527: 15524: 15523: 15521: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15504: 15503: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15464:Mass shootings 15461: 15456: 15455: 15454: 15452:Climate change 15449: 15439: 15434: 15433: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15390:Discrimination 15387: 15382: 15381: 15380: 15370: 15364: 15362: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15303: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15282: 15281: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15245: 15239: 15237: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15180:American Dream 15177: 15171: 15169: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15147:Transportation 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15093: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15080:Mount Rushmore 15077: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15051: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15020: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14977: 14976: 14966: 14961: 14960: 14959: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14938: 14937: 14932: 14922: 14921: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14824: 14822: 14809: 14803: 14802: 14799: 14798: 14796: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14759: 14757: 14751: 14750: 14748: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14700:Federal budget 14697: 14692: 14687: 14686: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14638:Communications 14635: 14630: 14619: 14613: 14607: 14606: 14603: 14602: 14599: 14598: 14596: 14595: 14590: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14568: 14567: 14566: 14561: 14559:exceptionalism 14556: 14546: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14537:foreign policy 14529: 14528: 14527: 14522: 14512: 14506: 14503: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14482: 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14465: 14459: 14457: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14396: 14394: 14390: 14389: 14387: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14365: 14363: 14354: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14344: 14339: 14338: 14337: 14327: 14326: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14305: 14299: 14297: 14291: 14290: 14287: 14286: 14284: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14262: 14260: 14254: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14249: 14248: 14238: 14237: 14236: 14234:Chief justices 14229:Supreme courts 14225: 14223: 14217: 14216: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14202: 14200: 14194: 14193: 14191: 14190: 14189: 14188: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14131: 14130: 14129: 14118: 14116: 14107: 14090: 14089: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14071: 14070: 14068:National Guard 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14029: 14027: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14017: 14012: 14011: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13995: 13985: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13971:Bill of Rights 13967: 13965: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13944: 13943: 13941:list of judges 13938: 13936:list of courts 13924: 13923: 13922: 13920:list of judges 13912: 13911: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13889: 13887: 13881: 13880: 13878: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13855:Capitol Police 13852: 13851: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13830: 13829: 13828: 13823: 13812: 13810: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13784: 13783: 13778: 13776:Secret Service 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13733: 13732: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13689:Vice President 13686: 13685: 13684: 13679: 13668: 13666: 13659: 13646: 13640: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13477: 13476: 13475: 13473:National Parks 13465: 13464: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13433: 13428: 13426:Extreme points 13423: 13418: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13365: 13359: 13353: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13304: 13302: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13277: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13184: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13113:Federalist Era 13110: 13109: 13108: 13106:Bill of Rights 13103: 13093: 13088: 13087: 13086: 13081: 13071: 13070: 13069: 13064: 13054: 13049: 13047:Lee Resolution 13044: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 12997: 12991: 12989: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12925: 12923: 12916: 12910: 12909: 12907: articles 12901: 12900: 12893: 12886: 12878: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12865: 12855: 12845: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12770: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12719: 12717: 12708: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12682: 12680: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12649: 12647: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12630:Time in office 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12489: 12488: 12477: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12393: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12350: 12349: 12342:Bibliographies 12339: 12334: 12328: 12326: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12311:Time in office 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12220: 12218: 12209: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12201: 12196: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12180: 12173: 12166: 12158: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12122: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11988: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11975: 11974: 11964: 11954: 11944: 11937:George W. Bush 11934: 11924: 11914: 11904: 11894: 11884: 11874: 11864: 11854: 11844: 11834: 11824: 11817:Herbert Hoover 11814: 11804: 11794: 11787:Woodrow Wilson 11784: 11774: 11764: 11754: 11744: 11734: 11724: 11714: 11704: 11694: 11684: 11677:Andrew Johnson 11674: 11664: 11657:James Buchanan 11654: 11644: 11634: 11627:Zachary Taylor 11624: 11614: 11604: 11594: 11584: 11577:Andrew Jackson 11574: 11564: 11554: 11544: 11534: 11524: 11513: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11506:Presidents and 11503: 11502: 11495: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11472: 11466: 11465: 11459: 11452: 11451:External links 11449: 11444: 11443: 11430: 11386: 11350: 11343: 11336: 11329: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11299:Presidents USA 11286: 11261: 11239: 11211: 11189: 11182:44 U.S.C. 11174: 11148: 11123: 11093: 11086:18 U.S.C. 11078: 11050: 11024: 10984: 10973:whitehouse.gov 10959: 10933: 10907: 10888: 10875: 10862: 10849: 10836: 10806: 10776: 10750: 10719: 10707: 10683:U.S. Air Force 10674: 10663:whitehouse.gov 10649: 10627: 10614:whitehouse.gov 10600: 10567: 10554:whitehouse.gov 10540: 10514: 10488: 10472:1800–present: 10425: 10402: 10373: 10367:978-1541788206 10366: 10348: 10321: 10291: 10268: 10242: 10216: 10186: 10151: 10122: 10099: 10073: 10042: 10011: 9981: 9952: 9930: 9903: 9889: 9869: 9842: 9815: 9787: 9766: 9736: 9709: 9683: 9654: 9621: 9595: 9586: 9555: 9520: 9494: 9475:Moreno, Paul. 9467: 9441: 9411: 9385: 9352: 9331: 9313: 9292: 9271: 9212: 9179: 9146: 9113: 9087: 9054: 9022: 9019:. p. A01. 9001: 8976: 8969: 8943: 8915: 8889: 8860: 8832: 8805: 8772: 8743: 8718: 8691: 8661: 8628: 8598: 8582: 8575:10 U.S.C. 8567: 8535: 8522: 8508: 8492: 8462: 8433: 8404: 8367: 8333: 8327:The Federalist 8314: 8287: 8265: 8236: 8213: 8170: 8129: 8104: 8075: 8057:whitehouse.gov 8043: 8021: 7993: 7966: 7940: 7909: 7883: 7857: 7827: 7801: 7771: 7741: 7712: 7683: 7657: 7631: 7605: 7568: 7527: 7507: 7468: 7453:Brands, H. W. 7445: 7422: 7394: 7371: 7343: 7326: 7303: 7280: 7257: 7234: 7215: 7179: 7164: 7139: 7116: 7088: 7065: 7037: 7014: 6991: 6965: 6942: 6919: 6896: 6870: 6847: 6821: 6798: 6775: 6752: 6729: 6706: 6683: 6652: 6645: 6623: 6616: 6596: 6574: 6567: 6544: 6537: 6504: 6500:. White House. 6489: 6450: 6431: 6403: 6375: 6357: 6336: 6310: 6284: 6241: 6234: 6214: 6193: 6167: 6137: 6130: 6118:Maier, Pauline 6109: 6072: 6045: 6041:United Nations 6029: 5999: 5973: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5932: 5922: 5909: 5896: 5883: 5871: 5843:Andrew Johnson 5826: 5809: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5768:The following 5759: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5744: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5725: 5723:National Union 5720: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5682: 5679: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5577: 5574: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5400: 5389: 5378: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5339: 5328: 5303:has created a 5301:Herbert Hoover 5273:George W. Bush 5257:Main article: 5254: 5251: 5243:George W. Bush 5201: 5198: 5135:George W. Bush 5090:Andrew Johnson 5066:Herbert Hoover 5053: 5050: 5033:George W. Bush 5016: 5013: 4969:Main article: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4914: 4835:Main article: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4821: 4814: 4812: 4802: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4771:Lafayette Park 4718: 4715: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4603: 4593:. First lady 4577: 4574: 4489: 4486: 4466:George W. Bush 4438:Main article: 4435: 4432: 4364: 4361: 4353:George W. Bush 4310:allied nations 4267:22nd amendment 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4137:Main article: 4134: 4131: 4119:Andrew Jackson 3969:Main article: 3966: 3963: 3928:rubber-stamped 3879: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3849: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3807:European Union 3793: 3790: 3780: 3777: 3740:James Buchanan 3643:Woodrow Wilson 3598: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3535:Mueller report 3314:federal judges 3274: 3273: 3250: 3248: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3066: 3063: 3017: 3014: 2970:, and various 2951: 2948: 2901: 2896:Main article: 2893: 2890: 2852: 2849: 2823: 2820: 2779: 2776: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2727: 2671: 2668: 2643: 2640: 2623:Dana D. Nelson 2606: 2603: 2579:George W. Bush 2468:Main article: 2465: 2462: 2454:Herbert Hoover 2446:Warren Harding 2434:Woodrow Wilson 2402:Reconstruction 2394:Andrew Johnson 2375:Daniel Webster 2342:Andrew Jackson 2286: 2283: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2087:assumed office 2079:45 individuals 2063:vice president 1989:George W. Bush 1936: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1571: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1538:European Union 1535: 1533:United Kingdom 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1441: 1430: 1429: 1427:Antony Blinken 1419: 1418: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1396:Superior Court 1393: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1263:Libertarianism 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1216:Traditionalist 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1103: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1071:American Samoa 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1016:South Carolina 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 981:North Carolina 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 816: 815: 808: 807: 806: 805: 795: 790: 785: 778: 777: 771: 766: 765: 762: 761: 758: 757: 748: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 712: 706: 705: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 674: 673: 668: 663: 658: 652: 651: 642: 641: 633: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 614: 609: 602: 601: 595: 594: 586: 585: 578: 577: 569: 568: 561: 560: 552: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 528: 527: 517: 516: 506: 505: 495: 494: 485: 484: 478: 477: 466: 465: 455: 454: 444: 443: 433: 432: 411: 410: 402: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 378: 372: 371: 363: 358: 357: 354: 353: 343: 342: 332: 331: 321: 320: 311: 307: 306: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 288: 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 259: 257:renewable once 253: 247: 246: 240: 236: 235: 230: 224: 223: 218: 212: 211: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 159: 153: 151: 147: 146: 144: 143: 140:His Excellency 137: 131: 124: 122: 116: 115: 113: 112: 107: 101: 98: 97: 87: 80: 79: 76: 75: 70: 62: 61: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20769: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20734: 20732: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20710: 20709:United States 20700: 20699: 20696: 20673: 20672:United States 20670: 20668: 20665: 20663: 20660: 20658: 20655: 20653: 20650: 20648: 20645: 20643: 20640: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20630: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20620: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20559: 20557: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20544: 20534: 20533:United States 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20509: 20506: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20459: 20456: 20454: 20451: 20449: 20446: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20434: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20420: 20418: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20405: 20396: 20391: 20389: 20384: 20382: 20377: 20376: 20373: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20344: 20343:Decatur House 20341: 20340: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20306: 20305: 20303: 20299: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20282:Madison Place 20280: 20278: 20277:Jackson Place 20275: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20265: 20263: 20260: 20259: 20257: 20251: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20233: 20230: 20229: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20209: 20207: 20203: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20179:Swimming pool 20177: 20175: 20174:Putting green 20172: 20170: 20169:Horseshoe pit 20167: 20166: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20131: 20127: 20125: 20123: 20119: 20117: 20115: 20111: 20109: 20107: 20103: 20101: 20099: 20095: 20094: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20079: 20077: 20075: 20071: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20047: 20045: 20042: 20040: 20037: 20035: 20032: 20031: 20029: 20027: 20023: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19981: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19966: 19964: 19962: 19958: 19947: 19935: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19912: 19910: 19906: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19841: 19839: 19835: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19798:Entrance Hall 19796: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19780: 19778: 19774: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19741: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19733: 19732: 19730: 19726: 19720: 19717: 19716: 19714: 19712: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19697: 19690: 19687: 19684: 19681: 19678: 19675: 19672: 19667: 19664: 19661: 19658: 19655: 19650: 19647: 19644: 19640: 19639: 19636: 19632: 19625: 19620: 19618: 19613: 19611: 19606: 19605: 19602: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19559: 19552: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19518: 19510: 19509: 19506: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19414: 19410: 19407: 19405: 19402: 19400: 19397: 19396: 19394: 19390: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19363: 19362: 19359: 19358: 19356: 19352: 19346: 19343: 19339: 19336: 19335: 19333: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19295: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19287: 19285: 19281: 19274: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19256: 19254: 19250: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19204: 19201: 19200: 19198: 19196: 19192: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19106: 19102: 19099: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19072: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19028: 19026: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19013: 19011: 19010: 19008: 19004: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18927: 18925: 18924: 18922: 18920: 18916: 18908: 18905: 18903: 18900: 18898: 18895: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18859:International 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18829:Inter-service 18827: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18787: 18785: 18781: 18775: 18772: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18722: 18719: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18690: 18688: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18670: 18669: 18666: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18650: 18645: 18642: 18638: 18633: 18630: 18626: 18621: 18618: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18611: 18609: 18605: 18602: 18598: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18579: 18577: 18575: 18571: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18546: 18544: 18540: 18530: 18527: 18526: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18505: 18502: 18501: 18500: 18497: 18495: 18492: 18490: 18487: 18485: 18482: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18466: 18464: 18460: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18445: 18443: 18441: 18437: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18402: 18400: 18396: 18390: 18389:Civil affairs 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18366: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18351: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18328: 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18299: 18297: 18295: 18294:Installations 18292: 18290: 18287: 18283: 18280: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18264: 18263: 18260: 18259: 18257: 18253: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18189: 18187: 18185: 18181: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18147: 18143: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18093: 18091: 18090: 18088: 18086: 18082: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18047: 18045: 18041: 18033: 18032: 18028: 18027: 18026: 18025: 18021: 18017: 18014: 18013: 18012: 18009: 18005: 18002: 18001: 18000: 17997: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17988: 17985: 17981: 17980: 17976: 17975: 17974: 17973: 17969: 17968: 17966: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17953: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17911: 17909: 17905: 17904:Vice Chairman 17902: 17900: 17897: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17865: 17863: 17859: 17853: 17849: 17847: 17843: 17841: 17837: 17835: 17831: 17829: 17825: 17823: 17819: 17816: 17815: 17812: 17808: 17801: 17796: 17794: 17789: 17787: 17782: 17781: 17778: 17765: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17751: 17747: 17744: 17740: 17737: 17733: 17730: 17726: 17723: 17719: 17716: 17712: 17709: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17698: 17691: 17686: 17683: 17678: 17675: 17670: 17667: 17662: 17659: 17654: 17651: 17650:G. H. W. Bush 17646: 17643: 17638: 17635: 17630: 17627: 17622: 17619: 17614: 17611: 17610:L. B. Johnson 17606: 17603: 17598: 17595: 17590: 17587: 17582: 17579: 17574: 17571: 17566: 17563: 17558: 17555: 17550: 17547: 17542: 17539: 17534: 17531: 17526: 17523: 17518: 17515: 17510: 17507: 17502: 17499: 17494: 17491: 17486: 17483: 17478: 17475: 17470: 17467: 17462: 17459: 17454: 17451: 17446: 17443: 17438: 17435: 17430: 17427: 17422: 17419: 17414: 17411: 17406: 17403: 17398: 17395: 17390: 17387: 17382: 17379: 17374: 17371: 17366: 17363: 17358: 17355: 17350: 17349: 17347: 17343: 17339: 17335: 17328: 17323: 17321: 17316: 17314: 17309: 17308: 17305: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17279: 17276: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17259: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17249: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17191: 17189: 17185: 17179: 17178:Voter turnout 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17103: 17101: 17100: 17098: 17094: 17090: 17084: 17083:Superdelegate 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17061: 17057: 17051: 17050:Super Tuesday 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17030:Iowa caucuses 17028: 17027: 17025: 17023: 17019: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17002:West Virginia 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16907:New Hampshire 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16867:Massachusetts 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16757: 16755: 16751: 16745: 16744: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16442: 16438: 16434: 16427: 16422: 16420: 16415: 16413: 16408: 16407: 16404: 16391: 16390:Santo Domingo 16387: 16384: 16380: 16376: 16372: 16368: 16364: 16361: 16357: 16354: 16350: 16347: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16338: 16334: 16327: 16323: 16318: 16314: 16313: 16311: 16307: 16304: 16300: 16297: 16293: 16288: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16277: 16274: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16259: 16255: 16248: 16244: 16239: 16235: 16234: 16232: 16228: 16225: 16224:West Virginia 16221: 16218: 16214: 16209: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16198: 16193: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16179: 16175: 16170: 16166: 16165: 16163: 16159: 16154: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16143: 16138: 16134: 16133: 16131: 16127: 16122: 16118: 16117: 16115: 16111: 16106: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16095: 16092: 16088: 16083: 16079: 16078: 16076: 16072: 16067: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16056: 16053: 16049: 16044: 16040: 16039: 16037: 16033: 16028: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16017: 16012: 16008: 16007: 16005: 16001: 15996: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15985: 15980: 15976: 15975: 15973: 15969: 15964: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15956:New Hampshire 15953: 15950: 15946: 15943: 15939: 15936: 15932: 15929: 15925: 15920: 15916: 15915: 15913: 15909: 15904: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15893: 15888: 15884: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15874: 15873:Massachusetts 15870: 15865: 15861: 15860: 15858: 15854: 15849: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15838: 15833: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15822: 15817: 15813: 15812: 15810: 15806: 15803: 15799: 15796: 15792: 15787: 15783: 15782: 15780: 15776: 15771: 15767: 15766: 15764: 15760: 15757: 15753: 15748: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15737: 15732: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15721: 15718: 15714: 15711: 15707: 15704: 15700: 15697: 15693: 15688: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15677: 15674: 15670: 15667: 15663: 15660: 15656: 15653: 15649: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15638: 15634: 15625: 15621: 15620: 15618: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15607: 15598: 15593: 15591: 15586: 15584: 15579: 15578: 15575: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15554: 15549: 15545: 15542: 15538: 15537: 15533: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15502: 15499: 15498: 15497: 15494: 15490: 15487: 15486: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15444: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15437:Energy policy 15435: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15379: 15378:incarceration 15376: 15375: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15365: 15363: 15359: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15283: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15263:Prenatal care 15261: 15259: 15258:Birth control 15256: 15254: 15251: 15250: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15240: 15238: 15236: 15232: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15195:Homeownership 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15164: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14975: 14972: 14971: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14958: 14955: 14954: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14927: 14926: 14923: 14919: 14918:working class 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14878:homeownership 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14804: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14760: 14758: 14756: 14752: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14658:Manufacturing 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14608: 14594: 14591: 14587: 14586:Third parties 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14535: 14534: 14533: 14530: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14517: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14504: 14492: 14489: 14488: 14487: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14479: 14475: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14456: 14452: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14391: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14362: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14349: 14343: 14340: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14292: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14255: 14247: 14244: 14243: 14242: 14239: 14235: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14222: 14218: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14199: 14195: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14135: 14132: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14100: 14095: 14091: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14022: 14016: 14013: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13973: 13972: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13953:U.S. attorney 13951: 13949: 13946: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13916: 13913: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13898:Chief Justice 13896: 13895: 13894: 13893:Supreme Court 13891: 13890: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13834: 13831: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13805: 13799: 13798:Public policy 13796: 13794: 13793:Civil service 13791: 13789: 13786: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13737: 13734: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13674: 13673: 13670: 13669: 13667: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13641: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13575: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13482: 13481: 13478: 13474: 13471: 13470: 13469: 13466: 13462: 13461:Sierra Nevada 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13399:insular zones 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13371: 13370: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13354: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13299: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13272: 13271: 13270:War on Terror 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13250:LGBT Movement 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13168: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12906: 12905:United States 12899: 12894: 12892: 12887: 12885: 12880: 12879: 12876: 12864: 12860: 12856: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12765: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12679: 12675: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12663:Inaugurations 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12642: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12570:Coats of arms 12568: 12566: 12565:Burial places 12563: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12551: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12535:U.S. counties 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12487: 12484: 12483: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12470: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12367: 12366: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12359:Coats of arms 12357: 12355: 12354:Burial places 12352: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325:Personal life 12323: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12213: 12210: 12206: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12191: 12188: 12179: 12174: 12172: 12167: 12165: 12160: 12159: 12156: 12150: 12143: 12131: 12123: 12121: 12113: 12112: 12109: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12077:G. H. W. Bush 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12052:L. B. Johnson 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11981: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11962: 11958: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11945: 11942: 11938: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11907:Ronald Reagan 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11885: 11882: 11878: 11877:Richard Nixon 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11862: 11858: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11842: 11838: 11835: 11832: 11828: 11825: 11822: 11818: 11815: 11812: 11808: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11792: 11788: 11785: 11782: 11778: 11775: 11772: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11752: 11748: 11745: 11742: 11738: 11735: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11702: 11698: 11695: 11692: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11678: 11675: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11662: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11618: 11617:James K. Polk 11615: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11592: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11568: 11565: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11547:James Madison 11545: 11542: 11538: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11522: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11510: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11488: 11486: 11481: 11479: 11474: 11473: 11470: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11447: 11442: 11441:online review 11438: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11392: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11356: 11351: 11348: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11322: 11321: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11249: 11243: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11215: 11200:. U.S. Senate 11199: 11193: 11187: 11183: 11178: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11091: 11087: 11082: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11054: 11035: 11028: 11009: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10989: 10979: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10963: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10921: 10917: 10911: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10879: 10872: 10866: 10859: 10853: 10846: 10840: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10765: 10761: 10754: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10723: 10716: 10711: 10704: 10703:Executive One 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10678: 10669: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10653: 10637: 10631: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10604: 10588: 10584: 10583: 10578: 10571: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10544: 10529: 10525: 10518: 10503: 10499: 10492: 10477: 10469: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10449: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10429: 10413: 10406: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10377: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10336: 10332: 10325: 10309: 10305: 10298: 10296: 10279: 10272: 10257: 10253: 10246: 10230: 10226: 10220: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10191: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10155: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10127: 10110: 10103: 10084: 10077: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10046: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10015: 9999: 9995: 9988: 9986: 9969: 9962: 9956: 9940: 9934: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9892: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9873: 9857: 9853: 9846: 9830: 9826: 9819: 9804: 9803: 9798: 9791: 9776: 9770: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9725: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9626: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9590: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9482: 9478: 9471: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9426: 9422: 9415: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9382: 9367: 9366:The Economist 9363: 9356: 9349: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9268: 9254: 9253: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9216: 9209: 9194: 9190: 9183: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9150: 9134: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9117: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9058: 9039: 9032: 9026: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9005: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8972: 8966: 8962: 8957: 8956: 8947: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8919: 8903: 8899: 8893: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8821: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8790:(1): 85–112. 8789: 8785: 8784: 8776: 8761: 8757: 8750: 8748: 8731: 8730: 8722: 8706: 8702: 8695: 8688: 8676: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8643: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8613: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8591: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8539: 8532: 8526: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8505:online review 8502: 8496: 8489: 8477: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8448: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8397:September 28, 8392: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8330: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8269: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8240: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8151: (1903); 8150: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8092: 8085: 8079: 8071: 8059: 8058: 8053: 8047: 8031: 8025: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7959:September 28, 7955: 7951: 7944: 7937: 7936:implications. 7924: 7920: 7913: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7876:September 28, 7872: 7868: 7861: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7734:September 21, 7730: 7726: 7719: 7717: 7709: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7668: 7661: 7650:September 20, 7646: 7642: 7635: 7624:September 20, 7620: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7461:September 12, 7456: 7449: 7438:September 12, 7433: 7426: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7387:September 12, 7382: 7375: 7364:September 12, 7360: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7319:September 12, 7314: 7307: 7296:September 12, 7291: 7284: 7273:September 12, 7268: 7261: 7250:September 12, 7245: 7238: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7165:0-395-17713-8 7161: 7156: 7155: 7149: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7120: 7109:September 14, 7105: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7081:September 14, 7076: 7069: 7058:September 12, 7054: 7053: 7048: 7041: 7030:September 14, 7025: 7018: 7007:September 14, 7002: 6995: 6984:September 14, 6980: 6976: 6969: 6958:September 14, 6953: 6946: 6935:September 14, 6930: 6923: 6912:September 14, 6907: 6900: 6889:September 14, 6885: 6881: 6874: 6863:September 14, 6858: 6851: 6840:September 14, 6836: 6832: 6825: 6814:September 14, 6809: 6802: 6791:September 14, 6786: 6779: 6768:September 14, 6763: 6756: 6745:September 14, 6740: 6733: 6722:September 14, 6717: 6710: 6699:September 14, 6694: 6687: 6676:September 14, 6671: 6667: 6666:Miller Center 6663: 6656: 6648: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6627: 6619: 6617:0-8476-9499-2 6613: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6584: 6578: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6499: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6329:September 29, 6325: 6321: 6314: 6303:September 29, 6298: 6294: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6218: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6079: 6077: 6068: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5969: 5964: 5957: 5953: 5936: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5893: 5887: 5880: 5875: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5823: 5819: 5818:Phillips Code 5813: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099:Richard Nixon 5094: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5060:'s tenure as 5059: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4981:Ronald Reagan 4977: 4972: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4941:Air Force One 4935: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907:touring trips 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4862:Executive One 4859: 4854: 4853: 4852:Air Force One 4848: 4844: 4838: 4824: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4583:Richard Nixon 4573: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4532: 4528: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4468:(twice), and 4467: 4463: 4462:Ronald Reagan 4459: 4458:of the Senate 4457: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4412:3 U.S.C. 4409: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345:Ronald Reagan 4342: 4341:Richard Nixon 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4287:James Madison 4284: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4204: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4155:of President 4154: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4111:1804 election 4108: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987:United States 3983: 3978: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3908:Ronald Reagan 3905: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3792:Global leader 3789: 3787: 3779:Head of party 3776: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3748:Ronald Reagan 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694:All-Star Game 3691: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612:head of state 3606: 3604: 3582: 3563:Head of state 3555: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3508:'s ruling in 3507: 3506:Ninth Circuit 3503: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3461:and again in 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:Great Britain 3378: 3375: 3374:Chief Justice 3371: 3366: 3364: 3363:controversial 3360: 3356: 3352: 3351:Richard Nixon 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3302:Kamala Harris 3299: 3295: 3294:Supreme Court 3291: 3286: 3281: 3270: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3195:, during the 3194: 3190: 3189:James Madison 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152:in 1903, the 3151: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2931:Rehnquist, J. 2928: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2790:delivers his 2789: 2784: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2667: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2613:expected the 2612: 2609:The nation's 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2568:Ronald Reagan 2565: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:Richard Nixon 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2484:radio address 2481: 2476: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2421:Leon Czolgosz 2418: 2417:assassination 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:Panic of 1837 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:James Madison 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:James Madison 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2208:North African 2205: 2204:Mediterranean 2201: 2200:hard currency 2196: 2193:In 1783, the 2191: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950:head of state 1947: 1943: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1836:Voting rights 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1707:Equal footing 1705: 1703: 1702:Republicanism 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1560: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1543:Latin America 1541: 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Politico 5948:References 5835:John Tyler 5762:See also: 5706:Federalist 5572:Democratic 5483:Republican 5305:repository 5159:earthquake 5123:Laura Ling 5052:Activities 4979:President 4965:Protection 4957:Marine One 4874:Marine One 4847:Boeing 747 4804:Camp David 4753:Camp David 4693:$ 688,292 4638:$ 639,362 4531:grand jury 4454:president 4400:John Tyler 4220:President 4212:Term limit 4207:Incumbency 4087:Aaron Burr 3975:See also: 3959:mass media 3951:Ross Perot 3945:nominees, 3943:Republican 3939:Democratic 3902:President 3892:See also: 3869:Under the 3798:superpower 3657:President 3641:President 3620:South Lawn 3603:media help 3495:common law 3459:Aaron Burr 3288:President 3154:Korean War 3086:Union Army 3024:President 3000:, such as 2935:dissenting 2869:John Adams 2786:President 2706:passed by 2682:signs the 2678:President 2478:President 2371:Henry Clay 2362:John Tyler 2313:defeating 2311:John Adams 2238:convention 2172:Parliament 2077:. In all, 2005:soft power 1993:superpower 1892:Textualism 1697:Federalism 1674:Principles 1654:Amendments 1340:government 1326:Federalism 1268:Monarchism 1223:Liberalism 1138:Republican 1133:Democratic 1051:Washington 971:New Mexico 966:New Jersey 841:California 315:whitehouse 284:1789-03-04 130:(informal) 20642:Nicaragua 20617:Guatemala 20503:Nicaragua 20478:Guatemala 20026:East Wing 19961:West Wing 19793:East Room 19783:Blue Room 19702:Residence 19700:Executive 19558:Navboxes 19334:Weapons: 19195:Equipment 18926:Officer: 18600:Personnel 18509:Air Force 18504:Civil War 18379:Conflicts 18334:Logistics 18255:Structure 18237:Strategic 18031:Secretary 18016:Secretary 18004:Secretary 17992:Secretary 17979:Secretary 17840:Air Force 17514:Cleveland 17410:Van Buren 17370:Jefferson 17007:Wisconsin 16972:Tennessee 16877:Minnesota 16852:Louisiana 16231:Wisconsin 16146:Tennessee 15896:Minnesota 15825:Louisiana 15501:Terrorism 15278:Rationing 15175:Affluence 15122:Sexuality 15090:Uncle Sam 14996:Languages 14925:Education 14868:affluence 14828:Americana 14755:Transport 14653:Insurance 14643:Companies 14623:By sector 14515:Elections 14156:Treasurer 14114:Executive 14053:Air Force 14025:Uniformed 13848:President 13665:Executive 13436:Mountains 13369:Territory 13357:Geography 13181:1954–1968 13176:1896–1954 13171:1865–1896 13133:Civil War 12974:1991–2008 12969:1980–1991 12964:1964–1980 12959:1945–1964 12954:1917–1945 12949:1865–1917 12944:1849–1865 12939:1815–1849 12934:1789–1815 12929:1776–1789 12922:By period 12678:Elections 12579:Families 12575:Education 12525:Portraits 12508:Memorials 12503:Libraries 12486:fictional 12463:Vacations 12433:Nicknames 12428:Net worth 12376:Education 12369:in office 12244:Doctrines 11985:timelines 11967:Joe Biden 11961:2017–2021 11951:2009–2017 11941:2001–2009 11931:1993–2001 11921:1989–1993 11911:1981–1989 11901:1977–1981 11891:1974–1977 11881:1969–1974 11871:1963–1969 11861:1961–1963 11851:1953–1961 11841:1945–1953 11831:1933–1945 11821:1929–1933 11811:1923–1929 11801:1921–1923 11791:1913–1921 11781:1909–1913 11771:1901–1909 11761:1897–1901 11751:1893–1897 11741:1889–1893 11731:1885–1889 11721:1881–1885 11701:1877–1881 11691:1869–1877 11681:1865–1869 11671:1861–1865 11661:1857–1861 11651:1853–1857 11641:1850–1853 11631:1849–1850 11621:1845–1849 11611:1841–1845 11591:1837–1841 11581:1829–1837 11571:1825–1829 11561:1817–1825 11551:1809–1817 11541:1801–1809 11531:1797–1801 11521:1789–1797 11426:154834781 11382:154283367 11304:August 2, 11279:August 2, 11254:March 24, 10926:March 11, 10764:FactCheck 10687:call sign 10620:August 3, 10593:August 3, 10560:August 3, 10502:ThoughtCo 10341:August 3, 10314:August 3, 10175:: 907–949 10144:August 2, 10115:August 3, 10092:August 3, 10066:August 3, 10035:August 3, 10004:August 2, 9896:August 2, 9749:Fair Vote 9729:August 1, 9702:August 1, 9676:August 2, 9263:... 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