2429:
3225:
2576:
2312:
2951:
2844:
2775:
2720:
3147:
2367:
2250:
2697:
2445:
2736:
2178:
2681:
2619:
2527:
2328:
2289:
4818:
the St. Lawrence Seaway
Development Corporation, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Transportation Systems Center, the Federal Aviation Administration, the Motor Carrier Safety Bureau and most of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Small Business Administration, the Science Information Exchange program from the Smithsonian Institution, the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Office of Technology Utilization from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration would also be included in the new Department.
2658:
2234:
2484:
29:
2211:
3170:
2642:
3186:
193:
3209:
2390:
2990:
2195:
260:
3068:
2759:
2935:
2890:
2406:
3052:
2798:
3091:
2351:
2273:
2874:
1565:
3131:
3029:
43:
3108:
265:
1409:
5466:
1724:
1421:
3288:
2560:
3013:
2507:
2599:
2468:
2974:
4817:
The new
Department of Economic Affairs would include many of the offices that are now within the Departments of Commerce, Labor and Agriculture. A large part of the Department of Transportation would also be relocated here, including the United States Coast Guard, the Federal Railroad Administration,
4690:
Overhaul the more than 100 separate departments, boards, commissions, administrations, authorities, corporations, committees, agencies and activities which are now parts of the
Executive Branch, and theoretically under the President, and consolidate them within twelve regular departments, which would
4217:
Under
President Clinton, I was a Cabinet member—a legacy of John Deutch's requirement when he took the job as DCI—but my contacts with the president, while always interesting, were sporadic. I could see him as often as I wanted but was not on a regular schedule. Under President Bush, the DCI lost its
3758:
members of
Congress joined administration officials today in ridiculing Harvey L. Pitt's request that his pay be increased and his job as chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission be elevated to Cabinet rank ... evoking an outpouring of bipartisan scorn." Pitt had tried to insert a provision
1511:
is elected not appointed and serves in the
Cabinet by statute). Often it is legally possible for a Cabinet member to exercise certain powers over his or her own department against the president's wishes, but in practice this is highly unusual due to the threat of dismissal. The president also has the
1611:
1) to "require the
Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices". The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, how many there will be, or what their duties will be.
4501:
The administration is today transmitting to the
Congress four bills which, if enacted, would replace seven of the present executive departments and several other agencies with four new departments: the Department of Natural Resources, the Department of Community Development, the Department of Human
4462:
Chairman
Stevens. Thank you very much. I think both of you are really pointing in the same direction as this Committee. I do hope we can keep it on a bipartisan basis. Mr. Dean, when I was at the Interior Department, I drafted Eisenhower's Department of Natural Resources proposal, and we have had a
1696:
with regard to delegation of authority by the president, it is provided that "nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the president." This pertains directly to the heads
4449:
1715:, an administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department. These may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration (for new administrations), or sometimes lower-level appointees of the administration.
1675:
was a professor he also advocated a parliamentary-style
Cabinet but after becoming president he did not implement it in his administration. In recent administrations, Cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and various agency heads. President
4311:
We are here today to install a uniquely qualified person to lead our nation's effort in the fight against illegal drugs and what they do to our children, to our streets, and to our communities. And to do it for the first time from a position sitting in the President's
1485:, are members of the Cabinet, and acting department heads also participate in Cabinet meetings whether or not they have been officially nominated for Senate confirmation. The president may designate heads of other agencies and non-Senate-confirmed members of the
1659:
as opposed to merely acting as president until new elections could be held. It was not until the 20th century that vice presidents were regularly included as members of the Cabinet and came to be regarded primarily as a member of the executive branch.
3462:(1969–1977, 1981–1985, 1992–1993): A title used by high-ranking political advisers to the president of the United States and senior members of the Executive Office of the President since the Nixon administration. Incumbents with Cabinet rank included
3759:
into corporate antifraud legislation that would increase his pay by 21%, and also elevate his status to that of Cabinet level, at a time when the stock markets had sunk to five-year lows and some congressional leaders were calling for him to resign.
1697:
of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the president within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation.
1551:
authorizes the vice president, together with a majority of the heads of the executive departments, to declare the president "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office". The heads of the executive departments are—if eligible—in the
1650:
was not included in Washington's Cabinet because the position was initially regarded as a legislative officer (president of the Senate). Furthermore, until there was a vacancy in the presidency (which did not occur until the death of
3406:: created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the secretary of the Army a subordinate to the secretary of defense.
5296:(Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO; three volumes, 2000; reprint, New York: Greyhouse Publishing; two volumes, 2010). A history of the United States and Confederate States Cabinets, their secretaries, and their departments.
3719:, and include research and development programs, worker training programs, and export and trade authorities like the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative with the single goal of creating and protecting American jobs.
1618:, the first president of the United States, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Washington's Cabinet consisted of five members: himself,
4962:
4059:
8956:
8926:
4691:
include the existing ten departments and two new departments, a Department of Social Welfare, and a Department of Public Works. Change the name of the Department of Interior to Department of Conservation.
1966:
1708:(also known as the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute), federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet.
3819:
3814:
6216:
3991:
1886:
1874:
8931:
5026:
1862:
6936:
5968:
5571:
2036:
1910:
4247:
Though he was to lose the Cabinet rank he had enjoyed under Clinton, he came to enjoy "extraordinary access" to the new President, who made it plain that he wanted to be briefed every day.
4333:
7428:
2120:
to form his Cabinet and were confirmed by the United States Senate on the date noted or are serving as acting department heads by his request, pending the confirmation of his nominees.
1500:. During Cabinet meetings, the members sit in the order in which their respective department was created, with the earliest being closest to the president and the newest farthest away.
4856:
3799:
2818:
The president may designate additional positions to be members of the Cabinet, which can vary under each president. They are not in the line of succession and are not necessarily
326:
8921:
2055:
The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five-level pay plan known as the
8886:
3824:
589:
4176:
7301:
3441:
3072:
2024:
1932:
1850:
8982:
4996:
4294:
4952:
1776:, and begin their duties. When the Senate is not in session, the president can appoint acting heads of the executive departments, and do so at the beginning of their term.
3840:
8941:
7018:
5903:
2187:
2137:
303:
292:
5061:
3953:
8936:
7023:
5695:
4025:
4048:
7118:
6458:
6328:
5629:
5564:
3893:
4555:
2580:
1905:
1548:
1324:
574:
4754:
In my State of the Union Address, and later in my Budget and Economic Messages to the Congress, I proposed the creation of a new Department of Business and Labor.
4435:
Improving Management and Organization in Federal Natural Resources and Environmental Functions: Hearing Before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U. S. Senate
8911:
8906:
8901:
7708:
6588:
2152:
follow the vice president and precede the secretary of state in the order of succession, but both are in the legislative branch and are not part of the Cabinet.
1452:
8467:
7195:
6963:
6797:
6453:
4897:
3794:
1954:
1486:
461:
4402:
During the Clinton administration, FEMA Administrator James Lee Witt met with the Cabinet. His successor in the Bush administration, Joe M. Allbaugh, did not.
8861:
7484:
7051:
6941:
5793:
5619:
2141:
1988:
584:
563:
281:
8876:
8871:
8540:
6819:
5557:
3507:
3424:
3353:
2848:
2531:
2019:
1893:
3927:
8628:
8462:
6856:
4385:
1802:
5087:
4433:
3640:
Department of Economic Affairs, proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a consolidation of the Departments of Commerce, Labor, and Agriculture.
2094:
The annual salary of the vice president is $ 235,300. The salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which provides an automatic
8866:
7396:
7254:
4268:
3976:
3809:
3519:
3151:
2031:
6958:
6745:
5941:
3397:
2145:
354:
5117:
5018:
7450:
7423:
6740:
5743:
5226:
4609:
3679:
3483:
3033:
1973:
1826:
1283:
1279:
1060:
1663:
Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. During President
7798:
7758:
6094:
1838:
546:
4325:
7606:
6524:
6011:
5690:
5345:
3409:
1010:
5140:
1731:
The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the president and then presented to the Senate for
1507:. The president can dismiss them from office at any time without the approval of the Senate or downgrade their Cabinet membership status (the
8710:
8415:
7820:
7056:
6263:
5624:
4867:
4346:
For one thing, in the Obama administration the Drug Czar will not have Cabinet status, as the job did during George W. Bush's administration.
3835:
1553:
1532:
935:
456:
318:
1492:
The Cabinet does not have any collective executive powers or functions of its own, and no votes need to be taken. There are 26 members: the
7438:
7035:
6851:
6792:
6375:
6333:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
5664:
3804:
3784:
2779:
2000:
1961:
1504:
1301:
1142:
1035:
5208:
1512:
authority to organize the Cabinet, such as instituting committees. Like all federal public officials, Cabinet members are also subject to
8831:
8562:
8405:
8300:
8045:
7783:
6903:
6814:
6556:
6541:
6423:
5580:
3683:
3537:
2994:
2740:
2131:
1949:
1445:
1157:
579:
142:
5241:
4281:
It is no secret that Mr. Deutch initially turned down the intelligence position, and was rewarded for taking it by getting Cabinet rank.
4100:
3634:
Department of Community Development, proposed by President Richard Nixon; to be chiefly concerned with rural infrastructure development.
8388:
7903:
7898:
7888:
7261:
6990:
6238:
5654:
5191:
3691:
3637:
Department of Human Resources, proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a revised Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
1382:
1377:
1240:
569:
8557:
8500:
8393:
8222:
7664:
6167:
5680:
3716:
3495:
3380:
2623:
1917:
1814:
1576:
1387:
1023:
925:
376:
365:
4168:
8604:
8400:
7893:
7381:
7321:
6881:
6536:
6428:
6278:
5659:
5634:
4988:
4834:
4298:
3384:
1513:
1200:
1055:
4646:
3678:
as a consolidation of the U.S. Department of Commerce's core business and trade functions, the Small Business Administration, the
8951:
8510:
8483:
8442:
8437:
8410:
8340:
8227:
8023:
7830:
7418:
7242:
7140:
6772:
5960:
5787:
5594:
3741:
3687:
3543:
3190:
2371:
2254:
2009:
1845:
1809:
1626:
1191:
204:
8611:
8320:
8003:
7908:
7738:
7686:
7647:
7214:
7209:
7063:
7000:
6953:
6931:
6896:
6551:
6407:
5953:
3513:
2410:
1857:
1517:
1438:
1253:
1222:
1178:
1152:
1092:
1072:
970:
955:
598:
474:
273:
2680:
2136:
The Cabinet permanently includes the vice president and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their
8977:
8881:
8427:
8315:
8185:
8089:
7998:
7922:
7467:
7433:
6448:
6438:
6433:
6291:
6286:
6150:
6115:
5609:
5048:
4231:
4210:
3949:
3528:(1996–2001): Created as an independent agency in 1979, raised to Cabinet rank in 1996, and dropped from Cabinet rank in 2001.
1213:
1097:
944:
393:
4017:
8623:
8520:
8457:
8447:
8330:
8121:
8084:
8013:
7845:
7810:
7361:
7091:
6824:
6595:
6546:
6519:
6443:
6402:
5736:
5705:
5700:
5685:
5599:
3428:
3341:
3327:
3317:
2701:
1939:
1712:
1314:
314:
4920:
4741:
4677:
4522:
3617:
Department of Conservation (renamed Department of the Interior), proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.
3224:
8579:
8567:
8505:
8262:
7753:
7652:
7249:
6908:
6804:
6688:
5776:
5639:
5604:
4804:
4774:
4711:
4488:
3885:
3654:
3572:
3525:
3413:
3374:
3335:
3331:
2449:
2182:
1869:
1508:
1493:
1478:
1230:
1107:
627:
418:
343:
5981:*not including acting officeholders, visiting dignitaries, auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats
5257:
4545:
4358:
2575:
2428:
1477:
in the West Wing of the White House. The president chairs the meetings but is not formally a member of the Cabinet. The
8552:
8493:
8378:
8373:
8310:
8072:
8033:
7993:
7840:
7793:
7773:
7386:
7013:
7008:
6913:
6861:
6390:
6145:
6004:
5803:
5614:
5338:
3564:
3363:
3196:
3157:
3118:
3078:
3039:
3000:
2961:
2900:
2746:
2707:
2668:
2629:
2586:
2547:
2494:
2455:
2377:
2338:
2299:
2293:
2260:
2221:
1821:
1680:
formed seven sub-cabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice.
1372:
1352:
1127:
1122:
1077:
765:
647:
490:
482:
230:
8771:
8703:
8594:
8574:
8525:
8515:
8383:
8305:
8282:
8242:
8106:
8096:
7973:
7948:
7855:
7835:
7313:
7103:
6829:
6211:
5752:
5649:
5644:
5286:
4443:
3651:
3531:
2955:
2854:
2785:
2662:
2416:
2080:
2068:
2060:
1983:
1927:
1701:
1689:
1528:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1260:
1235:
1196:
1087:
1030:
995:
710:
212:
4889:
8821:
8599:
8545:
8530:
8432:
8267:
7743:
7696:
7691:
7593:
7520:
7220:
6985:
6514:
5892:
5886:
5318:
3755:
3751:
3501:
3417:
3345:
2488:
2215:
1881:
1797:
1619:
1306:
1291:
1267:
1182:
1000:
982:
977:
8633:
8422:
8363:
8272:
8163:
8138:
7635:
7625:
7190:
7108:
7046:
7030:
6876:
6871:
6635:
6615:
6605:
6600:
5729:
5710:
3447:
3359:
3309:
3248:
2894:
2539:
1995:
1599:
1) vests "the executive power" in the president singly, and authorizes—but does not compel—the president (Article
1319:
1170:
1112:
1067:
895:
554:
33:
5549:
8836:
8731:
8616:
8290:
8237:
8153:
8143:
8111:
8040:
8028:
7983:
7870:
7768:
7630:
7550:
7540:
7326:
7183:
6886:
6844:
6787:
6561:
6472:
5764:
4096:
3919:
3403:
3313:
2332:
1833:
1640:
1633:
1470:
1137:
1132:
632:
612:
435:
401:
120:
4389:
2950:
8368:
8232:
8148:
8079:
8050:
7988:
7878:
7850:
7494:
6866:
6759:
5997:
5331:
5079:
4260:
3661:
3367:
3321:
2311:
1117:
1102:
820:
225:
180:
4415:
3729:
Department of Culture, patterned on similar departments in many foreign nations, proposed by, among others,
3579:(as a consolidation of the Departments of the Interior and Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency).
2843:
2774:
1481:
serves in the Cabinet by statute. The heads of departments, appointed by the president and confirmed by the
8696:
8663:
8656:
8589:
8452:
8335:
8257:
8247:
8101:
8062:
8018:
7978:
7935:
7883:
7815:
7788:
7748:
7726:
7535:
7349:
7296:
7229:
7086:
7042:
6970:
6891:
6620:
6484:
6313:
6221:
6029:
4861:
3489:
3349:
3112:
2819:
2719:
1744:
559:
3715:
to replace the Commerce Department, subsume other agencies like the Small Business Administration and the
3146:
8584:
8535:
8350:
8252:
8175:
8057:
7953:
7778:
7763:
7701:
7336:
7291:
7098:
6980:
6834:
5487:
5165:
5109:
3017:
1392:
1206:
990:
915:
860:
825:
2098:
for federal employees. The vice president receives the same pension as other members of Congress as the
8987:
8488:
8358:
8190:
8170:
8158:
7968:
7958:
7640:
7545:
7158:
7148:
6675:
6670:
6660:
6655:
6177:
4155:
3459:
3453:
3235:
3229:
2366:
2249:
1780:
1671:
advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government. However, Lincoln rebuffed Seward. While
1474:
900:
805:
101:
5049:"Delivering Government Solutions in the 21st Century | Reform Plan and Reorganization Recommendations"
8067:
7373:
7178:
7173:
6735:
6189:
4151:
1497:
865:
855:
850:
830:
5319:
U.S. Senate's list of Cabinet members who did not attend the State of the Union Address (since 1984)
2696:
2063:. Twenty-one positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level
1579:
regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority solely or collaboratively with a
8180:
7560:
7530:
7525:
7515:
7281:
7237:
7078:
6839:
6625:
6489:
6303:
6243:
3279:
3271:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2865:
2444:
930:
780:
695:
220:
4584:
2735:
2618:
2526:
2327:
2288:
2233:
2177:
8946:
7674:
7410:
7168:
6135:
5517:
3463:
3264:
3095:
2657:
815:
810:
685:
2483:
8916:
8826:
8776:
8736:
8672:
8126:
7476:
7286:
7266:
7068:
6923:
6718:
6665:
6650:
6494:
6182:
2210:
1652:
1531:
does not explicitly establish a Cabinet. The Cabinet's role, inferred from the language of the
1296:
905:
870:
775:
750:
251:
243:
5465:
5323:
4202:
3169:
2641:
8756:
8325:
8008:
7123:
6680:
6645:
6640:
6583:
6566:
6296:
4085:
3859:
3722:
Department of Technology, proposed by businessman and 2020 Democratic presidential candidate
3608:
3185:
1769:
890:
840:
795:
785:
770:
760:
745:
725:
700:
690:
680:
537:
8891:
5721:
4295:"Remarks by the President and Lee Brown, Director of Office of National Drug Control Policy"
192:
28:
8896:
8811:
8786:
8677:
7805:
7679:
7570:
6948:
6380:
6360:
6308:
6258:
6199:
6130:
5540:
3779:
3208:
2389:
2194:
2111:
2099:
1580:
1521:
1482:
1413:
910:
885:
790:
730:
705:
675:
665:
335:
47:
2989:
8:
8796:
8766:
8741:
8217:
8133:
7943:
7659:
7344:
6975:
6172:
3601:
3582:
3477:
3067:
1732:
845:
800:
740:
715:
670:
4830:
4578:
3614:
Department of Public Works, proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in January 1937.
8801:
8781:
7457:
7445:
7163:
7153:
7130:
7113:
6509:
6253:
6248:
6120:
5425:
4650:
4603:
4361:(Press release). Federal Emergency Management Agency. February 26, 1996. Archived from
3746:
2802:
2079:
II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in
2056:
2050:
1629:
1040:
875:
755:
720:
4930:
2934:
2889:
2758:
1496:, 15 department heads, and 10 Cabinet-level officials, all except two of whom require
259:
8816:
8806:
8751:
8746:
8688:
8200:
7356:
6708:
6206:
6125:
6110:
5415:
5313:
5282:
4953:"President Obama Announces proposal to reform, reorganize and consolidate Government"
4628:
4439:
4206:
4195:
4130:
3628:
3471:
2685:
1668:
1615:
1050:
920:
880:
835:
735:
637:
532:
161:
3090:
2841:
2797:
2405:
8791:
8116:
7963:
7669:
7489:
6499:
6340:
6323:
6318:
6157:
5507:
3712:
3593:
3576:
3051:
2878:
2350:
2225:
1622:
642:
109:
3244:
3200:
3144:
3122:
3043:
3004:
2965:
2873:
2711:
2672:
2590:
2551:
2459:
2381:
2272:
8761:
7825:
7601:
7499:
7271:
6571:
6504:
6273:
6194:
6140:
5911:
5579:
5502:
5482:
5445:
5430:
5410:
3789:
3621:
3597:
3586:
3467:
3276:
3268:
3261:
3213:
3161:
3135:
3082:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2862:
2763:
2750:
2633:
2603:
2498:
2420:
2355:
2342:
2303:
2264:
2084:
2072:
1783:, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President.
1705:
1664:
1656:
1643:
1564:
1425:
1045:
527:
510:
500:
443:
379:
306:
2858:
2789:
1693:
1547:
1) of the Constitution is to provide advice to the president. Additionally, the
8295:
8195:
7578:
6713:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6365:
6228:
6162:
5927:
5896:
5831:
5522:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5056:
4957:
4733:
4704:"23—Special Message to the Congress Transmitting Reorganization Plan 1 of 1962"
4669:
4577:
Rush, Benjamin, M.D. (1806). "A plan of a Peace-Office for the United States".
4514:
3557:
3107:
2939:
2887:
2724:
2646:
2564:
2238:
2095:
1773:
1740:
1672:
1344:
1271:
79:
42:
4796:
4766:
4703:
4480:
3130:
3028:
8971:
7276:
6576:
6385:
6020:
5780:
5512:
5492:
5435:
5377:
5299:
Rudalevige, Andrew. "The President and the Cabinet", in Michael Nelson, ed.,
4925:
4362:
3769:
3644:
3589:
3568:
3174:
3056:
2472:
2199:
1779:
An elected vice president does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the
1765:
1677:
1584:
1568:
426:
368:
346:
295:
264:
2125:
1657:
would be allowed to serve as president for the duration of the original term
7583:
7555:
6610:
5945:
5919:
5847:
5839:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5797:
5497:
5455:
5385:
4801:
The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project
4771:
The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project
4738:
The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project
4708:
The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project
4674:
The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project
4519:
The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project
4485:
The University of California, Santa Barbara—The American Presidency Project
4190:
3829:
3820:
List of United States Cabinet members who have served more than eight years
3815:
List of people who have held multiple United States Cabinet-level positions
3705:
3698:
3675:
3668:
3556:
Department of Industry and Commerce, proposed by Secretary of the Treasury
2987:
2978:
2316:
2277:
522:
505:
493:
357:
284:
4989:"Obama Suggests 'Secretary of Business' in a 2nd Term—Washington Wire—WSJ"
4632:
2573:
7860:
7391:
6728:
6630:
6370:
6233:
5989:
5871:
5527:
5450:
5420:
4734:"121–Special Message to the Congress: The Quality of American Government"
4126:
3774:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3423:
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare: created in 1953 and renamed
3292:
2433:
2394:
1723:
515:
105:
4797:"116—Special Message to the Congress on Executive Branch Reorganization"
4670:"10—Summary of the Report of the Committee on Administrative Management"
4481:"116—Special Message to the Congress on Executive Branch Reorganization"
3400:: created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789.
1420:
6723:
6529:
6355:
6350:
6268:
5879:
5855:
3252:
3183:
2543:
1748:
1647:
1636:
2524:
8212:
8205:
5768:
5370:
5227:"S.E.C.'s Embattled Chief Resigns In Wake of Latest Political Storm,"
3825:
List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines
3287:
3012:
2559:
2117:
409:
126:
4583:(2nd ed.). Thomas and William Bradford, Philadelphia. pp.
3435:
2506:
6395:
6345:
5440:
4550:
2511:
1736:
3977:"Congressional Interference With The President's Power To Appoint"
3800:
List of Hispanic and Latino American United States Cabinet members
3026:
2598:
1575:
The tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787
5863:
3697:
Department of Education and the Workforce, proposed by President
3427:
in 1979 when its education functions were transferred to the new
3303:
2948:
1752:
4890:"Time for a Cabinet-Level U.S. Department of Global Development"
4386:"Emergency Managers Make It Official: They Want FEMA Out of DHS"
3387:: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
3377:: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
3065:
2467:
5353:
3704:
Department of Health and Public Welfare, proposed by President
3620:
Department of Urban Affairs and Housing, proposed by President
2973:
1524:
for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors".
5019:"White House Proposes Merging Education And Labor Departments"
3560:
in a speech given at a Chamber of Commerce dinner in May 1881.
2772:
1727:
Historical makeup of the Cabinet of the United States by year.
1571:
and his Cabinet in 1846: the first Cabinet to be photographed.
5751:
5581:
Federal executive departments of the United States of America
4326:"New drug czar gets lower rank, promise of higher visibility"
4150:
The office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs existed under the
3701:
as a consolidation of the Departments of Education and Labor.
3416:
in 1913 when its labor functions were transferred to the new
3391:
2733:
2105:
1503:
The members of the Cabinet whom the president appoints serve
16:
Principal advisory body to the president of the United States
4154:
from October 20, 1781, to March 3, 1789, the day before the
3841:
Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States
3643:
Department of Environmental Protection, proposed by Senator
3105:
5209:"Top Democrats and White House Battle Over S.E.C. Chairman"
4974:
2616:
1900:
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (consult)
1768:
to further consideration). If approved, they receive their
1334:
4921:"Quincy Jones Lobbies Obama for Secretary of Culture Post"
4359:"President Clinton Raises FEMA Director to Cabinet Status"
3222:
5192:"S.E.C. Chief Draws Ridicule In Quest for Higher Status,"
4767:"33—Special Message to the Congress on Rural Development"
3256:
2364:
2247:
2126:
Vice president and the heads of the executive departments
2116:
The individuals listed below were nominated by President
1339:
3711:
Department of Economic Development, proposed by Senator
3627:
Department of Business and Labor, proposed by President
3088:
2403:
5281:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1996.
4627:. Beverly Hills: Another Mother for Peace. p. 56.
3544:
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
3191:
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
2010:
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
1587:. As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article
8718:
5289:. A study of the U.S. Cabinet from Kennedy to Clinton.
3795:
List of African-American United States Cabinet members
3514:
Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy
2694:
3708:
as a renamed Department of Health and Human Services.
2442:
2004:
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee
8983:
Lists of current office-holders in the United States
4040:
3607:
Department of Social Welfare, proposed by President
3508:
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
2849:
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
2286:
2020:
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
1967:
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee
1473:. The Cabinet generally meets with the president in
4647:"History of Legislation to Create a Dept. of Peace"
4229:
3975:Wulwick, Richard P.; Macchiarola, Frank J. (1995).
3526:
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
3370:
and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949.
2795:
2655:
90:
Advisory body to the president of the United States
5788:Governor (of the state in which the event is held)
4194:
4018:"Who Runs Departments Before Heads Are Confirmed?"
3974:
3810:List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members
3660:Department of Global Development, proposed by the
3520:Administrator of the Small Business Administration
3373:Department of the Army (1947–1949), headed by the
3236:
3152:Administrator of the Small Business Administration
2678:
2481:
2208:
2032:Administrator of the Small Business Administration
1655:in 1841) it was not certain that a vice president
4502:Resources and the Department of Economic Affairs.
3563:Department of Natural Resources, proposed by the
3436:Positions intermittently elevated to Cabinet-rank
3010:
1944:Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee
590:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
8969:
7424:Native American recognition in the United States
4918:
4258:
3913:
3911:
3206:
3128:
2756:
2596:
2348:
2325:
2014:Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee
1922:Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee
1887:Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee
5961:Governors of the States (by order of statehood)
3950:"John Adams · George Washington's Mount Vernon"
3886:"Essays on Article II:Executive Vesting Clause"
3650:Department of Intelligence, proposed by former
3550:
3492:(1977–1981, 1993–2001, 2009–2017, 2021–present)
3448:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
3444:(1953–1989, 1993–2001, 2009–2018, 2021–present)
2932:
2895:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
2836:
2717:
2639:
2557:
2231:
2170:
1996:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
1875:Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee
1469:is the principal official advisory body to the
5219:
5184:
5141:"Should the U.S. Have a Secretary of Culture?"
4383:
3674:Department of Business, proposed by President
3304:Former executive and Cabinet-level departments
3167:
3049:
2871:
2465:
2192:
2175:
1863:Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee
8704:
7821:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
6005:
5737:
5565:
5339:
5303:, 8th ed. (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006).
5110:"Regulate AI and other Emerging Technologies"
4543:
4292:
4086:"Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress"
3908:
3836:United States presidential line of succession
2971:
2309:
2270:
2037:Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee
1911:Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee
1446:
5474:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4608:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3805:List of female United States Cabinet members
3785:Cabinet of the Confederate States of America
3744:be elevated to Cabinet level. In July 2002,
3285:
2426:
2387:
148:
5242:"SEC Chairman Harvey Pitt shows a tin ear,"
4124:
3538:Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
2995:Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
2132:United States federal executive departments
8711:
8697:
6019:
6012:
5998:
5744:
5730:
5572:
5558:
5346:
5332:
4323:
3392:Renamed heads of the executive departments
3334:: became a military department within the
2813:
2581:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
2106:Current Cabinet and Cabinet-rank officials
1906:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1453:
1439:
41:
7434:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
5294:Encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet
4657:
4580:Essays, Literary, Moral and Philosophical
3604:, and other members of the U.S. Congress.
3490:Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
3113:Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
2504:
5753:Order of precedence in the United States
5314:Official site of the President's Cabinet
4475:
4473:
4471:
4463:series of them that have been presented.
4230:Schoenfeld, Gabriel (July–August 2007).
4084:Purcell, Patrick J. (January 21, 2005).
2075:, and those forty-six positions on Level
1722:
1563:
7485:List of counties and county equivalents
5301:The Presidency and the Political System
5206:
4864:(Federal News Service, rush transcript)
4857:"A Conversation with Michael McConnell"
4622:
4616:
4259:Sciolino, Elaine (September 29, 1996).
4179:from the original on December 31, 2018.
4083:
3688:Overseas Private Investment Corporation
3680:Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
3600:, 2020 and 2024 presidential candidate
1718:
585:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
575:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel
174:This article is part of a series on the
8970:
5200:
5138:
5077:
4965:from the original on February 11, 2017
4807:from the original on February 14, 2017
4777:from the original on February 14, 2017
4744:from the original on February 14, 2017
4714:from the original on February 14, 2017
4680:from the original on February 13, 2017
4558:from the original on November 17, 2013
4491:from the original on February 14, 2017
4405:(Archived March 3, 2010, by WebCite at
4377:
4015:
3997:from the original on November 16, 2016
3924:The Heritage Guide to The Constitution
3920:"Essays on Article II: Opinion Clause"
3890:The Heritage Guide to The Constitution
3425:Secretary of Health and Human Services
2532:Secretary of Health and Human Services
2061:Title 5 of the United States Code
2025:Environment and Public Works Committee
1933:Energy and Natural Resources Committee
1894:Secretary of Health and Human Services
1851:Energy and Natural Resources Committee
1667:'s administration, Secretary of State
8692:
5993:
5725:
5553:
5327:
5166:"Hey Joe—appoint a culture secretary"
4919:Clarke, John Jr. (January 16, 2009).
4900:from the original on January 14, 2019
4468:
4452:from the original on January 14, 2019
4189:
4065:from the original on February 1, 2017
4049:"Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay"
4046:
4028:from the original on February 2, 2017
2188:(Constitution, Article II, Section I)
2138:order of succession to the presidency
1792:Senate confirmation review committee
945:Elections in the District of Columbia
138:25 members, plus the Vice President:
5258:"Lawmakers blast Pitt's pay request"
5225:Stephen Labaton (November 6, 2002).
5207:Labaton, Stephen (October 9, 2002).
5120:from the original on August 20, 2019
5067:from the original on April 12, 2019.
4576:
4384:Fowler, Daniel (November 19, 2008).
4351:
4286:
4261:"C.I.A. Chief Charts His Own Course"
4106:from the original on January 3, 2018
3456:(1953–1961, 1974–1977, 1993–present)
2087:. As of January 2023, the Level
1713:Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998
1315:United States and the United Nations
547:Inferior Courts of the United States
4515:"Republican Party Platform of 1976"
4438:. Diane Publishing. April 1, 1998.
4336:from the original on March 15, 2009
4317:
4252:
4223:
4047:Obama, Barack (December 19, 2014).
3917:
3883:
2536:(Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953,
2091:I annual pay was set at $ 235,600.
1509:vice president of the United States
1479:vice president of the United States
419:Vice President of the United States
13:
8719:National Cabinets of North America
5271:
5090:from the original on July 31, 2019
5029:from the original on June 21, 2018
4999:from the original on March 1, 2017
4837:from the original on June 13, 2017
4544:Thrush, Glenn (November 8, 2013).
4525:from the original on April 2, 2015
3742:Securities and Exchange Commission
3484:United States Trade Representative
3241:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1747:, they could have been blocked by
1475:a room adjacent to the Oval Office
483:Supreme Court of the United States
191:
14:
8999:
6830:Director of National Intelligence
5307:
5190:Stephen Labaton (July 25, 2002).
4894:The Center for Global Development
4271:from the original on May 30, 2013
4201:. London: HarperCollins. p.
4118:
4016:Pierce, Olga (January 22, 2009).
3956:from the original on May 17, 2018
3930:from the original on July 1, 2018
3896:from the original on July 1, 2018
3860:"Cabinet Room—White House Museum"
3692:U.S. Trade and Development Agency
3652:Director of National Intelligence
3532:Director of National Intelligence
2956:Director of National Intelligence
1984:Director of National Intelligence
1739:(although before the use of the "
1529:Constitution of the United States
1487:Executive Office of the President
213:Constitution of the United States
8832:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6986:Government Accountability Office
5887:Ambassadors of the United States
5464:
5279:The American President's Cabinet
5080:"A Plan For Economic Patriotism"
4597:benjamin rush peace plan office.
3502:Director of Central Intelligence
3442:Ambassador to the United Nations
3286:
3223:
3207:
3184:
3168:
3145:
3129:
3106:
3089:
3073:Ambassador to the United Nations
3066:
3050:
3027:
3011:
2988:
2972:
2949:
2933:
2888:
2872:
2842:
2796:
2773:
2757:
2734:
2718:
2695:
2679:
2656:
2640:
2617:
2597:
2574:
2558:
2525:
2505:
2482:
2466:
2443:
2427:
2404:
2388:
2365:
2349:
2326:
2310:
2287:
2271:
2248:
2232:
2209:
2193:
2176:
1989:Select Committee on Intelligence
1505:at the pleasure of the president
1419:
1407:
658:Elections by State and Territory
263:
258:
27:
5250:
5235:
5158:
5132:
5102:
5071:
5041:
5011:
4981:
4945:
4912:
4882:
4866:. June 29, 2007. Archived from
4849:
4823:
4789:
4759:
4726:
4696:
4639:
4570:
4537:
4507:
4426:
4408:
4183:
4161:
4144:
3667:Department of Art, proposed by
3410:Secretary of Commerce and Labor
3360:National Military Establishment
1554:presidential line of succession
1320:United Nations Security Council
1223:District of Columbia Government
34:Great Seal of the United States
8629:Separation of church and state
6845:National Reconnaissance Office
6788:President of the United States
5696:Health, Education, and Welfare
5139:Garber, Megan (July 1, 2013).
4623:Schuman, Frederick L. (1969).
4293:Clinton, Bill (July 1, 1993).
4097:Congressional Research Service
4077:
4009:
3968:
3942:
3877:
3852:
3412:: created in 1903 and renamed
2780:Secretary of Homeland Security
1962:Secretary of Homeland Security
1683:
1471:president of the United States
436:United States Attorney General
402:President of the United States
121:President of the United States
1:
5630:Housing and Urban Development
5078:Warren, Team (June 4, 2019).
4388:. CQ Politics. Archived from
4324:Cook, Dave (March 11, 2009).
4297:. White House. Archived from
3846:
3832:(historical mnemonic acronym)
3662:Center for Global Development
3368:National Security Act of 1947
3322:National Security Act of 1947
2820:officers of the United States
2741:Secretary of Veterans Affairs
1950:Secretary of Veterans Affairs
580:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
48:President Joe Biden's Cabinet
8978:Cabinet of the United States
8957:United States Virgin Islands
6991:Government Publishing Office
6459:Technological and industrial
5942:Senate President pro tempore
5356:Cabinet of the United States
4862:Council on Foreign Relations
4169:"Clayton Yeutter's Obituary"
3551:Proposed Cabinet departments
3398:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
3350:United States Postal Service
1898:Finance Committee (official)
1745:113th United States Congress
1467:Cabinet of the United States
570:Court of International Trade
22:Cabinet of the United States
7:
8463:Women's reproductive health
7429:Federally recognized tribes
7292:Public utilities commission
7196:Public Health Service Corps
7099:Code of Federal Regulations
6981:Congressional Budget Office
6835:Central Intelligence Agency
6741:Water supply and sanitation
6168:Declaration of Independence
4232:"The CIA Follies (Cont'd.)"
3926:. The Heritage Foundation.
3892:. The Heritage Foundation.
3763:
3717:Patent and Trademark Office
3383:(1947–1949), headed by the
3381:Department of the Air Force
3362:(1947–1949), headed by the
3344:(1829–1971), headed by the
3330:(1798–1949), headed by the
3312:(1789–1947), headed by the
2624:Secretary of Transportation
1918:Secretary of Transportation
1803:Foreign Relations Committee
1489:as members of the Cabinet.
10:
9004:
7641:Red states and blue states
7546:City commission government
7541:Council–manager government
5925:Retired Associate Justice
5917:Retired Associate Justice
5909:Retired Associate Justice
4831:"Public Notes on 02-RMSP3"
4460:– via Google Books.
4416:"A Department of Commerce"
4197:At the Center of the Storm
3736:When he was SEC Chairman,
3596:in the 1930s, Congressman
3573:1976 GOP national platform
3460:Counselor to the President
3454:White House Chief of Staff
3385:secretary of the Air Force
3230:White House Chief of Staff
2129:
2109:
2048:
1955:Veterans Affairs Committee
1781:White House Chief of Staff
1559:
8932:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
8850:
8724:
8650:
8476:
8349:
8281:
7934:
7930:
7921:
7869:
7734:
7725:
7621:
7592:
7569:
7508:
7475:
7466:
7409:
7397:Comparison of governments
7372:
7335:
7312:
7228:
7208:
7139:
7077:
6999:
6922:
6780:
6771:
6767:
6758:
6480:
6471:
6416:
6376:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
6217:drafting and ratification
6190:Articles of Confederation
6103:
6037:
6028:
5978:
5760:
5673:
5620:Health and Human Services
5587:
5536:
5473:
5462:
5362:
5114:Andrew Yang for President
4625:Why a Department of Peace
4330:Christian Science Monitor
4152:Articles of Confederation
3565:Eisenhower administration
3540:(2017–2021, 2023–present)
3522:(1994–2001, 2012–present)
3496:National Security Advisor
3450:(1953–1961, 1969–present)
2833:
2830:
2372:Secretary of the Interior
2255:Secretary of the Treasury
2167:
2164:(Constituting instrument)
2160:
2096:cost of living adjustment
2044:
1846:Secretary of the Interior
1810:Secretary of the Treasury
1733:confirmation or rejection
1627:Secretary of the Treasury
1577:Constitutional Convention
1011:List of political parties
156:
132:
118:
94:
86:
74:
55:
40:
26:
8952:Turks and Caicos Islands
8416:Prescription drug prices
7536:Mayor–council government
7526:Coterminous municipality
7516:Consolidated city-county
7282:Agriculture commissioner
6932:House of Representatives
6840:National Security Agency
6490:Contiguous United States
5969:House of Representatives
3864:www.whitehousemuseum.org
2826:Cabinet-level officials
2411:Secretary of Agriculture
1858:Secretary of Agriculture
1827:Armed Services Committee
1518:House of Representatives
1414:United States portal
926:Northern Mariana Islands
274:House of Representatives
8501:Criticism of government
7846:Social welfare programs
7439:State-recognized tribes
6424:Outline of U.S. history
6136:Continental Association
4993:The Wall Street Journal
4546:"Locked in the Cabinet"
4093:CRS Report for Congress
3464:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
3096:Linda Thomas-Greenfield
2814:Cabinet-level officials
2100:president of the Senate
2059:, which is codified in
1143:Individualist anarchism
315:Congressional districts
8882:British Virgin Islands
8563:Environmental movement
8406:Health insurance costs
8301:Educational attainment
7826:Federal Reserve System
7784:Science and technology
7287:Insurance commissioner
6825:Intelligence Community
6520:minor outlying islands
6283:Civil rights movement
5877:Former Vice President
5869:Former Vice President
5861:Former Vice President
5853:Former Vice President
3504:(1981–1989, 1995–2001)
3429:secretary of education
3342:Post Office Department
3328:Department of the Navy
3318:Department of the Army
2702:Secretary of Education
1940:Secretary of Education
1728:
1653:William Henry Harrison
1572:
1549:Twenty-fifth Amendment
1280:Diplomatic missions of
1158:Political polarization
628:Presidential elections
252:United States Congress
196:
8822:Saint Kitts and Nevis
8389:Immigrant health care
7904:Transportation safety
7899:Transportation policy
7889:Public transportation
6959:President pro tempore
6815:Executive departments
6584:National Park Service
6239:Territorial evolution
5475:Cabinet-level members
4218:Cabinet-level status.
4056:Executive Order 13686
3609:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3414:Secretary of Commerce
3375:secretary of the Army
3348:: reorganized as the
3336:Department of Defense
3332:secretary of the Navy
2450:Secretary of Commerce
1870:Secretary of Commerce
1726:
1567:
355:President Pro Tempore
195:
50:pictured in July 2021
8558:Environmental issues
8223:Political ideologies
8122:Indigenous languages
7322:List of legislatures
7119:separation of powers
6820:Independent agencies
6746:World Heritage Sites
6381:September 11 attacks
6304:Spanish–American War
6244:Mexican–American War
6200:Confederation period
6131:Continental Congress
5541:Cabinet of Joe Biden
4933:on September 8, 2012
4392:on November 29, 2008
3780:Cabinet of Joe Biden
3364:secretary of Defense
3034:Trade Representative
2294:Secretary of Defense
2142:speaker of the House
2112:Cabinet of Joe Biden
2067:I pay are listed in
1974:Trade Representative
1822:Secretary of Defense
1719:Confirmation process
1581:cabinet of ministers
1284:in the United States
1024:Political ideologies
648:Presidential primary
8837:Trinidad and Tobago
8732:Antigua and Barbuda
8401:Health care finance
7894:Rail transportation
7660:Imperial presidency
7382:State constitutions
7327:List of legislators
7277:Auditor/Comptroller
7250:Lieutenant governor
6976:Library of Congress
6867:Diplomatic Security
6510:Indian reservations
6173:American Revolution
5172:. November 16, 2020
4870:on January 17, 2013
4521:. August 18, 1976.
4365:on January 16, 1997
4173:The Washington Post
4058:. The White House.
3602:Marianne Williamson
3583:Department of Peace
3478:White House Counsel
2827:
2663:Secretary of Energy
2157:
1928:Secretary of Energy
1839:Judiciary Committee
1498:Senate confirmation
1426:Politics portal
1261:Department of State
936:U.S. Virgin Islands
23:
8772:Dominican Republic
8511:affirmative action
8484:Capital punishment
8443:Poverty and health
8438:Physician shortage
8411:Health care prices
8341:Standard of living
8024:standard of living
7831:Financial position
7458:Hawaiian home land
7446:Indian reservation
7419:Tribal sovereignty
7262:Secretary of state
7131:United States Code
7047:Territorial courts
7019:Associate Justices
6904:Inspector generals
6391:War in Afghanistan
6254:Reconstruction era
6121:Stamp Act Congress
5904:Associate Justices
5893:Secretary of State
5691:Commerce and Labor
5277:Bennett, Anthony.
5230:The New York Times
5213:The New York Times
5195:The New York Times
4420:The New York Times
3984:Stetson Law Review
3747:The New York Times
3740:proposed that the
3684:Export-Import Bank
3418:secretary of labor
3354:independent agency
3346:postmaster general
2825:
2803:Alejandro Mayorkas
2690:February 25, 2021
2489:Secretary of Labor
2438:February 24, 2021
2216:Secretary of State
2155:
2057:Executive Schedule
2051:Executive Schedule
1978:Finance Committee
1882:Secretary of Labor
1798:Secretary of State
1729:
1630:Alexander Hamilton
1620:Secretary of State
1573:
1268:Secretary of State
638:Off-year elections
620:National Elections
327:Non-voting members
205:Federal government
197:
162:www.whitehouse.gov
143:principal officers
59:March 4, 1789
21:
8988:National cabinets
8965:
8964:
8854:other territories
8686:
8685:
8646:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8612:National security
8321:Income inequality
8201:Statue of Liberty
8004:income inequality
7917:
7916:
7909:Trucking industry
7721:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7648:Foreign relations
7636:Electoral College
7617:
7616:
7405:
7404:
7357:District attorney
7204:
7203:
7031:Courts of appeals
6754:
6753:
6467:
6466:
6408:COVID-19 pandemic
6361:Feminist Movement
6207:American frontier
6126:Thirteen Colonies
5987:
5986:
5845:Former President
5837:Former President
5829:Former President
5821:Former President
5813:Former President
5719:
5718:
5625:Homeland Security
5547:
5546:
5518:Thomas-Greenfield
5245:Houston Chronicle
4975:National Archives
4653:on July 20, 2006.
4212:978-0-06-114778-4
3629:Lyndon B. Johnson
3592:in 1793, Senator
3366:: created by the
3310:Department of War
3301:
3300:
3297:February 7, 2023
3100:February 25, 2021
2983:January 21, 2021
2811:
2810:
2807:February 2, 2021
2768:February 9, 2021
2686:Jennifer Granholm
2651:February 3, 2021
2321:January 22, 2021
2282:January 26, 2021
2243:January 26, 2021
2204:January 20, 2021
2042:
2041:
1815:Finance Committee
1770:commission scroll
1755:to be invoked by
1669:William H. Seward
1646:. Vice President
1616:George Washington
1520:and trial in the
1463:
1462:
1302:Visa requirements
1254:Foreign relations
1153:Political culture
1093:Constitutionalism
971:Political parties
956:List of Elections
643:Primary elections
633:Midterm elections
555:Courts of appeals
183:
168:
167:
8995:
8922:Saint Barthélemy
8852:Dependencies and
8725:Sovereign states
8713:
8706:
8699:
8690:
8689:
8666:
8659:
8546:African American
8428:Health insurance
8316:Household income
8186:National symbols
8117:American English
8090:Federal holidays
7999:household income
7932:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7732:
7731:
7670:Anti-Americanism
7594:Special district
7521:Independent city
7490:County executive
7473:
7472:
7267:Attorney general
7226:
7225:
7215:Federal District
6798:Executive Office
6778:
6777:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6525:populated places
6505:federal enclaves
6500:federal district
6478:
6477:
6341:American Century
6324:Great Depression
6319:Roaring Twenties
6279:Women's suffrage
6158:Halifax Resolves
6151:Founding Fathers
6146:military history
6111:Pre-colonial era
6035:
6034:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5723:
5722:
5665:Veterans Affairs
5574:
5567:
5560:
5551:
5550:
5468:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5325:
5324:
5292:Grossman, Mark.
5266:
5265:
5264:. July 25, 2002.
5254:
5248:
5247:, July 25, 2002.
5239:
5233:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5204:
5198:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5053:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4929:. Archived from
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4666:
4655:
4654:
4649:. Archived from
4643:
4637:
4636:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4592:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4477:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4301:on July 21, 2011
4290:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4200:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4165:
4159:
4158:came into force.
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4090:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4053:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3996:
3981:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3856:
3713:Elizabeth Warren
3611:in January 1937.
3404:Secretary of War
3314:secretary of war
3290:
3283:
3258:
3242:
3238:
3227:
3218:October 3, 2022
3211:
3204:
3188:
3172:
3165:
3149:
3133:
3126:
3110:
3093:
3086:
3070:
3054:
3047:
3031:
3018:William J. Burns
3015:
3008:
2992:
2976:
2969:
2953:
2937:
2930:
2892:
2879:Michael S. Regan
2876:
2869:
2846:
2828:
2824:
2800:
2793:
2777:
2761:
2754:
2738:
2722:
2715:
2699:
2683:
2676:
2660:
2644:
2637:
2621:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2578:
2562:
2555:
2529:
2517:
2509:
2502:
2486:
2470:
2463:
2447:
2431:
2424:
2408:
2392:
2385:
2369:
2353:
2346:
2333:Attorney General
2330:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2275:
2268:
2252:
2236:
2229:
2213:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2165:
2158:
2154:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2001:Budget Committee
1834:Attorney General
1786:
1785:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1641:Attorney General
1634:Secretary of War
1623:Thomas Jefferson
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1231:District Council
1214:Local government
1098:Environmentalism
462:Executive Office
457:Federal agencies
267:
262:
182:Politics of the
181:
170:
169:
164:
110:Washington, D.C.
70:
68:
63:
45:
31:
24:
20:
9003:
9002:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8993:
8992:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8961:
8855:
8853:
8846:
8720:
8717:
8687:
8682:
8669:
8662:
8655:
8638:
8624:Opioid epidemic
8541:Native American
8521:intersex rights
8472:
8468:Life expectancy
8458:Medical deserts
8448:Race and health
8345:
8331:Personal income
8277:
8181:National anthem
8014:personal income
7979:Economic issues
7913:
7865:
7713:
7613:
7602:School district
7588:
7571:Minor divisions
7565:
7504:
7462:
7401:
7387:Statutory codes
7368:
7331:
7308:
7218:
7213:
7200:
7135:
7092:civil liberties
7073:
7064:Other tribunals
7043:District courts
6995:
6954:current members
6937:current members
6918:
6852:Law enforcement
6750:
6463:
6412:
6403:Great Recession
6274:Progressive Era
6264:Native genocide
6195:Perpetual Union
6183:Treaty of Paris
6141:United Colonies
6099:
6024:
6018:
5988:
5983:
5974:
5967:Members of the
5952:Members of the
5934:Members of the
5912:Anthony Kennedy
5756:
5750:
5720:
5715:
5669:
5583:
5578:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5469:
5460:
5363:Cabinet members
5358:
5354:Members of the
5352:
5310:
5274:
5272:Further reading
5269:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5240:
5236:
5224:
5220:
5205:
5201:
5189:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5091:
5076:
5072:
5064:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5030:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4968:
4966:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4917:
4913:
4903:
4901:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4838:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4810:
4808:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4747:
4745:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4715:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4683:
4681:
4668:
4667:
4658:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4621:
4617:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4542:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4494:
4492:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4455:
4453:
4446:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4422:. May 13, 1881.
4414:
4413:
4409:
4395:
4393:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4339:
4337:
4322:
4318:
4304:
4302:
4291:
4287:
4274:
4272:
4257:
4253:
4240:
4238:
4228:
4224:
4213:
4188:
4184:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3918:Gaziano, Todd.
3916:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3790:Kitchen Cabinet
3766:
3733:and Jeva Lange.
3622:John F. Kennedy
3598:Dennis Kucinich
3587:Founding Father
3553:
3468:Donald Rumsfeld
3438:
3394:
3306:
3291:
3277:Executive Order
3275:
3269:Executive Order
3262:Executive Order
3260:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3214:Arati Prabhakar
3212:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:March 17, 2021
3173:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3136:Jared Bernstein
3134:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3094:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:March 18, 2021
3055:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3016:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2977:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:March 24, 2021
2938:
2924:Executive Order
2917:Executive Order
2915:
2909:Executive Order
2898:
2897:
2893:
2883:March 11, 2021
2877:
2863:Executive Order
2852:
2851:
2847:
2816:
2801:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2764:Denis McDonough
2762:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2723:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2684:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2645:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:March 22, 2024
2607:
2606:
2604:Adrianne Todman
2602:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:March 19, 2021
2563:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:March 11, 2023
2515:
2514:
2510:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2471:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2432:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:March 16, 2021
2393:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:March 11, 2021
2356:Merrick Garland
2354:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2315:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2276:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2237:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2163:
2162:
2134:
2128:
2114:
2108:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2053:
2047:
2003:
1899:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1737:simple majority
1721:
1686:
1665:Abraham Lincoln
1644:Edmund Randolph
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1562:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1459:
1430:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1349:
1331:
1311:
1292:Nationality law
1288:
1276:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1218:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1149:
1084:
1026:
1016:
1015:
1007:
987:
973:
963:
962:
950:
940:
662:
654:
624:
615:
605:
604:
599:Other tribunals
594:
560:District courts
542:
477:
467:
466:
448:
444:Merrick Garland
396:
386:
385:
380:Mitch McConnell
377:Minority Leader
366:Majority Leader
331:
307:Hakeem Jeffries
304:Minority Leader
293:Majority Leader
269:
246:
236:
235:
207:
184:
160:
135:
123:
114:
66:
64:
62:(235 years ago)
61:
60:
51:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9001:
8991:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8963:
8962:
8960:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8942:Sint Eustatius
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8887:Cayman Islands
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8858:
8856:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8716:
8715:
8708:
8701:
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8580:Mass shootings
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8568:Climate change
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7345:Supreme courts
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8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8714:
8709:
8707:
8702:
8700:
8695:
8694:
8691:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8665:
8661:
8658:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8618:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8602:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8553:Energy policy
8551:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8494:incarceration
8492:
8491:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8481:
8479:
8475:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8379:Prenatal care
8377:
8375:
8374:Birth control
8372:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8311:Homeownership
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8042:
8039:
8035:
8034:working class
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7994:homeownership
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7774:Manufacturing
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7702:Third parties
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7620:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7559:
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7554:
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7549:
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7544:
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7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7216:
7211:
7207:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
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7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7069:U.S. attorney
7067:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7014:Chief Justice
7012:
7011:
7010:
7009:Supreme Court
7007:
7006:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
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6952:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6915:
6914:Public policy
6912:
6910:
6909:Civil service
6907:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
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6870:
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6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
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6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6577:Sierra Nevada
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6515:insular zones
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6479:
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6470:
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6457:
6455:
6452:
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6442:
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6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6386:War on Terror
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6366:LGBT Movement
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6331:
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6322:
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6315:
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6310:
6307:
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6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
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6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
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6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
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6215:
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6210:
6208:
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6149:
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6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
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6068:
6066:
6063:
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6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6021:United States
6015:
6010:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5955:
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5948:
5947:
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5937:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5922:
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5916:
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5908:
5906:
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5899:
5898:
5894:
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5888:
5884:
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5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
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5858:
5857:
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5842:
5841:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5804:Chief Justice
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5794:House Speaker
5792:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5781:Kamala Harris
5778:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5754:
5747:
5742:
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5491:
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5467:
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5437:
5434:
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5409:
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5291:
5288:
5287:0-333-60691-4
5284:
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4990:
4984:
4976:
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4954:
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4932:
4928:
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4926:Rolling Stone
4922:
4915:
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4445:9780788148743
4441:
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4214:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4191:Tenet, George
4186:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4132:
4131:"The Cabinet"
4128:
4121:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4069:September 18,
4061:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3971:
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3798:
3796:
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3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Black Cabinet
3768:
3767:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3743:
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3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3721:
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3681:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:Arlen Specter
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3594:Matthew Neely
3591:
3590:Benjamin Rush
3588:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3569:Richard Nixon
3566:
3562:
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3333:
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3311:
3308:
3307:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3257:April 3, 1939
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:Isabel Guzman
3171:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
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3092:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3057:Katherine Tai
3053:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2996:
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2902:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:5 U.S.C.
2850:
2845:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2786:6 U.S.C.
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2473:Gina Raimondo
2469:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2417:7 U.S.C.
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:Kamala Harris
2196:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2150:of the Senate
2149:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2081:5 U.S.C.
2074:
2070:
2069:5 U.S.C.
2062:
2058:
2052:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
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1852:
1849:
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1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:supermajority
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:" during the
1742:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:5 U.S.C.
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:3 U.S.C.
1681:
1679:
1678:Ronald Reagan
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1586:
1585:privy council
1582:
1578:
1570:
1569:James K. Polk
1566:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
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1472:
1468:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:Latin America
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
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1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
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1255:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:Republicanism
1126:
1124:
1123:Protectionism
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:Progressivism
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
992:
991:Third parties
989:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
967:
966:
959:
957:
952:
951:
947:
946:
942:
941:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:West Virginia
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:New Hampshire
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Massachusetts
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
656:
655:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
614:
609:
608:
601:
600:
596:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
565:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
544:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
492:
491:Chief Justice
489:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
433:
432:
428:
427:Kamala Harris
425:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
399:
398:
395:
390:
389:
381:
378:
375:
374:
370:
369:Chuck Schumer
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:Kamala Harris
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
333:
332:
328:
325:
324:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:Steve Scalise
294:
291:
290:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
268:
266:
261:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
240:
239:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
201:
200:
194:
190:
189:
186:
185:United States
179:
178:
175:
172:
171:
163:
159:
155:
150:
149:other members
146:
144:
140:
139:
137:
131:
128:
125:
122:
117:
111:
107:
103:
100:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
58:
54:
49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
25:
19:
8947:Sint Maarten
8927:Saint Martin
8841:
8595:Human rights
8575:Gun politics
8526:Islamophobia
8516:antisemitism
8384:Hospice care
8326:Middle class
8306:Homelessness
8283:Social class
8243:Social class
8107:Human rights
8097:Homelessness
8009:middle class
7974:Demographics
7949:Architecture
7856:Unemployment
7836:Labor unions
7584:Town meeting
7561:City council
7556:City manager
7297:State police
7159:Marine Corps
7149:Armed Forces
7124:civil rights
7104:Constitution
6809:
6676:Southwestern
6671:Southeastern
6661:Northwestern
6656:Northeastern
6621:Mid-Atlantic
6611:Great Plains
6329:World War II
6212:Constitution
6116:Colonial era
6095:2008–present
5980:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5946:Patty Murray
5944:
5935:
5933:
5926:
5920:David Souter
5918:
5910:
5902:
5895:
5885:
5878:
5870:
5862:
5854:
5848:Donald Trump
5846:
5840:Barack Obama
5838:
5830:
5824:Bill Clinton
5822:
5816:Jimmy Carter
5814:
5808:John Roberts
5806:
5798:Mike Johnson
5796:
5786:
5779:
5767:
5376:
5369:
5355:
5300:
5293:
5278:
5261:
5252:
5244:
5237:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5202:
5194:
5186:
5174:. Retrieved
5169:
5160:
5148:. Retrieved
5145:The Atlantic
5144:
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5113:
5104:
5092:. Retrieved
5083:
5073:
5055:
5043:
5031:. Retrieved
5022:
5013:
5001:. Retrieved
4992:
4983:
4973:– via
4967:. Retrieved
4956:
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4931:the original
4924:
4914:
4904:February 15,
4902:. Retrieved
4893:
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4868:the original
4860:
4851:
4841:February 20,
4839:. Retrieved
4825:
4816:
4811:February 13,
4809:. Retrieved
4800:
4791:
4781:February 13,
4779:. Retrieved
4770:
4761:
4753:
4748:February 13,
4746:. Retrieved
4737:
4728:
4718:February 13,
4716:. Retrieved
4707:
4698:
4689:
4684:February 13,
4682:. Retrieved
4673:
4651:the original
4641:
4624:
4618:
4596:
4589:. Retrieved
4579:
4572:
4562:November 18,
4560:. Retrieved
4549:
4539:
4527:. Retrieved
4518:
4509:
4500:
4495:February 13,
4493:. Retrieved
4484:
4461:
4456:February 20,
4454:. Retrieved
4434:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4394:. Retrieved
4390:the original
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4363:the original
4353:
4345:
4338:. Retrieved
4329:
4319:
4310:
4303:. Retrieved
4299:the original
4288:
4280:
4273:. Retrieved
4264:
4254:
4246:
4239:. Retrieved
4235:
4225:
4216:
4196:
4185:
4172:
4163:
4156:Constitution
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4120:
4110:February 19,
4108:. Retrieved
4092:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4055:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4021:
4011:
4001:November 15,
3999:. Retrieved
3987:
3983:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3923:
3898:. Retrieved
3889:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3863:
3854:
3830:St. Wapniacl
3745:
3706:Donald Trump
3699:Donald Trump
3676:Barack Obama
3669:Quincy Jones
3567:, President
2979:Avril Haines
2817:
2317:Lloyd Austin
2278:Janet Yellen
2226:§ 2651a
2171:Took office
2147:
2135:
2122:
2115:
2093:
2054:
1778:
1751:, requiring
1730:
1710:
1699:
1687:
1662:
1614:
1574:
1526:
1502:
1491:
1466:
1464:
1221:
1197:Legislatures
1177:
1088:Abolitionism
1031:Conservatism
953:
943:
866:South Dakota
856:Rhode Island
851:Pennsylvania
831:North Dakota
657:
619:
597:
545:
494:John Roberts
481:
451:
434:
417:
400:
358:Patty Murray
334:
285:Mike Johnson
272:
257:
250:
211:
173:
102:Cabinet Room
75:Legal status
18:
8917:Puerto Rico
8827:Saint Lucia
8777:El Salvador
8600:Immigration
8531:LGBT rights
8433:Food safety
8268:Video games
7861:Wall Street
7841:Public debt
7744:Agriculture
7680:nationalism
7392:Uniform act
7314:Legislative
7221:Territorial
7179:Coast Guard
7174:Space Force
6924:Legislative
6719:Red (South)
6709:Mississippi
6631:New England
6567:Appalachian
6537:Earthquakes
6434:Discoveries
6429:Demographic
6371:Vietnam War
6314:World War I
6309:Imperialism
6259:Indian Wars
6234:War of 1812
5872:Dick Cheney
5706:Post Office
5595:Agriculture
5176:January 22,
5170:theweek.com
5150:January 22,
4969:February 8,
4136:February 6,
4127:White House
4032:January 20,
3990:: 625–652.
3775:Brain trust
3738:Harvey Pitt
3731:Murray Moss
3724:Andrew Yang
3647:and others.
3516:(1993–2009)
3498:(1977–1981)
3480:(1974–1977)
3293:Jeff Zients
3201:§ 6612
3123:§ 1023
3044:§ 2171
3005:§ 3036
2966:§ 3023
2837:Term began
2712:§ 3411
2673:§ 7131
2591:§ 3532
2552:§ 3501
2460:§ 1501
2434:Tom Vilsack
2421:§ 2202
2395:Deb Haaland
2382:§ 1451
2148:pro tempore
2085:§ 5313
2073:§ 5312
1706:§ 3110
1684:Federal law
1603:II, Section
1591:II, Section
1539:II, Section
1514:impeachment
1393:Arab League
1307:Visa policy
1183:Territorial
996:Libertarian
931:Puerto Rico
781:Mississippi
696:Connecticut
244:Legislature
106:White House
8972:Categories
8912:Montserrat
8907:Martinique
8902:Guadeloupe
8757:Costa Rica
8634:Xenophobia
8423:Disability
8364:Healthcare
8273:Visual art
8218:Philosophy
8164:television
8154:newspapers
8144:journalism
8134:Literature
8046:attainment
7697:Republican
7692:Democratic
7665:Ideologies
7626:Corruption
7191:NOAA Corps
7114:preemption
7109:federalism
6724:Rio Grande
6626:Midwestern
6606:West Coast
6601:East Coast
6444:Inventions
6356:Space Race
6351:Korean War
6334:home front
6269:Gilded Age
5880:Mike Pence
5856:Dan Quayle
5124:August 21,
4937:August 19,
4874:January 9,
4236:Commentary
4022:ProPublica
3847:References
3756:Republican
3752:Democratic
3690:, and the
3577:Bill Daley
3316:: renamed
3255:, enacted
3247:, 53
3162:§ 633
3083:§ 287
2905:§ 502
2859:§ 906
2834:Incumbent
2790:§ 112
2751:§ 303
2634:§ 102
2499:§ 551
2343:§ 503
2304:§ 113
2265:§ 301
2168:Incumbent
2146:president
2130:See also:
2110:See also:
1749:filibuster
1711:Under the
1694:§ 302
1648:John Adams
1637:Henry Knox
1185:government
1171:Federalism
1113:Monarchism
1068:Liberalism
983:Republican
978:Democratic
896:Washington
816:New Mexico
811:New Jersey
686:California
134:Membership
78:Inferred (
67:1789-03-04
8897:Greenland
8812:Nicaragua
8787:Guatemala
8617:Terrorism
8394:Rationing
8291:Affluence
8238:Sexuality
8206:Uncle Sam
8112:Languages
8041:Education
7984:affluence
7944:Americana
7871:Transport
7769:Insurance
7759:Companies
7739:By sector
7631:Elections
7272:Treasurer
7230:Executive
7169:Air Force
7141:Uniformed
6964:President
6781:Executive
6552:Mountains
6485:Territory
6473:Geography
6297:1954–1968
6292:1896–1954
6287:1865–1896
6249:Civil War
6090:1991–2008
6085:1980–1991
6080:1964–1980
6075:1945–1964
6070:1917–1945
6065:1865–1917
6060:1849–1865
6055:1815–1849
6050:1789–1815
6045:1776–1789
6038:By period
5769:Joe Biden
5765:President
5681:Air Force
5610:Education
5503:Prabhakar
5483:Bernstein
5431:McDonough
5401:Buttigieg
5003:August 4,
4604:cite book
4529:March 13,
4340:March 16,
3869:March 17,
3575:, and by
2118:Joe Biden
1607:2, Clause
1595:1, Clause
1543:2, Clause
1297:Passports
1192:Governors
1138:Anarchism
1133:Socialism
906:Wisconsin
871:Tennessee
776:Minnesota
751:Louisiana
613:Elections
528:Kavanaugh
511:Sotomayor
475:Judiciary
410:Joe Biden
394:Executive
344:President
127:Joe Biden
56:Formation
8862:Anguilla
8797:Honduras
8767:Dominica
8742:Barbados
8673:Category
8369:Abortion
8233:Religion
8191:Columbia
8149:internet
8085:Holidays
8080:Folklore
8051:literacy
7989:eviction
7879:Aviation
7851:Taxation
7806:Currency
7799:by state
7709:Scandals
7579:Township
7337:Judicial
7238:Governor
7001:Judicial
6887:Marshals
6760:Politics
6714:Missouri
6704:Columbia
6699:Colorado
6694:Arkansas
6687:Longest
6666:Southern
6651:Northern
6495:counties
6449:Military
6439:Economic
6417:By topic
6396:Iraq War
6346:Cold War
6104:By event
5660:Treasury
5635:Interior
5600:Commerce
5436:Raimondo
5426:Mayorkas
5416:Granholm
5118:Archived
5094:July 30,
5088:Archived
5062:Archived
5060:. 2018.
5033:June 22,
5027:Archived
4997:Archived
4963:Archived
4898:Archived
4835:Archived
4805:Archived
4775:Archived
4742:Archived
4712:Archived
4678:Archived
4556:Archived
4551:Politico
4523:Archived
4489:Archived
4450:Archived
4396:March 3,
4334:Archived
4312:Cabinet.
4269:Archived
4193:(2007).
4177:Archived
4101:Archived
4060:Archived
4026:Archived
3992:Archived
3954:Archived
3928:Archived
3894:Archived
3764:See also
3750:wrote: "
2538:67
2512:Julie Su
2156:Cabinet
2144:and the
1774:sworn in
1535:(Article
1118:Populism
1103:Feminism
891:Virginia
841:Oklahoma
821:New York
796:Nebraska
786:Missouri
771:Michigan
761:Maryland
746:Kentucky
726:Illinois
701:Delaware
691:Colorado
681:Arkansas
226:Taxation
95:Location
8892:Curaçao
8877:Bonaire
8872:Bermuda
8802:Jamaica
8782:Grenada
8737:Bahamas
8657:Outline
8605:illegal
8590:Smoking
8453:Obesity
8336:Poverty
8258:Theater
8248:Society
8102:Housing
8063:Fashion
8019:poverty
7964:Cuisine
7936:Culture
7923:Society
7884:Driving
7811:Exports
7789:Tourism
7749:Banking
7727:Economy
7687:Parties
7531:Charter
7495:Sheriff
6942:Speaker
6810:Cabinet
6773:Federal
6681:Western
6646:Eastern
6641:Central
6636:Pacific
6596:Regions
6547:Islands
6030:History
5936:Cabinet
5864:Al Gore
5640:Justice
5605:Defense
5588:Current
5451:Vilsack
5421:Haaland
5411:Garland
5406:Cardona
5396:Blinken
5391:Becerra
5023:NPR.org
4591:June 3,
4369:May 22,
4305:May 22,
4275:May 22,
4241:May 22,
3960:May 17,
3934:July 3,
3900:July 3,
3320:by the
3237:Pub. L.
2831:Office
1789:Office
1760:⁄
1753:cloture
1560:History
1516:by the
1036:history
911:Wyoming
886:Vermont
791:Montana
731:Indiana
711:Georgia
706:Florida
676:Arizona
666:Alabama
538:Jackson
533:Barrett
523:Gorsuch
452:Cabinet
282:Speaker
157:Website
87:Purpose
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8817:Panama
8807:Mexico
8752:Canada
8747:Belize
8678:Portal
8585:Hunger
8536:racism
8477:Issues
8351:Health
8253:Sports
8213:People
8058:Family
8029:wealth
7954:Cinema
7779:Mining
7764:Energy
7509:Cities
7477:County
7411:Tribal
6949:Senate
6793:powers
6689:rivers
6562:ranges
6530:states
6454:Postal
5954:Senate
5674:Former
5615:Energy
5538:acting
5528:Zients
5498:Haines
5493:Guzman
5456:Yellen
5446:Todman
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5378:Harris
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1207:Courts
1073:Modern
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1051:Paleo-
846:Oregon
801:Nevada
741:Kansas
716:Hawaii
671:Alaska
501:Thomas
336:Senate
231:Policy
8867:Aruba
8792:Haiti
8664:Index
8489:Crime
8359:Aging
8176:Names
8171:Music
8159:radio
8139:Media
7969:Dance
7959:Crime
7794:Trade
7551:Mayor
7500:Clerk
7468:Local
7210:State
6729:Yukon
6572:Rocky
6557:peaks
5650:State
5645:Labor
5523:Young
5508:Regan
5488:Burns
5371:Biden
5262:Chron
5065:(PDF)
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3245:76–19
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2920:11609
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1583:or a
1368:Japan
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8762:Cuba
8228:Race
8073:list
8068:Flag
7607:list
7451:list
7362:list
7302:list
7255:list
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7024:list
6736:Time
6616:Gulf
5701:Navy
5686:Army
5283:ISBN
5178:2021
5152:2021
5126:2019
5096:2019
5035:2018
5005:2017
4971:2017
4939:2010
4906:2017
4876:2013
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4783:2017
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4686:2017
4629:OCLC
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4593:2010
4587:–188
4564:2013
4531:2015
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4440:ISBN
4398:2010
4371:2009
4342:2009
4307:2009
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4207:ISBN
4138:2021
4125:The
4112:2017
4071:2015
4034:2017
4003:2016
3988:XXIV
3962:2018
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3902:2018
3871:2021
3754:and
3265:8248
2546:and
1639:and
1527:The
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1335:NATO
1201:list
1181:and
1046:Neo-
921:Guam
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836:Ohio
736:Iowa
564:list
319:list
8127:ASL
7374:Law
7079:Law
6897:TSA
6882:ICE
6877:FBI
6872:DEA
6862:CBP
6857:ATF
6178:War
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