Great Seal of the United States

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are kept closely united by the chief and the Chief depends upon that union & the strength resulting from it for its support, to denote the Confederacy of the United States of America & the preservation of their union through Congress. The colours of the pales are those used in the flag of the United States of America; White signifies purity and innocence, Red, hardiness & valor, and Blue, the colour of the Chief signifies vigilance, perseverance & justice. The Olive branch and arrows denote the power of peace & war which is exclusively vested in Congress. The Constellation denotes a new State taking its place and rank among other sovereign powers. The Escutcheon is born on the breast of an American Eagle without any other supporters to denote that the United States of America ought to rely on their own Virtue.

222: 826: 1516: 206: 2014: 4780: 36: 27: 1287: 1412: 1403: 692: 2203: 192: 2060: 1096:(the area at the top of the shield), as is sometimes seen, as there are none specified in the blazon and thus including them would violate the rules of heraldry. Some had suggested allowing the rays of the sun to extend through the clouds, as appears to be specified in the original law and sometimes seen in other versions, but Whitehouse rejected that idea and kept with the traditional die representation. He also considered adding flowers to the olive branch, but decided against it, as "the unspecified number of flowers would be assumed to mean something when it would not". 1505: 1033: 1766: 1775: 1115: 410: 1886: 178: 1697: 1688: 761: 2023: 1845: 1706: 1527: 820: 1827: 1836: 1958: 1949: 1002: 966: 749: 773: 395: 1612: 2272: 1108: 1026: 2221:(adopted in 1911 and 1921, respectively). Combined with the heraldic tradition of artistic freedom so long as the particulars of the blazon are followed, a wide variety of official and unofficial emblazonments appeared, especially in the first hundred years. This is evident even in the different versions of the seal die. The quality of the 1885 design, coupled with a spirit of bureaucratic standardization that characterized that era, has driven most of these out of official use. 890: 680: 2258: 813: 959: 737: 909:, the United States began to use pendant seals on treaties, where the seal is impressed onto a separate wax disc and attached to the document with cords. Although the reverse side of the seal was designed for this purpose, a die was still not made but rather the obverse was impressed on one side only using the regular die. However, this did not conform to the European tradition of using much larger seals for treaties. To address this, 897: 387: 710:

1904. From 1945 to 1955, the Great Seal changed quarters almost once a year. In 1955, the seal was put on public display for the first time in a central location in the department's main building. In 1961 the Seal became the focus of the new Department Exhibit Hall, where it resides today in a glass enclosure. The enclosure remains locked at all times, even during the sealing of a document.

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clutches the olive branch and arrows from behind. The 13 arrows were restored, in accordance with the original law, and the olive branch was depicted with 13 leaves and 13 olives. The clouds surrounding the constellation were made a complete circle for the first time. The resulting die was made of steel, was 3 inches (76 mm) wide, and weighed one pound six ounces.

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between them. Holding the document with one hand, the weighted arm of the press is pulled with the other, driving the die down onto the wafer, impressing the seal in relief. When envelopes containing letters need to be sealed, the wafer is imprinted first and then glued to the sealed envelope. It is used approximately 2,000 to 3,000 times a year.

2005:, the only country in Europe with a representative government at the time, which depicted a lion holding seven arrows representing their seven provinces. State currency may have provided further inspiration; a 1775 South Carolina bill showed a bundle of 13 arrows and a 1775 Maryland note depicted a hand with an olive branch of 13 leaves. 975:

stars, though kept the six-pointed star arrangement, a change which has continued in all subsequent dies. Other changes include a more vigorous and uncrested eagle, the removal of the acanthus leaves, a general crowding of the design upward, a different shape to the shield, and fruit on the olive branch (four olives).

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Warriour holding a Sword; sinister, a Figure representing Peace bearing an Olive Branch. The Crest; a radiant Constellation of 13 Stars. The motto, Bella vel Paci." Once again, Congress did not find the result acceptable. They referred the matter back to the committee, which did no further work on the matter.

1639:, a monthly magazine published in London which had used it from its first edition in 1731, and was well known in the colonies. The motto alluded to the magazine being a collection of articles obtained from other newspapers, and was used in most of its editions until 1833. The motto was taken in turn from 1800:

As with the first design, several elements were eventually used in the final seal; the thirteen stripes on the shield with their colors, the constellation of stars surrounded by clouds, the olive branch, and the arrows (from Hopkinson's first proposal). Hopkinson had previously used the constellation

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While the Eye of Providence is today a common Masonic motif, this was not the case during the 1770s and 1780s, when the Great Seal was designed and approved. According to David Barrett, a Masonic researcher, the Eye seems to have been used only sporadically by the Masons in those decades, and was not

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After only 17 years, the seal was no longer making a good impression (probably due to a worn counter die). On July 1, 1902, Congress passed an act to appropriate $ 1250 to have the seal recut. There was some discussion among State Department officials about whether to redo the design again, but given

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The press in use today was made in 1903 by R. Hoe & Co's chief cabinetmaker Frederick S. Betchley in conjunction with the 1904 die, with the cabinet being made of mahogany. It is marked with the contracted completion date of June 15, 1903, but delays and reworking pushed final delivery into early

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The die was engraved by Max Zeitler of the Philadelphia firm of Baily Banks & Biddle in 1903 (and is thus sometimes called the 1903 die), but final delivery was delayed until January 1904 due to issues with the press. There were slight differences; the impressions were sharper, the feathers more

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Over time, the original seal became worn and needed to be replaced. John Peter Van Ness Throop of Washington D.C. engraved a new die in 1841, which is also sometimes known as the "illegal seal" because only six arrows are shown rather than the required thirteen. Throop also chose to use five-pointed

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of Washington D.C., was asked to design a larger seal specifically for treaties. Masi produced a quite different design, showing a much more realistic (and uncrested) eagle, turned somewhat to the side. He also added fruits to the olive branch, changed the shape of the shield, and depicted the crest

848: inches (5.2 cm) in diameter while being one half inch (13 mm) thick. It was cut sometime between June and September 1782 (i.e. between the design being accepted and its first use), although the exact date is not known. The identity of the engraver is also not known; it may have been 713:

The seal can only be affixed by an officer of the Department of State, under the authority of the secretary of state. To seal a document, first a blank paper wafer is glued onto its front in a space provided for it. The document is then placed between the die and counterdie, with the wafer lined up

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In the Department of State, the term "Great Seal" refers to a physical mechanism which is used by the department to affix the seal to official government documents. This mechanism includes not only the die (metal engraved with a raised inverse image of the seal), but also the counterdie (also known

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that he had designed. Hopkinson also designed a seal for the Admiralty (Navy), which incorporated a chevron consisting of seven red stripes and six white ones. The seven red stripes in his Admiralty seal reflected the number of red stripes in his Naval flag. When Hopkinson designed these flags, he

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The Masi treaty die was used until 1871, almost exclusively for treaties, at which point the U.S. government discontinued the use of pendant seals. The die is also currently on display at the National Archives. Masi's company made most of the skippets for almost twenty years, after which the State

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The Escutcheon is composed of the chief & pale, the two most honorable ordinaries. The Pieces, paly, represent the several states all joined in one solid compact entire, supporting a Chief, which unites the whole & represents Congress. The Motto alludes to this union. The pales in the arms

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was formed in 1789. On July 24, 1789, President Washington asked Thomson to deliver the seal to the Department of Foreign Affairs in the person of Roger Alden, who kept it until the Department of State was created. All subsequent secretaries of state have been responsible for applying the seal to

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Hopkinson's first design had a shield with thirteen diagonal red and white stripes, supported on one side by a figure bearing an olive branch and representing peace, and on the other an Indian warrior holding a bow and arrow, and holding a quiver. The crest was a radiant constellation of thirteen

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The pyramid signifies Strength and Duration: The Eye over it & the Motto allude to the many signal interpositions of providence in favour of the American cause. The date underneath is that of the Declaration of Independence and the words under it signify the beginning of the new American Æra,

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Tiffany also submitted a design for the reverse of the seal, but even though Congress had ordered one a die was not created. The members of the consulting group were somewhat disparaging of the design of even the obverse, but especially critical of the reverse, and suggested not making it at all.

991: inches (5.4 cm) in diameter. In 1866, the first counter die was made, which is the same design in opposite relief. The paper was placed between the die and counter die, resulting in a sharper impression in the paper than from one die alone. The use of counterdies continues to this day. 873:

There was no die made of the reverse side of the seal (and in fact, one has never been made). The intended use was for pendant seals, which are discs of wax attached to the document by a cord or ribbon, and thus have two sides. However, the United States did not use pendant seals at the time, and

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is typical in heraldry, but is at odds with the official blazon of the seal which specifies a bald eagle (which have no crests). The blazon does not specify the arrangement of the stars (which were randomly placed in Thomson's sketch) nor the number of points; the engraver chose six-pointed stars

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The new die was engraved by Herman Baumgarten of Washington, D.C. His version followed the 1841 die very closely, including the errors, and was the same size. The most notable differences were slightly larger stars and lettering. The workmanship on the die was relatively poor, with no impression

1932:. Barton had at first specified "on the Summit of it a Palm Tree, proper", with the explanation that "The Palm Tree, when burnt down to the very Root, naturally rises fairer than ever," but later crossed it out and replaced it with the Eye of Providence, taken from the first committee's design. 1796:

The committee chose the second version, and reported back to Congress on May 10, 1780, six weeks after being formed. Their final blazon, printed in Congress journals on May 17, was: "The Shield charged on the Field Azure with 13 diagonal stripes alternate rouge and argent. Supporters; dexter, a

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On December 13, 1884, following much research and discussion among the group, Whitehouse submitted his designs. The result was a much more formal and heraldic look, completely different from previous dies, and has remained essentially unchanged since. The eagle is a great deal more robust and

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These seals were transported in metallic boxes called skippets, which protected the actual wax seal from damage. The skippets themselves also were engraved with the seal design. Several skippets were made at a time, which the State Department used as needed. Usually skippets were made out of

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named the first committee to design a Great Seal, or national emblem, for the country. Similar to other nations, the United States needed an official symbol of sovereignty to formalize and seal (or sign) international treaties and transactions. It took six years, three committees, and the

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from 1856 Bernard Lossing alluded to a version half the size for the purpose of impressing wax and paper. More recent research has not been able to verify this claim, with no record of this seal being found (although the second seal committee of 1780 had recommended a half-size seal).

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holding a sword and a balance. Surrounding the main elements was the inscription "Seal of the United States of America MDCCLXXVI". For the reverse, Franklin's design of Moses parting the Red Sea was used. Congress was however not impressed, and on the same day ordered that the report

1979:, and provided all material submitted by the first three committees. Thomson was 53 years old, and had been a Latin master at a Philadelphia academy. Thomson took elements from all three previous committees, coming up with a new design which provided the basis for the final seal. 1124:

the thought that had gone into the 1885 version, it was decided to recreate that design. Congress renewed the law on March 3, 1903, since no action had yet been taken, and this time specified that it be recut from the existing model, which ended any further discussion.

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In a letter accompanying their designs, Tiffany gave their reasonings behind various elements. The eagle was made as realistic as the rules of heraldry would permit, and the scroll style was chosen to least interfere with the eagle. There were no stars in the

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Documents which require the seal include treaty ratifications, international agreements, appointments of ambassadors and civil officers, and communications from the President to heads of foreign governments. The seal was once required on presidential

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For three and a half years no further action was taken, during which time the Continental Congress was forced out of Philadelphia before returning in 1778. On March 25, 1780, a second committee to design a great seal was formed, which consisted of

2493:. Department and Foreign Service series; 161 Department of State publication; 8900. Washington : Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 80–81. 1045:

asking for funds to create a new design and dies of both the obverse and reverse on January 11, 1884, after getting estimates of the cost. Congress eventually appropriated $ 1,000 for those purposes on July 7, 1884. The design contract went to

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Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the American flag, and also helped design state and other government seals. He made two similar proposals, each having an obverse and reverse side, with themes of war and peace.

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Theodore F. Dwight, Chief of the Bureau of Rolls and Library of the Department of State, supervised the process. He brought in several consultants to consider design from historical, heraldic, and artistic points of view. These included

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had lent him. That book said that argent (white) "signifies Purity, Innocence, Beauty, and Genteelness", gules (red) "denotes martial Prowess, Boldness, and Hardiness", and azure (blue) "signifies Justice, Perseverance, and Vigilance".

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In August 1776, du Simitière showed his design, which was more along conventional heraldic lines. The shield had six sections, each representing "the Countries from which these States have been peopled" (using the symbols for

669:), the press, and cabinet in which it is housed. There have been several presses used since the seal was introduced, but none of the mechanisms used from 1782 through 1904 have survived. The seal and its press were saved when 2055:

The design was submitted to Congress on June 20, 1782, and was accepted the same day. Thomson included a page of explanatory notes, but no drawing was submitted. This remains the official definition of the Great Seal today.

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adopted as a common Masonic symbol until 1797, several years after the Great Seal of the United States had already been designed. The Eye of Providence was, on the other hand, a fairly common Christian motif throughout the

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in 1876 had renewed interest in national symbols, and articles appeared noting the irregularities in the 1841 seal. However, when it came time to replace the worn 1841 die, the Department of State kept the same design.

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The first brass die was cut sometime between June and September, and placed in the State House in Philadelphia. It was first used by Thomson on September 16, 1782, to verify signatures on a document which authorized

1278:", information on the illegal seal, iterations and changes that have been made to the seal, and it also includes detailed descriptions of the symbology of the great seal (such as that provided by Charles Thomson). 638:", information on the illegal seal, iterations and changes that have been made to the seal, and it also includes detailed descriptions of the symbology of the great seal (such as that provided by Charles Thomson). 787:

the design onto documents. These dies eventually wear down, requiring replacements to be made. The current die is the seventh engraving of the seal, and the actual design on the dies has evolved over time.

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The vector version of the obverse at the top of this article was taken from U.S. government publications, while the vector reverse was made by a Knowledge contributor and patterned after this official one.

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of the American Confederated Republic" represented by a maiden, and on the other side an American warrior. At the top is an eagle and on the pillar in the shield is a "Phoenix in Flames". The mottos were

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Hunt's account greatly details how the seal was chosen, containing sketches of other suggestions for a great seal which were made, such as Franklin's suggested motto "Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to

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motto was chosen for the final seal, and the reverse used the Roman numeral for 1776 and the Eye of Providence. Jefferson also liked Franklin's motto so much, he ended up using it on his personal seal.

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On August 20, 1776, the committee presented their report to Congress. The committee members chose du Simitière's design, though it was changed to remove the anchor of hope and replace the soldier with

1454:, an artist living in Philadelphia who would later also design the state seals of Delaware and New Jersey and start a museum of the Revolutionary War. Each of these men proposed a design for the seal. 1808:

The shield of the Great Seal has seven white stripes and six red ones—essentially, a white background with six red stripes. Hopkinson incorporated this stripe arrangement into the Great Seal from the

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Barton then came up with another design, which the committee submitted back to Congress on May 9, 1782, just five days after being formed. This time, the figures on each side of the shield were the "

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surrounded by thirteen rings, each with the name of a colony. This design is echoed in the seal submitted by the first committee, and the motto was quite possibly a Latin version of this concept.

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See footnote 29. "No evidence has been found to substantiate this statement either, although the report of the second seal committee in 1780 (which was not adopted) recommended a half-size seal."

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was a Mason, he was the only member of any of the various Great Seal committees definitively known to be so, and his ideas were not adopted. Of the four men whose ideas were adopted, neither

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Dwight eventually agreed and did not order the die, though he said it was "not improper" that one eventually be made. To this day, there has never been an official die made of the reverse.

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As the designers recognized, this is a technically incorrect blazon under traditional English heraldic rules, since in English practice a vertically striped shield would be described as "

1928:(Everlasting). The pyramid had come from another Continental currency note designed in 1778 by Hopkinson, this time the $ 50 note, which had a nearly identical pyramid and the motto 1127:

pointed, and the talons have shorter joints. Also, two small heraldic errors which had persisted on all previous seal dies were fixed: the rays of the glory were drawn with dots to

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Congress then ordered a seal half the size of the great one, to impress wax and paper, as you now see it upon this commission signed by my old and trusty friend, Charles Thomson.

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The Great Seal symbol (or a close variant) has been used by former presidents after leaving office. In February 2021, the Seal continued to feature in the logo of the Office of

863:(typical of English heraldry), and arranged them in a larger six-pointed star. No drawing made by the engraver has ever been found, and it is not known if Thomson provided any. 3238:

A Latin Dictionary: Founded on Andrews' Edition of Freund's Latin Dictionary: Revised, Enlarged, and in Great Part Rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, PhD and Charles Short, LL.D

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in its right talon. Although not specified by law, the olive branch is usually depicted with 13 leaves and 13 olives. In its beak, the eagle clutches a scroll with the motto

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replaced Rutledge, although he was not officially appointed. As with the previous two committees, most of the work was delegated to a heraldic expert, this time 28-year-old

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pattern, and the eagle's claws held an olive branch and a bundle of thirteen arrows. For the crest, he used Hopkinson's constellation of thirteen stars. The motto was

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A different version of the greater coat of arms found on the seal of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and the flag of the Secretary of State.

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Webpage for the United States Department of State Traveling Exhibit on the Great Seal of the United States (available on Internet Archive as found on August 16, 2017)

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The first die depicts a relatively crude crested eagle, thin-legged and somewhat awkward. There is no fruit on the olive branch, and the engraver added a border of

4408: 4018: 2001:, which included an eagle with olive branch and arrows near its talons, which may have been a source for Thomson. The arrows also mirror those in the arms of the 1317:(found, in the Seal, above the pyramid) is a common Masonic emblem, and that the Great Seal was created by Freemasons. These claims, however, misstate the facts. 1271:

Our Inheritance in the Great Seal of Manasseh, the United States of America: Its History and Heraldry; and Its Signification unto the 'Great People' thus Sealed.

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Our Inheritance in the Great Seal of Manasseh, the United States of America: Its History and Heraldry; and Its Signification unto the 'Great People' thus Sealed.

943:'s mission a golden box was used (the ratification of that treaty, made later in 1854, had an even more elaborate and expensive seal and heavy gold skippet). 2052:" (vertical), and the eagle's wing position was changed to "displayed" (wingtips up) instead of "rising". Barton also wrote a more properly heraldic blazon. 1249:

A brief and official explanation of the symbolism was prepared in the form of a historical sketch (or pamphlet) of the seal of the United States, entitled,

609:

A brief and official explanation of the symbolism was prepared in the form of a historical sketch, or pamphlet, of the seal of the United States, entitled,

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ordered "that the seal heretofore used by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be, and hereby is declared to be, the seal of the United States."

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By early 1881 the State Department started responding to criticism of the seal, resulting first in an 1882 centennial commemorative medal, and then with

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must choose to travel either on the flowery path of self-indulgence or the rugged, more difficult, uphill path of duty to others and honor to himself.

4905: 3953: 3341: 3337: 951:. At least one 1871 treaty seal was actually made using a Lewis skippet mold instead of the Masi die, meaning it too is technically an official die. 4656: 4626: 4531: 1221:, is Latin for "a new order of the ages." The reverse has never been cut (as a seal) but appears, for example, on the back of the one-dollar bill. 3987: 1134:

The die was first used on January 26, 1904, and was used for 26 years. All dies made since have followed exactly the same design, and in 1986 the

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Barton drew a design very quickly, using a rooster on the crest, but it was much too complex. No drawing of this design seems to have survived.

4925: 3657: 1749:, meaning "prepared in war or in peace". The reverse, in Hopkinson's words, was "Liberty is seated in a chair holding an olive branch and her 4000: 3599: 1261:. When the copyright on the pamphlet expired, Hunt expounded upon the information in more detail. This was published in 1909 in a book titled 621:. When the copyright on the pamphlet expired, Hunt expounded upon the information in more detail. This was published in 1909 in a book titled 3539: 2040:

For the reverse, Thomson essentially kept Barton's design, but re-added the triangle around the Eye of Providence and changed the mottos to

4651: 4401: 867: 2935: 2747: 2048:. Thomson sent his designs back to Barton, who made some final alterations. The stripes on the shield were changed again, this time to " 1333:

as well as America throughout the 18th century. It is still found in Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches, and it symbolizes the

4879: 4581: 3826: 3286: 2305: 1643:, a similar magazine which ran briefly from 1692 to 1694. While variants turn up in other places (for example a poem often ascribed to 140: 3506: 3456: 3310: 3136: 3122: 3055: 3041: 3024: 3010: 2995: 2814: 2800: 2488: 1473:

in the Clouds reaching to Moses, to express that he acts by Command of the Deity." Motto, "Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God."

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being very clear, and it is considered the poorest of all Great Seal die. It was the one in use during the seal's centennial in 1882.

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to help with the olive branch. Tiffany's chief designer, James Horton Whitehouse, was the artist responsible for the actual design.

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An eagle holding symbols of war and peace has a long history, and also echoed the second committee's themes. Franklin owned a 1702

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Furthermore, contrary to the claims of these conspiracy theories, the Great Seal was not created by Freemasons. While

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In his second proposal, the Indian warrior was replaced by a soldier holding a sword, and the motto was shortened to

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are largely unchanged from the 1885 designs. The current rendering of the reverse was made by Teagle & Little of

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together symbolize that the United States has "a strong desire for peace, but will always be ready for war." (see

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note he designed in 1778. The same note also used an Eye of Providence, taken from the first committee's design.

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made a master die from which all future dies will be made. The current die is the seventh and was made in 1986.

4641: 4227: 3472: 3317: 2300: 1492:, for the reverse side of the seal. Adams chose a painting known as the "Judgment of Hercules" where the young 143:

is directly based on the Great Seal, and its elements are used in numerous government agency and state seals.

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in 1856. The obverse drawing is slightly incorrect; the linked state initials should be on the shield itself.

1386: 679: 431: 163: 124: 1114: 154:, in 1972. It is nearly identical to previous versions, which in turn were based on Lossing's 1856 version. 4646: 3931: 2634: 2617: 2315: 1757:. The motto 'Virtute perennis' means 'Everlasting because of virtue.' The date in Roman numerals is 1776." 1587: 1174: 819: 422: 3935: 4736: 4616: 4526: 4476: 4436: 4339: 4332: 4276: 1635: 1381: 1306: 221: 4910: 4731: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4456: 4353: 4075: 3345: 3329: 2565: 2544: 2523: 1876: 1470: 1451: 1361: 1242: 602: 547: 414: 269: 136: 116: 4591: 3997: 1515: 1480:

in the wilderness, led by a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night for the front of the seal; and

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finally accepted a design (which included elements proposed by each of the three committees) in 1782.

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has its head turned towards the olive branch, on its right side, to symbolize a preference for peace.

4874: 4596: 4511: 4486: 4417: 4304: 4269: 4055: 1809: 1730: 1571: 772: 482: 3653: 2979: 1733:. Like the first committee, they sought the help of someone more experienced in heraldry, this time 4810: 4779: 4675: 4561: 4496: 4466: 4441: 4206: 3223:

did come to mean "age, world" in late, Christian, Latin, and "secular" is derived from it, through

2013: 1377: 1011: 652:) of the coat of arms are either reproduced directly, or represented monochromatically by means of 521: 325: 3822: 3638: 3603: 3227:. However, the adjective "secularis," meaning "worldly," is not equivalent to the genitive plural 2965: 1465:

standing on the Shore, and extending his Hand over the Sea, thereby causing the same to overwhelm

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has been alleged to have had Masonic connections, there is no firm evidence to support the claim.

4920: 4869: 4576: 4571: 4501: 4481: 3917: 3543: 1722: 1617: 1551: 1286: 466:", not "paleways", and it would not have had an odd number of stripes. A more technically proper 205: 1859:

After two more years, Congress formed a third committee on May 4, 1782, this time consisting of

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who is sitting in an open Chariot, a Crown on his Head and a Sword in his Hand. Rays from a

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The Great Seal very quickly became a popular symbol of the country. It inspired both the

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gold, and the background of the stars was drawn with horizontal lines to indicate azure.

1077: 666: 653: 648: 329: 227: 211: 100: 67: 4010: 3711: 2913: 1774: 1765: 3432: 3194: 2829: 2076: 1987: 1897: 1061: 727: 701: 132: 3749: 3173: 2451: 1986:—as the sole supporter on the shield. The shield had thirteen stripes, this time in a 736: 409: 4262: 4241: 4150: 4126: 3945: 3396: 3093: 2874: 2855: 2775: 2611: 2603: 2502: 2494: 2107: 2069: 1889: 1885: 1734: 1667: 1583: 1481: 1431: 1365: 1349: 1314: 1298: 1202: 1186: 1170: 812: 784: 563: 294: 284: 276: 151: 75: 2470: 1655:), this is the oldest known use of the exact phrase. Another source was some of the 1535:

du Simitiere's initial sketch, and Franklin's earlier design on a 1776 currency note

177: 4794: 4290: 3568: 3333: 2975: 1864: 1726: 1579: 1435: 1093: 1047: 940: 859: 855: 505: 490: 455: 451: 336:, in its sinister talon thirteen arrows, and in its beak a scroll bearing the motto 307: 280: 263: 4759: 4188: 3683: 3366: 3263: 2162: 1696: 1687: 1547: 1207: 1189:. The adopting resolution provides that it is inscribed on its base with the date 94: 4716: 4698: 4325: 4174: 4168: 4004: 3909: 3898: 3628: 3270: 3259: 3233: 3180: 2909: 2291: 2263: 2101: 2049: 2031: 1976: 1966: 1592: 1353: 1294: 1266: 1258: 1225: 1224:

The primary official explanation of the symbolism of the great seal was given by

1128: 932: 906: 626: 618: 585: 584:

The primary official explanation of the symbolism of the great seal was given by

551: 542: 463: 348: 299: 108: 88: 74:

of the United States while the reverse features a truncated pyramid topped by an

3152: 1994:, taken from the first committee, and was on a scroll held in the eagle's beak. 4843: 4826: 4283: 4248: 4140: 4110: 4090: 3421:

Hodapp, Christopher; Freemasons for Dummies, Wiley Publishing, 2005, pp 155–156

2233: 2229: 2022: 2002: 1868: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1705: 1659:

issued earlier in 1776; these were designed by Franklin and featured the motto

1526: 1458: 1198: 1001: 965: 367: 123:. Since 1935, both sides of the Great Seal have appeared on the reverse of the 83: 3998:"Dr. Bob visits the Keeper of the Great Seal of the U.S.A. in Washington D.C." 3433:"Is the Pyramid & Eye a Masonic Symbol on the Great Seal and Dollar Bill?" 3359: 1957: 1948: 1578:, and on the other side an American soldier holding a rifle and tomahawk. The 493:

contains no stars (although certain derivative arms do, e.g. the chief of the

394: 4899: 4884: 4346: 4145: 3083: 2240:

placed the Seal (modified with three stars at the bottom) on a letter to the

1860: 1611: 1489: 1254: 1053: 910: 614: 272: 248: 59: 55: 4386: 3949: 3470: 1068:, John Denison Chaplin, Jr., an expert on engraving and associate editor of 4213: 4135: 4080: 3325: 3097: 2506: 2237: 2225: 1917: 1754: 1750: 1600: 1575: 1555: 1334: 1313:

in the founding of the United States. Such theories usually claim that the

719: 567: 537: 333: 2490:

The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States

4851: 1998: 1671: 1485: 1338: 1326: 1322: 1310: 849: 3476: 889: 783:

The metallic die of the obverse side of the Great Seal is what actually

4065: 3087: 2285: 2129:

War and peace theme, including olive branch and (on first draft) arrows

1983: 1670:

had been a well-known classical symbol of the deity since at least the

1567: 1543: 1477: 1439: 517: 321: 3738:"He created the American flag that Congress adopted on June 14, 1777." 4070: 3902: 2241: 1228:

upon presenting the final design for adoption by Congress. He wrote:

958: 723: 588:

upon presenting the final design for adoption by Congress. He wrote:

513: 315: 1969:'s report to Congress, which was accepted and is still the law today 1265:

This work was largely based on a two-volume work written in 1897 by

625:

This work was largely based on a two-volume work written in 1897 by

3212: 1920:, with the radiant Eye of Providence overhead, and used the mottos 1493: 1447: 1342: 1081: 525: 86:

at the base of the pyramid. The seal contains three Latin phrases:

4667: 3397:"Associated Press story, Tuesday, February 12, 2008 as hosted by" 1913: 1466: 1166: 896: 866:

This first die was used until 1841, and is now on display in the

243: 2564:

Pyron du Martre, Antoine (Pen name: Mark Anthony Porny) (1771).

2543:

Pyron du Martre, Antoine (Pen name: Mark Anthony Porny) (1771).

2522:

Pyron du Martre, Antoine (Pen name: Mark Anthony Porny) (1771).

2498: 1813:

was running the Navy as chairman of the Continental Navy Board.

1211:

signifies that Providence has "approved of (our) undertakings."

386: 2422:"Members' Roll of Arms: Buchanan-Boardman, Charles Edward Sean" 1644: 1590:

extends over the Shield and beyond the Figures", and the motto

1484:, the two brothers who were the legendary leaders of the first 1420:

Interpretation of the first committee's seal proposal, made by

1330: 1251:

The Seal of the United States: How it was Developed and Adopted

1218: 1162: 852:

but Thomson may also have found a private engraver on his own.

611:

The Seal of the United States: How it was Developed and Adopted

467: 443: 435: 287: 528:

terms). From the eagle's perspective, it holds a bundle of 13

3823:"Heraldic Description of Third Committee's Great Seal Design" 2606:. Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1909 1st Ed. Page 5. 1462: 578: 529: 501: 447: 355: 341: 303: 2075:

Charles Thomson, as the secretary of Congress, remained the

1714:

Second committee's seal proposal, drawn by Francis Hopkinson

1633:

The motto was almost certainly taken from the title page of

4100: 3992: 1442:. While they were three of the five primary authors of the 1181:." The pyramid is conventionally shown as consisting of 13 533: 370:, letterheads, license plates, embassies, agency seals and 127:. The coat of arms is used on official documents—including 2518: 2516: 1566:), surrounded by the initials of all thirteen states. The 4105: 4040: 3219:, meaning (in this context) generation, century, or age. 3211:

does not mean "secular", as one might assume, but is the

2343:"The Arms of the United States: Criticisms and Rebuttals" 2198:

Notable depictions of the Great Seal of the United States

2126:

Constellation of 13 stars, surrounded by clouds and glory

1275: 1152:

Notable depictions of the Great Seal of the United States

947:

Department switched to nearly identical versions made by

635: 66:, and more generally for the impression it produces. The 2629: 2627: 2487:

Patterson, Richard Sharpe; Dougall, Richardson (1978) .

1982:

Thomson used the eagle—this time specifying an American

1309:

state that the Great Seal shows a sinister influence by

656:. The latter applies when the seal is affixed to paper. 3092:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State. 2539: 2537: 2513: 2123:

Thirteen red and white stripes and blue chief on shield

1975:

On June 13, 1782, the Congress turned to its Secretary

1935:

Congress again took no action on the submitted design.

1625:

While the designs in their entirety were not used, the

1257:

in 1892 under the direction of then Secretary of State

617:

in 1892 under the direction of then Secretary of State

3153:"Official Dies of the Great Seal of the United States" 1341:(the eye) surrounded by rays of glory, denoting God's 2918:. New Haven, Connecticut: The Our Race Publishing Co. 2635:"Uncle Sam Has Seal Maker in the Library of Congress" 2624: 1376:

On July 4, 1776, the same day that independence from

700:, who led the effort to put the seal on display, and 673:

in 1814, though no one knows who rescued the pieces.

3978:

PDF booklet from U.S. State Department, 2003 version

2734: 2534: 2253: 546:("Out of Many, One"). Over its head there appears a 379:

The obverse (or front) of the seal depicts the full

3855:"The Final Design of the Great Seal: June 20, 1782" 3350:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3037: 3035: 1853:

Third committee's proposal, drawn by William Barton

3471:Design by King & Associates (www.edking.com). 3371:Angels & Demons from the Book to the Movie FAQ 44:Obverse (with eagle) and reverse of the Great Seal 3306: 3304: 2655:Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers 2321:Seal of the president of the Continental Congress 4897: 3540:"The Arms of the USA: Development of the Design" 3032: 2770: 2768: 2486: 3232: 2463: 2461: 2396:"The Great Seal of the United States | GovInfo" 1237:Thomson took the symbolism for the colors from 597:Thomson took the symbolism for the colors from 3503:"First Great Seal Committee: July–August 1776" 3328:in Vilnius, built between 1503 and 1522 (seen 3318:Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc, Czech Republic 3301: 2604:"The History of the Seal of the United States" 1596:(Out of Many, One) in a scroll at the bottom. 1201:. Where the top of the pyramid should be, the 834:The first die was made of brass, and measured 4749:Dunlap broadside, Declaration of Independence 4683: 4416: 4402: 4026: 2974:. Vol. 13, no. 74. pp. 184–5. 2765: 2560: 2558: 2482: 2480: 1574:holding an anchor of hope and a spear with a 1263:The History of the Seal of the United States. 722:, and on some now-obsolete documents such as 623:The History of the Seal of the United States. 3645: 3563: 3561: 3089:The History of the Seal of the United States 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2458: 874:there was no need for a die of the reverse. 754:The wafer is positioned over the counterdie. 3932:"Elements of Design in the Senate's Carpet" 3814: 3623: 3621: 3600:"The Arms of the USA: Blazon and Symbolism" 3594: 3592: 3590: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 2936:"The Arms of the USA: Artistic Expressions" 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2471:"Explanation of the Great Seal's Symbolism" 1380:was declared by the thirteen colonies, the 704:imprint a document during the 1955 ceremony 434:adopting the arms, still in force, legally 346: 4880:Seal of the president of the United States 4722:Secretary, Continental Congress, 1774-1789 4690: 4676: 4409: 4395: 4033: 4019: 3984: – Bureau of Public Affairs 3848: 3846: 3844: 3684:"Symbols of Unity on Continental Currency" 3677: 3675: 3496: 3494: 2555: 2477: 2337: 2335: 2306:Seal of the president of the United States 1064:professor, William H. Whitmore, author of 1043:Secretary of State Frederick Frelinghuysen 283:field bearing a constellation of thirteen 141:seal of the president of the United States 3750:"Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags?" 3712:"Second Great Seal Committee: March 1780" 3654:"Continental Currency: February 17, 1776" 3558: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 1457:Franklin chose an allegorical scene from 1385:contributions of fourteen men before the 1195:United States Declaration of Independence 928: inches (11.9 cm) in diameter. 98:("He has favored our undertakings"), and 4906:1782 establishments in the United States 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3747: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3618: 3587: 3569:"Official Heraldry of the United States" 3521: 3063: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2661: 2236:. On February 4, 2021, former president 2201: 2058: 1884: 1674:, which du Simitiere was familiar with. 1610: 1285: 574:). E Pluribus Unum contains 13 letters. 408: 393: 385: 3881:(Spring 2024) Volume 4, No. 1, p. 13ff. 3841: 3672: 3491: 3373:. Center for Studies on New Religions. 2960: 2332: 2244:actors union canceling his membership. 2072:to negotiate an exchange of prisoners. 1476:Jefferson suggested a depiction of the 659: 121:federal government of the United States 4931:Ordinances of the Continental Congress 4898: 3923: 3796:"Third Great Seal Committee: May 1782" 3748:Williams, Earl P. Jr. (October 2012). 3660:from the original on December 25, 2008 3627: 3289:from the original on December 19, 2013 3144: 2938:. americanheraldry.org. Archived from 2908: 2893: 2875:"Using the Seal as the Nation Expands" 2862:from the original on February 19, 2012 2645:from the original on November 15, 2013 1281: 1161:The 1782 resolution adopting the seal 905:Starting with the ratification of the 766:The seal is pressed down on the wafer. 562:The recurring number 13 refers to the 4926:National symbols of the United States 4671: 4390: 4042:National symbols of the United States 4014: 3956:from the original on January 15, 2009 3852: 3829:from the original on January 24, 2013 3820: 3802:from the original on January 25, 2013 3793: 3778: 3709: 3698: 3681: 3575:from the original on February 6, 2009 3500: 3430: 3377:from the original on January 28, 2022 3215:(possessive) plural form of the word 3192: 3150: 2922: 2881:from the original on February 4, 2009 2836:from the original on January 21, 2017 2782:from the original on February 4, 2009 2737:"The Great Seal of the United States" 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2468: 2206:The Great Seal on the reverse of the 2191: 2034:drawing, the basis for the final seal 1608:", ending the work of the committee. 504:, not red, to avoid violation of the 485:, with two exceptions in particular: 4727:Journals of the Continental Congress 3929: 3509:from the original on October 2, 2023 3174:Journals of the Continental Congress 3082: 2933: 2601: 2432:from the original on August 17, 2021 2353:from the original on August 16, 2017 1241:, by Antoine Pyron du Martré, which 1205:watches over it. Two mottos appear: 601:, by Antoine Pyron du Martre, which 4697: 4007:with photos of the actual die press 3403:from the original on April 27, 2013 3104:from the original on April 26, 2011 2402:from the original on March 13, 2024 1677: 1329:, and was commonly used as such in 685:The press and cabinet, made in 1903 557: 146:Today's official versions from the 13: 4256:America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee) 3766:from the original on March 6, 2016 3651: 3399:. Foxnews.com. February 12, 2008. 2753:from the original on July 30, 2021 2576: 1816: 1793:, meaning "For war or for peace". 1570:were a female figure representing 1392: 858:leaves. Depicting an eagle with a 481:(shield) bears resemblance to the 58:. The phrase is used both for the 16:National seal of the United States 14: 4947: 4795:Secretary, Treaty of Easton, 1758 3971: 3473:"the Masonic Service Association" 3367:"Do the Illuminati Really Exist?" 3240:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. s. vv. 2966:"Great Seal of the United States" 1430:The first committee consisted of 520:with its wings outstretched (or " 171:Coat of arms of the United States 4778: 4532:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2776:"Keeping the Seal in Good Hands" 2570:. T. Carnan and F. Newbery, Jr. 2549:. T. Carnan and F. Newbery, Jr. 2528:. T. Carnan and F. Newbery, Jr. 2311:Seal of the United States Senate 2270: 2256: 2232:, and the logo of the Office of 2021: 2012: 1956: 1947: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1773: 1764: 1704: 1695: 1686: 1525: 1514: 1503: 1446:, they had little experience in 1410: 1401: 1136:Bureau of Engraving and Printing 1113: 1106: 1031: 1024: 1000: 964: 957: 895: 888: 824: 818: 811: 771: 759: 747: 735: 690: 678: 495:arms of the United States Senate 220: 204: 190: 176: 80:U.S. Declaration of Independence 64:United States secretary of state 34: 25: 4754:Great Seal of the United States 4361:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 3885: 3869: 3741: 3726: 3464: 3450: 3424: 3415: 3389: 3340:, inscription dated 1766), the 3275: 3245: 3201: 3195:"Source of NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM" 3186: 3167: 3130: 3116: 3049: 3018: 3004: 2989: 2954: 2848: 2822: 2808: 2794: 2454:. snopes.com. November 5, 2001. 2139:Eagle (though not a bald eagle) 1938: 1912:For the reverse, Barton used a 1233:which commences from that date. 1165:the image on the reverse as "A 4717:Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia) 4228:Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean 4129:Liberty Enlightening the World 3285:. Freemasons-freemasonry.com. 2444: 2414: 2388: 2379: 2365: 2301:Seal of the Confederate States 383:of the national coat of arms. 70:of the Great Seal depicts the 1: 4235:The Stars and Stripes Forever 2971:Harper's New Monthly Magazine 2347:The American Heraldry Society 2326: 2219:that of the US Virgin Islands 2208:United States one-dollar bill 2155:Overall design of the obverse 2145:Overall design of the reverse 1461:, described in his notes as " 1169:unfinished. In the zenith an 641: 472:argent, six pallets gules ... 164:Armorial of the United States 104:("A new order of the ages"). 62:itself, which is kept by the 4657:United States Virgin Islands 3656:. University of Notre Dame. 3316:. Some examples include the 2641:. March 2, 1913. p. 3. 2316:Great Seal bug ("The Thing") 1905:(In Defense of Liberty) and 1737:, who did most of the work. 1586:in a radiant Triangle whose 7: 4936:National emblems with birds 4811:Thomson's Bible translation 4737:Second Continental Congress 4340:Battle Hymn of the Republic 4277:The Army Goes Rolling Along 3920:. Retrieved March 24, 2012. 3875:Gardiner, Richard. (2024). 3634:The Seal of History, Vol II 3475:. Msana.com. Archived from 3320:built from 1716–1754 (seen 2856:"Redefining the Seal's Use" 2249: 2087:On September 15, 1789, the 1909:(Only virtue unconquered). 1444:Declaration of Independence 671:Washington, D.C. was burned 275:, breaking through a cloud 10: 4952: 4732:First Continental Congress 4003:November 19, 2010, at the 3897:September 4, 2015, at the 3346:Giovanni Battista Morgagni 3231:, meaning "of the ages." ( 2735:Bureau of Public Affairs. 2195: 2182:Vertical stripes on shield 1924:("With God favoring") and 1783:Hopkinson's first proposal 1452:Pierre Eugene du Simitiere 1156: 1149: 935:, though for the Japanese 500:The outermost stripes are 161: 157: 4875:Articles of Confederation 4862: 4835: 4819: 4803: 4787: 4776: 4705: 4632:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4550: 4424: 4418:Armorial of North America 4333:The Washington Post March 4270:Lift Every Voice and Sing 4198: 4161: 4119: 4048: 3993:Website on the Great Seal 2877:. U.S. Diplomacy Center. 2778:. U.S. Diplomacy Center. 2185:Position of eagle's wings 1810:Flag of the United States 1731:William Churchill Houston 1371: 1337:(the triangle) and God's 1076:, the Unitarian minister 877:In an essay published in 554:(stars) on a blue field. 404: 362: 340: 314: 302:of 13 pieces, argent and 293: 262: 254: 242: 238: 219: 203: 189: 184: 175: 170: 4652:Turks and Caicos Islands 4207:The Star-Spangled Banner 3937:The Most Splendid Carpet 3734:The Eagle and the Shield 3458:The Eagle and the Shield 3312:The Eagle and the Shield 3138:The Eagle and the Shield 3124:The Eagle and the Shield 3057:The Eagle and the Shield 3043:The Eagle and the Shield 3026:The Eagle and the Shield 3012:The Eagle and the Shield 2997:The Eagle and the Shield 2816:The Eagle and the Shield 2802:The Eagle and the Shield 2744:U.S. Department of State 2616:: CS1 maint: location ( 2567:The Elements of Heraldry 2546:The Elements of Heraldry 2525:The Elements of Heraldry 2373:The Eagle and the Shield 1187:thirteen original states 1145: 1080:, and even the botanist 1056:, a historical scholar, 1012:United States Centennial 424:Apotheosis of Washington 417:in the war scene of the 249:United States of America 56:United States of America 4870:Continental Association 4354:You're a Grand Old Flag 3918:Law Library of Congress 2830:"Great Seal Fact Sheet" 2602:Hunt, Gaillard (1909). 1903:In Vindiciam Libertatis 1450:and sought the help of 1364:was a Mason and, while 1297:painting, contains the 1193:(1776, the year of the 792:Successive die designs 728:Mediterranean passports 508:, as the chief is blue. 442:Paleways of 13 pieces, 430:The 1782 resolution of 358:for 'Out of many, one') 129:United States passports 4742:Confederation Congress 4582:British Virgin Islands 4368:This Land Is Your Land 3908:April 6, 2012, at the 3269:June 20, 2006, at the 3258:June 15, 2010, at the 2657:, Library of Congress. 2530:Glossary entry: Argent 2426:theheraldrysociety.com 2210: 2113:1776 in Roman numerals 2089:United States Congress 2084:diplomatic documents. 2064: 1893: 1747:Bello vel pace paratus 1622: 1302: 1235: 1074:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 595: 460: 427: 401: 399:United States passport 391: 347: 230:) reproduction of the 135:placards, and various 92:("Out of many, one"), 4522:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4375:Battle Cry of Freedom 4326:National Emblem March 4221:America the Beautiful 3942:National Park Service 3892:Chap. XIV. 1 Stat. 68 3348:, or the 1789 French 3253:conspiracyarchive.com 3179:May 27, 2016, at the 2639:The Washington Herald 2572:Glossary entry: Azure 2551:Glossary entry: Gules 2292:National Emblem March 2205: 2063:First sealed document 2062: 1888: 1801:and clouds on a $ 40 1745:stars. The motto was 1614: 1289: 1230: 1129:indicate the tincture 698:Clydia Mae Richardson 590: 572:Olive Branch Petition 440: 419:United States Capitol 412: 397: 389: 72:national coat of arms 4096:Pledge of Allegiance 4086:General Grant (tree) 3479:on November 15, 2013 3342:cover of a 1762 book 2452:"A Turn of the Head" 2278:United States portal 2215:flag of North Dakota 1803:Continental currency 1657:Continental currency 1651:contains the phrase 1636:Gentleman's Magazine 1618:Gentleman's Magazine 1382:Continental Congress 1267:Charles A. L. Totten 1253:. It was written by 1239:Elements of Heraldry 1217:, freely taken from 1066:Elements of Heraldry 1058:Charles Eliot Norton 914:differently. It was 870:in Washington, D.C. 660:Official die designs 627:Charles A. L. Totten 613:. It was written by 599:Elements of Heraldry 413:The arms as held by 131:—military insignia, 113:Continental Congress 107:Largely designed by 82:, 1776, is noted in 4767:Novus ordo seclorum 4537:Trinidad and Tobago 4432:Antigua and Barbuda 4182:Novus ordo seclorum 4127:Statue of Liberty ( 3930:Anderson, Susan H. 3914:Library of Congress 3853:MacArthur, John D. 3821:MacArthur, John D. 3794:MacArthur, John D. 3710:MacArthur, John D. 3682:MacArthur, John D. 3606:on October 17, 2007 3501:MacArthur, John D. 3431:MacArthur, John D. 3193:MacArthur, John D. 3151:MacArthur, John D. 2980:2027/uc1.c065162776 2915:The Seal of History 2469:MacArthur, John D. 2170:Novus Ordo Seclorum 2046:Novus Ordo Seclorum 1907:Virtus sola invicta 1641:Gentleman's Journal 1358:Pierre du Simitière 1307:conspiracy theories 1282:Conspiracy theories 1214:Novus ordo seclorum 1078:Edward Everett Hale 1070:American Cyclopædia 793: 516:of the shield is a 148:Department of State 111:, secretary of the 101:Novus ordo seclorum 54:is the seal of the 4472:Dominican Republic 4305:The Air Force Song 3877:"Annuit Coeptis," 2962:Lossing, Benson J. 2934:McMillan, Joseph. 2211: 2192:Notable depictions 2142:Unfinished pyramid 2081:federal government 2077:keeper of the seal 2065: 1894: 1623: 1478:Children of Israel 1303: 1173:, surrounded by a 791: 778:The imprinted seal 702:John Foster Dulles 564:13 original states 483:United States flag 428: 402: 392: 78:. The year of the 4911:American heraldry 4893: 4892: 4665: 4664: 4554:other territories 4384: 4383: 4263:God Bless America 4242:Hail to the Chief 4151:West Potomac Park 3825:. greatseal.com. 3798:. greatseal.com. 3505:. greatseal.com. 3283:"Masonic Dollar?" 3264:www.masoncode.com 2428:. April 3, 2018. 2108:Eye of Providence 2070:George Washington 1892:pyramid from 1778 1735:Francis Hopkinson 1668:Eye of Providence 1584:Eye of Providence 1482:Hengest and Horsa 1432:Benjamin Franklin 1366:Francis Hopkinson 1350:Benjamin Franklin 1315:Eye of Providence 1299:Eye of Providence 1203:Eye of Providence 1192: 1171:eye in a triangle 1143: 1142: 1048:Tiffany & Co. 868:National Archives 654:heraldic hatching 566:. The arrows and 377: 376: 328:, bearing in its 279:, surrounding an 152:Norfolk, Virginia 76:Eye of Providence 60:impression device 4943: 4782: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4622:Saint Barthélemy 4552:Dependencies and 4425:Sovereign states 4411: 4404: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4012: 4011: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3927: 3921: 3889: 3883: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3791: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3754: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3707: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3625: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3602:. Archived from 3596: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3546:on June 24, 2009 3542:. Archived from 3536: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3498: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3468: 3462: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3363: 3357: 3334:Aachen Cathedral 3308: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3249: 3243: 3241: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3197:. greatseal.com. 3190: 3184: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3080: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3039: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3008: 3002: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2942:on June 24, 2009 2931: 2920: 2919: 2906: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2826: 2820: 2812: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2752: 2741: 2732: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2615: 2607: 2599: 2574: 2562: 2553: 2541: 2532: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2473:. greatseal.com. 2465: 2456: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2339: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2266: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2119:Second committee 2025: 2016: 1960: 1951: 1865:Arthur Middleton 1847: 1838: 1829: 1777: 1768: 1727:John Morin Scott 1708: 1699: 1690: 1678:Second committee 1606:lie on the table 1529: 1518: 1507: 1436:Thomas Jefferson 1414: 1405: 1291:Supper at Emmaus 1190: 1185:to refer to the 1117: 1110: 1035: 1028: 1004: 990: 989: 985: 982: 968: 961: 927: 926: 922: 919: 899: 892: 847: 846: 842: 839: 828: 822: 815: 794: 790: 775: 763: 751: 739: 694: 682: 558:Stated symbolism 506:rule of tincture 470:would have been 352: 224: 208: 194: 180: 168: 167: 38: 29: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4940: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4858: 4831: 4815: 4799: 4783: 4774: 4708: 4707:Founding of the 4701: 4699:Charles Thomson 4696: 4666: 4661: 4555: 4553: 4546: 4420: 4415: 4385: 4380: 4194: 4175:E pluribus unum 4169:In God We Trust 4157: 4115: 4044: 4039: 4005:Wayback Machine 3974: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3928: 3924: 3910:Wayback Machine 3899:Wayback Machine 3890: 3886: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3857:. greatseal.com 3851: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3792: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3715: 3714:. greatseal.com 3708: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3686:. greatseal.com 3680: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3652:Jordan, Louis. 3650: 3646: 3626: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3499: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3451: 3441: 3439: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3309: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3271:Wayback Machine 3260:Wayback Machine 3250: 3246: 3234:Lewis and Short 3206: 3202: 3191: 3187: 3181:Wayback Machine 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3155:. greatseal.com 3149: 3145: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3117: 3107: 3105: 3081: 3064: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3033: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3005: 2994: 2990: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2932: 2923: 2907: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2865: 2863: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2739: 2733: 2662: 2648: 2646: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2577: 2563: 2556: 2542: 2535: 2521: 2514: 2485: 2478: 2466: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2329: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2264:Heraldry portal 2262: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2200: 2194: 2151:Charles Thomson 2135:Third committee 2102:E Pluribus Unum 2096:First committee 2038: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2017: 1992:E Pluribus Unum 1977:Charles Thomson 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967:Charles Thomson 1963: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1941: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1819: 1817:Third committee 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1753:is topped by a 1718: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1680: 1653:E Pluribus Unus 1627:E Pluribus Unum 1593:E Pluribus Unum 1539: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1406: 1395: 1393:First committee 1374: 1354:Charles Thomson 1295:Jacopo Pontormo 1284: 1259:James G. Blaine 1226:Charles Thomson 1159: 1154: 1148: 1072:, the sculptor 987: 983: 980: 978: 941:Commodore Perry 933:sterling silver 924: 920: 917: 915: 907:Treaty of Ghent 844: 840: 837: 835: 823: 779: 776: 767: 764: 755: 752: 743: 740: 705: 695: 686: 683: 662: 644: 619:James G. Blaine 586:Charles Thomson 560: 543:E pluribus unum 438:the shield as: 407: 353: 349:E pluribus unum 234: 215: 199: 166: 160: 125:one-dollar bill 109:Charles Thomson 89:E Pluribus Unum 48: 47: 46: 45: 41: 40: 39: 31: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4949: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4921:National seals 4918: 4913: 4908: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4847:(1969 musical) 4839: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4827:Harriton House 4823: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4763: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4672: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4642:Sint Eustatius 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4587:Cayman Islands 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4421: 4414: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4312:Semper Paratus 4308: 4301: 4298:Semper Fidelis 4294: 4287: 4284:Anchors Aweigh 4280: 4273: 4266: 4259: 4252: 4249:Hail, Columbia 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4141:Mount Rushmore 4138: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4091:American Creed 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3973: 3972:External links 3970: 3968: 3967: 3922: 3884: 3868: 3840: 3813: 3777: 3740: 3725: 3697: 3671: 3644: 3629:Totten, C.A.L. 3617: 3586: 3557: 3520: 3490: 3463: 3449: 3423: 3414: 3388: 3358: 3300: 3274: 3244: 3200: 3185: 3166: 3143: 3129: 3115: 3084:Hunt, Gaillard 3062: 3048: 3031: 3017: 3003: 2988: 2953: 2921: 2910:Totten, C.A.L. 2892: 2847: 2821: 2807: 2793: 2764: 2660: 2623: 2575: 2554: 2533: 2512: 2476: 2457: 2443: 2413: 2387: 2378: 2364: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2267: 2251: 2248: 2234:George W. Bush 2230:Michelle Obama 2196:Main article: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2178:William Barton 2175: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2156: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2030: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2003:Dutch Republic 1965: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1877:William Barton 1869:Elias Boudinot 1852: 1851: 1842: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1791:Bello vel paci 1782: 1781: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1713: 1712: 1703: 1702: 1694: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1534: 1533: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1471:Pillar of Fire 1422:Benson Lossing 1419: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1373: 1370: 1362:William Barton 1301:in a triangle. 1283: 1280: 1243:William Barton 1199:Roman numerals 1158: 1155: 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1121: 1118: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1039: 1036: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1008: 1005: 998: 994: 993: 972: 969: 962: 954: 953: 903: 900: 893: 885: 884: 832: 829: 816: 808: 807: 804: 801: 798: 781: 780: 777: 770: 768: 765: 758: 756: 753: 746: 744: 741: 734: 707: 706: 696: 689: 687: 684: 677: 661: 658: 643: 640: 603:William Barton 559: 556: 510: 509: 498: 406: 403: 375: 374: 364: 360: 359: 344: 338: 337: 318: 312: 311: 297: 291: 290: 266: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 246: 240: 239: 236: 235: 225: 217: 216: 214:) reproduction 209: 201: 200: 195: 187: 186: 182: 181: 173: 172: 159: 156: 117:William Barton 84:Roman numerals 43: 42: 33: 32: 24: 23: 22: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4948: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4916:Eagles in art 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4885:Syng inkstand 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4760:Annuit cœptis 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4709:United States 4704: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542:United States 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4347:Yankee Doodle 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4291:Marines' Hymn 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4189:Annuit cœptis 4186: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4146:National Mall 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3872: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3828: 3824: 3817: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3729: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3437:greatseal.com 3434: 3427: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3251:for example: 3248: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3196: 3189: 3183:, June 201782 3182: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3126:, pp. 236–268 3125: 3119: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3060: 3059:, pp. 246–247 3058: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3029: 3028:, pp. 217–218 3027: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3007: 3000: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2964:(July 1856). 2963: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2880: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2804:, pp. 164–165 2803: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2656: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2619: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2483: 2481: 2472: 2467:As quoted by 2464: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2357:September 30, 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2268: 2265: 2254: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2163:Annuit Cœptis 2160: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2110:in a triangle 2109: 2106: 2104: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:Annuit Cœptis 2033: 2024: 2015: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:John Rutledge 1846: 1837: 1828: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1528: 1517: 1506: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1423: 1413: 1404: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1378:Great Britain 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255:Gaillard Hunt 1252: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1208:Annuit cœptis 1204: 1200: 1196: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1153: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Justin Winsor 1049: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 995: 992: 977:The seal was 973: 970: 967: 963: 960: 956: 955: 952: 950: 944: 942: 938: 934: 912: 911:Seraphim Masi 908: 904: 901: 898: 894: 891: 887: 886: 883: 880: 875: 871: 869: 864: 861: 857: 851: 833: 830: 827: 821: 817: 814: 810: 809: 805: 802: 799: 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