682:
1084:, ratified in 1804, which states, "no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States." While the 12th Amendment stipulates that the constitutional qualifications of age, citizenship, and residency apply to the president and vice president, it is unclear whether someone who is ineligible to be elected president due to term limits could be elected vice president. Because of the ambiguity, a two-term former president could possibly be elected vice president and then succeed to the presidency as a result of the incumbent's death, resignation, or removal from office, or succeed to the presidency from another stated office in the
888:
51:
416:
896:
763:
811:. Near the end of the campaign, Dewey announced his support of a constitutional amendment to limit presidents to two terms. According to Dewey, "four terms, or sixteen years (a direct reference to the president's tenure in office four years hence), is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed." He also discreetly raised the issue of the president's age. Roosevelt exuded enough energy and charisma to retain voters' confidence and was elected to a fourth term.
428:
440:
713:, there were serious discussions within Republican political circles about the possibility of his running again in 1876. But interest in a third term for Grant evaporated in the light of negative public opinion and opposition from members of Congress, and Grant left the presidency in 1877 after two terms. Even so, as the 1880 election approached, he sought nomination for a (non-consecutive) third term at the
565:
this
Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
1097:
elected to the vice presidency and then succeed to the presidency to serve out the balance of the term, although the person could be prohibited from running for election to an additional term. The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no person has been elected president and vice president in that order, regardless of terms served.
649:
that served as a vital check against any one person, or the presidency as a whole, accumulating too much power". Various amendments aimed at changing informal precedent to constitutional law were proposed in
Congress in the early to mid-19th century, but none passed. Three of the next four presidents
1096:
of the 12th
Amendment concerns qualification for service (age, residence, and citizenship), while the 22nd Amendment concerns qualifications for election, and thus a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as vice president. Neither amendment restricts the number of times someone can be
1060:
in
Section 1, the amendment did not apply to Harry S. Truman, the incumbent president at the time it was submitted to the states by the Congress. This full exemption allowed Truman to run again in 1952. He had served nearly all of Franklin Roosevelt's unexpired 1945–1949 term and had been elected to
564:
No person shall be elected to the office of the
President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But
870:
for ratification, rather than to the state legislatures, and by prohibiting any person who had served more than 365 days in each of two terms from further presidential service. Both these provisions were removed when the full Senate took up the bill, but a new provision was, however, added. Put
527:
The amendment prohibits anyone who has been elected president twice from being elected again. Under the amendment, someone who fills an unexpired presidential term lasting more than two years is also prohibited from being elected president more than once. Scholars debate whether the amendment
830:
18 months later, Republicans took control of the House and the Senate. As many of them had campaigned on the issue of presidential tenure, declaring their support for a constitutional amendment that would limit how long a person could serve as president, the issue was given priority in the
878:
On March 21, the House agreed to the Senate's revisions and approved the resolution to amend the
Constitution. Afterward, the amendment imposing term limitations on future presidents was submitted to the states for ratification. The ratification process was completed on February 27, 1951,
747:. Wilson himself, despite his ill health following a serious stroke, aspired to a third term. Many of his advisers tried to convince him that his health precluded another campaign, but Wilson nonetheless asked that his name be placed in nomination for the presidency at the
622:. As his second term entered its final year in 1796, Washington was exhausted from years of public service, and his health had begun to decline. He was also bothered by his political opponents' unrelenting attacks, which had escalated after the signing of the
1091:
Some argue that the 22nd
Amendment and 12th Amendment bar any two-term president from later serving as vice president as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the presidential line of succession. Others contend that the
866:, the measure passed 285–121, with support from 47 Democrats, on February 6, 1947. Meanwhile, the Senate developed its own proposed amendment, which initially differed from the House proposal by requiring that the amendment be submitted to
792:, saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased. This message was interpreted to mean he was willing to be drafted, and he was renominated on the convention's first ballot. Roosevelt won a decisive victory over Republican
636:
If some termination to the services of the chief magistrate be not fixed by the
Constitution, or supplied by practice, his office, nominally for years, will in fact, become for life; and history shows how easily that degenerates into an
573:
This
Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the
611:. An early draft of the U.S. Constitution provided that the president was restricted to one seven-year term. Ultimately, the Framers approved four-year terms with no restriction on how many times a person could be elected president.
1105:
Over the years, several presidents have voiced their antipathy toward the amendment. After leaving office, Harry Truman described the amendment as stupid and one of the worst amendments of the
Constitution with the exception of the
2092:"H.J.Res. 15 (113th): Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the twenty-second article of amendment, thereby removing the limitation on the number of terms an individual may serve as President"
1079:
As worded, the focus of the 22nd Amendment is on limiting individuals from being elected to the presidency more than twice. Questions have been raised about the amendment's meaning and application, especially in relation to the
1703:
499:
to two terms, and sets additional eligibility conditions for presidents who succeed to the unexpired terms of their predecessors. Congress approved the Twenty-second Amendment on March 21, 1947, and submitted it to the
528:
prohibits affected individuals from succeeding to the presidency under any circumstances or whether it applies only to presidential elections. Until the amendment's ratification, the president had not been subject to
875:, it clarified procedures governing the number of times a vice president who succeeded to the presidency might be elected to office. The amended proposal was passed 59–23, with 16 Democrats in favor, on March 12.
796:, becoming the only president to exceed eight years in office. His decision to seek a third term dominated the election campaign. Willkie ran against the open-ended presidential tenure, while Democrats cited the
1074:
3075:
819:
2765:
402:
326:
269:
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115:
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626:, and believed he had accomplished his major goals as president. For these reasons, he decided not to run for a third term, a decision he announced to the nation in his September 1796
2621:
1135:, Democratic representative for New York, introduced nine resolutions (one per Congress, all unsuccessful) to repeal the amendment. Repeal has also been supported by Representatives
2888:
759:. Wilson again contemplated running for a (nonconsecutive) third term in 1924, devising a strategy for his comeback, but again lacked any support; he died in February of that year.
1120:, President Bill Clinton suggested that the 22nd Amendment should be altered to limit presidents to two consecutive terms but then allow non-consecutive terms, because of longer
2990:
1695:
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2209:
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261:
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Conversely, two states—Massachusetts and Oklahoma—rejected the amendment, while five (Arizona, Kentucky, Rhode Island, Washington, and West Virginia) took no action.
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2448:
641:
Since Washington made his historic announcement, numerous academics and public figures have looked at his decision to retire after two terms, and have, according to
246:
3080:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2433:
470:
256:
251:
241:
229:
1997:
Lemelin, Bernard Lemelin (Winter 1999). "Opposition to the 22nd Amendment: The National Committee Against Limiting the Presidency and its Activities, 1949-1951".
1906:
1568:
2413:
207:
2423:
2418:
2387:
2382:
1107:
219:
214:
192:
187:
1733:
1289:
1127:
The first efforts in Congress to repeal the 22nd Amendment were undertaken in 1956, five years after the amendment's ratification. Over the next 50 years, 54
1065:, Truman chose not to seek his party's nomination. Since becoming operative in 1951, the amendment has been applicable to every twice-elected U.S. president.
788:, announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination. When the convention came, Roosevelt sent a message to the convention saying he would run only if
3753:
2428:
2408:
2392:
224:
202:
197:
2985:
2359:
177:
3236:
2364:
2328:
1081:
182:
155:
3640:
3070:
2965:
2333:
2313:
2303:
1826:
1114:
said he would push for a repeal of the 22nd Amendment because he thought it infringed on people's democratic rights. In a November 2000 interview with
160:
140:
130:
2775:
2343:
2338:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2298:
675:
170:
165:
150:
145:
135:
125:
1942:
1626:
1653:
3166:
2267:
2247:
2202:
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considered the issue extensively (alongside broader questions, such as who would elect the president, and the president's role). Many, including
381:
372:
105:
85:
1795:
3651:
2257:
2252:
95:
90:
2005:(3). University of Toronto Press on behalf of the Canadian Association for American Studies with the support of Carleton University: 133–148.
3020:
2262:
2242:
2237:
1883:
1085:
100:
80:
75:
814:
While he quelled rumors of poor health during the campaign, Roosevelt's health was deteriorating. On April 12, 1945, only 82 days after his
3458:
2510:
1423:
900:
815:
463:
306:
1062:
552:
became the only president to run for (and win) third and fourth terms, giving rise to concerns about a president serving unlimited terms.
3171:
2970:
2069:
2706:
2232:
2195:
67:
32:
2945:
2915:
2701:
2666:
2646:
1856:
592:
338:
333:
316:
58:
3758:
2950:
808:
740:
736:
722:
710:
667:
545:
541:
20:
1975:
1193:
3161:
628:
456:
2099:
614:
Though dismissed by the Constitutional Convention, term limits for U.S. presidents were contemplated during the presidencies of
3251:
2920:
2798:
855:
2935:
508:. That process was completed on February 27, 1951, when the requisite 36 of the 48 states had ratified the amendment (neither
3473:
2563:
2558:
2485:
2152:
1605:
1472:
1338:
1061:
a full four-year term beginning in 1949. But with his job approval rating at around 27%, and after a poor performance in the
681:
277:
1764:
1355:
3768:
3206:
3000:
1385:
662:—served two terms, and each adhered to the two-term principle; Martin Van Buren was the only president between Jackson and
1787:
3582:
3201:
2793:
1017:
Ratification was completed when the Minnesota Legislature ratified the amendment. On March 1, 1951, the Administrator of
774:
748:
714:
705:
In spite of the strong two-term tradition, a few presidents before Roosevelt attempted to secure a third term. Following
678:, which in most respects resembled the United States Constitution, but limited the president to a single six-year term.
3773:
3748:
2838:
1916:
1560:
350:
1225:
3181:
2543:
2218:
1534:
1499:
732:
501:
40:
1281:
3686:
3681:
3025:
1725:
1160:
782:
3030:
3015:
1018:
388:
345:
540:(the first and third presidents) decided not to run for a third term, establishing a two-term tradition. In the
3437:
496:
3743:
3211:
3151:
2740:
1970:
1165:
849:
3701:
3499:
2930:
2803:
2608:
2490:
2290:
827:
357:
284:
1029:
the 22nd Amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution. The amendment was subsequently ratified by:
3715:
3619:
3577:
3572:
2975:
2661:
2626:
1950:
1622:
867:
1649:
3669:
3116:
3085:
2808:
2573:
2568:
1075:
Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution § Interaction with the Twenty-second Amendment
492:
3417:
3297:
3096:
2828:
2651:
2528:
2374:
362:
3386:
3256:
3120:
2980:
2899:
2745:
2735:
2603:
2065:
1131:
seeking to repeal the two-term presidential election limit were introduced. Between 1997 and 2013,
1879:
887:
3176:
3124:
3050:
2878:
2755:
2750:
2686:
2656:
2598:
2177:
632:. Eleven years later, as Thomas Jefferson neared the halfway point of his second term, he wrote,
1597:
1591:
1435:
1252:
3339:
2858:
2783:
2730:
2681:
2505:
1822:
517:
301:
2182:
1489:
1330:
1324:
3546:
2925:
2893:
2724:
2553:
2500:
2061:
1818:
1526:
1520:
1516:
766:
584:
549:
294:
1825:
and compiled by Gerhard Peters. Santa Barbara, California: The American Presidency Project.
1424:"The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment"
50:
3763:
3691:
3246:
2960:
2955:
2910:
2883:
2833:
2578:
420:
1848:
1464:
1458:
8:
3674:
3463:
3191:
3055:
2843:
2788:
2691:
2548:
603:, supported lifetime tenure for presidents, while others favored fixed terms. Virginia's
751:. Democratic Party leaders were unwilling to support Wilson, and the nomination went to
3376:
3360:
3221:
3035:
3010:
2995:
2905:
2873:
2863:
2823:
2813:
2014:
1965:
1057:
728:
671:
596:
1652:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.
1625:. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.
1132:
862: 27) setting a limit of two four-year terms for future presidents. Introduced by
3696:
3442:
3427:
3407:
3281:
3156:
3135:
3107:
2711:
2538:
2091:
2018:
1601:
1530:
1495:
1468:
1334:
778:
756:
718:
689:
642:
615:
608:
533:
521:
2187:
2035:(January 18, 1989). "President Reagan Says He Will Fight to Repeal 22nd Amendment".
1966:"How to bring back Bill: A Clinton-Clinton 2008 ticket is constitutionally possible"
3318:
3065:
2940:
2868:
2853:
2588:
2533:
2495:
2037:
2006:
1128:
863:
859:
789:
739:. He declined to seek a third (second full) term in 1908, but did run again in the
706:
693:
685:
619:
537:
289:
2148:
3603:
3551:
3432:
3391:
3302:
3226:
3130:
3112:
2848:
2818:
2676:
2121:
1938:
1911:
1756:
1320:
1144:
1121:
1093:
804:
793:
697:
663:
444:
1326:
The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon
3541:
3520:
3504:
3468:
3412:
3381:
3196:
872:
744:
659:
2178:
The Annenberg Guide to the United States Constitution: Twenty-second Amendment
3737:
3646:
3567:
3525:
3494:
3422:
3344:
3216:
3186:
3102:
3005:
2716:
2671:
2032:
1434:(3). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Law School: 565–635. Archived from
1199:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress.
1116:
1111:
832:
651:
600:
1228:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. November 5, 2020
2010:
1253:"Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation"
1140:
1136:
1026:
895:
823:
797:
785:
752:
735:(194 days into his second term), and was handily elected to a full term in
655:
604:
762:
587:'s election to an unprecedented four terms as president, but presidential
3598:
3478:
1517:"'Not Worth a Pitcher of Warm Piss': John Nance Garner as Vice President"
1022:
769:, elected to four terms, was president from 1933 until his death in 1945.
692:
after losing the 1880 Republican presidential nomination to him, in this
1258:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. August 26, 2017. pp. 39–40
858:
took quick action, approving a proposed constitutional amendment (House
777:
refusing to say whether he would seek a third term. His vice president,
439:
3323:
2042:
1148:
623:
588:
529:
432:
1194:"Presidential Terms and Tenure: Perspectives and Proposals for Change"
3231:
1522:
At the President's Side: The Vice Presidency in the Twentieth Century
495:
limits the number of times a person can be elected to the office of
427:
2095:
906:
Once submitted to the states, the 22nd Amendment was ratified by:
3266:
2696:
1567:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The National Constitution Center.
1288:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The National Constitution Center.
1788:"The Public and the 22nd Amendment: Third Terms and Lame Ducks"
513:
509:
1110:. A few days before leaving office in January 1989, President
19:"Twenty-second Amendment" redirects here. For other uses, see
1525:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp.
879:
3 years, 343 days after it was sent to the states.
731:
succeeded to the presidency on September 14, 1901, following
591:
had long been debated in American politics. Delegates to the
1732:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center.
1494:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 260–262.
891:
A map of how the states voted on the Twenty-second Amendment
1596:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p.
2046:
1946:
1855:. Washington, D.C.: National Archives. November 4, 2015.
1068:
1880:"The 22nd Amendment Doesn't Say What You Think It Says"
1819:"Presidential Job Approval: F. Roosevelt (1941)—Trump"
1689:
1687:
773:
Franklin Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the
666:
to be nominated for a second term, though he lost the
2217:
1943:"Why the Constitution permits a Gore-Clinton ticket"
607:
denounced the life-tenure proposal as tantamount to
2183:
CRS Annotated Constitution: Twenty-second Amendment
1964:Gant, Scott E.; Peabody, Bruce G. (June 13, 2006).
1684:
1422:Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (February 1999).
3641:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1561:"FDR's third-term decision and the 22nd amendment"
1226:"FDR's third-term election and the 22nd amendment"
670:and so served only one term. At the outset of the
1491:In Search of Woodrow Wilson: Beliefs and Behavior
676:Constitution of the Confederate States of America
3735:
1623:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Campaigns and Elections"
1275:
1273:
1882:. Blandon, Pennsylvania: Cornerstone Law Firm.
1650:"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Death of the President"
16:1951 amendment limiting presidents to two terms
3652:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1726:"22nd Amendment: Two-Term Limit on Presidency"
1696:"Presidential terms limited by 22nd Amendment"
1677:. (1947). Limitations of Presidential Tenure.
1358:. Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org.
583:The Twenty-second Amendment was a reaction to
2203:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1270:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
882:
803:Four years later, Roosevelt faced Republican
464:
3754:Amendments to the United States Constitution
1648:Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016).
1647:
1621:Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016).
1620:
1379:
1377:
838:
645:Bruce Peabody, "argued he had established a
2146:
1963:
1810:
1757:"Ratification of Constitutional Amendments"
1421:
2210:
2196:
1404:
1310:First draft U.S.CONST., art. X, section 1.
1279:
1178:
471:
457:
2098:, a project of Civic Impulse, LLC. 2013.
1816:
1456:
1374:
1353:
1247:
1245:
1243:
800:as a reason for breaking with precedent.
3708:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
1487:
894:
886:
818:, he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and
761:
680:
21:Twenty-second Amendment (disambiguation)
1996:
1463:. New York: Carroll and Graf. pp.
1354:Jefferson, Thomas (December 10, 1807).
1329:. New York: Bloomsbury Press. pp.
1319:
843:
3736:
2031:
1904:
1785:
1736:from the original on February 20, 2020
1693:
1589:
1555:
1553:
1356:"Letter to the Legislature of Vermont"
1240:
1069:Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment
2191:
2155:from the original on January 14, 2021
2102:from the original on January 14, 2021
2072:from the original on January 14, 2021
1978:from the original on January 14, 2021
1886:from the original on January 14, 2021
1859:from the original on January 14, 2021
1829:from the original on January 14, 2021
1798:from the original on January 14, 2021
1706:from the original on January 14, 2021
1656:from the original on January 14, 2021
1629:from the original on January 14, 2021
1571:from the original on January 14, 2021
1514:
1362:from the original on January 14, 2021
1292:from the original on January 14, 2021
1192:Neale, Thomas H. (October 19, 2009).
1191:
1100:
2062:"Clinton: I Would've Won Third Term"
1937:
1905:Franck, Matthew J. (July 31, 2007).
1849:"The Constitution: Amendments 11-27"
1786:Weldon, Kathleen (August 11, 2015).
1593:FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944
822:, to be succeeded by Vice President
3675:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3202:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
2122:"Bill to Repeal the 22nd Amendment"
1999:Canadian Review of American Studies
1767:from the original on April 23, 2018
1550:
1383:
1206:from the original on April 12, 2019
899:The Twenty-Second Amendment in the
775:1940 Democratic National Convention
749:1920 Democratic National Convention
715:1880 Republican National Convention
13:
2766:Drafting and ratification timeline
2511:District of Columbia Voting Rights
1817:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
1392:from the original on July 24, 2017
1280:Buckley, F. H.; Metzger, Gillian.
835:when it convened in January 1947.
327:Drafting and ratification timeline
14:
3785:
2219:Constitution of the United States
2171:
2147:potus_geeks (February 27, 2012).
1877:
1754:
1679:Congressional Quarterly Vol. III.
1032:North Carolina: February 28, 1951
593:Constitutional Convention of 1787
2622:Convention to propose amendments
1907:"Constitutional Sleight of Hand"
1161:Term limits in the United States
733:William McKinley's assassination
674:the seceding States drafted the
438:
426:
414:
49:
3759:Presidency of the United States
2140:
2114:
2084:
2054:
2025:
1990:
1957:
1931:
1898:
1871:
1841:
1779:
1748:
1718:
1668:
1641:
1614:
1583:
1508:
1481:
1450:
1086:presidential line of succession
976:North Dakota: February 25, 1949
3237:Separation of church and state
1694:Rowley, Sean (July 26, 2014).
1460:The Year of the Six Presidents
1347:
1313:
1304:
1218:
1035:South Carolina: March 13, 1951
973:South Dakota: January 21, 1949
967:Mississippi: February 12, 1948
497:President of the United States
116:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
2741:Virginia Ratifying Convention
1971:The Christian Science Monitor
1171:
1166:List of political term limits
991:New Mexico: February 12, 1951
850:Presidency of Harry S. Truman
578:
3702:National Constitution Center
3500:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
2799:Assemble and Petition Clause
2041:(Interview). Interviewed by
1853:America's Founding Documents
1488:Saunders, Robert M. (1998).
1286:The Interactive Constitution
1015:Minnesota: February 27, 1951
1003:Tennessee: February 20, 1951
952:Pennsylvania: April 29, 1947
922:New Hampshire: April 1, 1947
7:
3769:80th United States Congress
3573:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2627:State ratifying conventions
2564:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2559:Electoral College abolition
2486:Congressional Apportionment
1519:. In Walch, Timothy (ed.).
1388:. The Heritage Foundation.
1154:
997:Arkansas: February 15, 1951
868:state ratifying conventions
382:Preamble and Articles I–VII
278:Congressional Apportionment
10:
3790:
1072:
1063:1952 New Hampshire primary
1000:Georgia: February 17, 1951
994:Wyoming: February 12, 1951
964:Virginia: January 28, 1948
940:New Jersey: April 15, 1947
937:California: April 15, 1947
883:Ratification by the states
847:
493:United States Constitution
18:
3774:1947 in American politics
3749:1951 in American politics
3660:
3632:
3612:
3591:
3560:
3534:
3513:
3487:
3451:
3400:
3369:
3353:
3332:
3311:
3290:
3274:
3265:
3144:
3026:Privileges and Immunities
2839:Congressional enforcement
2774:
2761:Rhode Island ratification
2652:Articles of Confederation
2639:
2617:
2594:Parental Rights amendment
2519:
2476:
2401:
2373:
2352:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2225:
1590:Jordan, David M. (2011).
1515:Rosen, Elliot A. (1997).
1457:Pietrusza, David (2007).
1386:"Presidential Term Limit"
1282:"Twenty-second Amendment"
1051:
1012:Nevada: February 26, 1951
985:Indiana: January 29, 1951
982:Montana: January 25, 1951
955:Connecticut: May 21, 1947
949:Wisconsin: April 16, 1947
839:Proposal and ratification
688:is shown surrendering to
363:Reconstruction Amendments
3257:Unitary executive theory
3031:Privileges or Immunities
2746:New York Circular Letter
2736:Massachusetts Compromise
2051:Retrieved June 14, 2015.
1821:. Data adapted from the
1038:Maryland: March 14, 1951
1006:Texas: February 22, 1951
934:Colorado: April 12, 1947
913:Michigan: March 31, 1947
856:House of Representatives
548:presidential elections,
421:United States portal
31:This article is part of
3177:Dormant Commerce Clause
3021:Presidential succession
2756:Fayetteville Convention
2751:Hillsborough Convention
2687:Three-fifths Compromise
2667:Philadelphia Convention
2657:Mount Vernon Conference
2544:Campaign finance reform
1675:Congressional Quarterly
1041:Florida: April 16, 1951
1025:, issued a certificate
1009:Utah: February 26, 1951
988:Idaho: January 30, 1951
979:Louisiana: May 17, 1950
970:New York: March 9, 1948
943:Vermont: April 15, 1947
928:Illinois: April 3, 1947
925:Delaware: April 2, 1947
717:, but narrowly lost to
555:
485:Twenty-second Amendment
3340:William Samuel Johnson
3212:Nondelegation doctrine
2784:Admission to the Union
2731:Anti-Federalist Papers
2682:Connecticut Compromise
2011:10.3138/CRAS-029-03-06
1730:constitutioncenter.org
961:Nebraska: May 23, 1947
958:Missouri: May 22, 1947
903:
892:
770:
702:
639:
576:
567:
520:), and its provisions
3547:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3016:Presidential Electors
2991:Original Jurisdiction
2931:Full Faith and Credit
2804:Assistance of Counsel
2725:The Federalist Papers
2554:Crittenden Compromise
1700:Tahlequah Daily Press
1108:Prohibition Amendment
931:Oregon: April 3, 1947
919:Kansas: April 1, 1947
910:Maine: March 31, 1947
898:
890:
767:Franklin D. Roosevelt
765:
684:
634:
585:Franklin D. Roosevelt
568:
559:
550:Franklin D. Roosevelt
403:Unratified Amendments
270:Unratified Amendments
59:Preamble and Articles
3744:1951 in American law
3716:A More Perfect Union
3692:Constitution Gardens
3613:Convention Secretary
3275:Convention President
3247:Symmetric federalism
3242:Separation of powers
2976:Necessary and Proper
2971:Natural-born citizen
2916:Freedom of the Press
2854:Copyright and Patent
2844:Contingent Elections
2662:Annapolis Convention
2149:"The 22nd Amendment"
2094:. Washington, D.C.:
2068:. December 7, 2000.
1428:Minnesota Law Review
1044:Alabama: May 4, 1951
946:Ohio: April 16, 1947
844:Proposal in Congress
43:of the United States
3723:Worldwide influence
3464:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3192:Executive privilege
3172:Criminal sentencing
3095:Title of Nobility (
3086:Taxing and Spending
2986:Oath or Affirmation
2946:House Apportionment
2809:Case or Controversy
2692:Committee of Detail
2584:"Liberty" amendment
2549:Christian amendment
1953:on October 1, 2005.
1438:on January 15, 2013
916:Iowa: April 1, 1947
816:fourth inauguration
643:political scientist
445:Politics portal
396:Amendments XI–XXVII
3377:William Livingston
3361:Alexander Hamilton
3167:Criminal procedure
3162:Constitutional law
3097:Foreign Emoluments
3061:State of the Union
3046:Self-Incrimination
3036:Recess appointment
2829:Compulsory Process
2491:Titles of Nobility
1941:(August 2, 2000).
1761:usconstitution.net
1565:Constitution Daily
1101:Attempts at repeal
1058:grandfather clause
904:
893:
783:Postmaster General
771:
729:Theodore Roosevelt
703:
647:two-term tradition
597:Alexander Hamilton
518:admitted as states
502:state legislatures
307:D.C. Voting Rights
285:Titles of Nobility
3731:
3730:
3697:Constitution Week
3682:Independence Mall
3670:National Archives
3628:
3627:
3443:Gouverneur Morris
3428:Thomas Fitzsimons
3408:Benjamin Franklin
3282:George Washington
3182:Enumerated powers
3157:Concurrent powers
3152:Balance of powers
2981:No Religious Test
2921:Freedom of Speech
2712:Independence Hall
2635:
2634:
2539:Bricker amendment
2472:
2471:
1607:978-0-253-35683-3
1474:978-0-78671-622-7
1340:978-1-59691-465-0
1129:joint resolutions
1122:life expectancies
901:National Archives
828:midterm elections
779:John Nance Garner
757:Warren G. Harding
719:James A. Garfield
709:'s reelection in
690:James A. Garfield
616:George Washington
609:elective monarchy
534:George Washington
481:
480:
3781:
3687:Constitution Day
3578:Charles Pinckney
3387:William Paterson
3319:Nathaniel Gorham
3272:
3271:
3051:Speech or Debate
2879:Equal Protection
2589:Ludlow amendment
2574:Flag Desecration
2569:Federal Marriage
2534:Blaine amendment
2496:Corwin Amendment
2287:
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2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
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2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2038:NBC Nightly News
2029:
2023:
2022:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1949:. Archived from
1939:Dorf, Michael C.
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:on June 13, 2008
1915:. Archived from
1902:
1896:
1895:
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1384:Peabody, Bruce.
1381:
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1198:
1189:
1019:General Services
864:Earl C. Michener
860:Joint Resolution
707:Ulysses S. Grant
686:Ulysses S. Grant
650:after Jefferson—
629:Farewell Address
620:Thomas Jefferson
538:Thomas Jefferson
473:
466:
459:
443:
442:
431:
430:
419:
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53:
28:
27:
3789:
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3734:
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3732:
3727:
3662:
3656:
3624:
3620:William Jackson
3608:
3604:Abraham Baldwin
3587:
3556:
3552:Hugh Williamson
3530:
3509:
3483:
3474:Richard Bassett
3447:
3433:Jared Ingersoll
3396:
3392:Jonathan Dayton
3365:
3349:
3328:
3307:
3303:Nicholas Gilman
3286:
3261:
3227:Reserved powers
3207:Judicial review
3140:
2936:General Welfare
2859:Double Jeopardy
2770:
2697:List of Framers
2677:New Jersey Plan
2631:
2613:
2609:Victims' Rights
2529:Balanced budget
2515:
2468:
2397:
2369:
2348:
2272:
2221:
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2174:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2156:
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2141:
2131:
2129:
2128:. June 23, 2009
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1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1962:
1958:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1912:National Review
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1878:Ready, Joel A.
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1815:
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1799:
1792:Huffington Post
1784:
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1659:
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1619:
1615:
1608:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1559:
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1551:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1486:
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1475:
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1224:
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1219:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1179:
1174:
1157:
1145:Mitch McConnell
1133:José E. Serrano
1103:
1094:original intent
1077:
1071:
1056:Because of the
1054:
1016:
885:
852:
846:
841:
805:Thomas E. Dewey
794:Wendell Willkie
664:Abraham Lincoln
581:
558:
522:came into force
477:
437:
425:
415:
413:
367:
311:
267:
266:
110:
42:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3787:
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3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3561:South Carolina
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:William Blount
3538:
3536:
3535:North Carolina
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3505:Daniel Carroll
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3469:John Dickinson
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
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3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3413:Thomas Mifflin
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:David Brearley
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3355:
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3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
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3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:Taxation power
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Implied powers
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3145:Interpretation
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3110:
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3100:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
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3048:
3043:
3041:Recommendation
3038:
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3013:
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2926:Fugitive Slave
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2896:
2894:Excessive Bail
2891:
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2794:Appropriations
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2606:
2604:Single subject
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2375:Reconstruction
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2291:Bill of Rights
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2173:
2172:External links
2170:
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2139:
2113:
2083:
2053:
2033:Reagan, Ronald
2024:
1989:
1956:
1930:
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1755:Mount, Steve.
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873:Robert A. Taft
845:
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837:
755:, who lost to
745:Woodrow Wilson
721:, who won the
660:Andrew Jackson
580:
577:
557:
554:
524:on that date.
489:Amendment XXII
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433:Law portal
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3568:John Rutledge
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3345:Roger Sherman
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3312:Massachusetts
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3217:Plenary power
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3188:
3187:Equal footing
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3108:Trial by Jury
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2961:Ineligibility
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2956:Import-Export
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2911:Free Exercise
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2901:
2900:Ex Post Facto
2897:
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2885:
2884:Establishment
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2834:Confrontation
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2016:
2012:
2008:
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2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
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1967:
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1117:Rolling Stone
1113:
1112:Ronald Reagan
1109:
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833:80th Congress
829:
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809:1944 election
806:
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799:
798:war in Europe
795:
791:
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781:, along with
780:
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741:1912 election
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668:1840 election
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652:James Madison
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26:
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3639:
3438:James Wilson
3401:Pennsylvania
3298:John Langdon
3056:Speedy Trial
2898:
2789:Appointments
2723:
2506:Equal Rights
2438:
2402:20th century
2157:. Retrieved
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2125:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2056:
2045:. New York:
2036:
2027:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1969:
1959:
1951:the original
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1910:
1900:
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1873:
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1852:
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1812:
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1791:
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1760:
1750:
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1729:
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1699:
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1573:. Retrieved
1564:
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1521:
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1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1431:
1427:
1394:. Retrieved
1364:. Retrieved
1349:
1325:
1315:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1285:
1260:. Retrieved
1230:. Retrieved
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1141:David Dreier
1137:Barney Frank
1126:
1115:
1104:
1090:
1078:
1055:
1047:
905:
877:
853:
824:Harry Truman
813:
802:
786:James Farley
772:
753:James M. Cox
743:, losing to
727:
704:
696:
656:James Monroe
646:
640:
637:inheritance.
635:
627:
613:
605:George Mason
582:
570:
569:
561:
560:
526:
506:ratification
488:
484:
482:
302:Equal Rights
268:
234:
41:Constitution
25:
3764:Term limits
3599:William Few
3479:Jacob Broom
3459:George Read
3333:Connecticut
3267:Signatories
3117:Legislative
3091:Territorial
3011:Presentment
2996:Origination
2951:Impeachment
2906:Extradition
2874:Engagements
2864:Due Process
2814:Citizenship
2501:Child Labor
2159:October 19,
2132:October 19,
1890:November 6,
1823:Gallup Poll
1396:January 10,
1027:proclaiming
1023:Jess Larson
871:forward by
589:term limits
532:, but both
530:term limits
295:Child Labor
3738:Categories
3711:(painting)
3663:and legacy
3521:John Blair
3370:New Jersey
3324:Rufus King
3222:Preemption
3136:War Powers
3071:Suspension
2889:Exceptions
2579:Human Life
2478:Unratified
2278:Amendments
2126:Snopes.com
2043:Tom Brokaw
1681:92-93, 96.
1172:References
1149:Harry Reid
1073:See also:
848:See also:
624:Jay Treaty
579:Background
571:Section 2.
562:Section 1.
346:Federalism
334:Convention
3232:Saxbe fix
3121:Executive
3076:Take Care
3066:Supremacy
2941:Guarantee
2869:Elections
2640:Formation
2353:1795–1804
2106:March 23,
2076:March 26,
2019:159908265
1863:March 11,
1833:March 27,
1802:March 27,
1710:March 22,
1660:March 20,
1633:March 20,
1542:March 20,
1366:March 19,
1296:March 19,
1262:March 22,
1232:April 29,
1210:March 22,
826:. In the
694:satirical
672:Civil War
574:Congress.
491:) to the
373:Full text
3514:Virginia
3488:Maryland
3452:Delaware
3354:New York
3131:Vicinage
3125:Judicial
2849:Contract
2819:Commerce
2707:Printing
2521:Proposed
2233:Preamble
2226:Articles
2153:Archived
2100:Archived
2096:GovTrack
2070:Archived
2066:ABC News
1982:June 12,
1976:Archived
1923:June 12,
1884:Archived
1857:Archived
1827:Archived
1796:Archived
1765:Archived
1734:Archived
1704:Archived
1654:Archived
1627:Archived
1575:June 29,
1569:Archived
1442:June 12,
1390:Archived
1360:Archived
1323:(2009).
1290:Archived
1201:Archived
1155:See also
701:cartoon.
68:Preamble
33:a series
3661:Display
3633:Related
3592:Georgia
3113:Vesting
3081:Takings
2966:Militia
2824:Compact
2776:Clauses
2702:Signing
2647:History
1771:June 9,
1740:June 7,
1465:187–200
1331:347–348
807:in the
790:drafted
339:Signing
317:History
3719:(film)
3103:Treaty
3006:Postal
3001:Pardon
2017:
1604:
1533:
1498:
1471:
1337:
1052:Effect
658:, and
514:Hawaii
510:Alaska
290:Corwin
35:on the
2015:S2CID
1527:52–53
1256:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
1197:(PDF)
262:XXVII
242:XXIII
215:XVIII
2161:2018
2134:2018
2108:2018
2078:2018
1984:2008
1925:2008
1892:2017
1865:2018
1835:2018
1804:2018
1773:2020
1742:2020
1712:2018
1662:2018
1635:2018
1602:ISBN
1577:2014
1544:2018
1531:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1444:2015
1398:2017
1368:2018
1335:ISBN
1298:2018
1264:2018
1234:2022
1212:2018
1147:and
1139:and
854:The
820:died
737:1904
711:1872
698:Puck
618:and
599:and
556:Text
546:1944
544:and
542:1940
536:and
512:nor
504:for
483:The
257:XXVI
247:XXIV
235:XXII
208:XVII
188:XIII
161:VIII
2268:VII
2248:III
2047:NBC
2007:doi
1947:CNN
1598:290
252:XXV
230:XXI
220:XIX
203:XVI
193:XIV
183:XII
156:VII
136:III
106:VII
86:III
3740::
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3119:/
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2003:29
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1968:.
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3115:(
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