1347:
1520:
890:
1511:
1529:
1307:, and work towards a common agenda. When the National Assembly is controlled by their opponents, however, the president can find themselves marginalized with the opposition party prime minister exercising most of the power. Though the prime minister remains an appointee of the president, the president must obey the rules of parliament, and select a leader from the house's majority holding party. Thus, sometimes the president and prime minister can be allies, sometimes rivals; the latter situation is known in France as
395:
1663:
464:
6203:
1276:
1209:
6157:
5641:
5630:
1119:
2620:
the president. However, power can be transferred in special circumstances to the deputy or vice president. Normally vice presidents hold some power and special responsibilities below that of the president. The difference between vice/deputy presidents and assistant/associate vice presidents is the former are legally allowed to run an organisation, exercising the same powers (as well as being second in command) whereas the latter are not.
6169:
2619:
Below a president, there can be a number of or "vice presidents" (or occasionally "deputy presidents") and sometimes several "assistant presidents" or "assistant vice presidents", depending on the organisation and its size. These posts do not hold the same power but more of a subordinate position to
865:
A common style of address for presidents, "Mr/Mrs. President", is borrowed from
British Parliamentary tradition, in which the presiding Speaker of the House of Commons is referred to as "Mr/Mrs. Speaker". Coincidentally, this usage resembles the older French custom of referring to the president of a
1184:
made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. In most states of the United States, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, are in effect voting for the candidate.
1001:
president only, and was not to be used for former presidents, holding that it was not proper to use the title as a courtesy title when addressing a former president. According to the official website of the United States of
America, the correct way to address a letter is to use "The Honorable John
2000:
As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain perquisites, and may have a prestigious residence, often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residences, or a country retreat) Customary symbols of office may include an
1405:
who automatically assumes the post as head of a majority party or coalition, but takes oath of office administered by the president. However, the president is head of the civil service, commander in chief of the armed forces and in some cases can dissolve parliament. Countries using this system
1079:
are usually elected for a specified period of time and in some cases may be re-elected by the same process by which they are appointed, i.e. in many nations, periodic popular elections. The powers vested in such presidents vary considerably. Some presidencies, such as that of
1294:
model. In this system, as in the parliamentary system, there are both a president and a prime minister; but unlike the parliamentary system, the president may have significant day-to-day power. For example, in France, when their party controls the majority of seats in the
923:'s motion of April 23, 1789. Lee's motion asked Congress to consider "what titles it will be proper to annex to the offices of President and Vice President of the United States – if any other than those given in the Constitution". Vice President
1247:
between the two candidates with most votes. Again, a candidate needs a majority of the vote to be elected. In Brazil, a president cannot be elected to more than two consecutive terms, but there is no limit on the number of terms a president can serve.
2185:
and transferred its functions to the president of the
Federal Executive Council. Despite this, foreign media sources continued to refer to individuals holding the office of President of the Federal Executive Council as being the "Prime Minister of
542:, a word of likely Persian origin, meaning "officials", "commissioners", "overseers" or "chiefs". As such, it originally designated the officer who presides over or "sits before" a gathering and ensures that debate is conducted according to the
993:
that the title be altered to "Mr. President". Nonetheless, later "The
Honorable" became the standard title of the President in formal address, and "His/Her Excellency" became the title of the President when addressed formally internationally.
919:." No title other than the name of the office of the executive was officially used at the inauguration. The question of a presidential title was being debated in Congress at the time, however, having become official legislative business with
479:" may apply to a person holding the title of president or presiding over certain other governmental bodies. "Mr. President" has subsequently been used by governments to refer to their heads of state. It is the conventional translation of non-
814:), but these were presiding officers in the older sense, with no executive authority. It has been suggested that the executive use of the term was borrowed from early American colleges and universities, which were usually headed by a
2822:, with the cover titled "Madam President". It was unusual that it was both published and distributed before the results were known, leading to accusations of bias; the cover was pulled from newsstands after it became clear that
966:. Adams and Richard Henry Lee both feared that cabals of powerful senators would unduly influence a weak executive, and saw an exalted title as a way of strengthening the presidency. On further consideration, Adams deemed even
2073:
Some countries with parliamentary systems use a term meaning/translating as "president" (in some languages indistinguishable from chairman) for the head of parliamentary government, often as
President of the Government,
1752:
954:, the latter of which was vociferously opposed by Adams, who contended that it was far beneath the presidential dignity, as the executives of the states, some of which were also titled "President" (e.g. the
692:
of the gown"), with considerable judicial as well as administrative authority. The name referred to his primary role of presiding over trials and other hearings. In the 17th and 18th centuries, seats in the
3454:
When addressing a former
President of the United States in a formal setting, the correct form is "Mr. LastName". ("President LastName" or "Mr. President" are terms reserved for the current head of state.)
2684:
is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in
English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal).
1760:
3028:
2780:, was often called "Lady Washington". By the 1850s in the United States, the term "lady" had changed from a title of nobility to a term of address for a respected and well-mannered woman. The use of "
1232:
is directly elected for a six-year term by popular vote. The candidate who wins the most votes is elected president even without an absolute majority. The president is allowed to serve only one term.
2768:
Titles for a president's spouse, if female, have ranged from "Marquise" to "Lady" to simply "Mrs." (or "Ms."). If male the title of the president's spouse may be "Marquis", "Lord", or merely "Mr.".
1768:
1772:
1764:
5098:
2628:
In some countries the speaker of their unicameral legislatures, or of one or both houses of bicameral legislatures, the speakers have the title of president of "the body", as in the case of
3892:
1339:
countries which have emulated the French model. In
Finland, although the 2000 constitution moved towards a ceremonial presidency, the system is still formally semi-presidential, with the
854:, had been educated at Magdalene. Some have speculated that he borrowed the term out of a sense of humility, considering himself only a temporary place-holder. The presiding official of
3521:
But presidential moral suasion is increasingly confirming that the "neutral powers", in this country, often find in the head of state the best defender from executive interference:
5530:
1185:
However, for various reasons the numbers of electors in favour of each candidate are unlikely to be proportional to the popular vote. Thus, in five close United States elections (
697:, including presidencies, became effectively hereditary, since the holder of the office could ensure that it would pass to an heir by paying the crown a special tax known as the
2680:. In general, a court comprises several chambers, each with its own president; thus the most senior of these is called the "first president" (as in: "the First President of the
1243:
is directly elected for a four-year term by popular vote. A candidate has to have more than 50% of the valid votes. If no candidates achieve a majority of the votes, there is a
2697:, the leader of a court of multiples judges is called President of the Court. The same happens with the different bodies of the Spanish judicial system, where we can find a
2509:
would reject this change and, as of 2017, retain their title in defiance of
Russian law. The new title did not result in any changes in the powers wielded by the governors.
955:
3700:
1955:
1776:
886:. Other uses of the title include presidents of state and local legislatures, however only the president of the United States uses the title outside of formal sessions.
2676:
is the foremost judge; he chairs the meeting of the court and directs the debates (and is thus addressed as "Mrs
President", "Madame la Présidente", "Mr President", or
1064:
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, the powers of presidencies have varied from country to country. The spectrum of power has included presidents-for-life and
5091:
3897:
2198:
1146:, i.e. the president directs the executive branch of government. When a president is not only head of state, but also head of government, this is known in Europe as a
2456:
3241:
3437:
5017:
3787:
1169:
Presidents in this system are either directly elected by popular vote or indirectly elected by an electoral college or some other democratically elected body.
5084:
878:
and to chief judges. In the United States, the title "Mr. President" is used in a number of formal instances as well: for example anyone presiding over the
2741:
743:("Dangerous Liaisons"), the wife of a magistrate in a parlement is referred to as Madame la Présidente de Tourvel ("Madam President of Tourvel"). When the
2079:
391:. The president of a state is, generally speaking, the head of the government and the fundamental leader of the country or the ceremonial head of state.
772:
in which the magistrate sits, but rather, in imitation of an aristocratic title, to his private estate. This influenced parliamentary usage in France.
3952:
2047:
1900:
3051:
1908:
627:
2930:
962:; Adams said the president "would be leveled with colonial governors or with functionaries from German princedoms" if he were to use the style of
1826:
1740:
5264:
3674:
1888:
3301:
5535:
5525:
2725:
334:
2545:. Although the lord president is a member of the Cabinet, the position is largely a ceremonial one and is traditionally given to either the
3736:
1985:
1922:
Between 1982 and 2019, the Chinese constitution stipulated that the president could not serve more than two consecutive terms. During the
1710:
2001:
official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories, as well as military honours such as
1028:
in the early 1810s and 1820s chose a US-style president as their chief executive. The first European president was the president of the
5634:
5545:
3780:
3723:
Mrs. Trump added that, "the scents of jasmine and roses fill the air as we give thanks for this great Nation and the glory of renewal."
2292:
2170:
2052:
1814:
1796:
557:), but today it most commonly refers to an executive official in any social organization. Early examples are from the universities of
5677:
5600:
4065:
1756:
657:
569:
492:
1954:, and is not considered to be head of state. Since 1998, however, presidential officeholders in Laos often occupy their position as
1084:, are largely ceremonial, whereas other systems vest the president with substantive powers such as the appointment and dismissal of
5161:
4962:
2809:
2206:
2166:
1856:
1810:
5894:
3634:
3524:
2698:
2611:
among others. They are elected by their respective regional assemblies and have similar powers to a state president or governor.
1748:
3214:
5540:
5481:
5151:
3271:
2174:
990:
915:
on April 30, 1789, however, the administering of the oath of office ended with the proclamation: "Long live George Washington,
3945:
3856:
3773:
3684:
3311:
3281:
3251:
3061:
2850:
2633:
2278:
2155:
2133:
2075:
807:
138:
17:
1558:, the title of president is frequently taken by self-appointed or military-backed leaders. Such is the case in many states:
1005:
Once the United States adopted the title of "president" for its republican head of state, many other nations followed suit.
5575:
5560:
3820:
2538:
2042:
1847:
1698:
974:
to prevent the "great danger" of an executive with insufficient dignity. Adams' efforts were met with widespread derision;
970:
insufficient and instead proposed that the executive, both the president and the vice president (i.e., himself), be styled
3379:
2089:. These officials are called "president" using an older sense of the word, to denote the fact that the official heads the
5555:
5491:
3005:
2737:
2573:
2530:
2056:
589:
367:
4293:
3441:
3328:
5610:
5259:
2706:
1907:
with limited power. However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the
1788:
1346:
1053:
292:
5590:
5585:
5565:
5390:
3710:
3509:
3488:
3224:
3078:
2835:
1645:
904:
811:
653:. However, the lord president alone was not head of state, because that office was vested in the council as a whole.
491:. It also has a long history of usage as the title of the presiding officers of legislative and judicial bodies. The
167:
76:
6173:
5644:
5580:
5112:
4549:
3938:
3861:
2983:
Shugart, MS (2008). "Comparative Executive–Legislative Relations". In Binder, SA; Rhodes, RAW; Rockman, BA (eds.).
2710:
2478:
Over the course of the 2010s the presidents of Russian republics would progressively change their title to that of
2202:
2159:
1866:
1792:
1485:, is elected by and accountable to a parliament, and referred to as president. Countries using this system include
1166:
the president has always been both Head of State and Head of Government and has always had the title of President.
875:
488:
183:
6233:
5615:
2637:
2557:
2244:
2178:
1850:
contains a member from each of the country's largest ethnic groups and serves as the collective head of state of
1784:
1702:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
912:
573:
108:
5550:
5307:
4995:
4798:
2845:
2546:
1177:
916:
897:
834:) did not resemble a full-sized university so much as one of its constituent colleges. A number of colleges at
803:
781:
566:
2106:, and to avoid confusion are often described simply as 'prime minister' when being mentioned internationally.
943:) for the president. Adams and Lee were among the most outspoken proponents of an exalted presidential title.
436:, they are usually, but not always, limited to those of the head of state and are thus largely ceremonial. In
5954:
5808:
5670:
5461:
4929:
3830:
3656:
2721:
2534:
2518:
1804:
1029:
646:
630:
in 1376, used the title, "Mr. Speaker", a precedent followed by subsequent speakers of the House of Commons.
577:
1965:, the president may not serve more than 2 consecutive terms, and elections are to take place every 5 years.
5570:
5051:
4984:
4803:
3097:
2550:
2182:
1977:
1934:, the term limits of the presidency were abolished, but its powers and ceremonial role remained unchanged.
1598:
are some examples. Other presidents in authoritarian states have wielded only symbolic or no power such as
839:
747:
was established in 1848, "Monsieur le Président" became the title of the president of the French Republic.
460:
may also hold the position of president for ceremonial purposes or to maintain an official state position.
329:
2541:
is technically a committee of the Council, and all decisions of the Cabinet are formally approved through
2442:). This likely reflects the origin of Russian republics as homelands for various ethnic groups: while all
2295:, acting in such a capacity, is known as a president of the Executive Council. Usually this person is the
660:, established in 1867, is also addressed as "Monsieur le Président" or "Madame la Présidente" in French.
6037:
5595:
5476:
5357:
5237:
5056:
4951:
4060:
3866:
2681:
623:
143:
2800:
as "truly our First Lady for a half a century". First ladies are usually referred to simply as "Mrs. ".
1686:
Only a tiny minority of modern republics do not have a single head of state. Some examples of this are:
6193:
5509:
5471:
5302:
5061:
4940:
2443:
2030:
1296:
799:
751:
734:
449:
5076:
2931:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 5: The President and National Executive"
2475:
than with ordinary administrative divisions, at least in spirit, and would choose titles accordingly.
452:, the role of the president is more prominent, encompassing also (in most cases) the functions of the
6062:
6014:
5604:
5028:
4220:
4009:
2307:
2259:
2236:
1951:
1743:
that consisted of four and later seven chairmen representing the central executive committees of all
1729:
1308:
1113:
306:
287:
2414:) is the executive authority of the municipality elected in direct elections, the equivalent of the
2201:. At the same time, the Irish Free State was a constitutional monarchy with a reigning monarch, the
6161:
6057:
5866:
5813:
5663:
5456:
5006:
4439:
4245:
2784:" to refer to the wife of the president of the United States was popularized about the time of the
2757:
2439:
2274:
1822:
1304:
1287:
932:
756:
739:
634:
301:
6228:
5758:
5347:
5287:
5212:
4504:
4029:
2468:
2387:
2213:
2129:
2114:
2099:
generally exists in their country who instead serves as the president or monarch of the country.
883:
835:
649:; its successor the Council of State was also headed by a lord president, the first of which was
612:
562:
360:
251:
6248:
5793:
4298:
4235:
4230:
3902:
2600:
2522:
2326:
2151:
2006:
1851:
1840:
1780:
1474:
1378:
1372:
1181:
1159:
1065:
819:
744:
638:
433:
263:
44:
2997:
1958:
concurrently, and thus exercise political power via that role. In accordance with the current
5906:
5849:
5743:
5728:
5352:
5312:
5176:
5141:
5108:
4911:
4409:
4145:
3701:"President Donald J. Trump and First Lady Melania Trump Welcome Governors to the White House"
2984:
2882:
2657:
2491:
2460:
2252:
2147:
1980:. They also possess the authority (with the consent of the national assembly) to appoint the
1843:
composed of seven leaders of parliamentary factions and served as a collective head of state.
1830:
1694:
1667:
1312:
1155:
650:
190:
3502:
China and the Great War: China's Pursuit of a New National Identity and Internationalization
2434:
used to have the title of President, occasionally alongside other, secondary titles such as
1024:
assumed the title in 1807. Almost all the Pan-American nations that became independent from
6243:
5889:
5407:
5342:
5252:
5242:
4544:
4205:
3608:
3583:
2584:
2498:
2452:
2240:
2091:
1959:
1398:
1388:
1368:
1340:
1089:
1081:
1045:
928:
879:
558:
275:
163:
158:
2346:
can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the
1637:
889:
8:
6223:
6142:
5911:
5899:
5856:
5466:
5424:
5378:
5292:
5232:
4973:
4589:
4414:
4288:
4225:
4210:
2840:
2371:
2226:
1989:
1519:
1482:
1478:
1447:
1300:
1240:
1229:
1135:
437:
313:
2958:"Government social advertising and ethno-politics in a small, ethnically diverse nation"
2158:" (of ministers – a prime minister) was the head of government, with the
1625:
1607:
6107:
5446:
5434:
5429:
5385:
5335:
5192:
5171:
5166:
4700:
4519:
4444:
4215:
4004:
3994:
3841:
3797:
3180:
3102:
2904:
2749:
2702:
2431:
2379:
1973:
1671:
1657:
1617:
1611:
1143:
1101:
1037:
827:
593:
554:
480:
453:
353:
280:
270:
195:
123:
96:
3765:
3532:
2818:
magazine showed the magazine celebrating the expected win of the Democratic candidate
1739:
from 1922 until 1938 there existed an office of collective head of state known as the
1541:
1510:
1381:, is a parliamentary system in which the presidency is largely ceremonial with either
862:" (after the usage of continental European universities), became "president" in 1745.
6009:
5989:
5934:
5486:
5441:
5417:
5400:
5297:
5282:
5247:
5197:
4865:
4828:
4759:
4710:
4584:
4313:
4024:
3744:
3680:
3650:
3554:
3505:
3484:
3307:
3297:
3277:
3247:
3220:
3172:
3057:
3001:
2957:
2777:
2709:
and in the Provincial Courts. The body that rules over the Judiciary in Spain is the
2694:
2427:
2383:
2322:
2263:
2010:
1969:
1714:
1316:
1311:. Variants of the French semi-presidential system, developed at the beginning of the
979:
920:
908:
893:
859:
822:" (typically a ceremonial position) while the chief administrator held the title of "
716:
669:
405:
171:
36:
2713:, and its president is the president of the Supreme Court, which is normally called
1624:
to try to ensure their authority or legitimacy is never questioned. Presidents like
6069:
5916:
5884:
5861:
5697:
5451:
5412:
5373:
4875:
4730:
4419:
4399:
4333:
4303:
4278:
4240:
4019:
3481:
Back to Africa: Benjamin Coates and the Colonization Movement in America: 1848–1880
3410:
3164:
2993:
2872:
2753:
2542:
2502:
2483:
2347:
2194:
2138:
2121:, and informally known as the "president". Spain is also a kingdom with a reigning
1988:, as well as other roles. The current President of Laos, elected in March 2021, is
1912:
1575:
1567:
1021:
975:
684:
527:
6238:
6207:
6132:
6122:
6079:
6029:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5839:
5834:
5778:
5768:
5707:
5702:
5395:
5330:
5202:
4715:
4469:
4449:
4404:
4190:
2819:
2407:
2283:
1947:
1916:
1818:
1744:
1721:
1633:
1279:
1256:
1244:
1213:
1104:
of the nation's armed forces, though this varies significantly around the world.
1033:
882:
is addressed as "Mr./Madam President", especially the vice president, who is the
831:
823:
457:
343:
2471:). Thus, the ASSRs and their eventual successors would have more in common with
2418:. The Office of the President (Mayor) is also found in Germany and Switzerland.
1528:
6117:
6086:
6074:
6042:
5984:
5949:
5944:
5876:
5738:
5733:
5686:
5207:
5146:
5136:
5131:
4885:
4880:
4764:
4534:
4459:
4363:
4328:
3979:
3871:
3836:
3825:
3705:
3415:
Honor & Respect – The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address
3387:
2910:
2892:
2855:
2797:
2789:
2526:
2494:
2190:
2035:
1981:
1629:
1599:
1591:
1545:
1423:
1402:
1351:
1217:
1127:
1085:
708:
699:
581:
543:
531:
468:
413:
133:
118:
113:
66:
3555:"China's Xi Allowed to Remain 'President for Life' as Term Limits Are Removed"
2744:. The lady/lord president of the Court of Session is head of the judiciary in
641:
government of the Commonwealth. The Council of State was the successor of the
394:
6217:
6127:
6052:
6004:
5829:
5788:
5783:
5763:
5753:
4906:
4514:
4373:
4165:
4095:
3999:
3748:
3354:"Presidents, Vice Presidents, and First Ladies of the United States | USAGov"
3176:
2877:
2793:
2653:
2391:
2314:(1920–1934) often translated as "presidents") were elected by the parliament.
2122:
2096:
2014:
1892:
1675:
1662:
1355:
1336:
1252:
1173:
1163:
1139:
986:
978:
called them "the most superlatively ridiculous thing I ever heard of", while
851:
791:
642:
600:
596:
religious services, too, is sometimes called the "president" in this sense.
585:
384:
51:
1481:
in which the president is the head of state and the government but unlike a
6112:
6047:
5999:
5994:
5926:
5803:
5798:
4916:
4725:
4630:
4494:
4323:
4308:
4034:
2823:
2785:
2472:
1800:
1736:
1555:
1548:(right) are examples of dictatorial leaders who used the title "President".
1494:
1123:
855:
471:
of the State of Eritrea giving a press briefing in the capital Asmara, 2002
445:
421:
417:
409:
3930:
5964:
5939:
5773:
5723:
4890:
4823:
4640:
4559:
4343:
4318:
4268:
4180:
4140:
4135:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4085:
4080:
2756:, as well as being Lady/Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the
2580:
2311:
1927:
1693:, where the headship of state is collectively vested in the seven-member
1690:
1679:
1641:
1579:
719:. In modern France the chief judge of a court is known as its president (
463:
399:
6202:
1275:
1208:
1075:
Presidents in the countries with a democratic or representative form of
838:
featured an official called the "president". The head, for instance, of
6137:
6019:
5959:
5748:
5106:
4645:
4574:
4464:
4383:
4368:
4348:
4160:
4130:
4120:
4090:
3965:
3815:
3670:
2860:
2781:
2603:(regions) are called presidents. In each community, they can be called
2363:
2355:
2002:
1931:
1904:
1725:
1706:
1419:
1118:
1076:
1069:
924:
806:. Previous American governments had included "presidents" (such as the
679:
429:
237:
225:
103:
86:
3184:
1205:), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the election.
4849:
4769:
4688:
4663:
4625:
4554:
4429:
4338:
4273:
4198:
4185:
4170:
4155:
4125:
4105:
3876:
2649:
2506:
2359:
1870:
1587:
1467:
1332:
1017:
998:
730:
674:
428:
The functions exercised by a president vary according to the form of
3467:"Presidents, Vice Presidents, and First Ladies of the United States"
572:
in 1660. This usage survives today in the title of such offices as "
4813:
4569:
4424:
4358:
4283:
4250:
4150:
4039:
3961:
3168:
2814:
2745:
2672:
legal terminology, the president of a court consisting of multiple
2569:
2367:
2296:
2221:
1621:
1603:
1559:
1486:
1463:
1383:
1324:
795:
689:
604:
550:
441:
388:
258:
246:
215:
5655:
6102:
5156:
4855:
4620:
4579:
4524:
4499:
4353:
4175:
4075:
3846:
3466:
3353:
2887:
2826:
had secured a majority of electoral votes, winning the election.
2448:
2303:
2232:
2103:
2085:
However, such an official is explicitly not the president of the
1923:
1860:
1836:
1583:
1537:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1393:
1328:
637:, whose members were elected by the House of Commons, became the
535:
128:
61:
2117:
is officially referred to as the president of the Government of
2009:, and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the
1775:. From 1927 until 1989 however, real power was exercised by the
826:". But America's first institutions of higher learning (such as
764:("Madam President of Tourvel") is the wife of a magistrate in a
4860:
4695:
4650:
3989:
3984:
2669:
2375:
2351:
2251:) and then the president of the Council of Ministers, with the
2217:
2018:
1563:
1451:
1431:
1320:
1291:
1260:
1236:
1225:
1041:
874:", a form of address that in modern France applies to both the
727:
3130:
3128:
2038:
member countries in columns, other entities at the beginning:
907:
did not specify the manner of address for the president. When
818:. British universities were headed by an official called the "
611:
to denote the highest official in a government was during the
3917:
3155:
Hutson, James H. (March 1968). "John Adams' Title Campaign".
2812:
in the United States, images of leaked pre-printed copies of
2724:
is not part of the Judiciary, but the leader of it is called
2673:
2629:
2596:
2464:
2415:
2118:
1896:
1571:
1490:
1459:
1455:
1443:
1025:
1013:
516:
220:
5844:
3483:. State College PA: Pennsylvania State Press, 2010. 57–59.
3125:
2479:
2362:, the presiding member of city council for villages in the
2318:
2262:
is President of the Government of the Republic of Croatia (
1943:
1595:
1264:
1097:
1049:
3737:"Madam President: how Newsweek reported a Clinton victory"
3578:
3576:
2199:
President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State
1950:
similar to that of China, the president is elected by the
1100:
on legislation. In many nations the president is also the
4656:
2976:
2382:. Perhaps the best known sub-national presidents are the
1956:
General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party
1093:
3479:
Emma J. Lapsansky-Werner and Margaret Hope Bacon, eds.,
2109:
There are several examples for this kind of presidency:
1701:, who is a member of the Federal Council elected by the
1138:
of government, the president exercises the functions of
935:. There Adams agitated for the adoption of the style of
3795:
3573:
2291:
In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an
3411:"Is a Former President Addressed as President (name)?"
2796:, was remembered after her death in 1849 by President
1343:
retaining e.g. foreign policy and appointment powers.
6191:
3438:"Addressing a Former President of the United States"
2165:
From 1963 until 1992, the head of government of the
526:"to sit". The word "presidents" is also used in the
3609:"Lao People's Democratic Republic 1991 (rev. 2015)"
3512:
books.google.com/books?id=erOGMb8c4XEC&pg=PA319
1387:or no significant executive authority (such as the
588:(one of the roles constitutionally assigned to the
3491:books.google.com/books?id=9X0rc6E9EGkC&pg=PA57
2243:, the head of government was the president of the
599:The most common modern usage is as the title of a
5167:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
2048:List of presidents of European Union institutions
27:Title of the head of state in various governments
6215:
3525:"Autorità indipendenti e sistema costituzionale"
3197:
3134:
3116:
2063:
1909:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
633:After the abolition of the monarchy the English
3637:. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017
3202:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 57.
3139:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 86.
3121:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 89.
2572:, the elected head of government is called the
1741:Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union
768:. The fictional name Tourvel refers not to the
3150:
3148:
3146:
2505:in 2010. Despite this, however, presidents of
1016:became the first presidential republic in the
1002:Doe" and the correct salutation is "Mr. Doe".
584:, as well as "President of the Senate" in the
5671:
5092:
5018:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
3946:
3781:
2992:. Oxford University Press. pp. 344–365.
2986:The Oxford handbook of political institutions
2715:President of the Supreme Court and of the GCJ
2224:, the president of the Council of Ministers (
2021:as a symbol of the continuity of the office.
1926:, as well as since March 2018, there were no
997:Historically, the title was reserved for the
733:was addressed as "Monsieur le Président". In
361:
2760:, the offices having been combined in 1784.
2333:
2024:
1397:no significant executive power (such as the
1303:can operate closely with the parliament and
1270:
3960:
3143:
2982:
2898:
2748:, and presiding judge (and Senator) of the
2632:, where the Speaker of the Congress is the
2463:than the ordinary krais and oblasts of the
1401:), and the executive powers rests with the
958:), at that time often enjoyed the style of
5678:
5664:
5213:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
5099:
5085:
3953:
3939:
3788:
3774:
3734:
3440:. The Emily Post Institute. Archived from
2209:carrying out many head of state functions.
1362:
1036:of revolutionary France, in the person of
645:, which had previously been headed by the
368:
354:
3504:. Cambridge University Press, 2005. 319.
3306:. Oxford University Press US. p. 4.
3265:
3263:
1930:attached to this office. Under President
1803:, though a singular head of state named "
658:speaker of the House of Commons of Canada
493:speaker of the House of Commons of Canada
3676:The Smithsonian Book of the First Ladies
3049:
2648:The term 'President' is usually used in
2167:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2068:
1661:
1651:
1345:
1274:
1207:
1117:
888:
790:to designate a single person who is the
726:By the 18th century, the president of a
462:
393:
3522:
3079:"On Language; Manhandling the Handlers"
2998:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548460.003.0018
2467:(such as greater representation in the
2329:, to whom the president is subordinate.
2231:) was the head of government, with the
1995:
1267:nations follow the presidential model.
1154:), used 1871–1940 and 1944–1958 in the
1107:
985:Washington consented to the demands of
628:speaker of the English House of Commons
14:
6216:
3632:
3435:
3377:
3326:
3296:
3260:
3239:
3154:
3076:
2955:
2740:, the most senior judge is called the
2529:who presides over meetings of British
2053:List of presidents of the Soviet Union
991:United States House of Representatives
707:), however, could be held by only the
5659:
5080:
3934:
3921:
3857:President of the Council of Ministers
3769:
2851:Requirements for becoming a president
2808:On 8 November 2016, the night of the
2726:President of the Constitutional Court
2636:and the Speaker of the Senate is the
2634:president of the Congress of Deputies
2279:President of the Council of Ministers
2141:Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri
2134:President of the Council of Ministers
2076:President of the Council of Ministers
1713:mandates that the post rotates every
808:president of the Continental Congress
802:of 1787, which created the office of
760:of 1782, the character identified as
592:). The officiating priest at certain
139:President of the Council of Ministers
6168:
3735:Greenslade, Roy (10 November 2016).
3669:
3269:
3246:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 67.
3233:
3212:
3095:
3077:Safire, William (24 November 1991).
2907:(a head of government, not of state)
2776:President George Washington's wife,
2325:". The Iranian head of state is the
2306:had no separate head of state. Both
2268:Predsjednik Vlade Republike Hrvatske
1848:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1799:was often called "president" in the
913:first president of the United States
898:first president of the United States
497:président de la Chambre des communes
5685:
5172:Speaker / President of the assembly
3198:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
3135:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
3117:Bartoloni-Tuazon, Kathleen (2014).
2738:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
2731:
2574:president of the States of Alderney
2249:Portuguese Presidente do Ministério
2235:being the head of State. Under the
2229:Presidente do Conselho de Ministros
1877:
24:
5260:International development minister
3898:President of the Executive Council
3408:
3378:Martin, Judith (21 October 1992).
3327:Martin, Judith (21 January 2009).
2771:
2490:), a proposition suggested by the
2080:President of the Executive Council
1054:president of the Republic of China
1008:
927:, in his role as President of the
850:. The first president of Harvard,
25:
6260:
5635:Government ministers by portfolio
5391:Ministry of Education and Culture
3711:Executive Office of the President
3436:Keller, Kerrie (5 January 2013).
3216:Formation of the Union, 1750–1829
2836:Eternal President of the Republic
2763:
2512:
2013:worn most often by presidents in
1646:Eternal President of the Republic
905:Constitution of the United States
812:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
703:. The post of "first president" (
168:Cabinet collective responsibility
77:President of the council of state
6201:
6167:
6156:
6155:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5628:
2866:
2711:General Council of the Judiciary
2102:Thus, such officials are really
1867:Junta of National Reconstruction
1825:consisting of members from each
1807:" was later established in 1990.
1610:under the "Trujillo Era" of the
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1220:(right) of Kyrgyzstan and Russia
1126:(left) of the United States and
982:considered it "absolutely mad".
775:
489:president of the French Republic
398:Five American Presidents in the
4963:Social and political philosophy
3862:President of the Executive Yuan
3833:(collective head of government)
3728:
3693:
3663:
3626:
3601:
3584:"Political Relations with Laos"
3547:
3515:
3494:
3473:
3459:
3429:
3417:. Protocol School of Washington
3402:
3380:"Addressing a Former President"
3371:
3346:
3329:"Miss Manners by Judith Martin"
3320:
3290:
3206:
3191:
3056:. Chronicle Books. p. 56.
3029:"The President, Our Government"
2803:
2707:Regional High Courts of Justice
2703:president of the National Court
2623:
2599:, the executive leaders of the
2563:
2558:president of the Board of Trade
2338:
762:Madame la Présidente de Tourvel
618:
574:President of the Board of Trade
440:, selected parliamentary (e.g.
5308:Ministry of trade and industry
4799:Political history of the world
3922:
3213:Hart, Albert Bushnell (1897).
3110:
3089:
3070:
3043:
3021:
2949:
2923:
2742:president of the Supreme Court
2699:president of the Supreme Court
2547:leader of the House of Commons
2299:and it always stays like that.
2162:a largely symbolic figurehead.
1903:, the presidency is a largely
1857:National Council of Government
1699:president of the Confederation
1059:
946:Others favored the variant of
917:President of the United States
804:President of the United States
798:can be traced directly to the
782:President of the United States
607:. The first usage of the word
567:president of the Royal Society
13:
1:
5955:Needle and syringe programmes
5809:Universal access to education
5462:Ministry of religious affairs
3276:. Penguin Press. p. 54.
3050:Williams, Stephen P. (2004).
2916:
2519:lord president of the Council
2197:from 1922 to 1937 was titled
2064:Titles for non-heads of state
1839:, in 1918–1920 there existed
1180:is indirectly elected by the
941:Protector of Their Liberties
786:The modern usage of the term
578:Lord President of the Council
565:(from 1464) and the founding
335:Heads of state and government
4804:History of political thought
3200:For Fear of an Elective King
3137:For Fear of an Elective King
3119:For Fear of an Elective King
2736:In the recently established
2643:
2551:leader of the House of Lords
2183:Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
1829:ruled the country until its
1134:In almost all states with a
872:Monsieur/Madame le Président
840:Magdalene College, Cambridge
682:, a member of the so-called
7:
6038:Publicly funded health care
5477:Ministry of social security
5358:Ministry of water resources
5238:Ministry of foreign affairs
5107:Common types of government
3867:President of the government
3523:Buonomo, Giampiero (2014).
3096:Wood, Lewis (13 May 1945).
2829:
2663:
2614:
1697:, although there is also a
1620:is a title assumed by some
450:semi-presidential republics
144:President of the government
10:
6265:
5510:Minister without portfolio
5472:Ministry of social affairs
5303:Ministry of infrastructure
3098:"Mr. President Is correct"
2810:2016 presidential election
2688:
2605:Presidente de la Comunidad
2497:and later made law by the
2455:, their predecessors, the
2444:federal subjects of Russia
2436:Chairman of the Government
2317:The head of government of
2273:The official title of the
2258:The official title of the
2128:The official title of the
2031:List of current presidents
2028:
1897:People's Republic of China
1655:
1366:
1111:
800:United States Constitution
779:
752:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
735:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
506:
383:is a common title for the
6151:
6095:
6063:National health insurance
6028:
6015:Supervised injection site
5925:
5875:
5822:
5716:
5693:
5624:
5561:Communications ministries
5518:
5502:
5366:
5321:
5273:
5221:
5185:
5119:
5047:
5040:
4899:
4841:
4789:
4782:
4750:
4743:
4683:
4676:
4611:
4602:
4485:
4478:
4392:
4261:
4048:
4010:National unity government
3972:
3928:
3885:
3808:
3804:
3655:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3219:. Longmans. p. 143.
3157:The New England Quarterly
2487:
2421:
2397:
2334:Other executive positions
2253:president of the Republic
2214:constitutional monarchies
2175:Federal Executive Council
2160:president of the Republic
2025:Presidential chronologies
1978:Lao People's Armed Forces
1952:Laotian National Assembly
1730:Grand and General Council
1711:constitutional convention
1271:Semi-presidential systems
1114:President of the Republic
1070:ceremonial heads of state
956:president of Pennsylvania
939:(as well as the title of
876:president of the Republic
663:
6058:Single-payer health care
5867:Universal basic services
5814:Universal basic services
5556:Climate change ministers
5457:Ministry of home affairs
4440:Environmental regulation
4246:Representative democracy
3273:Revolutionary Characters
3270:Wood, Gordon S. (2006).
2899:Other head of government
2792:, the wife of President
2758:High Court of Justiciary
2590:
2440:Prime Minister of Russia
2205:, as well as a resident
2181:abolished the office of
2156:President of the Council
1882:
1793:collective head of state
1288:semi-presidential system
1148:President of the Council
1048:(1848), while the first
1030:Italian Republic of 1802
810:or the president of the
757:Les Liaisons Dangereuses
740:Les Liaisons Dangereuses
678:evolved into a powerful
5759:Public good (economics)
5645:Ministries by portfolio
5616:Public works ministries
5348:Ministry of electricity
5288:Ministry of the economy
5162:Office of the president
4505:Uncodified constitution
4030:Administrative division
3679:. H. Holt. p. 33.
3240:Martin, Judith (2003).
2638:president of the Senate
2523:Great Officers of State
2469:Soviet of Nationalities
2302:Between 1918 and 1934,
2260:Croatian prime minister
2115:Prime Minister of Spain
1937:
1363:Parliamentary republics
1286:A second system is the
1160:Fourth French Republics
1092:, the power to declare
1066:hereditary presidencies
933:congressional committee
884:president of the Senate
626:, who became the first
613:Commonwealth of England
434:parliamentary republics
6234:Positions of authority
5581:Environment ministries
5551:Agriculture ministries
5546:Presidents of assembly
5541:Deputy prime ministers
2705:and presidents in the
2609:Presidente del Consejo
2601:autonomous communities
2560:was a cabinet member.
2411:
2267:
2130:Italian Prime Minister
2007:ruffles and flourishes
1901:country's constitution
1852:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1781:Soviet Communist Party
1683:
1475:parliamentary republic
1379:parliamentary republic
1373:Parliamentary republic
1359:
1358:(right) of South Korea
1283:
1221:
1131:
900:
745:Second French Republic
715:were abolished by the
472:
425:
5907:Public infrastructure
5744:Public administration
5729:Free-culture movement
5576:Environment ministers
5482:Minister for Veterans
5353:Ministry of Petroleum
5313:Ministry of transport
5152:Deputy First Minister
5142:Deputy prime minister
4996:aspects of capitalism
4912:History of philosophy
4410:Unemployment benefits
4146:Military dictatorship
3635:"Presidential Sashes"
3613:constituteproject.org
3243:Star-spangled Manners
2883:List of state leaders
2678:Monsieur le Président
2658:constitutional courts
2492:president of Chechnya
2461:enjoy more privileges
2404:president of the city
2286:Prezes Rady Ministrów
2275:Polish prime minister
2255:as the head of State.
2069:As head of government
1791:executed powers of a
1695:Swiss Federal Council
1670:serves as collective
1668:Swiss Federal Council
1665:
1656:Further information:
1652:Collective presidency
1349:
1282:, President of France
1278:
1211:
1121:
892:
780:Further information:
672:, the president of a
668:In pre-revolutionary
534:6:2 to translate the
485:Monsieur le Président
466:
397:
18:Mr. President (title)
5571:Education ministries
5408:Information minister
5343:Environment minister
5253:Ministry of interior
5243:Immigration minister
4930:Political ideologies
4206:Parliamentary system
3444:on 24 September 2015
2722:Constitutional Court
2585:president of Tynwald
2499:Parliament of Russia
2372:municipal presidents
1996:Presidential symbols
1960:Laotian Constitution
1873:from 1979 until 1985
1863:from 1952 until 1967
1477:is a system with an
1399:president of Ireland
1389:president of Austria
1369:Parliamentary system
1354:(left) of India and
1341:president of Finland
1290:, also known as the
1152:Président du Conseil
1108:Presidential systems
1046:president of Liberia
929:United States Senate
911:was sworn in as the
880:United States Senate
836:Cambridge University
721:président de la cour
515:is derived from the
330:National governments
164:Government formation
45:Executive government
6143:Public viewing area
5912:Public water system
5900:Municipal broadband
5857:Public broadcasting
5467:Ministry of science
5425:Ministry of justice
5418:Ministry of housing
5379:Ministry of culture
5293:Ministry of finance
5233:Ministry of defence
5052:Forms of government
4985:Conservatism navbox
4590:Legislative council
4415:National healthcare
4289:Christian democracy
4211:Presidential system
4066:Countries by system
3798:heads of government
3588:bangkok.embassy.gov
3384:The Washington Post
3333:The Washington Post
3053:How to Be President
2841:Presidential system
2043:European Commission
1990:Thongloun Sisoulith
1917:single-party system
1483:presidential system
1479:executive president
1473:A variation of the
1136:presidential system
846:and his second the
37:the Politics series
6108:Government auction
5794:Public procurement
5611:Interior ministers
5492:Minister for women
5447:Ministry of sports
5435:Ministry of labour
5430:Minister of labour
5401:Ministry of health
5386:Education minister
5336:Ministry of energy
5193:Secretary of state
5057:Types of democracy
4952:Political spectrum
4565:Legislative bodies
4520:Head of government
4445:Banking regulation
4005:Federal government
3995:Central government
3842:Minister-president
3713:. 26 February 2017
3633:McCullough, J. J.
3298:Caroli, Betty Boyd
3103:The New York Times
3083:The New York Times
2956:Allard, P (2016).
2905:Minister-President
2750:College of Justice
2682:Court of Cassation
2432:Russian Federation
2384:borough presidents
2321:is styled as the "
1974:commander-in-chief
1889:president of China
1783:. After 1938, the
1684:
1672:head of government
1658:Directorial system
1618:President for Life
1612:Dominican Republic
1360:
1284:
1222:
1144:head of government
1132:
1102:commander-in-chief
1052:president was the
1044:president was the
1038:Napoleon Bonaparte
948:Electoral Highness
901:
828:Harvard University
473:
454:head of government
426:
288:Semi-parliamentary
124:Minister-president
97:Head of government
6189:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6010:Public university
5990:Public open space
5935:Drinking fountain
5895:Telecommunication
5653:
5652:
5601:Health ministries
5596:Forest ministries
5591:Foreign ministers
5586:Finance ministers
5566:Defence ministers
5487:Ministry of women
5442:Regional minister
5324:natural resources
5298:Industry minister
5283:Commerce minister
5248:Interior minister
5224:foreign affairs /
5198:Minister of state
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5062:Political parties
4941:Political culture
4866:International law
4837:
4836:
4829:U.S. Constitution
4778:
4777:
4760:Political science
4739:
4738:
4711:Political parties
4672:
4671:
4598:
4597:
4314:Constitutionalism
4025:County government
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3686:978-0-8050-1751-9
3313:978-0-19-516676-7
3283:978-1-59420-093-9
3253:978-0-393-04861-2
3063:978-0-8118-4316-4
3031:. The White House
2778:Martha Washington
2695:Spanish Judiciary
2556:Historically the
2543:Orders in Council
2348:parish presidents
2293:Executive Council
2179:1963 Constitution
2146:Under the French
2011:presidential sash
1970:President of Laos
1905:ceremonial office
1846:The three-member
1777:General Secretary
1666:The seven-member
1648:after his death.
1638:François Duvalier
1317:Charles de Gaulle
1297:National Assembly
1182:Electoral College
1150:(from the French
1130:(right) of Brazil
980:Benjamin Franklin
921:Richard Henry Lee
909:George Washington
894:George Washington
717:French Revolution
711:'s nominees. The
705:premier président
624:Thomas Hungerford
570:William Brouncker
499:in French and as
406:George H. W. Bush
378:
377:
302:Semi-presidential
16:(Redirected from
6256:
6206:
6205:
6197:
6171:
6170:
6159:
6158:
6070:Social insurance
5917:Waste management
5885:Electric utility
5862:Public transport
5779:Public ownership
5698:Municipalization
5680:
5673:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5643:
5642:
5632:
5631:
5452:Tourism minister
5413:Housing minister
5374:Culture minister
5101:
5094:
5087:
5078:
5077:
5045:
5044:
5033:
5029:World government
5027:
5022:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4876:World government
4787:
4786:
4748:
4747:
4731:Environmentalism
4681:
4680:
4609:
4608:
4483:
4482:
4420:Public education
4400:Social insurance
4334:Environmentalism
4304:Communitarianism
4279:Authoritarianism
4241:Direct Democracy
4020:Local government
3955:
3948:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3918:
3806:
3805:
3796:Titles used for
3790:
3783:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3654:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3535:on 24 March 2016
3531:. Archived from
3519:
3513:
3498:
3492:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3409:Hickey, Robert.
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3386:. Archived from
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3152:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2927:
2873:Governor-General
2754:Court of Session
2503:Dmitriy Medvedev
2489:
2428:ethnic republics
2412:Prezydent miasta
2310:(1918–1920) and
2241:Second Republics
2237:Portuguese First
2207:Governor-General
2195:Irish Free State
2152:Fourth Republics
1878:One-party states
1761:Trans-Caucasusia
1703:Federal Assembly
1640:died in office.
1626:Alexandre Pétion
1608:Joaquín Balaguer
1576:Ferdinand Marcos
1568:Mobutu Sese Seko
1531:
1522:
1513:
1257:Central American
1096:, and powers of
1022:Henri Christophe
976:Thomas Jefferson
858:, originally a "
685:noblesse de robe
635:Council of State
528:King James Bible
495:is addressed as
456:. A leader of a
404:(Left to right:
370:
363:
356:
310:
298:
284:
267:
255:
32:
31:
21:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6200:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6147:
6133:Public security
6123:Public offering
6091:
6080:Social security
6030:Social services
6024:
5980:Public hospital
5975:Public computer
5970:Public bookcase
5921:
5871:
5840:Law enforcement
5835:Fire department
5818:
5769:Public interest
5712:
5708:Progressive tax
5703:Nationalization
5689:
5687:Public services
5684:
5654:
5649:
5620:
5536:Prime ministers
5531:Vice presidents
5514:
5498:
5396:Health minister
5362:
5331:Energy minister
5323:
5317:
5275:
5269:
5225:
5223:
5217:
5203:Deputy minister
5181:
5115:
5105:
5075:
5066:
5036:
5031:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5007:Western culture
5003:
4998:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4895:
4833:
4774:
4755:Fields of study
4735:
4716:Advocacy groups
4668:
4604:
4594:
4474:
4470:Street cleaning
4450:Food inspection
4405:Law enforcement
4388:
4257:
4191:Totalitarianism
4044:
3968:
3959:
3924:
3916:
3907:
3881:
3831:Federal Council
3821:Chief executive
3800:
3794:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3733:
3729:
3716:
3714:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3668:
3664:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3638:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3561:. 11 March 2018
3553:
3552:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3529:L'Ago e Il Filo
3520:
3516:
3499:
3495:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3447:
3445:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3390:on 10 June 2014
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3211:
3207:
3196:
3192:
3153:
3144:
3133:
3126:
3115:
3111:
3094:
3090:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3007:978-0-199548460
2989:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2901:
2869:
2832:
2820:Hillary Clinton
2806:
2774:
2766:
2734:
2691:
2666:
2646:
2626:
2617:
2593:
2566:
2515:
2424:
2402:In Poland, the
2400:
2341:
2336:
2308:prime ministers
2203:King of Ireland
2071:
2066:
2033:
2027:
1998:
1948:one-party state
1940:
1885:
1880:
1819:Josip Broz Tito
1745:union republics
1728:elected by the
1722:Captains Regent
1660:
1654:
1634:Josip Broz Tito
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1542:Konstantin Päts
1534:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1375:
1365:
1280:Emmanuel Macron
1273:
1245:runoff election
1116:
1110:
1086:prime ministers
1062:
1011:
1009:Other countries
842:was called the
832:Yale University
824:Vice-Chancellor
784:
778:
666:
621:
538:term סָרְכִ֣ין
509:
483:titles such as
458:one-party state
403:
374:
344:Politics portal
304:
290:
278:
261:
249:
230:
200:
170:
166:
162:
148:
109:Chief executive
81:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6262:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6229:Heads of state
6226:
6211:
6210:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6165:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6118:Public holiday
6115:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6087:Youth services
6084:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6075:Social pension
6067:
6066:
6065:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6043:Public housing
6040:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:Public library
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5950:Infrastructure
5947:
5945:Free education
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5877:Public utility
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5850:Savings system
5845:Postal service
5842:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5823:Basic services
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5739:Product sample
5736:
5734:Free newspaper
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5637:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5427:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5327:
5325:
5322:Environment /
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5276:infrastructure
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5208:Undersecretary
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5147:First minister
5144:
5139:
5137:Prime minister
5134:
5132:Vice president
5129:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5023:
5012:
5001:
4990:
4979:
4968:
4957:
4946:
4935:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4886:European Union
4883:
4881:United Nations
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4765:Urban planning
4762:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4535:Prime minister
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Traffic lights
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4379:Theoreticians:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4364:Fundamentalism
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4329:Egalitarianism
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4208:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3872:Prime minister
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:First minister
3834:
3828:
3826:Chief minister
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3761:
3727:
3706:whitehouse.gov
3692:
3685:
3662:
3625:
3600:
3572:
3546:
3514:
3493:
3472:
3458:
3428:
3401:
3370:
3345:
3319:
3312:
3289:
3282:
3259:
3252:
3232:
3225:
3205:
3190:
3169:10.2307/363331
3142:
3124:
3109:
3088:
3069:
3062:
3042:
3020:
3006:
2975:
2948:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2911:Prime minister
2908:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:Supreme Leader
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2856:Vice president
2853:
2848:
2846:Presidents Day
2843:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2805:
2802:
2798:Zachary Taylor
2790:Dolley Madison
2773:
2770:
2765:
2764:Spousal titles
2762:
2733:
2732:United Kingdom
2730:
2690:
2687:
2665:
2662:
2645:
2642:
2625:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2592:
2589:
2565:
2562:
2539:prime minister
2537:headed by the
2527:United Kingdom
2521:is one of the
2514:
2513:United Kingdom
2511:
2501:and President
2495:Ramzan Kadyrov
2446:are currently
2438:(also used by
2423:
2420:
2399:
2396:
2380:municipalities
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:Supreme Leader
2315:
2300:
2289:
2271:
2256:
2210:
2191:Prime minister
2187:
2163:
2144:
2126:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2036:United Nations
2029:Main article:
2026:
2023:
1997:
1994:
1986:vice president
1982:prime minister
1963:(rev. in 2015)
1939:
1936:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1808:
1789:Supreme Soviet
1763:and from 1925
1735:In the former
1733:
1718:
1715:New Year's Day
1709:) for a year (
1653:
1650:
1630:Rafael Carrera
1600:Craveiro Lopes
1592:Saddam Hussein
1546:Saddam Hussein
1536:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1424:Czech Republic
1403:prime minister
1364:
1361:
1352:Pratibha Patil
1319:, are used in
1313:Fifth Republic
1305:prime minister
1272:
1269:
1253:South American
1128:Dilma Rousseff
1112:Main article:
1109:
1106:
1061:
1058:
1010:
1007:
950:or the lesser
931:, organized a
777:
774:
737:'s 1782 novel
665:
662:
647:lord president
620:
617:
590:vice president
582:United Kingdom
544:rules of order
508:
505:
469:Isaias Afwerki
414:George W. Bush
376:
375:
373:
372:
365:
358:
350:
347:
346:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
307:cohabitational
299:
285:
273:
268:
256:
252:Constitutional
241:
240:
234:
233:
232:
231:
229:
228:
223:
218:
212:
204:
203:
202:
201:
199:
198:
193:
187:
177:
176:
175:
174:
152:
151:
150:
149:
147:
146:
141:
136:
134:Prime minister
131:
126:
121:
119:First minister
116:
114:Chief minister
111:
106:
100:
90:
89:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
69:
67:Supreme leader
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6261:
6250:
6249:English words
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6176:
6175:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Public sector
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Job guarantee
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6005:Public toilet
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:Public school
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5890:Oil & gas
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5830:Civil service
5828:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:Public rights
5787:
5785:
5784:Public policy
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:Public health
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:Public domain
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5646:
5638:
5636:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5605:mental health
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:public safety
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5030:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5008:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4907:Human history
4905:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:International
4840:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4515:Head of state
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:Progressivism
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4221:Collaborative
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4166:Republicanism
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:Confederation
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Unitary state
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3920:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3658:
3652:
3636:
3629:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3511:
3510:9780521842129
3507:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3489:9780271045719
3486:
3482:
3476:
3468:
3462:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3226:1-4069-2845-3
3222:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3030:
3024:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Head of state
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:Head of state
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:James Madison
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:United States
2769:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:chief justice
2651:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2583:, there is a
2582:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:Privy Council
2528:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2473:nation-states
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:Governors of
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2392:New York City
2389:
2388:five boroughs
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2097:head of state
2095:. A separate
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:Latin America
2012:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:, which is a
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:head of state
1890:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:dictatorships
1547:
1544:(middle) and
1543:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1501:Dictatorships
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1356:Lee Myung-bak
1353:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:post-colonial
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:United States
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:United States
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:head of state
1137:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1003:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
987:James Madison
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
895:
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
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4309:Conservatism
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2964:. p. 67
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2934:
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2824:Donald Trump
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2804:In the media
2786:US Civil War
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500:
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418:Bill Clinton
410:Barack Obama
380:
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6244:Etymologies
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5774:Public land
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5274:Economics /
4891:World Court
4824:Magna Carta
4641:Legislation
4603:Governance
4560:Legislature
4435:Regulation:
4344:Familialism
4319:Corporatism
4299:Communalism
4269:Agrarianism
4181:Technocracy
4141:Meritocracy
4136:Kleptocracy
4116:Ergatocracy
4111:Electocracy
4101:Colonialism
4086:Bureaucracy
4081:Aristocracy
3903:State Elder
3754:17 November
3671:Mayo, Edith
3641:19 February
3500:Xu Guoqui,
3358:www.usa.gov
2581:Isle of Man
2003:gun salutes
1928:term limits
1841:Directorate
1705:(the Swiss
1691:Switzerland
1680:Switzerland
1642:Kim Il Sung
1580:Philippines
1350:Presidents
1216:(left) and
1212:Presidents
1122:Presidents
1060:Description
540:(sā·rə·ḵîn)
522:"before" +
501:Mr. Speaker
475:The title "
400:White House
294:simul simul
281:Westminster
271:Directorial
6224:Presidents
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5960:Public art
5749:Public bad
5526:Presidents
5222:Defence /
5120:Leadership
5113:ministries
5041:Categories
4974:liberalism
4922:Templates:
4819:Documents:
4794:Overviews:
4646:Regulation
4575:Parliament
4479:Components
4465:Sanitation
4455:Municipal:
4384:John Locke
4369:Liberalism
4349:Fanaticism
4161:Plutocracy
4131:Geniocracy
4121:Federalism
4091:Capitalism
3966:government
3923:Government
3816:Chancellor
2935:www.gov.za
2917:References
2861:First Lady
2782:First Lady
2459:, used to
2364:U.S. state
2356:U.S. state
2227:Portuguese
2212:Under the
2177:after the
1932:Xi Jinping
1913:top leader
1823:presidency
1821:, where a
1813:after the
1811:Yugoslavia
1773:Tajikistan
1765:Uzbekistan
1726:San Marino
1707:parliament
1644:was named
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1367:See also:
1214:Otunbayeva
1077:government
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925:John Adams
820:Chancellor
713:Parlements
695:Parlements
680:magistrate
511:The title
467:President
430:government
226:Presidency
104:Chancellor
87:Government
5127:President
5109:ministers
4850:Diplomacy
4770:Sociology
4701:Campaigns
4689:Elections
4664:Precedent
4636:Outcomes:
4626:Committee
4605:processes
4555:Judiciary
4530:President
4490:Documents
4430:Espionage
4393:Functions
4339:Extremism
4274:Anarchism
4226:Consensus
4216:Cellular
4199:Democracy
4186:Theocracy
4171:Socialism
4156:Oligarchy
4126:Feudalism
4106:Communism
3973:Overviews
3877:Taoiseach
3852:President
3749:0261-3077
3618:18 August
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3565:11 August
3448:5 January
3421:5 January
3394:5 January
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2323:President
2171:president
1871:Nicaragua
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1785:Presidium
1622:dictators
1588:Indonesia
1468:Singapore
1333:Sri Lanka
1301:president
1263:and some
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1178:president
1162:. In the
1018:Caribbean
999:incumbent
903:The 1787
868:parlement
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816:president
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770:parlement
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754:'s novel
731:parlement
675:Parlement
639:executive
609:president
580:" in the
563:Cambridge
513:president
389:republics
381:President
196:Secretary
172:Secretary
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5177:Minister
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4677:Politics
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4359:Feminism
4284:Centrism
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3893:Chairman
3717:22 March
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2222:Portugal
2169:was the
2150:and the
2104:premiers
1604:Portugal
1560:Idi Amin
1540:(left),
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1464:Pakistan
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1090:cabinets
1056:(1912).
989:and the
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937:Highness
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548:see also
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387:in most
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4809:Reforms
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4706:Groups:
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3809:Current
3559:bbc.com
2888:Monarch
2693:In the
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2057:Leaders
1976:of the
1972:is the
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