2382:
fundamental change from that time until the reforms of 1782 which resulted in the emergence of the Home and
Foreign departments. ... English domestic affairs remained the responsibility of both Secretaries throughout the period. In the field of foreign affairs there was a division into a Northern and a Southern Department, each of which was the responsibility of one Secretary. The distinction between the two departments emerged only gradually. It was not until after 1689 that their names passed into general currency. Nevertheless the division of foreign business itself can, in its broad outlines, be detected in the early years of the reign of Charles II. ... The first question to be considered in the light of the memorandum of 1684 is the origin of the office of Under Secretary. It should be emphasised in this connection that the term 'Under Secretary', although found in use as early as 1672, (fn. 28) passed only gradually into general currency.
32:
1713:), a Government department with a status below that of a ministry. A secretariat of State could be organized as a division of a ministry or occasionally be directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. For example, from 1987 to 1995, a Secretariat of State for the Culture existed directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. Despite this type of department no longer officially existing in the organization of the Portuguese Government, it is still common usage for the portfolio of a secretary of State to be colloquially referred to as a "secretariat of State".
3004:
2993:
1371:). Critics claim that parliamentary secretaries of state are usually given little to no influence and responsibility within their ministry, all the while drawing very generous pay due to receiving two salaries, both as a secretary of state and as a member of parliament. For example, when interviewed in 2005 about his post as a parliamentary minister of state in the German Foreign Office (1998–2002) during an
2430:
910:, the Secretary of State is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions. The specific powers and duties of this office depend on the constitution and laws of the particular state, but they often include responsibility for overseeing elections within the state. In the state of
2151:
This and many other government and judiciary titles are often capitalized in government documents in violation of the much more common rule in
English to capitalize titles only before a name (see e.g. Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., 2017, sec. 8.19, 8.22), when it in fact becomes part of the name.
1716:
Historically, since the 17th century, the title of "secretary of State" was used to designate the heads of the
Government departments of Portugal. In the 19th century, the title of "minister" started to be used, the official complete title of each of the ministers becoming "minister and secretary of
1612:
in the
Netherlands is a junior minister who is responsible to a Cabinet Minister or the Prime Minister. Some of them may, in specific circumstances, call themselves Minister when visiting a foreign country. Each State Secretary has a certain portfolio, which is different to their Cabinet Minister to
639:, from 1847 until 1972, the Secretary of State was the head of the Department of State and the chief foreign policy officer of the republic, responsible for conducting diplomacy and implementing the nation's foreign affairs. The title was abolished in 1972 and replaced with the new nomenclature,
2381:
At the
Restoration the practice of appointing two Secretaries of State, which was well established before the Civil War, was resumed. Apart from the modifications which were made necessary by the occasional existence of a third secretaryship, the organisation of the secretariat underwent no
1592:) are members of the cabinet, and are ranked below ministers. They are given specific briefs, covering the same briefs as the ministers, and help to assist their respective ministers to perform their functions. They often hold more than one brief or assist more than one minister. In the
1329:
function as the administrative heads of ministries. They depend on the full confidence of their respective ministers and can at any time be posted into provisional retirement with their pension paid in full. This happens usually when the government or the minister changes.
1857:
1998:, in English literally "Cabinet Secretary"). State secretaries tend to, more often than the ministers do, hail from a fixed civil servant background or a professional background relevant to the area of responsibility that belongs to their respective ministries.
1112:) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Despite being members of the Government, the Secretaries of State usually do not participate in the Council of Ministers, unless they are specially summoned for and, in this case, without right to vote.
2014:
on heads of federal offices whose duties entail independent interaction with senior foreign authorities (cf. article 46 of the
Government and Administration Organisation Act). In practice, the function of a secretary of state is the same as in France.
1725:
that existed during 1918, in which the ministers were re-titled "secretaries of State"). In 1958, the title of "secretary of State" was reintroduced to designate the then created role of a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister.
1808:
1426:
1402:
2130:
on the advice of the Prime
Minister, and are responsible, along with other Cabinet members, for the collective government of the United Kingdom. There are a number of secretaries of state, each of whom are formally titled
1600:, who is responsible for Relations with Parliament; Agriculture, Viticulture, and Rural Development; and Culture, Higher Education, and Research. There had been two in the previous cabinet, and three between 1984 and 1989.
660:(federal government) is a high official with the same rank of a Minister, who is responsible directly to the President. The position must be distinguished from a "Secretary", a lower position, responsible to a Minister.
607:) exists as an intermediate government rank between those of minister and Secretary of State. The role of vice-minister also exists in the Government of Angola, but it is junior to that of Secretary of State.
1323:. While officially it is not a political office, often it is assigned by appointment based on political criteria such as party affiliation, rather than by career progression as a civil servant. Nevertheless,
744:
who was a
Cabinet minister whose duties varied over time but who was responsible for the Department of Secretary of State until the position was abolished. Since 1993, some junior ministers have been styled
1698:, unless summoned for certain meetings and, in those cases, without right to vote. They act merely as deputies of ministers, having only the powers delegated to them by their ministers or directly by the
796:
government, "Secretary of State" refers to the official responsible for executing the non-military and non-homeland security aspects of foreign policy, the analogue of the foreign secretary or
2461:
999:. In addition, the State Secretary provides the President and Vice President with their reports, coordinates household matters and protocols, as well as assisting in the drafting of
2893:
1508:
987:) is a Government official of Ministerial rank who heads the Ministry of State Secretariat. The Minister-Secretary of State gives technical and administrative assistance to the
1241:). In contrast, previously only two ministries, Ministries of Finance and Foreign Affairs, used to have state secretaries, who were permanently appointed. One such example is
1044:
However, every state in
Malaysia have their own State Secretary, except federal territories. Secretary of State is the member of the State Executive Council, appointed by the
2049:
From 1660 there were always two secretaries of state, between whom oversight of foreign affairs was divided on a geographical basis while domestic affairs were shared: the
1690:, plural) is a junior minister, of intermediate rank between that of cabinet minister and that of under-secretary of State. Although having the Constitutional status of
1157:
being officially "linguistically asexual"). Therefore, appointing people as secretaries of state allows the government to circumvent this constitutional limitation. See
749:, and assigned in specific policy areas to assist Cabinet ministers. However, these junior ministers are not themselves members of Cabinet. A similar role is played by
2454:
2323:
2294:
1852:
1015:, is in charge of international relations of Kuwait, and all Kuwaiti representatives abroad. Al-Sabah is a member of the cabinet of ministers, and reports directly to
1705:
Until the reorganization of the
Portuguese Public Administration structure in 2004, it was common for a secretary of State to be in charge of a secretariat of State (
2394:
995:
in running State affairs. In the President's case, the Minister-Secretary of State also provides assistance for the President in his role as Commander-in-chief of
2046:(1558–1603), the usual title before that having been King's Clerk, King's Secretary, or Principal Secretary. From 1540 there were sometimes two such secretaries.
556:. The title of State Secretary was replaced by that of Government Secretary soon after the formation of the state apparatus and was thereafter never used again.
1165:
2447:
1503:
457:
In many countries, a secretary of state is a senior or mid-level post. It is usually a politically appointed position, although in some countries, such as
1928:
1803:
512:
is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions, often including overseeing elections, tasks which would be exercised by
1924:
1903:
a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a State Department. The Secretary of State is a member of the Council of Ministers (
1827:
663:
The official responsible for foreign policy is called Minister of Foreign Affairs (Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores) or "Chancellor" (Canciller).
1376:
2627:
1242:
935:
2898:
2888:
877:
712:
At federal level, the officer responsible for foreign affairs, a position equivalent to that of the United States Secretary of State, is the
596:) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Usually, the secretaries of State do not participate in the council of ministers.
392:
544:(1854–1902) the Secretary of State was the original title of the main administrative officer of the State, who worked closely with both the
2123:
1987:
1936:
1541:, as it organizes, makes appointments to, and directs the activities of the other dicasteries. The secretariat is also responsible for the
861:
The now long-established terms "Department ..." and "Secretary of State" were preceded (for two months following the effective date of the
804:. The secretary of state is responsible for the administration of United States embassies and their subsidiary units throughout the world.
2078:
2997:
2908:
897:
866:
509:
3028:
2963:
702:
2153:
2104:
in 1801. By a gradual process between then and the 1960s, most of the ministers of the British cabinet became secretaries of state.
2524:
1073:
545:
1513:(1829–31). It was then abandoned, until used instead of the title of "Minister" (Υπουργός) for the cabinet members in the 1835–37
1158:
501:
2262:"The Determinants of Promotion to High Public Office in Germany: Partisan Loyalty, Political Craft, or Managerial Competencies?"
2903:
2844:
2514:
1514:
1315:(civil servant) who ranks second only to the minister in a state or federal ministry, so the position is equivalent to that of
2434:
947:
640:
196:
2210:
1431:
1280:
869:
and the corresponding departmental name; the change reflected the addition of some miscellaneous domestic responsibilities.
2938:
2923:
1137:
was a secretary of state charged with the simplification of the administration, and in this role he was accountable to the
737:
713:
2918:
2854:
2401:
2113:
2070:
1320:
1012:
919:
425:
20:
2973:
2622:
1721:. From them on, the title "minister" completely replaced that of "secretary of State" (with the exception of the brief
350:
1235:
This is a new arrangement; during the introduction of this model, a secretary was called "political state secretary" (
1228:), is the highest official below each minister. Ministers, who lead ministries (government departments), comprise the
465:, it can be filled by a member of the executive bureaucracy (civil service) as a political appointment (equivalent to
2953:
2948:
2928:
2753:
2189:
1032:
885:
801:
225:
134:
75:
53:
888:, immediately preceding any former presidents and former first ladies, who are followed by the rest of the Cabinet.
46:
3007:
2943:
2475:
1941:
1016:
996:
787:
493:
241:
880:
the secretary of state falls first among Cabinet officers, and fourth overall. The secretary of state is also, in
2978:
2066:
2010:
federal administration, secretaries of state are the most senior career officials. The title is conferred by the
1940:
were the heads of different government departments. The Secretary of State usually served as Chief Minister (See
1425:("State Minister of Culture") for short – although some of the incumbents did not hold a seat in parliament. The
1201:
166:
2913:
2670:
1530:
1979:
2824:
2127:
1609:
1338:
1296:
1080:, appointed by the (Raja of Perlis). The State Secretary is the head of the public service in his/her state.
741:
705:. At state level, the Brazilian secretaries of State have functions similar to those of the Ministers of the
549:
2933:
2489:
2039:
2029:
1647:
1593:
1268:) is a junior minister, responsible to a minister or the Prime Minister. It is not to be confused with the
1205:
915:
706:
524:
387:
129:
2152:
Therefore lowercase spelling is the first or only variant recorded in some major dictionaries such as the
2958:
2839:
2720:
2600:
1718:
1526:
1284:
992:
746:
478:
201:
807:
The U.S. secretary of state has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U.S. soil for any reason.
2872:
2834:
2665:
2374:
2082:
2073:
existed from 1768. In 1782 a system reform resulted in reverting to having two secretaries of state: a
1699:
1193:
862:
750:
619:
the Secretary of State was the main administrative officer of the State, working closely with both the
581:
2439:
2967:
1982:. Typically, there is one State Secretary assigned for each minister in the cabinet, and two for the
1655:
1232:. Each state secretary is appointed for the term of the minister and is responsible to the minister.
1189:
1154:
939:
766:
364:
345:
643:. Throughout most of Liberia's history, holders of that office usually went on to become president.
2819:
2097:
2062:
1983:
1953:
1923:
is a junior minister. Each ministry may have one or several Secretaries of State. For example, the
1629:
1354:
1134:
359:
40:
2710:
2650:
2575:
1878:
1792:
1764:
1744:
1372:
1142:
418:
309:
1517:, with Armansperg being designated "Chief Secretary of State" (Αρχιγραμματεύς της Επικρατείας).
2185:
2043:
1691:
1577:
1089:
988:
624:
616:
585:
321:
102:
57:
1643:
1639:
1455:
2715:
2675:
2539:
2504:
2471:
2011:
1185:
1133:
is a junior minister who is responsible to a minister or to the prime minister. For example,
1045:
873:
248:
2376:
Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 2 - Officials of the Secretaries of State 1660-1782
2348:
2157:
2770:
2705:
2615:
2605:
1495:
881:
333:
221:
216:
450:
around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple
8:
2829:
2787:
2741:
2655:
2595:
2058:
1722:
1706:
1695:
1675:
1316:
1109:
1000:
770:
690:
676:
600:
589:
466:
371:
1978:) in charge of the ministry. Unlike ministers, state secretaries are not members of the
1398:
2809:
2797:
2792:
2748:
2698:
2534:
2529:
2119:
2101:
2054:
2050:
2035:
1916:
1842:
1499:
1491:
1386:
claimed that he had been cut off from the workflow within the ministry, and called the
1358:
1229:
517:
411:
338:
328:
181:
154:
2161:
1467:
1444:) serves in place of a proper ministry for this department. Since 1998, the office of
2849:
2804:
2780:
2763:
2660:
2645:
2610:
2560:
2319:
2290:
1368:
1269:
835:
823:
553:
541:
513:
229:
94:
1019:, The Emir of Kuwait. He is also in charge of all the diplomatic representatives in
2814:
2775:
2736:
2269:
1991:
1971:
1963:
1869:
1848:
1783:
1755:
1735:
1381:
1221:
827:
811:
800:
of a country that has one or the other. The U.S. secretary of state is head of the
797:
733:
725:
698:
497:
1774:) has existed at certain periods of time. Boris Yeltsin revived the post in 1991.
1276:
2758:
2693:
2565:
2086:
1865:
1821:
1817:
1585:
1569:
1459:
1451:
1437:
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1146:
1069:
855:
847:
620:
474:
401:
2570:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2093:
2074:
1779:
1597:
1483:
1181:
1150:
1138:
1101:
831:
486:
191:
176:
171:
124:
1494:. It was first employed for the head of the cabinet under the governorship of
3022:
1616:
The top civil servant in a government department is called Secretary-General
1554:
1463:
923:
907:
839:
815:
573:
109:
2273:
1283:
were Crown officers whose responsibilities were similar to those of today's
1833:
1546:
1471:
927:
843:
819:
2379:. University of London. pp. 1–21 – via British History Online.
1272:
title given to a senior French cabinet minister of particular importance.
2007:
1885:
Stats-sekretar-Zamestitel ministra inostrannykh del Rossijskoj Federatsii
1874:Статс-секретарь-Заместитель министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации
1538:
1197:
1093:
1041:, Chief Secretary to the Government is the Malaysian secretary of state.
943:
482:
2261:
2235:
2469:
1900:
1565:
903:
851:
577:
569:
548:
as head of state and head of government, and his cabinet, and with the
505:
447:
295:
283:
161:
144:
1196:
and helps to ensure good governance. The first Secretary of State was
1534:
1349:), who is a member of parliament who is appointed to a ministry as a
980:
657:
1159:
Current list of secretaries of states for Belgian Federal Government
2327:
2298:
1671:
1542:
1038:
931:
623:
as head of state and head of government, and the parliament of the
470:
316:
304:
273:
2135:"; legislation generally refers only to "the Secretary of State".
1658:
and the only minister is constitutionally responsible for all the
1549:, the former Secretary of State (the appointment expires when the
2519:
1310:
1209:
1130:
1061:
1049:
636:
458:
186:
119:
736:, but this position was abolished in 1993 and a new position of
2429:
1959:
1261:
1126:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1020:
959:
955:
911:
762:
672:
565:
462:
2400:. Cabinet Office. 14 December 2010. p. 42. Archived from
1694:, the secretaries of State do not usually participate in the
1490:) was used only intermittently during the early years of the
1057:
278:
1970:) is a political appointee, second in rank to the Minister (
1654:
vice minister. However, the State Secretary cannot attend a
1192:
in policy drafting and implementation. It also supports any
1145:
explicitly limits the number of ministers to fifteen (seven
1550:
963:
922:
in other states among many other duties. In three states (
872:
The position is widely regarded as the most senior in the
1427:
German Parliamentary Commission for Culture and the Media
1403:
Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media
1141:. The title "secretary of state" was created because the
16:
Type of senior civil servant in the government of a state
2118:
In the United Kingdom, a secretary of state is a senior
1613:
split up the responsibilities and relieve the workload.
559:
2312:
2186:"Frequently asked questions – Office of the Historian"
1553:
dies or resigns) assumes some of the functions of the
1411:
Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien
938:", since these states as well as Kentucky are called "
918:
is an elected office that acts as the equivalent of a
2126:. Secretaries of state are appointed directly by the
1883:
1797:
1769:
1749:
2266:
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
1529:, or Cardinal Secretary of State, presides over the
1011:
The Kuwaiti Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Sheikh
1988:
State Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs
2133:His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for ...
1638:in Norway plays more or less the same role as the
697:) is one of the government members of each of the
588:. Thus, in these countries, a Secretary of State (
454:in the country's system of governing the country.
446:is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in
2530:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
2318:
2289:
1717:State of a given portfolio" until the end of the
1646:. Secretaries of State are connected to specific
1164:There are also three secretaries of state in the
740:was created. From 1867 to 1993, there was also a
656:The Secretary of State (Secretario de Estado) in
3020:
753:, however Ministers are members of the cabinet.
684:
2285:
2283:
2455:
2387:
2042:came into being near the end of the reign of
1236:
689:) – commonly referred simply as "Secretary" (
419:
1799:Gosudarstvennye sekretari Rossijskoj imperii
1788:Государственные секретари Российской империи
1445:
1420:
1414:
1362:
1343:
1324:
1308:
1302:
810:Six secretaries of state became presidents (
2280:
2178:
1929:Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
1824:in 1814, Foreign Minister from 1816 to 1856
1527:Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope
1482:In Greece, the title "Secretary of State" (
1334:such a provisional retirement is lifelong.
2576:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
2462:
2448:
2211:"The federal government | Belgium.be"
898:Secretary of State (U.S. state government)
599:In Mozambique, the role of vice-minister (
426:
412:
1782:State secretaries of the Russian Empire (
1166:government of the Brussels-Capital Region
610:
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2259:
1319:in the United Kingdom, not to that of a
765:a secretary of state is a member of the
525:originated in early 17th century England
485:(and is in that respect equivalent to a
39:This article includes a list of general
730:Secretary of State for External Affairs
564:The organization of the governments of
502:federal government of the United States
481:coordinates all the departments of the
3021:
2373:Sainty, J. C. (1973). "Introduction".
2372:
1830:sometime in the 1820–1828 time period
1515:Cabinet of Josef Ludwig von Armansperg
2443:
1557:as a part of a temporary commission.
1419:, hence the office is usually called
781:
560:Portuguese-speaking African countries
197:President of the Council of Ministers
2089:came into use over the same period.
2023:
1937:Secretarios de Estado y del Despacho
1925:Secretary of State for Latin America
1596:, there was one Secretary of State,
535:
25:
2535:Speaker / President of the assembly
2260:Bach, Tobias; Veit, Sylvia (2017).
2114:Secretary of State (United Kingdom)
2077:(including colonial affairs) and a
2071:Secretary of State for the Colonies
2038:, before 1660, an officer entitled
1915:In present-day organisation of the
1013:Muhammad Al-Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah
983:, the Minister-Secretary of State (
966:), there is no secretary of state.
891:
21:Secretary of state (disambiguation)
13:
2623:International development minister
1204:in 1944, the State Secretary went
884:, the first Cabinet member in the
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3040:
2998:Government ministers by portfolio
2754:Ministry of Education and Culture
2423:
2366:
2190:United States Department of State
2018:
1734:The position of State Secretary (
1168:, one of whom has to be Flemish.
1033:Chief Secretary to the Government
1003:and/or Governmental regulations.
802:United States Department of State
473:, the administrative body of the
226:Cabinet collective responsibility
135:President of the council of state
3029:Political office-holders by role
3003:
3002:
2992:
2991:
2428:
1942:List of prime ministers of Spain
1416:Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär
1345:Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär
1208:until the position came back to
1184:. Its mission is to support the
1017:Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
997:Indonesian National Armed Forces
788:United States Secretary of State
776:
701:, subordinate to the respective
504:while in most of the individual
494:United States secretary of state
30:
2236:"Avaleht | Riigikantselei"
2096:was formed by the union of the
2067:Secretary of State for Scotland
1594:first Juncker-Asselborn cabinet
1545:'s foreign relations. During a
1442:Ausschuss für Kultur und Medien
878:presidential line of succession
646:
2671:Ministry of trade and industry
2341:
2253:
2228:
2203:
2145:
2107:
2001:
1986:. For historical reasons, the
1603:
1533:, which is the most important
1498:, a post held successively by
1083:
1:
2825:Ministry of religious affairs
2171:
1894:
1560:
1401:introduced the new office of
1373:investigation into visa abuse
1339:Parliamentary State Secretary
1297:Parliamentary State Secretary
946:, this office is called the "
936:Secretary of the Commonwealth
742:Secretary of State for Canada
393:Heads of state and government
2154:American Heritage Dictionary
2030:Secretary of State (England)
1608:As in France and Belgium, a
974:
867:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
651:
523:The term secretary of state
7:
2840:Ministry of social security
2721:Ministry of water resources
2601:Ministry of foreign affairs
2470:Common types of government
2188:. Office of the Historian,
1884:
1798:
1770:
1750:
1665:
1520:
1194:Ministers without portfolio
1026:
934:), the position is called "
738:Minister of Foreign Affairs
732:who acted as the country's
714:Minister of Foreign Affairs
641:Minister of Foreign Affairs
586:Portuguese government model
479:cardinal secretary of state
202:President of the government
10:
3045:
2873:Minister without portfolio
2835:Ministry of social affairs
2666:Ministry of infrastructure
2324:"Universi Dominici Gregis"
2158:Oxford Online Dictionaries
2122:, normally in charge of a
2111:
2027:
1951:
1627:
1488:Γραμματεύς της Επικρατείας
1413:) at the formal rank of a
1294:
1290:
1238:poliittinen valtiosihteeri
1215:
1171:
1129:, a secretary of state in
1120:
1030:
902:In most of the individual
895:
785:
630:
18:
2987:
2924:Communications ministries
2881:
2865:
2729:
2684:
2636:
2584:
2548:
2482:
2081:, with the addition of a
1947:
1873:
1787:
1759:
1739:
1729:
1623:
1487:
1477:
1255:
1190:Prime Minister of Estonia
1115:
1006:
985:Menteri Sekretaris Negara
942:" instead of "state". In
771:president of the Republic
767:Mexican Executive Cabinet
756:
719:
666:
530:
2919:Climate change ministers
2820:Ministry of home affairs
2138:
2098:Kingdom of Great Britain
2085:from 1794. The title of
2065:, and there was a third
2063:Kingdom of Great Britain
1954:State Secretary (Sweden)
1910:
1853:Gosudarstvennyj sekretar
1771:Gosudarstvennyj sekretar
1760:Государственный секретар
1674:, a secretary of State (
1630:State Secretary (Norway)
1264:, a Secretary of State (
1176:The secretary of state (
1135:Vincent Van Quickenborne
1096:, a Secretary of State (
865:) by the narrower title
675:, a Secretary of State (
552:, the parliament of the
3008:Ministries by portfolio
2979:Public works ministries
2711:Ministry of electricity
2651:Ministry of the economy
2525:Office of the president
2162:Random House Dictionary
2057:. In 1707, England and
1662:s decisions in office.
1321:U.K. Secretary of State
1143:constitution of Belgium
1092:, in the Government of
969:
520:in most other nations.
60:more precise citations.
2944:Environment ministries
2914:Agriculture ministries
2909:Presidents of assembly
2904:Deputy prime ministers
2395:"Draft Cabinet Manual"
1995:
1975:
1967:
1934:From 1715 to 1834 the
1710:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1568:Secretaries of State (
1446:
1441:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1363:
1361:the official title is
1344:
1337:A special case is the
1325:
1309:
1303:
1285:governmental ministers
1237:
1225:
694:
685:
680:
625:South African Republic
617:South African Republic
611:South African Republic
604:
593:
2939:Environment ministers
2845:Minister for Veterans
2716:Ministry of Petroleum
2676:Ministry of transport
2515:Deputy First Minister
2505:Deputy prime minister
2437:at Wikimedia Commons
2274:10.1093/jopart/mux041
2240:www.riigikantselei.ee
2124:government department
2061:were merged into the
2012:Swiss Federal Council
1962:, a State Secretary (
1688:secretários de Estado
1618:(secretaris-generaal)
1355:German Foreign Office
1186:Government of Estonia
792:In the United States
582:São Tome and Príncipe
2934:Education ministries
2771:Information minister
2706:Environment minister
2616:Ministry of interior
2606:Immigration minister
2435:Secretaries of state
2322:(22 February 1996).
2069:until 1746. A third
1996:Kabinettssekreterare
1921:Secretario de Estado
1862:May to November 1992
1711:secretaria de Estado
1696:Council of Ministers
1684:secretária de Estado
1680:secretário de Estado
1531:Secretariat of State
1496:Ioannis Kapodistrias
1447:Kulturstaatsminister
1422:Kulturstaatsminister
1397:In 1998, chancellor
1281:Secretaries of State
1202:Soviet re-occupation
1153:ministers, with the
1149:ministers and seven
1106:Secretário de Estado
1074:Yang DiPertuan Besar
954:". In three states (
769:who responds to the
681:secretário de Estado
594:secretário de Estado
584:closely mirrors the
452:secretaries of state
388:National governments
222:Government formation
103:Executive government
19:For other uses, see
2830:Ministry of science
2788:Ministry of justice
2781:Ministry of housing
2742:Ministry of culture
2656:Ministry of finance
2596:Ministry of defence
2353:www.fedlex.admin.ch
1990:has another title (
1899:In the Republic of
1813:from 1810 to 1917.
1723:presidential system
1456:Julian Nida-Rümelin
1317:Permanent secretary
1220:A state secretary (
1072:, appointed by the
920:lieutenant governor
886:order of precedence
686:secretário estadual
467:permanent secretary
95:the Politics series
2974:Interior ministers
2855:Minister for women
2810:Ministry of sports
2798:Ministry of labour
2793:Minister of labour
2764:Ministry of health
2749:Education minister
2699:Ministry of energy
2556:Secretary of state
2102:Kingdom of Ireland
2055:Southern Secretary
2051:Northern Secretary
2040:Secretary of State
2036:Kingdom of England
1917:Spanish Government
1905:Congresso di Stato
1843:Russian Federation
1802:) operated in the
1692:Government members
1644:Swedish equivalent
1590:Staatssekretär(in)
1582:Staatssekretär(in)
1504:Nikolaos Spiliadis
1500:Spyridon Trikoupis
1492:modern Greek state
1359:German Chancellery
1230:Finnish Government
916:secretary of state
836:Nobel Peace Prizes
782:Federal government
751:Ministers of State
747:Secretary of State
707:Federal Government
514:interior ministers
510:secretary of state
440:secretary of state
346:Semi-parliamentary
182:Minister-president
155:Head of government
3016:
3015:
2964:Health ministries
2959:Forest ministries
2954:Foreign ministers
2949:Finance ministers
2929:Defence ministers
2850:Ministry of women
2805:Regional minister
2687:natural resources
2661:Industry minister
2646:Commerce minister
2611:Interior minister
2587:foreign affairs /
2561:Minister of state
2433:Media related to
2320:Pope John Paul II
2291:Pope John Paul II
2079:Foreign Secretary
2044:Queen Elizabeth I
2024:Historical origin
1882:
1804:State Chancellery
1796:
1768:
1748:
1650:, and serve as a
1574:secrétaire d'Etat
1450:has been held by
1369:Minister of State
1270:Minister of State
1266:Secrétaire d'État
1182:Government Office
1098:Sekretáriu Estadu
824:John Quincy Adams
554:Orange Free State
542:Orange Free State
536:Orange Free State
444:state's secretary
436:
435:
360:Semi-presidential
86:
85:
78:
3036:
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3005:
2995:
2994:
2815:Tourism minister
2776:Housing minister
2737:Culture minister
2464:
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2407:on 26 April 2012
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1968:Statssekreterare
1887:
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1812:
1801:
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1719:Monarchy in 1910
1656:Council of State
1512:
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1470:(2013–2021) and
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1399:Gerhard Schröder
1385:
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1090:Portuguese model
892:State government
828:Martin Van Buren
812:Thomas Jefferson
798:foreign minister
734:Foreign Minister
726:Canadian Cabinet
699:Brazilian states
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848:George Marshall
834:) and five won
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1660:statssekretær'
1628:Main article:
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1598:Octavie Modert
1562:
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1502:(1828–29) and
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